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SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K
X ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)
--- OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 1996
Commission File Number: 0-21393
SEACHANGE INTERNATIONAL, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware 04-3197974
(State or other jurisdiction of (IRS Employer Identification No.)
incorporation or organization)
124 Acton Street, Maynard, MA 01754
(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)
Registrant's telephone number, including area code: (508) 897-0100
SECURITIES REGISTERED PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(B) OF THE ACT: NONE
SECURITIES REGISTERED PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(G) OF THE ACT:
COMMON STOCK, $.01 PAR VALUE
----------------------------
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports
required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of
1934 during the preceeding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the
registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such
filing requirements for the past 90 days.
Yes_X_ No__
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405
of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the
best of registrant's knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements
incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this
Form 10-K [ ].
As of March 20, 1997 the aggregate market value of the voting stock held by non-
affiliates of the registrant, based upon the closing price for the registrant's
Common Stock on the Nasdaq National Market on such date was $63,537,244. The
number of shares of the registrant's Common Stock outstanding as of the close of
business on March 20, 1997 was 12,877,733.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE:
Portions of the definitive Proxy Statement in connection with the Annual Meeting
of Stockholders to be held on or about May 29, 1997 to be filed pusuant to
Regulation 14A are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Form 10-K.
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PART I
This Annual Report on Form 10-K includes certain statements of a forward-looking
nature which reflect the Company's current views relating to future events or
the future financial performance of the Company. These forward-looking
statements are only predictions and are subject to risks and uncertainties,
particularly the matters set forth in "Certain Risk Factors" below, which could
cause actual events or results to differ materially from historical results or
those indicated by such forward-looking statements.
ITEM 1. BUSINESS
SeaChange International, Inc. ("SeaChange"or the "Company") provides software-
based products to manage, store and distribute digital video for cable
television operators and telecommunications companies. The Company's products
utilize its proprietary distributed application software and standard industry
components to automate the management and distribution of short- and long-form
video streams including advertisements, movies, news updates and other video
programming requiring precise, accurate and continuous execution. The Company's
digital video products are designed to provide higher image quality and to be
more reliable, easier to use and less expensive than analog tape-based systems.
In addition, SeaChange's products enable its customers to increase revenues by
offering more targeted services such as geography-specific spot advertising and
Video-On-Demand movies.
SeaChange's products address a number of specific markets. The SeaChange SPOT
System is the leading digital advertisement and other short-form video insertion
system for the multichannel television market in terms of installations in the
United States, based on currently available industry sources and the Company's
internal data. The SeaChange SPOT System encodes analog video forms such as
advertisements and news updates, stores them in remote or local digital
libraries, and inserts them automatically into television network streams. The
SPOT System provides high run-rate accuracy and video image quality, permits
geographic and demographic specificity of advertisements and reduces operating
costs. The Company has recently introduced the SeaChange Movie System, which
provides long-form video storage and delivery for the Video-On-Demand and pay-
per-view movie markets and is developing the SeaChange Programming System, a
long-form video storage and delivery product for cable television operators and
telecommunications companies. The SeaChange Traffic and Billing Software
operates in conjunction with the SeaChange SPOT System to automate and simplify
complex sales, scheduling and billing processes for the multichannel television
market. The Company also sells its Video Server 100, which is designed to store
and distribute video streams of various lengths, and MediaCluster, SeaChange's
proprietary software technology that enables multiple Video Server 100s to
operate together as an integrated video server, to systems integrators and value
added resellers (''VARs''). In addition, the Company is developing digital play-
to-air systems for the broadcast television industry.
The Company was incorporated in Delaware in July 1993 under the name SeaView
Technology, Inc. and changed its name to SeaChange Technology, Inc. in September
1993 and to SeaChange International, Inc. in March 1996.
INDUSTRY BACKGROUND
Television operators, the largest users of professional quality video,
historically have relied on analog technology for the storage and distribution
of video streams. Analog systems, which use video tapes as the primary mechanism
for the storage and distribution of video, have substantial limitations. Analog
tapes and their associated playback mechanisms are subject to mechanical failure
and generational loss of video quality. Analog tape-based systems also require
significant manual intervention, which makes them expensive and cumbersome to
operate and
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also limits their flexibility for programming changes. Finally, analog tapes are
bulky and have limited storage capacity.
Over the past decade, the limitations of analog tape-based systems have become
increasingly apparent. Changes in government regulation and increased
competition have forced television operators to seek new revenue sources and
reduce costs. In addition, television operators are increasingly seeking to
offer new and enhanced video services while simultaneously improving the
efficiency of their operations. While analog tape-based systems are sufficient
for some traditional applications, they do not meet the performance and cost
requirements of these new, targeted applications.
Cable Television Operators & Telecommunications Companies
According to industry sources, there are approximately 11,000 cable systems
currently in the United States, serving over 64 million households. In 1995,
57.3% of all cable systems provided between 30 and 53 channels of programming as
compared to 35.9% in 1985. Because cable television programming is sent over
broadband lines, operators can segment and target their programming to viewers
in selected geographies. In addition, the continuing growth in cable
television's multiple specialized programming networks, such as CNN, MTV and
ESPN and newer networks such as Black Entertainment Television, the Discovery
Channel and Nickelodeon, allow advertisers to target viewers in selected
demographic profiles.
Despite this advantage over television broadcasters, cable television
operators historically have not realized advertising revenues in proportion to
their share of television viewers. According to industry sources, in 1995, 36%
of all television viewers were watching cable networks, yet cable television
advertising revenue accounted for only 16% of the total television advertising
revenue. In addition, advertising represents the major source of revenue for
television broadcasters, while most cable television operators derive less than
5% of their gross revenue from advertising. The limitations of analog tape-based
technology are a major factor which has prevented cable television operators
from historically exploiting their advantages over television broadcasters.
Analog systems are difficult to manage in multichannel and multi-zone
environments, resulting in relatively poor video insertion accuracy and high
operating costs.
Video-On-Demand represents a new opportunity for cable television operators.
Industry sources project that the Video-On-Demand market will generate
approximately $1.8 billion in revenues for cable television operators in 1999.
Increased channel capacity through the installation of fiber optic cables is
providing many cable television operators with the capacity to offer Video-On-
Demand programming capability to hotels and apartments. However, these complex
applications which demand reliable, rapid and cost-effective management and
operation are not as practical or feasible with existing analog technology.
The recent deregulation of the United States telecommunications industry has
lowered the legal barriers to entry for telecommunications companies to enter
the multichannel video delivery market. Telecommunications companies are
attempting to capitalize on the new growth opportunities by acquiring existing
cable television operators and by leveraging their existing telephony networks
to establish new multichannel video delivery operations. However,
telecommunications companies face the same limitations as cable television
operators in cost-effectively offering targeted, value-added services with
analog tape-based systems.
Increased demand for video and audio content over the Internet will require a
substantial increase in storage capacity and bandwidth over time. The Company
believes that cable television operators and telecommunications companies will
play an integral role in providing these broadband Internet applications. The
Company also believes that in order to offer high quality video applications
over the Internet, cable television operators and telecommunications companies
will need storage and distribution products capable of complex management and
scheduling of video data streams.
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Television Broadcasters
The more than 1,500 broadcast stations in the United States, including network
affiliates and independent stations, face many of the same technological issues
as cable television operators. Additionally, television broadcasters rely on
advertising for nearly all of their revenue and require high advertisement run-
rate reliability and image quality. To date, television broadcasters have
utilized tape-based systems with robotic libraries, which are cumbersome and
require high levels of maintenance and manual intervention to ensure that the
needed performance requirements are met. Also, the video tapes in these systems
need to be replaced frequently due to repeated use.
In addition, many broadcasters are contemplating the use of the cable
infrastructure for the delivery of geography-specific advertising. These
broadcasters will insert targeted advertising into their television signals and
distribute them directly, often via microwave, to cable operators' distribution
sites. If this application develops, television operators will require video
storage and delivery systems that can effectively manage and deliver multiple
television signals to targeted markets.
Initial Digital Video Products
Over the past five years, several companies have introduced digital video
products aimed at addressing the limitations of analog tape-based systems. These
products generally have been expensive, not scalable, difficult to program and
have poor video quality. In addition, many initial digital video products have
required users to integrate several components from different vendors to create
a complete solution, which is time consuming, technologically difficult and
often results in poor system performance.
THE SEACHANGE SOLUTION
SeaChange develops, markets and supports software-based digital video
solutions designed to enhance its customers' ability to store, retrieve, manage
and distribute short- and long-form video streams, including advertisements,
movies, news updates and other video programming requiring precise, accurate and
continuous execution. The Company's solutions are based on five core areas of
functionality: (i) real-time conversion of analog video into digital video
format; (ii) storage and retrieval of video content to and from digital
libraries; (iii) scheduled distribution of video streams between digital
libraries via local and wide area data networks; (iv) delivery of video streams
over single and multiple channels; and (v) management of video sales,
scheduling, billing and execution of related business transactions.
SeaChange uses these core capabilities to provide solutions to a number of
commercial markets. The Company's products are designed to provide a consistent
set of features and benefits, including:
Viewer Targeting. The Company's digital video products enable television
operators to efficiently target viewers in specific demographic or geographic
groups. The ability to target selected viewers enables television operators to
increase revenues by offering more targeted services. The SeaChange SPOT
System offers this capability to television operators, while the SeaChange
Movie System makes it possible for television operators to offer Video-On-
Demand movies to individual hotel rooms or apartments.
Cost Reduction. The Company's products are designed to provide its customers
operating cost reductions as compared to analog tape-based systems due to,
among other things, the elimination of video tapes and their storage and lower
operating personnel requirements. The Company is also able to price its
products on a competitive basis by using standard operating systems and
components. The Company believes that the combination of competitive pricing
of its products and reductions in the operating costs of its customers results
in attractive pay-back periods on customers' initial capital outlay for the
Company's products.
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Scalability. The Company's products are scalable to the needs of a
particular cable television operator or television broadcaster whether
operating in a single channel system concentrated in one specific zone or a
system with hundreds of channels serving multiple zones and markets. Moreover,
the Company's proprietary storage technology enables the scalability of
storage of digital video from a few minutes to hundreds of hours of video.
Reliability. The Company's products eliminate the need for traditional
mechanical tape-based systems, thereby reducing the likelihood of breakdowns.
Furthermore, through the use of redundant components and proprietary storage
technology and application software, SeaChange's products are designed to be
fault resilient, providing the high reliability required for television
operations.
Scheduling Flexibility. The digitizing and storage of video streams allows
advertisements, news updates and movies to be inserted on channels in local
communities and allows cable television operators to insert or delete video
content rapidly. This flexibility enables the provision of services such as
Video-On-Demand movies and provides advertisers and television broadcasters
the opportunity to insert new video content on short notice.
Video Image Quality. Because digital video streams do not degrade with
playback, image content and quality remain at the original professional level
even after multiple airings.
Ease of Use. The Company's products are simple to learn, require less
maintenance, and are less personnel intensive than analog systems. Due to
their innovative architecture, the Company's products offer a number of
features that simplify their use, including remote monitoring and service and
automated short- and long-form video distribution.
STRATEGY
SeaChange's objective is to be a leader in the emerging market for the
storage, management and distribution of professional quality digital video. The
key elements of the Company's strategy are to:
Develop Long-Term Customer Relationships. The Company is focusing its
product development, marketing and direct sales efforts on developing long-
term customer relationships with cable television operators,
telecommunications companies and television broadcasters in the United States
and internationally. The Company has formed its customer relationships by
providing software-based digital video solutions to address customers'
immediate problems, such as advertisement and other short-form video
insertion. The Company intends to continue to leverage its customer
relationships to offer new, compatible products to meet evolving market needs,
such as Video-On-Demand programming. The Company believes that the
fundamental shift from analog to digital video and the growing emphasis on
interactive technologies will continue to present opportunities for the
Company to develop, market and support its products to both its existing
customer base and to customers in additional markets.
Offer Complete Solutions. SeaChange's customers operate complex networks
that require the delivery and management of video programming across multiple
channels and target zones. SeaChange believes television operators desire
complete solutions that integrate all steps of digital video delivery from
scheduling to post-air verification and billing. To address these needs,
SeaChange provides integrated applications and support services which are more
valuable to customers than individual functional products not specifically
designed to work together. The Company believes that providing complete
solutions has been a significant factor in its success and will be an
increasingly important competitive advantage.
Establish and Maintain Technological Leadership Through Software. SeaChange
believes its competitive position is dependent in large part on the features
and performance of its application and network and storage
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software. As a result, the Company focuses a majority of its research and
development efforts on introducing new software applications and improving its
current software. The Company seeks to use standard hardware components
wherever possible to maintain its focus on software development.
Provide Superior Customer Service and Support. The Company's products
operate in environments where continuous operation is critical. As a result,
the Company believes that providing a high level of service and support gives
it a competitive advantage and is a differentiating factor in developing key
customer relationships. The Company's in-depth industry and application
knowledge allows it to better understand the service needs of its customers.
As of December 31, 1996, more than 30% of the Company's employees were
dedicated to customer service and support, including project design and
implementation, installation and training. In addition, using remote
diagnostic and communications features embedded in the Company's products, the
service organization has the ability to monitor the performance of customer
installations and, in most cases, rectify problems remotely. Customers have
access to service personnel via 24-hour, seven-day a week telephone support.
PRODUCTS
SeaChange develops digital video products and related applications for the
television industry. Its products are marketed to cable television operators,
telecommunication companies, television broadcasters, systems integrators and
VARs.
SeaChange SPOT System
The SeaChange SPOT System automates the complex process of advertisement and
other video insertion across multiple channels and geographic zones for cable
television operators and telecommunications companies. Through its proprietary
software, the SeaChange SPOT System allows cable television operators to insert
local and regional advertisements and other short-form video streams into the
time allocated for these video streams by cable television networks such as CNN,
MTV, ESPN, Black Entertainment Television, the Discovery Channel and
Nickelodeon.
The SeaChange SPOT System is an integrated solution composed of software
applications, hardware platforms, data networks and easy to use graphical
interfaces. The SeaChange SPOT System is designed to be installed at local cable
transmission sites, known as headends, and advertising sales business offices.
The SeaChange video insertion process consists of six steps:
Encoding: The process begins with the SeaChange Encoding Station, which is
based on SeaChange's proprietary encoding software, where analog-
based short- and long-form video is digitized and compressed in
real-time using standard MPEG-2 hardware.
Storage: Digital video is then stored in a disk-based video library,
capable of storing thousands of spots, where the SeaChange SPOT
System organizes, manages and stores these video streams.
Scheduling: SeaChange's scheduling and management software coordinates with
the traffic and billing application to determine the designated
time slot, channel and geographic zone for each video stream.
Distribution: SeaChange's strategic digital video software then copies the
video streams from the master video library and distributes them
over the operator's data network to headends, where they are
stored in video servers for future play.
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Insertion: Following a network cue, the SeaChange video switch module
automatically initiates the conversion of video streams to analog
and inserts them into the network feed, where they are then seen
by television viewers.
Verification: After the video streams run, SeaChange's proprietary software and
hardware verifies the content, accuracy, timing and placement of
such video streams to facilitate proper customer billing.
The selling price for a base SeaChange SPOT System is approximately $250,000;
to date, the largest single sale of a SeaChange SPOT System was $2.5 million.
SeaChange Traffic and Billing Software
The SeaChange Traffic and Billing Software is based on software the Company
has licensed from a third party and is designed to permit television operators
to manage advertising sales, scheduling, packaging and billing operations. This
product provides advertising sales executives with: (i) management performance
reports; (ii) inventory tracking; and (iii) order entry, billing and accounts
receivable management. Traffic and Billing Software can be integrated with the
SeaChange SPOT System and is also compatible with many other advertisement
insertion systems currently in use. The Company introduced the SeaChange
Traffic and Billing Software in the second quarter of 1996.
Long-Form Video Products
SeaChange is developing and marketing two products for the management and
delivery of long-form video content for cable television operators and
telecommunications companies.
SeaChange Movie System. SeaChange has developed a new product, the
SeaChange Movie System, which is a platform for the storage and delivery of
long-form video streams, particularly movies. SeaChange has worked together with
IPC Interactive (''IPC''), a provider of Video-On-Demand systems, to integrate
IPC's Guestnet system and its related movie programming with the SeaChange Movie
System. The integrated system is designed to permit viewers in hotels and
apartments to choose particular movies on demand and also offers a variety of
ancillary programming services, such as local programming and advertisements.
The Company and IPC have joint marketing rights to the integrated system.
SeaChange is marketing the SeaChange Movie System featuring the Guestnet movie
programming to cable television operators, acting as a sales representative for
the IPC portion of the system. IPC is entitled to market this product, acting as
a dealer or sales representative for the SeaChange portion of the system. The
cable television operators can package full scale Video-On-Demand systems
for hotels and apartments.
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The integrated system consists of user interfaces and application hardware and
software, including set-top boxes and remote control devices, provided by IPC
and SeaChange's Video Server 100 technology and software architecture for the
delivery and storage of movies. The video servers will be installed at the cable
headend and the video will be delivered over a dedicated fiber optic line. The
integrated system is designed to provide cable television operators with a new
source of revenue and a competitive advantage over the encroaching services of
direct broadcast satellite companies. The SeaChange Movie System has been sold
to one customer for use with the Guestnet movie programming.
In addition, the SeaChange Movie System may be used by television operators to
provide pay-per-view movies. Pay-per-view movies are presented at regular
intervals and viewers can order and begin watching a movie at a time convenient
to them. The Company has begun marketing the SeaChange Movie System to
television operators for pay-per-view movies and has received an order for one
system with a sales price of approximately $300,000.
SeaChange Programming System. The SeaChange Programming System, which
employs the same underlying technology and basic functionality of the SeaChange
SPOT System, is designed to be a platform for the delivery of long-form video
streams in a multichannel environment. The SeaChange Programming System is
designed to permit television operators to store, manage and distribute long-
form video streams, such as movies, infomercials, and other local origination
programming. The SeaChange Programming System is designed to provide for the
storage of up to a terabyte of digital video (approximately 250 feature length
movies on-line), which is expected to accommodate most current customer
applications. Its proprietary software applications are designed to enable
television operators to easily schedule and manage the automated delivery of
movies, infomercials and other local programming.
The SeaChange Programming System is designed to have a number of advantages
over traditional analog tape-based systems. It is designed to provide a high
level of scheduling control to reduce personnel needs and improve scheduling
flexibility. By sharing common functions with the SeaChange SPOT System such as
encoding, scheduling, storage libraries and networks, the SeaChange Programming
System is designed to leverage a customer's existing investment in SeaChange
products. The Company is currently marketing the SeaChange Programming System.
Broadcast Television Products
SeaChange plans to introduce two offerings to the television broadcast market
in 1997.
SeaChange Extensible Disk Play-to-Air System. The SeaChange Extensible Disk
Play-to-Air System is designed to provide high quality, MPEG-2 based video
storage and playback for use with automation systems in broadcast television
stations. This product is intended to replace on-air tape decks used to store
and play back advertising from video tape cart systems and, in some cases, to
replace the cart systems themselves. The SeaChange Extensible Disk Play-to-Air
System is designed for customers in larger broadcast television markets which
use station automation systems.
The SeaChange Extensible Disk Play-to-Air System is designed to simultaneously
record, encode, store to a disk and play video content, using industry standard
MPEG-2 compression. This product is designed to seamlessly integrate into
television broadcasters' current tape-based operations and meet the high
performance requirements of television broadcasters.
SeaChange Commercial Playback System. The SeaChange Commercial Playback
System is designed to store, manage and distribute advertisements and other
short-form video streams for broadcast stations where broadcast automation
systems are not widely deployed. This product is designed to have the same
functionality and features of the SeaChange SPOT System but is designed to be
tailored for the high performance requirements of the broadcast television
environment.
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The SeaChange Commercial Playback System is designed to encode advertisements
and other short-form video streams from video tape, interface with sales and
billing systems for scheduling and verification, and store and manage large
libraries of short-form video streams. The Company believes that the SeaChange
Commercial Playback System will often be a first step toward automation for many
television broadcasters.
OEM Products
The Company currently markets two original equipment manufacturer (''OEM'')
products.
Video Server 100. The Video Server 100, which is the Company's second
generation video server, is designed to store and distribute video streams of
various lengths. The Video Server 100 provides the base technology for all of
SeaChange's digital video products and is offered to systems integrators and
VARs as a platform for the storage and delivery of video in a wide range of
applications.
The Video Server 100 provides custom power and packaging and software for use
in professional video applications. It has features such as RAID and a redundant
power supply to enable continuous uninterrupted airing of video. The Video
Server 100 uses industry standard components, which differentiates it from
various video servers based on proprietary processors and specialized hardware
components and operating systems. The OEM list price of the Video Server 100 is
$32,000.
MediaCluster. MediaCluster is SeaChange's proprietary software technology
that enables multiple Video Server 100s to operate together as an integrated
video server. While the Video Server 100 is the base technology for short-form
video applications, MediaCluster serves as the base technology for long-form
video applications.
Through its software architecture, MediaCluster can join multiple Video
Server 100s to support large-scale applications by storing large amounts of
video data and delivering multiple video streams, with no single point of
failure in the system. The Company currently has a patent application pending
for its MediaCluster technology. Although MediaCluster software technology
has been integrated into the SeaChange SPOT System and the SeaChange Movie
System, the Company has not to date sold MediaCluster to any customer on a
stand-alone basis. The Company is currently marketing the first generation of
MediaCluster and plans to introduce a new version of MediaCluster in 1997.
The Company is in the process of establishing a subsidiary at its Greenville,
New Hampshire location for the manufacture, development and OEM sale of the
Video Server 100 and MediaCluster products. The Company expects that certain
employees of the Company or the subsidiary will acquire up to a 20% interest
over time in the subsidiary and that the Company will own the remaining 80%. The
Company intends that the subsidiary will license the necessary technology from
the Company and will manufacture these products on a contract basis for the
Company. The subsidiary will have the right to sell these products to OEM
customers that do not compete with the Company. The Company intends to provide
administrative and management services and, at least initially, selling and
marketing and customer support services, to the subsidiary on a negotiated fee
basis. It is expected that the subsidiary will conduct research and development
on video server-based products, including the Video Server 100 and MediaCluster
products, and will license all developments to the Company on a royalty-free
basis. It is intended that after three years, the Company will have the right,
but not the obligation, to acquire the 20% interest from the employees at fair
market value.
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CUSTOMER SERVICE AND SUPPORT
The Company installs, maintains and supports its products in the United States
and Canada. Annual maintenance contracts are generally required for the first
year of a customer's use of the Company's products and customers are billed for
the initial maintenance fee at the time of the placement of the purchase order.
The maintenance contracts are renewable on an annual basis. The Company also
offers basic and advanced formal on-site training for customer employees at the
time of product installation. The Company currently provides installation,
maintenance and support to international customers but, in the future, may
provide such services through agents and distributors.
The Company offers technical support to customers, agents and distributors on
a 24-hour, seven-day a week basis. Support engineers are committed to providing
a response to technical support calls within two hours. The Company's products
are designed with remote diagnostic capabilities which permit the support
engineers to immediately begin to diagnose any problems without having to travel
to the customer's location, thereby reducing both response time and cost. When
necessary, however, support engineers are dispatched to the customer's facility.
The Company's commitment to service is evidenced by the fact that as of December
31, 1996 more than 30% of Company employees were providing customer service and
support, including project design and implementation, installation and training.
CUSTOMERS
The Company currently sells its products primarily to cable television
operators and telecommunications companies. In addition, the Company is
developing several products for television broadcasters.
The Company's customer base is highly concentrated among a limited number of
large customers, primarily due to the fact that the cable and telecommunications
industries in the United States are dominated by a limited number of large
companies. A significant portion of the Company's revenues in any given fiscal
period have been derived from substantial orders placed by these large
organizations. In 1994, 1995 and 1996, revenues from the Company's five largest
customers represented approximately 95%, 91% and 76%, respectively, of the
Company's total revenues. Customers accounting for more than 10% of total
revenues consisted of Continental Cablevision (50%), Cox Communications, Inc.
(18%), Digital Equipment Corporation (11%) and Time Warner, Inc. (10%) in 1994;
Continental Cablevision (29%), Tele-Communications, Inc. (29%), Time Warner,
Inc. (16%) and Cox Communications, Inc. (12%) in 1995; and Tele-Communications,
Inc. (29%), U.S. West Media Group (17%), Comcast Corporation (13%) and Time
Warner, Inc. (12%) in 1996. The Company expects that it will continue to be
dependent upon a limited number of customers for a significant portion of its
revenues in future periods. As a result of this customer concentration, the
Company's business, financial condition and results of operations could be
materially adversely affected by the failure of anticipated orders to
materialize and by deferrals or cancellations of orders as a result of changes
in customer requirements or new product announcements or introductions.
The Company believes that its backlog at any particular time is not meaningful
as an indicator of its future level of sales for any particular period. Because
of the software-based nature of the Company's products and its use of standard
components, substantially all of the backlog at the end of a quarter can be
manufactured by the Company and is intended to be shipped by the end of the
following quarter. However, because of the requirements of particular customers,
the seasonality of the business and, in respect to certain sales, the acceptance
criteria necessary for revenue recognition, such backlog may not be shipped or,
if shipped, the related revenues may not be recognized in such quarter.
Therefore, there is no direct correlation between the backlog at the end of any
quarter and the Company's total sales for the following quarter or other
periods.
SELLING AND MARKETING
The Company sells and markets its products in the United States primarily
through a direct field sales organization and internationally primarily through
independent agents and distributors, complemented by a coordinated marketing
effort of the Company's marketing group. Direct sales activities in the United
States are
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conducted from the Company's Massachusetts headquarters and five field offices.
In October 1996, the Company entered into an exclusive sales and marketing
representative agreement with a private Italian company which covers continental
Europe. The Company also markets certain of its products, namely the Video
Server 100 and MediaCluster, to systems integrators and VARs. As of December 31,
1996, the Company's selling and marketing organization consisted of 13 people.
In light of the complexity of the Company's digital video products, the
Company primarily employs a consultative direct sales process. Working closely
with customers to understand and define their needs enables the Company to
obtain better information regarding market requirements, enhance its expertise
in its customers' industries, and more effectively and precisely convey to
customers how the Company's solutions address the customer's specific needs. In
addition to the direct sales process, customer references and visits by
potential customers to sites where the Company's products are in place are often
critical in the sales process.
The Company uses several marketing programs focused on the Company's targeted
markets to support the sale and distribution of its products. The Company uses
exhibitions at a limited number of prominent industry trade shows and
conferences and presentations at technology seminars to promote awareness of the
Company and its products. The Company also publishes technical articles in trade
and technical journals and product promotional literature.
RESEARCH AND PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT
Management believes that the Company's success will depend to a substantial
degree upon its ability to develop and introduce in a timely fashion new
products and enhancements to its existing products that meet changing customer
requirements in the Company's current and new markets. The Company has in the
past made, and intends to continue to make, substantial investments in product
and technological development. Through its direct sales process the Company
monitors changing customer needs, changes in the marketplace and emerging
industry standards, and is therefore better able to focus its research and
development efforts to address such evolving industry requirements.
The Company's research and development expenditures totaled approximately
$885,000, $2.4 million and $5.4 million for the years ended December 31, 1994,
1995 and 1996, respectively. At December 31, 1996, 55 employees were engaged in
research and product development. The Company believes that the experience of
its product development personnel is an important factor in the Company's
success. The Company performs its research and product development activities at
its headquarters and in offices in Greenville, New Hampshire, Atlanta, Georgia,
and Englewood, Colorado. The Company has historically expensed its direct
research and development costs as incurred.
The Company has a variety of new products being developed and tested,
including long-form video products for cable television operators and
telecommunications companies, digital play-to-air systems for television
broadcasters and the next version of its MediaCluster software. There can be no
assurance that the Company will be able to successfully develop and market such
products, or to identify, develop, manufacture, market or support other new
products or enhancements to its existing products successfully or on a timely
basis, that new Company products will gain market acceptance, or that the
Company will be able to respond effectively to product announcements by
competitors or technological changes.
MANUFACTURING
The Company's manufacturing operations are located at facilities in Maynard,
Massachusetts and in Greenville, New Hampshire. The manufacturing operations in
Massachusetts consist primarily of component and subassembly procurement, system
integration and final assembly, testing and quality control of the complete
systems. The
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Company's operations in New Hampshire consist primarily of component and
subassembly procurement, video server integration and final assembly, testing
and quality control of the video servers. The Company relies on independent
contractors to manufacture components and subassemblies to the Company's
specifications. Each of the Company's products undergoes testing and quality
inspection at the final assembly stage.
The Company attempts to use standard parts and components available from
multiple vendors. Certain components used in the Company's products, however,
are currently purchased from a single source, including a computer chassis
manufactured by Trimm Technologic Inc., a disk controller manufactured by Mylex
Corporation, an MPEG-2 decoder card manufactured by Vela Research, Inc., disk
drives manufactured by Seagate Technology, Inc. and an MPEG-2 encoder
manufactured by Optivision, Inc. While the Company believes that there are
alternative suppliers available for the foregoing components, the Company
believes that the procurement of such components from alternative suppliers
would take anywhere from 45-120 days. There can be no assurance that such
alternative components would be functionally equivalent or would be available on
a timely basis or on similar terms. The Company purchases several other
components from a single supplier, although the Company believes that
alternative suppliers for such components are readily available on a timely
basis. The Company generally purchases sole source or other components pursuant
to purchase orders placed from time to time in the ordinary course of business
and has no written agreements or guaranteed supply arrangements with its sole
source suppliers. The Company has experienced quality control problems and
supply shortages for sole source components in the past and there can be no
assurance that the Company will not experience significant quality control
problems or supply shortages for these components in the future. The Company has
begun to increase its inventory of these components. However, any interruption
in the supply of such single source components could have a material adverse
effect on the Company's business, financial condition and results of operations.
Because of the Company's reliance on these vendors, the Company may also be
subject to increases in component costs which could adversely affect the
Company's business, financial condition and results of operations.
COMPETITION
The markets in which the Company competes are characterized by intense
competition, with a large number of suppliers providing different types of
products to different segments of the markets. The Company currently competes
principally on the basis of: (i) the breadth of its products' features and
benefits, including the ability to precisely target viewers in specific
geographic or demographic groups, and the flexibility, scalability, professional
quality, ease of use, reliability and cost effectiveness of its products; and
(ii) the Company's reputation and the depth of its expertise, customer service
and support. While the Company believes that it currently competes favorably
overall with respect to these factors and that its ability to provide software-
based solutions to manage, store and distribute digital video differentiates the
Company from its competitors, there can be no assurance that the Company will be
able to continue to compete successfully with respect to such factors.
In the digital advertisement insertion market, the Company generally competes
with Channelmatic Inc., a subsidiary of Indenet, Inc., Sony Corporation,
SkyConnect, Inc., Digital Equipment Corporation, and various suppliers of
traditional analog tape-based systems. In the market for long-form video
products, the Company competes against various computer companies offering video
server platforms such as Hewlett-Packard Company, Digital Equipment Corporation,
and Silicon Graphics, Inc., and more traditional movie application providers
like The Ascent Entertainment Group, Panasonic Company, and Lodgenet
Entertainment. In addition, the SeaChange Traffic and Billing Software competes
against certain products of Columbine Cable Systems, Inc., Cable Computerized
Management Systems, Inc., a subsidiary of Indenet Inc., CAM Systems, Inc., a
subsidiary of Starnet Inc., LAN International USA, Inc., Visiontel, Inc. and
various suppliers of sales, scheduling and billing software products. When the
Company introduces a product for the television broadcast market, the Company
expects to compete against Tektronix, Inc., BTS Inc., a division of Robert Bosch
GMBH, Hewlett-Packard Company, Sony Corporation, Silicon Graphics, Inc., Sun
Microsystems, Inc. and ASC Incorporated. The Company expects the competition in
each of these markets to intensify.
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Many of the Company's current and prospective competitors have significantly
greater financial, technical, manufacturing, sales, marketing and other
resources than the Company. As a result, these competitors may be able to devote
greater resources to the development, promotion, sale and support of their
products than the Company. Moreover, these companies may introduce additional
products that are competitive with those of the Company or enter into strategic
relationships to offer complete solutions, and there can be no assurance that
the Company's products would compete effectively with such products.
Although the Company believes that it has certain technological and other
advantages over its competitors, maintaining such advantages will require
continued investment by the Company in research and development, selling and
marketing and customer service and support. In addition, as the Company enters
new markets, distribution channels, technical requirements and levels and bases
of competition may be different than those in the Company's current markets.
There can be no assurance that the Company will be able to compete successfully
against either current or potential competitors in the future.
PROPRIETARY RIGHTS
The Company's success and its ability to compete is dependent, in part, upon
its proprietary rights. Although the Company has filed one U.S. and one foreign
patent application for its MediaCluster technology, it does not hold any issued
patents and currently relies on a combination of contractual rights, trademark
laws, trade secrets and copyright laws to establish and protect its proprietary
rights in its products. There can be no assurance that a patent will be issued
with respect to the pending application or that, if issued, the validity of such
patent would be upheld. Nor can there be any assurance that the steps taken by
the Company to protect its intellectual property will be adequate to prevent
misappropriation of its technology or that the Company's competitors will not
independently develop technologies that are substantially equivalent or superior
to the Company's technology. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries in
which the Company's products are or may be distributed do not protect the
Company's proprietary rights to the same extent as do the laws of the United
States.
The Company is also subject to the risk of adverse claims and litigation
alleging infringement of intellectual property rights of others. The Company
attempts to ensure that its products do not infringe any existing proprietary
rights of others. The Company received a letter in January 1996 stating that the
Company's video insertion system may be utilizing technology patented by a third
party. The Company did not respond to such letter and has received no further
communication from the holder of these patents. The Company does not believe
that its products infringe such patents. There can be no assurance that the
holder of these patents or other third parties will not assert infringement
claims against the Company in the future based on patents, copyrights,
trademarks or trade secrets, or that any such claims will not be successful. The
Company could incur substantial costs in defending itself and its customers
against any such claims, regardless of the merits of such claims. Parties making
such claims may be able to obtain injunctive or other equitable relief which
could effectively block the Company's ability to sell its products in the United
States and abroad, and could result in significant litigation costs and expenses
or an award of substantial damages. In the event of a successful claim of
infringement, the Company and its customers may be required to obtain one or
more licenses from third parties or to develop alternative technologies. There
can be no assurance that the Company or its customers could obtain necessary
licenses from third parties at a reasonable cost or at all, or would be able to
develop alternative technologies. The defense of any lawsuit could result in
time consuming and expensive litigation, damages, license fees, royalty payments
and restrictions on the Company's ability to sell its products, any of which
could have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, financial
condition and results of operations.
The SeaChange Traffic and Billing Software is based on software the Company
licensed from Summit Software Systems, Inc. of Boulder, Colorado in May 1996.
The Company has been granted a perpetual, nonexclusive license to such software
in return for the payment of an up-front license fee and royalties for sales
occurring prior to June 1998.
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EMPLOYEES
As of December 31, 1996, the Company employed 143 persons, including 55 in
research and development, 46 in customer service and support, 13 in selling and
marketing, 15 in manufacturing and 14 in finance and administration. None of the
Company's employees is represented by a collective bargaining arrangement, and
the Company believes that its relations with its employees are good.
CERTAIN RISK FACTORS
Limited Operating History and Operating Results. The Company was founded in
July 1993 and commenced shipment of its initial products in the third quarter of
1994. Accordingly, the Company has only a limited operating history upon which
an evaluation of the Company and its prospects can be based. The Company's
prospects must be considered in light of the risks, expenses and difficulties
frequently encountered by companies in their early stage of development,
particularly companies in new and rapidly evolving markets. To address these
risks, the Company must, among other things, respond to competitive
developments, continue to attract, retain and motivate qualified persons, and
continue to upgrade its technologies and commercialize products and services
incorporating such technologies. There can be no assurance that the Company will
be successful in addressing such risks. Increases in operating expenses are
expected to continue and may result in a decrease in operating income.
Fluctuations in Quarterly Operating Results. The Company's quarterly
operating results have in the past varied and in the future will be affected by
factors such as: (i) the timing and recognition of revenue from significant
orders, (ii) the seasonality of the placement of customer orders, (iii) the
success of the Company's products, (iv) increased competition, (v) changes in
the Company's pricing policies or those of its competitors, (vi) the financial
stability of major customers, (vii) new product introductions or enhancements by
competitors, (viii) delays in the introduction of products or product
enhancements by the Company, (ix) customer order deferrals in anticipation of
upgrades and new products, (x) the ability to access a sufficient supply of sole
source and third party components, (xi) the quality and market acceptance of new
products, (xii) the timing and nature of selling and marketing expenses (such as
trade shows and other promotions), (xiii) personnel changes, and (xiv) economic
conditions affecting the Company's customers. Any significant cancellation or
deferral of purchases of the Company's products could have a material adverse
effect on the Company's business, financial condition and results of operations
in any particular quarter, and to the extent significant sales occur earlier
than expected, operating results for subsequent quarters may be adversely
affected. The Company's expense levels are based, in part, on its expectations
as to future revenues, and the Company may be unable to adjust spending in a
timely manner to compensate for any revenue shortfall. If revenues are below
expectations, operating results are likely to be adversely affected and net
income may be disproportionately affected because a significant portion of the
Company's expenses do not vary with revenues.
Because of these factors, the Company believes that period-to-period
comparisons of its results of operations are not necessarily meaningful and
should not be relied upon as indications of future performance. Due to all of
the foregoing factors, in some future quarter the Company's operating results
may be below the expectations of public market analysts and investors.
Seasonality. The Company's business has been seasonal with more orders being
placed and greater revenues being recognized in the first and second quarters
than in the third and fourth quarters. The Company believes that the
concentration of order placements in specific quarterly periods is due to
customers' buying patterns and budgeting cycles in the cable television
industry. The Company anticipates that these patterns will continue in the
future. As a result, the Company's results of operations have in the past and
likely will in the future vary seasonally in accordance with such purchasing
activity. Due to the relatively fixed nature of certain of the Company's costs
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throughout each quarterly period, including personnel and facilities costs, the
decline of revenues in any quarter typically results in lower profitability in
that quarter.
Management of Growth. The Company has experienced growth in revenues and
expansion of its operations which have placed significant demands on the
Company's management, administrative and operational resources. The Company
believes that further improvements in management and operational controls are
needed, and would continue to be needed to manage any future growth. Continued
growth will also require the Company to hire more technical, selling and
marketing, support and administrative personnel, expand manufacturing and
customer service capabilities, and update or expand management information
systems. There can be no assurance that the Company will be able to attract and
retain the necessary personnel to accomplish its growth strategies or that it
will not experience constraints that will adversely affect its ability to
satisfy customer demand in a timely fashion or to satisfactorily support its
customers and operations. Also, the Company may in the future acquire
complementary service or product lines, technologies or businesses, although the
Company has no present understandings, commitments or agreements with respect to
any significant acquisitions. If the Company's management is unable to manage
growth effectively or integrate any acquisition into the Company's operations
successfully, the Company's business, financial condition and results of
operations could be materially and adversely affected.
Product Concentration. Sales of the SeaChange SPOT System have accounted for
substantially all of the Company's revenues to date, and this product and
related enhancements are expected to continue to account for a majority of the
Company's revenues at least through 1997. The Company's success depends in part
on continued sales of the SeaChange SPOT System. A decline in demand or average
selling prices for the SeaChange SPOT System product line, whether as a result
of new product introductions by others, price competition, technological change,
inability to enhance the products in a timely fashion, or otherwise, would have
a material adverse effect on the Company's business, financial condition and
results of operations.
Highly Competitive Market. The market for digital video products is highly
competitive. The Company currently competes against suppliers of both analog
tape-based and digital systems in the advertisement insertion market and against
both computer companies offering video server platforms and more traditional
movie application providers in the movie system market. When the Company
introduces products in the television broadcast market, the Company expects to
compete in that market against various computer companies offering video server
platforms and television equipment manufacturers. Due to the rapidly evolving
markets in which the Company competes, additional competitors with significant
market presence and financial resources, including computer hardware and
software companies and television equipment manufacturers, may enter those
markets, thereby further intensifying competition. Increased competition could
result in price reductions and loss of market share which would adversely affect
the Company's business, financial condition and results of operations. Many of
the Company's current and potential competitors have greater financial, selling
and marketing, technical and other resources than the Company. Moreover, the
Company's competitors may also foresee the course of market developments more
accurately than the Company. Although the Company believes it has certain
technological and other advantages over its competitors, realizing and
maintaining such advantages will require a continued high level of investment by
the Company in research and product development, marketing and customer service
and support. There can be no assurance that the Company will have sufficient
resources to continue to make such investments or that the Company will be able
to make the technological advances necessary to compete successfully with its
existing competitors or with new competitors.
Dependence on Emerging Digital Video Market. Cable television operators and
television broadcasters have historically relied on traditional analog
technology for video management, storage and distribution. Digital video
technology is still a relatively new technology and requires a significant
initial investment of capital. The Company's future growth will depend both on
the rate at which television operators convert to digital video systems and the
rate at which digital video technology expands to additional market segments.
There can be no assurance that the use of digital video technology will expand
among television operators or into additional markets. Any failure by the market
to accept digital video technology will have a material adverse affect on the
Company's business, financial condition and results of operations.
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Risks Associated with Expansion into New Markets. To date the Company's
products have been purchased primarily by cable television operators and
telecommunications companies. The Company's success depends in part on the
penetration of new markets. In particular, the Company plans to introduce
several products for use by television broadcasters. These broadcast products
will be directed toward a market that the Company has not previously addressed.
There can be no assurance that the Company will be successful in marketing and
selling these new products to customers in the broadcast television market. Any
inability of the Company to penetrate this new market would have a material
adverse effect on the Company's business, financial condition and results of
operations.
Risk of New Product Introductions. The Company's future success requires
that it develop and market additional products that achieve significant market
acceptance and enhance its current products. The Company has recently introduced
a new product which enables television operators to provide Video-On-Demand and
scheduled playback services to hotels and apartments. The success of this
product may depend in part on relationships with movie content providers. There
can be no assurance that the Company will not experience difficulties that could
delay or prevent the successful development, introduction and marketing of this
and other new products and enhancements, or that its new products and
enhancements will adequately meet the requirements of the marketplace and
achieve market acceptance. Announcements of currently planned or other new
product offerings may cause customers to defer purchasing existing Company
products. Moreover, there can be no assurance that, despite testing by the
Company, and by current and potential customers, errors or failures will not be
found in the Company's products, or, if discovered, successfully corrected in a
timely manner. Such errors or failures could cause delays in product
introductions and shipments, or require design modifications that could
adversely affect the Company's competitive position. The Company's inability to
develop on a timely basis new products, enhancements to existing products or
error corrections, or the failure of such new products or enhancements to
achieve market acceptance could have a material adverse effect on the Company's
business, financial condition and results of operations.
Rapid Technological Change. The markets for the Company's products are
characterized by rapidly changing technology, evolving industry standards and
frequent new product introductions and enhancements. Future technological
advances in the television and video industries may result in the availability
of new products or services that could compete with the software-based solutions
provided by the Company or reduce the cost of existing products or services, any
of which could enable the Company's existing or potential customers to fulfill
their video needs better and more cost efficiently than with the Company's
products. The Company's future success will depend on its ability to enhance its
existing digital video products, including the development of new applications
for its technology and to develop and introduce new products to meet and adapt
to changing customer requirements and emerging technologies. There can be no
assurance that the Company will be successful in enhancing its digital video
products or developing, manufacturing and marketing new products which satisfy
customer needs or achieve market acceptance. In addition, there can be no
assurance that services, products or technologies developed by others will not
render the Company's products or technologies uncompetitive, unmarketable or
obsolete, or that announcements of currently planned or other new product
offerings by either the Company or its competitors will not cause customers to
defer or fail to purchase existing Company solutions. The failure of the Company
to respond to rapidly changing technologies related to digital video could have
a material adverse effect on the Company's business, financial condition and
results of operations.
Significant Concentration of Customers. The Company's customer base is
highly concentrated among a limited number of large customers, primarily due to
the fact that the cable television and telecommunications industries in the
United States are dominated by a limited number of large companies. A fairly
limited number of customers account for a significant percentage of the
Company's revenues in any year. In 1994, 1995 and 1996, revenues from the
Company's five largest customers represented approximately 95%, 91% and 76%,
respectively, of the Company's total revenues. In each of 1994, 1995 and 1996,
four customers each accounted for more than 10% of the Company's revenues, one
of which accounted for more than 10% of the Company's revenues in each such
period. The Company generally does not have written continuing purchase
agreements with its customers and does not have any written agreements that
require customers to purchase fixed minimum quantities of the
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Company's products. The Company's sales to specific customers tend to vary
significantly from year to year depending upon such customers' budgets for
capital expenditures and new product introductions. In addition, the Company
derives a substantial portion of its revenues from products that have a selling
price in excess of $200,000. The Company believes that revenue derived from
current and future large customers will continue to represent a significant
proportion of its total revenues. The loss of, or reduced demand for products or
related services from, any of the Company's major customers could have a
material adverse effect on the Company's business, financial condition and
results of operations.
Dependence on Sole Source Suppliers and Third Party Manufacturers. Certain
key components of the Company's products are currently purchased from a sole
supplier, including a computer chassis manufactured by Trimm Technologic Inc., a
disk controller manufactured by Mylex Corporation, an MPEG-2 decoder card
manufactured by Vela Research, Inc. and an MPEG-2 encoder manufactured by
Optivision, Inc. The Company does not have material written supply agreements
with these or any of its suppliers. The Company has in the past experienced
quality control problems, where products did not meet specifications or were
damaged in shipping, and delays in the receipt of such components. These
problems were generally of short duration and did not have a material adverse
effect on the Company. However, the Company may in the future experience similar
types of problems which could be more severe or more prolonged. The inability to
obtain sufficient key components as required, or to develop alternative sources
if and as required in the future, could result in delays or reductions in
product shipments which, in turn, could have a material adverse effect on the
Company's business, financial condition and results of operations. Moreover, the
Company relies on a limited number of third parties who manufacture certain
components used in the Company's products. While to date there has been suitable
third party manufacturing capacity readily available at acceptable quality
levels, there can be no assurance that such manufacturers will be able to meet
the Company's future volume or quality requirements or that such services will
continue to be available to the Company at favorable prices. Any financial,
operational, production or quality assurance difficulties experienced by such
third party manufacturers that result in a reduction or interruption in supply
to the Company could have a material adverse effect on the Company's business,
financial condition and results of operations.
Regulation of Telecommunications and Television Industries. The
telecommunications and television industries are subject to extensive regulation
in the United States and other countries. The Company's business is dependent
upon the continued growth of such industries in the United States and
internationally. Although recent legislation has lowered the legal barriers to
entry for telecommunications companies into the United States multichannel
television market, there can be no assurance that such telecommunications
companies will successfully enter this or related markets. Moreover, the growth
of the Company's business internationally is dependent in part on similar
deregulation of the telecommunications industry abroad and there can be no
assurance that such deregulation will occur. Television operators are also
subject to extensive government regulation by the Federal Communications
Commission (''FCC'') and other federal and state regulatory agencies. These
regulations could have the effect of limiting capital expenditures by television
operators and thus could have a material adverse effect on the Company's
business, financial condition and results of operations. The enactment by
federal, state or international governments of new laws or regulations, changes
in the interpretation of existing regulations or a reversal of the trend toward
deregulation in these industries could adversely affect the Company's customers,
and thereby materially adversely affect the Company's business, financial
condition and results of operations.
Lengthy Sales Cycle. Digital video products are relatively complex and their
purchase generally involves a significant commitment of capital, with attendant
delays frequently associated with large capital expenditures and implementation
procedures within an organization. Moreover, the purchase of such products
typically requires coordination and agreement among a potential customer's
corporate headquarters and its regional and local operations. For these and
other reasons, the sales cycle associated with the purchase of the Company's
digital video products is typically lengthy and subject to a number of
significant risks, including customers' budgetary constraints and internal
acceptance reviews, over which the Company has little or no control. Based upon
all of the foregoing, the Company believes that the Company's quarterly
revenues, expenses and operating results are likely to vary
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significantly in the future, that period-to-period comparisons of its results of
operations are not necessarily meaningful and that, in any event, such
comparisons should not be relied upon as indications of future performance.
Dependence on Key Personnel and Hiring of Additional Personnel. The
Company's success depends to a significant degree upon the continued
contributions of its key management, engineering, selling and marketing and
manufacturing personnel, many of whom would be difficult to replace. The Company
does not have employment contracts with its key personnel. The Company believes
its future success will also depend in large part upon its ability to attract
and retain highly skilled managerial, engineering, selling and marketing,
finance and manufacturing personnel. Competition for such personnel is intense,
and there can be no assurance that the Company will be successful in attracting
and retaining such personnel. The loss of the services of any of the key
personnel, the inability to attract or retain qualified personnel in the future
or delays in hiring required personnel, particularly software engineers and
sales personnel, could have a material adverse effect on the Company's business,
financial condition and results of operations.
Dependence on Proprietary Rights. The Company's success and its ability to
compete is dependent, in part, upon its proprietary rights. The Company relies
primarily on a combination of patent, copyright, trademark and trade secret
laws, as well as confidentiality procedures and contractual provisions to
protect its proprietary rights. There can be no assurance that such measures
will be adequate to protect the Company's proprietary rights. The Company
attempts to ensure that its products and technology do not infringe the
proprietary rights of third parties. The Company received a letter in January
1996 stating that the Company's video insertion system may be utilizing
technology patented by a third party. The Company did not respond to such letter
and has received no further communication from the holder of these patents. The
Company does not believe that its products infringe the patents mentioned in
such letter. However, there can be no assurance that the holder of these patents
or other third parties will not assert infringement claims against the Company
in the future or that any such claim will not be successful.
Risks Associated with International Sales. Prior to 1996, the Company
derived no significant revenues from international operations. International
sales accounted for approximately 5% of the Company's revenues in 1996, and
the Company expects that international sales will account for a significant
portion of the Company's business in the future. However, there can be no
assurance that the Company will be able to maintain or increase international
sales of its products. International sales are subject to a variety of risks,
including difficulties in establishing and managing international distribution
channels, in servicing and supporting overseas products and in translating
products into foreign languages. International operations are subject to
difficulties in collecting accounts receivable, staffing and managing personnel
and enforcing intellectual property rights. Other factors that can also
adversely affect international operations include fluctuations in the value of
foreign currencies and currency exchange rates, changes in import/export duties
and quotas, introduction of tariff or non-tariff barriers and economic or
political changes in international markets.
Concentration of Ownership. The Company's officers, directors and their
affiliated entities, and other holders of 5% or more of the Company's
outstanding capital stock, together beneficially owned approximately 68% of
the outstanding shares of Common Stock of the Company as of March 20, 1997. As
a result, such persons will have the ability to elect the Company's directors
and to determine the outcome of corporate actions requiring stockholder
approval, irrespective of how other stockholders of the Company may vote. This
concentration of ownership may have the effect of delaying or preventing a
change in control of the Company which may be favored by a majority of the
remaining stockholders, or cause a change of control not favored by the
Company's other stockholders.
ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
The Company's corporate headquarters, which is also its principal
administrative, selling and marketing, customer service and support and product
development facility, is located in Maynard, Massachusetts and consists of
approximately 27,000 square feet under a lease which expires on March 31, 1998,
with an annual base rent of $107,000 for 1996 and 1997. The Company leased an
additional 10,000 square feet in the same building beginning
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in January 1997 which expires on March 31, 1998, with an annual base rent of
$52,000. The Company moved its Massachusetts manufacturing facility to such
space in February 1997. The Company leases a facility of approximately 9,000
square feet in Greenville, New Hampshire that is used for the development and
final assembly of its video servers. The Company also leases small research and
development and sales and support offices in Atlanta, Georgia, Englewood,
Colorado, Burlingame, California and St. Louis, Missouri. The Company believes
its existing and planned facilities are adequate for its current needs and that
suitable additional or substitute space will be available as needed.
ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
From time to time, the Company is involved in litigation relating to claims
arising out of its operations in the normal course of business. The Company
believes that it is not currently involved in any legal proceedings the
resolution of which, individually or in the aggregate, would have a material
adverse effect on the Company's business, financial condition or results of
operation.
ITEM 4. SUBMISSION OF MATTERS TO A VOTE OF SECURITIES HOLDERS
No matters were submitted during the fourth quarter of the fiscal year ended
December 31, 1996 to a vote of security holders of the Company through the
solicitation of proxies or otherwise.
PART II
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
The Company's Common Stock is traded on the Nasdaq National Market under the
symbol "SEAC." Public trading of the Common Stock commenced on November 5,
1996. Prior to such date, there was no public market for the Common Stock. The
following table sets forth the high and low closing sale prices for the Common
Stock for the periods indicated, as reported on the Nasdaq National Market.
High Low
---- ---
Year ended December 31, 1996
Fourth Quarter (from November 5, 1996) $39.50 $17.38
On March 20, 1997, the last reported sale price of the Common Stock on the
Nasdaq National Market was $15.50. As of March 20, 1997, there were
approximately 136 stockholders of record of the Company's Common Stock, as shown
in the records of the Company's transfer agent. The Company believes that most
of its stock (other than shares held by its officers and directors) is held in
street names through one or more nominees. The Company has not paid any cash
dividends on its capital stock since its inception, and does not expect to pay
cash dividends on its Common Stock in the foreseeable future. The Company
currently intends to retain all of its future earnings for use in the operation
and expansion of the business.
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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
The following selected consolidated financial data should be read in
conjunction with the Company's consolidated financial statements and related
notes thereto and "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition
and Results of Operations" included in Item 7. The consolidated statement of
income data for the period from July 9, 1993 (inception) through December 31,
1993 and each of the three years ended December 31, 1994, 1995 and 1996 and the
consolidated balance sheet data at December 31, 1993, 1994, 1995 and 1996 are
detailed below.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
PERIOD FROM
JULY 9, 1993
(INCEPTION YEAR ENDED
THROUGH DECEMBER 31,
DECEMBER 31, ------------
1993 1994 1995 1996
------- ------- ------- -------
(IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA)
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF INCOME DATA:
Revenues:
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Systems.......................................... $ -- $ 5,037 $21,999 $45,745
Services......................................... -- 116 1,203 3,521
Other............................................ 213 537 -- --
------ ------- ------- -------
213 5,690 23,202 49,266
------ ------- ------- -------
Costs of revenues:
Systems.......................................... -- 3,406 14,917 27,133
Services......................................... -- 176 1,641 4,030
Other............................................ 112 304 -- --
------- ------- ------- -------
112 3,886 16,558 31,163
------- ------- ------- -------
Gross profit....................................... 101 1,804 6,644 18,103
------- ------- ------- -------
Operating expenses:
Research and development......................... 43 885 2,367 5,394
Selling and marketing............................ 16 443 1,609 4,254
General and administrative....................... 59 273 858 2,064
------- ------- ------- -------
118 1,601 4,834 11,712
------- ------- ------- -------
Income (loss) from operations...................... (17) 203 1,810 6,391
Interest income (expense), net..................... (1) 7 114 354
------- ------- ------- -------
Income (loss) before income taxes.................. (18) 210 1,924 6,745
Provision for income taxes......................... -- 55 713 2,483
------- ------- ------- -------
Net income (loss).................................. $ (18) $ 155 $ 1,211 $ 4,262
======= ======= ======= =======
Net income (loss) per share (1).................... $ (.01) $ .02 $ .10 $ .36
======= ======= ======= =======
Weighted average common shares and
equivalent common shares outstanding (1).......... 2,700 9,399 11,575 11,900
======= ======= ======= =======
DECEMBER 31,
---------------------------------------------
1993 1994 1995 1996
------ ------ ------- -------
(IN THOUSANDS)
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET DATA:
Working capital.................................... $ 90 $ 154 $ 3,493 $26,593
Total assets....................................... 228 3,494 13,595 46,035
Long-term liabilities.............................. 125 -- -- --
Deferred revenue................................... 72 152 767 2,192
Total liabilities.................................. 246 2,977 8,644 14,205
Redeemable convertible preferred stock............. -- -- 4,008 --
Total stockholders' equity (deficit)............... (18) 517 943 31,830
</TABLE>
(1) For an explanation of the determination of the number of shares used in
computing net income (loss) per share see Notes to Consolidated Financial
Statements.
20
<PAGE>
ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS
OF OPERATIONS.
The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the
Company's Consolidated Financial Statements and the related Notes included
elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The following discussion contains
certain trend analysis and other statements of a forward-looking nature relating
to future events or the future financial performance of the Company. Readers are
cautioned that such statements are only predictions and that actual results or
events may differ materially. In evaluating such statements, readers should
specifically consider the risk factors set forth in this Annual Report on Form
10-K, particularly the matters set forth under the caption ''Certain Risk
Factors,'' in Item 1 "Business", which could cause actual results to differ
materially from those indicated by such forward-looking statements.
OVERVIEW
The Company shipped its first digital video insertion product, the SeaChange
SPOT System, in the third quarter of 1994. Through December 31, 1996,
substantially all of the Company's revenues were derived from the sale of
SeaChange SPOT Systems and related services to cable television operators and
telecommunications companies in the United States. Revenues from the sale of
systems is recognized upon shipment provided that there are no uncertainties
regarding customer acceptance and collection of the related receivable is
probable. If uncertainties exist, such as performance criteria beyond the
Company's standard terms and conditions, revenue is recognized upon customer
acceptance. Installation and training revenue is deferred and recognized as
these services are performed. Revenue from technical support and maintenance
contracts is deferred and recognized ratably over the period of the related
agreements, generally twelve months. Customers are billed for installation,
training and maintenance at the time of the product sale and to date, the
Company typically receives at least 50% of the total product and services sales
price at the time of the placement of the purchase order.
The Company's business has been seasonal with more customer orders being
placed and greater revenues being generated in the first and second quarters
than in the third and fourth quarters. The Company believes that this pattern
of order placements in specific quarterly periods is due to customers' buying
patterns and budgeting cycles in the cable television industry. Many television
operators want new video insertion systems to be operational in the second half
of the year in order to be able to respond to higher seasonal advertising demand
from their customers in these periods. The Company expects that these patterns
will continue and that, at least in the near future, the Company's revenues and
results of operations will reflect these seasonal variations.
The Company first achieved profitability in the fourth quarter of 1994. The
Company's profitability is significantly influenced by a number of factors,
including the Company's pricing, the costs of materials used in the Company's
products and the expansion of the Company's operations. The Company prices its
products and services based on its costs as well as the prices of competitive
products and services in the marketplace. Although the Company historically has
not offered discounts or promotional prices for its products and services, in
the third quarter of 1995, the Company decreased the selling price of its first
generation digital video insertion system in anticipation of the introduction of
the second generation system in January 1996. The price decrease had a negative
effect on the Company's gross margin in the last six months of 1995 and the
first six months of 1996. The costs of the Company's products primarily consist
of the costs of components and subassemblies. The costs of such materials have
generally declined over time. As a result of the expansion of the Company's
operations, operating expenses of the Company have increased in the areas of
research and development, selling and marketing, and customer service and
support and related infrastructure. The Company anticipates the addition of
personnel and
21
<PAGE>
related infrastructure as it seeks to increase revenue, develop
new products, enter new markets and expand internationally.
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following table sets forth for the periods indicated the percentage of
total revenues represented by certain items reflected in the Company's
Consolidated Statement of Income. Gross profit shown for systems and services
revenues at the bottom of the table is stated as a percentage of related
revenues.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
YEAR ENDED
DECEMBER 31,
----------------------
1994 1995 1996
------ ------ ------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Revenues:
Systems............................ 88.5% 94.8% 92.9%
Services........................... 2.0 5.2 7.1
Other.............................. 9.5 -- --
----- ----- -----
100.0 100.0 100.0
----- ----- -----
Cost of revenues:
Systems............................ 59.9 64.3 55.1
Services........................... 3.1 7.1 8.2
Other.............................. 5.3 -- --
----- ----- -----
68.3 71.4 63.3
----- ----- -----
Gross profit 31.7 28.6 36.7
----- ----- -----
Operating expenses:
Research and development........... 15.5 10.2 10.9
Selling and marketing.............. 7.8 6.9 8.6
General and administrative......... 4.8 3.7 4.2
----- ----- -----
28.1 20.8 23.7
----- ----- -----
Income from operations................ 3.6 7.8 13.0
Interest, net .1 .5 .7
----- ----- -----
Income before income taxes............ 3.7 8.3 13.7
Provision for income taxes............ 1.0 3.1 5.0
----- ----- -----
Net income............................ 2.7% 5.2% 8.7%
===== ===== =====
Gross profit:
Systems............................ 32.4% 32.2% 40.7%
Services........................... (52.0) (36.4) (14.5)
</TABLE>
YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1994, 1995 AND 1996
REVENUES
Systems. The Company's systems revenues consist of sales of its digital
video insertion products. The Company sold its first digital insertion system
in the third quarter of 1994. Systems revenues increased 337% from $5.0 million
in 1994 to $22.0 million in 1995, and increased 108% to $45.7 million in 1996.
The increases in systems revenues resulted from the increase in the number of
the Company's digital video insertion systems sold to television operators
primarily in the United States, partially offset in 1995 and the first six
months of 1996 by a price reduction on first generation systems. The increased
systems revenues in 1996 reflect the Company's introduction, in January 1996, of
the second generation of its digital video insertion system which significantly
22
<PAGE>
improved the scalability and performance of the Company's products, and the
subsequent increase in the number of systems sold.
For the years ended December 31, 1994, 1995 and 1996, certain customers
accounted for more than 10% of the Company's total revenues. Individual
customers accounted for 50%, 18%, 11% and 10% of total revenues in 1994, 29%,
29%,16% and 12% of total revenues in 1995 and 29%, 17%, 13% and 12% of total
revenues in 1996. The Company believes that revenues from current and future
large customers will continue to represent a significant proportion of total
revenues.
International sales accounted for approximately 5% of total revenues in the
year ended December 31, 1996, and the Company expects that international sales
will account for a significant portion of the Company's business in the future.
Prior to 1996, the Company derived no significant revenues from international
operations. As of December 31, 1996, all sales of the Company's products have
been made in United States dollars and the Company expects this pattern to
continue in the foreseeable future. Therefore, the Company has not experienced,
nor does it expect to experience in the near term, any impact from fluctuations
in foreign currency exchange rates on its results of operations or liquidity.
If this practice changes in the future, the Company will reevaluate its foreign
currency exchange rate risk.
Services. The Company's services revenues consist of fees for
installation, training, product maintenance and technical support services. The
Company's services revenues increased 936% from approximately $116,000 in 1994
to $1.2 million in 1995, and increased 193% to $3.5 million in 1996. These
increases in services revenues primarily resulted from the increase in product
sales and renewals of maintenance and support contracts related to the growing
installed base of systems.
GROSS PROFIT
Systems. Costs of systems revenues consist primarily of the cost of
purchased components and subassemblies, labor and overhead relating to the final
assembly, testing and quality control of complete systems and related expenses.
Costs of systems revenues increased 338% from $3.4 million in 1994 to $14.9
million in 1995, and increased 82% to $27.1 million in 1996. The increases in
costs of systems revenues primarily reflect the overall growth in systems sales,
partially offset by the change in product mix upon the introduction of the
second generation video insertion product in January 1996 and the decreasing
costs of various components.
Systems gross profit as a percentage of systems revenues was 32.4%, 32.2%
and 40.7% in 1994, 1995 and 1996, respectively. The increases in systems gross
profit in 1996 resulted from design improvements in the second generation video
insertion product, lower costs of certain purchased components and subassemblies
and the Company achieving certain manufacturing efficiencies as a result of
increased volume. The increase in 1996 was partially offset by an increase of
approximately $694,000 in the Company's inventory valuation allowance in 1996.
The Company evaluates inventory levels and expected usage on a periodic basis
and provides a valuation allowance for estimated inactive, obsolete and surplus
inventory.
Services. Costs of services revenues consist primarily of labor, materials
and overhead relating to the installation, training, product maintenance and
technical support services provided by the Company. Costs of service revenues
increased 830% from approximately $176,000 in 1994 to $1.6 million in 1995, and
increased 146% to $4.0 million in 1996, primarily as a result of the costs
associated with the Company building a service organization to support the
installed base of systems. Cost of services exceeded services revenues by
52.0%, 36.4% and 14.5% in 1994, 1995 and 1996, respectively. Improvements in
the services negative gross profit in 1996 resulted from providing product and
maintenance support to the growing installed base of systems.
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT. Research and development expenses consist
primarily of compensation of development personnel, depreciation of equipment,
and an allocation of related facility expenses. Research and development
expenses increased 168% from approximately $885,000 in 1994 to $2.4 million in
1995, and increased
23
<PAGE>
128% to $5.4 million in 1996. The increases in the dollar
amounts were primarily attributable to the hiring of additional development
personnel. All internal software development costs have been expensed by the
Company. The Company anticipates that it will continue to devote substantial
resources to its research and development efforts and that research and
development expenses will increase in dollar amount in 1997.
SELLING AND MARKETING. Selling and marketing expenses consist primarily of
compensation expenses, including sales commissions and travel expenses,
depreciation of equipment and certain promotional expenses. Selling and
marketing expense increased 263% from approximately $444,000 in 1994 to $1.6
million in 1995, and increased 164% to $4.3 million in 1996. The increases in
the dollar amounts were attributable to the hiring of additional selling and
marketing personnel, expanded promotional activities, and an increase in
commissions relating to increased revenues. The Company expects that selling
and marketing expenses will continue to increase in dollar amount as the Company
hires additional personnel and expands selling and marketing activities in 1997.
GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE. General and administrative expenses consist
primarily of compensation of executive, finance, human resource and
administrative personnel, legal and accounting services and an allocation of
related facility expenses. General and administrative expenses increased 214%
from $273,000 in 1994 to approximately $858,000 in 1995, and increased 140% to
$2.1 million in 1996. The increases in the dollar amounts were attributable to
increased staffing to support the Company's growth and increased legal expenses.
The Company believes that its general and administrative expenses will continue
to increase as a result of an expansion of the Company's administrative staff to
support its growing operations and as a result of expenses associated with being
a public company.
INTEREST INCOME. Interest income was $7,000 in 1994 and approximately
$113,000 in 1995 compared to approximately $354,000 in 1996. The increase in
interest income primarily resulted from interest earned on a higher invested
balance primarily due to the net proceeds of $24.1 million from the initial
public offering of the Company's Common Stock in November 1996.
PROVISION FOR INCOME TAXES. The Company's effective tax rates were 37.1%
and 36.8%, in 1995 and 1996, respectively. In 1994, full utilization of net
operating loss carryforwards and the effects of the research and development tax
credit resulted in an effective tax rate of 26.2%.
24
<PAGE>
QUARTERLY RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following table presents certain unaudited quarterly information for the
eight quarters ended December 31, 1996. Gross profit shown for systems and
services revenues at the bottom of the table is stated as a percentage of
related revenues. This information is derived from unaudited financial
statements and has been prepared on the same basis as the Company's audited
financial statements which appear elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
In the opinion of the Company's management, this data reflects all adjustments
(consisting only of normal recurring adjustments) necessary for a fair
presentation of the information when read in conjunction with the Company's
Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes thereto. The results for any quarter
are not necessarily indicative of future quarterly results of operations, and
the Company believes that period-to-period comparisons should not be relied upon
as an indication of future performance.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
QUARTER ENDED
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
MARCH 31, JUNE 30, SEPT. 30, DEC. 31, MARCH 31, JUNE 30, SEPT. 30, DEC. 31,
---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------
1995 1995 1995 1995 1996 1996 1996 1996
---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
(IN THOUSANDS)
QUARTERLY FINANCIAL DATA (UNAUDITED):
Revenues:
Systems........................... . $4,544 $6,471 $5,340 $5,644 $ 9,684 $13,222 $11,738 $11,101
Services.......................... . 262 300 281 360 545 903 1,188 885
------ ------ ------ ------ ------- ------- ------- -------
4,806 6,771 5,621 6,004 10,229 14,125 12,926 11,986
------ ------ ------ ------ ------- ------- ------- -------
Costs of revenues:
Systems........................... . 2,994 4,058 3,598 4,267 6,342 8,088 6,665 6,038
Services.......................... . 213 336 480 612 729 1,087 1,055 1,159
------ ------ ------ ------ ------- ------- ------- -------
3,207 4,394 4,078 4,879 7,071 9,175 7,720 7,197
------ ------ ------ ------ ------- ------- ------- -------
Gross profit....................... . 1,599 2,377 1,543 1,125 3,158 4,950 5,206 4,789
------ ------ ------ ------ ------- ------- ------- -------
Operating expenses:
Research and development.......... . 484 563 626 694 992 994 1,256 2,151
Selling and marketing............. . 295 486 356 472 755 1,155 1,125 1,219
General and administrative........ . 208 193 234 223 294 568 648 554
------ ------ ------ ------ ------- ------- ------- -------
987 1,242 1,216 1,389 2,041 2,717 3,029 3,924
------ ------ ------ ------ ------- ------- ------- -------
Income (loss) from operations...... . 612 1,135 327 (264) 1,117 2,233 2,177 865
Interest income (expense), net..... . 29 18 11 56 48 52 37 216
------ ------ ------ ------ ------- ------- ------- -------
Income (loss) before income taxes.. . 641 1,153 338 (208) 1,165 2,285 2,214 1,081
Provision (benefit) for income taxes. 237 428 125 (77) 446 882 788 367
------ ------ ------ ------ ------- ------- ------- -------
Net income (loss).................. . $ 404 $ 725 $ 213 $ (131) $ 719 $ 1,403 $ 1,426 $ 714
====== ====== ====== ====== ======= ======= ======= =======
Gross profit:
Systems........................... . 34.1% 37.3% 32.6% 24.4% 34.5% 38.8% 43.2% 45.6%
Services.......................... . 18.8 (11.9) (71.1) (70.0) (33.7) (20.5) 11.2 (31.0)
</TABLE>
The Company has experienced significant variations in revenues, expenses and
operating results from quarter to quarter and such variations are likely to
continue. A significant portion of the Company's revenues have been generated
from a limited number of customers and it is difficult to predict the timing of
future orders and shipments to these and other customers. Customers can cancel
or reschedule shipments, and development or production difficulties could delay
shipments.
The Company has also experienced significant variations in its quarterly gross
margins. In the third quarter of 1995, the Company decreased the selling price
of its first generation SeaChange SPOT digital video insertion system in
anticipation of the introduction of the second generation system in January
1996. This price reduction had a negative impact on the Company's systems gross
margins in the last two quarters of 1995 and the first quarter of 1996.
Quarterly service gross margins have historically fluctuated significantly since
installation and training service revenue is recognized upon completion, the
timing of which may vary, while the related costs are incurred and recognized
ratably.
25
<PAGE>
Operating expenses also vary with the number, timing and significance of
new product and product enhancement introductions by the Company and its
competitors, increased competition, changes in pricing policies by the Company
or its competitors, the gain or loss of significant customers, the hiring of new
personnel and general economic conditions. All of the above factors are
difficult for the Company to forecast, and these or other factors may materially
adversely effect the Company's business, financial condition and results of
operations for one quarter or a series of quarters. Only a small portion of the
Company's expenses vary with revenues in the short-term and there would likely
be a material adverse effect on the operating results of the Company if revenues
are lower than expectations.
Based upon all of the foregoing, the Company believes that quarterly
revenues and operating results are likely to vary significantly in the future
and that period-to-period comparisons of its results of operations are not
necessarily meaningful and should not be relied upon as indications of future
performance.
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
From inception through November 1996, the Company funded its operations
primarily through cash provided by operations and the private sale of equity
securities. In November 1996, in connection with the initial public offering of
the Company's Common Stock, the Company received net proceeds of $24.1 million.
Cash and cash equivalents increased $17.2 million from $6.2 million at
December 31, 1995 to $23.4 million at December 31, 1996. Working capital
increased from approximately $3.5 million at December 31, 1995 to approximately
$26.6 million at December 31, 1996.
Net cash provided by operating activities was approximately $618,000 and
$2.8 million for the years ended December 31, 1994 and 1995, respectively. Net
cash used in operating activities was $1.9 million for the year ended December
31, 1996. The cash provided by operating activities in 1994 was primarily the
result of an increase in customer deposits, which represent advance payments
from customers. Cash flows related to customer deposits are dependent upon the
timing, volume and size of customer orders. The increase in 1995 was primarily
attributable to the increased profitability of the Company's operations, and
increases in accounts payable and accrued expenses, partially offset by
increases in accounts receivable, related to the increase in overall product
revenues, and increased inventory procurement in anticipation of the
introduction of the Company's second generation digital video insertion system
in early 1996. Net cash used in operating activities in 1996 was primarily due
to increased accounts receivable and inventories, partially offset by net income
adjusted for noncash expenses including depreciation and amortization and
increased current liabilities. Accounts receivable increased from $3.3 million
at December 31, 1995 to $7.4 million at December 31, 1996, an increase of $4.1
million, or 123%. The increase in accounts receivable in 1996 is primarily
attributable to the increased revenue levels. Total revenues recognized in the
quarter ended December 31, 1995 were $6.0 million compared to $12.0 million in
the quarter ended December 31, 1996, a 100% increase. Inventories increased from
$2.4 million at December 31, 1995 to $9.2 million at December 31, 1996, an
increase of $6.7 million, or 275%. The increase in inventories in 1996 is
attributable to additional inventory to support the Company's current and
anticipated revenue growth and to service the growing installed base of systems.
Net cash used in investing activities was approximately $207,000, $659,000
and $3.2 million for the years ended December 31, 1994, 1995 and 1996,
respectively. Investment activity consisted primarily of capital expenditures
related to the acquisition of computer equipment, office furniture, and other
capital equipment required to support the expansion and growth of the business.
In addition, in June 1996 the Company paid $450,000 for a software license.
Net cash provided by financing activities was approximately $251,000, $3.2
million and $22.3 million for the years ended December 31, 1994, 1995 and 1996,
respectively. In 1994, the cash provided by financing activities included the
private sale of equity securities. In 1995, the cash provided by financing
activities included $4.0
26
<PAGE>
million received in connection with the issuance of the Series B Convertible
Redeemable Preferred Stock, partially offset by a $795,000 cash outlay related
to loans to stockholders. In 1996 the cash provided by financing activities
consisted primarily of net proceeds of $24.1 million from the initial public
offering of the Company's Common Stock in November 1996 offset by the purchase
of $2.0 million of treasury stock.
The Company has a $6.0 million revolving line of credit and a $1.5 million
equipment line of credit with a bank. The revolving line of credit expires in
September 1997 and the equipment line expires in March 1997. The Company does
not intend to renew the equipment line of credit. Borrowings under the lines of
credit are secured by substantially all of the Company's assets. Loans made
under the revolving line of credit will bear interest at a rate per annum equal
to, at the Company's option, the bank's base rate or LIBOR, plus an applicable
margin. Loans made under the equipment line of credit will bear interest at a
rate per annum equal to the bank's base rate. The loan agreement relating to the
lines of credit requires that the Company provide the bank with certain periodic
financial reports and comply with certain financial ratios. As of December 31,
1996, the Company had not borrowed against either of these lines.
The Company believes that its existing cash, together with available
borrowings under the lines of credit, are sufficient to meet the Company's
requirements through at least 1997.
The Company had no material capital expenditure commitments as of December
31, 1996.
ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
The Company's Financial Statements and Schedules, together with the
auditors' reports thereon, appear at pages F-1 through F-12, and S-1 through S-
2, respectively, of this Form 10-K.
ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND
FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
Not applicable.
PART III
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS AND EXECUTIVE OFFICERS OF THE REGISTRANT
Information concerning the directors of the Registrant is hereby
incorporated by reference from the information contained under the heading "
Election of Directors" in the Registrant's definitive proxy statement related to
the Registrant's 1997 Annual Meeting of Stockholders which will be filed with
the Commission within 120 days after the close of the fiscal year (the
"Definitive Proxy Statement").
Certain information concerning directors and executive officers of the
Registrant is hereby incorporated by reference to the information contained
under the heading "Occupations of Directors and Executive Officers" in the
Registrant's Definitive Proxy Statement.
ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
Information concerning executive compensation is hereby incorporated by
reference to the information contained under the heading "Compensation and Other
Information Concerning Directors and Officers" in the Definitive Proxy
Statement.
27
<PAGE>
ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT
Information concerning security ownership of certain beneficial owners and
management is hereby incorporated by reference to the information contained
under the heading "Securities Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and
Management" in the Definitive Proxy Statement.
ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
Information concerning certain relationships and related transactions is
hereby incorporated by reference to the information contained under the heading
"Certain Relationships and Related Transactions" in the Definitive Proxy
Statement.
28
<PAGE>
PART IV
ITEM 14. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES, AND REPORTS ON FORM 8-K
(a)(1) INDEX TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
The following Consolidated Financial Statements of the Registrant are filed as part of this report:
Page
----
<S> <C>
Report of Independent Accountants F-1
Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 1995 and 1996 F-2
Consolidated Statement of Income for the years ended December 31, 1994, 1995 and 1996 F-3
Consolidated Statement of Stockholders' Equity for the years ended December 31, 1994,
1995 and 1996 F-4
Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 1994, 1995 and 1996 F-5
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements F-6
(a)(2) INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
The following Financial Statement Schedule of the Registrant is filed as part of this report:
Page
----
Schedule II - Valuation and Qualifying Accounts and Reserves S-2
</TABLE>
Schedules not listed above have been omitted because the information requested
to be set forth therein is not applicable or is shown in the accompanying
Consolidated Financial Statements or notes thereto.
(a)(3) INDEX TO EXHIBITS
See attached Exhibit Index of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
(b) REPORTS ON FORM 8-K
No reports on Form 8-K were filed during the period.
29
<PAGE>
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15 (d) of the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934, SeaChange International, Inc. has duly caused this report
to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
Dated: MARCH 28, 1997
SEACHANGE INTERNATIONAL, INC.
by: /s/ William C. Styslinger, III
----------------------------------
William C. Styslinger, III
President, Chief Executive Officer,
Chairman of the Board and Director.
POWER OF ATTORNEY AND SIGNATURES
KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears
below constitutes and appoints William C. Styslinger, III and Joseph S.
Tibbetts, Jr., jointly and severally, his attorney-in-fact, each with the power
of substitution, for him in any and all capacities, to sign any amendments to
this Report on Form 10-K and to file same, with exhibits thereto and other
documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission,
hereby ratifying and confirming all that each of said attorneys-in-fact, or his
substitute or substitutes, may do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this
report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the
Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
SIGNATURE TITLE(S) DATE
--------- -------- ----
<S> <C> <C>
/s/ William C. Styslinger, III President, Chief Executive March 28, 1997
- ------------------------------ Officer, Chairman of the Board --------------
WILLIAM C. STYSLINGER, III and Director (Principal
Executive Officer)
/s/ Joseph S. Tibbetts, Jr. Vice President, Finance and March 28, 1997
- --------------------------- Administration, Chief Financial --------------
JOSEPH S. TIBBETTS, JR. Officer and Treasurer
(Principal Financial and
Accounting Officer)
/s/ Martin R. Hoffmann Director March 28, 1997
- ---------------------- --------------
MARTIN R. HOFFMANN
/s/ Edward J. McGrath Director March 28, 1997
- --------------------- --------------
EDWARD J. MCGRATH
/s/ Paul Saunders Director March 28, 1997
- ----------------- --------------
PAUL SAUNDERS
/s/ Carmine Vona Director March 28, 1997
- ---------------- --------------
CARMINE VONA
</TABLE>
30
<PAGE>
- ---------------------------------
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT ACCOUNTANTS
- ---------------------------------
TO THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS AND STOCKHOLDERS OF SEACHANGE INTERNATIONAL, INC.
In our opinion, the accompanying consolidated balance sheet and the related
consolidated statements of income, of stockholders' equity and of cash flows
present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of SeaChange
International, Inc. and its subsidiaries at December 31, 1995 and 1996 and the
results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the three years in
the period ended December 31, 1996, in conformity with generally
accepted accounting principles. These financial statements are the
responsibility of the Company's management; our responsibility is to express an
opinion on these financial statements based on our audits. We conducted our
audits of these statements in accordance with generally accepted auditing
standards which require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable
assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material
misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting
the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the
accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, and
evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our
audits provide a reasonable basis for the opinion expressed above.
Price Waterhouse LLP
Boston, Massachusetts
January 22, 1997
F-1
<PAGE>
- --------------------------
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
December 31,
1995 1996
<S> <C> <C>
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents $ 6,184,100 $23,394,200
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful
accounts of $40,000 at December 31, 1995 and
$173,000 at December 31, 1996 3,335,200 7,425,800
Inventories 2,438,500 9,152,700
Prepaid expenses 27,700 250,400
Deferred income taxes 151,000 575,100
-------------------------
Total current assets 12,136,500 40,798,200
Property and equipment, net 1,433,100 4,704,700
Other assets 25,400 531,700
-------------------------
$13,595,000 $46,034,600
-------------------------
-------------------------
LIABILITIES, REDEEMABLE CONVERTIBLE PREFERRED STOCK
AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable $ 3,139,700 $ 7,304,700
Accrued expenses 1,935,500 1,809,700
Customer deposits 2,082,200 2,898,700
Deferred revenue 766,600 2,191,800
Income taxes payable 720,000 --
-------------------------
Total current liabilities 8,644,000 14,204,900
-------------------------
Commitments (Note 9)
Series B redeemable convertible preferred stock,
$.01 par value; 1,000,000 shares of preferred stock
authorized; 650,487 shares designated, issued and
outstanding at December 31, 1995, at issuance
price, net of issuance costs; none outstanding at
December 31, 1996 4,008,100 --
-------------------------
STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
Series A convertible preferred stock, $.01 par value;
1,000,000 shares of preferred stock authorized;
30,000 shares designated, 11,808 shares issued at
December 31, 1995, at issuance price; none
outstanding at December 31, 1996 100 --
Common stock, $.01 par value; 50,000,000 shares
authorized; 9,625,740 shares and 12,859,234 shares
issued at December 31, 1995 and 1996, respectively 96,300 128,600
Additional paid-in capital 373,600 26,167,400
Retained earnings 1,271,500 5,533,700
Treasury stock, 424,950 shares of common stock
at December 31, 1995; none at December 31, 1996 (3,600) --
Notes receivable from stockholders (795,000) --
-------------------------
Total stockholders' equity 942,900 31,829,700
-------------------------
$13,595,000 $46,034,600
=========================
</TABLE>
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
F-2
<PAGE>
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF INCOME
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Year ended December 31,
1994 1995 1996
<S> <C> <C> <C>
REVENUES
Systems $5,037,000 $21,999,300 $45,745,200
Services 116,100 1,203,300 3,521,200
Other 536,900 -- --
------------------------------------
5,690,000 23,202,600 49,266,400
------------------------------------
COSTS OF REVENUES
Systems 3,405,600 14,916,900 27,132,700
Services 176,500 1,641,000 4,030,300
Other 303,700 -- --
------------------------------------
3,885,800 16,557,900 31,163,000
------------------------------------
Gross profit 1,804,200 6,644,700 18,103,400
------------------------------------
OPERATING EXPENSES
Research and development 884,700 2,367,300 5,394,000
Selling and marketing 443,700 1,608,600 4,253,800
General and administrative 273,000 858,400 2,064,100
------------------------------------
1,601,400 4,834,300 11,711,900
------------------------------------
Income from operations 202,800 1,810,400 6,391,500
Interest income, net 7,000 113,400 353,600
------------------------------------
Income before income taxes 209,800 1,923,800 6,745,100
Provision for income taxes 55,000 713,000 2,482,900
------------------------------------
Net income $ 154,800 $ 1,210,800 $ 4,262,200
====================================
Net income per share $ .02 $ .10 $ .36
====================================
Weighted average common shares and
equivalent common shares outstanding 9,399,480 11,575,320 11,900,483
====================================
</TABLE>
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
F-3
<PAGE>
- ----------------------------------------------
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Series A
convertible
preferred Common stock
------------------ ------------------- Retained Notes
Additional earnings receivable Total
Number Number Par paid-in (accumulated Treasury from stockholders'
of shares Amount of shares value capital deficit) stock stockholders equity
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Balance at
December 31, 1993 -- $ -- 3,150,000 $ 31,500 $ -- $ (49,000) $ -- $ -- $ (17,500)
Sale of common stock -- -- 6,159,615 61,600 -- (45,100) -- -- 16,500
Conversion of notes
payable to Series A
preferred stock 5,000 -- -- -- 128,500 -- -- -- 128,500
Sale of Series A
preferred stock 6,808 100 -- -- 238,200 -- -- -- 238,300
Purchase of treasury
stock -- -- -- -- -- -- (3,600) -- (3,600)
Net income -- -- -- -- -- 154,800 -- -- 154,800
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Balance at
December 31, 1994 11,808 100 9,309,615 93,100 366,700 60,700 (3,600) -- 517,000
Sale of common stock -- -- 316,125 3,200 6,900 -- -- -- 10,100
Loans to stockholders -- -- -- -- -- -- -- (795,000) (795,000)
Net income -- -- -- -- -- 1,210,800 -- -- 1,210,800
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Balance at
December 31, 1995 11,808 100 9,625,740 96,300 373,600 1,271,500 (3,600) (795,000) 942,900
Purchase of treasury
stock -- -- -- -- -- -- (2,527,600) 795,000 (1,732,600)
Sale of common stock,
net of stock issuance
costs -- -- 1,810,000 18,100 24,051,700 -- -- -- 24,069,800
Conversion of preferred
stock into common
stock (11,808) (100) 2,260,856 22,600 3,985,600 -- -- -- 4,008,100
Sale of common stock
pursuant to exercise
of stock options -- -- 9,223 100 8,900 -- -- -- 9,000
Compensation expense
associated with stock
options -- -- -- -- 126,100 -- -- -- 126,100
Issuance of common
stock pursuant to
purchased research
and development -- -- 9,615 100 144,100 -- -- -- 144,200
Retirement of
treasury stock -- -- (856,200) (8,600) (2,522,600) -- 2,531,200 -- --
Net income -- -- -- -- -- 4,262,200 -- -- 4,262,200
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Balance at
December 31, 1996 -- -- 12,859,234 $ 128,600 $26,167,400 $5,533,700 $ -- $ -- $31,829,700
=========================================================================================================
</TABLE>
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
F-4
<PAGE>
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS/INCREASE
(DECREASE) IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALANTS
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Year ended December 31,
1994 1995 1996
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Net income $ 154,800 $ 1,210,800 $ 4,262,200
Adjustments to reconcile net income
to net cash provided by (used in)
operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization 38,900 230,200 1,435,500
Inventory valuation allowance -- 56,200 693,800
Compensation expense associated
with stock options -- -- 126,100
Research and development expense
associated with common stock issuance -- -- 144,200
Deferred income taxes (66,000) (85,000) (424,100)
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable (1,375,200) (2,035,000) (4,090,600)
Inventories (962,200) (2,280,000) (9,133,500)
Prepaid expenses and other assets (31,800) (14,900) (468,600)
Accounts payable 1,065,000 2,069,300 4,165,000
Accrued expenses 209,800 1,693,000 (125,800)
Customer deposits 1,382,700 699,500 816,500
Deferred revenue 80,500 614,500 1,425,200
Income taxes payable 121,000 599,000 (720,000)
---------------------------------------------
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities 617,500 2,757,600 (1,894,100)
---------------------------------------------
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Purchase of software -- -- (450,000)
Purchases of property and equipment (207,300) (659,400) (2,792,000)
---------------------------------------------
Net cash used in investing activities (207,300) (659,400) (3,242,000)
---------------------------------------------
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Repayment of notes payable -- (8,000) --
Proceeds from sale of convertible
preferred stock, net 238,300 4,008,100 --
Proceeds from sale of common stock, net 16,500 10,100 24,078,800
Purchase of treasury stock (3,600) -- (2,022,600)
(Loans to) repayments from stockholders -- (795,000) 290,000
---------------------------------------------
Net cash provided by financing activities 251,200 3,215,200 22,346,200
---------------------------------------------
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents 661,400 5,313,400 17,210,100
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year 209,300 870,700 6,184,100
---------------------------------------------
Cash and cash equivalents, end of year $ 870,700 $ 6,184,100 $23,394,200
=============================================
SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURE OF CASH FLOW INFORMATION
Interest paid $ 3,700 $ -- $ --
Income taxes paid $ -- $ 180,000 $ 3,853,600
SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURE OF NONCASH ACTIVITY
Conversion of notes payable plus accrued
interest to Series A convertible preferred stock $ 128,500 $ -- $ --
Receipt of computer equipment in lieu of cash
payment of accounts receivable from customer $ -- $ 75,000 $ --
Transfer of items originally classified as
inventories to fixed assets $ 171,500 $ 576,000 $ 1,725,500
Purchase of treasury stock in lieu of cash
payment of notes receivable from stockholders $ -- $ -- $ 505,000
---------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
F-5
<PAGE>
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
- ---------------------
1 NATURE OF BUSINESS
- ---------------------
The Company develops software-based products to manage, store and distribute
digital video. Through December 31, 1996, substantially all of the Company's
revenues have been derived from sales of digital video insertion systems (the
"SeaChange SPOT System") to cable television operators and telecommunications
companies in the United States.
- ---------------------------------------------
2 SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
- ---------------------------------------------
Significant accounting policies followed in the preparation of the accompanying
consolidated financial statements are as follows:
PRINCIPLES OF CONSOLIDATION
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and
its wholly owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany transactions have
been eliminated.
REVENUE RECOGNITION
Revenue from the sale of systems is recognized upon shipment provided that there
are no uncertainties regarding customer acceptance and collection of the related
receivable is probable. If such uncertainties exist, such as performance
criteria beyond the Company's standard terms and conditions, revenue is
recognized upon customer acceptance. Installation and training revenue is
deferred and recognized as these services are performed. Revenue from technical
support and maintenance contracts is deferred and recognized ratably over the
period of the related agreements, generally twelve months. Customer deposits
represent advance payments from customers for systems.
Other revenue was recognized pursuant to a software development contract as work
was performed and defined milestones were attained. Nonrefundable payments
received under the contract prior to the attainment of defined milestones were
recorded as deferred revenue.
CONCENTRATION OF CREDIT RISK AND SIGNIFICANT CUSTOMERS
Financial instruments which potentially expose the Company to concentrations of
credit risk include trade accounts receivable. To minimize this risk, the
Company evaluates customers' financial condition and requires advance payments
from the majority of its customers. At December 31, 1995 and 1996, the Company
had an allowance for doubtful accounts of $40,000 and $173,000, respectively, to
provide for potential credit losses and such losses to date have not exceeded
management's expectations.
For the years ended December 31, 1994, 1995 and 1996, certain customers
accounted for more than 10% of the Company's revenues. Individual customers
accounted for 50%, 18%, 11% and 10% of revenues in 1994; 29%, 29%, 16% and 12%
in 1995; and 29%, 17%, 13% and 12% in 1996.
USE OF ESTIMATES
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted
accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that
affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of
contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and
the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period.
Actual results could differ from these estimates.
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS
The Company considers all highly liquid investments purchased with an original
maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. The Company invests its
excess cash in U.S. Government securities, money market funds of major financial
institutions and high grade commercial and municipal paper that are subject to
minimal credit and market risk. Cash equivalents are classified as available-
for-sale and are carried at market value, and any unrealized gains or losses are
recorded as a part of stockholders' equity.
PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT
Property and equipment consist of office and computer equipment, leasehold
improvements, demonstration equipment and spare components and assemblies used
to service the Company's installed base. Demonstration equipment consists of
systems manufactured by the Company for use in the Company's marketing and
selling efforts. Property and equipment are recorded at cost and depreciated
using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives. Leasehold
improvements are amortized over the shorter of their estimated useful lives or
the term of the respective leases by use of the straight-line method.
Maintenance and repair costs are expensed as incurred.
F-6
<PAGE>
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
INVENTORIES
Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or market. Cost is determined using
the first-in, first-out (FIFO) method. Inventories consist primarily of
components and subassemblies and finished products held for sale. Rapid
technological change and new product introductions and enhancements could result
in excess or obsolete inventory. To minimize this risk, the Company evaluates
inventory levels and expected usage on a periodic basis and records valuation
allowances as required.
The Company is dependent upon certain vendors for the manufacture of significant
components of its digital advertising insertion system. If these vendors were
to become unwilling or unable to continue to manufacture these products in
required volumes, the Company would have to identify and qualify acceptable
alternative vendors. The inability to develop alternate sources, if required in
the future, could result in delays or reductions in product shipments.
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AND SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT COSTS
Costs incurred in the research and development of the Company's products are
expensed as incurred, except for certain software development costs. Costs
associated with the development of computer software are expensed prior to
establishing technological feasibility and capitalized thereafter until the
product is released for sale. Software development costs eligible for
capitalization to date have not been material to the Company's financial
statements. Costs associated with acquired software rights are capitalized if
technological feasibility of the software has been established.
At December 31, 1996, other assets includes $460,400 of software purchased in
May 1996, net of amortization. The software is amortized over its estimated
economic life of two years and the related amortization expense for the year
ended December 31, 1996 totaled $189,600 and is included in the cost of systems
revenues.
STOCK COMPENSATION
Employee stock awards under the Company's compensation plans are accounted for
in accordance with Accounting Principles Board Opinion No. 25, "Accounting for
Stock Issued to Employees." In January 1996, the Company adopted the disclosure
requirements of Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 123 ("FAS 123"),
"Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation".
ADVERTISING COSTS
Advertising costs are charged to expense as incurred. Advertising costs were
$34,800, $173,900 and $328,000 for the years ended December 31, 1994, 1995 and
1996, respectively.
NET INCOME PER SHARE
Net income per share was determined by dividing net income by the weighted
average number of common shares and common share equivalents outstanding during
the period. Common share equivalents are comprised of common stock options and
convertible preferred stock and have been included in the calculation to the
extent their effect is dilutive. Pursuant to Securities and Exchange Commission
Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 83, common share equivalents issued at prices
below the initial public offering price in the twelve months preceding the
initial public offering have been included in the calculation for all periods
prior to the initial public offering.
3 CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET DETAIL
Investments consist of the following:
At December 31, 1995 and 1996, the Company's cash equivalents included
approximately $4,700,000 and $997,000, respectively, of U.S. Government
securities. The securities were classified as held-to-maturity and stated at
amortized cost, which approximated fair value.
At December 31, 1996, the original maturity of all securities was three months
or less, and accordingly, all investments were classified as cash equivalents.
There were no investments classified as available-for-sale at December 31, 1995.
Available-for-sale securities included in cash and cash equivalents consisted of
the following at December 31, 1996.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Amortized Unrealized
cost gains Losses Fair value
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Money market funds $ 296,800 $ -- $ -- $ 296,800
Municipal securities 12,600,000 -- -- 12,600,000
Corporate debt securities 9,485,100 -- -- 9,485,100
-----------------------------------------------
$22,381,900 $ -- $ -- $22,381,900
===============================================
</TABLE>
Gains and losses realized upon the sale of securities, the cost of which is
based upon the specific identification method, were not significant.
F-7
<PAGE>
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Inventories consist of the following:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
December 31,
1995 1996
<S> <C> <C>
Components and assemblies $2,261,100 $6,524,300
Finished products 177,400 2,628,400
------------------------
$2,438,500 $9,152,700
========================
Property and equipment consist of the
following:
<CAPTION>
Estimated
useful life December 31,
(years) 1995 1996
Office furniture and equipment 5 $ 108,300 $ 432,100
Computer equipment 3 1,156,300 2,607,500
Demonstration equipment 3 -- 1,963,400
Service and spare components 5 350,000 1,050,400
Leasehold improvements 1-3 47,700 106,700
------------------------
1,662,300 6,160,100
Less - Accumulated depreciation 229,200 1,455,400
------------------------
$1,433,100 $4,704,700
========================
</TABLE>
Depreciation expense was $38,900, $230,200 and $1,245,900 for the years ended
December 31, 1994, 1995 and 1996, respectively.
Accrued expenses consist of the following:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
December 31,
1995 1996
<S> <C> <C>
Accrued software license fees $ 444,000 $ 367,400
Accrued sales and use taxes 1,247,800 608,500
Other accrued expenses 243,700 833,800
------------------------
$1,935,500 $1,809,700
========================
</TABLE>
4 INCOME TAXES
The components of the provision for income taxes are as follows:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Year ended December 31,
1994 1995 1996
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Current provision:
Federal $116,000 $652,000 $2,345,500
State 5,000 146,000 561,500
---------------------------------
121,000 798,000 2,907,000
---------------------------------
Deferred benefit:
Federal (51,000) (65,000) (324,000)
State (15,000) (20,000) (100,100)
---------------------------------
(66,000) (85,000) (424,100)
---------------------------------
$ 55,000 $713,000 $2,482,900
=================================
</TABLE>
F-8
<PAGE>
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
The components of deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
December 31,
1995 1996
<S> <C> <C>
Deferred tax assets:
Inventory $ 55,300 $366,400
Allowance for doubtful accounts 15,700 65,500
Deferred revenue 92,100 118,000
Software -- 121,600
-----------------------
Total deferred tax assets 163,100 671,500
Deferred tax liabilities 12,100 96,400
-----------------------
Net deferred tax assets $151,000 $575,100
=======================
</TABLE>
The income tax provision computed using the federal statutory income tax rate
differs from the Company's effective tax rate primarily due to the following:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Year ended December 31,
1994 1995 1996
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Statutory U.S. federal tax rate 34.0% 34.0% 34.0%
State taxes, net of federal tax benefit 1.7 4.4 4.5
Utilization of operating loss carryforwards (.5) --- ---
Research and development tax credits (10.9) (2.8) (2.0)
Foreign sales corporation exempt income --- --- (.3)
Nondeductible expenses 1.9 1.5 .6
---------------------------
26.2% 37.1% 36.8%
===========================
</TABLE>
5 CONVERTIBLE PREFERRED STOCK CONVERSION
SERIES B CONVERTIBLE PREFERRED STOCK
In October and November 1995, the Company sold 650,487 shares of Series B
Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock for $4,008,100, net of issuance costs of
$85,500.
CONVERSION
Upon closing of the initial public offering, in November 1996, the 650,487
shares of Series B Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock and 11,808 shares of
Series A Convertible Preferred Stock were automatically converted into a total
of 2,260,856 shares of common stock.
STOCK AUTHORIZATION
The Board of Directors is authorized to issue from time to time up to an
aggregate of 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock, in one or more series. Each
such series of preferred stock shall have the number of shares, designations,
preferences, voting powers, qualifications and special or relative rights or
privileges to be determined by the Board of Directors, including dividend
rights, voting rights, redemption rights and sinking fund provisions, liqui-
dation preferences, conversion rights and preemptive rights.
6 COMMON STOCK
INITIAL PUBLIC OFFERING
On November 5, 1996, the Company sold 1,810,000 shares of common stock to the
public in the Company's initial public offering at a price of $15.00 per share.
Proceeds to the Company, net of offering expenses, amounted to $24,069,800.
STOCK SPLITS
Effective August 3, 1995, the Company's Board of Directors approved a 100-for-1
stock split of the Company's common stock. On September 6, 1996, the Board of
Directors authorized a 3-for-2 stock split of the Company's common stock, which
became effective on October 30, 1996. All shares of common stock, common stock
options, preferred stock conversion ratios and per share amounts included in the
accompanying consolidated financial statements have been adjusted to give
retroactive effect to the stock splits for all years presented.
F-9
<PAGE>
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
RESTRICTION AGREEMENTS
The holders of 6,871,625 common shares have entered into stock restriction and
repurchase agreements under which the Company may repurchase unvested common
shares at the original issuance price and vested common shares at fair value
upon termination of a business relationship with the Company. Common shares
subject to these agreements vest ratably over a five-year period and, at
December 31, 1996, 3,584,280 of such shares are unvested.
TREASURY STOCK
In January 1996, the Company repurchased 431,250 shares of its common stock and
1,286 shares of Series A Stock from certain employees and directors of the
Company. Of the common stock repurchased, 21,750 shares were held by the
stockholders for less than six months from the time the shares became vested.
Accordingly, compensation expense was recorded for the difference between the
repurchase price and the original purchase price paid by the stockholders.
Compensation expense recorded as a result of this transaction was $91,000. In
December 1996, the Board of Directors voted to retire all shares of treasury
stock held at December 31, 1996.
NOTES RECEIVABLE FROM STOCKHOLDERS
The principal amount of the notes receivable from stockholders at December 31,
1995 was payable at the earlier of (i) six months from the date of issuance or
(ii) the closing of any sale to a third party or redemption by the Company
of pledged shares of the Company's common stock or preferred stock. Interest on
the principal amount outstanding accrued at a rate of 5.9% per annum. These
loans were secured by common stock held by the noteholders and, consequently,
the loans are reflected as an offset to stockholders' equity at December 31,
1995. In January 1996, the notes were settled in connection with the repurchase
by the Company of the common stock and Series A Stock noted above.
RESERVED SHARES
At December 31, 1996, the Company has 2,270,777 shares of common stock reserved
for issuance upon the exercise of common stock options and the purchase of stock
under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan.
7 STOCK PLANS
1995 STOCK OPTION PLAN
The 1995 Stock Option Plan (the "1995 Stock Option Plan") provides for the grant
of incentive stock options and nonqualified stock options for the purchase of up
to an aggregate of 1,950,000 shares of the Company's common stock by officers,
employees, consultants and directors of the Company. The Board of Directors is
responsible for administration of the 1995 Stock Option Plan. The Board of
Directors determines the term of each option, option exercise price, number of
shares for which each option is granted and the rate at which each option is
exercisable. Options generally vest ratably over five years. The Company may not
grant an employee incentive stock options with a fair value in excess of
$100,000 that is first exercisable during any one calendar year.
Incentive stock options may be granted to employees at an exercise price per
share of not less than the fair value per common share on the date of the grant
(not less than 110% of the fair value in the case of holders of more than 10% of
the Company's voting stock). Nonqualified stock options may be granted to any
officer, employee, director or consultant at an exercise price per share, as
determined by the Company's Board of Directors.
Options granted under the 1995 Stock Option Plan generally expire ten years from
the date of the grant (five years for incentive stock options granted to holders
of more than 10% of the Company's voting stock).
DIRECTOR STOCK OPTION PLAN
In June 1996, the Company's Board of Directors adopted and the stockholders
approved a Director Stock Option Plan (the "Director Option Plan") which
provides for the grant of options to full-time directors of the Company to
purchase a maximum of 30,000 shares of common stock. Under the Director Option
Plan, participating directors receive an option to purchase 3,375 shares of
common stock. Options granted under the Director Option Plan vest as to
33-1/3% of the shares underlying the option immediately upon the date of the
grant, and vest as to an additional 8-1/3% of the shares underlying the option
at the end of each of the next 8 quarters, provided that the optionee remains a
director. Directors will also receive, on each three-year anniversary of such
director's option grant date, an additional option to puchase 3,375 shares of
common stock, provided that such director continues to serve on the Board of
Directors. All options granted under the Director Option Plan have an exercise
price equal to the fair value of the common stock on the date of grant and a
term of ten years from the date of grant.
F-10
<PAGE>
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
EMPLOYEE STOCK PURCHASE PLAN
In September 1996, the Company's Board of Directors adopted and the stockholders
approved an employee stock purchase plan (the "Stock Purchase Plan"), effective
January 1, 1997, which provides for the issuance of a maximum of 300,000 shares
of common stock to participating employees who meet eligibility requirements.
Employees who would immediately after the grant own 5% or more of the total
combined voting power or value of the Company's stock and directors who are not
employees of the Company may not participate in the Stock Purchase Plan. The
purchase price of the stock is 85% of the lesser of the market price of the
common stock on the first or last business day of each six-month plan period.
Transactions under the 1995 Stock Option Plan and the Director Option Plan
during the year ended December 31, 1995 and 1996 are summarized as follows:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Year ended December 31,
1995 1996
Weighted average Weighted average
Shares exercise price Shares exercise price
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Outstanding at beginning of period 327,120 $ .92
Granted 327,120 $ .92 472,510 $ 8.79
Exercised -- -- (9,223) $ .85
Cancelled -- -- (51,073) $ 2.22
-------------------------------------------------------------
Outstanding at period end 327,120 739,334
=============================================================
Options exercisable at period end -- 115,224
Weighted average fair value of
options granted during the period $ .32 $ 4.33
</TABLE>
The following table summarizes information about employee and director stock
options outstanding at December 31, 1996:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Options outstanding at December 31, 1996
------------------------------------------------
Weighted
average
remaining Weighted
contractual Number average
Range of exercise prices life (years) outstanding exercise price
<S> <C> <C> <C>
$.50 8.65 129,734 $ .50
1.23 to 1.36 7.29 156,600 $ 1.28
4.20 to 5.00 9.10 97,425 $ 4.48
6.67 to 9.33 9.47 280,050 $ 7.34
10.67 to 15.00 9.76 45,975 $12.62
33.75 9.98 29,550 $33.75
------------------------------------------------
739,334
================================================
<CAPTION>
Options exercisable at December 31, 1996
------------------------------------------------
Weighted
Number average
Range of exercise prices exercisable exercise price
<S> <C> <C>
$.50 46,151 $ .50
1.23 to 1.36 30,982 $ 1.28
4.20 to 5.00 3,030 $ 4.20
6.67 to 9.33 35,061 $ 7.33
10.67 to 15.00 -- --
33.75 -- --
------------------------------------------------
115,224
================================================
</TABLE>
F-11
<PAGE>
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
FAIR VALUE DISCLOSURES
Had compensation cost for the Company's option plans been determined based on
the fair value at the grant dates, as prescribed in FAS 123, the Company's net
income and net income per share would have been as follows:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Year ended December 31,
1995 1996
<S> <C> <C>
Net income
As reported $1,210,800 $4,262,200
Pro forma $1,207,800 $4,204,600
Net income per share
As reported $ .10 $ .36
Pro forma $ .10 $ .35
</TABLE>
For options granted prior to the Company's initial filing of its Registration
Statement on Form S-1, on September 18, 1996, the fair value of each option
grant was estimated on the date of grant using the minimum value method. The
fair value of each option granted subsequent to the initial filing was estimated
on the date of grant assuming a weighted average volatility factor of 0.67.
Additional weighted average assumptions used for grants during the years ended
December 31, 1995 and 1996 included: dividend yield of 0.0% for both periods;
risk-free interest rates of 5.89% to 6.00% for options granted during the year
ended December 31, 1995 and 5.36% to 6.49% for options granted during the year
ended December 31, 1996; and an expected option term of 5 years for both
periods.
Because additional option grants are expected to be made each year, the above
pro forma disclosures are not representative of pro forma effects of reported
net income for future years.
8 LINES OF CREDIT
In September 1996, the Company entered into a $6.0 million revolving line of
credit and a $1.5 million equipment line of credit with a bank. The revolving
line of credit expires in September 1997 and the equipment line of credit
expires in March 1997. Borrowings under the lines of credit are secured by
substantially all of the Company's assets. Loans made under the revolving line
of credit will bear interest at a rate per annum equal to, at the Company's
option, the bank's base rate or LIBOR plus an applicable margin. Loans made
under the equipment line of credit will bear interest at a rate per annum equal
to the bank's base rate. The loan agreement relating to the lines of credit
requires that the Company provide the bank with certain periodic financial
reports and comply with certain financial ratios. As of December 31, 1996, the
Company had not borrowed against either of these lines.
9 COMMITMENTS
The Company leases its operating facilities and certain office equipment under
noncancelable operating leases which expire at various dates through 1998.
Rental expense under operating leases was approximately $53,000, $154,000 and
$251,000 for the years ended December 31, 1994, 1995 and 1996, respectively.
Future minimum lease payments as of December 31, 1996 are as follows:
<TABLE>
<S> <C> <C>
For the year ended December 31, 1997 $396,700
1998 136,200
1999 21,600
2000 14,200
2001 and thereafter 10,700
--------
$579,400
========
</TABLE>
10 EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLAN
The Company sponsors a 401(k) retirement savings plan. Participation in the plan
is available to full-time employees who meet eligibility requirements. Eligible
employees may contribute up to 15% of their salary, subject to certain
limitations. Company contributions to the plan may be made at the discretion of
the Board of Directors. Through December 31, 1996, the Company made no
contributions.
F-12
<PAGE>
SEACHANGE INTERNATIONAL, INC.
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT ACCOUNTANTS ON
FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULE
To the Board of Directors of SeaChange International, Inc.
Our audits of the consolidated financial statements referred to in our report
dated January 22, 1997 appearing on page F-1 of this Form 10-K also include an
audit of the Financial Statement Schedule listed in Item 14(a) of this Form
10-K. In our opinion, this Financial Statement Schedule presents fairly, in all
material respects, the information set forth therein when read in conjunction
with the related consolidated financial statements.
PRICE WATERHOUSE LLP
Boston, Massachusetts
January 22, 1997
S-1
<PAGE>
SCHEDULE II
SEACHANGE INTERNATIONAL, INC.
VALUATION OF QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS AND RESERVES
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
BALANCE AT CHARGED TO DEDUCTIONS
BEGINNING OF COSTS AND AND BALANCE AT END
PERIOD EXPENSES WRITE-OFFS OF PERIOD
-------------- -------------- --------------- --------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Allowance for Doubtful
Accounts:
Year ended December 31, 1994 $ - $ - $ - $ -
Year ended December 31, 1995 - 40,000 - 40,000
Year ended December 31, 1996 40,000 133,000 - 173,000
Inventory Valuation Allowance:
Year ended December 31, 1994 - - - -
Year ended December 31, 1995 - 56,200 - 56,200
Year ended December 31, 1996 56,200 693,800 - 750,000
</TABLE>
S-2
<PAGE>
EXHIBIT INDEX
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
EXHIBIT NO. DESCRIPTION PAGE
- ----------- ----------- ----
<S> <C>
3.1* Amended and Restated Certification of Incorporation.
3.2* Amended and Restated By-laws of the Company.
4.1 Specimen certificate representing the Common Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the
Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-1, Registration No. 333-12233).
4.2 Series B Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement, dated October 26, 1995 between the Company and the
persons listed on Schedule 1.1 attached thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the
Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-1, Registration No. 333-12233).
4.3 Form of Stock Restriction Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Registrant's
Registration Statement on Form S-1, Registration No. 333-12233).
4.4 Form of Stock Restriction Agreement Admendment (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to the
Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-1, Registration No. 333-12233).
10.1 Amended and Restated 1995 Stock Option Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the
Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-1 Registration No. 333-12233).
10.2 1996 Non-Employee Director Stock Option Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the
Registrant's Registration Statement on From S-1, Registration No. 333-12233).
10.3 Lease Agreement dated March 10, 1995 between Thomas B. O'Brien, Trustee of Jelric Realty Trust
u/d/t dated 9/18/68 and the Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant's
Registration Statement on From S-1, Registration No. 333-12233).
10.4 Sublease Agreement dated March 19, 1996 between IPL Systems, Inc. and the Company (incorporated by
reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on From S-1,
Registration No. 333-12233).
10.5 Indenture of Lease dated October 1, 1995 between Alden T. Greenwood and the Company (incorporated by
reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on From S-1, Registration
No. 333-12233).
10.6 Letter Agreement dated as of June 12, 1996 between Joseph S. Tibbetts, Jr. and the Company
(incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on From S-1,
Registration No. 333-12233).
10.7 License Agreement dated May 30, 1996 between Summit Software Systems, Inc. and the Company
(incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-1,
Registration No. 333-12233).
10.8 Loan and Security Agreement, dated September 25, 1996, between the Company and BayBank, N.A.
(incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-1,
Registration No. 333-12233).
10.9 Working Capital Line of Credit-Master Note dated September 25, 1996, between the Company and
BayBank, N.A. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to the Registrant's Registration Statement
on From S-1, Registration No. 333-12233).
10.10 Equipment Line of Credit-Master Note dated September 25, 1996, between the Company and BayBank,
N.A. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on
From S-1, Registration No. 333-12233).
10.11 Sales and Marketing Representative Agreement dated October 11, 1996, between the Company and
Media Power S.n.c. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 to the Registrant's Registration
Statement on From S-1, Registration No. 333-12233).
11.1* Statement re: computation of net income per share.
23.1* Consent of Price Waterhouse LLP.
27.1* Financial Data Schedule (For SEC Edgar Filing Only; Intentionally Omitted).
- ------------
* Filed herewith.
</TABLE>
<PAGE>
AMENDED AND RESTATED CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION
OF
SEACHANGE INTERNATIONAL, INC.
INCORPORATED JULY 9, 1993
AS SEAVIEW TECHNOLOGY, INC.
* * * * * *
I, William C. Styslinger, III, President of SeaChange International,
Inc. (the "Corporation"), a corporation organized and existing under and by
virtue of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, do hereby
certify that the Certificate of Incorporation of SeaChange International, Inc.,
as amended, originally incorporated under the name Seaview Technology, Inc., has
been further amended, and restated as amended, in accordance with provisions of
Sections 242 and 245 of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware,
and, as amended and restated, is set forth in its entirety as follows:
FIRST. The name of the Corporation is SeaChange International, Inc.
SECOND. The address of the registered office of the Corporation in
the State of Delaware is 1209 Orange Street, Wilmington, New Castle County,
Delaware 19801. The name of its registered agent at such address is The
Corporation Trust Company.
THIRD. The nature of the business or purposes to be conducted or
promoted is to engage in any lawful act or activity for which corporations may
be organized under the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware.
FOURTH. The total number of shares of all classes of capital stock
which the Corporation shall have authority to issue is 55,000,000 shares,
consisting of 50,000,000 shares of Common Stock with a par value of $.01 per
share (the "Common Stock") and 5,000,000 shares of Preferred Stock with a par
value of $.01 per share (the "Preferred Stock").
A description of the respective classes of stock and a statement of
the designations, powers, preferences and rights, and the qualifications,
limitations and restrictions of the Preferred Stock and Common Stock are as
follows:
A. COMMON STOCK
------------
1. GENERAL. All shares of Common Stock will be identical and will
-------
entitle the holders thereof to the same rights, powers and privileges. The
rights, powers and privileges of
<PAGE>
-2-
the holders of the Common Stock are subject to and qualified by the rights of
holders of the Preferred Stock.
2. DIVIDENDS. Dividends may be declared and paid on the Common Stock
---------
from funds lawfully available therefor as and when determined by the Board of
Directors and subject to any preferential dividend rights of any then
outstanding Preferred Stock.
3. DISSOLUTION, LIQUIDATION OR WINDING UP. In the event of any
--------------------------------------
dissolution, liquidation or winding up of the affairs of the Corporation,
whether voluntary or involuntary, each issued and outstanding share of Common
Stock shall entitle the holder thereof to receive an equal portion of the net
assets of the Corporation available for distribution to the holders of Common
Stock, subject to any preferential rights of any then outstanding Preferred
Stock.
4. VOTING RIGHTS. Except as otherwise required by law or this
-------------
Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, each holder of Common Stock
shall have one vote in respect of each share of stock held of record by such
holder on the books of the Corporation for the election of directors and on all
matters submitted to a vote of stockholders of the Corporation. Except as
otherwise required by law or provided herein, holders of Common Stock shall vote
together with holders of the Preferred Stock as a single class, subject to any
special or preferential voting rights of any then outstanding Preferred Stock.
There shall be no cumulative voting.
B. PREFERRED STOCK
---------------
The Preferred Stock may be issued in one or more series at such time
or times and for such consideration or considerations as the Board of Directors
of the Corporation may determine. Each series shall be so designated as to
distinguish the shares thereof from the shares of all other series and classes.
Except as otherwise provided in this Amended and Restated Certificate of
Incorporation, different series of Preferred Stock shall not be construed to
constitute different classes of shares for the purpose of voting by classes.
The Board of Directors is expressly authorized to provide for the
issuance of all or any shares of the undesignated Preferred Stock in one or more
series, each with such designations, preferences, voting powers (or special,
preferential or no voting powers), relative, participating, optional or other
special rights and privileges and such qualifications, limitations or
restrictions thereof as shall be stated in the resolution or resolutions adopted
by the Board of Directors to create such series, and a certificate of said
resolution or resolutions (a "Certificate of Designation") shall be filed in
accordance with the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware. The
authority of the Board of Directors with respect to each such series shall
include, without limitation of the foregoing, the right to provide that the
shares of each such series may be: (i) subject to redemption at such time or
times and at such price or prices; (ii) entitled to receive dividends (which may
be cumulative or non-cumulative) at such rates, on such conditions, and at such
times, and payable in preference to, or in such relation to, the dividends
payable on any other class or classes or any other series; (iii) entitled to
such rights upon the dissolution of, or upon any distribution of the assets of,
the Corporation; (iv) convertible into, or
<PAGE>
-3-
exchangeable for, shares of any other class or classes of stock, or of any other
series of the same or any other class or classes of stock of the Corporation at
such price or prices or at such rates of exchange and with such adjustments, if
any; (v) entitled to the benefit of such limitations, if any, on the issuance of
additional shares of such series or shares of any other series of Preferred
Stock; or (vi) entitled to such other preferences, powers, qualifications,
rights and privileges, all as the Board of Directors may deem advisable and as
are not inconsistent with law and the provisions of this Amended and Restated
Certificate of Incorporation.
FIFTH. The Corporation is to have perpetual existence.
SIXTH. The following provisions are included for the management of
the business and the conduct of the affairs of the Corporation, and for further
definition, limitation and regulation of the powers of the Corporation and of
its Board of Directors and stockholders:
1. The business and affairs of the Corporation shall be managed
by or under the direction of the Board of Directors of the Corporation.
2. The Board of Directors of the Corporation is expressly authorized
to adopt, amend or repeal the By-laws of the Corporation, subject to any
limitation thereof contained in the By-laws. The stockholders shall also have
the power to adopt, amend or repeal the By-laws of the Corporation;
provided, however, that, in addition to any vote of the holders of any class or
- -------- -------
series of stock of the Corporation required by law or by this Amended and
Restated Certificate of Incorporation, the affirmative vote of the holders of at
least seventy-five percent (75 %) of the voting power of all of the then
outstanding shares of the capital stock of the Corporation entitled to vote
generally in the election of directors, voting together as a single class, shall
be required to adopt, amend or repeal any provision of the By-laws of the
Corporation.
3. Stockholders of the Corporation may not take any action by written
consent in lieu of a meeting.
4. Special meetings of stockholders may be called at any time only by
the President, the Chairman of the Board of Directors (if any) or a majority of
the Board of Directors. Business transacted at any special meeting of
stockholders shall be limited to matters relating to the purpose or purposes
stated in the notice of meeting.
5. The books of the Corporation may be kept at such place within or
without the State of Delaware as the By-laws of the Corporation may provide or
as may be designated from time to time by the Board of Directors of the
Corporation.
SEVENTH. No director (including any advisory director) of the
Corporation shall be personally liable to the Corporation or its stockholders
for monetary damages for breach of fiduciary duty as a director notwithstanding
any provision of law imposing such liability; provided, however, that, to the
extent provided by applicable law, this provision shall not eliminate the
liability of a director (i) for any breach of the director's duty of loyalty to
the
<PAGE>
-4-
Corporation or its stockholders, (ii) for acts or omissions not in good faith or
which involve intentional misconduct or a knowing violation of law, (iii) under
Section 174 of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, or (iv) for
any transaction from which the director derived an improper personal benefit. No
amendment to or repeal of this provision shall apply to or have any effect on
the liability or alleged liability of any director for or with respect to any
acts or omissions of such director occurring prior to such amendment or repeal.
EIGHTH. The Board of Directors of the Corporation, when evaluating
any offer of another party (a) to make a tender or exchange offer for any equity
security of the Corporation or (b) to effect a business combination, shall, in
connection with the exercise of its judgment in determining what is in the best
interests of the Corporation as whole, be authorized to give due consideration
to any such factors as the Board of Directors determines to be relevant,
including, without limitation:
(i) the interests of the Corporation's stockholders, including the
possibility that these interests might be best served by the continued
independence of the Corporation;
(ii) whether the proposed transaction might violate federal or state
laws;
(iii) not only the consideration being offered in the proposed
transaction, in relation to the then current market price for the outstanding
capital stock of the Corporation, but also to the market price for the
capital stock of the Corporation over a period of years, the estimated price
that might be achieved in a negotiated sale of the Corporation as a whole or
in part or through orderly liquidation, the premiums over market price for
the securities of other corporations in similar transactions, current
political, economic and other factors bearing on securities prices and the
Corporation's financial condition and future prospects; and
(iv) the social, legal and economic effects upon employees, suppliers,
customers, creditors and others having similar relationships with the
Corporation, upon the communities in which the Corporation conducts its
business and upon the economy of the state, region and nation.
In connection with any such evaluation, the Board of Directors is authorized to
conduct such investigations and engage in such legal proceedings as the Board of
Directors may determine.
NINTH.
1. ACTIONS, SUITS AND PROCEEDINGS OTHER THAN BY OR IN THE RIGHT OF THE
-------------------------------------------------------------------
CORPORATION. The Corporation shall indemnify each person who was or is a party
- -----------
or is threatened to be made a party to any threatened, pending or completed
action, suit or proceeding, whether civil, criminal, administrative or
investigative (other than an action by or in the right of the Corporation), by
reason of the fact that he is or was, or has agreed to become, a director or
officer of the Corporation, or is or was serving, or has agreed to serve, at the
request of the Corporation, as a director, officer or trustee of, or in a
similar capacity with, another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or
other enterprise (including any employee benefit plan) (all
<PAGE>
-5-
such persons being referred to hereafter as an "Indemnitee"), or by reason of
any action alleged to have been taken or omitted in such capacity, against all
expenses (including attorneys' fees), judgments, fines and amounts paid in
settlement actually and reasonably incurred by him or on his behalf in
connection with such action, suit or proceeding and any appeal therefrom, if he
acted in good faith and in a manner he reasonably believed to be in, or not
opposed to, the best interests of the Corporation, and, with respect to any
criminal action or proceeding, had no reasonable cause to believe his conduct
was unlawful. The termination of any action, suit or proceeding by judgment,
order, settlement, conviction or upon a plea of nolo contendere or its
---- ----------
equivalent, shall not, of itself, create a presumption that the person did not
act in good faith and in a manner which he reasonably believed to be in, or not
opposed to, the best interests of the Corporation, and, with respect to any
criminal action or proceeding, had reasonable cause to believe that his conduct
was unlawful. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Article, except
as set forth in Section 6 below, the Corporation shall not indemnify an
Indemnitee seeking indemnification in connection with a proceeding (or part
thereof) initiated by the Indemnitee unless the initiation thereof was approved
by the Board of Directors of the Corporation.
2. ACTIONS OR SUITS BY OR IN THE RIGHT OF THE CORPORATION. The
------------------------------------------------------
Corporation shall indemnify any Indemnitee who was or is a party or is
threatened to be made a party to any threatened, pending or completed action or
suit by or in the right of the Corporation to procure a judgment in its favor by
reason of the fact that he is or was, or has agreed to become, a director or
officer of the Corporation, or is or was serving, or has agreed to serve, at the
request of the Corporation, as a director, officer or trustee of, or in a
similar capacity with, another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or
other enterprise (including any employee benefit plan), or by reason of any
action alleged to have been taken or omitted in such capacity, against all
expenses (including attorneys' fees) and amounts paid in settlement actually and
reasonably incurred by him or on his behalf in connection with such action, suit
or proceeding and any appeal therefrom, if he acted in good faith and in a
manner he reasonably believed to be in, or not opposed to, the best interests of
the Corporation, except that no indemnification shall be made in respect of any
claim, issue or matter as to which such person shall have been adjudged to be
liable to the Corporation unless and only to the extent that the Court of
Chancery of Delaware or the court in which such action or suit was brought shall
determine upon application that, despite the adjudication of such liability but
in view of all the circumstances of the case, such person is fairly and
reasonably entitled to indemnity for such expenses (including attorneys' fees)
which the Court of Chancery of Delaware or such other court shall deem proper.
3. INDEMNIFICATION FOR EXPENSES OF SUCCESSFUL PARTY. Notwithstanding the
------------------------------------------------
other provisions of this Article, to the extent that an Indemnitee has been
successful, on the merits or otherwise, in defense of any action, suit or
proceeding referred to in Sections 1 and 2 of this Article, or in defense of any
claim, issue or matter therein, or on appeal from any such action, suit or
proceeding, he shall be indemnified against all expenses (including attorneys'
fees) actually and reasonably incurred by him or on his behalf in connection
therewith. Without limiting the foregoing, if any action, suit or proceeding is
disposed of, on the merits or otherwise (including a disposition without
prejudice), without (i) the disposition being adverse to the Indemnitee, (ii) an
adjudication that the Indemnitee was liable to the Corporation, (iii) a plea of
<PAGE>
-6-
guilty or nolo contendere by the Indemnitee, (iv) an adjudication that the
---- ----------
Indemnitee did not act in good faith and in a manner he reasonably believed to
be in or not opposed to the best interests of the Corporation, and (v) with
respect to any criminal proceeding, an adjudication that the Indemnitee had
reasonable cause to believe his conduct was unlawful, the Indemnitee shall be
considered for the purpose hereof to have been wholly successful with respect
thereto.
4. NOTIFICATION AND DEFENSE OF CLAIM. As a condition precedent to his
---------------------------------
right to be indemnified, the Indemnitee must notify the Corporation in writing
as soon as practicable of any action, suit, proceeding or investigation
involving him for which indemnity will or could be sought. With respect to any
action, suit, proceeding or investigation of which the Corporation is so
notified, the Corporation will be entitled to participate therein at its own
expense and/or to assume the defense thereof at its own expense, with legal
counsel reasonably acceptable to the Indemnitee. After notice from the
Corporation to the Indemnitee of its election so to assume such defense, the
Corporation shall not be liable to the Indemnitee for any legal or other
expenses subsequently incurred by the Indemnitee in connection with such claim,
other than as provided below in this Section 4. The Indemnitee shall have the
right to employ his own counsel in connection with such claim, but the fees and
expenses of such counsel incurred after notice from the Corporation of its
assumption of the defense thereof shall be at the expense of the Indemnitee
unless (i) the employment of counsel by the Indemnitee has been authorized by
the Corporation, (ii) counsel to the Indemnitee shall have reasonably concluded
that there may be a conflict of interest or position on any significant issue
between the Corporation and the Indemnitee in the conduct of the defense of such
action or (iii) the Corporation shall not in fact have employed counsel to
assume the defense of such action, in each of which cases the fees and expenses
of counsel for the Indemnitee shall be at the expense of the Corporation, except
as otherwise expressly provided by this Article. The Corporation shall not be
entitled, without the consent of the Indemnitee, to assume the defense of any
claim brought by or in the right of the Corporation or as to which counsel for
the Indemnitee shall have reasonably made the conclusion provided for in clause
(ii) above.
5. ADVANCE OF EXPENSES. Subject to the provisions of Section 6 below, in
-------------------
the event that the Corporation does not assume the defense pursuant to Section 4
of this Article of any action, suit, proceeding or investigation of which the
Corporation receives notice under this Article, any expenses (including
attorneys' fees) incurred by an Indemnitee in defending a civil or criminal
action, suit, proceeding or investigation or any appeal therefrom shall be paid
by the Corporation in advance of the final disposition of such matter, provided,
--------
however, that the payment of such expenses incurred by an Indemnitee in advance
- -------
of the final disposition of such matter shall be made only upon receipt of an
undertaking by or on behalf of the Indemnitee to repay all amounts so advanced
in the event that it shall ultimately be determined that the indemnitee is not
entitled to be indemnified by the Corporation as authorized in this Article.
Such undertaking may be accepted without reference to the financial ability of
such person to make such repayment.
6. PROCEDURE FOR INDEMNIFICATION. In order to obtain indemnification or
-----------------------------
advancement of expenses pursuant to Section 1, 2, 3 or 5 of this Article, the
Indemnitee shall submit to the Corporation a written request, including in such
request such documentation and
<PAGE>
-7-
information as is reasonably available to the Indemnitee and is reasonably
necessary to determine whether and to what extent the Indemnitee is entitled to
indemnification or advancement of expenses. Any such indemnification or
advancement of expenses shall be made promptly, and in any event within 60 days
after receipt by the Corporation of the written request of the Indemnitee,
unless with respect to requests under Section 1, 2 or 5 the Corporation
determines, by clear and convincing evidence, within such 60-day period that the
Indemnitee did not meet the applicable standard of conduct set forth in Section
1 or 2, as the case may be. Such determination shall be made in each instance by
(a) a majority vote of the directors of the Corporation who are not at that time
parties to the action, suit or proceeding in question ("disinterested
directors"), even though less than a quorum, (b) if there are no such
disinterested directors, or if such disinterested directors so direct, by
independent legal counsel (who may be regular legal counsel to the corporation)
in a written opinion, (c) a majority vote of a quorum of the outstanding shares
of stock of all classes entitled to vote for directors, voting as a single
class, which quorum shall consist of stockholders who are not at that time
parties to the action, suit or proceeding in question, or (d) a court of
competent jurisdiction.
7. REMEDIES. The right to indemnification or advances as granted by this
--------
Article shall be enforceable by the Indemnitee in any court of competent
jurisdiction if the Corporation denies such request, in whole or in part, or if
no disposition thereof is made within the 60-day period referred to above in
Section 6. Unless otherwise provided by law, the burden of proving that the
Indemnitee is not entitled to indemnification or advancement of expenses under
this Article shall be on the Corporation. Neither the failure of the
Corporation to have made a determination prior to the commencement of such
action that indemnification is proper in the circumstances because the
Indemnitee has met the applicable standard of conduct, nor an actual
determination by the Corporation pursuant to Section 6 that the Indemnitee has
not met such applicable standard of conduct, shall be a defense to the action or
create a presumption that the Indemnitee has not met the applicable standard of
conduct. The Indemnitee's expenses (including attorneys' fees) incurred in
connection with successfully establishing his right to indemnification, in whole
or in part, in any such proceeding shall also be indemnified by the Corporation.
8. SUBSEQUENT AMENDMENT. No amendment, termination or repeal of this
--------------------
Article or of the relevant provisions of the General Corporation Law of the
State of Delaware or any other applicable laws shall affect or diminish in any
way the rights of any Indemnitee to indemnification under the provisions hereof
with respect to any action, suit, proceeding or investigation arising out of or
relating to any actions, transactions or facts occurring prior to the final
adoption of such amendment, termination or repeal.
9. OTHER RIGHTS. The indemnification and advancement of expenses
------------
provided by this Article shall not be deemed exclusive of any other rights to
which an Indemnitee seeking indemnification or advancement of expenses may be
entitled under any law (common or statutory), agreement or vote of stockholders
or disinterested directors or otherwise, both as to action in his official
capacity and as to action in any other capacity while holding office for the
Corporation, and shall continue as to an Indemnitee who has ceased to be a
director or officer, and shall inure to the benefit of the estate, heirs,
executors and administrators of the Indemnitee.
<PAGE>
-8-
Nothing contained in this Article shall be deemed to prohibit, and the
Corporation is specifically authorized to enter into, agreements with officers
and directors providing indemnification rights and procedures different from
those set forth in this Article. In addition, the Corporation may, to the extent
authorized from time to time by its Board of Directors, grant indemnification
rights to other employees or agents of the Corporation or other persons serving
the Corporation and such rights may be equivalent to, or greater or less than,
those set forth in this Article.
10. PARTIAL INDEMNIFICATION. If an Indemnitee is entitled under any
-----------------------
provision of this Article to indemnification by the Corporation for some or a
portion of the expenses (including attorneys' fees), judgments, fines or amounts
paid in settlement actually and reasonably incurred by him or on his behalf in
connection with any action, suit, proceeding or investigation and any appeal
therefrom but not, however, for the total amount thereof, the Corporation shall
nevertheless indemnify the Indemnitee for the portion of such expenses
(including attorneys' fees), judgments, fines or amounts paid in settlement to
which the Indemnitee is entitled.
11. INSURANCE. The Corporation may purchase and maintain insurance, at
---------
its expense, to protect itself and any director, officer, employee or agent of
the Corporation or another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or
other enterprise (including any employee benefit plan) against any expense,
liability or loss incurred by him in any such capacity, or arising out of his
status as such, whether or not the Corporation would have the power to indemnify
such person against such expense, liability or loss under the General
Corporation Law of the State of Delaware.
12. MERGER OR CONSOLIDATION. If the Corporation is merged into or
-----------------------
consolidated with another corporation and the Corporation is not the surviving
corporation, the surviving corporation shall assume the obligations of the
Corporation under this Article with respect to any action, suit, proceeding or
investigation arising out of or relating to any actions, transactions or facts
occurring prior to the date of such merger or consolidation.
13. SAVINGS CLAUSE. If this Article or any portion hereof shall be
--------------
invalidated on any ground by any court of competent jurisdiction, then the
Corporation shall nevertheless indemnify each Indemnitee as to any expenses
(including attorneys' fees), judgments, fines and amounts paid in settlement in
connection with any action, suit, proceeding or investigation, whether civil,
criminal or administrative, including an action by or in the right of the
Corporation, to the fullest extent permitted by an applicable portion of this
Article that shall not have been invalidated and to the fullest extent permitted
by applicable law.
14. DEFINITIONS. Terms used herein and defined in Section 145(h) and
-----------
Section 145(i) of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware shall
have the respective meanings assigned to such terms in such Section 145(h) and
Section 145(i).
15. SUBSEQUENT LEGISLATION. If the General Corporation Law of the State
----------------------
of Delaware is amended after adoption of this Article to expand further the
indemnification permitted to Indemnitees, then the Corporation shall indemnify
such persons to the fullest extent permitted by the General Corporation Law of
the State of Delaware, as so amended.
<PAGE>
-9-
TENTH. The Corporation reserves the right to amend or repeal any provision
contained in this Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation in the
manner prescribed by the laws of the State of Delaware and all rights conferred
upon stockholders are granted subject to this reservation, provided, however,
-------- -------
that in addition to any vote of the holders of any class or series of stock of
the Corporation required by law, this Amended and Restated Certificate of
Incorporation or a Certificate of Designation with respect to a series of
Preferred Stock, the affirmative vote of the holders of shares of voting stock
of the Corporation representing at least seventy-five percent (75%) of the
voting power of all of the then outstanding shares of the capital stock of the
Corporation entitled to vote generally in the election of directors, voting
together as a single class, shall be required to (i) reduce or eliminate the
number of authorized shares of Common Stock or the number of authorized shares
of Preferred Stock set forth in Article FOURTH or (ii) amend or repeal, or adopt
any provision inconsistent with, Parts A and B of Article FOURTH and Articles
FIFTH, SIXTH, SEVENTH, EIGHTH, NINTH and this Article TENTH of this Amended and
Restated Certificate of Incorporation.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned has hereunto signed his name and
affirms that the statements made in this Amended and Restated Certificate of
Incorporation are true under the penalties of perjury this 8th day of November,
1996.
/s/ William C. Styslinger, III
------------------------------
William C. Styslinger, III
President
<PAGE>
AMENDED AND RESTATED
BY-LAWS
OF
SEACHANGE INTERNATIONAL, INC.
<PAGE>
BY-LAWS
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
-----------------
<TABLE>
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<S> <C>
ARTICLE 1 - Stockholders.................................. 1
Section 1.1 Place of Meetings....................... 1
Section 1.2 Annual Meeting.......................... 1
Section 1.3 Special Meetings........................ 1
Section 1.4 Notice of Meetings...................... 1
Section 1.5 Voting List............................. 1
Section 1.6 Quorum.................................. 2
Section 1.7 Adjournments............................ 2
Section 1.8 Voting and Proxies...................... 2
Section 1.9 Action at Meeting....................... 3
Section 1.10 Introduction of Business at Meeting..... 3
Section 1.11 Action without Meeting.................. 6
ARTICLE 2 - Directors..................................... 6
Section 2.1 General Powers.......................... 6
Section 2.2 Number; Election and Qualification...... 7
Section 2.3 Classes of Directors.................... 7
Section 2.4 Terms in Office......................... 7
Section 2.5 Allocation of Directors Among
Classes in the Event of Increases
or Decreases in the Number of
Directors............................... 7
Section 2.6 Tenure.................................. 8
Section 2.7 Vacancies............................... 8
Section 2.8 Resignation............................. 8
Section 2.9 Regular Meetings........................ 8
Section 2.10 Special Meetings........................ 8
Section 2.11 Notice of Special Meetings.............. 8
Section 2.12 Meetings by Telephone Conference Calls.. 9
Section 2.13 Quorum.................................. 9
Section 2.14 Action at Meeting....................... 9
Section 2.15 Action by Consent....................... 9
Section 2.16 Removal................................. 9
Section 2.17 Committees.............................. 9
Section 2.18 Compensation of Directors............... 10
Section 2.19 Amendments to Article................... 10
</TABLE>
<PAGE>
-ii-
<TABLE>
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<S> <C>
ARTICLE 3 - Officers...................................... 10
Section 3.1 Enumeration............................. 10
Section 3.2 Election................................ 10
Section 3.3 Qualification........................... 10
Section 3.4 Tenure.................................. 10
Section 3.5 Resignation and Removal................. 11
Section 3.6 Vacancies............................... 11
Section 3.7 Chairman of the Board and Vice-
Chairman of the Board................... 11
Section 3.8 President............................... 11
Section 3.9 Vice Presidents......................... 11
Section 3.10 Secretary and Assistant Secretaries..... 12
Section 3.11 Treasurer and Assistant Treasurers...... 12
Section 3.12 Salaries................................ 13
Section 3.13 Action with Respect to Securities of
Other Corporations...................... 13
ARTICLE 4 - Capital Stock............................. ... 13
Section 4.1 Issuance of Stock....................... 13
Section 4.2 Certificates of Stock................... 13
Section 4.3 Transfers............................... 13
Section 4.4 Lost, Stolen or Destroyed Certificates.. 14
Section 4.5 Record Date............................. 14
ARTICLE 5 - General Provisions............................ 14
Section 5.1 Fiscal Year............................. 14
Section 5.2 Corporate Seal.......................... 14
Section 5.3 Notices................................. 14
Section 5.4 Waiver of Notice........................ 15
Section 5.5 Evidence of Authority................... 15
Section 5.6 Facsimile Signatures.................... 15
Section 5.7 Reliance upon Books, Reports and Records 15
Section 5.8 Time Periods............................ 15
Section 5.9 Certificate of Incorporation............ 15
Section 5.10 Transactions with Interested Parties.... 15
Section 5.11 Severability............................ 16
Section 5.12 Pronouns................................ 16
</TABLE>
<PAGE>
-iii-
<TABLE>
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<S> <C>
ARTICLE 6 - Amendments.................................... 16
Section 6.1 By the Board of Directors............... 16
Section 6.2 By the Stockholders..................... 16
</TABLE>
<PAGE>
AMENDED AND RESTATED
BY-LAWS
OF
SEACHANGE INTERNATIONAL, INC. (the "Corporation")
ARTICLE 1 - STOCKHOLDERS
------------------------
1.1 PLACE OF MEETINGS. All meetings of stockholders shall be held at
-----------------
such place within or without the State of Delaware as may be designated from
time to time by the Chairman of the Board (if any), the board of directors of
the Corporation (the "Board of Directors") or the President or, if not so
designated, at the registered office of the Corporation.
1.2 ANNUAL MEETING. The annual meeting of stockholders for the
--------------
election of directors and for the transaction of such other business as may
properly be brought before the meeting shall be held on a date to be fixed by
the Chairman of the Board (if any), Board of Directors or the President (which
date shall not be a legal holiday in the place where the meeting is to be held)
at the time and place to be fixed by the Chairman of the Board, the Board of
Directors or the President and stated in the notice of the meeting.
1.3 SPECIAL MEETINGS. Special meetings of stockholders may be called
----------------
at any time by the Chairman of the Board (if any), a majority of the Board of
Directors or the President and shall be held at such place, on such date and at
such time as shall be fixed by the Board of Directors or the person calling the
meeting. Business transacted at any special meeting of stockholders shall be
limited to matters relating to the purpose or purposes stated in the notice of
meeting.
1.4 NOTICE OF MEETINGS. Except as otherwise provided by law, written
------------------
notice of each meeting of stockholders, whether annual or special, shall be
given not less than 10 nor more than 60 days before the date of the meeting to
each stockholder entitled to vote at such meeting. The notices of all meetings
shall state the place, date and hour of the meeting. The notice of a special
meeting shall state, in addition, the purpose or purposes for which the meeting
is called. If mailed, notice is given when deposited in the United States mail,
postage prepaid, directed to the stockholder at his or her address as it appears
on the records of the Corporation.
1.5 VOTING LIST. The officer who has charge of the stock ledger of
-----------
the Corporation shall prepare, at least 10 days before every meeting of
stockholders, a complete list of the stockholders entitled to vote at the
meeting, arranged in alphabetical order, and showing the address of each
stockholder and the number of shares registered in the name of each stockholder.
Such list shall be open to the examination of any stockholder, for any purpose
germane to the meeting, during ordinary business hours, for a period of at least
10 days prior to the meeting,
<PAGE>
-2-
either at a place within the city where the meeting is to be held, which place
shall be specified in the notice of the meeting, or if not so specified, at the
place where the meeting is to be held. The list shall also be produced and kept
at the time and place of the meeting during the whole time of the meeting, and
may be inspected by any stockholder who is present. This list shall
presumptively determine the identity of the stockholders entitled to vote at the
meeting and the number of shares held by each of them.
1.6 QUORUM. Except as otherwise provided by law, the Certificate of
------
Incorporation or these By-Laws, the holders of a majority of the shares of the
capital stock of the Corporation issued and outstanding and entitled to vote at
the meeting, present in person or represented by proxy, shall constitute a
quorum for the transaction of business. Shares held by brokers which such
brokers are prohibited from voting (pursuant to their discretionary authority on
behalf of beneficial owners of such shares who have not submitted a proxy with
respect to such shares) on some or all of the matters before the stockholders,
but which shares would otherwise be entitled to vote at the meeting ("Broker
Non-Votes") shall be counted, for the purpose of determining the presence or
absence of a quorum, both (a) toward the total voting power of the shares of
capital stock of the Corporation and (b) as being represented by proxy. If a
quorum has been established for the purpose of conducting the meeting, a quorum
shall be deemed to be present for the purpose of all votes to be conducted at
such meeting, provided that where a separate vote by a class or classes, or
series thereof, is required, a majority of the voting power of the shares of
such class or classes, or series, present in person or represented by proxy
shall constitute a quorum entitled to take action with respect to that vote on
that matter. If a quorum shall fail to attend any meeting, the chairman of the
meeting or the holders of a majority of the voting power of the shares of stock
entitled to vote who are present, in person or by proxy, may adjourn the meeting
to another place, date, or time.
1.7 ADJOURNMENTS. Any meeting of stockholders may be adjourned to
------------
any other time and to any other place at which a meeting of stockholders may be
held under these By-Laws by the stockholders present or represented at the
meeting and entitled to vote, although less than a quorum, or, if no stockholder
is present, by any officer entitled to preside at or to act as Secretary of such
meeting. It shall not be necessary to notify any stockholder of any adjournment
of less than 30 days if the time and place of the adjourned meeting are
announced at the meeting at which adjournment is taken, unless after the
adjournment a new record date is fixed for the adjourned meeting. At the
adjourned meeting, the Corporation may transact any business which might have
been transacted at the original meeting.
1.8 VOTING AND PROXIES. At any meeting of the stockholders, each
------------------
stockholder shall have one vote for each share of stock entitled to vote at such
meeting held of record by such stockholder and a proportionate vote for each
fractional share so held, unless otherwise provided in the Certificate of
Incorporation. Each stockholder of record entitled to vote at a meeting of
stockholders, or to express consent or dissent to corporate action in writing
without a meeting (to the extent not otherwise prohibited by the Certificate of
Incorporation or these By-Laws), may vote or express such consent or dissent in
person or may authorize another person or persons to vote or act for such
stockholder by written proxy executed by such stockholder or his or her
authorized agent or by a transmission permitted by law and delivered to the
Secretary of the
<PAGE>
-3-
Corporation. No such proxy shall be voted or acted upon after three years from
the date of its execution, unless the proxy expressly provides for a longer
period. Any copy, facsimile telecommunication or other reliable reproduction of
the writing or transmission created pursuant to this Section 1.8 may be
substituted or used in lieu of the original writing or transmission for any and
all purposes for which the original writing or transmission could be used,
provided that such copy, facsimile telecommunication or reproduction shall be a
complete reproduction of the entire original writing or transmission.
All voting, including on the election of directors but excepting where
otherwise required by law or the Certificate of Incorporation, may take place
via a voice vote. Any vote not taken by voice shall be taken by ballots, each
of which shall state the name of the stockholder or proxy voting and such other
information as may be required under the procedure established for the meeting.
1.9 ACTION AT MEETING. When a quorum is present at any meeting of
-----------------
stockholders, the holders of a majority of the stock present or represented and
voting on a matter (or if there are two or more classes of stock entitled to
vote as separate classes, then in the case of each such class, the holders of a
majority of the stock of that class present or represented and voting on such
matter) shall decide any matter to be voted upon by the stockholders at such
meeting (other than the election of directors), except when a different vote is
required by express provision of law, the Certificate of Incorporation or these
By-Laws. Any election of directors by the stockholders shall be determined by a
plurality of the votes cast by the stockholders entitled to vote at such
election, except as otherwise provided by the Certificate of Incorporation. For
the purposes of this paragraph, Broker Non-Votes represented at the meeting but
not permitted to vote on a particular matter shall not be counted, with respect
to the vote on such matter, in the number of (a) votes cast, (b) votes cast
affirmatively, or (c) votes cast negatively.
1.10 INTRODUCTION OF BUSINESS AT MEETINGS.
A. ANNUAL MEETINGS OF STOCKHOLDERS.
-------------------------------
(1) Nominations of persons for election to the Board of
Directors and the proposal of business to be considered by the
stockholders may be made at an annual meeting of stockholders (a)
pursuant to the Corporation's notice of meeting, (b) by or at the
direction of the Board of Directors or (c) by any stockholder of the
Corporation who was a stockholder of record at the time of giving of
notice provided for in this Section 1.10, who is entitled to vote at
the meeting and who complies with the notice procedures set forth in
this Section 1.10.
(2) For nominations or other business to be properly brought
before an annual meeting by a stockholder pursuant to clause (c) of
paragraph (A)(1) of this Section 1.10, the stockholder must have given
timely notice thereof in writing to the Secretary of the Corporation
and such other business must otherwise be a proper matter for
stockholder action. To be timely, a stockholder's notice shall be
delivered to the Secretary at the principal executive offices of the
Corporation not later than the
<PAGE>
-4-
close of business on the one hundred twentieth (120th) day nor earlier
than the close of business on the one hundred fiftieth (150th) day
prior to the first anniversary of the date of the proxy statement
delivered to stockholders in connection with the preceding year's
annual meeting provided, however, that if either (i) the date of the
annual meeting is more than thirty (30) days before or more than sixty
(60) days after such an anniversary date or (ii) no proxy statement
was delivered to stockholders in connection with the preceding year's
annual meeting, notice by the stockholder to be timely must be so
delivered not earlier than the close of business on the ninetieth
(90th) day prior to such annual meeting and not later than the close
of business on the later of the sixtieth (60th) day prior to such
annual meeting or the close of business on the tenth (10th) day
following the day on which public announcement of the date of such
meeting is first made by the Corporation. Such stockholder's notice
shall set forth (a) as to each person whom the stockholder proposes to
nominate for election or reelection as a director, all information
relating to such person that is required to be disclosed in
solicitations of proxies for election of directors, or is otherwise
required, in each case pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act") (including such
person's written consent to being named in the proxy statement as a
nominee and to serving as a director if elected); (b) as to any other
business that the stockholder proposes to bring before the meeting, a
brief description of the business desired to be brought before the
meeting, the reasons for conducting such business at the meeting and
any material interest in such business of such stockholder and the
beneficial owner, if any, on whose behalf the proposal is made; and
(c) as to the stockholder giving the notice and the beneficial owner,
if any, on whose behalf the nomination or proposal is made (i) the
name and address of such stockholder, as they appear on the
Corporation's books, and of such beneficial owner and (ii) the class
and number of shares of capital stock of the Corporation that are
owned beneficially and held of record by such stockholder and such
beneficial owner.
(3) Notwithstanding anything in the second sentence of
paragraph (A)(2) of this Section 1.10 to the contrary, in the event
that the number of directors to be elected to the Board of Directors
of the Corporation is increased and there is no public announcement by
the Corporation naming all of the nominees for director or specifying
the size of the increased Board of Directors at least seventy (70)
days prior to the first anniversary of the preceding year's annual
meeting (or, if the annual meeting is held more than thirty (30) days
before or sixty (60) days after such anniversary date, at least
seventy (70) days prior to such annual meeting), a stockholder's
notice required by this Section 1.10 shall also be considered timely,
but only with respect to nominees for any new positions created by
such increase, if it shall be delivered to the Secretary at the
principal executive office of the Corporation not later than the close
of business on the tenth (10th) day following the day on which such
public announcement is first made by the Corporation.
<PAGE>
-5-
B. SPECIAL MEETINGS OF STOCKHOLDERS.
--------------------------------
Only such business shall be conducted at a special meeting of
stockholders as shall have been brought before the meeting pursuant to
the Corporation's notice of meeting. Nominations of persons for
election to the Board of Directors may be made at a special meeting of
stockholders at which directors are to be elected pursuant to the
Corporation's notice of meeting (a) by or at the direction of the
Board of Directors or (b) provided that the Board of Directors has
determined that directors shall be elected at such meeting, by any
stockholder of the Corporation who is a stockholder of record at the
time of giving of notice of the special meeting, who shall be entitled
to vote at the meeting and who complies with the notice procedures set
forth in this Section 1.10. If the Corporation calls a special meeting
of stockholders for the purpose of electing one or more directors to
the Board of Directors, any such stockholder may nominate a person or
persons (as the case may be), for election to such position(s) as
specified in the Corporation's notice of meeting, if the stockholder's
notice required by paragraph (A)(2) of this Section 1.10 shall be
delivered to the Secretary at the principal executive offices of the
Corporation not earlier than the ninetieth (90th) day prior to such
special meeting nor later than the later of (x) the close of business
on the sixtieth (60th) day prior to such special meeting or (y) the
close of business on the tenth (10th) day following the day on which
public announcement is first made of the date of such special meeting
and of the nominees proposed by the Board of Directors to be elected
at such meeting.
C. GENERAL.
-------
(1) Only such persons who are nominated in accordance with
the procedures set forth in this Section 1.10 shall be eligible to
serve as directors and only such business shall be conducted at a
meeting of stockholders as shall have been brought before the meeting
in accordance with the procedures set forth in this Section 1.10.
Except as otherwise provided by law, the Certificate of Incorporation
or these By-Laws, the chairman of the meeting shall have the power and
duty to determine whether a nomination or any business proposed to be
brought before the meeting was made or proposed, as the case may be,
in accordance with the procedures set forth in this Section 1.10 and,
if any proposed nomination or business is not in compliance herewith,
to declare that such defective proposal or nomination shall be
disregarded.
(2) For purposes of this Section 1.10, "public announcement"
shall mean disclosure in a press release reported by the Dow Jones
News Service, Associated Press or comparable national news service or
in a document publicly filed by the Corporation with the Securities
and Exchange Commission pursuant to Section 13, 14 or 15(d) of the
Exchange Act.
<PAGE>
-6-
(3) Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this Section
1.10, a stockholder shall also comply with all applicable requirements
of the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations thereunder with
respect to the matters set forth herein. Nothing in this Section 1.10
shall be deemed to affect any rights (i) of stockholders to request
inclusion of proposals in the Corporation's proxy statement pursuant
to Rule 14a-8 under the Exchange Act or (ii) of the holders of any
series of Preferred Stock to elect directors under specified
circumstances.
1.11 ACTION WITHOUT MEETING. Stockholders of the Corporation may not
----------------------
take any action by written consent in lieu of a meeting. Notwithstanding any
other provision of law, the Certificate of Incorporation or these By-Laws, and
notwithstanding the fact that a lesser percentage may be specified by law, the
affirmative vote of the holders of at least seventy-five percent (75%) of the
votes which all the stockholders would be entitled to cast at any annual
election of directors or class of directors shall be required to amend or
repeal, or to adopt any provision inconsistent with, this Section 1.11.
ARTICLE 2 - DIRECTORS
---------------------
2.1 GENERAL POWERS. The business and affairs of the Corporation
--------------
shall be managed by or under the direction of a Board of Directors, who may
exercise all of the powers of the Corporation except as otherwise provided by
law or the Certificate of Incorporation. In the event of a vacancy in the Board
of Directors, the remaining directors, except as otherwise provided by law or
the Certificate of Incorporation, may exercise the powers of the full Board of
Directors until the vacancy is filled. Without limiting the foregoing, the
Board of Directors may:
(a) declare dividends from time to time in accordance with law;
(b) purchase or otherwise acquire any property, rights or privileges
on such terms as it shall determine;
(c) authorize the creation, making and issuance, in such form as it
may determine, of written obligations of every kind, negotiable or non-
negotiable, secured or unsecured, to borrow funds and guarantee obligations,
and to do all things necessary in connection therewith;
(d) remove any officer of the Corporation with or without cause,
and from time to time to devolve the powers and duties of any officer upon
any other person for the time being;
(e) confer upon any officer of the Corporation the power to
appoint, remove and suspend subordinate officers, employees and agents;
<PAGE>
-7-
(f) adopt from time to time such stock option, stock purchase,
bonus or other compensation plans for directors, officers, employees,
consultants and agents of the Corporation and its subsidiaries as it may
determine;
(g) adopt from time to time such insurance, retirement, and other
benefit plans for directors, officers, employees, consultants and agents of
the Corporation and its subsidiaries as it may determine; and
(h) adopt from time to time regulations, not inconsistent herewith,
for the management of the Corporation's business and affairs.
2.2 NUMBER; ELECTION AND QUALIFICATION. The number of directors
----------------------------------
which shall constitute the whole Board of Directors shall be determined by
resolution of the Board of Directors, but in no event shall be less than three.
The number of directors may be decreased at any time and from time to time by a
majority of the directors then in office, but only to eliminate vacancies
existing by reason of the death, resignation, removal or expiration of the term
of one or more directors. The directors shall be elected at the annual meeting
of stockholders (or, if so determined by the Board of Directors pursuant to
Section 10 hereof, at a special meeting of stockholders), by such stockholders
as have the right to vote on such election. Directors need not be stockholders
of the Corporation.
2.3 CLASSES OF DIRECTORS. The Board of Directors shall be and is
--------------------
divided into three classes: Class I, Class II and Class III. No one class
shall have more than one director more than any other class.
2.4 TERMS IN OFFICE. Each director shall serve for a term ending on
---------------
the date of the third annual meeting following the annual meeting at which such
director was elected provided, however, that each initial director in Class I
shall serve for a term ending on the date of the annual meeting next following
the end of the Corporation's fiscal year ending December 31, 1996; each initial
director in Class II shall serve for a term ending on the date of the annual
meeting next following the end of the Corporation's fiscal year ending December
31, 1997; and each initial director in Class III shall serve for a term ending
on the date of the annual meeting next following the end of the Corporation's
fiscal year ending December 31, 1998.
2.5 ALLOCATION OF DIRECTORS AMONG CLASSES IN THE EVENT OF INCREASES
---------------------------------------------------------------
OR DECREASES IN THE NUMBER OF DIRECTORS. In the event of any increase or
- ---------------------------------------
decrease in the authorized number of directors, (i) each director then serving
as such shall nevertheless continue as a director of the class of which he or
she is a member until the expiration of such director's current term or his or
her prior death, removal or resignation and (ii) the newly created or eliminated
directorships resulting from such increase or decrease shall be apportioned by
the Board of Directors among the three classes of directors, subject to the
second sentence of Section 2.3. To the extent possible, consistent with the
foregoing rule, any newly created directorships shall be added to those classes
whose terms of office are to expire at the earliest dates following such
allocation, unless otherwise provided for from time to time by resolution
adopted by a majority of the
<PAGE>
-8-
directors then in office, although less than a quorum. No decrease in the number
of directors constituting the whole Board of Directors shall shorten the term of
an incumbent Director.
2.6 TENURE. Notwithstanding any provisions to the contrary contained
------
herein, each director shall hold office until his or her successor is elected
and qualified, or until his or her earlier death, resignation or removal.
2.7 VACANCIES. Unless and until filled by the stockholders, any
---------
vacancy in the Board of Directors, however occurring, including a vacancy
resulting from an enlargement thereof, may be filled by vote of a majority of
the directors then in office, although less than a quorum, or by a sole
remaining director. A director elected to fill a vacancy shall be elected for
the unexpired term of his or her predecessor in office, if any, and a director
chosen to fill a position resulting from an increase in the number of directors
shall hold office until the next election of directors of the class for which
such director was chosen and until his or her successor is elected and
qualified, or until his or her earlier death, resignation or removal.
2.8 RESIGNATION. Any director may resign by delivering his or her
-----------
written resignation to the Corporation at its principal office or to the
President or Secretary. Such resignation shall be effective upon receipt unless
it is specified to be effective at some other time or upon the happening of some
other event.
2.9 REGULAR MEETINGS. Regular meetings of the Board of Directors may
----------------
be held without notice at such time and place, either within or without the
State of Delaware, as shall be determined from time to time by the Board of
Directors; provided that any director who is absent when such a determination is
made shall be given notice of the determination. Regular meetings of the Board
of Directors shall be held at such place or places, on such date or dates, and
at such time or times as shall have been established by the Board of Directors
and publicized among all directors. A notice of each regular meeting shall not
be required.
2.10 SPECIAL MEETINGS. Special meetings of the Board of Directors
----------------
may be held at any time and place, within or without the State of Delaware,
designated in a call by the Chairman of the Board (if any), the President, two
or more directors, or by one director in the event that there is only a single
director in office.
2.11 NOTICE OF SPECIAL MEETINGS. Notice of any special meeting of
--------------------------
directors shall be given to each director by the Secretary or by the officer or
one of the directors calling the meeting. Notice shall be duly given to each
director (i) by giving notice to such director in person or by telephone at
least 48 hours in advance of the meeting, (ii) by sending a telegram or
delivering written notice by facsimile transmission or by hand, to his or her
last known business or home address at least 48 hours in advance of the meeting,
or (iii) by mailing written notice to his or her last known business or home
address at least 72 hours in advance of the meeting. A notice or waiver of
notice of a meeting of the Board of Directors need not specify the purposes of
the meeting.
<PAGE>
-9-
2.12 MEETINGS BY TELEPHONE CONFERENCE CALLS. Directors or any
--------------------------------------
members of any committee designated by the Board of Directors may participate in
a meeting of the Board of Directors or such committee by means of conference
telephone or similar communications equipment by means of which all persons
participating in the meeting can hear each other, and participation by such
means shall be deemed to constitute presence in person at such meeting.
2.13 QUORUM. A majority of the total number of the whole Board of
------
Directors shall constitute a quorum at all meetings of the Board of Directors.
In the event one or more of the directors shall be disqualified to vote at any
meeting, then the required quorum shall be reduced by one for each such director
so disqualified; provided, however, that in no case shall less than one-third
(1/3) of the total number of the whole Board of Directors constitute a quorum.
In the absence of a quorum at any such meeting, a majority of the directors
present may adjourn the meeting from time to time without further notice other
than announcement at the meeting, until a quorum shall be present.
2.14 ACTION AT MEETING. At any meeting of the Board of Directors at
-----------------
which a quorum is present, the vote of a majority of those present shall be
sufficient to take any action, unless a different vote is specified by law, the
Certificate of Incorporation or these By-Laws.
2.15 ACTION BY WRITTEN CONSENT. Any action required or permitted to
-------------------------
be taken at any meeting of the Board of Directors or of any committee of the
Board of Directors may be taken without a meeting, if all members of the Board
of Directors or committee, as the case may be, consent to such action in
writing, and the written consents are filed with the minutes of proceedings of
the Board of Directors or committee.
2.16 REMOVAL. Unless otherwise provided in the Certificate of
-------
Incorporation, any one or more or all of the directors may be removed, only for
cause, by the holders of at least seventy-five percent (75%) of the shares then
entitled to vote at an election of directors.
2.17 COMMITTEES. The Board of Directors may, by resolution passed by
----------
a majority of the whole Board, designate one or more committees, each committee
to consist of one or more of the directors of the Corporation. The Board of
Directors may designate one or more directors as alternate members of any
committee, who may replace any absent or disqualified member at any meeting of
such committee. In the absence or disqualification of a member of a committee,
the member or members of such committee present at any meeting and not
disqualified from voting, whether or not such member or members constitute a
quorum, may unanimously appoint another member of the Board of Directors to act
at such meeting in the place of any such absent or disqualified member. Any
such committee, to the extent provided in the resolution of the Board of
Directors and subject to the provisions of the General Corporation Law of the
State of Delaware, shall have and may exercise all the powers and authority of
the Board of Directors in the management of the business and affairs of the
Corporation and may authorize the seal of the Corporation to be affixed to all
papers which may require it. Each such committee shall keep minutes and make
such reports as the Board of Directors may from time to time request. Except
<PAGE>
-10-
as the Board of Directors may otherwise determine or as provided herein, any
committee may make rules for the conduct of its business, but unless otherwise
provided by the directors or in such rules, its business shall be conducted as
nearly as possible in the same manner as is provided in these By-Laws for the
Board of Directors. Adequate provisions shall be made for notice to members of
all meeting of committees. One-third (1/3) of the members of any committee shall
constitute a quorum unless the committee shall consist of one (1) or two (2)
members, in which event one (1) member shall constitute a quorum; and all
matters shall be determined by a majority vote of the members present. Action
may be taken by any committee without a meeting if all members thereof consent
thereto in writing, and the writing or writings are filed with the minutes of
the proceedings of such committee.
2.18 COMPENSATION OF DIRECTORS. Directors may be paid such
-------------------------
compensation for their services and such reimbursement for expenses of
attendance at meetings as the Board of Directors may from time to time
determine. No such payment shall preclude any director from serving the
Corporation or any of its parent or subsidiary corporations in any other
capacity and receiving compensation for such service.
2.19 AMENDMENTS TO ARTICLE. Notwithstanding any other provisions of
---------------------
law, the Certificate of Incorporation or these By-Laws, and notwithstanding the
fact that a lesser percentage may be specified by law, the affirmative vote of
the holders of a least seventy-five percent (75%) of the votes which all the
stockholders would be entitled to cast at any annual election of directors or
class of directors shall be required to amend or repeal, or to adopt any
provision inconsistent with, this Article 2.
ARTICLE 3 - OFFICERS
--------------------
3.1 ENUMERATION. The officers of the Corporation shall consist of a
-----------
President, a Secretary, a Treasurer and such other officers with such other
titles as the Board of Directors shall determine, including, but not limited to,
a Chairman of the Board, a Vice-Chairman of the Board, and one or more Vice
Presidents, Assistant Treasurers and Assistant Secretaries. The Board of
Directors may appoint such other officers as it may deem appropriate.
3.2 ELECTION. The President, Treasurer and Secretary shall be
--------
elected annually by the Board of Directors at its first meeting following the
annual meeting of stockholders. Other officers may be appointed by the Board of
Directors at such meeting or at any other meeting.
3.3 QUALIFICATION. No officer need be a stockholder. Any two or
-------------
more offices may be held by the same person.
3.4 TENURE. Except as otherwise provided by law, by the Certificate
------
of Incorporation or by these By-Laws, each officer shall hold office until his
or her successor is elected and qualified, unless a different term is specified
in the vote choosing or appointing such officer, or until his or her earlier
death, resignation or removal.
<PAGE>
-11-
3.5 RESIGNATION AND REMOVAL. Any officer may resign by delivering
-----------------------
his or her written resignation to the Chairman of the Board (if any), to the
Board of Directors at a meeting thereof, to the Corporation at its principal
office or to the President or Secretary. Such resignation shall be effective
upon receipt unless it is specified to be effective at some other time or upon
the happening of some other event.
Any officer may be removed at any time, with or without cause, by vote
of a majority of the entire number of directors then in office.
Except as the Board of Directors may otherwise determine, no officer
who resigns or is removed shall have any right to any compensation as an officer
for any period following his or her resignation or removal, or any right to
damages on account of such removal, whether his or her compensation be by the
month or by the year or otherwise, unless such compensation is expressly
provided in a duly authorized written agreement with the Corporation.
3.6 VACANCIES. The Board of Directors may fill any vacancy occurring
---------
in any office for any reason and may, in its discretion, leave unfilled for such
period as it may determine any offices other than those of President, Treasurer
and Secretary. Each such successor shall hold office for the unexpired term of
his predecessor and until his or her successor is elected and qualified, or
until his or her earlier death, resignation or removal.
3.7 CHAIRMAN OF THE BOARD AND VICE-CHAIRMAN OF THE BOARD. The
----------------------------------------------------
Chairman of the Board, if any, shall preside at all meetings of the Board of
Directors and stockholders at which he or she is present and shall perform such
duties and possess such powers as are designated by the Board of Directors. If
the Board of Directors appoints a Vice-Chairman of the Board, he or she shall,
in the absence or disability of the Chairman of the Board, perform the duties
and exercise the powers of the Chairman of the Board and shall perform such
other duties and possess such other powers as may from time to time be
designated by the Board of Directors.
3.8 PRESIDENT. The President shall, subject to the direction of the
---------
Board of Directors, have general charge and supervision of the business of the
Corporation. Unless otherwise provided by the Board of Directors, and provided
that there is no Chairman of the Board or that the Chairman and Vice-Chairman,
if any, are not available, the President shall preside at all meetings of the
stockholders, and, if a director, at all meetings of the Board of Directors.
Unless the Board of Directors has designated another officer as the Chief
Executive Officer, the President shall be the Chief Executive Officer of the
Corporation. The President shall perform such other duties and shall have such
other powers as the Board of Directors may from time to time prescribe. The
President shall have the power to enter into contracts and otherwise bind the
Corporation in matters arising in the ordinary course of the Corporation's
business.
3.9 VICE PRESIDENTS. Any Vice President shall perform such duties
---------------
and possess such powers as the Board of Directors or the President may from time
to time prescribe. In the event of the absence, inability or refusal to act of
the President, the Vice President (or if there shall be more than one, the Vice
Presidents in the order determined by the Board of Directors) shall
<PAGE>
-12-
perform the duties of the President and, when so performing, shall have all the
powers of and be subject to all the restrictions upon the President. The Board
of Directors may assign to any Vice President the title of Executive Vice
President, Senior Vice President or any other title selected by the Board of
Directors. Unless otherwise determined by the Board of Directors, any Vice
President shall have the power to enter into contracts and otherwise bind the
Corporation in matters arising in the ordinary course of the Corporation's
business.
3.10 SECRETARY AND ASSISTANT SECRETARIES. The Secretary shall
-----------------------------------
perform such duties and shall have such powers as the Board of Directors or the
President may from time to time prescribe. In addition, the Secretary shall
perform such duties and have such powers as are incident to the office of
secretary, including without limitation the duty and power to give notices of
all meetings of stockholders and special meetings of the Board of Directors, to
attend all meetings of stockholders and the Board of Directors and keep a record
of the proceedings, to maintain a stock ledger and prepare lists of stockholders
and their addresses as required, to be custodian of corporate records and the
corporate seal and to affix and attest to the same on documents.
Any Assistant Secretary shall perform such duties and possess such
powers as the Board of Directors, the President or the Secretary may from time
to time prescribe. In the event of the absence, inability or refusal to act of
the Secretary, the Assistant Secretary (or if there shall be more than one, the
Assistant Secretaries in the order determined by the Board of Directors) shall
perform the duties and exercise the powers of the Secretary.
In the absence of the Secretary or any Assistant Secretary at any
meeting of stockholders or directors, the person presiding at the meeting shall
designate a temporary secretary to keep a record of the meeting.
3.11 TREASURER AND ASSISTANT TREASURERS. The Treasurer shall perform
----------------------------------
such duties and shall have such powers as the Board of Directors or the
President may from time to time prescribe. In addition, the Treasurer shall
perform such duties and have such powers as are incident to the office of
treasurer, including without limitation the duty and power to keep and be
responsible for all funds and securities of the Corporation, to deposit funds of
the Corporation in depositories selected in accordance with these By-Laws, to
disburse such funds as ordered by the Board of Directors, to make proper
accounts for such funds, and to render as required by the Board of Directors
statements of all such transactions and of the financial condition of the
Corporation.
The Assistant Treasurers shall perform such duties and possess such
powers as the Board of Directors, the President or the Treasurer may from time
to time prescribe. In the event of the absence, inability or refusal to act of
the Treasurer, the Assistant Treasurer (or if there shall be more than one, the
Assistant Treasurers in the order determined by the Board of Directors) shall
perform the duties and exercise the powers of the Treasurer.
<PAGE>
3.12 SALARIES. Officers of the Corporation shall be entitled to such
--------
salaries, compensation or reimbursement as shall be fixed or allowed from time
to time by the Board of Directors.
3.13 ACTION WITH RESPECT TO SECURITIES OF OTHER CORPORATIONS. Unless
-------------------------------------------------------
otherwise directed by the Board of Directors, the President or any officer of
the Corporation authorized by the President shall have power to vote and
otherwise act on behalf of the Corporation, in person or by proxy, at any
meeting of stockholders of or with respect to any action of stockholders of any
other corporation in which the Corporation may hold securities and otherwise to
exercise any and all rights and powers which this Corporation may possess by
reason of its ownership of securities in such other corporation.
ARTICLE 4 - CAPITAL STOCK
-------------------------
4.1 ISSUANCE OF STOCK. Unless otherwise voted by the stockholders
-----------------
and subject to the provisions of the Certificate of Incorporation, the whole or
any part of any unissued balance of the authorized capital stock of the
Corporation or the whole or any part of any issued, authorized capital stock of
the Corporation held in its treasury may be issued, sold, transferred or
otherwise disposed of by vote of the Board of Directors in such manner, for such
consideration and on such terms as the Board of Directors may determine.
4.2 CERTIFICATES OF STOCK. Every holder of stock of the Corporation
---------------------
shall be entitled to have a certificate, in such form as may be prescribed by
law and by the Board of Directors, certifying the number and class of shares
owned by such stockholder in the Corporation. Each such certificate shall be
signed by, or in the name of the Corporation by, the Chairman or Vice-Chairman,
if any, of the Board of Directors, or the President or a Vice President, and the
Treasurer or an Assistant Treasurer, or the Secretary or an Assistant Secretary
of the Corporation. Any or all of the signatures on such certificate may be a
facsimile.
Each certificate for shares of stock which are subject to any
restriction on transfer pursuant to the Certificate of Incorporation, the By-
Laws, applicable securities laws or any agreement among any number of
shareholders or among such holders and the Corporation shall have conspicuously
noted on the face or back of such certificate either the full text of such
restriction or a statement of the existence of such restriction.
4.3 TRANSFERS. Except as otherwise established by rules and
---------
regulations adopted by the Board of Directors, and subject to applicable law,
shares of stock may be transferred on the books of the Corporation by the
surrender to the Corporation or its transfer agent of the certificate
representing such shares, properly endorsed or accompanied by a written
assignment or power of attorney properly executed, and with such proof of
authority or the authenticity of signature as the Corporation or its transfer
agent may reasonably require. Except as may be otherwise required by law, by
the Certificate of Incorporation or by these By-Laws, the Corporation shall be
entitled to treat the record holder of stock as shown on its books as the owner
of such stock for all purposes, including the payment of dividends and the right
to vote
<PAGE>
-14-
with respect to such stock, regardless of any transfer, pledge or other
disposition of such stock, until the shares have been transferred on the books
of the Corporation in accordance with the requirements of these By-Laws.
4.4 LOST, STOLEN OR DESTROYED CERTIFICATES. The Corporation may
--------------------------------------
issue a new certificate of stock in place of any previously issued certificate
alleged to have been lost, stolen, or destroyed, upon such terms and conditions
as the President may prescribe, including the presentation of reasonable
evidence of such loss, theft or destruction and the giving of such indemnity as
the President may require for the protection of the Corporation or any transfer
agent or registrar.
4.5 RECORD DATE. The Board of Directors may fix in advance a date as
-----------
a record date for the determination of the stockholders entitled to notice of or
to vote at any meeting of stockholders or, to the extent permitted by the
Certificate of Incorporation and these By-Laws, to express consent (or dissent)
to corporate action in writing without a meeting, or entitled to receive payment
of any dividend or other distribution or allotment of any rights in respect of
any change, conversion or exchange of stock, or for the purpose of any other
lawful action. Such record date shall not be more than 60 nor less than 10 days
before the date of such meeting, nor more than 60 days prior to any other action
to which such record date relates.
If no record date is fixed, the record date for determining
stockholders entitled to notice of or to vote at a meeting of stockholders shall
be at the close of business on the day before the day on which notice is given,
or, if notice is waived, at the close of business on the day before the day on
which the meeting is held. The record date for determining stockholders
entitled to express consent to corporate action in writing without a meeting (to
the extent permitted by the Certificate of Incorporation and these By-Laws) when
no prior action by the Board of Directors is necessary, shall be the day on
which the first written consent is expressed. The record date for determining
stockholders for any other purpose shall be at the close of business on the day
on which the Board of Directors adopts the resolution relating to such purpose.
A determination of stockholders of record entitled to notice of or to
vote at a meeting of stockholders shall apply to any adjournment of the meeting;
provided, however, that the Board of Directors may fix a new record date for the
adjourned meeting.
ARTICLE 5 - GENERAL PROVISIONS
------------------------------
5.1 FISCAL YEAR. The fiscal year of the Corporation shall be fixed
-----------
by resolution of the Board of Directors.
5.2 CORPORATE SEAL. The corporate seal shall be in such form as
--------------
shall be approved by the Board of Directors.
5.3 NOTICES. Except as otherwise specifically provided herein or
-------
required by law or the Certificate of Incorporation, all notices required to be
given to any stockholder, director,
<PAGE>
-15-
officer, employee or agent of the Corporation shall be in writing and may in
every instance be effectively given by hand delivery to the recipient thereof,
by depositing such notice in the mails, postage paid, or by sending such notice
by prepaid telegram or facsimile transmission. Any such notice shall be
addressed to such stockholder, director, officer, employee or agent at his or
her last known address as the same appears on the books of the Corporation. The
time when such notice is received shall be deemed to be the time of the giving
of the notice.
5.4 WAIVER OF NOTICE. Whenever any notice whatsoever is required to
----------------
be given by law, by the Certificate of Incorporation or by these By-Laws, a
waiver of such notice either in writing signed by the person entitled to such
notice or such person's duly authorized attorney, or by telegraph, facsimile
transmission or any other available method, whether before, at or after the time
stated in such waiver, or the appearance of such person or persons at such
meeting in person or by proxy, shall be deemed equivalent to such notice.
5.5 EVIDENCE OF AUTHORITY. A certificate by the Secretary, or an
---------------------
Assistant Secretary, or a temporary Secretary, as to any action taken by the
stockholders, directors, a committee or any officer or representative of the
Corporation shall, as to all persons who rely on the certificate in good faith,
be conclusive evidence of such action.
5.6 FACSIMILE SIGNATURES. In addition to the provisions for use of
--------------------
facsimile signatures elsewhere specifically authorized in these By-Laws,
facsimile signatures of any officer or officers of the Corporation may be used
whenever and as authorized by the Board of Directors or a committee thereof.
5.7 RELIANCE UPON BOOKS, REPORTS AND RECORDS. Each director, each
----------------------------------------
member of any committee designated by the Board of Directors, and each officer
of the Corporation shall, in the performance of his or her duties, be fully
protected in relying in good faith upon the books of account or other records of
the Corporation and upon such information, opinions, reports or statements
presented to the Corporation by any of its officers or employees or committees
of the Board of Directors so designated, or by any other person as to matters
which such director or committee member reasonably believes are within such
other person's professional or expert competence and who has been selected with
reasonable care by or on behalf of the Corporation.
5.8 TIME PERIODS. In applying any provision of these By-Laws that
------------
requires that an act be done or not be done a specified number of days prior to
an event or that an act be done during a period of a specified number of days
prior to an event, calendar days shall be used, the day of the doing of the act
shall be excluded, and the day of the event shall be included.
5.9 CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION. All references in these By-Laws to
----------------------------
the Certificate of Incorporation shall be deemed to refer to the Certificate of
Incorporation of the Corporation, as amended and in effect from time to time.
5.10 TRANSACTIONS WITH INTERESTED PARTIES. No contract or
------------------------------------
transaction between the Corporation and one or more of the directors or
officers, or between the Corporation and any other corporation, partnership,
association, or other organization in which one or more of the
<PAGE>
-16-
directors or officers are directors or officers, or have a financial interest,
shall be void or voidable solely for this reason, or solely because such
director or officer is present at or participates in the meeting of the Board of
Directors or a committee of the Board of Directors which authorizes the contract
or transaction or solely because his, her or their votes are counted for such
purpose, if:
(1) The material facts as to his or her relationship or interest
and as to the contract or transaction are disclosed or are known to the Board
of Directors or the committee, and the Board or committee in good faith
authorizes the contract or transaction by the affirmative vote of a majority
of the disinterested directors, even though the disinterested directors be
less than a quorum;
(2) The material facts as to his or her relationship or interest
and as to the contract or transaction are disclosed or are known to the
stockholders entitled to vote thereon, and the contract or transaction is
specifically approved in good faith by vote of the stockholders; or
(3) The contract or transaction is fair as to the Corporation as of
the time it is authorized, approved or ratified, by the Board of Directors, a
committee of the Board of Directors, or the stockholders.
Common or interested directors may be counted in determining the
presence of a quorum at a meeting of the Board of Directors or of a committee
which authorizes the contract or transaction.
5.11 SEVERABILITY. Any determination that any provision of these By-
------------
Laws is for any reason inapplicable, illegal or ineffective shall not affect or
invalidate any other provision of these By-Laws.
5.12 PRONOUNS. All pronouns used in these By-Laws shall be deemed to
--------
refer to the masculine, feminine or neuter, singular or plural, as the identity
of the persons or persons so designated may require.
ARTICLE 6 - AMENDMENTS
----------------------
6.1 BY THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS. Except as is otherwise set forth in
-------------------------
these By-Laws, these By-Laws may be altered, amended or repealed, or new by-laws
may be adopted, by the affirmative vote of a majority of the directors present
at any regular or special meeting of the Board of Directors at which a quorum is
present.
6.2 BY THE STOCKHOLDERS. Except as otherwise set forth in these By-
-------------------
Laws, these By-Laws may be altered, amended or repealed or new by-laws may be
adopted by the affirmative vote of the holders of seventy-five percent (75%) of
the shares of the capital stock of the Corporation issued and outstanding and
entitled to vote at any regular meeting of stockholders, or at any special
meeting of stockholders, provided notice of such alteration, amendment, repeal
or adoption of new by-laws shall have been stated in the notice of such special
meeting.
<PAGE>
EXHIBIT 11.1
SEACHANGE INTERNATIONAL, INC.
COMPUTATION OF NET INCOME PER SHARE (1)
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
JULY 9, 1993
(INCEPTION)
THROUGH
DECEMBER 31, YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31,
-------------------------------------------------
1993 1994 1995 1996
--------- --------- --------- ---------
WEIGHTED AVERAGE COMMON AND COMMON
EQUIVALENT SHARES:
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Weighted average common shares
outstanding during the
period.............................. 1,615,095 6,986,227 9,125,588 11,342,525
Weighted average common equivalent
shares (2).......................... 1,084,855 2,413,253 2,449,732 557,958
---------- ---------- ---------- ---------
2,699,950 9,399,480 11,575,320 11,900,483
========== ========== ========== ==========
Net income (loss).................... $ (17,900) $ 154,800 $1,210,800 $4,262,200
Primary net income (loss) per
share............................... $ (.01) $ 0.02 $ 0.10 $ 0.36
</TABLE>
(1) Fully diluted net income (loss) per share has not been separately presented,
as the amounts would not be materially different from primary net income
(loss) per share.
(2) Includes common share equivalents issued subsequent to September 1995 which
are comprised of common stock options and Series B redeemable convertible
preferred stock and have been included in the calculation pursuant to
Securities and Exchange Commission Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 83. Common
share equivalents issued at prices below the initial public offering price
of $15.00 in the twelve months preceding the initial public offering have
been included in the calculation for all periods presented.
<PAGE>
EXHIBIT 23.1
CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT ACCOUNTANTS
----------------------------------
We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration
Statement on Form S-8 (No. 333-17379) of SeaChange International, Inc. of our
report dated January 22, 1997 appearing on page F-1 of this Form 10-K. We also
consent to the incorporation by reference of our report on the Financial
Statement Schedule, which appears on page S-1 of this Form 10-K.
PRICE WATERHOUSE LLP
Boston, Massachusetts
March 26, 1997
<TABLE> <S> <C>
<PAGE>
<ARTICLE> 5
<MULTIPLIER> 1,000
<S> <C>
<PERIOD-TYPE> YEAR
<FISCAL-YEAR-END> DEC-31-1996
<PERIOD-START> JAN-01-1996
<PERIOD-END> DEC-31-1996
<CASH> 23,394
<SECURITIES> 0
<RECEIVABLES> 7,599
<ALLOWANCES> (173)
<INVENTORY> 9,153
<CURRENT-ASSETS> 250
<PP&E> 6,160
<DEPRECIATION> (1,455)
<TOTAL-ASSETS> 46,035
<CURRENT-LIABILITIES> 14,205
<BONDS> 0
0
0
<COMMON> 129
<OTHER-SE> 31,701<F1>
<TOTAL-LIABILITY-AND-EQUITY> 46,035
<SALES> 45,745
<TOTAL-REVENUES> 49,266
<CGS> 27,133
<TOTAL-COSTS> 31,163
<OTHER-EXPENSES> 11,579
<LOSS-PROVISION> 133
<INTEREST-EXPENSE> 0
<INCOME-PRETAX> 6,745
<INCOME-TAX> 2,483
<INCOME-CONTINUING> 4,262
<DISCONTINUED> 0
<EXTRAORDINARY> 0
<CHANGES> 0
<NET-INCOME> 4,262
<EPS-PRIMARY> .36
<EPS-DILUTED> .36
<FN>
<F1>ADDITIONAL PAID-IN CAPITAL 26,167
RETAINED EARNINGS 5,534
</FN>
</TABLE>
