SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D. C. 20549
FORM 10-K
ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE
SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 1997 Commission File No. 0-27742
CYLINK CORPORATION
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
California 95-3891600
(State or other jurisdiction of (I.R.S. Employer
incorporation or organization) Identification No.)
910 Hermosa Court
Sunnyvale, California 94086
(Address of principal executive offices)
(408) 735-5800
(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: None
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: Common Stock
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required
to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during
the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was
required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing
requirements for the past 90 days.
Yes X No
----- -----
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405
of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the
best of the Registrant's knowledge, in definitive proxy or information
statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any
amendment to this Form 10-K. [ X ]
The aggregate market value of voting stock held by non-affiliates of the
Registrant, based upon the closing sale price of the Common Stock on March 13,
1998, as reported by the Nasdaq National Market, was approximately $192,160,000.
Shares of Common Stock held by each officer and director and by each person who
owns 5% or more of the outstanding Common Stock, based on Schedule 13G filings,
have been excluded from the computation in that such persons may be deemed to be
affiliates. This determination of affiliate status is not a conclusive
determination for other purposes.
As of March 13, 1998, there were 28,810,085 shares of the Registrant's Common
Stock outstanding.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Parts of the Registrant's Proxy Statement for its Annual Meeting of Shareholders
(the "Proxy Statement") to be held on May 22, 1998, are incorporated by
reference in Part III of this Form 10-K to the extent stated herein.
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PART I
The statements contained in this Report on Form 10-K that are not purely
historical are forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of
the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of
1934, including statements regarding Cylink Corporation's ("Cylink" or the
"Company") expectations, hopes, intentions, beliefs or strategies regarding the
future. Forward-looking statements include: the Company's statements in Part I,
Item 1 "Business" regarding (i) its strategies for being a leading provider of
enterprise-wide network security products and to establish network security
standards for the secure exchange of information, (ii) its plans to develop
domestic and international strategic marketing and product development
relationships with key members of the industries addressed by the Company's
products, (iii) its expected research and development expenditures for the
enhancement and extension of the Company's existing products, including its
PrivateWire and PrivaCy Manager products, and for the development and
introduction of new products, (iv) the Company's intention to expand foreign
sales channels and enter additional international markets, and (v) the Company's
belief that its CIDEC-VHS/VHX products are currently the fastest data link
encryptors available in the world today for commercial use; the Company's
statement in Item 2 "Properties" that it believes its current facilities are and
will be adequate for the foreseeable future; the Company's statements in Item 7
"Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of
Operations" regarding (i) the Company's expectation that it will more likely
than not realize a portion of its net deferred tax assets based on future income
in the next twelve months, (ii) the sufficiency of the Company's existing
liquidity and capital resources; and management's belief that resolution of
certain litigation described in Note 9 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial
Statements contained in Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data"
will not have a material adverse effect on the Company's financial position. All
forward-looking statements included in this document are based on information
available to the Company as of the date of this Report on Form 10-K, and the
Company assumes no obligation to update any such forward-looking statements, or
to update the reasons why actual results could differ from those projected in
the forward-looking statements. It is important to note that the Company's
actual results could differ materially from those in such forward-looking
statements for the reasons detailed in Item 1 "Business - The Cylink Strategy, -
Network Security Products, - Research and Development, and - Risk Factors That
May Affect Future Results," and other sections of this Report on Form 10-K. You
should also consult the risk factors listed from time to time in the Company's
Reports on Form 10-Q, 8-K, 10-K and Annual Reports to the Shareholders.
ITEM 1. BUSINESS
The Company develops, markets and supports network security products
that enable and manage the secure transmission and authentication of information
over local area networks ("LANs"), wide area networks ("WANs"), public packet
switched networks, such as the Internet, and broadcast networks. The Company's
products offer an integrated, flexible solution for transforming any portion of
an enterprise's network into a virtual private network ("VPN") by utilizing
public key encryption technologies to create and manage an enterprise's security
infrastructure, and to provide secure access for local and remote authorized
users of its proprietary information and services. The Company's network
security portfolio consists of hardware and software encryption platforms,
certificate servers, remote access gateways, network security management
systems, toolkits, public key processors, advanced intelligent smart cards,
smart card operating systems, easily deployed card readers and conditional
access technology for broadcast networks. The Company is also conducting
advanced research and development in the field of digital water marking for
protection of intellectual property.
The Company was formed in 1984 as a partnership and subsequently
incorporated in California in 1989. In February and March of 1996, the Company
completed its initial public offering and its Common Stock began trading on the
Nasdaq National Market under the symbol CYLK. Through the offering, the Company
sold 5,750,000 shares of its Common Stock which generated approximately $78.9
million of cash, net of underwriting discounts, commissions and other offering
costs.
On September 8, 1997, the Company purchased all of the outstanding
shares of Algorithmic Research Ltd., an Israeli Company ("ARL"), as well as one
of its shareholders, Algart Holdings Ltd., an Israeli Company, in exchange for a
total consideration of 3,002,810 shares, including options to purchase shares,
of Cylink Common Stock and $46.7 million in cash, including assumption of
certain sellers' expenses.
Cylink further offers a line of spread spectrum radio products for
wireless transmission of voice and data communications which operate in the
unlicenced spread spectrum bands adopted by the U.S. Federal Communications
Commission ("FCC") in 1985 and subsequently adopted in many other countries
throughout the world. The Company's
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spread spectrum radio products focus primarily on the fixed location, outdoor,
wireless communications infrastructure market. On March 28, 1998, the Company
sold all of the assets comprising its Wireless Communications Group to P-Com,
Inc., a Delaware Corporation located in Campbell, California, for a total
consideration of $60.5 million, subject to final closing adjustments, consisting
of $46.0 million in cash and a promissory note in the amount of $14.5 million
due 100 days after closing.
The Company operates in one industry segment -- secure communications
products. The Company's principal operations outside of the United States
comprise research and development in Israel, as well as sales and service
offices located in the United Kingdom and several other countries in Europe and
the Far East. See Note 10 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for
geographic area information.
Industry Background
The market for the Company's network security products continues to
expand due to the steady growth of private leased lines, the growth of packet
switched networks, and the increasing deployment of applications and systems for
transmitting proprietary information and commercial transactions over various
network topologies. Commercial and government enterprises continue to expose
increasing amounts of their proprietary information to the security weaknesses
inherent to their electronic communication networks, with a commensurate
escalation in the risk of misappropriation of their enterprises' resources and
the ensuing demand for verifiable identification of its authorized users. The
Company believes that the rate of penetration for all network security products
offered today lags well behind the growth in the addressable market.
During the last twelve to eighteen months, the consolidation of the
network security industry has accelerated as the leading vendors seek to acquire
more rapidly the core technologies required for a comprehensive enterprise
security solution. This consolidation reflects the market's consensus that a
broad, flexible portfolio of network security products from a limited number of
suppliers is preferable to the procurement and integration of products supplied
by numerous vendors, each of which specializes only in partial solutions for the
customer's data communications infrastructure. Consequently, vendors which
initially entered the market by addressing a specific requirement, are now
expanding their product lines by licensing technologies from third parties,
enhancing the interoperability of their products through cooperative
arrangements, and acquiring technology through mergers and acquisitions of
vendors having complementary offerings.
Examples of such partial solutions include stand alone "Firewall"
products, which offer access control primarily by filtering packet addresses,
virus protection, and password based tokens based on time-varying and
challenge-response protocols. These tokens and access control systems generally
provide some level of user authentication, but lack the capability of ensuring
privacy of communications, integrity of the data or non-repudiation of the
transaction. Many other encryption products provide privacy, but do not perform
the other security functions, nor are they easily controlled or managed from one
central location. New techniques for auditing network security are also entering
the market, such as intrusion detection tools which, by themselves, do not
enable security within the enterprise. Although several entities have commenced
offering services as certificate authorities to verify the authenticity of
network correspondents' public keys, the enterprise's management of its private
keys has received comparably less attention. As customers demand greater ease of
management for their security solutions, a uniform method of key management for
both private as well as public keys, across applications, will be required.
Along with this consolidation in the network security industry, major
participants in the networking, computing and operating systems industries
continue to make their presence felt by offering security related products of
their own, by licensing and incorporating base encryption technology into their
own core products, and by promoting or endorsing various standards initiatives.
It remains to be seen whether these entities will make a significant, strategic
investment in security technologies, or whether their involvement to date is
merely symptomatic of the increased awareness of enterprise security issues by
customers of these computing and networking participants.
The Cylink Solution
Through its products introduced over the last five years, those
recently added by virtue of the Company's acquisition of ARL, and those products
presently under development, Cylink offers a comprehensive, system-wide solution
that delivers the critical services for both network level and application
security: authentication, authorization, audit,
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integrity and privacy, all within a scaleable, centrally-managed system. For
over twelve years, the Company has pioneered the use of Public Key cryptography
as one of its core technologies by, among other accomplishments, becoming the
first commercially successful supplier of network security encryption devices
incorporating the Diffie-Hellman automated key management solution. Today, the
Company's products incorporate state-of-the-art commercial security
technologies, including Public Key cryptography-based digital signatures,
certificates and key management techniques, which enable the Company to offer
broad, flexible solutions for creating VPNs for local and remote users.
The Cylink Strategy
The Company intends to maintain its position as a leading provider of
enterprise-wide network security solutions and to promote standards for the
secure exchange of information and transactions among users of LANs, WANs and
public networks. The Company seeks to achieve these goals through the following
strategies:
o Offer Comprehensive Enterprise-Wide Network Security Solutions. The
Company's strategy is to offer a broad, centrally managed and flexible
line of network security products to create VPNs within both enterprises
and global networks. For example, the Company recently introduced ARL's
PrivateWire family of components for securing remote access over the
Internet, including both software and smart card tokens for clients, and a
highly portable, easily installed card reader. By offering a toolkit for
integrating the customer's applications with the entire PrivateWire
family, including a public key smart card and an ISO compliant card
reader, the Company believes the PrivateWire family delivers a complete,
scalable, and expandable public key security solution for customers'
existing applications. In addition, the Company continues to improve its
Secure Manager by consolidating management of all Company products under
one Java-based, browser-enabled platform, branded "PrivaCy Manager". When
coupled with ARL's component technologies, PrivaCy Manager may be offered
as a key management infrastructure for third party products, as well as
the Company's own solutions.
o Maintain and Leverage Its Expertise in Public Key Technology. The Company
plans to maintain its expertise in the application of Public Key
cryptography through a combination of internal research and development
efforts. On occasion, the Company will also accept funded development
contracts when the Company believes such projects will yield commercial
applications for the Company's own technologies. With the recent
acquisition of ARL, the Company has enhanced its expertise in the
application of Public Key technology to smart cards, including on board
operating systems and applications, remote access services and the
emerging field of conditional access encryption for broadcast networks.
ARL's security operating system is incorporated in one of the most widely
deployed public key tokens in the world today for conditional access to
broadcast networks. In 1997, the Company had net research and development
expenses of approximately $12.5 million.
o Broaden Acceptance of the Company's Public Key Technology through
Licensing. The Company actively seeds the computer, networking and
telecommunications industries with its specific methods of implementing
Public Key to ensure a compatible market for the Company's technology and
products. During 1997 the Company licensed to Microsoft Corporation the
right to incorporate certain of the Company's core Public Key components
in Microsoft's products, including NT and Internet Explorer. In addition,
the Company licensed to JavaSoft the right to incorporate the Company's
certificate technology in the Java development kit. By licensing these
technologies to Microsoft and JavaSoft on royalty-free terms the Company
is encouraging the broadest possible dissemination of this base
technology, thereby creating opportunities for greater acceptance of the
Company's products. Prior to their expiration in 1997, the Company also
held exclusive sublicensing rights to the fundamental Public Key patents
owned by Stanford University (the "Stanford Patents"). Pursuant to its
agreement with Stanford University, the Company successfully sublicensed
over thirty other companies to adopt methods of Public Key similar to
those developed by the Company. In the meantime, the Company continues to
offer developers a suite of cryptographic libraries and tools to utilize
components of the Company's Public Key technology.
o Continue Expansion into Emerging Public Network Markets. The Company
intends to leverage its expertise in securing private networks by offering
security solutions which address the emerging demand for both VPNs within
public networks and secure, remote access to enterprise networks. The
Company's acquisition of ARL and the introduction of its PrivateWire
family of products demonstrate the Company's commitment to meeting these
requirements.
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o Build and Foster Strategic Relationships. The Company intends to continue
to develop strategic marketing and product development relationships with
key members of the industries it serves. Applying its expertise in Public
Key technology, the Company has developed applications for parties such as
AT&T, Cisco Systems, Inc., the Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial
Telecommunications ("S.W.I.F.T."), and the Federal Reserve Bank. In
addition, the Company believes its open licensing of certain components to
Microsoft and JavaSoft, as well as the Company's offerings of software
security toolkits and developers' libraries, will attract and enhance
future development opportunities. With its PrivateWire and PrivaCy Manager
offerings, the Company also believes it has an attractive key management
solution for potential partners.
Note, however, that the market for the Company's network security
products is continuing to emerge. This market is characterized by rapidly
changing technology, evolving industry standards, new product introductions and
changes in customer requirements and preferences. The Company's future will
depend in part upon end users' demand for network security products in general,
and upon the Company's ability to enhance its existing products and to develop
and introduce new products and technologies that meet customer requirements. Any
significant advance in techniques for attacking cryptographic systems could
render some or all of the Company's existing and new products obsolete or
unmarketable. To the extent that the Company is unable to adopt and incorporate
emerging standards for implementing network security in a market segment, sales
of the Company's existing and planned products in that market segment would be
significantly less than the levels currently anticipated by the Company. There
can be no assurance that network security-related products or technologies
developed by others will not adversely affect the Company's competitive position
or render its products or technologies noncompetitive or obsolete. See "Business
- - Risk Factors That May Affect Future Results -- Competition, -- Evolving
Network Security Market, and -- Rapid Technological Change."
Technology
The Company's network security products are based on Public Key
cryptography techniques, which were first developed in 1976 at Stanford
University by Drs. Diffie and Hellman. The Public Key cryptography methods
adopted by the Company require that each user be assigned both a private number,
which is confidential, and a mathematically related public number, which can be
revealed without compromising the user's private number. Diffie-Hellman key
exchange provides for two users in a data network to exchange their public
numbers and then compute a shared secret number that is unique to them. This
shared secret number can then be used as the secret encryption key in a
conventional encryption system to maintain the privacy of the communication
between two users.
The Company has adopted advanced Public Key digital signature methods.
An individual's digital signature is a set of unique binary numbers, which is
derived from a combination of the message and the signer's private number. Any
user in the network can verify this digital signature by using only the sender's
public number. Digital signature methods which can scale to potentially millions
of users are recognized as an indispensable foundation for secure electronic
transactions.
The Company's products enable network administrators to act as
certificate authorities that permit each authorized device in the network,
including an individual's software and hardware tokens, to have the device's
public number validated for the purpose of establishing its authenticity to
others. The certification authority provides each authorized user with an
electronic message, known as a certificate, containing that user's name, public
number, unique privileges within the network and expiration date. Such
privileges, for example, can define the portions of the network which the user
is authorized to enter, the level of the user's authority to conduct
transactions within those portions of the network, and the network services the
user may enjoy. This message is digitally signed by the network administrator to
create the user's certificate, which in effect serves to notarize the user's
public number and enable that user to conduct secure communications with other
certified users within the network.
The Company's Public Key certificate technology is incorporated in the
Company's network management systems for its products. The Company has
consolidated its network management technologies into one Java-based platform
which the Company intends to offer as a remote, centralized management system
for its products, as well as third party products which integrate the Company's
management solutions.
The Company and its newly acquired subsidiary, ARL, have developed
integrated software modules which are incorporated in the Company's network
security products. These software libraries implement the Public Key
cryptography techniques for the Company's key management systems, digital
signatures and certificates to provide complete, scaleable enterprise-wide
network security solutions. For example, by combining ARL's software toolkits
with
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the Company's network management system, the Company may offer a complete,
integrated key management infrastructure. In addition, ARL's software components
are compatible with most off-the-shelf third party applications which can then
utilize the security services of ARL's PrivateWire family of software and smart
card tokens.
The Company also designs application specific integrated circuits
("ASICs") and custom integrated circuits to implement its encryption algorithms
and Public Key techniques in order to provide increased performance, security
and functionality in its products at reduced cost. Cylink's significant
technical achievements in the area of proprietary ASIC design include encryption
chips with speeds up to 155 megabits per second ("Mbps") and Public Key
co-processor chips that have the capability of handling 1,024 bit numbers.
The Company's network security products are designed to secure existing
networks without reducing performance or requiring modifications to customers'
existing network hardware or software. This ease of integration is accomplished
with a broad range of hardware and software implementations of network
interfaces, which enable the Company's security products to connect to most
networks in use today throughout the world. The current list of network
interfaces used in Company products include: T1 (1.5 Mbps), T2 (6.2 Mbps), T3
(45 Mbps), E1 (2 Mbps), E3 (34 Mbps), X.25, V.35, X.21, Frame Relay (FRF.1,
FRF.3 and FRF.4), NTT T1 (Japan), 10 Base 2, 10 Base 5, 10 Base T, HSSI, RS-232
and RS-422.
Network Security Products
The following table sets forth Cylink's principal network security
products currently offered or under development:
Year
Product Description Introduced
- --------------- -------------------------- ----------
Global Network Security
Cidec Line
- ----------
CIDEC-HS High Speed T1 Link Encryption 1986
CIDEC-MS Medium Speed Link Encryption 1987
CIDEC-LS Low Speed Link Encryption 1987
CIDEC-VHS Very High Speed T3 Encryption 1990
CIDEC-MLS Integrated Link Cards 1993
CED Card (AT&T) Encryption Signaling System 1997
SecureLink Line Next Generation Link Encryptors *
X-25
- ----
SecureX25L Low Speed X.25 Packet Encryption 1993
SecureX25H High Speed X.25 Packet Encryption 1994
SecureFrame
- -----------
SecureFrame Frame Relay Packet Encryption 1996
SecureFrame - LS Low Speed Frame Relay Encryption 1997
Enterprise Security
SecureLAN Family
- ----------------
SecureDomain Router Domain Packet Encryption/Access 1996
EPA Card (Cisco) Encryption Processor for Cisco 7700 Series 1997
Router
SecureAccess Family
- -------------------
SecureGate Dial Up Remote Access, PSTN 1996
SecureTraveler SecureGate Encryption Software Client 1997
PrivateWire Family
- -------------------
PrivateWire Remote Access, Secure TCP/IP Communications 1997
Firewall, and Authorization Management
PrivateCard Full On Board Public Key Smart Card *
- ------------------
* Indicates products under development and scheduled for introduction in 1998
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PrivateSafe Portable Card Reader *
SecureManager
CSMS SecureX25 Network Management 1994
SecureManager Manager For SecureDomain 1996
PrivaCy Manager Unified Management Platform 1997
ARL
CryptoServer Cryptographic Security Server As of 9/8/97
CryptoLAN Remote LAN access As of 9/8/97
CryptoKit Software Development Toolkit As of 9/8/97
Global Network Products Family. The Company entered the network
security market in 1986 to secure communications within WANs over private leased
lines. The SecureWAN product family is a complete line of link encryptors that
utilize Diffie-Hellman Public Key management techniques to support conventional
encryption algorithms, such as the data encryption standard ("DES") and its
improved version, known as Triple DES.
Depending on the product model, the Company's CIDEC and SecureLink
encryptors operate at varying data rates over private and public networks and
support most widely used data link protocols. The Company's original CIDEC line
of data encryption products is available in a number of models that range from
high speed T1 and T3 data transfer rates (1.54 Mbps and 45 Mbps, respectively)
to low speed transfer rates (1200 bits per second to 256 kilobits per second
("kbps")). The Company believes that its CIDEC-VHS/VHX products are the fastest
data link encryptors commercially available in the world today.
To support its customers who deploy their WANs over shared, public
networks, the Company also developed packet encryptors which enable secure
transmission of packets of data between two points in X.25 and Frame Relay based
networks. The Company's high speed SecureX25H and low speed SecureX25L offer
encryption for public switched packet networks based on X.25 packet transmission
technology and support data rates up to 64 kbps and up to 512 virtual circuits.
The Company's SecureFrame product is designed to operate as a dedicated Frame
Relay encryptor capable of operations on any public or private Frame Relay-based
network. The SecureFrame is designed to support data rates of up to 2.048 Mbps
and up to 1,024 user addresses.
Enterprise Security Products Family. With the acquisition of ARL, the
Company broadened its remote access solutions to include the PrivateWire family
of TCP/IP based software, component libraries, smart card tokens, and easily
deployed card readers. The PrivateWire family of components includes a toolkit
for integrating all of the PrivateWire products with customers' existing
applications.
PrivateWire provides low cost, premium security services for
authorization management and remote access, as well as a comprehensive security
infrastructure, over TCP/IP communications including WWW, FTP, Telnet, e-mail
and any TCP/IP client/server application. Security is provided at the
application as well as the communications level. Application-level security
allows for digital signing of sensitive transactions, reciprocal authentication
is established using Public Key cryptography, and communications are encrypted
using one-time session keys.
PrivateWire is transparent to the organization and the end-user. No
specific proxies need to be configured, defined or publicized and, because
PrivateWire supports any Winsock application, no integration or changes to
applications are required. Users are controlled, managed and logged at the
network gateway. Changes to security policy can be easily configured and defined
from local or remote locations by any authorized manager using a standard web
browser, such as Microsoft IE, Netscape Navigator, or the Company's PrivaCy
Manager.
PrivateCard, developed by ARL, is the advanced, electronic smart card
in the PrivateWire family which has a complete, on-board Public Key processor
which, in combination with the remaining PrivateWire products, can serve as a
fully functional, secure personal token for authenticated and encrypted
transactions. PrivateSafe is ARL's latest smart card reader in the PrivateWire
family which is highly portable and simple to install by merely plugging in two
cables between the keyboard and the client computer. This patented, secure PIN
card reader transfers all Public Key operations onto PrivateCard's on board
processor.
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The SecureDomain encryption unit and its network management system are
designed to provide packet-based security solutions which enable enterprises to
use the Internet as part of their own VPN by creating and controlling access to
groups within the network. Pursuant to its license from the Company, Cisco is
authorized to embed the SecureDomain cryptographic software modules in Cisco's
router products as part of Cisco's IOS operating system.
The SecureDomain product is a hardware device that resides between the
router and subnet in a LAN, and supports simultaneous secured TCP/IP and IPX
communications among networks and subnets. By securing the payload portion of
network traffic, SecureDomain is transparent to the network and user
applications. In addition, packet address information is left intact, allowing
traffic to flow over any public or private network without compromising network
performance.
The Company also developed its SecureGate and SecureTraveler products
to provide secure access for authorized remote and mobile users to their
corporate computing resources over the dial up, public switched telephone
network ("PSTN"). The SecureGate Server, which physically resides between the
customer's communications server and modems, can monitor and protect corporate
information resources by controlling incoming and outgoing calls to and from the
network. SecureGate provides centralized management and tracking of remote users
and their individual security profiles, with audit trails of all system
activities. SecureGate also acts as the certificate authority for its authorized
remote SecureTraveler clients.
SecureManager Family. The Company's latest SecureManager product,
branded PrivaCy Manager, consolidates the Company's existing security management
tools with a Java-based management platform designed for enterprise and global
networks. PrivaCy Manager remotely configures, monitors and performs firmware
downloads for certain of the Company's network security products, including
SecureFrame, and SecureDomain. The Company intends to extend PrivaCy Manager's
management services to all of Cylink's enterprise security products, as well as
third party products which integrate the Company's management tools.
PrivaCy Manager's automated Public Key authentication procedures
prevent unauthorized products from masquerading as legitimate devices on the
network. With its graphical representation of the network's topology, and its
point-and-click interface, the network security structure can be easily
visualized, simplifying the tasks of configuring, modifying and managing the
network's security. Furthermore, PrivaCy Manager can implement a broad range of
security policies for determining access to network security devices. By
periodically polling each secure device, PrivaCy Manager maintains an audit
trail of network security activities, including administrator operations, user
logins, logouts, traps and alarms.
ARL's Offerings. CryptoKit is a platform independent, software
development security kit for integrating ARL's security modules into customers'
existing network applications. CryptoKit serves either as a stand alone toolkit
for providing cryptographic services, or as a tool to upgrade the customer's
network by creating interoperability with the Company's products, such as
PrivateWire. CryptoServer is a cryptographic security server which provides data
security services, such as certificate authorization, for networked environments
handling large volumes of transactions. ARL also offers security solutions for
LAN remote access ("CryptoLAN"), PC to mainframe connections ("Crypto3270"),
laptops and PCs ("Diskrete"), e-mail ("CryptoMail") and files and messages
("CryptoCom"). Following the addition of ARL's products into the Company's
portfolio, the Company has realized some efficiencies in its own product
development by discontinuing development and support of certain other products
which are redundant with those of ARL.
The Company's future results of operations will be highly dependent on
the successful marketing and customer acceptance of the Company's latest
products, including both PrivaCy Manager and PrivateWire. To date, the Company
has made only modest shipments of such products. No assurance can be given that
these products will not require additional development work, enhancement,
testing or further refinement before they can be introduced and made
commercially available by the Company or that they will achieve market
acceptance. If such new and recently introduced products have performance,
reliability, quality or other shortcomings, then such products could fail to
achieve market acceptance and the Company may experience reduced orders, higher
manufacturing costs, delays in collecting accounts receivable and additional
warranty and service expenses, which in each case could have a material adverse
effect on the Company's financial condition and results of operations. See
"Business - Risk Factors That May Affect Future Results -- Dependence on
Recently Introduced and New Network Security Products, and -- Product Liability
Risks."
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Sales, Marketing and Customer Support
The Company markets its network security products primarily through its
direct sales force and, to a lesser extent, through distributors. The Company's
direct sales force for its network security products operates primarily from the
Company's headquarters in Sunnyvale, California and from three sales offices in
the United States. The Company's sales force, engineers and technical personnel
must work closely with customers in order to determine system security and
network configurations that meet the customers' needs.
International sales of network security products are made primarily
through the Company's five foreign sales offices and numerous distributors. The
Company does not have long-term contractual relationships with any of its
distributors and, therefore, has no assurance of a continuing relationship
within a given market.
To date, the majority of the Company's customers for its network
security products have been Fortune 1000 companies, financial institutions,
government agencies and telecommunication carriers who rely on the Company's
Global Network Products to encrypt and secure their WANs operating over private
leased lines. From inception through December 31, 1997, the Company sold over
$175 million of network security products in the United States and abroad. In
1997, seventeen customers accounted for approximately 65% of the orders received
by the Company for its network security products, and two customers accounted
for approximately 24% of such orders.
A representative list of the end users of the Company's network
security products is set forth below:
Fortune 1000 Financial Government Telecommunications
Companies Institutions Agencies Carriers
- ----------------- --------------- -------------- -------------
Boeing Bank of America Department of Defense AT&T
Caterpillar Bank of China Department of Justice Bell Atlantic
Computer Sciences Bankers Trust Department of Treasury MCI
IBM Citibank Federal Reserve Bank Pacific Bell
Lockeed Martin Credit Suisse Internal Revenue Service Sprint
Motorola Deutsche Bank Lloyds Bank
S.W.I.F.T.
Swiss Bank
The Company believes that customer support is essential to developing
and maintaining good relationships with its customers. Cylink's support
personnel are responsible for providing installation, technical training,
technical support, on-site support and repair services. The Company sells end
users a number of different levels of support, maintenance and service options,
including extended warranties, emergency replacement services, product upgrades
and on-site support.
The Company offers service and support for its network security
products from its headquarters and from service and support centers in New
Jersey, the United Kingdom, Brussels, Israel and Singapore. Telephone support is
available twenty-four hours per day, seven days per week, through a toll-free
hotline.
Wireless Communications Product Line
During 1995, 1996, and 1997 sales of Wireless products accounted for
approximately 38%, 50%, and 39%, respectively, of the Company's total revenue,
including discontinued operations. The Wireless Communications Group completed
its formation of an independent organization in 1997, including order entry,
sales and marketing, engineering services and technical publications, as well as
opening service centers in Beijing and New Dehli. On March 28, 1998, the Company
sold all of the assets comprising its Wireless Communications Group to P-Com,
Inc., a Delaware corporation located in Campbell, California, for a total
consideration of $60.5 million, subject to final closing adjustments, consisting
of $46.0 million in cash and a promissory note in the amount of $14.5 million
due 100 days after closing.
Research and Development
The Company's research and development efforts are focused on
developing new products, core technologies and enhancements to existing
products. For its network security products, the Company's research and
development strategy has in recent periods focused on the development of modular
software and hardware products that can be readily integrated
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and adapted to the changing standards and requirements of the communications and
internetworking industries. A focus of the Company's research and development
efforts in 1997 has been the development of the SecureLink and PrivaCy Manager,
as well as integration of PrivateWire and ARL technologies into the Company's
product portfolio. The Company expects that it will continue to devote
substantial research and development resources to the enhancement of PrivaCy
Manager and ARL's products for the foreseeable future.
In 1995, 1996 and 1997, the Company's gross research and development
expenses from continuing operations were $9.2 million, $14.3 million and $13.9
million, respectively. From time to time, the Company receives engineering
funding for development projects to apply or enhance the Company's technology to
a particular customer's need. Amounts recognized under these research and
development contracts are offset against research and development expense.
Amounts recognized under non-recurring engineering contracts totaled $1.1
million, $6.1 million and $1.4 million, in 1995, 1996 and 1997, respectively.
The Company believes that its ability to attract and retain qualified
development personnel is essential to the success of its development programs in
the United States and Israel. The market for such personnel is highly
competitive and the Company's development activities could be adversely affected
if the Company is unsuccessful in attracting and retaining skilled technical
personnel. See "Business - Risk Factors That May Affect Future Results --
Dependence on Key Personnel, and --Management of Growth." In addition, the
markets for the Company's products are characterized by rapidly changing
technologies, extensive research and new product introductions.
The Company believes that its future success will depend in part upon
its ability to continue to enhance its existing products and to develop and
introduce new products. As a result, the Company expects to continue to make a
significant investment in engineering, research and development. There can be no
assurance that the Company will be able to develop and introduce new products or
enhancements to its existing products in a timely manner which satisfy customer
needs, achieve market acceptance or address technological changes in its target
markets. The failure of the Company to develop products and introduce them in a
timely manner could adversely affect the Company's competitive position,
financial condition and results of operations. See "Business - Risk Factors That
May Affect Future Results -- Competition, -- Dependence on Recently Introduced
and New Network Security Products, -- Evolving Network Security Market, -- Rapid
Technological Change, and -- Wireless Communications Industry Regulatory
Environment."
Regulatory Matters
The Company's network security products developed or manufactured in
the United States are subject to the export control laws of the United States
and regulations promulgated by the U.S. Department of Commerce. Certain
technical restrictions applied by the Commerce Department affect the type and
functionality of the products which may be exported. Furthermore, interpretation
and compliance with these licensing regulations are clouded by disagreements
within and between the United States legislative and administrative branches
concerning their application to encryption technology. These disagreements tend
to delay and interfere with the predictability of the licensing process for the
Company's products. In addition, these United States export laws prohibit the
export of encryption products to a number of hostile countries. Similar export
control laws also apply to the Company's products and technology distributed by
ARL in Israel.
Although to date the Company has been able to secure the necessary
export licenses to compete effectively in the international market, there can be
no assurance that the Company will continue to be able to secure such licenses
in a timely manner in the future, or at all. In certain foreign countries, the
Company's distributors are required to secure licenses or formal permission
before encryption products can be imported. To date, except for certain limited
cases, the Company's distributors have not been denied permission to import the
Company's products. See "Business - Risk Factors That May Affect Future Results
- -- Risks Associated with International Sales; Reliance Upon Local Partners;
Restrictions on Export."
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Backlog
Orders for the Company's products are usually placed by customers on an
as-needed basis and the Company has typically been able to ship products within
thirty days after the customer submits a firm purchase order. The Company's
backlog consists of all orders received, regardless of the anticipated shipping
date. Because of the possibility of customer changes in delivery schedules or
cancellation of orders, the Company's backlog as of any particular date may not
be indicative of sales in any future period. The Company does not generally
maintain long-term contracts with its customers that require customers to
purchase the Company's products. The Company's backlog for continuing operations
as of December 31, 1996 and 1997 was approximately $4.1 million and $4.2
million, respectively. See "Business - Risk Factors That May Affect Future
Results -- Lengthy Sales Cycle."
Manufacturing
The Company's manufacturing operations consist primarily of component
procurement, final assembly and test, and quality control of subassemblies and
systems. The Company generally uses domestic independent contractors to
manufacture and assemble printed circuit boards. The manufacturing process
enables the Company to configure the hardware and software in combinations to
meet a wide variety of customer requirements. The Company installs its software
into the electronically programmable read only memory of its products to
maintain quality control and security, and performs "burn-in" procedures and
functional tests, as well as comprehensive inspections to assure the quality and
reliability of its products.
The Company's product designs are proprietary but generally incorporate
industry-standard algorithms and hardware components. However, certain
semiconductor devices, electronic components and subassemblies are presently
purchased from sole source suppliers. Certain other components are presently
available or acquired from only a limited number of suppliers.
The Company's ability to timely deliver its products is dependent upon
the availability of quality components and subsystems used in these products.
The Company depends in part upon subcontractors to manufacture, assemble and
deliver certain items in a timely and satisfactory manner. A significant
interruption in the delivery of such items could have a material adverse effect
on the Company's results of operations. See "Business - Risk Factors That May
Affect Future Results -- Dependence on Component Availability, Subcontractor
Performance and Key Suppliers."
Employees
As of December 31, 1997, the Company had 432 employees, of whom 140
were primarily engaged in research and development, 165 in sales, marketing and
related customer support services, 42 in administration and 85 in manufacturing.
Of these employees, approximately 23 were located in Europe, 55 in Israel, and
10 in Asia. None of the Company's employees is represented by a collective
bargaining agreement with respect to his or her employment by the Company, nor
has the Company experienced any organized work stoppage. The Company considers
its relations with its existing employees to be good. As part of the March 28,
1998 sale of the Company's Wireless Communications Group to P-Com, Inc., the
Company expects approximately 100 employees to terminate their employment with
Cylink.
Year 2000
The Company's customer service organization is engaged in an ongoing review of
the Company's products to determine which products are susceptible to
malfunction when processing dates which are later than December 31, 1999 ("YK2
Errors"). With respect to those products which are no longer within the term of
the Company's standard warranty and vulnerable to YK2 Errors, the Company will
offer upgrade kits or trade-ins for comparable products which are free from YK2
Errors. In the meantime, with respect to products which are vulnerable to YK2
Errors, the Company is reworking its products to cure any YK2 Errors, or
declaring such products at the end of life ("EOL") with the intention of
discontinuing their sale prior to December 31, 1998.
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RISK FACTORS THAT MAY AFFECT FUTURE RESULTS
Recent Losses; Potential Fluctuations in Operating Results, Future Operating
Results Uncertain.
The Company incurred losses from continuing operations in 1994, 1995,
1996 and 1997. There can be no assurances that the Company will increase or
maintain its revenue or be profitable on a quarterly or an annual basis in the
future.
The Company has historically experienced significant fluctuations in
its operating results on an annual and a quarterly basis and could experience
such fluctuations in the future. The Company's operating results are affected by
a number of factors, many of which are outside of the Company's control,
including: the timing of the introduction of new or enhanced products by the
Company or its competitors; market acceptance of new products of the Company,
its customers and its competitors; the timing, cancellation or delay of customer
orders, including cancellation or delay in anticipation of new product
introductions or enhancement or resulting from uncertainty relating to
intellectual property claims; competitive factors, including pricing pressures;
changes in operating expenses, including those resulting from changes in
available production capacity of independent foundries and other suppliers and
the availability of raw materials; expenses associated with obtaining, enforcing
and defending claims with respect to intellectual property rights; the mix of
products sold; changes in the percentage of products sold through the Company's
direct sales force; personnel changes; general economic conditions; and
fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. The Company expects to
introduce a number of new products in 1998. The failure of such new products to
achieve market acceptance at the time anticipated by the Company, or at all,
would materially and adversely affect the Company's financial condition and
results of operations.
Pending Litigation
See Item 3. "Legal Proceedings."
Dependence on Key Personnel
On November 13, 1996, the Company announced the appointment of Fernand
B. Sarrat as President and Chief Executive Officer ("CEO") and during the first
half of 1997 the Company hired a number of executives to fill senior management
positions within the Company.
The Company's future success will depend on the abilities of Mr. Sarrat
and the contributions by its executive officers, key management and technical
personnel. The loss of the services of one or more of the Company's executive
officers or key personnel, or the inability to continue to attract qualified
personnel, could delay product development cycles or otherwise have a material
adverse effect on the Company's business and operating results.
Lengthy Sales Cycle
Sales of the Company's products generally involve a significant
commitment of capital by customers, with the attendant delays frequently
associated with large capital expenditures. For these and other reasons, the
sales cycle associated with the Company's products is typically lengthy and
subject to a number of significant risks over which the Company has little or no
control. The Company is often required to ship products shortly after it
receives orders and, consequently, order backlog at the beginning of any period
has in the past represented only a small portion of that period's expected
revenue. As a result, product revenue in any period is substantially dependent
on orders booked and shipped in that period. The Company typically plans its
production and inventory levels based on internal forecasts of customer demand,
which is highly unpredictable and can fluctuate substantially. If revenue falls
significantly below anticipated levels, the Company's financial condition and
results of operations would be materially and adversely affected. In addition,
the Company's operating expenses are based on anticipated revenue levels and a
high percentage of the Company's expenses are generally fixed in the short term.
Based on these factors, a small fluctuation in the timing of sales can cause
operating results to vary significantly from period to period. In addition, it
is possible that in the future the Company's operating results will be below the
expectations of securities analysts and investors. In such an event, or in the
event that adverse conditions prevail or are perceived to prevail generally or
with respect to the Company's business, the price of the Company's Common Stock
would likely be materially adversely affected.
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Dependence on Recently Introduced and New Network Security Products
The Company's future results of operations will be highly dependent on
the successful completion of the design, development, introduction, marketing
and manufacture of the PrivateWire and PrivaCy Manager products, portions of
which are under development, and the SecureLink, SecureFrame and SecureDomain
products, which were recently introduced. To date, the Company has made only
limited commercial shipments of certain of such products and no commercial
shipments of the remainder of such products. No assurance can be given that any
of such products will not require additional development work, enhancement,
testing or further refinement before they can be introduced and made
commercially available by the Company or that they will achieve market
acceptance. If such new and recently introduced products have performance,
reliability, quality or other shortcomings, then such products could fail to
achieve market acceptance and the Company may experience reduced orders, higher
manufacturing costs, delays in collecting accounts receivable and additional
warranty and service expenses, which in each case could have a material adverse
effect on the Company's financial condition and results of operations.
Competition
Competition is intense among providers of network security systems, and
the Company expects such competition to increase in the future. Significant
competitive factors in these markets include the development of new products and
features, product quality and performance, the quality and experience of sales,
marketing and service organizations, product price and name recognition. Many of
these factors are beyond the Company's control.
The Company's competitors in the network security markets, including
companies which offer products similar to or as an alternative to the Company's
products, include Axent Technologies, Inc., Checkpoint Software Technologies,
Ltd., Network Associates, Inc., Secure Computing Corporation, Security Dynamics
Technologies, Inc., Racal-Guardata, Inc., and Information Resource Engineering,
Inc. In addition, Northern Telecom Limited, AT&T, Motorola Corporation, Digital
Equipment Corporation and Sun Microsystems, Inc. offer certain network security
products as part of their overall networking solutions. A number of significant
vendors, including Microsoft Corporation, Netscape Communications Corporation
and Cisco Systems, Inc. have embedded security solutions in their software. To
the extent that these embedded or optional security capabilities provide all or
a portion of the functionality provided by the Company's products, the Company's
products may no longer be required by customers to attain network security.
Certicom Corporation and RSA Data Security, Inc., a subsidiary of
Security Dynamics, ("RSA DSI") license various methods of implementing Public
Key cryptography, including some that are different than (and incompatible with)
the methods of implementing Public Key cryptography currently used by the
Company in most of its products. Although the Company has licenses to use all of
the Public Key methods promoted by Certicom and RSA DSI, to the extent
significant segments of the network security market adopt technical standards
different than those currently used by the Company, to the exclusion of the
Company's methods, sales of the Company's existing and planned products in that
market segment may be adversely impacted, which could have a material adverse
effect on the Company's financial condition and results of operations.
Many of the Company's competitors have substantially greater financial,
technical, marketing, distribution and other resources, greater name recognition
and longer standing relationships with customers than the Company. Competitors
with greater financial resources are better able to engage in sustained price
reductions in order to gain market share. Any period of sustained price
reductions would have a material adverse effect on the Company's financial
condition and results of operations. There can be no assurance that the Company
will be able to compete successfully in the future or that competitive pressures
will not materially and adversely affect the Company's financial condition and
results of operations.
Product Liability Risks
Customers rely on the Company's network security products to prevent
unauthorized access to their networks and data transmissions. A malfunction or
the inadequate design of the Company's products could result in tort or warranty
claims. Although the Company attempts to reduce the risk of such losses through
warranty disclaimers and liability limitation clauses in its sales and license
agreements and by maintaining product liability insurance, there can be no
assurance that such measures will be effective in limiting the Company's
liability for any such damages. Any liability for damages resulting from
security breaches could be substantial and could have a material adverse effect
on the Company's business and results of operations.
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In addition, a well-publicized actual or perceived security breach
could adversely affect the market's perception of security products in general,
or the Company's products in particular, regardless of whether such breach is
attributable to the Company's products. This could result in a decline in demand
for the Company's products, which would have a material adverse effect on the
Company's financial condition and results of operations.
Year 2000
Although the Company believes it has identified all risks of YK2 Errors
in its products, and is taking steps to repair, replace or EOL all products
which contain YK2 Errors, there is a continuing risk that some YK2 Errors will
go undetected until after December 31, 1999. The Company intends to attempt to
protect itself from liability with appropriate disclaimers in its terms and
conditions of sale, by encouraging customers to upgrade their products to those
which have proven to be YK2 compliant, and by discouraging continued use of
those products known to have YK2 Errors. However, the Company may be met with an
unanticipated liability for an undiscovered YK2 Error which cannot be limited by
any of the foregoing preventive actions, and conceivably could include an
allegation of damages which exceeds the terms or the amount of the Company's
insurance policies covering product liability.
Management of Growth And Reduction In Employees
The Company has recently experienced and may continue to experience
substantial growth in the number of its employees and the scope of its
operations, resulting in increased responsibilities for management. To manage
growth effectively, the Company will need to continue to improve its
operational, financial and management information systems and to hire, train,
motivate and manage a growing number of employees. Competition is intense for
qualified technical, marketing and management personnel, particularly highly
skilled engineers. In particular, the current availability of qualified
engineers is quite limited, and competition among companies, academic
institutions, government entities and other organizations for skilled and
experienced engineering personnel is very intense. The Company has experienced
delays in filling positions for engineering personnel and the Company expects to
experience continued difficulty in filling its needs for qualified engineers and
other personnel. There can be no assurance that the Company will be able to
effectively achieve or manage any future growth, and its failure to do so could
delay product development cycles or otherwise have a material adverse effect on
the Company's financial condition and results of operations.
With the sale of its Wireless Communications Group, the Company will
also experience a significant reduction in employees, including the Company's
Chief Technical Officer, Dr. Jim Omura. The sale of the Company's Wireless
Communications Group, along with occasional reductions in specific engineering
programs in the network security business, may create a risk of instability
within the existing employee population resulting in departures of key employees
critical to sustaining growth in the Company's network security business.
Furthermore, sudden reductions in the number of the Company's employees places
greater demands on the remaining employees which may distract them from
fulfilling their responsibilities necessary to accomplishing the Company's
financial goals.
On September 8, 1997, the Company acquired ARL and assumed
responsibility for management of its worldwide operations and fifty-seven
employees. The Company is heavily dependent on ARL's success in continuing to
develop marketable technology and products, such as the PrivateWire family,
including PrivateSafe and PrivateCard, toolkits and other components. Key
factors which will determine ARL's success include whether the Company can
integrate ARL's management, employee culture and organizational practices into
the Company, whether the Company can provide ARL with appropriate guidance in
allocating its development priorities, whether the Company can adequately fund
ARL's development objectives, whether the Company can provide accurate
information for ARL to focus its technology on significant market opportunities,
and whether the Company can predict the most attractive features and functions
for ARL's finished products. The Company's success in realizing the anticipated
return from its investment in ARL also will be determined by the Company's
ability to position and introduce ARL's products into the Company's markets and
channels, and the Company's ability to provide adequate sales and customer
support for ARL's products. The Company's and ARL's successful working
relationship may be hindered significantly by differences between the two
organizations created by time, distance, language and culture.
ARL operates from its principal offices in Israel, a country which is
vulnerable to disruption due to the sudden outbreak of hostilities with its
neighbors and various indigenous factions. Many of ARL's employees have
extensive commitments to the country's military organizations which may require
a loss of their services on the Company's behalf in times of political
instability.
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Intellectual Property and Other Proprietary Rights
The Company relies on patents, trademarks, copyrights, licenses and
trade secret law to establish and preserve its intellectual property rights. The
Company owns six U.S. patents covering certain aspects of its network security
product designs, and has additional U.S. patent applications pending. There can
be no assurance that any patent, trademark, copyright or license owned or held
by the Company will not be invalidated, circumvented or challenged, that the
rights granted thereunder will provide competitive advantages to the Company or
that any of the Company's pending or future patent applications will be issued
with the scope of the claims sought by the Company, if at all. Further, there
can be no assurance that others will not develop technologies that are similar
or superior to the Company's technology, duplicate the Company's technology or
design around the patents owned by the Company. The Company may be subject to or
may initiate interference proceedings in the U.S. Patent Office, which can
require significant financial and management resources. In addition, the laws of
certain countries in which the Company's products are or may be developed,
manufactured or sold may not protect the Company's products and intellectual
property rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States. The
inability of the Company to protect its intellectual property adequately could
have a material adverse effect on its financial condition and results of
operations.
The computer, communications, software and network security industries
are characterized by substantial litigation regarding patent and other
intellectual property rights. From time to time, the Company has received
communications from third parties asserting that the Company's patents, features
or content of certain of the Company's products infringe upon the intellectual
property rights held by third parties, and the Company may receive such
communications in the future. There can be no assurance that third parties will
not assert claims against the Company that result in litigation. Any litigation,
whether or not determined in favor of the Company, could result in significant
expense to the Company and could divert management and other resources. In the
event of an adverse ruling in any litigation involving intellectual property,
the Company might be required to discontinue the use of certain processes, cease
the manufacture, use and sale of infringing products, expend significant
resources to develop non-infringing technology or obtain licenses to the
infringing technology and may suffer significant monetary damages, which could
include treble damages. There can be no assurance that under such circumstances
a license would be available to the Company on reasonable terms or at all. In
the event of a successful claim against the Company and the Company's failure to
develop or license a substitute technology on commercially reasonable terms, the
Company's financial condition and results of operations would be adversely
affected. There can be no assurance that existing claims or any other assertions
(or claims for indemnity from customers resulting from infringement claims) will
not materially and adversely affect the Company's financial condition and
results of operations.
Evolving Network Security Market
The market for the Company's network security products is still
emerging. This market is characterized by rapidly changing technology, emerging
industry standards, new product introductions and changes in customer
requirements and preferences. The Company's future success will depend in part
upon end users' demand for network security products in general, and upon the
Company's ability to enhance its existing products and to develop and introduce
new products and technologies that meet customer requirements. Any significant
advance in technologies for attacking cryptographic systems could render some or
all of the Company's existing and new products obsolete or unmarketable. To the
extent that a specific method other than the Company's is adopted as the
standard for implementing network security in any segment of the network
security market, sales of the Company's existing and planned products in that
market segment may be adversely impacted, which could have a material adverse
effect on the Company's financial condition and results of operations. There can
be no assurance that network security-related products or technologies developed
by others will not adversely affect the Company's competitive position or render
its products or technologies noncompetitive or obsolete.
In addition, a portion of the sales of the Company's network security
products will depend upon a robust industry and infrastructure for providing
access to public switched networks, such as the Internet. There can be no
assurance that the infrastructure or complementary products necessary to make
these networks into viable commercial marketplaces will be developed, or, if
developed, that these networks will become viable commercial marketplaces.
Rapid Technological Change
The markets for the Company's products are characterized by rapidly
changing technologies, extensive research and new product introductions. The
Company believes that its future success will depend in part upon its ability to
continue to enhance its existing products and to develop, manufacture and market
new products. As a result, the Company
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expects to continue to make a significant investment in engineering, research
and development. There can be no assurance that the Company will be able to
develop and introduce new products or enhancements to its existing products in a
timely manner which satisfy customer needs, achieve market acceptance or address
technological changes in its target markets. The failure of the Company to
develop products and introduce them successfully and in a timely manner could
adversely affect the Company's competitive position, financial condition and
results of operations.
Risks Associated with International Sales; Reliance Upon Local Partners;
Restrictions on Export
The Company plans to continue to expand its foreign sales channels and
to enter additional international markets, both of which will require
significant management attention and financial resources. International sales
are subject to a number of risks, including unexpected changes in regulatory
requirements, tariffs and other trade barriers, political and economic
instability in foreign markets, difficulties in the staffing, management and
integration of foreign operations, longer payment cycles, greater difficulty in
collecting accounts receivable, currency fluctuations and potentially adverse
tax consequences. Since most of the Company's foreign sales are denominated in
U.S. dollars, the Company's products become less price competitive in countries
in which local currencies decline in value relative to the U.S. dollar. The
uncertainty of monetary exchange values has caused, and may in the future cause,
some foreign customers to delay new orders or delay payment for existing orders.
The long-term impact of such devaluation, including any possible effect on the
business outlook in other developing countries, cannot be predicted.
The Company's ability to compete successfully in foreign countries is
dependent in part on the Company's ability to obtain and retain reliable and
experienced in-country distributors and other strategic partners. The Company
does not have long-term relationships with any of its distributors and,
therefore, has no assurance of a continuing relationship within a given market.
Due to U. S. government regulations restricting the export of
cryptographic devices, including certain of the Company's network security
products, the Company may be at a disadvantage in competing for international
sales compared to companies located outside the United States that are not
subject to such restrictions.
Dependence on Component Availability, Subcontractor Performance and Key
Suppliers
The Company's ability to timely deliver its products is dependent upon
the availability of quality components and subsystems used in these products.
The Company depends in part upon subcontractors to manufacture, assemble and
deliver certain items in a timely and satisfactory manner. The Company obtains
certain components and subsystems from single, or a limited number of, sources.
A significant interruption in the delivery of such items could have a material
adverse effect on the Company's financial condition and results of operations.
ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
The Company's headquarters occupies 86,000 square feet in Sunnyvale,
California, the lease for which expires in June 1999. During the second quarter
of 1996, the Company signed a five-year lease agreement for approximately 35,000
square feet of office and manufacturing space, also in Sunnyvale. As a result of
the acquisition of ARL, the Company owns, subject to outstanding mortgage, a
7,500 square foot office building in Givat-Shmuel, Israel and leases a
production facility of 2,000 square feet. The Company leases facilities for
sales offices in New Jersey, Virginia, North Carolina, Belgium, the United
Kingdom, Singapore, and Germany. The Company believes that its current
facilities are well maintained and are adequate for the foreseeable future and
that suitable additional or alternative space will be available in the future on
commercially reasonable terms as needed.
ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
On September 6, 1995, the Company obtained an arbitration award
dissolving a former partnership, known as Public Key Partners ("PKP"), between
the Company's wholly-owned subsidiary, Caro-Kann Corporation, and RSA DSI.
Although various claims between the Company and RSA DSI were settled on December
31, 1996, a third party continues
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to pursue various claims against PKP and RSA DSI for wrongful business practices
in action C-94-20512 SW before the United States District Court for the Northern
District of California. A summary judgement favorable to PKP was entered on
August 29, 1997, and the matter has been appealed by the plaintiff to the United
States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. In the event the judgement of
the district court is reversed, an unfavorable outcome at trial might affect the
residual value of the Company's interest in PKP.
On March 7, 1997, ten former employees of the Company filed suit in
action No. CV764647 in the Superior Court of California, County of Santa Clara,
against the Company, each of its Directors and its General Counsel, asserting
claims for wrongful termination, fraud, libel, slander, age discrimination,
invasion of privacy, and violation of the federal RICO statute. On July 11,
1997, an eleventh employee filed suit in action No. CV767448 in the Superior
Court of California, County of Santa Clara, alleging similar claims against the
Company and its Chief Executive Officer. The Company removed CV764647 to the
Federal District Court for the Northern District of California and, after the
Company obtained an order dismissing certain of the plaintiffs' claims,
including the claims of libel and RICO violations, the Court remanded the action
back to Santa Clara Superior Court. Following the remand, the Company then
obtained an order consolidating CV764647 with CV767448 for purposes of discovery
and trial. Both matters are currently in the discovery phase, with trial
scheduled for December 1998. Although the Company has placed its insurers on
notice of these claims, all of its insurers have reserved their rights and
defenses under their policies, and the extent of the insurers' liability under
their respective policies is undetermined. The Company believes the terminations
were lawful, in the best interests of the Company and intends to defend the
matter vigorously. The defense of this matter may divert a material amount of
management's attention and require the expenditure of significant legal fees and
costs. An unfavorable outcome which exceeds the Company's insurance coverage, if
any, may also result in a material adverse effect on the Company's financial
condition.
ITEM 4. SUBMISSION OF MATTERS TO A VOTE OF SECURITY HOLDERS
No matters were submitted to a vote of security holders, through
solicitation of proxies or otherwise, during the fourth quarter of the fiscal
year covered by this report.
EXECUTIVE OFFICERS OF THE REGISTRANT
The following table sets forth certain information concerning the executive
officers of the Company:
Name Age Position
- ---- --- --------
Fernand Sarrat 46 Director, Chief Executive Officer and President
John H. Daws 54 Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Robert B. Fougner 45 Secretary and General Counsel
Thomas Butler 50 Senior Vice President Sales and Marketing
Sarah L. Engel 54 Vice President, Human Resources and
Organizational Development
John Kalb 50 Vice President, Business Development
Paul Massie 43 Vice President, Information Systems
Peter J. Slocum 42 Vice President, Engineering
Reed B. Byrum 49 Vice President, Communications
William P. Crowell 57 Vice President, Product Development and Strategy
17
<PAGE>
Mr. Sarrat joined the Company as Chief Executive Officer and President
in November 1996. Prior to joining the Company, Mr. Sarrat was with IBM
Corporation for over 20 years, most recently as General Manager of Networking
Computing Marketing & Services, and held such other positions as General Manager
of the Networked Application Services Division, the Assistant General Manager of
Marketing and Business Development, and General Manager of Marketing & Services
in the Midwest.
Mr. Daws joined the Company as Vice President and Chief Financial
Officer in September 1995. From April 1992 to August 1995, he was Vice President
and Chief Financial Officer of Crosspoint Solutions, Inc., a software and
semiconductor company, and from June 1988 to December 1991 he was Vice
President, Finance of Rolm Computer Corporation, a software and computer company
and a subsidiary of Loral Corporation.
Mr. Fougner has been Secretary and General Counsel since joining the
Company in December 1989. Prior to joining the Company, he was a partner in the
New York law firm of Hill, Betts & Nash.
Mr. Butler joined the Company in April 1997 as Senior Vice President of
Sales and Marketing. Prior to joining the Company he served as group vice
president of sales and marketing for electronic commerce for Sterling Software.
Prior to his work at Sterling, he was a senior vice president of sales and
marketing at Bank Automation Systems.
Ms. Engel joined the Company as Vice President, Human Resources and
Organizational Development in February 1997. Before joining the Company she was
an independent consultant specializing in strategic planning, human resources
and organizational development with such clients as Ford Motor Company, The
Coca-Cola Company, Exxon Corporation and Harcourt General, Inc., among others.
Mr. Kalb joined the Company as Vice President, Business Development in
January 1997. Prior to joining the Company, he was with IBM Corporation for over
25 years, most recently as Vice President of Electronic Commerce, Internet
Division, responsible for marketing, software development and operations
relating to IBM's offerings for enabling commerce over the Internet.
Mr. Massie joined Cylink as Vice President, Business Systems in June
1997. Prior to joining the Company he was with Bay Networks where he was the
director of information systems. He has also served as director of computing for
Sun Microsystems, Inc. and as director of computer systems and
telecommunications for Sterling Software.
Mr. Slocum joined the Company as Vice President, Engineering in
February 1997. From July 1993 to February 1997, he served as Vice President of
Engineering for Octel Communications Corporation, a provider of voice messaging
systems and services. Mr. Slocum served as Director of Engineering for Silicon
Graphics, Inc., a computing systems company, from July 1992 to July 1993 and
MIPS Computer Systems, Inc. (merged with Silicon Graphics, Inc. in July 1992)
from August 1990 to July 1992.
Mr. Byrum joined the Company as Vice President, Communications in
January 1998. Prior to joining the Company, Mr. Byrum held positions or provided
services to GE Capital, Measurex, Gannett, N.E.T., The Johns Hopkins University,
and Ruder Finn & Rotman.
Mr. Crowell joined the Company as Vice President, Product Development
and Strategy in January 1998. Prior to joining the Company, Mr Crowell served as
the Deputy Director at the National Security Agency, and has also served as Vice
President of the Atlantic Aerospace Electronics Corporation.
18
<PAGE>
PART II
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY AND
RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
The Company's Common Stock has been traded in the over-the-counter
market under the symbol CYLK since the Company's initial public offering on
February 15, 1996. The following table sets forth the high and low closing
prices as reported on the Nasdaq National Market during the last two years:
First Second Third Fourth
Quarter Quarter Quarter Quarter
------- ------- ------- -------
Fiscal 1997
- -----------
High 13 5/8 12 1/4 15 5/16 17 1/2
Low 8 3/8 7 1/2 8 13/16 8 13/32
Fiscal 1996
- -----------
High 26 1/4 23 1/2 17 1/2 15 1/16
Low 17 17 9 13/16 10 15/16
As of March 13, 1998, the Company had approximately 136 shareholders of
record. The Company has never declared or paid dividends on its capital stock.
The Company currently intends to reinvest its earnings in the development of its
business and does not intend to pay dividends in the foreseeable future.
The Company's Registration Statement on Form S-1 was declared effective
by the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 15, 1996 (Reg. No.
33-80719). In February and March 1996 the Company issued 5,750,000 shares of its
common stock to the public at a price of $15 per share. The Company received
approximately $78.9 million net of underwriting discounts and commissions of
$6.0 million and other offering expenses of $1.4 million. Through the period
ended December 31, 1997, the net proceeds have been used as follows (in
thousands):
Purchase and installation of equipment $ 6,601
Acquisition of Algorithmic Research 45,913
Repayment of indebtedness 1,000
Working capital 12,673
Temporary investment in money market accounts 12,677
-----------
$ 78,864
===========
None of the net proceeds or expenses of issuance and distribution of
the securities have been, either directly or indirectly, paid to or invested
with any related party or shareholder of the Company.
19
<PAGE>
ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
<TABLE>
The following selected financial information has been derived from the
Company's consolidated financial statements. The information set forth below is
not necessarily indicative of results of future operations and is qualified by
reference to and should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial
statements and related notes thereto and Management's Discussion and Analysis of
Financial Condition and Results of Operations included elsewhere herein.
<CAPTION>
Year ended December 31,
----------------------------------------------------------------
1997 1996 1995 1994 1993
---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
(in thousands, except per share amounts)
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Revenue $ 49,333 $ 25,793 $ 21,534 $ 17,971 $ 21,373
Research and development expense, net 12,488 8,198 8,142 7,275 4,611
Income (loss) from continuing operations (63,312) (5,522) (4,260) (4,143) 1,481
Income (loss) from continuing
operations per share - basic (2.37) (0.23) (0.24) (0.24) 0.08
Income (loss) from continuing
operations per share - diluted $ (2.37) $ (0.23) $ (0.24) $ (0.24) $ 0.08
As of December 31,
----------------------------------------------------------------
1997 1996 1995 1994 1993
---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
(in thousands)
Cash, cash equivalents and
short-term investments $ 22,977 $ 78,849 $ 6,098 $ 6,626 $ 7,193
Working capital 50,250 93,518 12,604 12,042 14,057
Total assets 82,593 107,088 22,725 20,663 19,777
Long-term obligations 256 241 291 - -
Shareholders' equity $ 69,102 $ 97,211 $ 14,605 $ 14,149 $ 15,481
</TABLE>
On March 28, 1998, the Company sold its Wireless Communications Group and,
therefore, the above consolidated statements of operations information excludes
this business for all periods.
Net income for 1997 included a charge of approximately $63.9 million ($2.39 per
share) for purchased in-process technology resulting from the acquisition of
ARL. Net income for 1996 included a charge of approximately $0.6 million ($0.02
per share) for employee severance costs.
ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the
Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes thereto.
BUSINESS ACQUISITION
On September 8, 1997, the Company acquired ARL, an Israeli company. ARL
is an information security company providing remote access network security
products and smart-card technology focusing on the market for Internet-based
(TCP/IP) communications. ARL also provides security products to broadcast
networks. See Note 2 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. The total
acquisition price of approximately $76.3 million was funded from a combination
of the Company's existing working capital, newly issued common stock and options
to purchase common stock. Approximately $63.9 million of the total purchase
price represented the value of in-process technology that had not yet reached
technological feasibility, had no alternative future uses and was charged to the
Company's operations in the third quarter ended September 26, 1997. The
amortization of capitalized intangibles of $0.8 million in 1977 and the charge
resulting from in-process technology are not deductible for income
20
<PAGE>
tax purposes. The acquisition was accounted for under the purchase method of
accounting; and accordingly, the results of operations of ARL are included in
the consolidated financial statements from the date of acquisition.
DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS
On March 28, 1998, the Company sold its Wireless Communications Group
for approximately $46.0 million in cash and a $14.5 million unsecured note
receivable, subject to final closing adjustments. See Note 12 of Notes to
Consolidated Financial Statements. The sale is expected to result in an after
tax gain of approximately $25.0 million.
RESULTS OF CONTINUING OPERATIONS
Except where noted, the comments herein are associated with the results
of the information security business. The following table sets forth certain
consolidated statement of operations data as a percentage of revenue for the
periods indicated:
Year ended December 31,
-------------------------------
1997 1996 1995
------- ------ -------
Revenue 100.0 % 100.0 % 100.0 %
Cost of revenue 28.4 37.7 32.0
------- ------ -------
Gross profit 71.6 62.3 68.0
Operating expenses:
Research and development, net 25.3 31.8 37.8
Selling and marketing 32.5 36.7 26.5
General and administrative 17.1 23.1 22.9
Amortization of purchased intangibles 1.6 - -
Purchased in-process technology 129.5 - -
Employee severance costs - 2.5 -
------- ------ -------
Total operating expenses 206.0 94.1 87.2
Loss from operations (134.4) (31.8) (19.2)
Other income, net 6.1 10.4 (0.6)
------- ------ -------
Loss before income taxes (128.3) (21.4) (19.8)
Provision (benefit) for income taxes -- -- --
------- ------ -------
Net loss (128.3)% (21.4)% (19.8)%
======= ====== =======
Revenue. The Company's revenue increased 91% from $25.8 million in 1996
to $49.3 million in 1997. The increased revenue was primarily due to increased
unit sales of the Company's SecureWAN, including the Company's core link
encryption products, and SecureLAN encryption product lines, which are used in
public and private linked networks. Overall average selling prices decreased
marginally. Information security product revenue for 1997 includes $4.6 million
attributable to ARL.
The Company's revenue increased 20% from $21.5 million in 1995 to $25.8
million in 1996. The increased revenue was primarily due to increased unit sales
of the Company's SecureWAN, SecureLAN and SecureAccess encryption product lines.
Unit sales of the Company's core link encryption product line were essentially
flat in comparison with 1995.
International product revenue was 36%, 42% and 43% of revenue for 1995,
1996 and 1997, respectively.
21
<PAGE>
Gross Profit. Gross profit increased 120% from $16.1 million in 1996 to
$35.3 million in 1997, and increased as a percentage of sales from 62% to 72%.
The increase in dollars was primarily the result of the significant increase in
revenue. The increase in gross margin resulted from lower average unit costs and
a decrease in expenses for maintenance and support services.
Gross profit increased 10% from $14.6 million in 1995 to $16.1 million
in 1996, but decreased as a percentage of sales from 68% to 62%. Gross margin
declined as some of the newly introduced products had lower gross margins than
the Company's core link encryption products and these new products represented
an increased percentage of revenue.
Research and Development. Research and development expenses consist
primarily of salaries and other personnel-related expenses, depreciation of
development equipment, facilities and supplies. Gross research and development
expenses increased 55% from $9.2 million in 1995 to $14.3 million in 1996 and
decreased 3% to $13.9 million in 1997. The decrease in dollars and as a percent
of sales for 1997 as compared to 1996 resulted from reduced contract and other
variable expenses related to externally funded research and development and to a
substantially increased revenue base. From time to time, the Company receives
engineering funding for development projects to apply or enhance the Company's
technology to a particular customer's need. The amounts recognized under these
research and development contracts are offset against research and development
expense. Amounts recognized under non-recurring engineering contracts totaled
$1.1 million, $6.1 million and $1.4 million in 1995, 1996 and 1997,
respectively.
Selling and Marketing. Selling and marketing expenses consist primarily
of personnel costs, including sales commissions, and costs of advertising,
public relations, seminars and trade shows. Selling and marketing expenses
increased 66% from $5.7 million in 1995 to $9.5 million in 1996 and 69% to $16.0
million in 1997. The increases were primarily due to expenses associated with
expansion of the Company's direct sales force, personnel increases in the
marketing group, and increased costs associated with advertising, public
relations and trade shows.
General and Administrative. General and administrative expenses consist
primarily of personnel and related costs, recruitment expenses, information
system costs, and audit, legal and other professional service fees. General and
administrative expenses increased 21% from $4.9 million in 1995 to $6.0 million
in 1996 and 41% to $8.4 million in 1997. The dollar increases are primarily due
to increased staffing and professional fees necessary to manage and support the
Company's recent growth. The decrease as a percentage of revenue in 1997 was
primarily due to a larger revenue base.
Employee Severance Costs. During the fourth quarter of 1996, the
Company recorded a $634,000 one-time charge related to the reorganization and
replacement of several senior management positions.
Other Income (Expense), Net. Other income (expense), net primarily
consists of royalties, interest income, interest expense and investment gains
and losses. The increase in other income to $2.7 million for 1996 from net
expense of $0.1 million in 1995 was principally due to an increase in interest
income resulting from funds derived from the Company's initial public offering
in February and March 1996. Other expenses increased as the Company sold
marketable securities at a loss of $432,000 in 1996. Interest income, net,
decreased from $3.3 million in 1996 to $2.7 million in 1997 due primarily to
cash used for the acquisition of ARL. Additionally, in 1997 the Company recorded
a benefit of $632,000 primarily related to the reversal of an allowance provided
on the receivable related to the Company's interest in a former partnership with
RSA DSI known as PKP. Management considers the uncertainty regarding ultimate
collection of the receivable to have been resolved as a result of the settlement
agreement between the Company and RSA DSI. The assets of the former partnership,
consisting primarily of cash, are being held in trust pending the resolution of
certain litigation described in Part I, Item 3 "Legal Proceedings." Management
does not believe the ultimate resolution of this matter will have a material
adverse impact on the Company's financial position or results of operations.
Provision (Benefit) for Income Taxes. Excluding the charges for
purchased in-process technology and amortization of capitalized intangibles, the
Company's effective tax rate for 1997 was approximately 25%. Net deferred tax
assets of $1.5 million at December 31, 1997, were based on management's
determination that the Company will more likely than not realize such assets
based on expected future income in the next twelve months. However, there can be
no assurance that the Company will be profitable in future periods. See Item I
"Business - Risk Factors That May Affect Future Results -- Recent Losses;
Potential Fluctuations in Operating Results,
22
<PAGE>
Future Operating Results Uncertain."
Net income (loss). The Company had losses from continuing operations of
$4.3 million in 1995, $5.5 million in 1996 and $63.3 million in 1997. In 1994,
the Company began a strategic research and development program designed to
create new products and enhance existing products. While revenue increased in
1995, the Company incurred a net loss due to continued high levels of research
and development expenses related to the Company's strategic research and
development projects. In 1996, increased gross profit resulting from newer
information security products was more than offset by higher spending for
selling and marketing, resulting in a loss from operations. Excluding the
nonrecurring charge related to purchased in-process technology, the Company
reported income from operations in 1997 due primarily to significant increases
in revenue as well as improved gross margins.
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
At December 31, 1997, the Company had cash and cash equivalents of
$23.0 million, working capital of $50.3 million and minimal long-term
obligations. For 1997, the Company reported a net loss from continuing
operations of $63.3 million due to the aforementioned nonrecurring charge from
the acquisition of in-process technology. Net cash used by operating activities
for the years ended December 31, 1995, 1996 and 1997 consisted primarily of
significant increases in accounts receivable and inventory in order to support
increased revenue.
Cash used in investing activities in 1997 was $52.1 million, of which
$44.9 million was used for the acquisition of ARL. The Company also made
expenditures for property and equipment of $3.8 million and provided long-term
loans to employees of $3.5 million. The Company made capital expenditures of
$614,000 and $2.8 million in 1995 and 1996, respectively. Additionally, in 1995
and 1996 the Company acquired $493,000 and $256,000 of equipment financed by
capital leases. Expenditures for property and equipment have generally consisted
of computer workstations, networking equipment, office furniture and equipment,
and leasehold additions and improvements. In 1996, the Company received $2.8
million from the sale of marketable securities acquired in 1994.
Cash provided by financing activities were $2.2 million, $79.7 million
and $1.0 million for the years ended December 31, 1995, 1996 and 1997. In
February and March 1996, the Company completed its initial public offering and
its Common Stock began trading on the Nasdaq National Market under the symbol
CYLK. Through the offering, the Company sold 5,750,000 shares of its Common
Stock which generated approximately $79.3 million in cash, net of underwriting
discounts, commissions and other offering costs.
The Company believes that existing cash balances and cash generated
from operations, if any, will be sufficient to fund necessary purchases of
capital equipment and to provide working capital through 1997. However, the
Company may require additional funds to support its working capital requirements
or for other purposes and may seek to raise such additional funds through public
or private equity financing or from other sources. No assurance can be given
that additional financing will be available or that, if available, will be
available on terms favorable to the Company or its shareholders. See Item 3
"Legal Proceedings" and Item 1 "Business - Risk Factors That May Affect Future
Results."
The Company is in the process of evaluating and implementing changes,
as necessary, to its information systems and accordingly does not anticipate any
material "year 2000 issues" from its own information systems, databases or
programs. Management also believes that it has identified all risks of YK2
Errors in the Company's products. See Item 1. "Business--Year 2000 and --Risk
Factors That May Affect Future Results." However, the Company's financial
position and results of operations could be adversely impacted by year 2000
issues faced by distributors, suppliers, customers, vendors and financial
service organizations with which the Company interacts.
ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISKS
Not applicable.
23
<PAGE>
ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Index to Consolidated Financial Statements and Financial Statement Schedules
Financial Statements: Page
----
Report of Price Waterhouse LLP, Independent Accountants 24
Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 1997 and 1996 25
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended
December 31, 1997, 1996 and 1995 26
Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity for the years ended
December 31, 1997, 1996 and 1995 27
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended
December 31, 1997, 1996 and 1995 28
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 29
Financial Statement Schedule:
Schedule II - Valuation and Qualifying Accounts 43
All other schedules are omitted because they are not required, are not
applicable, or the information is included in the consolidated financial
statements or notes thereto.
Report of Independent Accountants
To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of
Cylink Corporation
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements listed in the
above index present fairly, in all material respects, the financial
position of Cylink Corporation and its subsidiaries at December 31, 1997
and 1996, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for
each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 1997, in
conformity with generally accepted accounting principles. These
financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management;
our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial
statements based on our audits. We conducted our audits of these
statements in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards
which require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable
assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material
misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence
supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements,
assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made
by management, and evaluating the overall financial statement
presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for
the opinion expressed above.
PRICE WATERHOUSE LLP
San Jose, California
February 12, 1998, except as to the effect of the discontinued
operations described in Note 12, which is as of March 28, 1998.
24
<PAGE>
<TABLE>
Cylink Corporation
Consolidated Balance Sheets
(dollars in thousands, except per share data)
<CAPTION>
December 31,
----------------------
1997 1996
--------- ---------
Assets
<S> <C> <C>
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents $ 22,977 $ 78,849
Accounts receivable, net of allowances of $433 and $644 26,245 12,682
Inventories 10,522 8,828
Deferred income taxes 1,533 1,432
Other current assets 2,195 1,351
--------- ---------
Total current assets 63,472 103,142
Property and equipment, net 6,699 3,760
Acquired technology, goodwill and other intangibles 8,017 --
Notes receivable from employees 3,473 --
Other assets 932 186
--------- ---------
$ 82,593 $ 107,088
========= =========
Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity
Current liabilities:
Current portion of lease obligations and long-term debt $ 210 $ 167
Accounts payable 4,112 3,954
Accrued liabilities 6,796 5,090
Income taxes payable 1,898 60
Deferred revenue 206 353
--------- ---------
Total current liabilities 13,222 9,624
--------- ---------
Capital lease obligations and long-term debt 256 241
--------- ---------
Deferred income taxes 13 12
--------- ---------
Commitments and contingencies (Notes 9 and 11)
Shareholders' equity:
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value; 5,000,000 shares authorized;
none issued and outstanding -- --
Common stock, $0.01 par value; 40,000,000 shares authorized;
28,695,000 and 25,597,000 shares issued and outstanding 287 257
Additional paid-in capital 120,092 89,772
Notes receivable from shareholders -- (301)
Deferred compensation related to stock options (250) (334)
Cumulative translation adjustment (63) 4
Retained earnings (50,964) 7,813
--------- ---------
Total shareholders' equity 69,102 97,211
--------- ---------
$ 82,593 $ 107,088
========= =========
<FN>
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
</FN>
</TABLE>
25
<PAGE>
<TABLE>
Cylink Corporation
Consolidated Statements of Operations
(in thousands, except per share data)
<CAPTION>
Year ended December 31,
------------------------------------
1997 1996 1995
--------- --------- ----------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Revenue $ 49,333 $ 25,793 $ 21,534
Cost of revenue 13,986 9,731 6,890
--------- --------- ----------
Gross profit 35,347 16,062 14,644
--------- --------- ----------
Operating expenses:
Research and development, net 12,488 8,198 8,142
Selling and marketing 16,036 9,475 5,698
General and administrative 8,422 5,963 4,937
Amortization of purchased intangibles 807 -- --
Purchased in-process technology 63,920 -- --
Employee severance costs -- 634 --
--------- --------- ----------
Total operating expenses 101,673 24,270 18,777
--------- --------- ----------
Loss from operations (66,326) (8,208) (4,133)
Other income (expense):
Interest income, net 2,697 3,303 50
Royalty and other income (expense), net 317 (617) (177)
--------- --------- ----------
Loss from continuing operations before income taxes (63,312) (5,522) (4,260)
Provision (benefit) for income taxes -- -- --
--------- --------- ----------
Loss from continuing operations (63,312) (5,522) (4,260)
Income from discontinued operations, net
of income tax expense (benefit) of $2,033, $257
and $(755) (Note 12) 4,535 6,719 3,181
--------- --------- ----------
Net income (loss) $ (58,777) $ 1,197 $ (1,079)
========= ========= ==========
Earnings (loss) per share - basic:
Continuing operations $ (2.37) $ (0.23) $ (0.24)
Discontinued operations 0.17 0.28 0.18
--------- --------- ----------
Net income (loss) $ (2.20) $ 0.05 $ (0.06)
========= ========= ==========
Earnings (loss) per share - diluted:
Continuing operations $ (2.37) $ (0.23) $ (0.24)
Discontinued operations 0.17 0.28 0.18
--------- --------- ----------
Net income (loss) $ (2.20) $ 0.05 $ (0.06)
========= ========= ==========
Shares used in per share calculation - basic 26,703 24,412 17,862
========= ========= ==========
Shares used in per share calculation - diluted 26,703 24,412 17,862
========= ========= ==========
<FN>
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
</FN>
</TABLE>
26
<PAGE>
<TABLE>
Cylink Corporation
Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity
(dollars in thousands)
<CAPTION>
Notes
Additional Receivable
Common Stock Paid-in from
Shares Amount Capital Shareholders
----------- -------- ---------- ------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Balance at December 31, 1994 17,624,000 $ 176 $ 7,063 $ --
Issuance of common stock
under stock option plans 1,463,000 15 1,801 (515)
Deferred compensation related
to stock options -- -- 417 --
Unrealized gain on investments -- -- -- --
Translation adjustment -- -- -- --
Net loss -- -- -- --
----------- -------- ---------- ------------
Balance at December 31, 1995 19,087,000 191 9,281 (515)
Issuance of common stock
under stock option plans 760,000 8 1,088 --
Issuance of common stock in
initial public offering, net 5,750,000 58 78,806 --
Tax benefit from exercise of
nonqualified stock options -- -- 597 --
Payment on notes receivable
from shareholders -- -- -- 214
Amortization of deferred
compensation -- -- -- --
Reversal of unrealized loss on
investments upon disposition -- -- -- --
Translation adjustment -- -- -- --
Net income -- -- -- --
----------- -------- ---------- ------------
Balance at December 31, 1996 25,597,000 257 89,772 (301)
Issuance of common stock
under stock option plans 505,000 4 525 --
Issuance of common stock for
acquisition of Algorithmic
Research 2,593,000 26 29,499 --
Tax benefit from exercise of
nonqualified stock options -- -- 296 --
Payment on notes receivable
from shareholders -- -- -- 301
Amortization of deferred
compensation -- -- -- --
Translation adjustment -- -- -- --
Net loss -- -- -- --
----------- -------- ---------- ------------
Balance at December 31, 1997 28,695,000 $ 287 $120,092 $ --
=========== ======== ========== ============
</TABLE>
<TABLE>
Cylink Corporation
Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity
(dollars in thousands)
<CAPTION>
Deferred
Compensation Unrealized Retained
Related to Gain Cumulative Earnings
Stock (Loss) on Translation (Accumulated
Options Investments Adjustment Deficit) Total
----------- ----------- ------------ --------- ---------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Balance at December 31, 1994 $ -- $ (679) $ (106) $ 7,695 $ 14,149
Issuance of common stock
under stock option plans -- -- -- -- 1,301
Deferred compensation related
to stock options (417) -- -- -- --
Unrealized gain on investments -- 263 -- -- 263
Translation adjustment -- -- (29) -- (29)
Net loss -- -- -- (1,079) (1,079)
----------- ----------- ------------ --------- ---------
Balance at December 31, 1995 (417) (416) (135) 6,616 14,605
Issuance of common stock
under stock option plans -- -- -- -- 1,096
Issuance of common stock in
initial public offering, ne -- -- -- -- 78,864
Tax benefit from exercise of
nonqualified stock options -- -- -- -- 597
Payment on notes receivable
from shareholders -- -- -- -- 214
Amortization of deferred
compensation 83 -- -- -- 83
Reversal of unrealized loss on
investments upon dispositio -- 416 -- -- 416
Translation adjustment -- -- 139 -- 139
Net income -- -- -- 1,197 1,197
----------- ----------- ------------ --------- ---------
Balance at December 31, 1996 (334) -- 4 7,813 97,211
Issuance of common stock
under stock option plans -- -- -- -- 529
Issuance of common stock for
acquisition of Algorithmic
Research -- -- -- -- 29,525
Tax benefit from exercise of
nonqualified stock options -- -- -- -- 296
Payment on notes receivable
from shareholders -- -- -- -- 301
Amortization of deferred
compensation 84 -- -- -- 84
Translation adjustment -- -- (67) -- (67)
Net income -- -- -- (58,777) (58,777)
----------- ----------- ------------ --------- ---------
Balance at December 31, 1997 $ (250) $ -- $ (63) $(50,964) $ 69,102
=========== =========== ============ ========= =========
<FN>
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
</FN>
</TABLE>
27
<PAGE>
<TABLE>
Cylink Corporation
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(dollars in thousands)
<CAPTION>
Year ended December 31,
---------------------------------------------
1997 1996 1995
--------- --------- --------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income (loss) $ (58,777) $ 1,197 $ (1,079)
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net
cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Purchased in-process technology 63,920 - -
Depreciation and amortization 2,914 1,350 919
Deferred compensation related to stock options 84 83 -
Deferred income taxes (100) (516) (383)
Realized loss on sale of investments - 432 -
Changes in assets and liabilities (net of effects of
ARL acquisition):
Accounts receivable (12,580) (6,669) (1,269)
Inventories (1,271) (2,732) (1,451)
Other assets (376) (405) 573
Accounts payable (22) 2,576 252
Accrued liabilities 90 1,349 414
Income taxes payable 1,838 (30) (314)
Deferred revenue (332) (936) (77)
--------- --------- ---------
Net cash used in operating activities (4,612) (4,301) (2,415)
--------- --------- ---------
Cash flows from investing activities:
Acquisition of property and equipment (3,786) (2,815) (614)
Purchase of Algorithmic Research, net of cash acquired (44,890) - -
Loans to employees in exchange for notes receivable (3,473) - -
Proceeds from sale of short-term investments - 2,842 -
--------- --------- ---------
Net cash provided by (used in)
investing activities (52,149) 27 (614)
--------- --------- ---------
Cash flows from financing activities:
(Repayment) borrowings under bank line of credit - (1,000) 1,000
Proceeds from issuance of common stock, net 529 79,960 1,301
Payment on notes receivable from shareholders 301 214 -
Repayment of capital lease obligations and long-term debt (170) (27) (58)
Tax benefit from exercise of stock options 296 597 -
--------- --------- ---------
Net cash provided by financing activities 956 79,744 2,243
--------- --------- ---------
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash
cash and cash equivalents (67) 139 (5)
--------- --------- ---------
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents (55,872) 75,609 (791)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year 78,849 3,240 4,031
--------- --------- ---------
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year $ 22,977 $ 78,849 $ 3,240
========= ========= =========
Supplemental disclosures:
Cash paid for income taxes $ 31 $ 184 $ 58
Cash paid for interest 159 110 32
Equipment acquired under capital lease obligations - 256 493
Common stock issued for notes receivable - - 515
Equity issued for purchase of ARL 29,525 - -
<FN>
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
</FN>
</TABLE>
28
<PAGE>
Cylink Corporation
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
1. The Company and a Summary of its Significant Accounting Policies
The Company
Cylink Corporation (the "Company") was incorporated in California in
October 1989 to engage in the development, manufacture, license and
marketing of electronic encryption devices and in 1990 began developing
wireless communication products (see Note 12 for operations discontinued
subsequent to year end).
Basis of presentation
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the
Company and its subsidiaries. All significant intercompany accounts and
transactions have been eliminated.
Through 1997, the Company's interim quarters ended on the last Friday
preceding the calendar quarter end. The Company's year end is December 31.
Foreign currency
The functional currency of the Company's Israeli operations is the U.S.
dollar. The functional currencies of the Company's other foreign operations
are the local currencies. The effects of translating the financial position
and results of operations of local functional currency operations are
included as a component of shareholders' equity. The effects of foreign
currency transactions and of remeasuring the financial position and results
of Israeli operations into the functional currency are included in the
statement or operations. Net gains and losses from foreign currency
transactions were not significant during any of the periods presented.
Cash equivalents and short-term investments
Cash equivalents consist of highly liquid investment instruments with
an original maturity at the time of purchase of three months or less.
The Company's short-term investments are classified as
available-for-sale and therefore are reported at fair value with unrealized
gains and losses as a separate component of shareholders' equity.
Inventories
Inventories are stated at the lower of standard cost (which
approximates actual cost on a first-in, first-out basis) or market.
Property and equipment
Property and equipment are recorded at cost. Depreciation is computed
using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the
assets, generally five years. Amortization of leasehold improvements is
computed using the straight-line method over the shorter of the estimated
useful lives of the assets or the remaining lease term.
Amortization of goodwill and other intangibles
Goodwill related to the acquisition of ARL is being amortized on a
straight-line basis over seven years. Amounts allocated to capitalized
intangibles other than goodwill are being amortized over three years.
Revenue recognition
Revenue is recognized upon shipment of product to customers.
Concurrently, a provision is made for estimated cost to repair or replace
products under warranty arrangements. Revenue from sales to distributors is
recognized upon shipment; no right of return, stock rotation or price
protection is given. Revenue from sales to value added resellers is
recognized upon shipment and concurrently a provision for estimated returns
is recorded.
Research and development
Research and development costs are charged to operations as incurred.
The Company on occasion receives nonrecurring engineering funding for
development projects to apply or enhance the Company's technology to a
particular customer's needs. Non-refundable receipts are recognized over
the term of the respective contract using the
29
<PAGE>
percentage of completion method. Receipts, which are refundable pending the
achievement of certain results, are deferred and recognized upon acceptance
by the customer. Amounts billed on contracts and collected prior to being
earned are recorded as deferred revenue. At the time of recognition,
amounts received under research and development contracts are offset
against research and development expenses.
Software development costs are included in research and development and
are expensed as incurred. Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No.
86 (SFAS 86) requires the capitalization of certain software development
costs once technological feasibility is established, which the Company
defines as completion of a working model. The capitalized cost is then
amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated product life, or on
the ratio of current revenues to total projected product revenues,
whichever is greater. To date, the period between achieving technological
feasibility and the general availability of such software has been short
and software development costs qualifying for capitalization have been
insignificant. Accordingly, the Company has not capitalized any software
development costs.
Stock-based compensation
The Company accounts for stock based employee compensation using the
intrinsic value method prescribed in Accounting Principles Board Opinion
(APB) No. 25, "Accounting for Stock Issued to Employees," and related
Interpretations. The Company provides additional pro forma disclosures as
required under Statement of Financial Accounting Standard No. 123 (SFAS
123), "Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation" (see Note 6).
Income taxes
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the expected tax
consequences of temporary differences between the tax bases of assets and
liabilities and their financial statement reported amounts.
Net income (loss) per share
Effective December 31, 1997, the Company adopted the provisions of
Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 128, "Earnings per Share"
("SFAS 128"). SFAS 128 requires the Company to report both basic earnings
per share, which is based on the weighted-average number of common shares
outstanding, and diluted earnings per share, which is based on the
weighted-average number of common shares outstanding and dilutive potential
common shares outstanding. All prior years' earnings per share data have
been restated to reflect the provisions of SFAS 128. The Company's only
potentially dilutive securities are stock options (see Note 6). All common
stock equivalents have been excluded from the computation of diluted
earnings per share as their effect is antidilutive on the loss from
continuing operations.
Concentrations of credit risk
Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to
significant concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and
cash equivalents, accounts receivable, and to a lesser extent currency
fluctuation of balances denominated in currencies other than the United
States dollar. The Company limits the amount of investment exposure to any
one financial institution and financial instrument. The Company performs
on-going credit evaluations and maintains reserves for potential credit
losses; historically such losses have been immaterial. The Company
minimizes the amount of cash it maintains in local currencies by
maintaining excess cash in United States dollars.
One customer accounted for approximately 14% of total accounts
receivable at December 31, 1997. No Customer accounted for more than 10% of
accounts receivable at December 31, 1996, and no customer accounted for
greater than 10% of revenue in any period presented.
Use of estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally
accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and
assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and
30
<PAGE>
disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the
financial statements, and reported amounts of revenues and expenses during
the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Dependence on suppliers
The Company's ability to timely deliver its products is dependent upon
the availability of quality components and subsystems used in these
products. The Company depends in part upon subcontractors to manufacture,
assemble and deliver certain items in a timely and satisfactory manner. The
Company obtains certain components and subsystems from single, or a limited
number of sources. A significant interruption in the delivery of such items
could have a material adverse effect on the Company's financial condition
and results of operations.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
In June 1997, the FASB issued Statement of Financial Accounting
Standards No. 130 ("SFAS 130"), "Reporting Comprehensive Income." SFAS 130
establishes standards for reporting comprehensive income and its components
in a financial statement that is displayed with the same prominence as
other financial statements. Comprehensive income as defined includes all
changes in equity (net assets) during a period from nonowner sources.
Examples of items to be included in comprehensive income, which are
excluded from net income, include foreign currency translation adjustments
and unrealized gain/loss on available for sale securities. The disclosure
prescribed by SFAS 130 must be made beginning with the first quarter of
1998.
In June 1997, the FASB issued Statement of Financial Accounting
Standards No. 131 ("SFAS 131"), "Disclosures about Segments of an
Enterprise and Related Information." This statement establishes standards
for the way companies report information about operating segments in annual
financial statements. It also establishes standards for related disclosures
about products and services, geographic areas, and major customers. The
Company has not yet determined the impact of adopting this new standard.
The disclosures prescribed by SFAS 131 are effective for 1998.
2. Acquisition of Algorithmic Research
On September 8, 1997, the Company acquired all of the outstanding
shares of Algorithmic Research, Ltd. and Algart Holdings, Ltd. (hereafter
referred to on a combined basis as "ARL"), both limited liability companies
organized under the laws of the State of Israel. Algorithmic Research is an
information security company providing remote access software products and
smart-card technology focusing on the market for Internet-based (TCP/IP)
communications. Algorithmic Research also provides security products to
broadcast networks. Consideration for this purchase was $44,890,000 in
cash, net of cash acquired, including transaction expenses of $3,536,000;
and 2,593,169 shares of the Company's common stock and 409,641 fully vested
options to purchase common stock of the Company for $0.01 per share. The
total value placed on the common stock and options issued by the Company
was $29,525,000. The common stock and options issued are subject to
decreasing restrictions on trading and exercise, respectively, for three
years from the transaction date.
The acquisition was recorded under the purchase method of accounting;
and accordingly, the results of operations of ARL are included in the
consolidated financial statements from the date of acquisition. The
purchase price has been allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities
assumed based upon the fair market values at the date of acquisition, as
summarized below (in thousands):
Current assets (including cash and cash equivalents of $1,857) $ 4,380
Property and equipment 1,261
In-process technology 63,920
Developed technology and other intangibles 7,498
Goodwill 1,326
Other non-current assets 96
Current liabilities assumed (2,021)
Long-term debt assumed (188)
--------
$ 76,272
========
The amounts allocated to technology were estimated using a risk
adjusted income approach applied to specifically identified technologies.
In-process technology was expensed upon acquisition because technological
feasibility had not been established and no alternative future uses
existed. Amounts allocated to capitalized intangibles other than goodwill
are being amortized on a straight-line basis over three years. Goodwill is
being amortized on a straight-line basis over seven years.
31
<PAGE>
The following unaudited pro forma financial information gives effect to
the acquisition as if it had occurred on January 1, 1996, excluding the
charge related to purchased in-process technology. These pro forma results
have been prepared for comparative purposes only and do not purport to be
indicative of the operations which actually would have resulted had the
acquisition occurred on the date indicated, or which may result in the
future.
Year ended December 31,
-----------------------
1997 1996
--------- ----------
(in thousands, except per share data,
unaudited)
Revenue $53,543 $32,999
Net loss 2,367 9,552
Net loss per share (basic and diluted) 0.08 0.35
Shares used to compute net loss per
share (basic and diluted) 28,522 27,005
3. Initial Public Offering
In February 1996, the Company completed its initial public offering and
issued 5,000,000 shares of its common stock to the public at a price of
$15.00 per share. In March 1996, the underwriters exercised their option to
cover over-allotments and an additional 750,000 shares of common stock were
issued at $15.00 per share. The Company received approximately $79 million
of cash, net of underwriting discounts, commissions and other offering
costs.
In connection with the Company's initial public offering, the Board of
Directors authorized the issuance of up to 5,000,000 shares of undesignated
preferred stock and the Board has the authority to issue the undesignated
preferred stock in one or more series and to fix the rights, preferences,
privileges and restrictions thereof. No preferred stock had been issued as
of December 31, 1997.
4. Details of Balance Sheet Components
December 31,
---------------------
1997 1996
-------- ---------
(in thousands)
Inventories:
Raw materials $ 4,781 $ 4,126
Work in process and subassemblies 3,332 3,196
Finished goods 2,409 1,506
-------- ---------
$ 10,522 $ 8,828
======== =========
Property and equipment:
Machinery and equipment $ 11,151 $ 7,068
Furniture and fixtures 1,246 624
Land and building 814 --
Leasehold improvements 680 564
-------- ---------
13,891 8,256
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization (7,192) (4,496)
-------- ---------
$ 6,699 $ 3,760
======== =========
Accrued liabilities:
Compensation and benefits $ 3,035 $ 2,116
Royalties 982 665
Employee severance costs 1,313 634
Distributor commissions 380 543
Other 1,086 1,132
-------- ---------
$ 6,796 $ 5,090
======== =========
32
<PAGE>
5. Income Taxes
In computing the separate provision for (benefit from) income taxes on
continuing and discontinued operations, no benefit was allocated to the
losses from continuing operations since on a stand alone basis the Company
would not have recognized the tax benefit of such losses due to uncertainty
of realization. Any benefits realized from these losses as a result of
taxable income generated by the discontinued operations have been netted
against the provisions associated with discontinued operations. There is no
obligation on the part of the discontinued operations to refund such
benefits to the continuing operations. The provision (benefit) for income
taxes on discontinued operations consists of the following:
Year ended December 31,
--------------------------------------
1997 1996 1995
---- ---- ----
(in thousands)
Current:
Federal $ 1,887 $ 709 $ (403)
State 6 58 (92)
Foreign 240 -- 123
-------- ------- --------
2,133 767 (372)
-------- ------- --------
Deferred:
Federal (24) (478) (348)
State (76) (38) (35)
-------- ------- --------
(100) (516) (383)
-------- ------- --------
$ 2,033 $ 251 $ (755)
======== ======= ========
Deferred tax assets (liabilities) comprise the following:
Net operating loss and credit carryforwards $ 1,109 $ 984
Unrealized capital loss 270 166
Bad debt reserve 151 230
Inventory reserves and basis differences 1,492 1,382
Accrued expenses 368 448
Deferred rent - 30
Warranty reserve 71 60
Other 41 102
-------- -------
Total deferred tax assets 3,502 3,402
-------- -------
Liabilities:
Depreciation (13) (5)
Other liabilities - (7)
-------- -------
Total deferred tax liabilities (13) (12)
-------- -------
Valuation allowance (1,969) (1,970)
-------- -------
Net deferred tax assets $ 1,520 $ 1,420
======== =======
Net deferred tax assets of $1,520,000 at December 31, 1997 were based
on the Company's expected future income in the next twelve months. The
Company has recorded a partial valuation allowance against the remainder of
its deferred tax assets.
33
<PAGE>
The provision (benefit) reconciles to the amount computed by applying
the United States federal statutory rate to income before taxes as follows:
Year ended December 31,
-----------------------------------
1997 1996 1995
------ ------- -------
U.S. federal statutory income tax rate (34.0)% 34.0 % (34.0) %
State taxes, net of federal tax benefit - 0.9 (4.6)
Research and development tax credits (0.6) (24.2) -
Change in valuation allowance - 7.4 -
Purchased in-process technology 38.3 - -
Foreign losses not benefitted (0.8) 5.2 -
Other 0.4 (6.0) (2.6)
------ ------- -------
Effective tax rate 3.3 % 17.3 % (41.2) %
====== ======= =======
The Company has not provided United States federal income taxes on the
undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries because it is the Company's
intention to permanently reinvest such earnings. At December 31, 1997, 1996
and 1995, total undistributed earnings of these subsidiaries were
approximately $3,395,000, $1,846,000 and $1,579,000, respectively.
The Company had research and development credit carry forwards of
approximately $938,000 and $980,000 at December 31, 1997 and 1996,
respectively, which expire from 2009 to 2012.
6. Stock Option Plans
The Company currently has two stock option plans: the 1994 Flexible
Stock Incentive Plan which was the successor plan to the 1987 plan ("1994
Plan") and the Cylink/ARL 1997 Stock Option Plan ("1997 Plan"). The 1994
Plan provides for the grant of incentive stock options and nonqualified
stock options to executives, employees and consultants to purchase up to
5,950,000 common shares. Stock options may be granted at prices not less
than 100% and 85% for incentive and nonqualified stock options,
respectively, of the fair market value of the stock on the date of grant.
Through December 31, 1997, all nonqualified stock options have been granted
at 100% of the fair market value of the stock on the date of grant. Options
granted under the 1994 Plan are exercisable at such times and under such
conditions as determined by the Board of Directors, and generally vest over
five years. Options expire ten years from the date of grant. Shares issued
upon exercise of options may be subject to certain restrictions on their
transferability. The Company has the right to repurchase such shares, at a
price equal to the fair market value, when the optionee is no longer
associated with the Company. As of December 31, 1997, there were no shares
subject to repurchase. Shares repurchased increase the number of shares
available for grant under the Plans.
The Company adopted the 1997 Plan in conjunction with the acquisition
of ARL. The 1997 Plan provides for the grant of nonqualified stock options
to the employees and consultants of Algorithmic Research to purchase up to
410,000 common shares. On September 8, 1997, the Company issued 409,641
fully vested options to purchase common stock for $0.01 per share. The
options are subject to decreasing restrictions on exercise for three years
from the grant date and expire in ten years.
34
<PAGE>
The following table summarizes the Company's stock option activity and
related weighted average exercise price within each category for each of
the three years in the period ended December 31, 1997:
Weighted
Shares Average
Available Options Exercise
for grant Outstanding Price
----------- ----------- ------------
Balance at December 31, 1994 983,055 3,399,945 $ 1.44
Approved 1,200,000 --
Granted at market price (779,450) 779,450 2.60
Granted below market price (436,000) 436,000 2.02
Exercised -- (1,462,785) 1.25
Canceled 315,452 (315,452) 1.91
----------- -----------
Balance at December 31, 1995 1,283,057 2,837,158 1.89
Approved 2,000,000 --
Granted at market price (2,042,810) 2,042,810 12.53
Exercised -- (760,492) 1.44
Canceled 741,723 (741,723) 4.89
----------- -----------
Balance at December 31, 1996 1,981,970 3,377,753 7.72
Approved 410,000 --
Granted at market price (2,519,157) 2,519,157 10.38
Granted below market price (409,641) 409,641 .01
Exercised -- (504,144) 1.64
Canceled 537,187 (537,187) 12.17
----------- -----------
Balance at December 31, 1997 359 5,265,220 $ 8.52
=========== ===========
In February 1997, the Company canceled options to purchase 225,100
shares of common stock with exercise prices ranging from $13.13 to $23.50
previously granted to employees, and reissued all such options at $11.00 to
$11.63, the fair market value of the stock on the date of cancellation. The
reissued options have a ten-year term and vest over five years from the
date of reissuance.
<TABLE>
Significant option groups outstanding at December 31, 1997, and related
weighted average exercise price and contractual life information are as
follows:
<CAPTION>
Options Outstanding Options Exercisable
----------------------------------------------- ------------------------------
Weighted
Average
Remaining Weighted Weighted
Range of Number Contractual Life Average Number Average
Exercise Prices Outstanding (in years) Exercise Price Outstanding Exercise Price
--------------- ----------- ---------------- -------------- ----------- --------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
$ 0.01 to $ 2.00 1,206,408 7.5 $ 1.27 933,085 $ 1.07
$ 4.80 to $ 8.88 1,060,983 9.5 8.30 90,009 7.05
$ 9.00 to $11.00 1,450,834 9.0 10.75 259,827 10.71
$11.06 to $23.50 1,546,995 8.9 12.23 159,647 12.98
--------- ---------
5,265,220 8.7 $ 8.52 1,442,568 $ 4.50
========= =========
</TABLE>
35
<PAGE>
The weighted average estimated grant date fair value, as defined by
SFAS 123, for options granted during 1995 at market price and below market
price on the dates of grant was $1.04 and $1.47, respectively. The weighted
average estimated grant date fair value for options granted at market price
during 1997 and 1996 was $4.70 and $6.03, respectively. The estimated grant
date fair value disclosed by the Company is calculated using the
Black-Scholes model. The Black-Scholes model, as well as other currently
accepted option valuation models, was developed to estimate the fair value
of freely tradeable, fully transferable options without vesting
restrictions, which significantly differ from the Company's stock option
awards. These models also require highly subjective assumptions, including
future stock price volatility and expected time until exercise, which
greatly affect the calculated grant date fair value.
The estimated grant date fair value for options granted under the 1997
Plan was $9.82 based on an independent appraisal. The aggregate value of
the options issued was included as a component of the purchase price of
ARL.
The following weighted average assumptions are included in the
estimated grant date fair value calculations for the Company's stock option
awards under the 1994 Plan:
1997 1996 1995
----- ----- -----
Expected life (years) 3.10 3.04 3.04
Risk-free interest rate 5.98% 5.93% 6.22%
Volatility 64.16% 69.46% 54.89%
Dividend yield 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
Had the Company recorded compensation costs based on the estimated
grant date fair value, as defined by SFAS 123, for awards granted under
it's 1994 Plan, the Company's net income (loss) and net income (loss) per
share would have been reduced to the pro forma amounts below for the years
ended December 31, 1997, 1996 and 1995 (in thousands, except for per share
amounts):
1997 1996 1995
-------- --------- -------
Net income (loss) As reported $(58,777) $ 1,197 $(1,079)
Pro forma (62,275) (325) (1,354)
Net income (loss) per share As reported $ (2.20) $ 0.05 $ (0.06)
Pro forma (2.33) (0.01) (0.08)
The pro forma effect on net income (loss) and net income (loss) per
share for 1997, 1996 and 1995 is not representative of the pro forma effect
on net income in future years because it does not take into consideration
pro forma compensation expense related to grants made prior to 1995.
As of December 31, 1995, the Company had granted certain options for
the purchase of common stock at less than the deemed fair market value and
approximately $417,000 of compensation expense is being amortized over the
five-year vesting period of the options.
7. Notes Receivable From Employees
Pursuant to their employment agreements and related promissory notes,
during the first quarter of 1997 the Company loaned certain employees
$3,473,000 towards the purchase of their principal residences. Of this
amount, $2,843,000 is receivable from officers of the Company. The notes
are interest free and are due five years from the dates of the related
notes, at which time the notes must be repaid or convert into, and become
subject to, the terms of a standard, interest-bearing commercial loan. The
notes are secured by deeds of trust on the related residences. The loan
agreements provide for accelerated payment in the event of termination of
employment under certain conditions and, in one instance, under certain
circumstances will be forgiven to the extent of any decrease in the value
of the related residence.
36
<PAGE>
8. Research and Development Contracts
During the years ended December 31, 1997, 1996 and 1995, the Company
performed research and development under several government funded
arrangements aggregating $1,201,000, $3,777,000, and $526,000,
respectively. These contracts provide funding (irrespective of the results)
for research and development of certain cryptographic technologies which
will be jointly owned by the Company and these government agencies. Amounts
received under these contracts are offset against research and development
expenses.
The Company performed research and development under several other
research and development contracts which provide for the development and
transfer of technology in exchange for development funding. The Company
recorded as a reduction of research and development expenses $225,000,
$2,363,000 and $604,000 under such arrangements in the years ended December
31, 1997, 1996 and 1995, respectively.
9. Joint Venture and Contingencies
On September 6, 1995, the Company obtained an arbitration award
dissolving a former partnership, known as Public Key Partners ("PKP"),
between the Company's wholly-owned subsidiary, Caro-Kann Corporation, and
RSA DSI. Although various claims between the Company and RSA DSI were
settled on December 31, 1996, a third party continues to pursue various
claims against PKP and RSA DSI for wrongful business practices in action
C-94-20512 SW before the United States District Court for the Northern
District of California. A summary judgement favorable to PKP was entered on
August 29, 1997, and the matter has been appealed by the plaintiff to the
United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. In the event the
judgement of the district court is reversed, an unfavorable outcome at
trial might affect the residual value of the Company's interest in PKP.
Management believes that the ultimate resolution of this matter will not
have a material adverse effect on the Company's financial position, results
of operations or cash flows.
On March 7, 1997, ten former employees of the Company filed suit in
action No. CV764647 in the Superior Court of California, County of Santa
Clara, against the Company, each of its Directors and its General Counsel,
asserting claims for wrongful termination, fraud, libel, slander, age
discrimination, invasion of privacy, and violation of the federal RICO
statute. On July 11, 1997, an eleventh employee filed suit in action No.
CV767448 in the Superior Court of California, County of Santa Clara,
alleging similar claims against the Company and its Chief Executive
Officer. The Company removed CV764647 to the Federal District Court for the
Northern District of California and, after the Company obtained an order
dismissing certain of the plaintiffs' claims, including the claims of libel
and RICO violations, the Court remanded the action back to Santa Clara
Superior Court. Following the remand, the Company then obtained an order
consolidating CV764647 with CV767448 for purposes of discovery and trial.
Both matters are currently in the discovery phase, with trial scheduled for
December 1998. Although the Company has placed its insurers on notice of
these claims, all of its insurers have reserved their rights and defenses
under their policies, and the extent of the insurers' liability under their
respective policies is undetermined. The Company believes the terminations
were lawful, in the best interests of the Company and intends to defend the
matter vigorously. The defense of this matter may divert a material amount
of management's attention and require the expenditure of significant legal
fees and costs. An unfavorable outcome which exceeds the Company's
insurance coverage, if any, may also result in a material adverse effect on
the Company's financial condition. However, management believes that the
ultimate resolution of this matter will not have a material adverse effect
on the Company's financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
37
<PAGE>
10. Geographic Information
The Company operates in one industry segment. Revenue and loss from
continuing operations, and identifiable assets, classified by the major
geographic areas in which the Company operates, were as follows:
Year ended December 31,
-----------------------------------
1997 1996 1995
------- ------- -------
(in thousands)
Revenue:
Sales to unaffiliated customers:
United States:
Customers in United States
and Canada $26,970 $13,744 $13,096
Customers in Central and
South America 2,340 911 1,044
Customers in Europe 7,996 5,694 2,072
Customers in Asia 2,326 1,592 1,852
Europe 5,113 3,852 3,470
Israel:
Customers in Europe 674 - -
Customers in Asia 3,410 - -
Other 504 - -
------- ------- -------
$49,333 $25,793 $21,534
======= ======= =======
Intercompany sales among geographic
entities eliminated in consolidation $ 2,266 $ 2,233 $ 1,782
======= ======= =======
Income (loss) from operations:
United States $(3,723) $(8,127) $(4,490)
Europe 76 (81) 357
Israel (62,679) - -
------- ------- -------
$(66,326) $(8,208) $(4,133)
======= ======= =======
December 31,
----------------
1997 1996
---- ----
(in thousands)
Identifiable assets:
United States $42,878 $26,026
Europe 2,124 2,213
Israel 14,614 -
------- -------
59,616 28,239
General corporate assets consisting of cash
and cash equivalents 22,977 78,849
------- -------
$82,593 $107,088
======= =======
Intercompany sales among the Company's geographic areas are recorded on
the basis of intercompany prices established by the Company.
At December 31, 1997 and 1996, total foreign liabilities (excluding
intercompany balances) were $2,747,000 and $660,000, respectively.
38
<PAGE>
11. Lease Commitments
The Company leases its headquarters and manufacturing facility and
sales offices under various noncancelable operating leases. These leases
expire at various dates through June 2001 and certain of the leases are
renewable for an additional five years. In addition to the minimum lease
payments, the Company is responsible for insurance, repairs and certain
other operating costs under the terms of the leases. The Company also
leases certain equipment under long-term lease agreements that are
classified as capital leases. These capital leases, which consist primarily
of computer equipment, terminate at various dates through 2000. Total
equipment acquired under these capitalized leases, which secure such
borrowings, was $621,000 at cost and $294,000 at net book value as of
December 31, 1997.
Future minimum lease payments under all noncancelable operating and
capital leases are as follows (in thousands):
Operating Capital
Year ending December 31, Leases Leases
--------- -------
1998 $ 1,175 $ 191
1999 721 86
2000 393 8
2001 197 --
--------- -------
Total minimum payments $ 2,486 285
=========
Less: amount representing interest (40)
-------
Present value of capital lease obligations 245
Less: current portion (165)
-------
Lease obligations, long-term $ 80
=======
Rent expense under operating leases totaled $1,720,000, $1,207,000 and
$909,000 during the years ended December 31, 1997, 1996 and 1995,
respectively.
12. Subsequent Event
On March 13, 1998, the Company sold its Wireless Communications Group
("Wireless") to P-Com, Inc. for approximately $46.0 million in cash and a
$14.5 million unsecured note receivable due 100 days after closing, subject
to final closing adjustments. The results of operations of Wireless have
been classified as discontinued operations in the accompanying consolidated
statements of operations. Wireless revenues were $31.3 million, $26.2
million and $13.4 million for the years ended December 31, 1997, 1996 and
1995, respectively. The components of Wireless assets at December 31, 1997,
were as follows:
Accounts receivable, net $ 10,688
Inventories 4,298
Property and equipment 696
Other assets 12
Accounts payable (1,874)
Accrued liabilites (602)
--------
$ 13,218
========
39
<PAGE>
ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND
FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
Not applicable.
PART III
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS AND EXECUTIVE OFFICERS OF THE REGISTRANT
The information required by this Item with respect to directors,
appearing under the caption "Election of Directors" including subcaptions
thereof, in the Company's Proxy Statement for the 1998 annual meeting of
shareholders to be held on or about May 22, 1998 (the "Proxy Statement") and
which will be filed in definitive form pursuant to Regulation 14A before the
meeting date and within 120 days after the end of fiscal year 1997, is
incorporated herein by reference. The information required by this Item
concerning the Company's executive officers is set forth in Part I hereof under
the caption "Executive Officers of the Registrant."
ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
The information required by this Item appearing under the caption
"Executive Compensation and Other Information" in the Company's Proxy Statement
is incorporated herein by reference.
ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT
The information required by this Item appearing under the caption
"Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management" in the
Company's Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference.
ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
The information required by this Item appearing under the caption
"Certain Transactions" in the Company's Proxy Statement is incorporated herein
by reference.
PART IV
ITEM 14. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULE AND REPORTS ON FORM 8-K
(a) 1. Financial Statements -- See index to Consolidated Financial
Statements and Financial Statement Schedule at page 24 of
this Form 10-K.
2. Financial Statement Schedule -- See Index to Consolidated
Financial Statements and Financial Statement Schedule at page
24 of this Form 10-K.
3. Exhibits Index:
Exhibit
Number Description of Exhibit
------ ----------------------
2.1 Stock Purchase Agreement, dated as of September 7, 1997,
between Registrant, A.R. Data Security Ltd. and Algorithmic
Research Ltd. (4)
2.2 Seller's Agreement, dated as of September 8, 1997, among
Registrant, A.R. Data Security Ltd., Algorithmic Research
Ltd., Amos Fiat, Yossi Cohen, Yossi Tulpan, Koor Capital
Markets and Telrad Holdings Ltd. (4)
2.3 Parent Shareholders Indemnity Agreement, dated as of
September 8, 1997 among Registrant, A.R. Data Security Ltd.,
Amos Fiat, Yossi Cohen, Yossi Tulpan, Koor Capital Markets
and Telrad Holdings Ltd. (4)
3.1 Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of the
Registrant (1) and Certificate of Amendment thereto dated
March 5, 1996. (3)
3.2 Bylaws, as amended. (1)
3.3 Certificates of Amendment of the Bylaws dated March 26, 1997.
(3)
4.1 Reference is made to Exhibits 3.1, 3.2. and 3.3.
40
<PAGE>
4.2 Specimen certificate for Common Stock. (1)
10.1 Stockholder Agreement, dated as of September 29, 1989,
between the Company and the shareholders set forth therein,
and amendments thereto. (1)
10.2 Form of Indemnification Agreement between the Company and
each of its executive officers and directors. (1)
10.3 Employment Agreement between the Company and Lewis C.
Morris, dated April 1, 1989, and amendments thereto. (1)
(2)
10.4 Employment Agreement between the Company and Jimmy K.
Omura, dated as of April 1, 1989, and amendments thereto.
(1) (2)
10.5 Employment Agreement between the Company and Fernand B.
Sarrat, dated as of November 6, 1996. (2) (3)
10.6 Lease Agreement between the Company and ARGOSystems, Inc.,
a wholly-owned subsidiary of The Boeing Company, dated May
1, 1994. (1)
10.7 License Agreement between the Company and The Board of
Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University, dated as
of August 25, 1989, the First Amendment to License
Agreement, dated as of April 6, 1990, and the Second
Amendment to License Agreement, dated as of July 7, 1995.
(1)
10.8 Company's 1987 Non-Qualified Stock Option Plan, including
forms of agreements thereunder. (1) (2)
10.9 Company's 1994 Flexible Stock Incentive Plan, including
forms of agreements thereunder, and amendments thereto. (1)
(2)
10.10 Loan and Security Agreement between the Company and Silicon
Valley Bank dated as of July 20, 1995. (1)
21.1 Subsidiaries of the Company.
23.1 Consent of Price Waterhouse LLP.
24.1 Power of Attorney. Reference is made to Page IV-2.
27.1 Financial Data Schedule. (5)
- ----------------------------------
(1) Incorporated by reference from the Company's Registration
Statement on Form S-1 Registration No. 33- 80719, which became
effective February 15, 1996.
(2) Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement required
to be filed as an exhibit to this report on Form 10-K pursuant
to Item 14(a).
(3) Incorporated by reference from the Company's report on Form 10-K
filed as of March 31, 1997, for the fiscal year ended December
31, 1996.
(4) Incorporated by reference from the Company's report on Form 8-K
filed as of September 23, 1997, and report on Form 8-K/A filed
as of November 24, 1997.
(5) To be filed by amendment to this report on Form 10-K.
(b) On November 24, 1997, the Company filed a report on Form 8-K/A amending the
report on Form 8-K filed as of September 23, 1997 reporting under Items 2,
7 and 9 the Company's acquisition of ARL, by reporting under Item 7 the
consolidated financial statements of A.R. Data Security Ltd. and pro forma
financial information for the Company and ARL.
41
<PAGE>
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on
its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
CYLINK CORPORATION
Date: March 30, 1998 By: /s/ FERNAND B. SARRAT
----------------------------------------------
Fernand B. Sarrat
President and Chief Executive Officer
KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature
appears below constitutes and appoints John H. Daws and Robert B. Fougner, and
each of them, acting individually, as his or her attorney-in-fact, each with
full power of substitution and resubstitution, for him and in his name, place
and stead, in any and all capacities, to sign any and all amendments to this
Report on Form 10-K, and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto, and other
documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission,
granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents, and each of them, full power
and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite and
necessary to be done in connection therewith and about the premises, as fully to
all intents and purposes as he might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and
confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents, or any of them, or their
or his substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue
hereof.
<TABLE>
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934,
this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the
registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
<CAPTION>
Signature Title Date
- --------- ----- ----
<S> <C> <C>
/s/ FERNAND B. SARRAT President and Chief Executive Officer March 30, 1998
----------------- (Principal Executive Officer) and Director
Fernand B. Sarra
/s/ JOHN H. DAWS Vice President of Finance and Administration March 30, 1998
------------ and Chief Financial Officer
John H. Daws (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)
/s/ LEO A. GUTHART Chairman of the Board March 30, 1998
--------------
Leo A. Guthart
/s/ ELWYN BERLEKAMP Director March 30, 1998
---------------
Elwyn Berlekamp
/s/ WILLIAM W. HARRIS Director March 30, 1998
-----------------
William W. Harris
/s/ HOWARD L. MORGAN Director March 30, 1998
----------------
Howard L. Morgan
</TABLE>
42
<PAGE>
SCHEDULE II
CYLINK CORPORATION
<TABLE>
VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS
Years ended December 31, 1995, 1996 and 1997
(in thousands)
<CAPTION>
Additions
Balance at Charged to Deductions Balance
Beginning Statement of from at end
of Period Operations Reserves of Period
---------- ------------ ----------- ---------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Allowance for doubtful accounts
Year ended December 31, 1995 $279 $210 $ (6) $483
Year ended December 31, 1996 $483 $269 $108 $644
Year ended December 31, 1997 $644 $(211) $ - $433
</TABLE>
43
CYLINK CORPORATION
SUBSIDIARIES
1. Caro-Kann Corporation, a California corporation; doing business under the
name Caro-Kann Corporation.
2. Cylink SARL, a company incorporated under the laws of the Republic of
France; doing business under the name Cylink SARL.
3. Cylink Communications B.V., a private company with limited liability
organized under the laws of the Netherlands; doing business under the name
Cylink Communications B.V.
4. Cylink Foreign Sales Corporation, a Virgin Islands corporation; doing
business under the name Cylink Foreign Sales Corporation and Cylink CFSC.
5. Cylink Limited, a private limited company incorporated under the laws of
England; doing business under the name Cylink Limited and Cylink Ltd.
6. Cylink Ireland Limited, a private limited company incorporated under the
laws of Ireland; doing business under the name Cylink Ireland Limited.
7. Algorithmic Research Ltd., a limited liability company organized under the
laws of the State of Israel; doing business under the name Algorithmic
Research Ltd.
8. Algart Holdings Ltd., a limited liability company organized under the laws
of the State of Israel; doing business under the name Algart Holdings Ltd.
9. A.R. GmbH, a limited liability company organized under the laws of
Germany; doing business under the name A.R. GmbH.
10. A.R. PTE Ltd., a limited liability company organized under the laws of
Singapore; doing business as A.R. PTE Ltd.
EXHIBIT 23.1
CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT ACCOUNTANTS
We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration
Statements on Form S-8 (Nos. 333-09797 and 333-36845) of Cylink Corporation of
our report dated February 12, 1998 except as to the effect of the discontinued
operations described in Note 12, which is as of March 28, 1998, which appears on
page 24 of the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December
31, 1997.
PRICE WATERHOUSE LLP
San Jose, California
March 30, 1998
44
