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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, DC 20549
FORM 10-Q
(Mark One)
[X] Quarterly Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934 for the quarterly period ended March 31, 1999.
or
[_] Transition Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934 for the transition period from ____________ to
____________.
Commission File No. 333-64483
DIVA SYSTEMS CORPORATION
(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware 94-3226532
(State or other jurisdiction of (IRS Employer
Incorporation or organization) Identification Number)
333 Ravenswood Avenue, Building 205
Menlo Park, California 94025
(Address of principal executive offices)
(650) 859-6400
(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports
required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of
1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the
registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such
filing requirements for the past 90 days. [X] Yes [_] No
Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer's classes
of common stock, as of May 6, 1999.
Title of each class Outstanding at April 30, 1999
------------------- -----------------------------
Common Stock, $.001 par value 16,568,884
Class C Common Stock, $.001 par value 857,370
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DIVA SYSTEMS CORPORATION
Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q
Table of Contents
Quarter Ended March 31, 1999
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Page No.
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PART I FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
Consolidated Balance Sheet at March 31, 1999 and
June 30, 1998 3
Consolidated Statement of Operations for the three
and nine months ended March 31, 1999 and 1998 4
Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows for the nine
months ended March 31, 1999 and 1998 5
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 6
Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial
Condition and Results of Operations 8
PART II OTHER INFORMATION
Item 2. Changes in Securities and Use of Proceeds
Item 6. Exhibits and Reports on Form 8-K
Signatures
</TABLE>
2
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PART I
ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DIVA SYSTEMS CORPORATION
(A Development Stage Company)
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET
(In thousands, except share data)
(Unaudited)
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Assets March 31, 1999 June 30, 1998
------ --------------- --------------
<S> <C> <C>
Current assets:
Cash and equivalents $ 104,982 $ 167,549
Short-term investments 45,088 30,015
Prepaid expenses 779 694
--------- ---------
Total current assets 150,849 198,258
Property and equipment, net 22,162 19,349
Debt issuance costs, net 8,487 9,524
Prepaid licenses -- 230
Deposits and other assets 561 354
Intangible asset, net 356 490
--------- ---------
Total assets $ 182,415 $ 228,205
========= =========
Liabilities, Redeemable Warrants and Stockholders' Deficit
----------------------------------------------------------
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable $ 5,249 $ 3,047
Other current liabilities 943 1,300
--------- ---------
Total current liabilities 6,192 4,347
Notes payable 266,966 243,031
--------- ---------
Total liabilities 273,158 247,378
--------- ---------
Redeemable warrants 1,956 1,139
--------- ---------
Stockholders' equity (deficit):
Preferred stock, $.001 par value; 30,000,000 shares authorized;
21,384,371 and 21,372,287 shares issued and outstanding
at March 31, 1999 and June 30, 1998, respectively. 21 21
Common stock, $.001 par value; 60,000,000 shares authorized;
17,402,104 and 17,200,178 shares issued and outstanding
at March 31, 1999 and June 30, 1998, respectively. 17 17
Additional paid-in capital 117,130 115,759
Deferred compensation (1,452) --
Deficit accumulated during the development stage (208,415) (136,109)
--------- ---------
Total stockholders' deficit (92,699) (20,312)
--------- ---------
Total liabilities and stockholders' deficit $ 182,415 $ 228,205
========= =========
</TABLE>
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these
consolidated financial statements.
3
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DIVA SYSTEMS CORPORATION
(A Development Stage Company)
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF OPERATIONS
(In thousands, except per share amounts)
(Unaudited)
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Period from
July 1, 1995
Three Months Ended March 31, Nine Months Ended March 31, (Inception)
------------------------------ ----------------------------- to
1999 1998 1999 1998 March 31, 1999
------------ -------------- ----------- ------------ ------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Revenue $ 107 $ 12 $ 227 $ 17 $ 309
Operating expenses:
Programming 2,569 1,351 6,508 3,805 16,179
Operations 2,181 1,024 6,283 2,807 12,165
Engineering and development 7,307 5,664 18,466 13,189 56,734
Sales and marketing 1,558 932 4,164 2,542 12,579
General and administrative 4,878 1,916 11,670 5,434 25,377
Depreciation and amortization 2,575 1,091 7,267 3,185 13,450
Amortization of intangible assets 45 -- 134 -- 179
Acquired in-process research &
development -- -- -- -- 28,382
-------- -------- -------- -------- ---------
Total operating expenses 21,113 11,978 54,492 30,962 165,045
-------- -------- -------- -------- ---------
Net operating loss (21,006) (11,966) (54,265) (30,945) (164,736)
-------- -------- -------- -------- ---------
Other (income) expense, net:
Equity in loss of investee -- (358) -- (1,631) (3,354)
Interest income 1,959 1,296 6,950 2,701 13,057
Interest expense (8,583) (4,191) (24,991) (5,894) (42,706)
-------- -------- -------- -------- ---------
Total other (income) expense, net (6,624) (3,253) (18,041) (4,824) (33,003)
-------- -------- -------- -------- ---------
Net loss before extraordinary item (27,630) (15,219) (72,306) (35,769) (197,739)
Extraordinary item:
Loss on early extinguishment of debt -- 10,676 -- 10,676 10,676
Net loss $(27,630) $(25,895) $(72,306) $(46,445) $(208,415)
Accretion of redeemable warrants (294) (190) (816) (1,338) (1,671)
-------- -------- -------- -------- ---------
Net loss attributable to common
stockholders $(27,924) $(26,085) $(73,122) $(47,783) $(210,086)
======== ======== ======== ======== =========
Basic and diluted net loss per share:
Loss before extraordinary item $1.62 $0.93 $4.27 $2.28 $13.48
Extraordinary loss-early
extinguishment of debt -- 0.64 -- 0.65 0.72
-------- -------- -------- -------- ---------
Net loss per share $1.62 $1.57 $4.27 $2.93 $14.20
======== ======== ======== ======== =========
Shares used in per share 17,220 16,647 17,116 16,330 14,799
computation ======== ======== ======== ======== =========
</TABLE>
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these
consolidated financial statements.
4
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DIVA SYSTEMS CORPORATION
(A Development Stage Company)
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS
(In thousands)
(Unaudited)
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Period from
July 1, 1995
Nine Months Ended March 31, (Inception)
----------------------------- to
1999 1998 March 31, 1999
----------- ------------ ------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Cash flows from operating activities
Net loss $(72,306) $(46,445) $(208,415)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in
operating activities:
Acquired in-process research and development -- -- 28,382
Depreciation 7,267 3,185 13,450
Amortization of intangible assets 134 -- 179
Equity in loss of investee -- 1,631 3,354
Write off of fixed asset, net 1,161 -- 1,161
Amortization of debt issuance costs and accretion
of discount on notes payable 24,988 6,058 42,648
Amortization of deferred stock compensation 534 -- 534
Issuance of stock for research and development -- -- 240
Extraordinary loss -- 10,676 10,676
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Prepaid expenses and other current assets 145 (14) (715)
Accounts payable 2,202 47 2,622
Payable to related party -- -- --
Other current liabilities (357) -- 943
-------- -------- ---------
Net cash used in operating activities (36,232) (24,862) (104,941)
-------- -------- ---------
Cash flows from investing activities
Purchases of property and equipment (11,241) (9,406) (33,217)
Deposits on property and equipment (207) (1,651) (6,814)
Purchases of short-term investments (15,073) (2,267) (45,088)
Cash acquired in business combination -- -- 402
Purchase of Norstar -- -- (3,358)
Restricted cash released -- 3,230 18,230
-------- -------- ---------
Net cash used in investing activities (26,521) (10,094) (69,845)
-------- -------- ---------
Cash flows from financing activities
Issuance of preferred stock -- 45,980 73,860
Exercise of stock options 202 1 585
Issuance of common stock -- 244 56
Proceeds from notes payable, net of issuance costs -- 250,020 205,302
Debt issuance costs -- (10,000) --
Retirement of notes payable -- (31,321) --
Premium paid on retirement of notes payable -- (9,045) --
Payments on notes payable (16) -- (35)
-------- -------- ---------
Net cash provided by financing activities 186 245,879 279,768
-------- -------- ---------
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents (62,567) 210,923 104,982
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period 167,549 234 --
-------- -------- ---------
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period $104,982 $211,157 $ 104,982
======== ======== =========
</TABLE>
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these
consolidated financial statements.
5
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DIVA SYSTEMS CORPORATION
(A Development State Company)
NOTES TO INTERIM CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
Note 1--The Company And Basis Of Presentation
DIVA Systems Corporation (the "Company"), a Delaware corporation, was
formed in July 1995 to design, develop, and market a proprietary video-on-demand
service for the cable television industry. The Company is in the development
stage, and its primary activities to date have included performing research and
development, licensing program content, manufacturing the necessary equipment,
developing a service offering, establishing strategic alliances, deploying
service trials and limited commercial launches with cable operators and raising
capital.
The interim unaudited financial statements as of March 31, 1999, and for
the nine months ended March 31, 1998 and 1999, and for the period from July 1,
1995 (inception) to March 31, 1999, have been prepared on substantially the same
basis as the Company's audited financial statements and include all adjustments,
consisting only of normal recurring accruals, that, in the opinion of
management, are necessary for a fair presentation of the financial information
set forth herein. The results of operations for current interim periods are not
necessarily indicative of results to be expected for the current year or any
other period.
These interim unaudited financial statements should be read in conjunction
with the Company's annual financial statements for the year ended June 30, 1998.
Note 2--Basic and Diluted Net Loss Per Share
Basic and diluted net loss per share is computed using net loss adjusted
for the accretion of the redeemable warrants and the weighted-average number of
outstanding shares of common stock. Potentially dilutive securities, including
options, warrants, restricted common stock, and preferred stock, have been
excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share because the effect
of the inclusion would be antidilutive. Information pertaining to potentially
dilutive securities is included in Notes 6 and 7 of notes to consolidated
financial statements included in the Company's recently filed Form S-4.
Note 3--Acquisition of SRTC
On January 15, 1998, the Company and Sarnoff Real Time Corporation ("SRTC")
executed an Agreement and Plan of Reorganization setting forth their agreement
to merge SRTC into the Company, with the Company as the surviving corporation
(the "SRTC Transaction"). On that date, the Company held approximately 40% of
the outstanding capital stock of SRTC. In exchange for the remaining
approximately 60% of the issued and outstanding stock of SRTC, the Company
issued 3,277,539 shares of Series AA preferred stock valued at $6.50 per share.
The fair value was determined by the Company's Board of Directors based on the
most recent sales of preferred
6
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securities and the then current financial condition of the Company, as well as
other business considerations. In addition, the Company reserved 276,792 shares
of its Series AA preferred stock for issuance upon exercise of options assumed
by the Company in the transaction. These options were valued at $1,744,000 using
the Black-Scholes option pricing model and were included in the purchase price.
Assumptions used were as follows: Expected life of 3 years; Volatility of 90%;
Dividend yield of 0%; Risk-free rate of 5.62%. The Company also reserved 380,767
shares of its common stock for use in connection with the future issuance of
options to SRTC employees. The purchase price of $23,049,000 is comprised of the
fair value of the preferred stock issued ($21,305,000) and the fair value of
options assumed ($1,744,000).
The Company completed the SRTC Transaction in April 1998. The Company
accounted for the merger as a purchase, and, accordingly, the operating results
of SRTC have been included in the Company's consolidated financial statements
since the date of acquisition. The Company allocated the purchase price based
on an appraisal by an independent third party using the cost approach, which is
the approach often used to value an early stage technology. The purchase price
of $23,049,000 was allocated as follows: $2,886,000 to the fair value of
acquired assets; $4,693,000 to assumed liabilities; $535,000 to assumed work
force; and $24,321,000 to acquired in-process research and development. The
acquired in-process research and development has not yet reached technological
feasibility and has no future alternative use until it is further developed.
The Company believes it will have to incur a significant amount of research and
development to develop the in-process technology into a commercially viable
product. There were no contingent payments, options, or commitments included in
the purchase.
The following unaudited pro forma consolidated results of operations have
been prepared as if the acquisition of SRTC had occurred as of the beginning of
fiscal 1998:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Three months ended Nine months ended
(in thousands, except per share data) March 31, 1998 March 31, 1998
----------------------- -------------------------
<S> <C> <C>
Net loss................................................. $ 26,464 $ 73,291
Basic and diluted net loss per share..................... $ 1.60 $ 4.57
</TABLE>
The pro forma results include amortization of the assumed work force of
$45,000 and $134,000 for the three months ended March 31, 1998 and the nine
months ended March 31, 1998, respectively. The pro forma results are not
necessarily indicative of what actually would have occurred if the acquisition
had been completed as of the beginning of each of the fiscal periods presented,
nor are they necessarily indicative of future consolidated results.
7
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Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and
Results of Operations
The following discussion of the financial condition and results of
operations of DIVA Systems Corporation ("DIVA" or the "Company") should be read
in conjunction with the Company's Consolidated Interim Financial Statements for
the nine months ended March 31, 1999. This discussion contains forward-looking
statements that involve risks and uncertainties, including but not limited to,
certain assumptions regarding increases in customers, revenues and certain
expenses. Forward-looking statements are identified with an asterisk (*) and
reflect the Company's current expectations. Although the Company believes that
its plans, intentions and expectations reflected in such forward-looking
statements are reasonable, it can give no assurance that such plans, intentions
or expectations will be achieved. Actual results will differ and such
differences may be material. All forward-looking statements attributable to the
Company or persons acting on its behalf are expressly qualified in their
entirety by the cautionary statements set forth below and in "--Factors
Affecting Operating Results."
Overview
DIVA provides a true video-on-demand ("VOD") service over the cable
television infrastructure. The Company's VOD service offers immediate in-home
access to a diverse and continuously available selection of hundreds of movies
with VCR functionality (i.e., pause, play, fast forward and rewind) and high
quality digital picture and sound. DIVA's proprietary technology is designed to
provide an economically viable turnkey digital VOD system that offers movies at
prices comparable to those charged for videotape rentals, pay-per-view and near
video-on-demand movies, but with greater convenience and functionality.
The Company was founded July 1, 1995 and is still in the development stage.
Since inception, the Company has devoted substantially all of its resources to
developing its VOD system, establishing strategic relationships, negotiating
deployment agreements, carrying out initial marketing activities and
establishing the operations necessary to support the commercial launch of the
Company's VOD service. Through March 31, 1999, the Company has generated
minimal revenues, has incurred significant losses and has substantial negative
cash flow, primarily due to the engineering and development and start-up costs
required to develop its VOD service. Since inception through March 31, 1999,
the Company had an accumulated deficit of $208.4 million. The Company currently
intends to increase its operating expenses and its capital expenditures in order
to continue to deploy, develop and market its VOD service.* As a result, the
Company expects to incur substantial additional net losses and negative cash
flow for at least the next several years.*
Results of Operations
Since its inception, the Company has engaged principally in technology
development and activities related to the startup of business operations.
Accordingly, the Company's historical revenues and expenditures are not
necessarily indicative of, and should not be relied upon as an indicator of,
revenues that may be attained or expenditures that may be incurred by the
Company in future periods.
8
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Revenues
Revenues consist of per-movie viewing fees, monthly service fees and the
sale of monthly subscription packages. The majority of revenues consists of
per-movie viewing fees paid by customers to view movies on demand. The Company
initiated the commercial launch of its VOD service on September 29, 1997. As of
March 31, 1999, the Company's VOD service was deployed commercially at five
multiple system operator ("MSO") locations. Revenue was $12,000 and $107,000
for the three months ended March 31, 1998 and 1999, respectively, and $17,000
and $227,000 for the nine months ended March 31, 1998 and 1999, respectively.
DIVA realizes monthly revenue pursuant to long-term revenue sharing
agreements with MSOs. Generally, the timing and extent of deployment under each
agreement is conditioned on a successful initial deployment phase, followed by a
staged rollout in the applicable MSO system based on an agreed upon schedule.
DIVA incurs the capital expenditures necessary to deploy its VOD system a
substantial period of time prior to realizing any significant revenue.
The Company recognizes revenues under its MSO agreements only when its VOD
system is successfully integrated and operating and customer billing commences.
Accordingly, the recognition of revenues will lag the announcement of a new
cable operator agreement by at least the time necessary to install the service
and to achieve meaningful penetration and movie buy rates. In addition, the
Company believes the extent and timing of such revenues may fluctuate based on a
number of factors including the success and timing of deployment and the
Company's success in obtaining and retaining customers. Revenues are expected
to increase as the Company successfully deploys additional VOD systems and
achieves higher DIVA customer penetration.* The Company has a limited number of
customers and does not expect this number to increase substantially until the
Company deploys its VOD service utilizing industry standard set-top boxes.*
Operating Expenses
Programming expense. Programming expense includes license fees payable to
content providers, costs for the acquisition and production of digitally encoded
programming content (i.e. movies, videos, previews, promotions, etc.) and
content duplication and distribution expenses. Programming expense was $1.4
million and $2.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 1998 and 1999,
respectively, and $3.8 million and $6.5 million for the nine months ended March
31, 1998 and 1999, respectively. The increase in programming expenses was
primarily attributable to the Company's recent multiple commercial deployments
and an increase in the overall volume of programming content in the Company's
library as well as increased personnel costs in the area of program acquisition
and program production services. To date, license fees payable to content
providers have been minimal.
Operations expense. Operations expense includes the cost of field
operations, both for initial launches and for the ongoing operations of the
Company's VOD service. These costs include technical support, customer service
training and support, maintenance costs for headend equipment
9
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and other field support costs. In addition, operations expense includes
personnel and other costs which support the Company's ongoing manufacturing
relationships with third-party manufacturers for the Company's Sarnoff Server
and other VOD hardware. Operations expense was $1.0 million and $2.2 million for
the three months ended March 31, 1998 and 1999, respectively. Operations expense
was $2.8 million and $6.3 million for the nine months ended March 31, 1998 and
1999, respectively. The increase in operations expense is primarily attributable
to increased costs, including significant increases in personnel, to support the
Company's existing and future commercial deployments and to increased
manufacturing support costs.
Engineering and Development Expense. Engineering and development expense
consists of salaries, consulting fees and other costs to support product
development, prototype hardware costs, ongoing system software and integration
and new services technology. To date, the most substantial portion of the
Company's operating expenses has been engineering and development expense.
Engineering and development expense was $5.7 million and $7.3 million for the
three months ended March 31, 1998 and March 31, 1999, respectively, and $13.2
million and $18.5 million for the nine months ended March 31, 1998 and 1999,
respectively. Included in engineering and development expense for the nine
months ended March 31, 1998 was approximately $2.8 million in one-time prototype
set-top box costs related to costs for materials and components incurred by a
third-party manufacturer which were expensed because the Company has no future
alternative use for the components. There was no comparable expense for the
nine months ended March 31, 1999. The increase in engineering and development
expense between the nine months ended March 31, 1998 and March 31, 1999, net of
the aforementioned one-time prototype costs, was primarily due to the hiring of
additional engineering personnel in connection with the Company's further
development and refinement of its VOD service technology, including activities
directed toward reducing the cost of its technology. In addition, the Company
has dedicated significant engineering and development resources toward the
integration of its VOD technology with various industry adopted two-way digital
platforms, including digital set-top boxes. Included in engineering and
development expense for the nine months ended March 31, 1999 was $4.7 million
attributable to the Company's SRTD division and $1.2 million in server prototype
expenses. (The SRTD division was created as result of the Company's acquisition
of SRTC on April 1, 1998. The SRTD division is responsible for the development
and manufacture of the Company's VOD server.) There were no comparable expenses
for the nine months ending March 31, 1998. The Company intends to increase
engineering and development expenses to fund continued development and
enhancements of its VOD service.* The Company believes significant investments
in engineering and development will be necessary to remain competitive and to
respond to market pressures.
Sales and Marketing Expense. Sales and marketing expense consists of the
costs of marketing DIVA's VOD system to MSOs and their customers, and includes
business development and marketing personnel, travel expenses, trade shows,
consulting fees and promotional costs. In addition, sales and marketing expense
includes costs related to acquiring customers, including telemarketing, direct
mailings, targeted advertising and promotional campaigns. Sales and marketing
expense was $932,000 and $1.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 1998
and 1999, respectively. Sales and marketing expense was $2.5 million and $4.2
million for the nine months ended March 31, 1998 and 1999, respectively. The
increase in sales and marketing expense
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was primarily the result of expanded business development activity, increased
promotional and increased salaries expense and product awareness expenditures
and increased consumer marketing and branding expenses in connection with the
Company's existing commercial deployments. The Company expects sales and
marketing expense to continue to increase as the Company pursues and enters into
new agreements.*
General and Administrative Expense. General and administrative expense
consists primarily of salaries and related expenses of management and
administrative personnel, professional fees and general corporate and
administrative expenses. General and administrative expense covers a broad range
of the Company's infrastructure including corporate functions such as executive
administration, finance, legal, human resources and facilities. In addition,
general and administrative expense includes costs associated with the
development, support and growth of the Company's complex information system
infrastructure.
General and administrative expense was $1.9 million and $4.9 million for
the three months ended March 31, 1998 and 1999, respectively. General and
administrative expense was $5.4 million and $11.7 million for the nine months
ended March 31, 1998 and 1999, respectively. The increase in general and
administrative expense was primarily the result of increased personnel necessary
to support the growth of the Company in all phases of its operations, including
existing and future commercial deployments. In addition, during the three
months ended March 31, 1999, the Company recorded approximately $900,000 in one-
time recruiting related expenses in connection with the Company's hiring of a
new President and Chief Executive Officer. General and administrative expenses
are expected to increase due to the addition of personnel required to support
expansion of the Company's business operations.*
Depreciation and Amortization. Depreciation and amortization expense
includes depreciation of property and equipment, including Sarnoff Servers and
other headend hardware. Generally, depreciation is calculated using the
straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, which range
from three to five years. Depreciation and amortization expense was $1.1
million and $2.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 1998 and 1999,
respectively, and $3.2 million and $7.3 million for the nine months ended March
31, 1998 and 1999, respectively. The increase is primarily due to the increased
number of servers and related hardware operating commercially at MSO headends
for the Company's VOD service. Depreciation and amortization expenses are
expected to continue to increase substantially due to planned expenditures for
capital equipment and other capital costs associated with the deployment and
expansion of the Company's business.*
Amortization of Intangible Assets. Amortization of intangible assets
represents the amortization expense related to the intangible assets, consisting
of the assumed and assembled workforce, which were recorded as a result of the
Company's acquisition of SRTC on April 1, 1998. Intangible assets are amortized
on a straight-line basis over three years. Amortization of intangible assets
was $134,000 for the nine months ended March 31, 1999. There was no comparable
expense for the nine months ended March 31, 1998.
11
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Other Income and Expense
Other income and expense primarily consists of interest income and interest
expense. Interest income consists of earnings on cash, cash equivalents and
short-term investments. Interest income was $1.3 million and $2.0 million for
the three months ended March 31, 1998 and 1999, respectively and $2.7 million
and $6.9 million for the nine months ended March 31, 1998 and 1999,
respectively. The increase in interest income is the result of increased cash
and cash equivalents balances, which are invested in short-term interest bearing
accounts, and an increase in short-term investments over the comparable prior
period. Interest expense consists of accreted interest on the Company's
indebtedness. Interest expense increased from $4.2 million for the three months
ended March 31, 1998 to $8.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 1999.
Interest expense increased substantially from $5.9 million for the nine months
ended March 31, 1998 to $25.0 million for the nine months ended March 31, 1999.
The increase in interest expense was due to the significant increase in the
Company's debt as a result of the offering of the Company's 12-5/8% Senior
Discount Notes due 2008 (the "1998 Notes") which was completed on February 19,
1998. The 1998 Notes were issued at a substantial discount from their aggregate
principal amount at maturity of $463.0 million. Although cash interest is not
payable on the 1998 Notes prior to September 1, 2003, the Company's interest
expense includes the accretion of such interest expense. The carrying amount of
the 1998 Notes will accrete to its face value by March 1, 2003. Beginning
September 1, 2003, cash interest will be payable on the notes semi-annually in
arrears on each March 1st and September 1st at the rate of 12 5/8% per annum.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
From inception through March 31, 1999, the Company has financed its
operations primarily through the gross proceeds of private placements totaling
approximately $76.3 million of equity and $250.0 million of high yield debt
securities, net of repayments. As of March 31, 1999, the Company had cash and
cash equivalents and short-term investments totaling $150.1 million.
In May 1996, the Company received $25.0 million in gross proceeds from the
sale of 47,000 units, consisting of subordinated discount notes due 2006 (the
"1996 Notes") with an aggregate principal amount at maturity of $47.0 million
and warrants to purchase an aggregate of 1,898,800 shares of common stock.
Aggregate proceeds of $285,000 were attributed to these warrants. In connection
with the new offering of units described below, the Company subsequently retired
all of the 1996 Notes in a debt exchange.
In July and August 1996, the Company completed the sale of Series C
Preferred Stock for approximately $25.9 million in gross proceeds.
In August and September 1997, the Company completed the sale of Series D
Preferred Stock for approximately $47.4 million in gross proceeds.
On February 19, 1998, the Company received $250.0 million in gross proceeds
from an offering of 463,000 units consisting of the 1998 Notes with an aggregate
principal amount at
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maturity of $463.0 million and warrants to purchase an aggregate of 2,778,000
shares of common stock. Of these units, a total of 404,998 units were offered
for sale and an additional 58,002 units were exchanged for all the 1996 Notes.
Each unit consists of one 1998 Note and three warrants, each to purchase two
shares of the Company's common stock at $0.005 per share. The 1998 Notes are
senior unsecured indebtedness of the Company and rank pari passu with any future
unsubordinated unsecured indebtedness. The 1998 Notes will be senior to any
future subordinated indebtedness of the Company, but effectively will be
subordinated to any secured indebtedness of the Company.
The 1998 Notes were issued at a substantial discount from their aggregate
principal amount at maturity of $463.0 million. Although cash interest is not
payable on the 1998 Notes prior to September 1, 2003, the Company's interest
expense includes the accretion of such interest expense and the carrying amount
of the 1998 Notes will accrete to face value by March 1, 2003. Beginning
September 1, 2003, cash interest will be payable on the notes semi-annually in
arrears on each March 1 and September 1 at the rate of 12 5/8% per annum. There
are no principal payments due on the 1998 Notes prior to maturity on March 1,
2008.
The gross proceeds to the Company from the issuance of the 1998 Notes were
approximately $250.0 million. In connection with the offering, the Company
recorded approximately $18.1 million in additional paid-in capital representing
the fair value of the warrants calculated using the Black-Scholes option pricing
model. In addition, the Company recorded an extraordinary loss of approximately
$10.7 million resulting from the early extinguishment of the 1996 Notes. The
net proceeds from the offering of the 1998 Notes were approximately $200.0
million, after deducting placement fees and other offering costs and the early
extinguishment of the 1996 Notes.
In connection with the SRTC Transaction, $24.3 million of the purchase
price was allocated to acquired in-process research and development. At this
time, there have been no changes in assumptions used in the valuation of the
acquired in-process research and development. For the three-month period and
nine-month period ended March 31, 1999, the Company has spent approximately $2.9
million and $8.4 million, respectively, on further server development.
The Company expects to incur significant capital expenditures and operating
expenses in the future.* Capital expenditures include the Sarnoff Servers and
related headend equipment, and general capital expenditures associated with the
anticipated growth of the Company. The amount of capital expenditures will, in
part, be driven by the rate at which cable operators introduce the Company's VOD
service and the rate at which customers subscribe to the VOD service. In
addition to capital expenditures, the Company anticipates expending a
significant portion of its resources for sales and marketing, continued
development and enhancement of existing technology, development of new consumer
services and other expenses associated with the delivery of the Company's VOD
service to customers.* Actual capital requirements may vary from expectations
and will depend on numerous future factors and conditions, many of which are
outside of the Company's control, including, but not limited to (i) the ability
of the Company to meet its development and deployment schedules; (ii) the
accuracy of the Company's assumptions regarding the rate and extent of
commercial deployment and market acceptance by cable operators and customers;
(iii) the extent that
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cable operators choose to deploy industry standard, DIVA-compatible set-top
boxes; (iv) the number of customers choosing DIVA's VOD service and their buying
patterns; (v) the nature and penetration of new services to be offered by the
Company; (vi) unanticipated costs; and (vii) the need to respond to competitive
pressures and technological changes. The Company believes that its cash, cash
equivalents and short-term investments at March 31, 1999 will be sufficient to
satisfy the Company's liquidity at least through the end of calendar 1999.*
Thereafter, the Company will need to raise significant additional funds to
support its operations. However, the Company may need to raise additional funds
earlier if its estimates of working capital and/or capital expenditure
requirements change or prove to be inaccurate. The Company may also need to
raise significant additional funds in order to respond to unforeseen
technological or marketing hurdles or to take advantage of unanticipated
opportunities. The Company has no present commitments or arrangements assuring
it of any future equity or debt financing, and there can be no assurance that
the Company will be able to obtain any such equity or debt financing on
favorable terms or at all. In the event that the Company is unable to obtain
such additional capital, the Company will be required to delay the expansion of
its business or take other actions that could have a material adverse effect on
the Company's business, operating results and financial condition and its
ability to achieve sufficient cash flow to service its indebtedness. To the
extent the Company raises additional cash by issuing equity securities, existing
stockholders of the Company will be diluted.
Financial Market Risks
The Company is exposed to financial market risks, including changes in
interest rates and marketable equity security prices. The Company typically does
not attempt to reduce or eliminate its market exposures on its investment
securities because the majority of the Company's investments are short-term.
The fair value of the company's investment portfolio or related income would
not be significantly impacted by either a 100 basis point increase or decrease
in interest rates due mainly to the short-term nature of the major portion of
the Company's investment portfolio.
All of the potential changes noted above are based on sensitivity analysis
performed on the Company's balances as of June 30, 1998.
Year 2000 Compliance
Many computer systems and software and electronic products are coded to accept
only two-digit entries in the date code field. These date code fields will need
to accept four digit entries to distinguish 21st century dates from 20th century
dates. As a result, computer systems and software ("IT Systems") and other
property and equipment not directly associated with information and billing
systems ("Non-IT Systems"), such as phones, other office equipment used by many
companies, including the Company and MSOs, may need to be upgraded, repaired or
replaced to comply with such "Year 2000" requirements.
The Company has conducted an internal review of most of its internal corporate
headquarters IT Systems, including finance, human resources, Intranet
applications and payroll systems. DIVA has
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contacted most of the vendors of its internal corporate headquarters IT Systems
to determine potential exposure to Year 2000 issues and has obtained
certificates from such vendors assuring Year 2000 compliance. Although the
Company has determined that most of its principal internal corporate
headquarters IT Systems are Year 2000 compliant, certain of such internal
systems, including its Windows NT operating system and internal networking
systems is not Year 2000 compliant or has not been evaluated by the Company. In
addition, the Company has tested and analyzed its proprietary VOD hardware and
software for Year 2000 compliance. The Company has recently determined that
certain of its earlier VOD server technology currently in commercial use is not
Year 2000 compliant. The Company expects to upgrade or replace such VOD server
technology with Year 2000 compliant server technology as part of its overall
planned server upgrades for its earlier commercial installations by the end of
calendar 1999. To date, costs to the Company of Year 2000 compliance related to
its proprietary VOD hardware and software have been included with the Company's
overall engineering and development activities as a component of the overall
design of the Company's VOD service. Such costs have not been material to the
Company's financial position or results of operations.
The Company has appointed a task force (the "Task Force") to oversee Year 2000
issues. The Task Force is expected to review all IT Systems and Non-IT Systems
that have not been determined to be Year 2000 compliant and will attempt to
identify and implement solutions to ensure such compliance.* To date, the
Company has spent an immaterial amount to remediate its Year 2000 issues. The
Company presently estimates that the total cost of addressing its Year 2000
issues will be immaterial.* These estimates were derived utilizing numerous
assumptions, including the assumption that it has already identified its most
significant Year 2000 issues and that the plans of its third-party suppliers and
MSOs which currently deploy the Company's VOD service will be fulfilled in a
timely manner without cost to the Company. However, these assumptions may not be
accurate, and actual results could differ materially from those anticipated.
The Company has been informed by most of its suppliers and MSOs that currently
deploy its VOD service that such suppliers and MSOs will be Year 2000 compliant
by the Year 2000. The Company has been informed that the companies that perform
billing services for MSOs may not be fully Year 2000 compliant. The Company
understands that these companies have devoted resources to becoming Year 2000
compliant. Any failure of these third parties systems to timely achieve Year
2000 compliance could have a material adverse effect on the Company's business
operating results and financial condition and its ability to achieve sufficient
cash flow to service its indebtedness.
The Company has not determined the state of compliance of certain third-party
suppliers of services such as phone companies, long distance carriers, financial
institutions and electric companies, the failure of any one of which could
severely disrupt the Company's ability to carry on its business as well as
disrupt the business of the Company's customers.
Failure to provide Year 2000 compliant business solutions to MSOs or to
receive such business solutions from its suppliers could result in liability to
the Company or otherwise have a material adverse effect on the Company's
business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects. The Company
could be affected through disruptions in the operation of the enterprises with
which it
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interacts or from general widespread problems or an economic crisis resulting
from noncompliant Year 2000 systems. Despite the Company's efforts to address
the Year 2000 effect on its internal systems and business operations, such
effect could result in a material disruption of its business or have a material
adverse effect on its business, operating results and financial condition and
its ability to achieve sufficient cash flow to service its indebtedness. The
Company has not developed a contingency plan to respond to any of the foregoing
consequences of internal and external failures to be Year 2000 compliant, but
expects the Task Force to develop such a plan.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) recently issued Statement of
Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) No. 130, Reporting Comprehensive Income.
SFAS No. 130 establishes standards for reporting and displaying comprehensive
income and its components in financial statements. It does not, however, require
a specific format, but requires the Company to display an amount representing
total comprehensive income for the period in its consolidated financial
statements. For all periods presented, comprehensive loss equals net loss.
The FASB also recently issued SFAS No. 131, Disclosures about Segments of an
Enterprise and Related Information. SFAS No. 131 establishes standards for the
way public business enterprises are to report information about operating
segments in annual financial statements and requires those enterprises to report
selected information about operating segments in interim financial reports. SFAS
No. 131 is effective for financial statements for fiscal years beginning after
December 15, 1997. The Company has determined that it does not have any
separately reportable business segments.
In March 1998, the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA)
issued Statement of Position ("SOP") No. 98-1, "Software for Internal Use,"
which provides guidance on accounting for the cost of computer software
developed or obtained for internal use. SOP No. 98-1 is effective for financial
statements for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 1998. The Company does
not expect that the adoption of SOP No. 98-1 will have a material impact on its
consolidated financial statements.
In April 1998, the AICPA issued SOP No. 98-5, "Reporting on the Costs of
Start-Up Activities," which provides guidance on the financial reporting of
start-up costs and organization costs. It requires costs of start-up activities
and organization costs to be expensed as incurred. SOP No. 98-5 is effective for
financial statements for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 1998. The
Company does not expect that the adoption of SOP 98-5 will have a material
impact on its consolidated financial statements.
Factors Affecting Operating Results
Substantial Leverage; Ability to Service Indebtedness; Restrictive
Covenants
As a result of the issuance of the 1998 Notes, the Company is highly
leveraged. As of March 31, 1999, the Company had total debt of approximately
$267.0 million, accreting to $463.0
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million in 2003. The Company believes its existing cash and cash equivalents
will be sufficient to meet its cash requirements at least through the end of
calendar year 1999.* Thereafter, the Company will require substantial additional
indebtedness primarily to fund operating deficits and to finance the continued
development and enhancement of its VOD system and to fund capital expenditures
in connection with commercial deployment of its system. See "-- Substantial
Future Capital Requirements." As a result, the Company expects that it will
continue to have substantial indebtedness.* The degree to which the Company is
leveraged could have important consequences to the holders of the 1998 Notes,
including, but not limited to, the following: (i) the Company's ability to
obtain additional financing in the future for working capital, system
deployments, development and enhancement of its VOD system, capital
expenditures, acquisitions and other general corporate purposes may be
materially limited or impaired; (ii) the Company's cash flow, if any, will not
be available for the Company's business because a substantial portion of the
Company's cash flow must be dedicated to the payment of principal and interest
on its indebtedness; (iii) the terms of future permitted indebtedness may limit
the Company's ability to redeem the 1998 Notes in the event of a Change of
Control (as defined); and (iv) the Company's high degree of leverage may make it
more vulnerable to economic downturns, may limit its ability to withstand
competitive pressures and may reduce its flexibility in responding to changing
business and economic conditions.
The ability of the Company to make scheduled debt service payments
(including with respect to the 1998 Notes) will depend upon the Company's
ability to achieve significant and sustained growth in its cash from operations
and to complete necessary additional financings. The Company's ability to
generate sufficient cash from operations is dependent upon, among other things,
the market acceptance and customer demand for its VOD service, the Company's
ability to successfully continue the development and enhancement of its system
including the Company's VOD server, set-top box and network, including
compatibility with evolving industry standards as they are defined, the future
operating performance of the Company, integration of its digital platform with
those provided by major cable industry suppliers, the Company's ability to
obtain long-term contracts with MSOs and the rate of and success of commercial
deployment of its VOD system. The Company expects that it will continue to
generate operating losses and negative cash flow for at least the next several
years.* No assurance can be given that the Company will be successful in
achieving and maintaining a level of cash from operations sufficient to permit
it to pay the principal, premium, if any, and interest on its indebtedness. If
the Company is unable to generate sufficient cash from operations to service its
indebtedness, it may have to forego or delay development and enhancement of its
VOD system and service, reduce or delay system deployments, restructure or
refinance its indebtedness or seek additional equity capital or debt financing.
There can be no assurance that (i) any such strategy could be effected on
satisfactory terms, if at all, in light of the Company's high leverage or (ii)
any such strategy would yield sufficient proceeds to service the Company's
indebtedness, including the 1998 Notes. Any failure by the Company to satisfy
its obligations with respect to the 1998 Notes or any other indebtedness could
result in a default under the Indenture and could cause a default under
agreements governing other indebtedness of the Company. In the event of such a
default, the holders of such indebtedness would have enforcement rights,
including the right to accelerate such debt and the right to commence an
involuntary bankruptcy proceeding against the Company. Absent a certain level of
successful commercial deployment of its VOD
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service, ongoing technical development and enhancement of its VOD system and
significant growth of its cash flow, the Company will not be able to service its
indebtedness.
The indenture governing the 1998 Notes (the "Indenture") imposes operating
and financial restrictions on the Company and its subsidiaries. These
restrictions will affect, and in certain cases significantly limit or prohibit,
among other things, the ability of the Company and its subsidiaries to incur
additional indebtedness, create liens upon assets, apply the proceeds from the
disposal of assets, make investments, make dividend payments and other
distributions on capital stock and redeem capital stock. There can be no
assurance that such covenants will not adversely affect the Company's ability to
finance its future operations or capital needs or to engage in other business
activities that may be in the interest of the Company. However, the limitations
in the Indenture will be subject to a number of important qualifications and
exceptions. In particular, while the Indenture will restrict the Company's
ability to incur indebtedness by requiring that specified leverage ratios are
met, it will permit the Company and its subsidiaries to incur substantial
indebtedness (which may be secured indebtedness), without regard to such ratios,
to finance the acquisition of equipment, inventory or network assets or to
finance or support working capital and capital expenditures for its business.
Substantial Future Capital Requirements
The Company will require substantial additional funds for the continued
development and commercial deployment of its VOD service. As of March 31, 1999,
the Company had approximately $150.1 million in cash, cash equivalents and
short-term investments. From inception until March 31, 1999, the Company had an
accumulated deficit of $208.4 million. The Company has made and expects to
continue to make significant investments in working capital and capital
expenditures in order to continue required development activities, continue to
commercially deploy its VOD service and fund operations until such time, if at
all, as the Company begins to generate positive cash flows from operations.* The
Company expects that its cash flow from operating and investing activities will
be increasingly negative over at least the next several years.* The Company
believes that its existing cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments
will be sufficient to meet its working capital and capital expenditure
requirements at least through the end of calendar year 1999.* Thereafter, the
Company will need to raise significant additional funds to support its
operations. However, the Company may need to raise additional funds earlier if
its estimates of working capital and/or capital expenditure requirements change
or prove to be inaccurate. The Company may also need to raise significant
additional funds in order to respond to unforeseen technological or marketing
hurdles or to take advantage of unanticipated opportunities. Actual capital
requirements may vary from expectations and will depend on numerous future
factors and conditions, many of which are outside of the Company's control,
including, but not limited to (i) the ability of the Company to meet its
development and deployment schedules; (ii) the accuracy of the Company's
assumptions regarding the rate and extent of commercial deployment and market
acceptance by cable operators and customers; (iii) the number of customers
choosing the Company's VOD service and their buying patterns; (iv) the nature
and penetration of new services to be offered by the Company; (v) unanticipated
costs; and (vi) the need to respond to competitive pressures and technological
changes. The Company has no present commitments or arrangements assuring it of
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any future equity or debt financing, and there can be no assurance that the
Company will be able to obtain any such equity or debt financing on favorable
terms or at all. In the event that the Company is unable to obtain such
additional capital, the Company will be required to delay the expansion of its
business or take other actions that could have a material adverse effect on the
Company's business, operating results and financial condition and its ability to
achieve sufficient cash flow to service its indebtedness.
Development Stage Company; Limited Revenues; History of Losses
The Company is a development stage company with limited commercial
operating history, having commercially deployed its VOD service on a limited
basis beginning in September 1997. The Company has incurred substantial net
losses in the period since inception through March 31, 1999 of approximately
$208.4 million. The Company expects to continue to incur substantial losses and
experience substantial negative cash flow for at least the next several years as
it continues to develop and deploy its VOD service.* The Company's limited
operating history makes the prediction of future operating results difficult or
impossible. Through March 31, 1999, the Company recognized revenues of
approximately $309,000. The Company does not expect to generate any substantial
revenues unless and until its VOD service is deployed at a significant number of
additional headend locations and it has a substantial number of customers.*
The Company's prospects should be considered in light of the risks,
expenses and difficulties frequently encountered by companies in their early
stage of development, particularly companies in new and rapidly evolving
markets. The Company's future success depends in part on its ability to
accomplish a number of objectives, including, but not limited to (i) further
technical development of and reduction of the cost of manufacturing the
Company's VOD server and other system components and modification of the service
software for future advances, (ii) modification of its headend equipment and of
headend equipment provided by cable industry suppliers and further integration
of all such headend equipment and related systems in order to achieve cost
reductions and reduce physical space requirements for widespread VOD deployment
in a large number of headends, (iii) continued scaling of the entire end-to-end
system and its implementation for use with larger numbers of customers and an
increased number of movie titles, (iv) further development of the Company's VOD
server required for large-scale deployment of its VOD service and for other
interactive and digital applications, (v) continued integration of its digital
platform with two-way digital platforms developed and to be developed by cable
industry equipment suppliers, including set-top boxes and headend equipment,
(vi) integrating its digital platform or software with other digital
applications and services selected by the cable operator, including joint or
coordinated integration of set-top box and headend components and software
provided by the Company and cable industry equipment suppliers to enable such
other digital applications, (vii) designing and accessing content packages and
service offerings that will attract ongoing consumer demand for the Company's
VOD service on competitive economic terms, (viii) enhancement of its system to
offer additional services, including music videos and time-shifting, (ix)
completion of initial deployments with acceptable system performance and
consumer acceptance, (x) integrating DIVA's VOD service with other digital
services that cable operators may offer, (xi) entering into long-term service
contracts on acceptable terms with MSOs and (xii) raising significant additional
debt and/or equity financing to fund the Company's cash requirements.
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Uncertainty of Future Revenues; Fluctuating Operating Results
As a result of the Company's limited operating history and the emerging
nature of the market in which it competes, the Company is unable to accurately
forecast its revenues. The Company does not have historical financial data for a
significant number of periods on which to base planned operating expenses and
plans its operating expenses based on anticipated deployments, which require
significant investments before any revenues are generated. If deployments in a
particular period do not meet expectations, it is likely that the Company will
not be able to adjust significantly its level of expenditures for such period,
which could have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, operating
results and financial condition and its ability to achieve sufficient cash flow
to service its indebtedness. The Company expects to incur significant operating
expenses in order to continue development activities, secure initial
deployments, continue to commercially deploy its VOD service and expand its
operations.* The cost of deployments is highly variable and will depend upon a
wide variety of factors, including the cable system architecture, the size of
the service area served by a single Sarnoff Server, local labor rates and other
economic factors. In particular, the Company must install Sarnoff Servers at a
headend in advance of generating any significant revenues from customers served
by such headend. To the extent that expenses are not subsequently followed by
increased revenues, the Company's business, operating results and financial
condition and its ability to achieve sufficient cash flow to service its
indebtedness would be materially adversely affected.
The timing and amount of future revenues will depend in large part upon the
Company's ability to obtain long-term contracts with cable companies and the
successful deployment of its VOD service pursuant to such agreements. New
deployment agreements are expected to be secured on an irregular basis, if at
all, and there may be prolonged periods of time during which the Company does
not enter into new agreements or expanded arrangements. Furthermore, actual
deployments under such agreements are expected to occur at irregular intervals,
and the Company will have little control over when such deployments will occur,
which will make revenues difficult to forecast. Factors that may affect the
Company's operating results included, but are not limited to: (i) the Company's
success in obtaining and retaining customers and the rate of customer churn,
(ii) customers' usage of the Company's VOD service and their buying patterns,
(iii) the rate of growth in customers, (iv) the cost of continued development of
the VOD system and other costs relating to the expansion of operations, (v)
pricing changes by the Company and its competitors, (vi) prices charged by and
the timing of payments to suppliers, (vii) the mix of the Company's service
offerings sold, (viii) the timing of payments from cable operators, (ix) the
introduction of new service offerings by the Company's competitors, (x) the
evolution of alternative forms of in-home entertainment systems, (xi) economic
conditions in the cable television industry, (xii) the market for home video
entertainment services and (xiii) general economic conditions. Any one of these
factors, most of which are outside of the Company's control, could cause the
Company's operating results to fluctuate significantly in the future. In
response to a changing competitive environment and in order to respond to local
viewing patterns, the Company may choose or may be required from time to time to
make certain pricing, service or marketing decisions or enter into strategic
alliances or investments or be required to develop upgrades or enhancements to
its system that could have a
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material adverse effect on the Company's business, operating results and
financial condition and its ability to achieve sufficient cash flow to service
its indebtedness.
Due to the foregoing factors, the Company's revenues and operating results
are difficult to forecast. The Company believes that its quarterly revenues,
expenses and operating results will vary significantly in the future and that
period-to-period comparisons are not meaningful and are not indicative of future
performance. As a result of the foregoing factors, it is likely that in some
future quarters or years the Company's operating results will fall below the
expectations of securities analysts or investors, which would have a material
adverse effect on the trading price of the 1998 Notes.
Dependence on Cable Operator Participation; Unproven Business Model
The Company's future success depends in large part on its ability to sign
long-term service contracts with cable operators to deploy its VOD service. The
Company's ability to enter into long-term commitments will depend upon, among
other things, successful commercial deployment of the Company's fully-integrated
VOD system and the Company's ability to demonstrate that its VOD service is
reliable and more attractive to customers than alternative entertainment
services such as PPV and NVOD. To date, the Company has entered into long-term
contracts with Lenfest and Chambers and contingent contracts, subject to
significant conditions, with Adelphia, Cablevision and Rifkin. The Company is in
discussions with various other cable operators regarding its VOD service. There
can be no assurance that the Company will be able to enter into definitive
agreements with any of these or any other cable operators or that the ongoing
viability of its VOD service will be successfully demonstrated. If cable
operators are not persuaded to deploy the Company's VOD service, there can be no
assurance that the Company's VOD system can be modified and successfully
marketed to other potential video providers, and such modifications would
require additional time and capital if pursued.
Initially, the Company directed its marketing efforts to medium sized cable
operators who had not undertaken and would not likely undertake the development
of their own VOD solutions. While the Company has had and continues to have
discussions with the larger MSOs and has one deployment of its VOD service with
one such large MSO (Cablevision), the current consolidation of cable properties
in the U.S. is resulting in the absorption of medium sized cable operators into
the ownership of the largest MSOs. There can be no assurance that such large
MSOs will be willing to procure VOD services from a third party such as the
Company or be willing to procure VOD services on terms and conditions which are
economically justifiable to the Company.
The Company must negotiate separate agreements with each cable operator.
The Company's business model is significantly different from those commonly
employed in the cable television industry and is based on assumptions regarding
consumer acceptance and buying patterns that are as yet unproven. Cable
operators generally enter into service agreements on a wholesale basis and own,
install and fund all customer and headend equipment. By contrast, the Company
owns, installs and funds all headend hardware and software components of its VOD
service and may generate earnings through long-term, revenue sharing agreements
with MSOs, involving "per view" and other prices
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set by the Company. Certain MSOs may desire to own the headend equipment and
license the related software components of the VOD system or to determine the
type, number or pricing of product offerings contained in the VOD service. The
Company believes that it may not be able to do business at all with such MSOs
unless it alters its business model. Even if MSOs generally accept the
equipment/software ownership and price setting concepts of the Company's
existing business model, different pricing models or revenue sharing concepts
may be required in order to establish business relationships with some MSOs. It
is likely that MSOs will find it difficult to determine the net effect on
revenue of either adding the Company's service to their product mix, or
replacing elements of their service offerings with the Company's VOD service.
The Company's VOD service may provide lower margins than competitive services
such as NVOD and may also be viewed as cannibalizing existing MSO offerings.
Consequently, until the economics of DIVA's business model are proven, cable
operators may be reluctant to broadly deploy its VOD service in their systems or
may be unwilling to deploy it at all. There can be no assurance that the Company
will be able to successfully alter its business model, that such an alteration
would not produce a material adverse change to the economics of its business
model or that cable operators will be willing to deploy the Company's VOD
service on these or any other terms. VOD is a new market, and the Company's VOD
service is only one possible means available to cable operators for providing
movies in the home. Further, consumer acceptance of the Company's VOD service
and the intensity of subscriber buying behavior are not established. See "--
Dependence on Single Service; Acceptance by Subscribers." There can be no
assurance of broad consumer acceptance of the Company's service or that those
consumers that do utilize the VOD service will do so with a frequency and at
prices that will not materially affect the Company's business, operating results
and financial condition and its ability to generate sufficient cash flow to meet
its obligations. Although the Company believes that it has an economically
viable turnkey solution, there can be no assurance that the Company will be
successful in achieving wider adoption of its VOD service by the cable industry
or that it will be able to attract and retain customers on economic terms that
do not materially adversely affect its ability to generate cash flow. The
inability of the Company to enter into definitive agreements with cable
operators or the lack of acceptance of its VOD service by cable operators and
their subscribers would have a material adverse effect on the Company's
business, operating results and financial condition and its ability to achieve
sufficient cash flow to service its indebtedness.
Long-Term Cable Operator Agreements Dependent on Initial Commercial
Deployment
The Company's agreements with each of Adelphia, Cablevision and Rifkin are
conditioned upon the successful completion of an initial commercial deployment
phase, which is designed to allow both parties to verify the business viability
of the Company's VOD service, in accordance with certain criteria set forth in
the agreements. The Company is currently in the limited commercial deployment
phase with each of these cable operators. Following the initial commercial
deployment phase, if any such cable operator is satisfied that the Company's VOD
service meets its business and operational expectations, the Company will
continue and expand the existing deployment and commence further commercial
deployment in certain of such cable operators' systems or other cable systems on
an agreed-to schedule. If the Company's VOD service does not demonstrate
business viability or if the cable operator otherwise determines that such
service does not meet its business or operational expectations, none of
Adelphia, Cablevision nor Rifkin is obligated to deploy the Company's VOD
service. There can be no assurance that the Company will successfully complete
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its initial commercial deployment phases or that its VOD system and service will
be deployed beyond the initial phases in any such cable operator's systems. In
the event the Company fails to successfully complete initial commercial
deployment in any such cable operator's systems in accordance with the
contracts, the Company will be unable to generate any cash flow from such
systems and other prospective cable companies may be reluctant to enter into
long-term commitments with the Company due to concerns about the viability of
its VOD system. The Company's long-term Lenfest contract follows the completion
of an initial commercial deployment phase, and the Company's long-term Chambers
contract is not contingent upon the successful completion of an initial
commercial deployment phase. The Company expects that contracts with some MSOs
in the future will require such a contingency.*
Limited Commercial Deployments to Date
The Company has commercially deployed its VOD service in a single headend
location in cable systems owned by Lenfest, Adelphia, Cablevision, Rifkin and
Chambers. Prior to launch of the service to commercial subscribers, the Company
(i) installed a VOD server at each headend location with associated control and
management systems; (ii) installed DCUs in an agreed-to number of homes and
business locations and delivered the Company's VOD service without charge to
such locations; and (iii) completed technical testing designed to stress both
the MSO's two-way HFC plant and the Company's system and VOD service. During
these periods, the Company experienced delays due to set-top box development,
two-way cable plant readiness, and integration and related stability testing of
the Company's and the cable operator's operating platforms and systems. The
Company experienced both fewer causes of delay and delays of more limited
duration with each successive installation. While the Company anticipates
continued reduction in the duration of these periods that precede commercial
deployments,* there can be no assurance that the Company will not experience
other delays in the testing, rollout or delivery of its VOD service, that the
Company will not experience periods of increased delay in testing, rollout and
delivery as it migrates its total end-to-end digital platform to one integrated
with third party set top boxes and headend equipment and the associated changes
in formats and protocols, or that the Company's VOD service can be delivered on
the scale anticipated by the Company. The existing commercial deployments,
unless expanded in scope, will not serve more than a limited number of
customers. Until the Company is able to deploy on a large scale in one cable
system, the scalability of the Company's VOD system will remain unproven.
Further, there can be no assurance that unforeseen problems will not develop as
the Company evolves its technology, products and services, or that the Company
will be successful in the continued development, cost reduction, integration and
commercial implementation of its technology, products and services on a wide
scale.
Dependence on Single Service; Acceptance by Subscribers
The Company expects to derive a substantial portion of its future revenues
from providing its VOD service to cable operators and their subscribers.* The
Company's future financial performance will depend on the successful
introduction and broad customer acceptance of its VOD service, as to which there
can be no assurance. Numerous factors could have a material adverse effect on
the level of consumer acceptance, including, but not limited to, the degree of
consumer sensitivity to (i) the price of the service, (ii) the number and type
of product offerings contained in the service and (iii)
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the availability, functions and cost of a single set-top box that both enables
the Company's VOD service and replaces the customer's existing set-top box.
Since there is no existing market for true VOD service, there can be no
assurance that an acceptable level of consumer demand will be achieved. If
sufficient demand for the Company's VOD service does not develop due to lack of
market acceptance, technological change, competition or other factors, the
Company's business, operating results and financial condition and its ability to
generate sufficient cash flow to service its indebtedness would be materially
adversely affected.
Risks Associated with Anticipated Growth
The Company intends to aggressively expand its operations.* The growth in
size and scale of the Company's business has placed and is expected to continue
to place significant demands on its management, operating, development, third
party manufacturing and financial resources. The Company's ability to manage
growth effectively will require continued implementation of and improvements to
its operating, manufacturing, development and financial systems and will require
the Company to expand and continue to train and manage its employee base. These
demands likely will require the addition of new management personnel and the
development of additional expertise by existing management personnel. Although
the Company believes that it has made adequate allowances for the costs and
risks associated with future growth, there can be no assurance that the
Company's systems, procedures or controls or financial resources will be
adequate to support the Company's operations or that management will be able to
keep pace with such growth. If the Company is unable to manage its growth
effectively, the Company's business, operating results, financial condition and
ability to achieve sufficient cash flow to service its indebtedness will be
materially adversely affected.
Dependence on Advanced Cable Distribution Networks
The Company's VOD service requires deployment on cable systems upgraded to
HFC architecture linking headends with nodes serving not more than 2,000 homes,
with the return path from the customer to the headend activated to enable two-
way operation. According to the Cablevision Blue Book, approximately 60% of the
total U.S. homes passed by cable had been upgraded to HFC architecture with
return path capability at the end of 1997, and only a limited portion of the
upgraded plant is currently activated for two-way transmission. A number of
cable operators have announced and begun to implement major infrastructure
investments to deploy two-way capable HFC systems which require significant
financial, managerial, operating and other resources. HFC upgrades have been,
and likely will continue to be, subject to delay or cancellation. In addition,
the Company believes that the widespread deployment of VOD services will not
occur until MSOs decide to deploy digital services through this upgraded plant
and invest in new digital set-top boxes. There can be no assurance that these or
any other cable operators will continue to upgrade their cable plant or that
sufficient, suitable cable plant will be available in the future to support the
Company's VOD service. The failure of cable operators to complete planned
upgrades in a timely and satisfactory manner, or at all, and the lack of
suitable cable plant to support the Company's VOD service would have a material
adverse effect on the Company's business, operating results and financial
condition and its ability to achieve sufficient cash flow to service its
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indebtedness. In addition, the Company will be highly dependent on cable
operators to continue to maintain their cable infrastructure in such a manner
that the Company will be able to provide consistently high performance and
reliable service. Therefore, the future success and growth of the Company's
business will also be subject to economic and other factors affecting the
ability of cable operators to finance substantial capital expenditures to
maintain and upgrade the cable infrastructure.
Risk of Technological Change and New Product Development
Rapid technological developments are expected to occur in the home video
entertainment industry. As a result, the Company has modified and expects to
continue to modify its research and development plan.* Such modifications,
including those related to the set-top box, have resulted in delays and
increased costs. Furthermore, the Company expects that it will be required to
continue to enhance its current VOD service and develop and introduce increased
functionality and performance to keep pace with technological developments and
consumer preferences.* In particular, the Company must (i) continue technical
development of and reduce the cost of manufacturing the Sarnoff Server and other
system components and modification of the service software for future advances,
(ii) modify its headend equipment and headend equipment provided by cable
industry suppliers and integrate all of such headend equipment and related
systems in order to achieve cost reductions and reduce physical space
requirements for widespread VOD deployment in a large number of headends, (iii)
complete a scalable turnkey system and test it for use with larger numbers of
customers and a large number of movie titles, (iv) continue further development
of the Sarnoff Server required for large-scale deployment of its VOD service and
for other interactive and digital applications, (v) in order to achieve broader
deployment, integrate its digital platform with two-way digital platforms
developed and to be developed by cable industry equipment suppliers, including
set top boxes and headend equipment, (vi) integrate its digital platform and/or
software with other digital applications and services selected by the cable
operator, including joint or coordinated integration of set top box and headend
components and software provided by the Company and cable industry equipment
suppliers to enable such other digital applications, (vii) design content
packages and service offerings that will attract ongoing consumer demand and
(viii) enhance its system to offer additional services, including music videos
and time-shifting.* There can be no assurance that the Company will, on a
satisfactory timetable, be able to accomplish any of these tasks or do so while
maintaining the same functionality. There can be no assurance that the Company
will be successful in developing and marketing product and service enhancements
or new services that respond to technological and market changes or that the
Company will not experience difficulties that could delay or prevent the
successful development, introduction and marketing of such new services or
enhancements. The Company has encountered delays in product development, service
integration and field tests and other difficulties affecting both software and
hardware components of its system and its ability to operate successfully over
HFC plant. In addition, many of the Company's competitors have substantially
greater resources than the Company to devote to further technological and new
product development. See "-- Competition for VOD Services." There can be no
assurance that technological and market changes or other significant
developments in VOD technology by the Company's competitors will not render its
VOD service obsolete.
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Compliance with Industry Standards; Need to Integrate with Set-Top Box
Manufacturers
The cable industry has launched an initiative called "open cable," which
will redefine the requirements and features of digital set top converters as
well as the requirements and features of their control systems located in the
boxes themselves and in cable headends. The open cable initiative is managed by
CableLabs on behalf of the cable MSOs and is supported by some of the cable
equipment manufacturers, including General Instrument Corporation ("General
Instrument") and Scientific-Atlanta, Inc. ("Scientific-Atlanta"). The open cable
initiative is defining future digital platform requirements as they relate to
set-top box requirements and control systems, which could affect DIVA's digital
platform and its efforts to integrate its digital platform and VOD application
with digital set top and headend equipment manufactured by third party cable
industry suppliers. There can be no assurance that the Company will be
successful in complying with the requirements of the open cable initiative as
they are finally adopted, or that compliance will not cause difficulties that
could delay or prevent successful development, introduction or broad deployment
of its VOD service.
For the initial deployments, the Company is using a separate proprietary
set-top box that is deployed in parallel with the customer's analog cable set-
top box. All of the MSOs with which the Company has contingent and long-term
contracts have indicated their strong preference for a single box solution that
both enables the Company's VOD service and replaces the subscriber's existing
set-top box. Although the Company has developed a single box that was able to
meet most of those requirements, the Company has determined that it needs to
port its VOD solution to other digital platforms that are or will be broadly
deployed in the cable industry, including those that may be offered by General
Instrument, Scientific-Atlanta and other companies. In this regard, the Company
has signed a non-binding letter of intent with General Instrument pursuant to
which the Company has agreed to cooperate with General Instrument to make the
Company's VOD system compatible with General Instrument's Digital Network System
("DNS"). Pursuant to the letter of intent, the Company and General Instrument
have demonstrated the successful port of the Company's VOD application to the
DNS, and the initial implementation of this integration has been tested on a
limited, non-commercial basis with Lenfest. The Company and General Instrument
are continuing joint development efforts to more closely integrate the VOD
service with DNS, including achieving cost reductions, reducing physical space
requirements of headend equipment and enabling delivery of the Company's VOD
service with encryption capability. There can be no assurance that the Company
will be successful in accomplishing the General Instrument integration on a
cost-effective basis or at all or that this letter of intent will lead to a
definitive agreement with General Instrument. Further, failure to complete the
joint development as contemplated by the General Instrument letter of intent
could result in delay in implementation of a one box solution, delay of rollout
of the Company's VOD service under existing and contemplated long-term
deployment agreements with MSOs, reluctance on the part of other MSOs to enter
into long-term agreements with the Company and reallocation of resources to
internal or other third party single box development efforts. The Company
previously entered into a non-binding letter of intent with Scientific-Atlanta
to achieve compatibility between the Company's VOD System and Scientific-
Atlanta's Digital Broadband Delivery System. This letter of intent has since
expired without resulting in a definitive agreement, and limited development
activities have occurred to date.
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The Company has recently entered into a developer agreement with
Scientific-Atlanta which should enable the Company to access the necessary
information and material to effectively port its VOD service to the Scientific-
Atlanta platform. However, there can be no assurance that the Company and
Scientific-Atlanta will be able to achieve compatibility between their
respective systems. The Company's ability to enter into relationships with MSOs
that require a single box solution and choose to deploy Scientific-Atlanta's
Digital Broadband Delivery System could therefore be significantly impaired.
Although the Company has developed an on-screen interactive guide or
navigator that is closely integrated with its VOD service, MSO customers and
their subscribers are likely to expect a seamless link between the navigator and
industry standard electronic programming guides ("EPGs") that provide
information regarding programming schedules. The ability to create cross access
points between the navigator and various EPGs may be limited by the engineering
and memory characteristics of the digital platforms and EPG applications
provided by major cable industry suppliers. Further, positioning the navigator
as the first or one of the first screens viewed by a subscriber, which would
create enhanced revenue and promotional opportunities, may be limited by these
third-party platform characteristics or by existing or future agreements between
EPG providers and MSOs.
Reliance on Third-Party Manufacturers; Exposure To Component Shortages
The Company depends and will continue to depend on third parties to
manufacture the major elements of its VOD system. The Company subcontracts
manufacturing of its proprietary components of its Video Session Manager to
Pioneer Standard and the Sarnoff Server to another manufacturer. All of such
subcontractors are bound by confidentiality agreements. As a result of the
complexity of the Company's hardware components, manufacturing and quality
control are time consuming processes. Consequently, there can be no assurance
that these manufacturers will be able to meet the Company's requirements in a
timely and satisfactory manner or the Company would be able to find or maintain
a suitable relationship with alternate qualified manufacturers for any such
elements. The Company's reliance on third-party manufacturers involves a number
of additional risks, including the absence of guaranteed capacity and reduced
control over delivery schedules, quality assurance, production yields and costs.
In the event the Company is unable to obtain such manufacturing on commercially
reasonable terms, its business, operating results and financial condition and
its ability to achieve sufficient cash flow to service its indebtedness would be
materially adversely affected.
Certain of the Company's subassemblies and components used in the Sarnoff
Server and the Video Session Manager are procured from single sources and others
are procured only from a limited number of sources. Consequently, the Company
may be adversely affected by worldwide shortages of certain components,
significant price increases, reduced control over delivery schedules, and
manufacturing capability, quality and cost. Although the Company believes
alternative suppliers of products, services, subassemblies and components are
available, the lack of alternative sources could materially impair the Company's
ability to deploy its VOD system. Manufacturing lead times can be as long as
nine months for certain critical components. Therefore, the Company may require
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significant working capital to pay for such components well in advance of
revenues. Moreover, a prolonged inability to obtain certain components could
have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, operating results and
financial condition and its ability to achieve sufficient cash flow to service
its indebtedness and could result in damage to MSO or customer relationships.
Uncertainty of Protection of Patents and Proprietary Rights
The Company's future success depends, in part, on its ability to protect
its intellectual property and maintain the proprietary nature of its technology
through a combination of patents, licenses and other intellectual property
arrangements. The Company has licensed rights to the Sarnoff Server and the DCU
initially developed by Sarnoff. Sarnoff and the Company have filed applications
and intend to file additional applications for patents covering the Sarnoff
Server. Sarnoff and the Company have filed applications for patents covering the
DCU, and the Company has filed patent applications, and intends to file
additional and derivative patent applications covering the interactive service
and its technology. There can be no assurance, however, that any patents issued
to Sarnoff or the Company will not be challenged, invalidated or circumvented,
or that the rights granted thereunder will provide proprietary protection to the
Company. Despite the efforts of Sarnoff and the Company to safeguard and
maintain these proprietary rights, there can be no assurance that the Company
will be successful in doing so or that the Company's competitors will not
independently develop or patent technologies that are substantially equivalent
or superior to the Company's technologies. On August 18, 1998, the Company
received a notice from a third party licensing company stating that it has
acquired rights in two U.S. patents and that the Company's VOD system and
process are described in the claims of these patents. The Company responded to
the letter in late November 1998 stating that it does not infringe and will
consider the matter closed unless it hears back promptly. The Company has not
received a response. In early November 1998, the Company received a letter from
a company that represents a group of companies that hold MPEG-2 patents,
offering to make available a license to that group of patents. The Company and
outside patent counsel are preparing a response. The Company has filed trademark
applications on certain marks and logos. In July 1996, the Company received a
notice from a third party claiming that the Company's use of one of its
trademarks infringes a trademark right held by such party. The Company responded
to the letter in late July 1996, asserting that the use of the trademark does
not infringe on the trademark right that the party holds. The Company has
received no further response. In August 1998, the Company received a notice from
a third party, which provides integrated circuits for digital multimedia
applications, claiming that such third party's trademark application gives it
priority over the Company's use of the "DIVA" mark. The Company sent a response
to this letter in late November 1998 stating that it does not believe there is
an infringement issue and inviting further discussions. The Company has not
received a response to this letter. The Company could encounter similar
challenges to its trademarks in the future.
Since patent applications in the U.S. are not publicly disclosed until the
patent has been issued, applications may have been filed which, if issued as
patents, would relate to the Company's products. In addition, the Company has
not conducted a comprehensive patent search relating to the technology used in
the Sarnoff Server or the Company's VOD system. The Company is subject to the
risk of claims and litigation alleging infringement of the intellectual property
rights of others.
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There can be no assurance that third parties will not assert infringement claims
against the Company in the future based on patents or trade secrets or that such
claims will not be successful. Parties making such claims may be able to obtain
injunctive or other equitable relief which could effectively block the Company's
ability to provide its VOD service in the U.S. and internationally, and could
result in an award of substantial damages. In the event of a successful claim of
infringement, the Company, its MSOs and other end users may be required to
obtain one or more licenses from third parties. There can be no assurance that
the Company or its customers could obtain necessary licenses from third parties
at a reasonable cost or at all. The defense of any lawsuit could result in time
consuming and expensive litigation regardless of the merits of such claims, and
damages, license fees, royalty payments and restrictions on the Company's
ability to provide its VOD service, any of which could have a material adverse
effect on the Company's business, operating results and financial condition and
its ability to achieve sufficient cash flow to service its indebtedness.
Risks Associated with Programming Content
The Company's success will depend, in part, on its ability to obtain access
to sufficient movies (including new releases and library titles), special
interest videos and other programming content on commercially acceptable terms.
Although the Company has entered into arrangements with most of the major movie
studios and a number of other content providers for its initial deployments,
there can be no assurance that the Company will be able to continue to obtain
the content, during the segment of time available to VOD providers and others
such as PPV, to support its VOD service beyond the geographic area of its
initial deployments. The Company could encounter increased competition for
access to movie titles from competitors with greater resources and stronger
relationships with major movie studios than the Company, including other VOD,
NVOD or DBS providers and providers of video rentals. Such competitors could
successfully negotiate with movie studios to obtain exclusive access to certain
titles. Furthermore, studios could delay the period of time before a title
becomes available to the Company, and reduce the period of time in which a title
may be available for the VOD market. In addition, studios may require the
Company to make prepayments prior to the time that customers pay for viewing a
title or require the Company to enter into long-term contracts with minimum
payments. Further, studios may increase the license fees currently charged to
the Company. The Company's failure to obtain timely access to such content on
commercially acceptable terms would have a material adverse effect on its
business, operating results and financial condition and its ability to achieve
sufficient cash flow to service its indebtedness.
Competition for VOD Services
The market for in-home video entertainment services is intensely
competitive, rapidly evolving and subject to rapid technological change. The
Company expects competition in the market for VOD services to intensify and
increase in the future.* A number of companies have announced an intention to
introduce a VOD service or deliver VOD components that might be deployed by a
video service provider. Intertainer, a company owned in part by Comcast Cable
Communications ("Comcast"), Intel Corporation ("Intel"), Sony Corp. of America
and NBC, is currently conducting trials with Comcast and US West to provide VOD
and other services over high speed networks such
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as ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) and cable modems primarily to the
personal computer, but plans to provide services to television sets in the
future. It is possible that companies currently operating overseas will adapt
their technology and offer it through high-speed networks in the U.S. Elmsdale
Media is currently conducting a trial for its VOD system in Cardiff, Wales for
NTL Inc. VideoNet conducted a trial in Britain over telephone wires offering VOD
and other interactive services to non-paying customers. Hongkong Telecom began
offering commercial interactive services, including VOD, in March 1998 and has
gained over 100,000 paying subscribers. Other companies internationally and
domestically have also announced plans to provide VOD services which vary in
degree of commercial viability. There can be no assurance that these or other
companies will not provide equivalent or more attractive capabilities that could
be more acceptable to cable operators and their subscribers.
It is also possible that such competitors may form new alliances, develop a
competitive VOD service and rapidly acquire significant market share. Such
competition would materially and adversely affect the Company's business,
operating results and financial condition. Companies that are or may be capable
of delivering VOD components include Concurrent Computer Corp, Celerity Systems
Inc., Mitsubishi Electronics America, Nippon Electric Corp., nCube, Pioneer and
its affiliates, SeaChange International, Inc., Silicon Graphics Inc., Unisys,
General Instrument, Scientific-Atlanta, Sony Corporation, Vivid Technology Inc.
and FreeLinQ Communications Corporation. Some of these competitors have
developed VOD products that have undergone tests or trials and may succeed in
obtaining market acceptance of their products more rapidly than the Company. In
addition, Time Warner Inc. previously field tested an integrated system solution
utilizing components from a number of the aforementioned entities. This trial
has since been terminated. Notwithstanding termination of its field trial in
Orlando, Time Warner Inc. has reached agreements with certain industry suppliers
for elements that might be used in designing and integrating a next generation
VOD system solution for an initial deployment in 1999 or 2000. Cablevision is
operating a limited trial of an in-house VOD solution. Certain of the Company's
competitors or potential competitors have developed affiliations with cable
operators or alternative distribution providers or develop services or
technologies that may be better or more cost effective than the Company's VOD
service. These services or technologies may be more attractive to cable
operators, particularly those that desire to own all hardware and software
components of the VOD service. In addition, certain of these potential
competitors are either directly or indirectly affiliated with content providers
and cable operators and could therefore materially impact the Company's ability
to sign long-term services contracts with such cable operators and obtain
content from such providers. Although the Company is pursuing joint development
efforts to port its VOD service to digital platforms that are or will be broadly
deployed in the cable industry, these third party equipment manufacturers have
the financial and technical ability to develop and sustain deployment of their
own proprietary VOD platforms. There can be no assurance that the Company will
not face competition from these suppliers or their affiliates or that they will
support the integration of Company's VOD service with their own components. See
"--Compliance with Industry Standards; Need to Integrate with Set-Top Box
Manufacturers."
The Company may also face competition from cable operators or other
organizations, including but not limited to the telephone companies, providers
of DBS, PPV and NVOD, cable
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programmers and Internet service providers, who could provide VOD-like services
through cable and alternative delivery platforms, including the Internet,
telephone lines and satellite. Recent announcements of combinations of DBS
services DirecTV and Dish Network with digital recording devices from Replay
Networks and TiVo may represent stronger competition through the ability to
capture and time shift digital broadcast programming with pause, play, fast-
forward and rewind capability. For example, the Company could encounter
competition from companies such as Microsoft/WebTV Plus, @Home or video
streaming companies that in the future may be able to deliver movies over the
Internet to the television, or from consumer use of purchased or rented digital
video discs or variants thereof. In addition, the competitive environment in
which the Company will operate may inhibit its ability to offer its VOD service
to cable operators and other types of operators that compete with one another in
the same territory. A cable operator may require the Company to provide its VOD
service exclusively to such cable operator in a particular territory. Further,
cable operators themselves may offer competing services, including increased
NVOD offerings, or may be unwilling to use the Company's VOD service
exclusively. There can be no assurance that any cable operator will commit
exclusively to the Company's VOD service. In particular, cable operators may
trial a number of different alternatives. The Company will also face competition
for viewers from providers of home video rentals, which are increasingly
entering into revenue sharing arrangements with content providers. These
arrangements have resulted in a significant increase in the number of copies
available for rental and an extension in the rental period at major video chains
and, accordingly, have made home video rentals more attractive to consumers.
Many of the Company's competitors and potential competitors have longer
operating histories, greater name recognition, and significantly greater
financial, technical, marketing and distribution resources than the Company. As
a result, they may be able to respond to new or emerging technologies and
changes in customer requirements or to devote greater resources to the
development, promotion and sale of their products and services more effectively
than the Company. There can be no assurance that the Company will be able to
compete successfully against current or future competitors or that competitive
pressures faced by the Company will not materially adversely affect its
business, operating results and financial condition and its ability to achieve
sufficient cash flow to service its indebtedness.
Dependence on Key Personnel
The Company's performance is substantially dependent on the performance of
its officers and key employees. Given the Company's early stage of development,
the Company is dependent on its ability to retain and motivate qualified
personnel, especially its management. The Company does not have "key person"
life insurance policies on any of its employees. There can be no assurance that
key personnel will continue to be employed by the Company or that the Company
will be able to attract and retain qualified personnel in the future. The
Company's future success also depends on its ability to identify, hire, train
and retain technical, sales, marketing and managerial personnel. Competition for
such personnel is intense, and there can be no assurance that the Company will
be able to attract, assimilate or retain such personnel in the future. The
inability to attract and retain its officers and key employees and the necessary
technical, sales, marketing and managerial personnel
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could have a material adverse effect upon the Company's business, operating
results and financial condition and its ability to achieve sufficient cash flow
to service its indebtedness.
Government Regulation
The Federal Communications Commission ("FCC") has broad jurisdiction over
the telecommunications and cable industries. The majority of FCC regulations,
while not directly affecting the Company, do affect cable companies, upon which
the Company will significantly rely for the marketing and distribution of its
VOD service to customers. As such, the indirect effect of these regulations may
adversely affect the Company's business. The Communications Act of 1934, as
significantly amended by Congress in 1992 and more recently by the
Telecommunications Act of 1996 (as so amended, the "Act"), provides a
significant regulatory framework for the operation of cable systems. Rules
promulgated by the FCC under the Act impose restrictions and obligations that
could affect how the cable operator offers or prices the Company's VOD service;
examples include (i) regulation of rates for certain tiers or packages of
programming and for equipment (set-top boxes) used to deliver regulated tiers of
service, (ii) prohibition of bundling equipment and service charges together
into one charge to the customer, (iii) equipment rate averaging, (iv)
prohibition of forced tier buy-through, and (v) imposition of various consumer
protection, billing and disclosure requirements. None of these impose direct
rate or service restrictions on the Company.
In addition, certain FCC rules, and FCC rulemakings in process or required
in the future under the Act could directly affect the Company's DCU and related
development efforts, as well as the joint efforts of the Company and third-party
equipment manufacturers such as General Instrument to port the Company's VOD
solution to digital platforms that are broadly deployed in the cable industry,
by imposing requirements that the set-top boxes (i) be designed to be compatible
with other consumer electronics equipment that is used to deliver services
provided by cable companies, (ii) be commercially available to consumers from
vendors other than cable operators, and (iii) not defeat or interfere with the
national emergency alert system, closed captioning for the hearing impaired, or
any "V" chip requirements that may be imposed. FCC rules to date have focused on
analog equipment, rather than digital equipment such as the Company's. However,
it is anticipated that as digital equipment, transmission and services are
deployed by cable operators, the FCC will extend analog rules to digital
transmission, or craft rules specific to digital platforms. An example being
discussed is digital "must carry" which would require cable operators to
transmit on their systems not only the analog channels of local broadcast
television stations in all markets, but the newly authorized digital broadcast
channels as well. Digital "must carry" for local over-the-air broadcast
licensees could consume a significant amount of the increased channel capacity
being created by cable operators through their upgrades. There can be no
assurance that the Company's VOD service will be successful in competing with
other analog and digital services for access to cable operator transmission
capacity that remains after implementation of digital "must carry" in any local
market.
Local franchising authorities retain certain statutory and general
regulatory authority with respect to cable operators including the ability to
regulate or exclude content that they deem inappropriate under local community
standards. The Company's VOD service includes adult
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offerings and, because local community standards will vary, the Company works
closely with the local cable operator to determine the extent of adult content,
which in some communities may be entirely excluded. The Company's VOD system
also enables individual subscribers to exclude entirely or restrict access to
such content. The Company's operating results could be impacted by the decisions
of local regulatory authorities and cable operators regarding such content.
Finally, the Act authorizes, but does not require, local franchising
authorities to impose a fee of up to 5% on the gross revenues derived by third
parties from the provision of cable service over a cable system. To the extent
that the Company provides its VOD service directly to cable subscribers (rather
than providing it to cable operators for resale to cable subscribers) and the
local franchise agreement has been amended or renewed and includes appropriate
language, the Company could be required to pay a franchise fee of up to 5% of
gross revenues derived from its VOD service in a specific franchise area to the
local franchising authority. At present, only the Lenfest deployment uses this
business model, and it will not be used in any other of the currently scheduled
deployments.
There are other rulemakings that have been and still are being undertaken
by the FCC which will interpret and implement provisions of the Act. It is
anticipated that the Act will stimulate increased competition generally in the
telecommunications and cable industries, which may adversely impact the Company.
No assurance can be given that changes in current or future laws or regulations,
including those limiting or abrogating exclusive MSO contracts, in whole or in
part, adopted by the FCC or other federal, state or local regulatory authorities
would not have a material adverse effect on the Company's business.
In addition, VOD services are licensed by the Canadian Radio and
Telecommunications Commission, and the Company is seeking to determine the basis
on which it may offer its service in Canada, the extent of regulatory controls
and the terms of any revenue arrangements that may be required as conditions to
the deployment of its VOD service in Canada. The Company may not be able to
obtain distribution rights to movie titles in Canada under regulatory and
financial arrangements acceptable to the Company.
Control by Insiders
The Company's executive officers and directors, together with entities
affiliated with such individuals, and Acorn Ventures, Inc. beneficially own
approximately 44.01% of the Common Stock (assuming conversion of all outstanding
Preferred Stock into Common Stock). Accordingly, these stockholders have
significant influence over the affairs of the Company. This concentration of
ownership could have the effect of delaying or preventing a change in control of
the Company.
Forward-Looking Statements
The statements contained in the "Factors Affecting Operating Results"
section that are not historical facts are "forward-looking statements," which
can be identified by the use of forward-looking terminology such as "estimates,"
"projects," "anticipates," "expects," "intends," "believes," or the negative
thereof or other variations thereon or comparable terminology, or by discussions
of
33
<PAGE>
strategy that involve risks and uncertainties. These forward-looking statements,
including statements regarding market opportunity, deployment plans, market
acceptance, the Company's business model of long-term revenue sharing contracts,
capital requirements, anticipated net losses and negative cash flow, revenue
growth, anticipated operating expenditures and product development plans are
only estimates or predictions and cannot be relied upon. No assurance can be
given that future results will be achieved; actual events or results may differ
materially as a result of risks facing the Company or actual results differing
from the assumptions underlying such statements. Such risks and assumptions
include, but are not limited to, those discussed in this "Factors Affecting
Operating Results" section, which could cause actual results to vary materially
from the future results indicated, expressed or implied in such forward-looking
statements. The Company disclaims any obligation to update information contained
in any forward-looking statement.
34
<PAGE>
PART II OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1 and Items 3 through 5 are not applicable with respect to the current
reporting period.
Item 2. Changes in Securities and Use of Proceeds
During the three months ended March 31, 1999, the Company issued and sold an
aggregate of 22,435 shares of Common Stock to employees and consultants for an
aggregate purchase price of $19,532 pursuant to exercises of options under its
1995 Stock Plan. These issuances were deemed exempt from registration under the
Securities Act of 1933, as amended, in reliance upon Rule 701 promulgated
thereunder.
Item 6. Exhibits and Reports on Form 8-K:
a. Exhibits.
10.2 Employment Agreement between David F. Zucker and
Registrant, dated January 16, 1999
27.1 Financial Data Schedule
b. Reports on Form 8-K.
No reports on Form 8-K were filed with the Securities and
Exchange Commission during the quarter ended March 31, 1999.
35
<PAGE>
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934,
the Registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the
undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
DIVA SYSTEMS CORPORATION
By: /s/ WILLIAM M. SCHARNINGHAUSEN
------------------------------
William M. Scharninghausen
Vice President, Finance and
Administration, and Chief
Financial Officer
Dated: May 12, 1999
36
<PAGE>
Exhibit 10.2
EMPLOYMENT AGREEMENT
THIS AGREEMENT, by and between David Zucker (the "Executive") and DIVA
Systems Corporation, a Delaware corporation (the "Company"), shall become
effective as of January 16, 1999, (the "Effective Date"). The first date of
employment shall be February 18, 1999 (the "Commencement Date").
In consideration of the mutual covenants herein contained, and in
consideration of the employment of Executive by the Company, the parties agree
as follows:
1. Duties and Scope of Employment.
------------------------------
(a) Position. The Company agrees to employ the Executive under the
--------
terms of this Agreement in the position of President and Chief Executive
Officer. Executive will report only to the Board of Directors (or committees
thereof) or the Chairman of the Board and to no other individual executive
officers of the Company.
(b) Obligations. During the term of this Agreement, the Executive
-----------
shall devote Executive's full business efforts and time to the Company. The
foregoing, however, shall not preclude the Executive from engaging in civic,
charitable or religious activities or from devoting a reasonable amount of time
to private investments, as long as such activities and service do not materially
interfere or conflict with Executive's responsibilities to the Company and do
not represent business conflicts with the Company's business.
(c) Company Policies. Executive shall comply with all of the
----------------
Company's rules and regulations applicable to the executives of the Company and
with all of the Company's policies applicable to the executives established by
the Board of Directors.
(d) Director Position. Executive shall be appointed to the Board of
-----------------
Directors of the Company promptly following the Commencement Date and shall be
nominated by the Company for reelection as a director at each meeting of the
stockholders at which directors are elected. Executive agrees to resign from
the Board of Directors in the event his employment with the Company terminates.
2. Base Compensation and Bonuses.
-----------------------------
(a) Base Compensation. Beginning on the Effective Date, the Executive
-----------------
shall be paid a base salary (the "Base Compensation") of $350,000 annually,
payable semi-monthly. The Base Compensation shall be subject to review annually
for increases by the Board of Directors in its discretion in connection with the
annual review of salary and benefits for the Company's management.
(b) Bonus. Executive shall be entitled to an annual performance bonus
-----
based on meeting or exceeding annual goals. In the last month of each fiscal
year the Board of Directors will determine in its discretion the amount of the
bonus payable to Executive on the basis of performance against a set of criteria
and goals established mutually by Executive and the Board. The determination
<PAGE>
of the achievement of the goals shall be made by the Board of Directors in its
discretion. The maximum bonus as a percentage of Base Compensation shall be
200%. Additionally, from time to time, the Board may in its discretion grant
additional long term incentives to Executive.
(c) Acceptance Bonus. The Company will pay to Executive within ten
----------------
days from the Commencement Date a one time acceptance bonus of $850,000 (the
"Acceptance Bonus"), which shall be in addition to any other salary or bonus due
to Executive. Executive agrees to repay the Acceptance Bonus to the Company if
Executive terminates his employment with Company for any reason other than a
Constructive Termination, Disability or death prior to December 31, 1999. Such
repayment shall be made within thirty (30) days after such termination.
3. Definitions. As used herein, the following definitions shall apply:
-----------
(a) "Cause" shall mean the termination of employment of Executive
-----
shall have taken place as a result of (i) Executive's continued material failure
to substantially perform Executive's principal duties and responsibilities
(other than as a result of Disability or death) after thirty (30) days written
notice from the Company specifying the nature of Executive's failure and
demanding that such failure be remedied; (ii) Executive's material and
continuing breach of his obligations to the Company set forth in this Agreement,
the Confidentiality Agreement (as defined herein), or any written policy of the
Company applicable to all officers after thirty (30) days written notice from
the Company specifying the nature of Executive's breach and demanding that such
breach be remedied (unless such breach by its nature cannot be cured, in which
case notice and an opportunity to cure shall not be required); (iii) Executive's
being convicted of a felony; or (iv) act or acts of dishonesty undertaken by
Executive and intended to result in substantial gain or personal enrichment of
Executive at the expense of the Company.
(b) "Constructive Termination" shall mean a termination of employment
------------------------
due to any of the following, unless agreed to by Executive in writing: (i) a
reduction in Executive's salary or benefits (except in connection with a
decrease to be applied pro rata to all Senior Executives of the Company because
the Company's performance has decreased, and excluding the substitution of
substantially equivalent compensation and benefits); (ii) a material diminution
of Executive's responsibilities (e.g., title, primary duties, resources); (iii)
relocation of Executive by the Company to a location more than 50 miles from
Menlo Park, California; (iv) the failure of Executive to be elected as a
director, or removal of Executive as a director, of the Company at any time when
the Company is obligated to nominate Executive for election as a director under
Section 1(d) of this Agreement; (v) failure of a successor to assume and
perform under this Agreement; or (vi) a material breach of this Agreement or any
Stock Option Agreement by the Company not cured within fifteen (15) days after
written notice from Executive specifying the nature of the Company's breach and
demanding that such breach be remedied.
(c) "Disability" shall mean that the Executive, at the time notice is
----------
given, has been unable to perform Executive's material duties under this
Agreement for a period of not less than ninety (90) days consecutively as the
result of Executive's incapacity due to physical or mental illness. In the
event that the Executive resumes the performance of substantially all of
Executive's duties hereunder
-2-
<PAGE>
within ninety (90) days of the commencement of leave before the termination of
employment under Section 6(b)(iii) becomes effective, the notice of termination
shall automatically be deemed to have been revoked. This paragraph will be
enforced in compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act.
(d) "Change of Control" shall mean the occurrence of any of the
-----------------
following events:
(i) Any "person" or "group of persons" (as such terms are used
in Sections 13(d) and 14(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended
and the Rules thereunder) is or becomes the "beneficial owner" (as defined in
Rule 13d-3 under said Act), directly or indirectly, of securities of the Company
representing 50% or more of the total voting power represented by the Company's
then outstanding voting securities; or
(ii) A change in the composition of the Board of Directors of
the Company as a result of which fewer than a majority of the directors are
"Incumbent Directors." "INCUMBENT DIRECTORS" shall mean directors who either (A)
are directors of the Company as of the date hereof, or (B) are elected, or
nominated for election, to the Board of Directors with the affirmative votes
(either by a specific vote or by approval of the proxy statement of the Company
in which such person is named as a nominee for election as a director without
objection to such nomination) of at least three-quarters of the Incumbent
Directors at the time of such election or nomination (but shall not include an
individual whose election or nomination is in connection with an actual or
threatened proxy contest relating to the election of directors of the Company);
or
(iii) The stockholders of the Company approve a merger or
consolidation of the Company with any other corporation, other than a merger or
consolidation which would result in the voting securities of the Company
outstanding immediately prior thereto continuing to represent (either by
remaining outstanding or by being converted into voting securities of the
surviving entity) more than fifty percent (50%) of the total voting power
represented by the voting securities of the Company, such surviving entity or
the entity that controls such surviving entity outstanding immediately after
such merger or consolidation, or the stockholders of the Company approve a plan
of complete liquidation of the Company or an agreement for the sale or
disposition by the Company of all or substantially all the Company's assets.
4. Executive Benefits.
------------------
(a) General. Executive shall be entitled to participate in pension
-------
plans, savings or profit-sharing plans, deferred compensation plans,
supplemental retirement or all excess-benefit plans, stock option, incentive or
other bonus plans, life, disability, health, accident and other insurance
programs, paid time off (which will accrue for the Executive at a rate of .833
days per pay period beginning on the effective date of this Agreement), a car
mileage allowance for business mileage and similar plans or programs made
available to executives of the Company, subject in each case to the generally
applicable terms and conditions of the plan or program and the decision of the
Board of Directors or administrators of such plan.
-3-
<PAGE>
(b) Stock Awards and Put Right.
--------------------------
(i) Stock Options. The Executive shall be granted four stock
-------------
options (collectively the "Options") to purchase shares of Common Stock of the
Company effective as of the Commencement Date, pursuant to Stock Option
Agreements in the form of EXHIBITS A hereto. All such Options shall be non-
qualified options. The first option shall be for 600,000 shares and shall have
an exercise price of $3.35 per share (the "First Option"). The second option
shall be for 600,000 shares and shall have an exercise price of $3.35 per share
(the "Second Option"). The third option shall be for 400,000 shares and shall
have an exercise price of $4.50 per share (the "Third Option"). The fourth
option shall be for 200,000 shares and shall have an exercise price of $8.00 per
share (the "Fourth Option"). Each Option shall be exercisable cumulatively to
the extent of ten percent (10%) of the total number of shares subject to the
Options six (6) months after the Commencement Date, and an additional five
percent (5%) of the total shares subject to the Options at the end of each three
(3) month period thereafter subject to continued employment. The Options shall
have a term of ten (10) years. Executive will be eligible to receive additional
grants in the discretion of the Company's Board of Directors.
(ii) Vesting Acceleration After Change of Control. The Options
--------------------------------------------
shall become fully exercisable on the earlier of six (6) months from the date of
the Change of Control or the termination of Executive's employment by the
Company after the date of the Change of Control without Cause as provided in the
Stock Option Agreements.
(iii) Put Right. The Executive shall be entitled to return to the
---------
Company the First Option in exchange for a lump sum payment (the "Lump Sum
Payment") by the Company in the amount as follows:
(A) If the Executive makes such election during the one year
period commencing on the one year anniversary of the Commencement Date, the Lump
Sum Payment shall be equal to $960,000. Executive shall be entitled to make the
election in this subsection (iii)(A) during the period specified whether or not
Executive's employment is terminated for any reason during such period.
(B) If the Executive makes such election at any time on or
after the second anniversary of the Commencement Date and prior to the fifth
anniversary of the Commencement Date, the Lump Sum Payment shall be equal to
$1,920,000. Executive shall be entitled to make the election in this subsection
(iii)(B) during the period specified whether or not Executive's employment is
terminated for any reason during such period.
(C) Except as provided in Section 4(b)(iii)(F), the election
by Executive may not be made prior to the one year anniversary of the
Commencement Date or after the fifth year anniversary of the Commencement Date
and must be exercised within thirty (30) days of termination of employment for
any reason. The Executive may not make an election and the right to receive the
Lump Sum Payment shall terminate if Executive's employment terminates prior to
the one year anniversary of the Commencement Date except as provided in Section
4(b)(iii)(F).
-4-
<PAGE>
(D) In the event Executive prior to the election exercises
any of the First Option, the amount of the Lump Sum Payment owed to Executive
upon election under (A) or (B) or (F) herein shall be reduced to the amount
determined by multiplying $960,000 or $1,920,000, as applicable, by a fraction,
the numerator of which shall be the number of shares subject to the Option which
have not been exercised by the total number of shares initially subject to First
Option of 600,000. Upon exercise of the election and payment of the Lump Sum
Payment, the First Option shall be canceled.
(E) The Company will pay any Lump Sum Payment owed to
Executive within 10 days after receipt of written notice of Executive's
election.
(F) In the event that at any time prior to the second
anniversary of the Commencement Date (i) the Company terminates Executive's
employment without Cause, or the Company terminates Executive's employment for
Cause because of any reason other than Section 3(a)(ii) or (iii) or (iv) or, if
and only if Executive's failure to perform is because he refuses or does not
come to work and exercise reasonable efforts to perform his duties and
responsibilities other than because of Disability (i), or Executive terminates
such employment as a result of a Constructive Termination or such employment
terminates as a result of Executive's Disability or (ii) there occurs a Change
of Control (as defined in Section 3(d)), or (iii) the Company completes any sale
of shares of Common Stock or Preferred Stock registered with the Securities and
Exchange Commission (an "Initial Public Offering") then the Lump Sum Payment
will be equal to $1,920,000, and Executive may exercise the right to return the
First Option to the Company without regard to the time limitations in Section
4(b)(iii)(A).
(c) Relocation Benefits. (i) The Company will reimburse the Executive
-------------------
for costs associated with moving from New York to the San Francisco area in
accordance with customary and comparable industry standards, including the cost
of transporting household goods; travel and other expenses associated with
finding a new residence for Executive and his wife (up to four round trips);
brokerage fees, if any, paid by Buyer in renting/acquiring a new residence; and,
reimbursement for temporary housing near the Company's location, following the
Commencement Date, prior to his acquiring/closing on a new residence, subject to
a maximum of 60 days.
(ii) Executive owns a co-operative apartment residence, number
19F, at 875 Fifth Avenue in New York, and would intend to sell such residence as
soon as reasonably possible in conjunction with his relocation to the Bay Area.
In the event that the Executive has established residence in the Bay Area, but
has not closed the sale of his residence in New York, the Company agrees to
reimburse Executive for the monthly maintenance charge at his NY residence which
is $2,750 per month, on a monthly basis, until the earlier of the actual close
of sale of the NY residence or the end of calendar year 1999.
5. Business Expenses and Travel and Office Space. During the term of
---------------------------------------------
Executive's employment under this Agreement, Executive shall be authorized to
incur necessary and reasonable travel, entertainment and other business expenses
in connection with his duties hereunder. The Company shall reimburse Executive
for such expenses upon presentation of an itemized account and appropriate
supporting documentation, all in accordance with the Company's generally
applicable policies.
-5-
<PAGE>
6. Term of Employment.
------------------
(a) Basic Rule. The Company agrees to continue Executive's
----------
employment, and Executive agrees to remain in the employ of the Company, during
the term of this Agreement pursuant to the provisions of this Agreement,
provided that Executive's employment is expressly at will.
(b) Termination by the Company. The Company may terminate Executive's
--------------------------
employment at any time, for any reason or no reason, with thirty (30) days
advance notice in writing.
(i) Termination Without Cause. If the Company terminates
-------------------------
Executive's employment during the term of this Agreement for any reason
whatsoever, including a Constructive Termination, and other than voluntary
termination of employment or Termination for Cause, the provisions of Section
7(a) shall apply.
(ii) Termination for Cause. If the Company terminates Executive's
---------------------
employment for Cause during the term of this Agreement, the provisions of
Section 7(b) shall apply.
(iii) Termination on Death or Disability. If Executive's employment
----------------------------------
is terminated as a result of Executive's death or the Company terminates
Executive's employment as a result of Disability, the provisions of Section 7(c)
shall apply.
(c) Voluntary Termination by the Executive. The Executive may
--------------------------------------
terminate Executive's employment voluntarily by giving the Company thirty (30)
days advance notice in writing, at which time the provisions of Section 7(b)
shall apply. However, if the Executive terminates Executive's employment
pursuant to this Section 6(c) as a result of the occurrence of any of the events
set forth in the definition of a Constructive Termination, the provisions of
Section 7(a) shall apply, provided the Executive has provided written notice to
the Company reasonably specifying the reasons why one of such events in the
definition of a Constructive Termination has occurred and the Company has not
cured such event within thirty (30) days after receipt of such notice.
(d) Waiver of Notice. Any waiver of notice shall be valid only if it
----------------
is made in writing and expressly refers to the applicable notice requirement in
this Section 6.
7. Payments Upon Termination of Employment.
---------------------------------------
(a) Payments Upon Termination Pursuant to Section 6(b)(i) and
---------------------------------------------------------
Constructive Termination. If, during the term of this Agreement, the
- ------------------------
Executive's employment is terminated by the Company pursuant to Section 6(b)(i)
or voluntarily by the Executive under Section 6(c) as a result of a Constructive
Termination, the Executive, in addition to any other amounts specified herein,
shall be entitled to receive the following:
(i) Severance Payment. The Company shall pay to the Executive
-----------------
the following amount (the "Severance Payment"):
-6-
<PAGE>
(a) If the termination occurs within the first year following the
Commencement Date, 150% of $350,000, multiplied by three years, for a total of
$1,575,000;
(b) If the termination occurs on or after the first anniversary
of the Commencement Date and prior to the second anniversary of the Commencement
Date, 150% of the total cash compensation earned by Executive in the trailing
twelve months prior to termination, including Base Salary and cash bonuses,
multiplied by two years (for illustrative purposes only, if Executive earned a
total of $375,000 in Base Salary and received a cash bonus of $75,000 during
such trailing twelve month period then the Severance Payment would be equal to
$1,350,000); and
(c) If the termination occurs on or after the second anniversary
of the Commencement Date, 150% of the total cash compensation earned by
Executive in the trailing twelve months prior to termination, including Base
Salary and cash bonuses.
(ii) Adjustment Payment. If the termination of employment subject to
------------------
this Section 7(a) occurs prior to a Change of Control, and within six (6) months
after such termination (the "Post Employment Period"), a Change of Control or an
Initial Public Offering occurs, or the Company enters into an agreement
(regardless of any closing conditions or contingencies) for, or the Board of
Directors approves a transaction that would result in, a Change of Control or an
Initial Public Offering, regardless of whether such Change of Control or Initial
Public Offering is completed prior to the end of the Post Employment Period,
then the Executive shall receive at the time the Change of Control or Initial
Public Offering occurs the following additional payment: the amount, if any, by
which (A) the "Fair Market Value" of the shares of Common Stock subject to the
Options which have not been exercised by Executive (whether or not such Options
were exercisable as of the date of termination), (B) less the exercise price of
such Options and, then (C) multiplied by a fraction consisting of the number of
Options which have not been exercised by Executive divided by 1,800,000 (D)
exceeds $1,920,000. The Fair Market Value of a share of Common Stock shall be
determined as follows: For purposes of the above calculation, if the event is
an Initial Public Offering, Fair Market Value of one share of Common Stock shall
be the Initial Public Offering price per share and if the event is a Change of
Control, Fair Market value of one share of Common Stock shall be the value used
by the parties in the transaction; provided, however, that where there exists a
public market for the Company's Common Stock at the time of such determination,
the Fair Market Value per share shall be the average of the last reported sale
price of the Common Stock or the closing price quoted on the National Market
System or on any exchange on which the Common Stock is listed, whichever is
applicable, as published in the Western Edition of The Wall Street Journal for
the five (5) trading days prior to the date of the Change of Control or if the
Company is not public and the Company's stockholders will receive in the
transaction a publicly traded security, then the Fair Market Value per share
shall be the average of the last reported sale price of such security (or
fraction of such security) received for one share of Common Stock or the closing
price quoted on the National Market System or on any exchange on which such
security is listed, whichever is applicable, as published in the Western Edition
of The Wall Street Journal for the five (5) trading days prior to the date of
the Change of Control.
(iii) Method of Payment. The Severance Payment shall be paid in
-----------------
a lump sum within ten (10) days after such termination.
-7-
<PAGE>
(iv) Health and Welfare Benefits. The Company shall continue to
---------------------------
provide health and welfare benefits to Executive for twelve (12) months after
termination. Such benefits will be discontinued to the extent that Executive
receives similar benefits in connection with new employment.
(v) Payment in Lieu of Contract Damages. The Severance Payment
-----------------------------------
shall be in lieu of any further payments to the Executive and any further
accrual of benefits with respect to periods subsequent to the date of the
employment termination.
(vi) No Duty to Mitigate; No Payment Offset. The Executive shall
--------------------------------------
not be required to mitigate the amount of any payment contemplated by this
Section 7(a) (whether by seeking new employment or in any other manner) and the
Severance Payment shall not be reduced by the amount of any other compensation
earned or received by Executive after termination of this Agreement.
(b) Termination By Company for Cause or Voluntary Termination. If the
---------------------------------------------------------
Executive's employment is terminated pursuant to Section 6(b)(ii) or voluntarily
(other than a Constructive Termination) pursuant to Section 6(c), no
compensation or payments will be paid or provided to Executive for the periods
following the date when such a termination of employment is effective.
Notwithstanding the preceding sentence, Executive's rights under the benefit
plans referred to in Section 4(a) and Option agreements of the Company shall be
determined under the provisions of those plans and agreements, provided
Executive shall be entitled to exercise any stock options only to the extent
such Options are exercisable as of the date of termination and only within the
time period specified in the Option Agreements and Executive's rights under
Section 4(b)(iii) shall be determined pursuant to such section.
(c) Termination on Death or Disability. If Executive's employment is
----------------------------------
terminated because of Executive's death or Disability (as defined in Section
3(c) herein), then no payments shall be owed under this Agreement and Executive
shall receive severance and disability payments as provided in the Company's
standard benefit plans, provided that in the event of Executive's Disability
Executive, and in the event of Executive's death Executive's successors, shall
be entitled to exercise the rights set forth in Section 4(b)(iii) to the extent
Executive could have exercised such rights. Executive's Options shall be
exercisable as provided in such agreements in each case to the extent such
Options are exercisable as of the date of termination. Executive shall also be
entitled to amounts and benefits under the Company's other benefit plans
referred to in Section 4(a) in accordance with the terms thereof.
(d) Adjustment Upon Change of Control For Excise Tax. Notwithstanding
------------------------------------------------
any other provision of this Agreement, if a termination of employment occurs and
as a result Executive is subject to any Federal excise tax imposed pursuant to
Section 4996 of the Internal Revenue Code (or any successor provision),
Employee's Severance Payment and acceleration of vesting of Options shall be
reduced to the extent necessary if Employee would receive a greater after tax
benefit as a result of any such excise tax than if Employee receives full
payment of the Severance Payment and full acceleration of all such Options. Any
such reduction shall be applied first to the Severance Payment, and then to
acceleration of the Fourth Option, then to acceleration of the Third Option,
then to acceleration of the Second Option and then to acceleration of the First
Option. Employee shall be responsible for payment of any excise tax.
-8-
<PAGE>
8. Proprietary Information. The Executive agrees to comply fully with the
-----------------------
Company's policies relating to non-disclosure of the Company's trade secrets and
proprietary information and processes, as set out in the Confidentiality
Agreement set out as EXHIBIT B hereto (the "Confidentiality Agreement").
9. Successors.
----------
(a) Company's Successors. Any successor to the Company (whether
--------------------
direct or indirect and whether by purchase, lease, merger, consolidation,
liquidation or otherwise) to all or substantially all of the Company's business
and/or assets shall assume this Agreement in writing and agree expressly to
perform this Agreement in the same manner and to the same extent as the Company
would be required to perform it in the absence of a succession and provided that
the Company shall remain obligated under this Agreement to the extent such
successor does not perform such Agreement. For all purposes under this
Agreement, the term "Company" shall include any successor to the Company's
business and/or assets which executes and delivers the assumption agreement
described in this subsection (a) or which becomes bound by this Agreement or by
operation of law.
(b) Executive's Successors. This Agreement and all rights of the
----------------------
Executive hereunder shall inure to the benefit of, and be enforceable by,
Executive's personal or legal representatives, executors, administrators,
successors, heirs, distributees, devisees and legatees.
10. Notice. Notices and all other communications contemplated by this
------
Agreement shall be in writing and shall be deemed to have been duly given when
personally delivered or five days after being mailed by first class mail, return
receipt requested and postage prepaid. In the case of the Executive, mailed
notices shall be addressed to Executive at the home address which Executive most
recently communicated to the Company in writing. In the case of the Company,
mailed notices shall be addressed to its corporate headquarters, and all notices
shall be directed to the attention of its Chairman of the Board and to its
General Counsel.
11. Non-Solicitation. For a period of twelve (12) months following the
----------------
Effective Date, Executive shall not intentionally or knowingly allow others
under his direction to, solicit, directly or indirectly, any then current
Company employee to terminate his or her employment with the Company for the
purpose of working as an officer, director, employee, consultant or in any other
capacity for either Executive or any of his employers. For purposes of the
above, an employer of Executive's will be deemed to include (i) any parent or
subsidiary of such an employer or (ii) any person or company for which Executive
provides consulting services or for which he acts in the capacity of director.
The foregoing shall not prohibit Executive or any employee with which Executive
may be affiliated from hiring an employee or former employee of the Company;
provided that such hiring results from such employee's initiative in contacting
Executive or any employer Executive is affiliated with. In addition, if
Executive or such employer desires to hire such employee after such contact,
Executive agrees to contact the Company and to work with the Company to find a
reasonable transition to enable the Company to replace such employee or modify
the organization, provided such transition shall not exceed three (3) months.
-9-
<PAGE>
12. Miscellaneous Provisions.
------------------------
(a) Waiver. No provision of this Agreement shall be modified, waived
------
or discharged unless the modification, waiver or discharge is agreed to in
writing and signed by the Executive and an officer or a director of the Company
authorized by the Board of Directors. No waiver by either party of any breach
of, or of compliance with, any condition or provision of this Agreement by the
other party shall be considered a waiver of any other condition or provision or
of the same condition or provision at another time.
(b) Whole Agreement. No agreements, representations or understandings
---------------
(whether oral or written and whether express or implied) which are not expressly
set forth in this Agreement and the Stock Option Agreements attached hereto as
Exhibit A and the Confidentiality Agreement attached hereto as Exhibit B have
been made or entered into by either party with respect to the subject matter
hereof. This Agreement supersedes and replaces any and all previous agreements
between the Executive and the Company regarding compensation or terms of
employment. The Executive hereby represents that the Company has satisfied in
full any compensation or other employment obligations due Executive under any
written or oral employment agreements by and between the Executive and the
Company.
(c) Choice of Law. The validity, interpretation, construction and
-------------
performance of this Agreement shall be governed by the laws of the State of
California without regard to conflict of laws.
(d) Severability. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision
------------
or provisions of this Agreement shall not affect the validity or enforceability
of any other provision hereof, which shall remain in full force and effect.
(e) Arbitration. Any dispute or controversy arising under or in
-----------
connection with this Agreement shall be settled exclusively by arbitration
before a panel of three arbitrators in San Mateo County, California, in
accordance with the rules of the American Arbitration Association then in
effect. One arbitrator shall be selected by the Company and one arbitrator
shall be selected by Executive within thirty (30) days notice to the other and
the third arbitrator shall be selected jointly by the other two arbitrators
within thirty (30) days thereafter. The arbitrators shall be entitled to award
costs in their discretion. Judgment may be entered on the arbitrator's award in
any court having jurisdiction.
(f) No Assignment of Benefits. The rights of any person to payments
-------------------------
or benefits under this Agreement shall not be made subject to option or
assignment, either by voluntary or involuntary assignment or by operation of
law, including (without limitation) bankruptcy, garnishment, attachment or other
creditor's process, and any action in violation of this subsection (f) shall be
void.
(g) Limitation of Remedies. If the Executive's employment terminates
----------------------
for any reason, the Executive shall not be entitled to any payments, benefits,
damages, awards or compensation other than as provided by this Agreement as a
result of such termination.
(h) Employment Taxes. All payments made pursuant to this Agreement
----------------
will be subject to withholding of applicable taxes.
-10-
<PAGE>
(i) Counterparts. This Agreement may be executed in counterparts,
------------
each of which shall be deemed an original, but all of which together will
constitute one and the same instrument.
(j) Representation by Counsel. Executive represents that Executive
-------------------------
has had the opportunity to seek legal counsel and has been represented by Elias,
Goodman, Shanks & Zizmor, LLP, independent legal counsel, in connection with
entering into the Agreement.
(k) Press Release. Executive shall be entitled to approve the
-------------
contents of any press release announcing Executive's joining or leaving the
Company, such consent not to be unreasonably withheld and subject to any legal
obligation of the Company to make a public announcement.
(l) Indemnification and Insurance. The Company shall enter into its
-----------------------------
standard director and officer indemnification agreement with Executive, which
shall be no less favorable than that provided to any other senior executive.
Executive shall be included in any director and officer liability insurance
policy obtained by the Company during the term of this Agreement.
(m) Other. Any amounts which the Company owes Executive hereunder
-----
will increase at the rate of 15% per annum as liquidated damages for the failure
to make such payments when due, such increase to accrue from the date such
amounts are due until such amounts are paid in full. The Company agrees that it
will reimburse Executive for all reasonable attorneys' fees and expenses
Executive may incur in connection with enforcing his rights under this
Agreement, whether or not suit is actually brought thereon.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, each of the parties has executed this Agreement,
in the case of the Company by its duly authorized officer, as of the day and
year first above written.
DIVA SYSTEMS CORPORATION
By: /s/ Paul Cook
______________________ -------------------------------
David Zucker Paul Cook, Chairman of the Board
-11-
<PAGE>
EXHIBIT B
DIVA SYSTEMS CORPORATION
EMPLOYEE INVENTION ASSIGNMENT AND CONFIDENTIALITY AGREEMENT
-----------------------------------------------------------
In consideration of, and as a condition of my employment with DIVA Systems
Corporation, a Delaware Corporation having a principal place of business at 333
Ravenswood Ave., Bldg. 205, Menlo Park, California 94025, its subsidiaries,
affiliates, successors or assigns (together the "COMPANY"), and in consideration
of my receipt of the compensation now and hereafter paid to me by Company, I
hereby represent to, and agree with the Company as follows:
1. PURPOSE OF AGREEMENT. I understand that the Company is engaged in a
--------------------
continuous program of research, development, production and marketing in
connection with its business and that it is critical for the Company to
preserve and protect its Proprietary Information (as defined below), its
rights in Inventions (as defined below) and all related intellectual
property rights. Accordingly, I am entering into this Agreement as a
condition of my employment with the Company, whether or not I am expected
to create inventions for value for the Company.
2. DISCLOSURE OF INVENTIONS. I will promptly disclose in confidence to the
------------------------
Company all inventions, improvements, designs, original works of
authorship, formulas, processes, compositions of matter, computer software
programs, databases, mask works and trade secrets ("INVENTIONS") that I
make or conceive or first reduce to practice or create, either alone or
jointly with others, during the period of my employment, whether or not in
the course of my employment, and whether or not such Inventions are
patentable, copyrightable or protectible as trade secrets.
3. WORK FOR HIRE; ASSIGNMENT OF INVENTIONS. I acknowledge and agree that any
---------------------------------------
copyrightable works prepared by me within the scope of my employment are
"works for hire" under the Copyright Act and that the Company will be
considered the author and owner of such copyrightable works. I agree that
all inventions that (i) are developed using equipment, supplies, facilities
or trade secrets of the Company, (ii) result from work performed by me for
the Company, or (iii) relate to the Company's business or current or
anticipated research and development (collectively "ASSIGNED INVENTIONS"),
will be the sole and exclusive property of the Company and are hereby
irrevocably assigned by me to the Company.
4. LABOR CODE 2870 NOTICE. I have been notified and understand that the
----------------------
provisions of paragraphs 3 and 5 of this Agreement do not apply to any
Assigned Invention that qualifies fully under the provisions of Section
2870 of the California Labor Code, which states as follows:
(a) Any provision in an employment agreement which provides that an
employee shall assign, or offer to assign, any of his or her rights in
an invention to his or her employer shall not apply to an invention
that the employee developed entirely on his or her own time without
using the employer's equipment, supplies, facilities, or trade secret
information except for those inventions that either:
(1) Relate at the time of conception or reduction to
practice of the invention to the employer's business, or
actual or demonstrably anticipated research or development
of the employer; or
(2) Result from any work performed by the employee for the
employer.
(b) To the extent a provision in an employment agreement purports to
require an employee to assign an invention otherwise excluded from
being required to be assigned under subdivision (a), the provision is
against the public policy of this state and is unenforceable.
<PAGE>
5. ASSIGNMENT OF OTHER RIGHTS. In addition to the foregoing assignment of
--------------------------
Assigned Inventions to the Company, I hereby irrevocably transfer and
assign to the Company: (i) all worldwide patents, patent applications,
copyrights, mask works, trade secrets and other intellectual property
rights in any Assigned Invention; and (ii) any and all "Moral Rights" (as
defined below) that I may have in or with respect to any Assigned
Invention. I also hereby forever waive and agree never to assert any and
all Moral Rights I may have in or with respect to any Assigned Invention,
even after termination of my work on behalf of the Company. "MORAL RIGHTS"
mean any rights to claim authorship of an Assigned Invention, to object to
or prevent the modification of any Assigned Invention, or to withdraw from
circulation or control the publication or distribution of any Assigned
Invention, and any similar right, existing under judicial or statutory law
of any country in the world, or under any treaty, regardless of whether or
not such right is denominated or generally referred to as a "moral right."
6. ASSISTANCE. I agree to assist the Company or its designee in every proper
----------
way to obtain for the Company or its designee and enforce for the Company
or its designee patents, copyrights, mask work rights, trade secret rights
and other legal protections for the Company's Assigned Inventions in any
and all countries. I will execute any documents that the Company or its
designee may reasonably request for use in obtaining or enforcing such
patents, copyrights, mask works, trade secrets and other legal protections.
My obligations under this paragraph will continue beyond the termination
of my employment with the Company, provided that the Company or its
designee will compensate at a reasonable rate after such termination for
time or expenses actually spent by me at the Company's request on such
assistance. I appoint the Secretary of the Company as my attorney-in-fact
to execute documents on my behalf for this purpose.
7. PROPRIETARY INFORMATION. I understand (that my employment by the Company
-----------------------
creates a relationship of confidence and trust with respect to any
information of a confidential or secret nature that may be disclosed to me
by the Company that relates to the business of the Company or to the
business of any parent, subsidiary, affiliate, customer or supplier of the
Company or to any third party with whom the Company agrees to hold
information of such party in confidence ("PROPRIETARY INFORMATION"). Such
Proprietary Information includes but is not limited to Inventions owned by
the Company (including any Assigned Inventions), marketing plans, product
plans, business strategies, financial information, personnel information,
customer lists and subscriber lists. Proprietary Information does not
include any information which is or becomes part of the public domain,
unless it becomes such as a result of a breach of this Agreement.
8. CONFIDENTIALITY. At all times, both during my employment and after its
---------------
termination, I will keep and hold all such Proprietary Information in
strict confidence and trust, and I will not use or disclose any of such
Proprietary Information without the prior written consent of the Company,
except as may be necessary to perform my duties as an employee of the
Company for the benefit of the Company. Upon termination of my employment
with the Company, I will promptly deliver to the Company all documents and
materials of any nature pertaining to my work with the Company and I will
not take with me any documents or materials or copies thereof containing
any Proprietary Information.
9. NO BREACH OF PRIOR AGREEMENT. I represent that my performance of all the
----------------------------
terms of this Agreement and my duties as an employee of the Company will
not breach any invention assignment, proprietary information or similar
agreement with any former employer or other party. I represent that I will
not bring with me to the Company or use in the performance of my duties for
the Company any documents or materials of a former employer that are not
generally available to the public or have not been legally transferred to
the Company.
10. NOTIFICATION. I hereby authorize the Company to notify my actual or future
------------
employers of the terms of this Agreement and my responsibilities hereunder.
<PAGE>
11. INJUNCTIVE RELIEF. I understand that in the event of a breach or
-----------------
threatened breach of this Agreement by me the Company may suffer
irreparable harm and will therefore be entitled to injunctive relief to
enforce this Agreement.
12. GOVERNING LAW; SEVERABILITY. This Agreement will be governed and
---------------------------
interpreted in accordance with the internal laws of the State of
California, without regard to or application of choice of law rules or
principles and shall be binding upon and inure to the benefit of the
parties, and their respective heirs, personal representatives, successors
and assigns. In the event that any provision of this Agreement is found by
a court, arbitrator or other tribunal to be illegal, invalid or
unenforceable, then such provision shall not be voided, but shall be
enforced to the maximum extent permissible under applicable law, and the
remainder of this Agreement shall remain in full force and effect.
13. ENTIRE AGREEMENT. This document, together with that certain employment
----------------
agreement of even date herewith between Company and Employee (the
"Employment Agreement"), contains the entire agreement of the parties
concerning the subject matter contained herein, and supersedes all prior
and contemporaneous negotiations and understandings, both oral and written.
This Agreement may not be amended or modified except by a separate written
agreement signed by both parties.
14. NO DUTY TO EMPLOY. I understand that this Agreement does not constitute a
-----------------
contract of employment or obligate the Company to employ me for any stated
period of time and that my entire employment relationship is governed by
the Employment Agreement. This Agreement shall be effective as of January
16, 1999.
Company: Employee:
By:_________________________ __________________________________
Signature
Name:_______________________ __________________________________
Name (Please Print)
Title:______________________
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