<PAGE> 1
UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K
(Mark One)
[X] Annual Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934
FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1996
OR
[ ] Transition Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934
For the transition period from ___________ to ___________
Commission File Number: 000-21283
SIMULATION SCIENCES INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)
601 Valencia Avenue, Suite 100, Brea, California 92823
(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)
95-2487793 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
Registrant's telephone number, including area code: (714) 579-0412
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: NONE
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: Common Stock,
$.001 par value per share
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports
required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of
1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the
registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such
filing requirements for the past ninety (90) days. Yes X No
--- ---
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405
of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the
best of the registrant's knowledge, in definitive proxy or information
statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any
amendment to this Form 10-K.
---
The aggregate market value of the voting stock held by non-affiliates of the
registrant at March 10, 1997 was $97,304,366 based on a total of 7,631,715
shares held by non-affiliates and the closing price reported on the Nasdaq
National Market on that date, which was $12.75 per share.
The registrant had 10,277,740 shares of common stock, $.001 par value,
outstanding as of March 10, 1997.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Certain information required by Part III is incorporated by reference to
portions of the registrant's Proxy Statement for the 1997 Annual Meeting of
Stockholders' to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A.
<PAGE> 2
PART I
ITEM 1. BUSINESS
Simulation Sciences Inc. ("SIMSCI(R)" or the "Company") is a leading
provider of commercial simulation software and related services to the
petroleum, petrochemical and industrial chemical process industries, as well as
the engineering and construction firms that support those industries. SIMSCI has
developed programs to effectively model steady-state and dynamic conditions for
both batch and continuous processes. The Company's core simulation technology
includes a substantial collection of physical property data and modeling
algorithms used to calculate physical and chemical characteristics of materials
under a broad set of operating conditions. Key applications addressed by
SIMSCI's products and services include oil and gas production optimization,
process design, operational analysis, on-line modeling and optimization, plant
performance monitoring, data reconciliation, and environmental compliance.
SIMSCI's Windows(TM)-based software products are designed to increase
profitability by reducing capital investment costs, increasing yields, improving
product quality, and enhancing management decision making. SIMSCI maintains
offices in the United States, Venezuela, Egypt, Germany, Singapore, the United
Kingdom and Japan, providing support and service to more than 500 customers in
70 countries.
INDUSTRY BACKGROUND
SIMSCI provides commercial simulation software and related services to the
process industries worldwide. According to industry sources, the aggregate
number of processing facilities in the processing industry is approximately
14,000 worldwide. Companies in these capital-intensive process industries must
continually seek ways to increase the efficiency of their plant designs and
production operations to increase profitability and improve return on
investment. Because plants in these industries process very large volumes of
materials, even slight increases in efficiency may result in significant
increases in profitability. For example, a two cent per barrel reduction in oil
processing costs would yield a $1.0 million annual increase in profits for a
typical oil refinery that processes 150,000 barrels per day. Furthermore,
increasingly intense global competition and stringent environmental and safety
regulations have placed additional pressure on companies to optimize the
conversion of raw materials into finished products.
Process industry plant operations are comprised of a series of distinct
process steps that involve different chemical reactions and physical processes.
The chemistry and physics of these individual process steps can be modeled in
software using sophisticated mathematical techniques. To simulate the
performance of specific plants, engineers link mathematical models of each step
into overall processes that represent the physical configuration of the plant.
Due to the number and complexity of the variables involved, such as the specific
chemical properties of the raw materials and the volume, temperature and
pressure at which various processes occur, process simulation software is
complex and calculation intensive. Engineers use simulation software to analyze
the design and operation of the plant and conduct studies to understand process
results, operational efficiencies and the economics of production.
Historically, simulation software was custom-designed by each company and
operated on large mainframe computers. Because of the restricted capabilities of
these computers, early software models had a limited range of application and
required substantial company resources to maintain and support. The time
required to process a new scenario was often many hours, resulting in the
modeling of operations using non-current data, with an attendant inability to
determine optimal plant settings in a timely way. Because of the time required
to simulate production processes in this off-line manner, operations personnel
were unable to use these models in production decisions. Further, this
proprietary software was not designed for widespread use within a company,
making consistency in results throughout an enterprise difficult to achieve. In
addition, this software was focused primarily on process design rather than
ongoing operations or management and had highly technical interfaces that
required specialized programming knowledge and chemical engineering skills to
operate. Furthermore, these software models were not designed for sharing of
data over networked computers.
2
<PAGE> 3
In recent years, more powerful computers and advances in software
technology have resulted in improved simulation capabilities. However, many
process industry companies still use non-object-oriented, proprietary software
that implements simplistic models in an off-line environment primarily for
design purposes.
Today's process industry managers are increasingly seeking to use software
modeling for both process design and operations to improve the efficiency of
their ongoing operations and to manage their overall plants more profitably. To
achieve this, simulation software must have easy to use interfaces, allow
information to be distributed to managers throughout an organization, process
new scenarios based on real-time plant operations data and integrate with other
control and data systems. In addition, simulation software must use highly
sophisticated models based on rigorous mathematics to generate more accurate
information that can be used by different departments throughout an enterprise
to provide both managers and engineers with timely, consistent information.
THE SIMSCI SOLUTION
SIMSCI's products and services are designed to increase process
manufacturers' profitability by enabling the accurate, reliable design of more
efficient processes, and the use of better-decision support tools to improve
plant operations. The Company's principal product has an easy-to-use Graphical
User Interface ("GUI") and operates on industry standard hardware and software
platforms. This product's open, object-based architecture facilitates
interoperability with customer-developed applications and enables the effective
use of simulation technology throughout the enterprise. The Company's core
simulation technology includes a substantial proprietary collection of physical
property data and modeling algorithms used to calculate physical and chemical
characteristics of materials under a broad set of operating conditions. Because
SIMSCI's software modules are readily usable for multiple applications,
different departments within an enterprise can share common models, thus
increasing the accuracy, timeliness and consistency of information use across
multiple departments. The Company's software provides both managers and
engineers with critical process information necessary to make more informed
decisions.
- Design. The Company's products allow design engineers to predict the
behavior of chemical and physical processes, shorten the time required
to design new processes or improve existing processes, achieve more
efficient designs, decrease the cost of constructing or improving
plants, and more easily comply with environmental and safety
requirements.
- Operate. Operations engineers use SIMSCI products to improve a
manufacturer's cost structure and profitability by modifying plant
processes to reduce raw material requirements, save energy, maintain
quality, enhance product yield and increase throughput. The Company
also delivers customized, turn-key solutions through its yield
accounting ("OpenYield(TM)") and Rigorous On-line Modeling ("ROM(TM)")
service offerings. OpenYield uses reconciled plant data to measure
plant performance and ROM uses on-line links to plant data for
improving operations without interrupting the ongoing stream of
materials.
- Manage. The Company's easy-to-use products enable corporate decision
makers to base business and financial decisions on a more accurate and
complete understanding of their operations, including operating and
profit margins, return on capital equipment, raw materials selection,
throughput, product quality and market timing.
Information gathered in the design, operation and management functions can
be used in an iterative way to further improve processing of materials,
management of the enterprise, use of the Company's products and the design of
new plants.
STRATEGY
The Company's objective is to expand and extend the use of its simulation
technology and solutions for design, operations and management functions
throughout the process industries. The key components of the Company's strategy
to achieve this objective include the following:
3
<PAGE> 4
Leverage Core Simulation Technology. Over the last three decades, the
Company has created proprietary algorithms, designed process unit models and
developed physical and chemical property prediction methods for rigorous process
simulation. In addition, the Company has extended the visibility of its products
by developing an interactive GUI as well as the Open Simulation Application
Framework ("OSAF") architecture. The Company intends to continue to leverage
this core technology to broaden the use of its products from the design of
processes to the optimization of operations and the management of the
enterprise.*
Integrate Core Products Into The Open Simulation Application Framework.
The Company's PROVISION(R) tool-set and OSAF architecture enable customers to
adapt their in-house and legacy software to interoperate with software from the
Company or other third parties. As a result, customers can increase engineering
productivity and expand the value of their existing technologies. Several of
SIMSCI's products currently utilize the PROVISION interface: PRO/II(R),
DATACON(TM) and PROTISS(R). The Company intends to use PROVISION and its OSAF
architecture for future product offerings, as well as to make it available to
system integrators and third-party developers.*
Expand Operations Improvement Capabilities. The Company intends to continue
developing turn-key solutions to enable engineers and managers to better operate
and manage plant processes.* SIMSCI's yield accounting solution combines current
database technology with SIMSCI's data reconciliation technology to deliver an
accurate and reliable plant performance monitoring system. On-line models of
specific operating plants may be created by utilizing the Company's ROM
technology to create rigorous models that use real-time plant data and current
economic objectives to determine more profitable process settings. The Company,
in a joint development arrangement with Shell Oil Company, is developing a new
product to enable the use of common models for both off-line and on-line
applications.
Penetrate Additional Process Industries. To date, the majority of the
Company's revenue has been derived from sales to companies in the refining
industry. The Company is seeking to increase sales of its products in additional
process industries, including the upstream petroleum, petrochemicals and
chemicals industries, by offering additional product functionality. For example,
the Company recently added dynamic simulation and yield accounting offerings to
facilitate increased penetration of the Company's products in the petrochemical
and chemical industries.
Promote Strategic Relationships. SIMSCI has developed a network of
alliances with a select group of customers that meet with SIMSCI senior
technical and business management to help influence future technical direction.
In addition, the Company has entered into strategic alliances with key customers
and vendors to enhance SIMSCI's technology content and deliver more complete
technology solutions. Customers and vendors with which the Company has alliances
include Fluor Daniel, IBM(R), Mobil, SAP AG, Shell and Strategic Analysis and
Simulation Technology, Ltd.
TECHNOLOGY
The Company believes that it has developed significant expertise in core
simulation and mathematical technologies that allow customers to define, model,
simulate, analyze and understand the behavior of complex processes.* The core
technology required to support the Company's customers includes software and
chemical engineering, process analysis, heat and mass transfer, thermodynamics,
fluid flow and solution algorithms related to the delivery of these competencies
to the customer.
Open Simulation Application Framework. SIMSCI's Open Simulation Application
Framework is an architecture for integrating a GUI with simulation software
products, proprietary simulation programs, engineering databases and other
software applications used in the process industry. OSAF is implemented through
* Denotes forward looking statement. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis
of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Factors That May Affect
Future Results of Operations."
4
<PAGE> 5
PROVISION. The Company's PROVISION tool-set provides three core functionalities:
a GUI development environment for the creation of process flow diagrams; a Data
Entry Window Editor that enables the creation of objects for use in the GUI and
defines their structure, data, methods and behavior; and a Database Server that
provides object-oriented access to PRO/II data and is designed to provide access
to legacy data and industry standard databases.
Engineering Models of Plant Process Equipment. Plant process equipment
performs a variety of manufacturing functions, including heat exchange,
distillation, chemical reaction, pumping and compressing. The Company's
engineering models of such equipment are based on fundamental laws of chemistry
and physics, including laws governing material and energy balances, chemical and
thermodynamic equilibrium, rates of heat and mass transfer and chemical
reaction. The Company's products incorporate models for substantially all
standard process plant equipment types.
Physical Property Data and Modeling Algorithms. The Company's library of
physical property data and modeling algorithms includes thermodynamic
properties, such as enthalpy, entropy and heats of formation, as well as
transport properties, including viscosity, thermal conductivity and
diffusivities. The Company's data and models have been developed over more than
20 years and are capable of representing a wide range of physical systems, such
as those used in petroleum processes. The Company's data tables contain data for
approximately 1,700 chemical components and are supplemented by methods for
estimating property data for unknown or unusual compounds based on functional
groups and utilities for regression analysis of experimental laboratory or plant
data. In addition, the Company has substantial proprietary banks of chemical
component interaction data to enhance the accuracy of simulation models.
Solution Algorithms. Process simulation models require the solution of
complex algebraic and partial differential equations that are often highly
nonlinear and therefore difficult to solve. Also, optimization functions employ
sequential quadratic programming techniques to solve these difficult equation
sets. The Company's principal simulation software product, PRO/II, is based on a
sequential modular solution technique, by which process unit models are solved
sequentially in the most efficient order. In addition to utilizing a sequential
modular technique, one of the Company's principal products under development,
ROMEO(TM), employs an equation-based solution technique in which the equations
for multiple process models are solved simultaneously. Offering products that
are based on both modeling techniques will allow the Company's customers to
address a broader range of problems.*
PRODUCTS AND SERVICES
SIMSCI's strategy is to develop, market and sell products and services that
help customers increase engineering productivity, leverage existing technology
and improve plant profitability. SIMSCI's products are designed to run on
industry-standard platforms and software environments, including 32-bit Windows
and UNIX(R), and utilize an easy-to-use GUI. The following table sets forth
certain information with respect to the Company's products, service offerings
and products under development.
* Denotes forward looking statement. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis
of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Factors That May Affect
Future Results of Operations."
5
<PAGE> 6
<TABLE>
First/Latest
Products And Services Description Application Process Industries Release Date
- --------------------- ----------- ----------- ------------------ ------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C>
PRINCIPAL PRODUCTS:
PRO/II General-purpose simulation Design All June 1988/
software with graphical Operations April 1996
flowsheeting environment Management
for processes in steady-state
PROVISION Software integration Design All September 1994/
tool-set for integrating Operations September 1995
process industry software Management
with OSAF
PRODUCTS AND SERVICES:
PIPEPHASE(R) Simulation software Design Oil and gas November 1985/
for pipeline networks Operations production May 1996
Management
HEXTRAN(R) Heat transfer Design All October 1980/
simulation software Operations June 1994
INPLANT(TM) Simulation software for Design All October 1989/
plant piping systems Operations February 1995
DATACON Data reconciliation Operations All February 1990/
software for process data May 1994
OpenYield Integrated data reconciliation Operations All June 1994/
and yield accounting Management November 1995
software
Visual Flare(TM) Simulation software Design Oil and gas refining January 1995/
for flare relief systems Operations and petrochemicals February 1996
PROTISS Software for simulating Design All October 1996/
both steady-state and Operations October 1996
dynamic conditions in
process operations
ROM Rigorous On-line Modeling Operations Oil and gas April 1991/
(ROM) and optimization Management production, refining April 1996
service utilizing several of and petrochemicals
the companies products
NETOPT(TM) Software for optimizing Design Oil and gas March 1997/
the production of oil and Operations production March 1997
gas fields Management
Engineering Services Services to assist customers Design All N/A
in the application of Operations
simulation technology Management
PRODUCTS UNDER DEVELOPMENT:
ROMEO Integrated system for Design All In Development
performing off-line process Operations
simulation and on-line Management
process optimization
PIPEPHASE-TACITE Simulation software for Design Oil and gas In Development
transient conditions in Operations production
pipeline networks Management
</TABLE>
6
<PAGE> 7
PRINCIPAL PRODUCTS
PRO/II. PRO/II is a steady-state simulation program that enables process
engineers to rigorously model a wide range of organic and inorganic chemical
processes, such as those found in oil and gas, chemical and petrochemical
industries. Engineers use PRO/II to design new processes or to troubleshoot,
debottleneck and retrofit existing operations and assess compliance with safety
and environmental regulations. PRO/II has an intuitive and easy-to-use GUI
through PROVISION.
The Company derives a substantial portion of its total revenue from sales
of its PRO/II simulation product. Revenue attributable to sales of PRO/II
accounted for approximately 70% of the Company's total revenue in each of the
last three years. The Company currently expects PRO/II, individually or
integrated with other products, to account for a significant portion of the
Company's total revenue in the future.* See "Management's Discussion and
Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Factors That May
Affect Future Results of Operations."
PROVISION. PROVISION is a graphical environment for process industry
software that enables third party, in-house and legacy software to interoperate
with the Company's simulation software through the Company's Open Simulation
Application Framework. PROVISION includes a set of tools that provides software
integrators or developers the software, development tools, documentation and
instructions needed to integrate process industry software into the PROVISION
environment. The PROVISION tool-set is designed to support the development of
GUI clients in client-server applications and consists of an object class
library and application program interface for building applications that use the
PROVISION flowsheet drawing capabilities, an object class library of process
engineering data specification controls used to build the data entry windows,
and the tools and information necessary to interact with PRO/II's database
server to provide access to PRO/II process data, stream information and
thermophysical property data.
PRODUCTS AND SERVICES
PIPEPHASE. PIPEPHASE is a steady-state simulation program that enables
engineers to simulate multi-phase fluid flow in pipelines, networks and
production transmission systems and is typically utilized to simulate the flow
of gas or oil from the well to the processing complex.
HEXTRAN. HEXTRAN is a steady-state simulation program that enables
engineers to perform energy audits to monitor and optimize the performance of
existing heat exchange network configurations and to design new systems.
INPLANT. INPLANT is a rigorous, steady-state simulation program for
designing, rating and analyzing plant piping systems. Utilizing INPLANT's
Windows interface, engineers can efficiently rate and analyze the safety of
plant piping systems as well as design new piping systems and revamp a wide
variety of existing systems.
DATACON. DATACON is a data reconciliation program that enables users to
turn real time process data into consistent and reliable information. DATACON
reconciles flow, temperature and composition measurements to satisfy material
and energy balances around each unit in a process plant, detects gross errors in
measurements, pinpoints the errors' locations and confirms the presence or
absence of measurement redundancy. DATACON has recently been released with the
PROVISION interface.
OpenYield. OpenYield is an integrated data reconciliation and yield
accounting system designed to improve plant profitability. OpenYield tracks the
movements of material through a process, identifies sources of material
imbalance and reduces the uncertainty of material loss calculations. OpenYield
utilizes the capabilities of the
* Denotes forward looking statement. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis
of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Factors That May Affect
Future Results of Operations."
7
<PAGE> 8
Company's DATACON program to improve the accuracy of plant data used in yield
calculations by applying statistical techniques to reconcile material balances
on a unit-by-unit and plant-wide basis. The Company is currently enhancing its
OpenYield offering to include links to enterprise management software, such as
that offered by SAP AG, to provide an integrated plant performance and yield
accounting system.
Visual Flare. Visual Flare is a Windows-based simulation program that
enables process safety engineers to design and model safety systems and pressure
relief networks in oil and gas processing facilities. The Company offers Visual
Flare pursuant to an exclusive, worldwide marketing and licensing agreement from
a third party.
PROTISS. PROTISS is an integrated software environment that provides full
access to the steady-state simulation capabilities of PRO/II as well as the
dynamic simulation technology licensed from a third party. PROTISS has been
developed to enable process and control engineers to create a steady-state plant
model and then to convert the steady-state model automatically to a dynamic
model. Dynamic plant models are highly robust due to the combination of
sequential modular and simultaneous solution techniques employed in the program.
PROTISS runs under the PROVISION GUI and is OSAF-compliant. PROTISS was jointly
developed under an agreement with Strategic Analysis and Simulation Technology,
Ltd.
ROM. ROM involves the development of on-line software models of existing
process units. SIMSCI's core products, such as PRO/II, DATACON and PIPEPHASE,
are used by ROM engineers to develop on-line models. ROM provides operations
personnel with highly accurate models for performing case studies and for
determining how to improve operating profits. ROM uses real-time plant data
combined with current economic objectives to precisely replicate plant
operations and is designed to provide a real-world model of an actual operating
facility, calculate new process setpoints to improve performance, and help
determine the location and cause of operating problems.
NETOPT. NETOPT is a network optimization software application designed to
optimize the design, production and planning of oil networks and enhanced oil
recovery. NETOPT is being developed in conjunction with Mobil Oil Corporation.
Engineering Services. The Company offers engineering services to assist
customers in the application of simulation technology to manage their businesses
effectively and to maximize the benefits provided by SIMSCI's core products.
SIMSCI's engineering services include training, application consulting, project
implementation and application integration.
PRODUCTS UNDER DEVELOPMENT
ROMEO. ROMEO ("Rigorous On-line Modeling and Equation-based Optimization")
is a software application being jointly developed by the Company and Shell Oil
Company that is designed to enable engineers to rigorously model and optimize
plant operations on a unit, multi-unit and plant-wide basis, enhancing decision
support at all business levels. ROMEO is designed to provide a united framework
for data reconciliation, parameter estimation and process optimization. It will
automatically retrieve pertinent plant data from the control system and use the
information to predict new process setpoints rapidly and accurately to achieve
optimum performance. The ROMEO system is based on an object-oriented design and
will include a commercial database, facilitating data transfer between
applications and enhancing application interoperability.*
PIPEPHASE-TACITE. This product expands the benefits of PIPEPHASE to address
the simulation of transient conditions in pipeline networks. PIPEPHASE-TACITE is
the result of a joint development and marketing agreement with Institut Francais
Petrole ("IFP"), ELF Aquitaine Production ("ELF") and TOTAL.
*Denotes forward looking statement. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis
of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Factors That May Affect
Future Results of Operations."
8
<PAGE> 9
CUSTOMERS
SIMSCI currently has over 500 customers across the major process
industries, including the petroleum, petrochemical and chemical industries, and
the engineering and construction industry that supports them. In 1995 and 1996,
64% and 67%, respectively, of SIMSCI's total revenue was generated from
customers outside of the United States.
The following table sets forth selected customers of the Company,
categorized by process industry, whose current license and service agreements
with the Company have a total contract value of at least $100,000, and selected
academic institutions that use the Company's software for chemical engineering
education:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Engineering &
Petroleum Industry Chemical Industry Construction Industry
- ------------------ ----------------- ---------------------
<S> <C> <C>
Agip SpA Allied Signal Corporation ABB Lummus Crest
Amerada Hess Corporation Enichem SpA Bechtel Corporation
Amoco Corporation Henkel KGaA Brown & Root, Inc.
Arco Hoechst A.G. Chisso Corporation
BP Oil Company Imperial Chemical Industries PLC Edeleanu GmbH
Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation Fluor Daniel, Inc.
Citgo Petroleum Company Nippon Sanso Corporation Foster Wheeler U.S.A. Corporation
Conoco Inc. Novacor Chemical Corp Idemitsu Engineering Company, Ltd.
Den Norske Stats Oljeselskap a.s. Saudi Basic Industries Corp Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries
Exxon Oil Corporation Tokuyama Corp Co. Ltd.
Hindustan Petroleum Corp. Ltd. Vista Chemical Co. Jacobs Engineering Group, Inc.
Honam Oil Refinery Co. Ltd. JGC Corporation
Koa Oil Co. Ltd. Academic Institutions Davy John Brown Pty Ltd.
Kuwait Oil Co. --------------------- KTI BV
Mobil Oil Corporation Carnegie-Mellon Kvaerner Engineering AS
Pemex Fachhochschule Ostfriesland Lurgi AG
Pertamina Indian Institute of Technology M.W. Kellogg Company Ltd.
Petroleo Brasileiro-Petrobras Kansas State University Niigata Engineering Company
Petrolios de Venezuela Louisiana State University Nippon Oil Engineering and
Royal Dutch Shell Oil Company New Mexico State University Construction
Saudi Arabian Oil Co. Oklahoma State University Raytheon Engineers & Construction
Scientific Computing Pennsylvania State University Snamprogetti SpA
Consulting Ltd.-Vniigas University of Calgary Stone & Webster Engineering Corp.
Star Enterprise University of Southern California Toyo Engineering Corporation
Sun Company Inc. University of Texas
Texaco Refining and University of Wisconsin
Marketing, Inc.
Unocal Corporation
</TABLE>
Customers typically license SIMSCI's software for terms of one, three or
five years. During the past five years, the substantial majority of all licenses
have been renewed. Currently, the approximate annualized cost for the typical
license by a single U.S. corporate user of one of SIMSCI's core products ranges
from $10,000 to $36,000, depending on the product and the license term. The
license fees charged by SIMSCI for each of its core products are typically based
on the number of licensed users, with the cost per user declining as the
customer increases the total number of licensed users. More than 95% of the
Company's license contracts entered into before 1996 did not separately identify
both software license fees and charges for customer support obligations. In
1996, the Company began increasing the number of new and renewed contracts that
separately identify software license fees and maintenance and support fees. See
"Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of
Operations - Overview."
9
<PAGE> 10
The Company ships software products within a short period after receipt of
an order and typically does not have a material backlog of unfilled orders.
Total revenue in any quarter is dependent (and will become substantially
dependent as the Company increases the number of contracts for new and renewing
customers that result in the recognition of license revenue upon shipment) on
orders booked and contract renewals in that quarter and are not predictable with
any degree of certainty. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial
Condition and Results of Operations - Overview" and "Factors That May Affect
Future Operating Results."
SALES AND MARKETING
SIMSCI markets its products and services through its direct sales
organization complemented by sales agents and distributors. As of December 31,
1996, the Company's global direct sales force included personnel located in
three sales and support offices in the United States and international sales
offices in the United Kingdom, Germany, Egypt, Japan, Singapore and Venezuela.
The Company currently intends to add to its direct sales and support force in
the United States and internationally.* In addition, the Company devotes a
significant portion of its sales and marketing efforts to increasing penetration
of its products with new and existing large multinational customers. Due to
their size and geographically dispersed installations and decision-making
process, the Company assigns one senior sales representative world-wide
responsibility for sales to these customers.
In support of these sales efforts, the Company conducts marketing programs
intended to position and promote its products and services. SIMSCI markets its
products at a substantial discount to universities for use in teaching and
research. The Company participates in industry tradeshows, publishes articles
and advertisements in industry publications, conducts direct mail campaigns, and
sponsors industry conferences and seminars.
STRATEGIC ALLIANCES
SIMSCI has entered into a number of strategic alliances with respect to its
core products, new products and product enhancements, including a development
arrangement with Strategic Analysis and Simulation Technology, Ltd. with respect
to PROTISS; a development arrangement with Mobil with respect to NETOPT; a joint
development arrangement with Shell Oil Company with respect to ROMEO; and a
development and marketing agreement with IFP, ELF and TOTAL with respect to
PIPEPHASE-TACITE. The Company also has entered into cooperation agreements with
Fluor Daniel, IBM and SAP AG.
CUSTOMER SUPPORT
Substantially all of the Company's term license contracts to customers
include maintenance and support contracts, which typically range from 12 to 60
months and entitle the customer to product updates and to technical support. In
addition, the Company offers instruction in the use of its products for various
levels of student proficiency. Users of the Company's products can also attend
user group conferences held at various times and locations worldwide.
PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT
The Company's development efforts are focused on expanding SIMSCI's
simulation software product line, designing enhancements to the Company's core
technology, and integrating existing and new products into the Company's Open
Simulation Application Framework. The Company's principal products under
development are ROMEO and PIPEPHASE-TACITE. The Company has made substantial
investments in product development. The Company believes that its future
performance will depend in large part on its ability to maintain and enhance its
current product line, develop new products that achieve market acceptance,
maintain technological competitiveness
* Denotes forward looking statement. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis
of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Factors That May Affect
Future Results of Operations."
10
<PAGE> 11
and meet an expanding range of customer requirements.* The Company's research
and development expenditures in 1995 and 1996 were $8.6 million and $12.2
million, respectively, and represented 26% of total revenue in each of the
years. The Company expects that it will continue to commit substantial resources
to product development in the future.* See "Management's Discussion and Analysis
of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Factors That May Affect
Future Operating Results."
COMPETITION
The market for commercial simulation software used in the petroleum,
chemical and other process industries is intensely competitive and characterized
by rapidly changing technology, evolving industry standards, frequent new
product introductions and rapidly changing customer requirements. The Company
experiences significant competition from potential customers' decisions to
internally develop their own process design, simulation and optimization
applications as opposed to purchasing commercial software products such as the
Company's. As a result, the Company must continuously educate existing and
prospective customers about the advantages of the Company's products. There can
be no assurance that these customers or potential customers will perceive
sufficient value in the Company's products to justify purchasing them. In
addition, customers or potential customers could enter into strategic
relationships with one or more of the Company's competitors to develop, market
and sell competing products and services.
The Company has experienced and expects to continue to experience increased
competition from current and future competitors, many of whom have significantly
greater financial, technical, marketing and other resources than the Company.*
The Company's current direct competitors include Aspen Technology, Inc.,
Hyprotech Ltd. and Chemstations, Inc., and, with respect to the Company's
technology and consulting services, the Hi-Spec division of Honeywell, Inc., the
Setpoint and DMCC divisions of Aspen Technology, Inc. and ABB Simcon Inc. The
Company's competitors may be able to respond more quickly to new or emerging
technologies and changes in customer requirements or to devote greater resources
to the development, promotion and sale of their products than the Company.*
Also, many current and potential competitors have greater name recognition and
more extensive customer bases that could be leveraged, thereby gaining market
share to the Company's detriment. The Company expects to face additional
competition as other established and emerging companies enter the commercial
simulation software market and new products and technologies are introduced.*
Increased competition could result in price reductions, fewer customer orders,
reduced gross margins and loss of market share, any of which could materially
adversely affect the Company's business, operating results and financial
condition.* In addition, current and potential competitors may make strategic
acquisitions or establish cooperative relationships among themselves or with
third parties, thereby increasing the ability of their products to address the
needs of the Company's current or prospective customers.*
The principal competitive factors in the Company's markets include:
accuracy of modeling, enhancing the technology's ease of use, the ability to
continually meet the customers' needs to leverage process information across the
enterprise and to link operations information with enterprise applications,
continually increase the size and complexity of processes that can be modeled
accurately and in a timely manner, the need to continue to leverage the
customers' operations and information technology strategies, customer support,
price, hardware flexibility and vendor financial stability. The Company believes
that the required knowledge of evolving software and hardware technologies and
the need to leverage these, the level of development effort, and the chemical
engineering and modeling expertise required to enter and succeed in the
simulation technology industry represent significant barriers against new
competitors.* See "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition
and Results of Operations - Factors That May Affect Future Results of
Operations."
* Denotes forward looking statement. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis
of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Factors That May Affect
Future Results of Operations."
11
<PAGE> 12
PROPRIETARY RIGHTS
To date, the Company has relied upon a combination of copyright, trade
secret and trademark laws to protect its proprietary technology. PRO/II,
PROVISION, PROVISION TOOLKIT, PIPEPHASE, NETOPT, HEXTRAN, INPLANT, DATACON,
OpenYield, PROTISS and ROM are trademarks of the Company. The Company enters
into confidentiality agreements with its employees, developers, distributors and
customers and limits access to and distribution of the source code to its
software and other proprietary information.
In the future, the Company may receive communications from third parties or
have other reasons to seek licenses under third-party intellectual property
rights.* In such cases, the Company may evaluate whether to obtain such
licenses.*
Certain technology used in the Company's products, including OpenYield,
Visual Flare, NETOPT, PROTISS, PIPEPHASE-TACITE and ROMEO, is licensed from
third parties. These licenses generally require the Company to pay royalties and
to fulfill confidentiality obligations. The Company believes that there are
alternative sources for each of the material components of technology licensed
by the Company from third parties.* See "Management's Discussion and Analysis of
Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Factors That May Affect Future
Results of Operations."
EMPLOYEES
As of December 31, 1996, the Company had a total of 260 employees. The
Company also employs contract and temporary employees from time to time. None of
the Company's employees is represented by a collective bargaining agreement, nor
has the Company experienced any work stoppage. The Company considers its
relations with its employees to be good. See "Management's Discussion and
Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Factors That May
Affect Future Results of Operations."
ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
The Company's principal administrative, sales, marketing and product
development facility occupies approximately 60,000 square feet in Brea,
California pursuant to a lease expiring in April 2008. In addition, the Company
also leases sales and support offices in Houston, Texas, Denver, Colorado and
Newtown, Pennsylvania. The Company also maintains international offices in the
United Kingdom, Germany, Egypt, Japan, Singapore and Venezuela. The Company
believes that its existing facilities are adequate for its current needs and
that suitable additional or alternative space will be available in the future on
commercially reasonable terms as needed.*
ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
The Company is not currently subject to any legal actions that are expected
to have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, operating results
or financial condition.
ITEM 4. SUBMISSION OF MATTERS TO A VOTE OF SECURITY HOLDERS
No matter was submitted to a vote of security holders during the fourth
quarter of the fiscal year covered by this report.
* Denotes forward looking statement. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis
of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Factors That May Affect
Future Results of Operations."
12
<PAGE> 13
PART II
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY AND RELATED SHAREHOLDER MATTERS
Since October 25, 1996 the Company's Common Stock has traded on the Nasdaq
National Market under the symbol "SMCI." The high and low sales prices for
shares of the Company's Common Stock , as reported on the Nasdaq National Market
are listed below.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Period High Low
------ ---- ---
<S> <C> <C>
Fourth Quarter 1996 (from October 25, 1996) $15.00 $9.25
First Quarter 1997 (through March 10, 1997) 18.63 11.75
</TABLE>
On March 10, 1997, the closing price for the Company's Common Stock was
$12.75 per share, the Company had 42 stockholders of record and approximately
900 beneficial owners of its common stock.
The Company has not declared or paid any cash dividends on the Common Stock
for more than five years and does not presently intend to pay cash dividends on
the Common Stock in the foreseeable future. The Company's line of credit
agreement prohibits the payment of cash dividends on its capital stock without
the lender's consent. Any payment of cash dividends on shares of Common Stock
will be within the discretion of the Company's Board of Directors and will
depend upon the earnings of the Company, the Company's capital requirements,
restrictions imposed by the Company's lenders, applicable requirements of the
Delaware General Corporation Law and other factors which are considered relevant
by the Company's Board of Directors.
13
<PAGE> 14
ITEM 6. SELECTED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL DATA
The selected consolidated financial data presented below as of December 31,
1995 and 1996, and for the years ended December 31, 1994, 1995 and 1996, are
derived from the Company's consolidated financial statements included elsewhere
in this Form 10-K, which were audited by Deloitte & Touche LLP, independent
auditors. The selected consolidated financial data presented below as of
December 31, 1992, 1993 and 1994 and for the years ended December 31, 1992 and
1993 have been derived from the Company's consolidated financial statements, not
included in this Form 10-K, which have been audited by Deloitte & Touche LLP,
independent auditors. The data set forth below should be read in conjunction
with Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and
Results of Operations" and the consolidated financial statements and related
notes included elsewhere in this Form 10-K. Also see Item 7. "Management's
Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations -
Overview" for a discussion of a change in the Company's license contract terms
that affects the comparability of recent revenue to revenue earned before 1996.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Year Ended December 31,
-----------------------------------------------------
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
-------- -------- -------- -------- --------
(in thousands, except per share data)
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Consolidated Statement of Operations Data:
Revenue:
Software license revenue ............................. $ 22,443 $ 25,048 $ 25,609 $ 29,889 $ 43,561
Services and other revenue ........................... 1,497 3,096 2,643 3,230 3,342
-------- -------- -------- -------- --------
Total revenue .................................... 23,940 28,144 28,252 33,119 46,903
Cost of revenue:
Cost of software license revenue ..................... 2,849 2,886 3,990 3,509 4,275
Cost of services and other revenue ................... 1,236 1,244 2,698 3,251 2,653
-------- -------- -------- -------- --------
Total cost of revenue ............................ 4,085 4,130 6,688 6,760 6,928
-------- -------- -------- -------- --------
Gross profit ............................................ 19,855 24,014 21,564 26,359 39,975
Operating expenses:
Sales and marketing .................................. 8,685 9,842 10,473 11,662 16,571
Research and development ............................. 7,258 8,230 9,634 8,621 12,172
General and administrative ........................... 3,066 3,785 3,858 3,869 7,048
-------- -------- -------- -------- --------
Total operating expenses ......................... 19,009 21,857 23,965 24,152 35,791
-------- -------- -------- -------- --------
Income (loss) from operations ........................... 846 2,157 (2,401) 2,207 4,184
Interest and other income ............................... 271 313 194 100 458
-------- -------- -------- -------- --------
Income (loss) before provision (benefit) for income taxes 1,117 2,470 (2,207) 2,307 4,642
Provision (benefit) for income taxes .................... 581 866 (565) 952 1,950
-------- -------- -------- -------- --------
Net income (loss) ....................................... $ 536 $ 1,604 $ (1,642) $ 1,355 $ 2,692
======== ======== ======== ======== ========
Pro forma and net income per share ...................... $ 0.19 $ 0.32
======== ========
Pro forma and weighted average common shares ............ 7,018 8,347
======== ========
</TABLE>
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
December 31,
-----------------------------------------------------
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
-------- -------- -------- -------- --------
(in thousands)
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Consolidated Balance Sheet Data:
Working capital ......................................... $ 5,943 $ 7,375 $ 5,320 $ 6,415 $ 27,904
Total assets ............................................ 13,914 16,939 16,293 21,554 53,198
Total liabilities ....................................... 5,807 6,810 7,806 11,712 14,379
Total stockholders' equity (1) .......................... 8,107 10,129 8,487 9,842 38,819
</TABLE>
(1) Includes amounts attributable to preferred stock.
14
<PAGE> 15
ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
OVERVIEW
Simulation Sciences Inc. was founded in 1967 to develop simulation
technology and software used in the design of refineries for the petroleum
industry. Thereafter, the Company developed other software products to address
additional needs for plant design and operation within the petroleum industry
and later expanded the application of these software products to other process
industries, including petrochemicals and chemicals. Since 1994, the Company has
been developing products and services that further enhance and optimize plant
operations and enable integrated enterprise management. The Company hired
substantially all of its current executive management team in 1995.
The Company generally licenses its software pursuant to non-cancelable,
one- to five-year term licenses. The Company receives approximately 90% of its
worldwide revenue from licenses of its software products. These licenses
obligate the Company to provide customer support, maintenance and any product
updates. During the past five years, the substantial majority of all licenses
have been renewed.
Revenue from the Company's primary simulation product, PRO/II, accounted
for approximately 70% of total revenue in each of the last three years. The
remainder of the Company's revenue is derived from other products and
engineering services.
The Company recognizes revenue from product licensing agreements in
accordance with the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants Statement
of Position No. 91-1, Software Revenue Recognition ("SOP 91-1"). SOP 91-1
generally requires recognition of license revenue upon shipment or renewal and
recognition of revenue for maintenance and support ratably over the life of the
contract. However, if license fees and maintenance and support charges are not
separately identified, then all revenue from the contract must be recognized
ratably over its life. More than 95% of the Company's license contracts entered
into before 1996 did not separately identify software license fees and charges
for maintenance and support obligations. As a result, the Company recognized
revenue from these contracts ratably over the terms of such contracts in
accordance with SOP 91-1 ("Ratable Revenue"). The remaining contracts identified
the cost of the license fee and maintenance and support separately and, under
SOP 91-1, the Company recognized revenue from the license portion of the
contracts upon shipment or renewal ("License Revenue") and from the maintenance
and support portion of such contracts as Ratable Revenue. Accordingly, the
revenue recognized under a contract resulting in License Revenue recognition
will be higher in the quarter of shipment or renewal, and lower in later
quarters, than that recognized under a contract resulting only in Ratable
Revenue recognition. In order to more closely conform to industry-standard
practices regarding licenses and maintenance agreements, the Company, in 1996,
began increasing the number of contracts for new and renewing customers that
separately identify software license fees and maintenance and support charges,
resulting in recognition of License Revenue on an increased portion of
contracts. The Company intends to convert the substantial majority of its
contracts to License Revenue terms as new and renewal contracts are executed.*
For this reason, the Company does not believe that revenue and results of
operations for prior periods will be directly comparable to results for 1996 and
future periods. Revenue recognition on certain service offerings is based on
percentage of completion and on attainment of project milestones.
In accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board Statement No. 86,
the Company is required to capitalize software development costs incurred after
technological feasibility of the product has been established and prior to the
first shipment of such product. Because the Company believes that its process
for developing software has been essentially completed concurrently with the
establishment of technological feasibility, no costs have been capitalized to
date.
* Denotes forward looking statement. "See Management's Discussion and Analysis
of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Factors That May Affect
Future Results of Operations."
15
<PAGE> 16
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following table sets forth certain items in the Company's Consolidated
Statements of Operations in absolute dollars and as a percentage of total
revenue for the periods indicated.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Year Ended December 31,
--------------------------------------------------------------------
1994 1995 1996
------------------- ------------------ -------------------
Amount % Amount % Amount %
------------------- ------------------ -------------------
(in thousands)
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Revenue:
Software license revenue ........................... $25,609 90.6% $29,889 90.2% $43,561 92.9%
Services and other revenue ......................... 2,643 9.4 3,230 9.8 3,342 7.1
------- ----- ------- ----- ------- -----
Total revenue ................................... 28,252 100.0 33,119 100.0 46,903 100.0
Cost of revenue:
Cost of software license revenue ................... 3,990 14.1 3,509 10.6 4,275 9.1
Cost of services and other revenue ................. 2,698 9.6 3,251 9.8 2,653 5.7
------- ----- ------- ----- ------- -----
Total cost of revenue ........................... 6,688 23.7 6,760 20.4 6,928 14.8
------- ----- ------- ----- ------- -----
Gross profit ............................................ 21,564 76.3 26,359 79.6 39,975 85.2
Operating expenses:
Sales and marketing ................................ 10,473 37.1 11,662 35.2 16,571 35.3
Research and development ........................... 9,634 34.1 8,621 26.0 12,172 26.0
General and administrative ......................... 3,858 13.6 3,869 11.7 7,048 15.0
------- ----- ------- ----- ------- -----
Total operating expenses ........................ 23,965 84.8 24,152 72.9 35,791 76.3
------- ----- ------- ----- ------- -----
Income (loss) from operations ........................... (2,401) (8.5) 2,207 6.7 4,184 8.9
Interest and other income ............................... 194 0.7 100 0.3 458 1.0
------- ----- ------- ----- ------- -----
Income (loss) before provision (benefit) for income taxes (2,207) (7.8) 2,307 7.0 4,642 9.9
Provision (benefit) for income taxes .................... (565) (2.0) 952 2.9 1,950 4.2
------- ----- ------- ----- ------- -----
Net income (loss) ....................................... $(1,642) (5.8)% $ 1,355 4.1% $ 2,692 5.7%
======= ===== ======= ===== ======= =====
</TABLE>
COMPARISON OF 1996 TO 1995
Total Revenue. Total revenue increased 42% to $46.9 million for the year
ended December 31, 1996 from $33.1 million for the year ended December 31, 1995.
Software license revenue, which includes revenue from software licenses,
maintenance and support fees, increased 46% to $43.6 million for the year ended
December 31, 1996 from $29.9 million for the year ended December 31, 1995. The
increase in software license revenue was primarily attributable to the effect of
the change in contract terms, renewals of licenses for higher fees, addition of
new products and services to renewing contracts and licenses to new customers.
See "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of
Operations - Overview" for discussion of change in contract terms. Services and
other revenue, which includes integration, ROM, consulting and training
services, was $3.3 million and $3.2 million for the years ended December 31,
1996 and 1995, respectively.
Total Cost of Revenue. Total cost of revenue increased 2% to $6.9 million
for the year ended December 31, 1996 from $6.8 million for the year ended
December 31, 1995. Cost of software license revenue, which includes costs of
production and distribution, customer support and maintenance, and royalties,
increased 22% to $4.3 million from $3.5 million for the years ended December 31,
1996 and 1995, respectively. Cost of software license revenue as a percentage of
software license revenue was 10% and 12% in the years ended December 31, 1996
and 1995, respectively. Such decrease primarily relates to the increase in
software license revenue. Cost of services and other revenue, which includes
costs of personnel involved in training and project execution, as well as
travel, third-party professional fees and related administrative costs,
decreased 18% to $2.7 million from $3.3 million for the years ended December 31,
1996 and 1995, respectively. Cost of services and other revenue as a percentage
of services and other revenue decreased to 79% from 101% for the years ended
December 31, 1996 and 1995, respectively as the Company improved employee
productivity on ROM projects.
Sales and Marketing. Sales and marketing expenses increased 42% to $16.6
million for the year ended December 31, 1996 from $11.7 million for the year
ended December 31, 1995. Sales and marketing expenses as a percentage of total
revenue were 35% for each of the years ended December 31, 1996 and 1995. The
increase in sales and marketing expenses in dollars was due primarily to an
increase in the number of sales and marketing
16
<PAGE> 17
professionals and related hiring expenses. The Company anticipates that sales
and marketing expenses will increase in dollars and will fluctuate as a
percentage of total revenue in the future.*
Research and Development. Research and development expenses increased 41%
to $12.2 million for the year ended December 31, 1996 from $8.6 million for the
year ended December 31, 1995. These increases were due to an increase in the
number of engineers and related hiring expenses and third-party contractors
involved in the development of a number of planned upgrades and new products.
Research and development expenses as a percentage of total revenue were 26% for
each of the years ended December 31, 1996 and 1995. The Company expects to
continue to devote substantial resources to its research and development efforts
to continue to develop and support the Company's highly complex software
products.* Accordingly, the Company anticipates that research and development
expenses will increase in dollars and may fluctuate as a percentage of total
revenue in the future.*
General and Administrative. General and administrative expenses increased
82% to $7.0 million for the year ended December 31, 1996 from $3.9 million for
the year ended December 31, 1995. General and administrative expenses as a
percentage of total revenue were 15% and 12% in the years ended December 31,
1996 and 1995, respectively. The increase in general and administrative expenses
in dollars and as a percentage of total revenue was primarily due to the
addition of senior management personnel, as well as the increase in expense
recorded for bad debts. The Company believes that its general and administrative
expenses will increase in dollars in the future, and may fluctuate as a
percentage of total revenue, due in part to the Company's planned expansion in
staffing and costs associated with being a publicly held company.*
Interest and Other Income. Interest and other income increased $358,000 to
$458,000 for the year ended December 31, 1996 from $100,000 for the year ended
December 31, 1995. The increase was primarily attributable to interest income
associated with the proceeds received in the Company's initial public offering
in the fourth quarter of 1996 and an increase in interest income from the effect
of the change in contract terms. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis of
Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Overview."
Provision for Income Taxes. The Company's effective tax rate was 42% and
41% for the years ended December 31, 1996 and 1995, respectively.
COMPARISON OF 1995 TO 1994
Total Revenue. Total revenue increased 17% to $33.1 million for the year
ended December 31, 1995 from $28.3 million for the year ended December 31, 1994.
Software license revenue, which includes revenue from software licenses,
maintenance and support fees, increased 17% to $29.9 million for the year ended
December 31, 1995 from $25.6 million for the year ended December 31, 1994. The
increase in software license revenue was primarily attributable to new
international licenses and license renewals associated primarily with the
September 1994 introduction of PRO/II with PROVISION and increased sales force
productivity following the restructuring and expansion of the Company's sales
force. Services and other revenue, which includes integration, ROM, consulting
and training services, was $3.2 million and $2.6 million for the years ended
December 31, 1995 and 1994, respectively. The increase in services and other
revenue was due primarily to improvement in ROM project management and
recruitment of a sufficient number of qualified personnel, which resulted in
completion of delayed ROM projects.
Total Cost of Revenue. Total cost of revenue was $6.8 million for the year
ended December 31, 1995 and $6.7 million for the year ended December 31, 1994.
Cost of software license revenue, which includes costs of production and
distribution, customer support and maintenance, and royalties, decreased 12% to
$3.5 million from $4.0 million for the years ended December 31, 1995 and 1994,
respectively. Cost of software license revenue as a percentage of software
license revenue was 12% and 16% in the years ended December 31, 1995 and 1994,
* Denotes forward looking statement. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis
of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Factors That May Affect
Future Results of Operations."
17
<PAGE> 18
respectively. The decrease in cost of software license revenue in dollars and as
a percentage of software license revenue was primarily due to increased customer
support and distribution costs associated with the introduction of PRO/II with
PROVISION in 1994. Cost of services and other revenue, which includes costs of
personnel involved in training and project execution, as well as travel,
third-party professional fees and related administrative costs, increased 20% to
$3.3 million from $2.7 million for the years ended December 31, 1995 and 1994,
respectively, due to an increase in the volume of ROM projects. Cost of services
and other revenue as a percentage of services and other revenue decreased to
101% from 102% for the years ended December 31, 1995 and 1994, respectively.
Sales and Marketing. Sales and marketing expenses increased 11% to $11.7
million for the year ended December 31, 1995 from $10.5 million for the year
ended December 31, 1994. Sales and marketing expenses as a percentage of total
revenue was 35% for the year ended December 31, 1995 and 37% for the year ended
December 31, 1994. The dollar increase in sales and marketing expenses were
generally attributable to the expansion and restructuring of the Company's sales
force in 1995.
Research and Development. Research and development expenses decreased 11%
to $8.6 million for the year ended December 31, 1995 from $9.6 million for the
year ended December 31, 1994. Research and development expenses as a percentage
of total revenue was 26% for the year ended December 31, 1995 and 34% for the
year ended December 31, 1994. The decrease in 1995 was primarily due to contract
development costs associated with the completion of PRO/II with PROVISION in
1994.
General and Administrative. General and administrative expenses were $3.9
million for each of the years ended December 31, 1995 and 1994. General and
administrative expenses as a percentage of total revenue were 12% and 14% in the
years ended December 31, 1995 and 1994, respectively.
Interest and Other Income. Interest and other income decreased $94,000 to
$100,000 for the year ended December 31, 1995 from $194,000 for the year ended
December 31, 1994.
Provision (Benefit) for Income Taxes. The Company's effective tax rate was
41% for the year ended December 31, 1995, which was primarily attributable to
the effect of income tax rates and the related tax rate differential effect of
the Company's foreign subsidiaries' operations. The Company's tax benefit was
26% for the year ended December 31, 1994, which was primarily due to a reduction
in state tax rates resulting from the tax loss and foreign tax rate differential
resulting from the carryback of such taxes.
QUARTERLY RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following tables set forth certain unaudited statements of operations data
for each of the quarters in the eight-quarter period ended December 31, 1996.
This data has been derived from unaudited financial statements that, in the
opinion of management, include all adjustments (consisting only of normal
recurring adjustments) necessary for a fair presentation of such information
when read in conjunction with the Company's audited consolidated financial
statements and notes thereto. Quarterly operating results are not necessarily
indicative of future results of operations.
18
<PAGE> 19
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Quarter Ended
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1995 1996
---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------
Mar. 31 June 30 Sept. 30 Dec. 31 Mar. 31 June 30 Sept. 30 Dec. 31
------- ------- -------- ------- ------- ------- -------- -------
(Unaudited, in thousands)
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Revenue:
Software license revenue .......... $7,127 $6,826 $ 7,523 $ 8,413 $ 8,942 $10,695 $11,645 $12,279
Services and other revenue ........ 372 921 738 1,199 1,086 1,068 452 736
------ ------ ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- -------
Total revenue .................. 7,499 7,747 8,261 9,612 10,028 11,763 12,097 13,015
Cost of revenue:
Cost of software license revenue .. 982 723 774 1,030 1,017 761 1,154 1,343
Cost of services and other revenue 666 729 1,032 824 873 680 369 731
------ ------ ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- -------
Total cost of revenue .......... 1,648 1,452 1,806 1,854 1,890 1,441 1,523 2,074
------ ------ ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- -------
Gross profit ........................... 5,851 6,295 6,455 7,758 8,138 10,322 10,574 10,941
Operating expenses:
Sales and marketing ............... 2,714 2,949 2,514 3,485 3,548 3,791 4,566 4,666
Research and development .......... 2,214 2,117 2,122 2,168 2,699 4,146 2,782 2,545
General and administrative ........ 658 710 1,126 1,375 1,467 1,599 1,943 2,039
------ ------ ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- -------
Total operating expenses ....... 5,586 5,776 5,762 7,028 7,714 9,536 9,291 9,250
------ ------ ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- -------
Income from operations ................. 265 519 693 730 424 786 1,283 1,691
Interest and other income .............. 197 75 (135) (37) 28 135 135 160
------ ------ ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- -------
Income before provision for income taxes 462 594 558 693 452 921 1,418 1,851
Provision for income taxes ............. 191 245 230 286 185 378 609 778
------ ------ ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- -------
Net income ............................. $ 271 $ 349 $ 328 $ 407 $ 267 $ 543 $ 809 $ 1,073
====== ====== ======= ======= ======= ======= ======= =======
</TABLE>
The Company's total revenue increased sequentially in each of the last
eight quarters. In the quarter ended June 30, 1995, the Company's software
license revenue decreased primarily as a result of a decrease in revenue from
sales agents in South America in that quarter as compared to the previous
quarter. Services and other revenue increased in that quarter as a result of
attainment of milestones on various ROM and other engineering projects. In the
quarter ended September 30, 1995 the Company's sales and marketing expense
decreased due to increased use of sales engineers in the attainment of project
milestones, resulting in an allocation of costs associated with such engineers
to cost of service revenue. Sales and marketing expense began increasing in the
quarter ended December 31, 1995 primarily as a result of an expansion in the
sales force and new marketing programs. The Company's research and development
expense in the quarters ended March 31 and June 30, 1996 increased primarily in
connection with the hiring of additional personnel and third-party contractors
to complete and introduce product upgrades and new products and a one-time
severance payment in the quarter ended June 30, 1996. The Company's general and
administrative expense beginning in the quarter ended December 31, 1995 has
increased due primarily to costs of hiring new executives since the last half of
1995. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and
Results of Operations - Factors That May Affect Future Results of Operations."
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
During the past three years, the Company has satisfied its cash needs
principally through cash generated from operations, if any, and existing cash
resources. Cash used in operating activities for the year ended December 31,
1996 was $2.7 million, which was primarily attributable to increases in
long-term installments receivable, unbilled accounts receivable, other assets
and accounts receivable, partially offset by net income and increases in other
accrued liabilities.
Cash used in investing activities during the year ended December 31, 1996
totaled $2.7 million, which was attributable to purchases of property and
equipment, related to the opening of new offices and purchases of computer
equipment.
Cash provided from financing activities of $26.3 million was primarily from
the net proceeds of approximately $26.0 million from the Company's initial
public offering in the fourth quarter of 1996.
Available sources of funds at December 31, 1996 consisted of $26.3 million
in cash and cash equivalents, and $3.0 million in an unused line of credit with
its bank. At December 31, 1996, the Company had a revolving line of credit with
a commercial bank under which it may borrow up to $3.0 million at the bank's
prime rate. The
19
<PAGE> 20
agreement, with amendments, expired January 31, 1997, was collateralized by
substantially all of the Company's assets and contained certain financial and
other covenants. At December 31, 1996, there were no borrowings outstanding
under the agreement. Subsequent to December 31, 1996, the Company renegotiated
its revolving line of credit with its bank. The new agreement, which expires
March 31, 1999, provides for an unsecured line of credit up to $3,000,000 at the
bank's prime rate, and contains certain financial and other covenants.
The Company believes that existing cash resources, cash flow from
operations, if any, together with the line of credit, will be sufficient to fund
the Company's operations during the next 12 months.*
FACTORS THAT MAY AFFECT FUTURE RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.
Sentences denoted by an asterisk (*) in this Report contain forward-looking
statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as
amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
Actual results could differ materially from those projected in the
forward-looking statements as a result of the factors set forth below and
elsewhere in this document.
Fluctuations in Future Operating Results. The Company's operating results
have fluctuated in the past and may fluctuate significantly from quarter to
quarter or on an annual basis in the future as a result of a number of factors,
including, but not limited to: the size and timing of customer orders; changes
in license renewal rates, delays in renewals or failure of existing customers to
renew their licenses with the Company when their current licenses expire; the
length of the Company's sales cycle; changes in contract terms (including terms
affecting the timing of recognition of license revenue) and the rate at which
such changes are made; level of services and other activity and market success
of the Company's service offerings; timing of new product announcements and
introductions by the Company and its competitors; the Company's ability to
develop, introduce and market new products and product enhancements; market
acceptance of the Company's products; deferrals of customer orders in
anticipation of new products or product enhancements; the Company's ability to
control costs, including the need for, and degree of use of, third-party
contractors and the hiring of new employees; the availability of components;
political instability in, or trade embargoes with respect to, foreign markets;
changes in the Company's management team; and fluctuating economic conditions.*
The Company's services revenues are typically dependent on a small number
of relatively large projects, and therefore, the number, size and timing of
services projects may have a significant effect on services revenue in any
quarter.* In 1994, the Company experienced delays in the completion of ROM
projects that resulted in a material adverse effect on the Company's operating
results, and no assurance can be given that the Company will not experience
significant fluctuations in the level of services and other activity or delays
with respect to ROM or any of its products or services in the future, or that
any such fluctuation or delay would not have a material adverse effect on the
Company's business, operating results and financial condition.
Product Concentration. The Company derives a substantial portion of its
total revenue from sales of its PRO/II simulation product. The Company currently
expects PRO/II, individually or integrated with other products, to account for
a significant portion of the Company's total revenue in the future.*
Accordingly, factors adversely affecting the pricing of or demand for PRO/II,
including products and pricing terms offered by competitors or the demand for
simulation software in general, could have a material adverse effect on the
Company's business, operating results and financial condition.*
Concentration of Revenue in the Petroleum Industry. The Company derives a
substantial majority of its total revenue from software licenses and services to
companies in the petroleum industry, which is highly cyclical. Accordingly, the
Company's future success is dependent upon the continued demand for process
engineering software by companies in the petroleum industry.
* Denotes forward looking statement. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis
of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Factors That May Affect
Future Results of Operations."
20
<PAGE> 21
Dependence on Contract Renewals; Need to Achieve Greater Market
Penetration. The Company derives a significant portion of its total revenue from
the renewal of license agreements with existing customers. The Company expects
contract renewals to account for an increasing portion of the Company's total
revenue in the future as the Company increases the number of contracts for
renewing customers that result in the recognition of license revenue upon
shipment.* There can be no assurance that the Company will be able to maintain
its historical renewal rates, and any significant or ongoing decline in renewal
rates would have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, operating
results and financial condition.
Competition. The market for commercial simulation software used in the
petroleum, chemical and other process industries is intensely competitive and is
characterized by rapidly changing technology, evolving industry standards,
frequent new product introductions and rapidly changing customer requirements.
There can be no assurance that the Company will be successful in developing and
marketing enhancements that respond to technological change, evolving industry
standards or customer requirements, that the Company will not experience
difficulties that could delay or prevent the successful development,
introduction and sale of such enhancements or that such enhancements will
adequately meet the requirements of the marketplace and achieve market
acceptance.
The Company experiences its primary competition from potential customers'
decisions to develop their own software internally rather than purchasing
commercial software products such as those offered by the Company. As a result,
the Company must continuously educate existing and prospective customers about
the advantages of purchasing the Company's products and services. There can be
no assurance that these customers or other potential customers will perceive
sufficient value in the Company's products and services to justify purchasing
them. The Company has experienced and expects to continue to experience
competition from current and future competitors, some of which have
significantly greater financial, technical, marketing and other resources than
the Company.* The Company's current direct competitors include, among others,
Aspen Technology, Inc., Hyprotech Ltd. and Chemstations, Inc., and, with respect
to the Company's technology and consulting services, the Hi-Spec division of
Honeywell, Inc., the Setpoint and DMCC divisions of Aspen Technology, Inc. and
ABB Simcon Inc. There can be no assurance that the Company will be able to
compete successfully against current and future competitors, and the failure to
do so would have a material adverse effect upon the Company's business,
operating results and financial condition.
Risks Associated with International Operations. A significant portion of
the Company's total revenue is derived from customers outside the United States,
and the Company anticipates that international revenue will continue to be
significant in the future. The Company's international operations are subject to
risks inherent in the conduct of international business, including unexpected
changes in regulatory requirements, exchange rates, export license requirements,
tariffs and other barriers, political and economic instability, limited
intellectual property protection, difficulties in collecting payments due from
sales agents or customers, difficulties in managing distributors or
representatives, difficulties in staffing and managing foreign subsidiary
operations, and potentially adverse tax consequences.
Dependence on Strategic Relationships. The Company is dependent in part on
a number of strategic alliances for the joint development and marketing of its
products. For example, the Company has entered into a number of strategic
alliances with respect to its core products, new products and product
enhancements, including a development arrangement with Strategic Analysis and
Simulation Technology, Ltd. with respect to PROTISS; a development arrangement
with Mobil with respect to NETOPT; a joint development arrangement with Shell
Oil Company with respect to ROMEO; and a development and marketing agreement
with IFP, ELF and TOTAL with respect to PIPEPHASE-TACITE. The Company also has
entered into cooperation agreements with Fluor Daniel, IBM and SAP AG. Failure
of one or more of the Company's strategic alliances to achieve commercial
success, or the termination of one or more of such alliances, could result in
delay or termination of product development projects, reduction in market
penetration, decreased ability to win new customers or loss of confidence by
current or potential customers, any of which could have a material adverse
effect on the Company's business, results of operations or financial condition.
* Denotes forward looking statement. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis
of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Factors That May Affect
Future Results of Operations."
21
<PAGE> 22
Dependence Upon Product Development; Rapid Technological Change. The
software market in which the Company competes is subject to rapid technological
change, frequent introductions of new products, changes in customer demand and
evolving industry standards which can render existing products obsolete and
unmarketable. There can be no assurance that the Company will be successful in
developing and marketing enhancements that respond to technological change,
evolving industry standards or customer requirements, that the Company will not
experience difficulties that could delay or prevent the successful development,
introduction and sale of such enhancements or that such enhancements will
adequately meet the requirements of the marketplace and achieve market
acceptance, and the failure to do so would have a material adverse effect on the
Company's business, operating results and financial condition.
Potential for Software Defects. Complex software products such as those
offered by the Company may contain undetected errors or failures commonly
referred to as "bugs." There can be no assurance that, despite significant
testing by the Company and by current and potential customers, errors will not
be found in new products or enhancements to existing products after commencement
of commercial shipments.
Management of Growth. The Company's business is currently experiencing a
period of growth that has placed and is expected to continue to place a
significant strain on the Company's personnel and resources.* The Company's
ability to manage future growth, if any, will depend on its ability to continue
to implement and improve operational, financial and management information and
controls systems on a timely basis, together with maintaining effective cost
controls, and any failure to do so could have a material adverse effect on the
Company's business, operating results and financial condition.*
Dependence on Key Personnel. The Company's future business results depend
in significant part on the Company's Chief Executive Officer and other senior
management and key employees, including certain technical, managerial and
marketing personnel. The loss of the services of any of these individuals or
groups of individuals could have a material adverse effect on the Company's
business, operating results and financial condition.*
Limited Protection of Proprietary Rights. The Company relies upon a
combination of copyright, trade secret and trademark laws to protect its
proprietary technology. The Company enters into confidentiality agreements with
its employees, developers, distributors and customers and limits access to and
distribution of the source code to its software and other proprietary
information. However, policing unauthorized use of the Company's products is
difficult. There can be no assurance that the steps taken by the Company in this
regard will be adequate to prevent misappropriation of its technology.
Certain technology used in the Company's current products and products
under development, including OpenYield, Visual Flare, NETOPT, PROTISS,
PIPEPHASE-TACITE and ROMEO, is licensed from third parties. These licenses
generally require the Company to pay royalties and to fulfill confidentiality
obligations. The termination of any such licenses, or the failure of the third
party licensors to adequately maintain or update their products, could result in
a material adverse effect on the Company's business, operating results and
financial condition by delaying the Company's ability to ship products.*
From time to time third parties may assert patent, trademark, copyright and
other intellectual property rights to technologies that are important to the
Company. In such an event, the Company may be required to incur significant
costs in litigating a resolution to the asserted claims.* There can be no
assurance that such a resolution would not require that the Company pay damages
or obtain a license of a third party's proprietary rights.
Dependence on Contract Developers. The Company currently subcontracts
certain aspects of its research and development to outside contractors. There
can be no assurance that the Company will be able to manage its contract
developers effectively or that these developers will meet the Company's future
requirements for timely delivery of high-quality products.
* Denotes forward looking statement. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis
of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Factors That May Affect
Future Results of Operations."
22
<PAGE> 23
Product Liability. The Company's license agreements with its customers
typically contain provisions designed to limit the Company's exposure to
potential product liability claims. It is possible, however, that the limitation
of liability provisions contained in the Company's license agreements may not be
effective as a result of existing or future federal, state or local laws or
ordinances or unfavorable judicial decisions. Although the Company has not
experienced any product liability claims to date, the sale and support of its
simulation and optimization software may entail the risk of such claims.* A
successful product liability claim brought against the Company in excess of its
insurance coverage or outside the scope of such coverage could have a material
adverse effect upon the Company's business, operating results and financial
condition.
INFLATION
Inflation has not had a significant impact on the Company's operating
results to date, nor does the Company expect it to have a significant impact
during 1997.*
ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Information required by this Item begins on page F-1 and is incorporated
herein by reference.
ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND
FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
There have been no changes in or disagreements with accountants on
accounting or financial disclosure matters during the Company's two most recent
fiscal years.
* Denotes forward looking statement. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis
of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Factors That May Affect
Future Results of Operations."
23
<PAGE> 24
PART III
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS AND EXECUTIVE OFFICERS OF THE REGISTRANT
Incorporated by reference from the information contained under the section
captioned "ELECTION OF DIRECTORS" and "EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION AND OTHER MATTERS
- - Executive Officers" of the Registrant's Proxy Statement to be filed with the
Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the close of the
Registrant's fiscal year.
ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
Incorporated by reference from the information contained under the section
captioned "EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION AND OTHER MATTERS - Executive Compensation"
of the Registrant's Proxy Statement to be filed with the Securities and
Exchange Commission within 120 days after the close of the Registrant's fiscal
year.
ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT
Incorporated by reference from the information contained under the section
captioned "Record Date and Principal Share Ownership" of the Registrant's
Proxy Statement to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within
120 days after the close of the Registrant's fiscal year.
ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED ACTIONS
Incorporated by reference from the information contained under the section
captioned "EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION AND OTHER MATTERS - Certain Transactions"
of the Registrant's Proxy Statement to be filed with the Securities and
Exchange Commission within 120 days after the close of the Registrant's
fiscal year.
24
<PAGE> 25
PART IV
ITEM 14. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES, AND REPORTS ON FORM 8-K
(a) Documents filed as a part of this report:
(1) FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The financial statements listed in the accompanying Index to
Consolidated Financial Statements and Schedule are filed as
part of this report and incorporated herein by reference.
(2) FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULE
The financial statement schedule listed in the accompanying
Index to Consolidated Financial Statements and Schedule are
filed as part of this report and incorporated herein by
reference.
(3) EXHIBITS
The exhibits listed on the accompanying Exhibit index are
incorporated herein by reference.
Exhibit No. Description of Exhibit
3.1 (1) Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the
Registrant, as currently in effect
3.2 (2) Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant
4.1 (3) Form of specimen certificate for the Registrant's Common Stock
10.1 (2) Form of Indemnification Agreement entered into by the Registrant
with each of its directors and executive officers
10.2 (2) 401(k) Plan
10.3 (1) 1994 Stock Option Plan and related agreements
10.4 (1) 1996 Stock Plan and related agreements
10.5 (1) 1996 Employee Stock Purchase Plan for U.S. Employees and related
agreements
10.6 (1) 1996 Employee Stock Purchase Plan for Non-U.S. Employees and
related agreements
10.7 (3) 1996 Director Option Plan and related agreements
10.8 (1) Registration Rights Agreement dated December 17, 1993
10.9 (1) Standard Office Lease dated September 1, 1992 between the
Registrant and Brea Partners, as amended
10.10 (1) Stock Purchase and Investment Agreement dated December 17, 1993 by
and among the Registrant, certain shareholders and Northern Trust
Bank of California, N.A. as Trustee of the Registrant's Employee
Stock Ownership Plan and Money Purchase Pension Plan
10.11 (2) Product Development and Marketing Agreement dated July 31, 1991
between the Registrant and Special Analysis and Simulation
Technology, Ltd.
10.12 (2) Software License Agreement dated September 1, 1995 between Mobil
Oil Corporation and the Registrant
25
<PAGE> 26
10.13 (2) Software Development and Licensing Agreement dated February 22,
1996 between Shell Oil Products Company and the Registrant
10.15 (3) Form of Separation Agreement between the Registrant and each of
Katherine S. Abrams, Charles R. Harris, Ken Meyers, Daniel T.
Nichols, Dirk Pfeiffer, Victor Rice and L. Ronald Trepp
21.1 (1) List of Subsidiaries
23.1 Consent of Deloitte & Touche LLP, independent auditors
24.1 Power of Attorney (included on page 27)
27.1 Financial Data Schedule
- ------------------
(1) Incorporated by reference to the Company's Form S-1 filed on August 29,
1996, File Number 333-11017
(2) Incorporated by reference to the Company's Amendment No. 1 to Form S-1
filed on September 17, 1996, File Number 333-11017
(3) Incorporated by reference to the Company's Amendment No. 3 to Form S-1
filed on October 17, 1996, File Number 333-11017
(B) REPORTS ON FORM 8-K
No reports on Form 8-K were filed during the quarter ended December 31,
1996.
26
<PAGE> 27
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on
behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
Simulation Sciences Inc.
(Registrant)
March 18, 1997 /s/ Charles R. Harris
----------------------------------------------
Charles R. Harris
President and Chief Executive Officer
POWER OF ATTORNEY
KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature
appears below constitutes and appoints, Charles R. Harris and L. Ronald Trepp,
and each one of them, his attorneys-in-fact and agents, each with the power of
substitution, for him and in his name, place and stead, in any and all
capacities, to sign any and all amendments to this Report on Form 10-K, and all
documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission,
granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents, and each of them, full power
and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite and
necessary to be done in and about the premises, as fully to all intents and
purposes as he might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all
that each of said attorneys-in-fact and agents or any of them, or his or their
substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this
report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of registrant
and in the capacities indicated on March 18, 1997.
Signature Title(s)
--------- --------
/s/ Charles R. Harris President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal
- ---------------------------- Executive Officer) and Director
Charles R. Harris
/s/ L. Ronald Trepp Vice President, Finance and Chief Financial
- ---------------------------- Officer (Principal Financial and
L. Ronald Trepp Accounting Officer)
/s/ Narendra K. Gupta Director
- ----------------------------
Narendra K. Gupta
/s/ Walter G. Kortschak Director
- ----------------------------
Walter G. Kortschak
27
<PAGE> 28
SIMULATION SCIENCES INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SCHEDULE
Independent Auditors' Report F-2
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 1995 and 1996 F-3
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended
December 31, 1994, 1995 and 1996 F-4
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity for the years ended
December 31, 1994, 1995 and 1996 F-5
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended
December 31, 1995 and 1996 F-6
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements F-7
Schedule II - Valuation and Qualifying Accounts S-1
F-1
<PAGE> 29
INDEPENDENT AUDITORS' REPORT
The Board of Directors and Stockholders of
Simulation Sciences Inc.:
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Simulation
Sciences Inc. and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 1995 and 1996
and the related consolidated statements of operations, stockholders' equity and
cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 1996.
Our audits also included the financial statement schedule listed in Item 8.
These financial statements and financial statement schedule are the
responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an
opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits.
We conducted our audits in accordance with generally accepted auditing
standards. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain
reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material
misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting
the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes
assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by
management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation.
We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, such consolidated financial statements present fairly, in
all material respects, the consolidated financial position of Simulation
Sciences Inc. and subsidiaries as of December 31, 1995 and 1996, and the results
of their operations and their cash flows for each of the three years in the
period ended December 31, 1996 in conformity with generally accepted accounting
principles. Also, in our opinion, such financial statement schedule, when
considered in relation to the financial statements taken as a whole, presents
fairly, in all material respects, the information set forth therein.
/s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP
DELOITTE & TOUCHE LLP
Costa Mesa, California
February 7, 1997
F-2
<PAGE> 30
SIMULATION SCIENCES INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
December 31,
------------------------------
1995 1996
----------- -----------
<S> <C> <C>
ASSETS
CURRENT ASSETS
Cash and cash equivalents $ 5,442,283 $26,320,519
Short-term investments 14,531
Accounts receivable, less allowance for doubtful accounts of
$456,387 and $722,036 at December 31, 1995 and 1996, respectively 8,869,483 8,981,299
Unbilled accounts receivable 250,514 3,671,677
Income taxes refund receivable 968,552
Deferred income taxes 2,170,741 2,930,073
Prepaid expenses and other current assets 411,760 379,122
----------- -----------
Total current assets 18,127,864 42,282,690
LONG-TERM INSTALLMENTS RECEIVABLE, net of unamortized
discount of $1,045,184 at December 31, 1996 5,126,866
PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT
Computer equipment and programs 4,126,674 6,073,879
Furniture and fixtures 3,171,422 3,885,485
----------- -----------
7,298,096 9,959,364
Less accumulated depreciation (4,956,783) (5,914,287)
----------- -----------
Property and equipment, net 2,341,313 4,045,077
OTHER ASSETS 552,014 1,568,488
DEFERRED INCOME TAXES 533,191 174,656
----------- -----------
$21,554,382 $53,197,777
=========== ===========
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
CURRENT LIABILITIES
Accounts payable $ 1,401,529 $ 1,901,847
Accrued vacation and bonus payable 1,103,794 1,564,603
Other accrued liabilities 2,345,523 3,732,078
Income taxes payable 1,087,698 2,083,664
Deferred revenue 5,774,225 5,096,380
----------- -----------
Total current liabilities 11,712,769 14,378,572
COMMITMENTS
SERIES A REDEEMABLE CONVERTIBLE PREFERRED STOCK,
$.001 par value; 5,000,000 shares authorized, 1,666,668 and 0 shares
issued and outstanding at December 31, 1995 and 1996, respectively 4,802,120
STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
Common stock - $.001 par value; 30,000,000 shares authorized;
5,000,001 and 9,987,340 shares issued and outstanding at
December 31, 1995 and 1996, respectively 5,000 9,987
Additional paid-in capital 1,470,402 32,552,964
Retained earnings 3,564,091 6,256,254
----------- -----------
Total stockholders' equity 5,039,493 38,819,205
----------- -----------
$21,554,382 $53,197,777
=========== ===========
</TABLE>
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
F-3
<PAGE> 31
SIMULATION SCIENCES INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31,
------------------------------------------------
1994 1995 1996
----------- ----------- -----------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Revenue
Software license revenue $25,608,641 $29,888,672 $43,561,069
Services and other revenue 2,643,523 3,230,639 3,342,314
----------- ----------- -----------
Total revenue 28,252,164 33,119,311 46,903,383
Cost of revenue
Cost of software license revenue 3,989,665 3,509,514 4,275,169
Cost of services and other revenue 2,697,857 3,250,878 2,653,021
----------- ----------- -----------
Total cost of revenue 6,687,522 6,760,392 6,928,190
----------- ----------- -----------
Gross profit 21,564,642 26,358,919 39,975,193
Operating expenses
Sales and marketing 10,473,325 11,662,381 16,571,770
Research and development 9,633,982 8,621,381 12,171,729
General and administrative 3,858,002 3,868,506 7,048,089
----------- ----------- -----------
Total operating expenses 23,965,309 24,152,268 35,791,588
----------- ----------- -----------
Income (loss) from operations (2,400,667) 2,206,651 4,183,605
Interest and other income 193,247 99,905 458,058
----------- ----------- -----------
Income (loss) before provision (benefit) for income taxes (2,207,420) 2,306,556 4,641,663
Provision (benefit) for income taxes (565,343) 951,872 1,949,500
----------- ----------- -----------
Net income (loss) $(1,642,077) $ 1,354,684 $ 2,692,163
=========== =========== ===========
Pro forma and net income per share $ 0.19 $ 0.32
=========== ===========
Pro forma and weighted average common shares 7,017,628 8,347,054
=========== ===========
</TABLE>
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
F-4
<PAGE> 32
SIMULATION SCIENCES INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
COMMON STOCK ADDITIONAL TOTAL
------------------- PAID-IN RETAINED STOCKHOLDERS'
SHARES AMOUNT CAPITAL EARNINGS EQUITY
--------- ------ ----------- ----------- -----------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Balances as of January 1, 1994 5,000,001 $5,000 $ 1,470,402 $ 3,851,484 $ 5,326,886
Net loss (1,642,077) (1,642,077)
--------- ------ ----------- ----------- -----------
Balances as of December 31, 1994 5,000,001 5,000 1,470,402 2,209,407 3,684,809
Net income 1,354,684 1,354,684
--------- ------ ----------- ----------- -----------
Balances as of December 31, 1995 5,000,001 5,000 1,470,402 3,564,091 5,039,493
Issuance of common stock in a public offering 3,248,866 3,249 25,939,760 25,943,009
Conversion of preferred stock to common stock 1,666,668 1,666 4,800,454 4,802,120
Common stock option exercises 71,805 72 195,262 195,334
Tax benefit related to stock option exercises 147,086 147,086
Net income 2,692,163 2,692,163
--------- ------ ----------- ----------- -----------
Balances as of December 31, 1996 9,987,340 $9,987 $32,552,964 $ 6,256,254 $38,819,205
========= ====== =========== =========== ===========
</TABLE>
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
F-5
<PAGE> 33
SIMULATION SCIENCES INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOW
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31,
-------------------------------------------------
1994 1995 1996
----------- ----------- -----------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income (loss) $(1,642,077) $ 1,354,684 $ 2,692,163
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash
provided by (used in) operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization 885,005 693,060 957,504
Provision for doubtful accounts 120,404 28,443 478,169
Deferred income taxes (1,014,737) (351,973) (400,797)
Change in operating assets and liabilities:
Short-term investments 14,531
Accounts receivable (1,469,055) (3,050,245) (589,985)
Unbilled accounts receivable 298,515 29,050 (3,421,163)
Income taxes refund receivable (713,889) (254,663) 968,552
Prepaid expenses and other current assets (15,958) (53,195) 32,638
Other assets 6,303 (209,403) (1,016,474)
Long-term installments receivable (5,126,866)
Accounts payable 102,361 276,784 500,318
Accrued vacation and bonus payable 84,379 551,528 460,809
Other accrued liabilities 426,440 667,324 1,386,555
Accrued employee stock ownership plan contribution (487,675)
Income taxes payable (128,595) 582,831 995,966
Deferred revenue 1,032,564 2,361,677 (677,845)
----------- ----------- -----------
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities (2,516,015) 2,625,902 (2,745,925)
Cash flow from investing activities:
Purchases of property and equipment (1,316,582) (1,227,460) (2,661,268)
Proceeds from disposition of property and equipment 578,471 38,024
Purchases of marketable securities (100,000)
Proceeds from sale of marketable securities 609,022 100,000
Proceeds from officers' life insurance policies 583,379
----------- ----------- -----------
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities 354,290 (1,089,436) (2,661,268)
Cash flow from financing activities:
Issuance of common stock in a public offering 25,943,009
Proceeds from stock option exercises 195,334
Tax benefit related to stock option exercises 147,086
----------- ----------- -----------
Net cash provided by financing activities -- -- 26,285,429
----------- ----------- -----------
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents (2,161,725) 1,536,466 20,878,236
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period 6,067,542 3,905,817 5,442,283
----------- ----------- -----------
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period $ 3,905,817 $ 5,442,283 $26,320,519
=========== =========== ===========
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:
Cash paid during the period for:
Income taxes $ 453,460 $ 270,142 $ 874,446
=========== =========== ===========
</TABLE>
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
F-6
<PAGE> 34
SIMULATION SCIENCES INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1. GENERAL AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
General and Nature of Operations -- Simulation Sciences Inc. is engaged
primarily in the development and marketing of computer software for simulation
applications primarily for the oil refinery and chemical industries all over the
world. The Company performs ongoing credit evaluations of its customers and
generally does not require collateral. The Company maintains reserves for
potential credit losses and losses have approximated management's expectations.
The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of
Simulation Sciences Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries in Japan, Venezuela,
Germany, Singapore and the United Kingdom (collectively, the Company). All
significant intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated.
Cash Equivalents -- Cash equivalents represent highly liquid investments
purchased with an original maturity date of three months or less.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments -- The recorded amounts of cash and
cash equivalents, investment securities, accounts receivable and accounts
payable at December 31, 1995 and 1996 approximate fair value in accordance with
Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 107, Disclosures About Fair
Value of Financial Instruments (SFAS No. 107), due to the relatively short
period of time between origination of the instruments and their expected
realization.
Long-Term Installments Receivable -- Long-term installments receivable
represent the present value of future payments under noncancelable license
agreements which provide for payments in installments typically over a one- to
five-year period. A portion of the revenue from each installment payment is
recognized as interest income in the accompanying consolidated statements of
operations. The present value interest rate in effect during 1996 was 8%.
Property and Equipment -- Property and equipment are stated at cost and
depreciated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of
the related assets, generally three to five years.
Other Assets -- Included in other assets at December 31, 1996 is purchased
research and development costs of $1,250,000. The Company has acquired the right
to use certain technology from a third party and intends to incorporate such
technology into a product which is presently under development.
Long-Lived Assets -- The Company accounts for the impairment and
disposition of long-lived assets in accordance with Statement of Financial
Accounting Standards No. 121, Accounting for the Impairment of Long-Lived
Assets and for Long-Lived Assets to Be Disposed Of (SFAS No. 121). In
accordance with SFAS No. 121, long-lived assets to be held are reviewed for
events or changes in circumstances which indicate that their carrying value
may not be recoverable. The Company periodically reviews the carrying value
of long-lived assets to determine whether or not an impairment to such value
has occurred.
Software Development Costs -- Development costs related to new software
products and enhancements to existing software products are expensed as incurred
until technological feasibility has been established. After technological
feasibility is established, any additional costs would be capitalized in
accordance with Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 86, Accounting
for the Costs of Computer Software to be Sold, Leased or Otherwise Marketed
(SFAS No. 86). Because the Company believes its current process for developing
software is essentially completed concurrently with the establishment of
technological feasibility, no costs have been capitalized as of December 31,
1995 or 1996.
Revenue Recognition -- The Company recognizes revenue from product
licensing agreements in accordance with American Institute of Certified Public
Accountants Statement of Position No. 91-1, Software Revenue Recognition (SOP
91-1). SOP 91-1 generally requires recognition of license revenue upon shipment
or renewal
F-7
<PAGE> 35
SIMULATION SCIENCES INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (CONTINUED)
and recognition of revenue for maintenance and customer support ratably over the
life of the contract. However, if license fees and maintenance and customer
support charges are not separately identified, then all revenue from the
contract must be recognized ratably over its life. More than 95% of the
Company's license contracts entered into before 1996 did not separately identify
both software license fees and charges for customer support obligations. As a
result, the Company recognized revenue from these contracts ratably over the
term of such contracts in accordance with SOP 91-1 ("Ratable Revenue"). The
remaining contracts identified the cost of maintenance and the license fee
separately and, under SOP 91-1, the Company recognized revenue from the license
portion of the contracts upon shipment or renewal ("License Revenue") and from
the service portion of the contracts ratably over their respective terms.
Accordingly, the revenue recognized under a contract resulting in License
Revenue recognition will be higher in the quarter of shipment or renewal, and
lower in later quarters, than that recognized under a contract resulting in
Ratable Revenue recognition. In 1996, the Company began increasing the number of
contracts for new and renewing customers that separately identify software
license fees and customer support charges, resulting in recognition of License
Revenue on an increased portion of contracts.
Revenues from software product sales are recognized upon shipment of the
products to customers, and revenues from related customer software support
programs are recognized ratably over terms specified in the sale agreement. The
Company accounts for insignificant vendor obligations by deferring a portion of
the revenue and recognizing it either ratably as the obligations are fulfilled
or when the related services are performed.
Service revenues from fixed-price contracts are recognized on the
percentage-of-completion method, measured by the percentage of costs (primarily
labor) incurred to date as compared to the estimated total costs (primarily
labor) for each contract. When a loss is anticipated on a contract, the full
amount thereof is provided currently. Service revenues from time and expense
contracts and consulting and training revenue are recognized as the related
services are performed. Billings that have been recorded before the services
have been performed, and services that have been performed but for which
billings have not been made, are recorded net, as unearned revenue in the
accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
Income Taxes -- The Company accounts for income taxes under the provisions
of Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 109, Accounting for Income
Taxes (SFAS No. 109). This statement requires the recognition of deferred tax
assets and liabilities for the future consequences of events that have been
recognized in the Company's financial statements or tax returns. Measurement of
the deferred items is based on enacted tax laws.
Foreign Currency Translation -- In accordance with Statement of Financial
Accounting Standards No. 52, Foreign Currency Translation (SFAS No. 52), the
United States dollar is considered to be the functional currency for the
Company's foreign subsidiaries, and translation adjustments are included in
other income in the Company's consolidated statements of operations.
Pro Forma and Net Income Per Share -- Pro forma net income per share is
computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of common and
common equivalent shares outstanding. Weighted average common and common
equivalent shares include common shares, warrants to purchase shares of common
stock, stock options using the treasury stock method, and the pro forma
conversion of all outstanding shares of preferred stock into shares of common
stock. Net income per share is computed as described above and includes the
actual conversion of the preferred shares into the same number of common shares
upon the completion of the Company's initial public offering in October 1996
(Note 3).
Pursuant to Securities and Exchange Commission Staff Accounting Bulletin
Topic 4D, stock options granted during the twelve months prior to the date of
the initial filing of the Company's Form S-1 Registration Statement have been
included in the calculation of common equivalent shares using the treasury stock
method as if they were outstanding for all periods presented.
F-8
<PAGE> 36
SIMULATION SCIENCES INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (CONTINUED)
Use of Estimates -- The preparation of financial statements in conformity
with generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make
estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and
liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of
the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses
during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Stock-based Compensation -- The Company accounts for stock-based awards to
employees using the intrinsic value method in accordance with Accounting
Principles Board Opinion No. 25 (APB No. 25), Accounting for Stock Issued to
Employees.
Concentration of Revenue in the Petroleum Industry -- The Company derives a
substantial majority of its total revenue from software licenses and services to
companies in the petroleum industry, which is highly cyclical. Accordingly, the
Company's future success is dependent upon the continued demand for process
engineering software by companies in the petroleum industry.
2. REVOLVING LINE OF CREDIT
At December 31, 1996, the Company had a revolving line of credit with a
commercial bank under which it may borrow up to $3.0 million at the bank's prime
rate. The agreement, with amendments, expired January 31, 1997, was
collateralized by substantially all of the Company's assets and contained
certain financial and other covenants. At December 31, 1996, there were no
borrowings outstanding under the agreement. Subsequent to December 31, 1996, the
Company renegotiated its revolving line of credit with its bank. The new
agreement, which expires March 31, 1999, provides for an unsecured line of
credit up to $3,000,000 at the bank's prime rate, and contains certain financial
and other covenants.
3. STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
On December 17, 1993, in a private placement offering, the Company sold
1,666,668 shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock ($.001 par value) at a
price of $3.00 per share, raising proceeds of $4,802,120, net of offering costs
of $197,884. In connection with this offering, the Company also issued warrants
to the holders of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock to purchase 438,598
shares of the Company's common stock for $2.85 per share. Such warrants remain
outstanding at December 31, 1996.
On December 17, 1993, the Company repurchased from its stockholders
1,827,940 shares of common stock for $5,000,000. Upon repurchase by the Company,
the shares were canceled.
On October 25, 1996 and November 21, 1996, the Company sold 3,248,866
shares, including overallotment, of its Common Stock in its initial public
offering and raised net proceeds of $25,943,009. The 1,666,668 shares of Series
A Convertible Preferred Stock were converted into the same number of shares of
Common Stock at the initial public offering. No dividends were declared on the
Convertible Preferred Stock.
Stock Option Plans -- The Company currently has three fixed price stock
option plans which reserve shares of common stock for issuance to key employees
and directors: the 1994 Stock Option Plan (1994 Plan), the 1996 Stock Option
Plan (1996 Plan) and the 1996 Director Option Plan (1996 Director Plan).
The 1994 Plan provides for the granting up to 1,666,667 options to
purchase common stock of the Company at a price at least equal to the market
price as of the date of grant. The nonstatutory options are to be issued to key
employees and directors as determined by the Company's Board of Directors. Such
options vest ratably over five
F-9
<PAGE> 37
SIMULATION SCIENCES INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (CONTINUED)
years and expire ten years from date of grant. At December 31, 1996 there were
203,055 shares available for grant under the 1994 Plan.
The 1996 Plan provides for the granting to employees of incentive stock
options and for the granting to employees and consultants of nonstatutory stock
options and stock purchase rights ("SPRs"). The 1996 Plan may be administered by
the Board of Directors or a committee of the Board. A total of 1,000,000 shares
of Common Stock is currently reserved for issuance under the 1996 Plan. The
exercise price of the options must be at least equal to the market price at the
date of grant. Such options vest ratably over four years and expire ten years
from date of grant. Unless terminated sooner, the 1996 Plan will terminate
automatically in May 2006. At December 31, 1996, there were 927,000 shares
available for grant under the 1996 Plan.
The 1996 Director Plan provides for the automatic granting of an option for
20,000 shares of Common Stock (First Option) to each non-employee director on
the earlier of: (i) the effective date of the Director Plan, or (ii) the date on
which the person first becomes a non-employee director, unless immediately prior
to becoming a non-employee director, such person was a director of the Company.
After the First Option is granted to the non-employee director, he or she shall
automatically be granted an option to purchase 5,000 shares (Subsequent Option)
each year on the date of the annual stockholders' meeting of the Company at
which such non-employee director is re-elected as a director, if on such date he
or she shall have served on the Board for at least six months. The Company has
reserved 125,000 shares of Common Stock for issuance under the 1996 Director
Plan. The exercise price of the options must be at least equal to the market
price at the date of grant. Such options vest ratably over four years and expire
ten years from date of grant. As of December 31, 1996, there was no activity
under the 1996 Director Plan.
The following table summarizes activity under the Company's 1994 Plan and
1996 Plan:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
NUMBER OF
NUMBER OF PRICE OPTIONS
SHARES PER SHARE EXERCISABLE
----------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Balance, January 1, 1994 -- --
Granted 500,667 $ 2.73
-------------------------------
Balance, December 31, 1994 500,667 2.73 --
Granted 585,000 2.67
Canceled (171,667) 2.73
-------------------------------
Balance, December 31, 1995 914,000 2.67 - 2.73 65,800
Granted 724,333 5.37 - 10.38
Exercised (71,805) 2.67 - 2.73
Canceled (101,716) 2.67 - 6.30
-------------------------------
Balance, December 31, 1996 1,464,812 $2.67 - $10.38 193,137
===============================
</TABLE>
F-10
<PAGE> 38
SIMULATION SCIENCES INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (CONTINUED)
The following table summarizes other information regarding stock options
outstanding at December 31, 1996:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
OPTIONS OUTSTANDING OPTIONS EXERCISABLE
----------------------------------------- -------------------------
WEIGHTED
AVERAGE WEIGHTED WEIGHTED
RANGE OF NUMBER REMAINING AVERAGE NUMBER AVERAGE
EXERCISE OUTSTANDING CONTRACTUAL EXERCISE EXERCISABLE EXERCISE
PRICES AT 12/31/96 LIFE PRICES AT 12/31/96 PRICES
- ----------------- ----------------------------------------- -------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
$2.67 to $ 2.73 753,826 8 $2.69 193,137 $2.70
$5.37 to $ 6.30 492,654 9 6.24
$7.50 to $10.38 218,332 10 8.46
--------- -------
1,464,812 193,137
========= =======
</TABLE>
1996 Employee Stock Purchase Plans (1996 ESPP) -- The U.S. 1996 ESPP
permits eligible employees to acquire shares of the Company's common stock at
85% of the lower of the fair market value of the Common Stock at the beginning
or at the end of each offering period through payroll deductions of up to 10% of
an employee's compensation (excluding bonuses and incentive compensation), up to
a maximum of $20,000 per year. The plan has two six-month offering periods each
year beginning on the first trading day on or after January 1 and July 1,
respectively, and terminates in 2006. The Foreign 1996 ESPP contains terms
similar to those of the U.S. 1996 ESPP. A total of 200,000 shares have been
approved for grant under the 1996 ESPP. As of December 31, 1996, no shares of
common stock have been purchased under the plan. At December 31, 1996, the
Company had a liability of $183,509 recorded in connection with the future
purchase of common stock under the plan.
As discussed in Note 1, the Company continues to account for its
stock-based awards using the intrinsic value method in accordance with
Accounting Principles Board Opinion No. 25, Accounting for Stock Issued to
Employees (APB No. 25) and its related interpretations. Accordingly, no
compensation expense has been recognized in the financial statements for
employee stock arrangements.
Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 123, Accounting for
Stock-Based Compensation, (SFAS No. 123) requires the disclosure of pro forma
net income per share and earnings per share had the Company adopted the fair
value method as of the beginning of 1995. Under SFAS No. 123, the fair value of
stock-based awards to employees is calculated through the use of option pricing
models, even though such models were developed to estimate the fair value of
freely tradable, fully transferable options without vesting restrictions, which
significantly differ from the Company's stock option awards. These models also
require subjective assumptions, including future stock volatility and expected
time to exercise, which greatly affect the calculated values. The Company's
calculations were made using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the
following weighted-average assumptions: no dividend yield, expected volatility
of 1.7%, risk free interest rate of 6.2%, and expected lives of 5 years. The
Company's calculations are based on a multiple option valuation approach and
forfeitures are recognized as they occur. If the computed fair values of the
1995 and 1996 awards had been amortized to expense over the vesting period of
the awards, pro forma net income would have been $1,329,519 ($0.19 per share) in
1995 and $2,550,205 ($0.31 per share) in 1996.
Stock Split -- On May 2, 1996, the Company's Board of Directors approved a
1-for-3 reverse stock split of the Company's common stock, which was effected in
October 1996. All share, per share and conversion amounts relating to common
stock, preferred stock, warrants and stock options included in the accompanying
consolidated financial statements and footnotes have been restated to reflect
the stock split for all periods presented.
F-11
<PAGE> 39
SIMULATION SCIENCES INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (CONTINUED)
Reincorporation -- The Company reincorporated in the State of Delaware in
September 1996.
In 1993, the Company had a profit sharing plan and a defined contribution
money purchase pension plan covering substantially all employees. Both plans
were combined in an employee stock ownership plan (the "ESOP"). On January 1,
1994, the ESOP was amended and restated to provide for the combination of the
plans into a 401(k) plan. The Company matches participating employee
(participant) contributions of up to 5% of compensation at rates up to 100%,
depending on the participant's compensation. During the years ended December 31,
1994, 1995 and 1996, matching contributions totaled $124,838, $111,092 and
$163,472, respectively.
4. INCOME TAXES
The provision (benefit) for income taxes consists of the following:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31,
-----------------------------------------------
1994 1995 1996
----------- ---------- ----------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Current:
Federal $ (561,110) $ 224,311 $ 641,190
State 78,964 228,876 343,926
Foreign 931,540 850,658 1,365,181
----------- ---------- ----------
449,394 1,303,845 2,350,297
Deferred federal and state (1,014,737) (351,973) (400,797)
----------- ---------- ----------
$ (565,343) $ 951,872 $1,949,500
=========== ========== ==========
</TABLE>
The following summary reconciles the U.S. Federal statutory income tax rate
to the Company's effective tax rate:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31,
----------------------------------
1994 1995 1996
----- ---- ----
<S> <C> <C> <C>
U.S. Federal statutory rate (34.0)% 35.0% 35.0%
Increases (decreases) resulting from:
State taxes, net of federal benefit (0.7) 3.9 3.9
Foreign tax rate differential 10.7 2.2 5.2
Other (1.6) 0.2 (2.1)
----- ---- ----
Effective tax rate (25.6) % 41.3% 42.0%
===== ==== ====
</TABLE>
F-12
<PAGE> 40
SIMULATION SCIENCES INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (CONTINUED)
The Company provides deferred income taxes for temporary differences
between assets and liabilities recognized for financial reporting purposes and
income tax purposes. The income tax effects of these temporary differences
representing significant portions of the deferred tax assets and liabilities are
as follows:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31,
----------------------------
1995 1996
---------- ----------
<S> <C> <C>
Deferred tax assets:
Deferred revenues $1,968,207 $1,953,241
Depreciable assets 106,415
Accrued expenses and reserves 737,158 1,028,985
Tax credit carryforwards 338,333 68,240
---------- ----------
Total deferred tax assets 3,043,698 3,156,881
---------- ----------
Deferred Tax Liabilities:
Depreciable assets (191,246)
Deferred state taxes (134,950) (52,152)
Other (13,570)
---------- ----------
Total deferred tax liabilities (339,766) (52,152)
---------- ----------
Net deferred tax assets $2,703,932 $3,104,729
========== ==========
</TABLE>
5. COMMITMENTS
As of December 31, 1996, the Company has various operating lease
commitments expiring through 2008 for office space and rental equipment, as
follows:
<TABLE>
<S> <C>
Year ending December 31:
1997 $ 1,958,236
1998 1,876,808
1999 1,381,007
2000 1,152,327
2001 796,857
Thereafter 4,894,355
-----------
$12,059,590
===========
</TABLE>
Rent expense was $1,832,491, $1,828,365 and $2,012,297 for the years ended
December 31, 1994, 1995 and 1996, respectively. Certain stockholders of the
Company, in connection with their involvement in a partnership, acquired a 44%
interest in the Company's main office facility in October 1992. Total rent
expense incurred by the Company to such partnership amounted to $425,020,
$482,973 and $602,830 for the years ended December 31, 1994, 1995 and 1996,
respectively. The Company's lease with the partnership expires in 2008.
The Company is not currently subject to any legal actions that are expected
to have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, operating results
or financial condition.
F-13
<PAGE> 41
SIMULATION SCIENCES INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (CONTINUED)
6. GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION
Revenue, income (loss) before income taxes and identifiable assets are as
follows:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31,
-------------------------------------------------
1994 1995 1996
----------- ----------- -----------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Revenue:
North America $10,261,017 $11,095,791 $14,991,650
Europe/Middle East/Africa 9,726,969 11,416,180 16,396,830
Japan 3,994,161 5,109,689 7,860,232
Pacific Rim 2,659,705 3,483,784 4,294,605
Other * 1,610,312 2,013,867 3,360,066
----------- ----------- -----------
$28,252,164 $33,119,311 $46,903,383
=========== =========== ===========
Income (loss) before taxes:
United States $(2,635,451) $ 1,474,826 $ 3,101,383
Japan 194,170 282,149 1,176,915
Other 233,861 549,581 363,365
----------- ----------- -----------
$(2,207,420) $ 2,306,556 $ 4,641,663
=========== =========== ===========
Assets:
United States $15,316,479 $20,419,549 $51,861,721
Japan 2,088,026 2,049,995 1,472,848
Other 442,366 858,925 1,906,522
Eliminations (1,554,338) (1,774,087) (2,043,314)
----------- ----------- -----------
$16,292,533 $21,554,382 $53,197,777
=========== =========== ===========
</TABLE>
* Consists primarily of sales into Latin American countries.
F-14
<PAGE> 42
SIMULATION SCIENCES INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
SCHEDULE II - VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
BALANCE AT CHARGED TO BALANCE AT
BEGINNING COSTS AND END
DESCRIPTION OF PERIOD EXPENSES DEDUCTIONS OF PERIOD
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts:
December 31, 1994 $307,540 $120,404 $ -- $427,944
December 31, 1995 427,944 28,443 -- 456,387
December 31, 1996 456,387 478,169 (212,520) 722,036
</TABLE>
S-1
<PAGE> 1
SIMULATION SCIENCES INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
EXHIBIT 23.1 - INDEPENDENT AUDITORS' CONSENT
We consent to the incorporation by reference in Registration Statement No.
333-22137 on Form S-8 of our report dated February 7, 1997, appearing in this
Annual Report on Form 10-K of Simulation Sciences Inc. and subsidiaries for the
year ended December 31, 1996.
/s/ Deloitte & Touche
DELOITTE & TOUCHE LLP
Costa Mesa, California
March 17, 1997
<TABLE> <S> <C>
<ARTICLE> 5
<S> <C>
<PERIOD-TYPE> YEAR
<FISCAL-YEAR-END> DEC-31-1996
<PERIOD-START> JAN-01-1996
<PERIOD-END> DEC-31-1996
<CASH> 26,320,519
<SECURITIES> 0
<RECEIVABLES> 13,375,012
<ALLOWANCES> 722,036
<INVENTORY> 0
<CURRENT-ASSETS> 42,282,690
<PP&E> 9,959,364
<DEPRECIATION> 5,914,287
<TOTAL-ASSETS> 53,197,777
<CURRENT-LIABILITIES> 14,378,572
<BONDS> 0
0
0
<COMMON> 9,987
<OTHER-SE> 38,809,218
<TOTAL-LIABILITY-AND-EQUITY> 53,197,777
<SALES> 0
<TOTAL-REVENUES> 46,903,383
<CGS> 0
<TOTAL-COSTS> 6,928,190
<OTHER-EXPENSES> 35,313,419
<LOSS-PROVISION> 478,169
<INTEREST-EXPENSE> (458,058)
<INCOME-PRETAX> 4,641,663
<INCOME-TAX> 1,949,500
<INCOME-CONTINUING> 0
<DISCONTINUED> 0
<EXTRAORDINARY> 0
<CHANGES> 0
<NET-INCOME> 2,692,163
<EPS-PRIMARY> 0
<EPS-DILUTED> 0.32
</TABLE>
