<PAGE>
AS FILED WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION ON NOVEMBER 12, 1996
REGISTRATION NO. 333-13679
===============================================================================
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
----------
AMENDMENT NO. 2
TO
FORM S-1
REGISTRATION STATEMENT
UNDER
THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933
----------
POWERWAVE TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
(EXACT NAME OF REGISTRANT AS SPECIFIED IN ITS CHARTER)
----------
<TABLE>
<S> <C> <C>
DELAWARE 3663 11-2723423
(STATE OR OTHER JURISDICTION OF (PRIMARY STANDARD INDUSTRIAL (I.R.S. EMPLOYER
INCORPORATION OR ORGANIZATION) CLASSIFICATION CODE NUMBER) IDENTIFICATION NO.)
</TABLE>
2026 MCGAW AVENUE, IRVINE, CALIFORNIA 92614
(714) 757-0530
(ADDRESS, INCLUDING ZIP CODE, AND TELEPHONE NUMBER, INCLUDING AREA CODE, OF
REGISTRANT'S PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICES)
----------
BRUCE C. EDWARDS
PRESIDENT AND CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER
POWERWAVE TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
2026 MCGAW AVENUE
IRVINE, CALIFORNIA 92614
(714) 757-0530
(NAME, ADDRESS, INCLUDING ZIP CODE, AND TELEPHONE NUMBER, INCLUDING AREA CODE,
OF AGENT FOR SERVICE)
COPIES TO:
<TABLE>
<S> <C>
NICK E. YOCCA, ESQ. ROBERT M. MATTSON, JR., ESQ.
K.C. SCHAAF, ESQ. TAMARA POWELL TATE, ESQ.
MICHAEL H. MULROY, ESQ. KRISTINA M. JODIS, ESQ.
STRADLING, YOCCA, CARLSON & RAUTH MORRISON & FOERSTER LLP
A PROFESSIONAL CORPORATION 19900 MACARTHUR BOULEVARD, 12TH FLOOR
660 NEWPORT CENTER DRIVE, SUITE 1600 IRVINE, CALIFORNIA 92612
NEWPORT BEACH, CALIFORNIA 92660 (714) 251-7500
(714) 725-4000
</TABLE>
APPROXIMATE DATE OF COMMENCEMENT OF PROPOSED SALE TO THE PUBLIC: As soon as
practicable after this Registration Statement becomes effective.
If any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on
a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of
1933, check the following box. [_]
If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering
pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, please check the following
box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier
effective registration statement for the same offering. [_]
If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c)
under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act
registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement
for the same offering. [_]
If delivery of the prospectus is expected to be made pursuant to Rule 434,
please check the following box: [_]
CALCULATION OF REGISTRATION FEE
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
===============================================================================
PROPOSED MAXIMUM
TITLE OF EACH AGGREGATE OFFERING AMOUNT OF
CLASS OF SECURITIES TO BE REGISTERED PRICE (1) REGISTRATION FEE(2)
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C>
Common Stock ($.0001 par value)......... $35,880,000 $10,873.00
===============================================================================
</TABLE>
(1) Includes 360,000 shares of Common Stock which may be purchased by the
Underwriters to cover over-allotments, if any.
(2) Estimated pursuant to Rule 457(o) solely for the purpose of calculating
the registration fee. Of the $10,873.00 registration fee, $9,514 has been
previously paid by the Company.
--------------
THE REGISTRANT HEREBY AMENDS THIS REGISTRATION STATEMENT ON SUCH DATE OR
DATES AS MAY BE NECESSARY TO DELAY ITS EFFECTIVE DATE UNTIL THE REGISTRANT
SHALL FILE A FURTHER AMENDMENT WHICH SPECIFICALLY STATES THAT THIS
REGISTRATION STATEMENT SHALL THEREAFTER BECOME EFFECTIVE IN ACCORDANCE WITH
SECTION 8(a) OF THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933 OR UNTIL THE REGISTRATION STATEMENT
SHALL BECOME EFFECTIVE ON SUCH DATE AS THE COMMISSION, ACTING PURSUANT TO SAID
SECTION 8(a), MAY DETERMINE.
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<PAGE>
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+INFORMATION CONTAINED HEREIN IS SUBJECT TO COMPLETION OR AMENDMENT. A +
+REGISTRATION STATEMENT RELATING TO THESE SECURITIES HAS BEEN FILED WITH THE +
+SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION. THESE SECURITIES MAY NOT BE SOLD NOR MAY +
+OFFERS TO BUY BE ACCEPTED PRIOR TO THE TIME THE REGISTRATION STATEMENT +
+BECOMES EFFECTIVE. THIS PROSPECTUS SHALL NOT CONSTITUTE AN OFFER TO SELL OR +
+THE SOLICITATION OF AN OFFER TO BUY NOR SHALL THERE BE ANY SALE OF THESE +
+SECURITIES IN ANY STATE IN WHICH SUCH OFFER, SOLICITATION OR SALE WOULD BE +
+UNLAWFUL PRIOR TO REGISTRATION OR QUALIFICATION UNDER THE SECURITIES LAWS OF +
+ANY SUCH STATE. +
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
SUBJECT TO COMPLETION
NOVEMBER 12, 1996
2,400,000 Shares
[LOGO of POWERWAVE TECHNOLOGIES]
Common Stock
--------
Of the 2,400,000 shares of Common Stock offered hereby, 1,800,000 shares are
being sold by Powerwave Technologies, Inc., a Delaware corporation ("Powerwave"
or the "Company") and 600,000 shares are being sold by the Selling
Shareholders. The Company will not receive any of the proceeds from the sale of
shares by the Selling Shareholders. See "Principal and Selling Shareholders."
Prior to the Offering, there has been no public market for the Common Stock of
the Company. It is currently estimated that the initial public offering price
of the Common Stock will be between $11.00 and $13.00 per share. See
"Underwriting" for the factors to be considered in determining the initial
public offering price. The Company's Common Stock has been approved for
quotation on the Nasdaq National Market under the symbol "PWAV."
--------
THE COMMON STOCK OFFERED HEREBY INVOLVES A HIGH DEGREE OF RISK.
SEE "RISK FACTORS" BEGINNING ON PAGE 6.
--------
THESE SECURITIES HAVE NOT BEEN APPROVED OR DISAPPROVED BY THE SECURITIES AND
EXCHANGE COMMISSION OR ANY STATE SECURITIES COMMISSION NOR HAS THE
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION OR ANY STATE SECURITIES COMMISSION
PASSED UPON THE ACCURACY OR ADEQUACY OF THIS PROSPECTUS. ANY
REPRESENTATION TO THE CONTRARY IS A CRIMINAL OFFENSE.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
==================================================================================
PRICE UNDERWRITING PROCEEDS PROCEEDS
TO DISCOUNTS AND TO TO SELLING
PUBLIC COMMISSIONS(1) COMPANY(2) SHAREHOLDERS
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Per Share........................ $ $ $ $
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total (3)........................ $ $ $ $
==================================================================================
</TABLE>
(1) See "Underwriting" for information relating to indemnification of the
Underwriters.
(2) Before deducting offering expenses estimated at $950,000 payable by the
Company.
(3) The Company has granted the Underwriters a 30-day option to purchase up to
360,000 additional shares of Common Stock solely to cover over-allotments,
if any. To the extent that the option is exercised, the Underwriters will
offer the additional shares at the Price to Public shown above. If the
option is exercised in full, the total Price to Public, Underwriting
Discounts and Commissions and Proceeds to Company will be $ ,
$ and $ respectively. See "Underwriting."
--------
The shares of Common Stock are offered by the several Underwriters subject to
prior sale, when, as and if delivered to and accepted by them, and subject to
the right of the Underwriters to reject any order in whole or in part. It is
expected that delivery of the shares of Common Stock will be made at the
offices of Alex. Brown & Sons Incorporated, Baltimore, Maryland, on or about
, 1996.
ALEX. BROWN & SONS
INCORPORATED
UBS SECURITIES
WESSELS, ARNOLD & HENDERSON
THE DATE OF THIS PROSPECTUS IS , 1996
<PAGE>
Powerwave designs, manufacturers and markets both single channel and multi-
channel amplifiers, with a primary focus on multi-channel products. Multi-
channel amplifiers integrate the functions of several power amplifiers and
cavity filters within a single unit, thereby reducing service providers'
equipment and maintenance costs and space requirements while providing
increased call capacity. The Company's products are currently being utilized
in cellular base stations in both digital and analog-based networks and the
Company has recently delivered initial prototype units for PCS networks.
[Graphic displaying difference between single channel RF power amplifier
using separate cavity filters and Company's multi-channel RF power
amplifier, and a picture of one of the Company's products.]
IN CONNECTION WITH THIS OFFERING, THE UNDERWRITERS MAY OVER-ALLOT OR EFFECT
TRANSACTIONS WHICH STABILIZE OR MAINTAIN THE MARKET PRICE OF THE COMMON STOCK
OF THE COMPANY AT A LEVEL ABOVE THAT WHICH MIGHT OTHERWISE PREVAIL IN THE OPEN
MARKET. SUCH STABILIZING, IF COMMENCED, MAY BE DISCONTINUED AT ANY TIME.
<PAGE>
PROSPECTUS SUMMARY
The following summary is qualified in its entirety by the more detailed
information and financial statements and notes thereto appearing elsewhere in
this Prospectus.
THE COMPANY
Powerwave designs, manufactures and markets ultra-linear radio frequency
("RF") power amplifiers for use in the wireless communications market. The
Company's amplifiers, which are key components in wireless communications
networks, increase the signal strength of wireless transmissions while reducing
interference, or "noise." The reduction of noise enables wireless service
providers to offer improved service to subscribers by offering clearer call
connections with less interference. Increasing the signal strength of wireless
transmissions also improves service by reducing the number of interrupted or
dropped calls. Powerwave's RF power amplifiers achieve ultra-linearity at
increased levels of amplification through the application of "feedforward"
technology, which enables the Company's multi-channel power amplifiers to
significantly reduce RF interference thereby increasing the efficiency of the
wireless service provider's network.
Powerwave manufactures both single channel and multi-channel amplifiers, with
a primary focus on multi-channel products. Multi-channel amplifiers integrate
the functions of several power amplifiers and cavity filters within a single
unit, thereby reducing service providers' equipment and maintenance costs and
space requirements while providing increased call capacity. The Company's
products are currently being utilized in cellular base stations in both digital
and analog-based networks and the Company has recently delivered initial
prototype units for personal communications services ("PCS") networks. The
Company's products support a wide range of digital and analog transmission
protocols including CDMA, TDMA, GSM, FHMA, AMPS and TACS. The Company also
produces power amplifiers for the specialized mobile radio ("SMR") market,
which is characterized as a two-way radio market with devices commonly utilized
by police and emergency personnel and the business dispatch marketplace. The
Company also manufactures air-to-ground amplifiers used both in ground stations
and in commercial aircraft to amplify telephone transmissions between airline
passengers and ground-based networks.
The Company began selling RF power amplifiers for use in analog wireless
networks in 1985. In 1995, the Company began selling multi-channel ultra-linear
amplifiers for installation in digital cellular base stations in South Korea,
and the Company believes that it is the leading supplier of amplifiers to the
South Korean market. South Korea is experiencing rapid economic development and
is one of the first countries to begin the process of installing a nationwide
digital cellular network. The Company's customers in the South Korean market
include Hyundai Electronics Industries Co. ("Hyundai"), LG Information &
Communications, Ltd. ("LGIC") and Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd. ("Samsung"). The
Company also sells amplifiers domestically to numerous wireless equipment
suppliers, including ADC Kentrox Industries, Inc., AirNet Communications Corp.,
In-Flight Phone Corp., Metawave Communications Corporation and Phoenix Wireless
Group, Inc.
The worldwide wireless communications market, which consists of cellular,
PCS, SMR, paging, air-to-ground and other applications, has experienced
significant growth in recent years. The growth in wireless communications is
largely attributable to increased affordability in consumer equipment, such as
cellular phones and pagers, more comprehensive service coverage at lower prices
and technological advancements which have resulted in improved transmission
quality and reliability. International growth has also been driven by the
build-out of cellular networks, including those designed to serve as primary
telephone systems in part due to inadequacies in existing wireline
infrastructures. As demand continues to grow for wireless communications, many
service providers either are switching from analog networks
3
<PAGE>
to digital networks, which provide for a greater number of transmissions and
increased call quality over the same range of existing frequencies, or are
further upgrading the capacity of their existing analog networks.
Consumer demand for additional services, combined with capacity constraints
and other limitations of cellular networks, has also led to the development of
PCS, another form of wireless communications which utilizes a higher frequency
range and lower power than traditional cellular networks. The continued growth
of wireless communications networks throughout the world along with continued
upgrading of existing analog systems is expected to result in increased demand
for wireless network infrastructure equipment, such as the ultra-linear
RF power amplifiers manufactured by the Company.
The Company's strategic objective is to be the leading third-party supplier
of high performance RF power amplifiers for use in both digital and analog
wireless networks worldwide. The Company's strategy includes the following key
elements: (i) provide leading technology to the RF amplifier industry;
(ii) leverage its position as a leading multi-channel amplifier supplier; (iii)
expand relationships with leading original equipment manufacturers ("OEMs");
(iv) develop and market amplifier products for PCS networks; (v) maintain its
commitment to quality, reliability and manufacturability; and (vi) increase
Powerwave's involvement in its customers' product development process. The
Company intends to pursue each of these elements of its strategy by focusing
its core strengths on the global wireless communications market.
The Company was incorporated in Delaware in January 1985 under the name
Milcom International, Inc. and changed its name to Powerwave Technologies, Inc.
in June 1996. The Company's headquarters and principal place of business is
located at 2026 McGaw Avenue, Irvine, California 92614, and its telephone
number is (714) 757-0530.
4
<PAGE>
THE OFFERING
<TABLE>
<S> <C>
Common Stock offered by the Company.......... 1,800,000 shares
Common Stock offered by the Selling
Shareholders................................ 600,000 shares
Common Stock to be outstanding after the
Offering.................................... 15,862,500 shares(1)(2)
Use of proceeds.............................. The net proceeds of the Offering will be
used for capital expenditures, working
capital, new product development and other
general corporate purposes. See "Use of
Proceeds."
Proposed Nasdaq National Market symbol....... PWAV
</TABLE>
SUMMARY CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL DATA
(in thousands, except per share data)
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
NINE MONTHS ENDED
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31,
--------------------------- SEPTEMBER 30, SEPTEMBER 29,
1993 1994 1995 1995 1996
------- -------- -------- ------------- -------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
STATEMENT OF OPERATIONS
DATA:
Net sales.............. $ 8,717 $ 22,861 $ 36,044 $22,384 $43,594
Cost of sales.......... 6,567 14,466 22,713 14,554 25,371
Gross profit........... 2,150 8,395 13,331 7,830 18,223
Operating expenses:
Sales and marketing.... 387 570 1,557 1,013 3,315
Research and
development........... 581 1,433 2,252 1,401 4,033
General and
administrative........ 559 1,518 1,958 1,288 2,004
Total operating
expenses.............. 1,527 3,521 5,767 3,702 9,352
Operating income....... 623 4,874 7,564 4,128 8,871
Other income (expense). (5) (20) 32 -- 333
Income before income
taxes................. 618 4,854 7,596 4,128 9,204
Provision for income
taxes................. 267 1,908 3,116 1,694 3,774
Net income............. $ 351 $ 2,946 $ 4,480 $ 2,434 $ 5,430
Pro forma net income
per share(2).......... $ .30 $ .37
Pro forma weighted
average common
shares(2)............. 14,774 14,774
</TABLE>
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
SEPTEMBER 29, 1996
--------------------------------------
ACTUAL PRO FORMA(2) AS ADJUSTED(2)(3)
------- ------------ -----------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
BALANCE SHEET DATA:
Working capital.......................... $11,197 $12,547 $31,685
Total assets............................. 25,060 25,060 44,198
Long-term debt........................... 41 41 41
Total shareholders' equity............... 503 16,351 35,489
</TABLE>
- --------
(1) Excludes 1,823,179 shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of
outstanding stock options as of September 29, 1996 at a weighted average
exercise price of $3.31 per share. Under an agreement with the Company,
certain shareholders have agreed that, once the Company has issued an
initial 1,095,000 shares of Common Stock under the 1995 Stock Option Plan,
any additional shares issued under that Plan upon an option exercise will
be coupled with a pro rata redemption from those shareholders of an equal
number of shares at a redemption price equaling the option exercise price.
See "Capitalization" and "Management--1995 Stock Option Plan."
(2) Gives effect to the conversion of 3,375,900 shares of Series A Convertible
Preferred Stock into 5,063,850 shares of Common Stock upon the closing of
the Offering and the reversal of accrued dividends payable thereon. See
Note 2 of notes to the consolidated financial statements, "Capitalization,"
"Description of Capital Stock" and "Management--1995 Stock Option Plan."
(3) Adjusted to reflect the sale by the Company of 1,800,000 shares of Common
Stock at an assumed initial public offering price of $12.00 per share and
the application of the estimated net proceeds therefrom. See "Use of
Proceeds," "Capitalization" and "Selected Consolidated Financial Data."
Except as otherwise specified, all information in this Prospectus assumes no
exercise of the Underwriters' over-allotment option. See "Underwriting." Except
for the consolidated financial statements and as otherwise noted, all
information in this Prospectus has been adjusted to give effect to (i) the
conversion of all outstanding shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock
("Series A Preferred Stock") into Common Stock and the reversal of accrued
dividends payable thereon and (ii) a three-for-two stock split of the
outstanding shares of Common Stock, each of which will occur prior to or upon
completion of the Offering. See "Capitalization" and "Description of Capital
Stock."
5
<PAGE>
RISK FACTORS
In addition to the other information in this Prospectus, the following risk
factors should be considered carefully in evaluating the Company and its
business before purchasing the shares of Common Stock offered hereby. This
Prospectus contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and
uncertainties. The Company's actual results may differ materially from the
results discussed in the forward-looking statements. Factors that might cause
such a difference include, but are not limited to, those discussed in "Risk
Factors," "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and
Results of Operations," "Business" and elsewhere in this Prospectus.
CUSTOMER CONCENTRATION
A small number of customers account for a substantial majority of the
Company's net sales. Although the Company is attempting to expand its customer
base, the Company expects that a limited number of customers will continue to
represent a substantial portion of the Company's net sales for the foreseeable
future. The Company believes that its future success depends upon its ability
to broaden its customer base. The Company's four largest customers include, in
alphabetical order, Hyundai, In-Flight Phone Corp. ("In-Flight"), LGIC and
Samsung. For the nine months ended September 29, 1996, these customers, each
of which accounted for more than 10% of the Company's net sales, accounted for
approximately 81% of the Company's net sales in the aggregate. Hyundai, LGIC
and Samsung currently purchase products for implementation in the South Korean
digital cellular telephone network. The Company expects that sales to these
customers of products for use in the South Korean cellular network will
decline as that network nears completion, which is expected to occur in the
next one to two years. See "--Reliance upon South Korean Market and Growth of
Wireless Services Market." In-Flight purchases the Company's products for
implementation in an air-to-ground wireless network. As this network has been
substantially completed, the Company expects sales to In-Flight to decrease
significantly in future periods. Sales of power amplifiers to wireless
infrastructure equipment suppliers are expected to continue to account for a
substantial majority of the Company's product sales. A limited number of large
OEMs account for a majority of RF power amplifier purchases in the wireless
infrastructure market, and the Company's success will be dependent upon its
ability to establish and maintain relationships with these types of customers.
There can be no assurance that a major customer will not reduce, delay or
eliminate its purchases from the Company, which could have a material adverse
effect on the Company's business, results of operations and financial
condition. In addition, major customers also have significant leverage and may
attempt to change the terms, including pricing, upon which the Company and
such customers do business, thereby adversely affecting the Company's
business, results of operations and financial condition. Further, one or more
of these customers may determine to manufacture amplifiers internally thus
reducing or eliminating its purchases from the Company and possibly becoming a
direct competitor of the Company. See "--Internal Amplifier Production
Capabilities of OEMs." As a result, the Company's success will depend on its
ability to expand its customer base and, in particular, to successfully market
its products to OEMs for wireless networks.
The Company currently sells to its major customers under purchase orders
which are usually placed with short delivery requirements, although the
Company is attempting to negotiate long-term supply agreements with these
customers. As such, while the Company receives periodic order forecasts from
its major customers, such customers have no obligation to purchase the
forecasted amounts. Nonetheless, the Company maintains significant work-in-
progress and raw materials inventory as well as maintaining increased levels
of technical production staff to meet order forecasts. To the extent its major
customers purchase less than the forecasted amounts, the Company will have
higher levels of inventory than otherwise needed, increasing the risk of
obsolescence, and the Company will have increased levels of production staff
to support such forecasted orders. Such higher levels of inventory and
increased employee levels would reduce the Company's liquidity and could have
a material adverse effect on the Company's results of operations and financial
condition. In addition, in the event the Company's major customers desire to
purchase products in excess of the forecasted amounts, the Company may not
have
6
<PAGE>
sufficient inventory or manufacturing capacity to fill such increased orders,
which could have a material adverse effect on the Company's relationships and
future business with its customers.
RELIANCE UPON SOUTH KOREAN MARKET AND GROWTH OF WIRELESS SERVICES MARKET
Three of the Company's customers, Hyundai, LGIC and Samsung, collectively
accounted for approximately 69% of the Company's net sales for the first nine
months of 1996 and are expected to account for a higher percentage of sales
during the remainder of 1996. These customers supply equipment for
implementation in the South Korean digital cellular telephone network. The
delay or termination of the implementation of the South Korean digital
cellular telephone network could have a material adverse effect on the
Company's business, results of operations and financial condition. In
addition, the Company believes that the South Korean digital cellular network
is more than 50% completed and the buildout phase of this network will be
completed over the next two years. Accordingly, the Company's sales related to
that network are anticipated to decrease significantly over the same time
period.
During fiscal 1995 and the first nine months of 1996, Hyundai, LGIC and
Samsung purchased multi-channel linear RF power amplifiers for installation in
the buildout of the South Korean digital cellular network. These customers
also have begun marketing wireless infrastructure equipment for installation
in networks outside of the South Korean market. There can be no assurance that
such customers will be successful in obtaining new business outside of South
Korea or that, if successful, they will continue to purchase amplifiers from
the Company. Any significant decrease in the Company's sales of amplifiers to
these customers, without an offsetting increase in sales to other customers,
would have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, results of
operations and financial condition.
A substantial majority of the Company's revenues are derived from the sale
of RF power amplifiers for wireless communications networks, and the future
success of the Company depends to a considerable extent upon the continued
growth and increased availability of cellular and other wireless
communications services, including PCS, in the United States and
internationally. There can be no assurance that either subscriber use or the
implementation of wireless communications services will continue to grow, or
that such factors will create demand for the Company's products. The Company
believes that continued growth in the use of wireless communications services
depends on significant reductions in infrastructure capital equipment cost per
subscriber and corresponding reductions in wireless service pricing. While the
Federal Communications Commission ("FCC") has recently adopted regulations
requiring local phone companies to reduce the rates charged to cellular
carriers for connection to their wireline networks, it is anticipated that
wireless service rates will remain higher than rates charged by traditional
wireline companies. The growth in the implementation of wireless
communications services is dependent upon both developed countries, such as
the United States, allowing continued deployment of new networks and foreign
countries deploying wireless communications networks as opposed to
constructing wireline infrastructures. Foreign countries or local government
authorities may decline to construct wireless communications systems, place
moratoriums on building base stations or terminate or delay construction of
such systems for a variety of reasons, including environmental issues,
political unrest, economic downturns, the availability of favorable pricing
for other communications services or the availability and cost of related
equipment, in which event demand for the Company's products would be similarly
reduced or delayed, which would materially adversely affect the Company's
business, results of operations and financial condition. See "--Risks of Doing
Business in International Markets."
FLUCTUATIONS IN QUARTERLY RESULTS
The Company experiences, and expects to continue to experience, significant
fluctuations in sales and operating results from quarter to quarter. Quarterly
results fluctuate due to a number of factors, any of which could have a
material adverse effect on the Company's business, results of operations and
financial condition. In particular, the Company's quarterly results of
operations can vary due to the timing, cancellation, or rescheduling of
customer orders and shipments; variations in manufacturing capacities,
efficiencies and costs; the availability and cost of components; the timing,
availability and sale of new
7
<PAGE>
products by the Company; changes in the mix of products having differing gross
margins; warranty expenses; changes in average sales prices; long sales cycles
associated with the Company's products; and variations in product development
and other operating expenses. The Company's quarterly revenues are also
affected by volume discounts given to certain customers for large volume
purchases over a given period of time. In addition, the Company's quarterly
results of operations are influenced by competitive factors, including
pricing, availability and demand for the Company's and competing amplification
products. A large portion of the Company's expenses are fixed and difficult to
reduce in a short period of time. If net sales do not meet the Company's
expectations, the Company's fixed expenses would exacerbate the effect of such
net sales shortfall. Furthermore, announcements by the Company or its
competitors regarding new products and technologies could cause customers to
defer purchases of the Company's products. In addition, while the Company
receives periodic order forecasts from its major customers, such customers
have no binding obligation to purchase the forecasted amounts. See "--Customer
Concentration." Order deferrals and cancellations by the Company's customers,
declining average sales prices, delays in the Company's introduction of new
products and longer than anticipated sales cycles for the Company's products
have in the past adversely affected the Company's quarterly results of
operations. There can be no assurance that the Company's quarterly results of
operations will not be similarly adversely affected in the future.
Due to the foregoing factors, the Company believes that period-to-period
comparisons of its operating results are not necessarily meaningful and that
such comparisons cannot be relied upon as indicators of future performance.
There can be no assurance that the Company will maintain its current
profitability in the future or that future revenues and operating results will
not be below the expectations of public market analysts and investors. In
either case, the price of the Company's Common Stock could be materially
adversely affected. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial
Condition and Results of Operations."
COMPETITION
The wireless communications infrastructure equipment industry is extremely
competitive and is characterized by rapid technological change, new product
development, product obsolescence, evolving industry standards and significant
price erosion over the life of a product. The principal elements of
competition in the Company's market include performance, functionality,
reliability, pricing, quality, the ability to design products which can be
efficiently manufactured in volume production, time-to-market delivery
capabilities and standards compliance. While the Company believes that overall
it competes favorably with respect to the foregoing elements, there can be no
assurance that it will be able to continue to do so.
Currently, the Company competes primarily with Avantek (a division of
Hewlett Packard), M/A-COM, Inc. (a subsidiary of AMP, Inc.), Microwave Power
Devices, Inc. and Spectrian Corporation, in addition to the amplifier
manufacturing operations captive within certain of the leading wireless
infrastructure OEMs. Certain of the Company's current and potential
competitors have significantly greater financial, technical, manufacturing,
sales, marketing and other resources than the Company and have achieved
greater name recognition for their existing products and technologies than has
the Company.
The Company's success depends in part upon the rate at which wireless
infrastructure OEMs incorporate the Company's products into their systems. The
Company believes that a substantial portion of the present worldwide
production of amplifiers is captive within the internal manufacturing
operations of a small number of wireless infrastructure OEMs and that the
amplifiers manufactured by these OEMs are offered for sale as part of their
wireless systems. These OEMs include, among others, LM Ericsson Telephone
Company ("Ericsson"), Lucent Technologies Incorporated ("Lucent"), Motorola
Corporation ("Motorola"), Nokia Corporation ("Nokia") and Northern Telecom
Limited ("Nortel"). In addition, Samsung, a significant customer of the
Company, manufactures power amplifiers in addition to purchasing such
components from the Company. The Company believes that these OEMs, as well as
other customers
8
<PAGE>
of the Company, continuously evaluate whether to manufacture their own RF
power amplifiers rather than purchase them from third-party vendors such as
the Company. These and other large manufacturers of wireless infrastructure
equipment could also determine to offer and sell their power amplifiers to
other OEMs or customers of the Company and compete directly with the Company.
In addition, these or other OEMs may enter into joint ventures or strategic
relationships with the Company's competitors, in which event the Company's
ability to sell products to such OEMs could be reduced or eliminated. See "--
Internal Amplifier Production Capabilities of OEMs."
The Company has experienced significant price competition and expects price
competition in the sale of RF power amplifiers to increase. No assurance can
be given that the Company's competitors will not develop new technologies or
enhancements to existing products or introduce new products that will offer
superior price or performance features. The Company expects its competitors to
offer new and existing products at prices necessary to gain or retain market
share. Certain of the Company's competitors have substantial financial
resources, which may enable them to withstand sustained price competition or a
downturn in the market. There can be no assurance that the Company will be
able to compete successfully in the pricing of its products, or otherwise, in
the future. See "Business--Competition."
RAPID TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE; DEPENDENCE ON NEW PRODUCTS
The markets in which the Company and its customers compete are characterized
by rapidly changing technology, evolving industry standards and communications
protocols, and continuous improvements in products and services. The Company's
future success depends on its ability to enhance its current products and to
develop and introduce in a timely manner new products that keep pace with
technological developments, industry standards and communications protocols,
compete effectively on the basis of price and performance, adequately address
OEM customer and end-user customer requirements and achieve market acceptance.
The Company believes that to remain competitive in the future it will need to
continue to develop new products, which will require the investment of
significant financial resources in new product development. In this regard, in
anticipation of the deployment of PCS, the Company has invested significant
resources in developing RF power amplifiers for PCS networks. There can be no
assurance that the deployment of PCS networks will not be delayed or that the
Company's PCS-based products will be fully developed in time to be accepted
for use in PCS networks. There also can be no assurance that the Company's
PCS-based products, if developed, will achieve market acceptance, or be
capable of being manufactured at competitive prices in sufficient volumes. In
the event the Company's PCS-based products are not timely developed or do not
gain market acceptance, the Company's business, results of operations and
financial condition could be materially adversely affected.
The Company introduced a second-generation multi-channel linear RF power
amplifier for cellular base stations in August 1996 and intends to introduce a
new amplifier for PCS networks in the fourth quarter of 1996. Delays in
commencement of commercial shipments of these products may result in customer
dissatisfaction and delay or loss of product revenues, which could have a
material adverse effect on the Company's business, results of operations and
financial condition. No assurance can be given that the Company's product
development efforts will be successful, that its new products will achieve
customer acceptance or that its customers' products and services will achieve
market acceptance. If a significant number of development projects do not
result in manufacturable new products or product enhancements within
anticipated time-frames, the Company's business, results of operations and
financial condition could be materially adversely affected. Any failure by the
Company to anticipate or respond adequately to technological developments and
customer requirements, or any significant delays in product development,
introduction or deliveries, could result in a loss of competitiveness and
reduced net sales. While the Company maintains an active development program
to attempt to improve its product offerings, there can be no assurance that
such efforts will be successful or that other companies or institutions will
not develop and commercialize products based on new technologies that are
superior in performance or cost-effectiveness to the Company's products. There
also can be no assurance that the Company's products will not be rendered
obsolete by the introduction and acceptance of new communications protocols.
See "Business--Product Development."
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PROPRIETARY TECHNOLOGY; RISK OF THIRD-PARTY CLAIMS OF INFRINGEMENT
The Company relies primarily upon trade secrets to protect its intellectual
property. The Company generally enters into confidentiality and non-disclosure
agreements with its employees and limits access to and distribution of its
proprietary information. In addition, the Company has applied for a U.S.
patent for its proprietary implementation of feedforward technology and
regularly examines various aspects of its technology for possible patent
applications. The Company believes that its success depends upon the knowledge
and experience of its management and technical personnel and its ability to
market its existing products and to develop new products.
The Company's ability to compete successfully and achieve future revenue
growth will depend, in part, on its ability to protect its proprietary
technology and operate without infringing upon the rights of others. There can
be no assurance that the Company will be able to successfully protect its
intellectual property or that the Company's intellectual property or
proprietary technology will not otherwise become known or be independently
developed by competitors. In addition, the laws of certain countries in which
the Company's products are or may be sold may not protect the Company's
products and intellectual property rights to the same extent as the laws of
the United States. The inability of the Company to protect its intellectual
property and proprietary technology could have a material adverse effect on
its business, results of operations and financial condition. As the number of
patents, copyrights and other intellectual property rights in the Company's
industry increases, and as the coverage of these rights and the functionality
of the products in the market further overlap, the Company believes that its
products may increasingly become the subject of infringement claims. The
Company may in the future be notified that it is infringing upon certain
patent or other intellectual property rights of others. Although the Company
has not received any such notification to date and there are no pending or
threatened intellectual property lawsuits against the Company, there can be no
assurance that such litigation or infringement claims will not occur in the
future. Such litigation or claims could result in substantial costs and
diversion of resources and could have a material adverse effect on the
Company's business, results of operations and financial condition. A third
party claiming infringement may also be able to obtain an injunction or other
equitable relief, which could effectively block the ability of the Company or
its customers to distribute, sell or import into the United States allegedly
infringing products. If it appears necessary or desirable, the Company may
seek licenses under patents or other rights from third parties covering
intellectual property that the Company is allegedly infringing. No assurance
can be given, however, that any such licenses could be obtained on terms
acceptable to the Company, if at all. The failure to obtain the necessary
licenses or other rights could have a material adverse effect on the Company's
business, results of operations and financial condition. See "Business--
Intellectual Property."
RISKS OF DOING BUSINESS IN INTERNATIONAL MARKETS
For the fiscal years 1993, 1994 and 1995 and the nine months ended September
29, 1996, international revenues accounted for approximately 8%, 9%, 67% and
73%, respectively, of the Company's net sales. The Company expects that
international revenues will continue to account for a significant percentage
of the Company's net sales for the foreseeable future. As a result, the
Company is subject to various risks, including a greater difficulty of
administering business globally, compliance with multiple and potentially
conflicting regulatory requirements such as export requirements, tariffs and
other barriers, differences in intellectual property protections, health and
safety requirements, difficulties in staffing and managing foreign operations,
longer accounts receivable cycles, currency fluctuations, restrictions against
the repatriation of earnings, export control restrictions, overlapping or
differing tax structures, political and economic instability and general trade
restrictions. If any of these risks materializes, it could have a material
adverse effect on the Company's business, results of operations and financial
condition. In particular, a large portion of the Company's existing customers
and potential new customers are servicing new markets in developing countries
that may deploy wireless communication networks as an alternative to the
construction of a wireline infrastructure. Such countries may decline to
construct wireless
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communication systems, or construction of such systems may be delayed for a
variety of reasons, including business and economic conditions and changes in
economic stability due to factors such as increased inflation and political
turmoil. In recent years, a majority of the Company's net sales resulted from
the sale of products to a small number of companies in South Korea, where
future sales may be dependent upon continuing favorable trade relations with
the United States and a lack of political conflicts with North Korea. Any
significant change in United States trade relations or the economic or
political stability of foreign locations in which the Company sells its
products could have a material adverse effect on the Company's business,
results of operations and financial condition. See "--Reliance upon South
Korean Market and Growth of Wireless Services Market."
The Company's foreign sales are generally invoiced in U.S. dollars and,
accordingly, the Company does not currently engage in foreign currency hedging
transactions. However, as the Company continues to expand its international
operations, the Company may be paid in foreign currencies and exposure to
losses in foreign currency transactions may increase. The Company may choose
to limit such exposure by the purchase of forward foreign exchange contracts
or similar hedging strategies. There can be no assurance that any currency
hedging strategy would be successful in avoiding exchange-related losses. In
addition, if the relative value of the U.S. dollar in comparison to the
currency of the Company's foreign customers should increase, the resulting
effective price increase of the Company's products to such foreign customers
could result in decreased sales which could have a material adverse impact on
the Company's business, results of operations and financial condition. See
"Business--Marketing and Distribution, International Sales."
INTERNAL AMPLIFIER PRODUCTION CAPABILITIES OF OEMS
Many of the leading wireless telecommunications infrastructure equipment
manufacturers internally manufacture their own RF power amplifiers, and the
Company believes that its existing customers continuously evaluate whether to
manufacture their own amplifiers. In the event that such customers decide to
increase or shift completely to the internal manufacture of amplifiers, such
customers could eliminate or reduce their purchases of the Company's products.
There can be no assurance that the Company's current customers will continue
to rely, or expand their reliance, on the Company as an external source of
supply for their RF power amplifiers, or that other wireless
telecommunications OEMs such as Lucent, Ericsson, Motorola, Nokia and Nortel
will become and remain customers of the Company. OEMs with internal
manufacturing capabilities could also sell amplifiers externally to other
OEMs, thereby competing directly with the Company. In addition, even if the
Company were successful in selling its products to these OEMs, it is
anticipated that such OEMs would demand price and other concessions based on
their ability to manufacture amplifiers internally. While the Company attempts
to negotiate long-term supply contracts with its customers, there can be no
assurance that it will be able to enter into such contracts on terms that are
acceptable to the Company, if at all, or that contracts will not be terminated
on short notice. Any significant loss of sales to current customers, not
offset by sales to other customers, would have a material adverse effect on
the Company's business, results of operations and financial condition.
The Company's customers and other wireless telecommunications infrastructure
equipment manufacturers are protective of their intellectual property, which
may contribute to certain manufacturers deciding to not seek RF power
amplifiers from external sources. While the Company takes measures to ensure
the confidentiality of intellectual property disclosed to the Company by its
customers or developed by the Company for such customers, the appearance of a
close working relationship with a particular customer may adversely affect the
Company's ability to establish or maintain a relationship with, or sell
products to, competitors of the particular customer. If, for any reason, the
Company's major customers decide to produce their RF power amplifiers
internally, the Company's business, results of operations and financial
condition could be materially adversely affected.
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DECLINING AVERAGE SALES PRICES
The Company has experienced, and expects to continue to experience,
declining average sales prices for its products. Wireless infrastructure OEMs
have come under increasing price pressure from cellular service providers,
which in turn has resulted in downward pricing pressure on the Company's
products. In addition, competition among third-party suppliers has increased
the downward pricing pressure on the Company's products. Since wireless
infrastructure OEMs frequently negotiate supply arrangements far in advance of
delivery dates, the Company must often commit to price reductions for its
products before it knows how, or if, cost reductions can be obtained. In
addition, average sales prices are affected by price discounts negotiated for
large volume purchases by certain customers over a given period of time. To
offset declining average sales prices, the Company believes that in the near
term it must achieve manufacturing cost reductions, and in the longer term the
Company must develop new products that incorporate advanced features and that
can be manufactured at lower cost or sold at higher average sales prices. If,
however, the Company is unable to achieve such cost reductions or product
improvements, the Company's gross margins could decline, and such decline
could have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, results of
operations and financial condition.
NO ASSURANCE OF PRODUCT MANUFACTURABILITY, QUALITY OR RELIABILITY
Manufacturing the Company's products is an extremely complex process and
requires significant time and expertise to tune the products to meet
customers' specifications. The ability of the Company to cost-effectively
manufacture its RF power amplifier products in volume is substantially
dependent upon the Company's ability to tune these products to meet
specifications in an efficient manner. In this regard, the Company is
dependent upon its staff of trained technicians. If the Company is unable to
design its products to minimize the manual tuning process or if the Company
were unable to attract additional trained technicians or were to lose the
services of a number of its trained technicians, the Company's business,
results of operations and financial condition would be materially adversely
affected. In addition, the Company has in the past and may from time to time
in the future experience quality problems with its products. The Company has
been required to replace certain components in certain of its products in the
past in accordance with warranty provisions under which the products were
sold. If such problems were to reoccur, the Company could experience increased
costs, delays in or cancellations or rescheduling of orders or deliveries and
product returns, any of which could damage relationships with current
customers and have a material adverse effect on the Company's business,
results of operations and financial condition. Such quality problems could
also damage relationships with prospective customers and, in particular, could
limit the Company's ability to market its products to large OEMs, many of
which manufacture power amplifiers internally. See "--Internal Amplifier
Production Capabilities of OEMs."
MANAGEMENT OF GROWTH; DEPENDENCE UPON KEY PERSONNEL
The growth in the Company's business has placed, and is expected to continue
to place, a significant strain on the Company's management and operations. The
Company's ability to compete effectively and to manage future expansion of its
operations, if any, will require the Company to continue to improve its
financial and management controls, reporting systems and procedures on a
timely basis and effectively expand, train and manage its work force. In
particular, the Company must carefully manage production and inventory levels
to meet increasing product demand and new product introductions. Inaccuracies
in demand forecasts in the environment in which the Company operates can
quickly result in either insufficient or excessive inventories and
disproportionate overhead expenses. The Company plans to expand the geographic
scope of its customer base and operations. The Company also is in the process
of implementing a number of new financial and management controls, reporting
systems and procedures. In addition, many members of the Company's senior
management have recently joined the Company. The Company's President and Chief
Executive Officer joined the Company in February 1996, its Executive Vice
President joined the Company in April 1996, its Vice President, Finance and
Chief Financial Officer joined the Company in June 1996, and its Vice
President, Engineering joined the Company in July 1996. In
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addition to its senior management, the Company has recently hired a
significant number of employees, including engineers, production technicians
and sales and marketing employees, and plans to further increase its total
employee base. In the event that the Company's new personnel are unable to
work effectively as a team or achieve desired levels of production, the
Company's business, results of operations and financial condition could be
materially adversely affected. There can be no assurance that the Company will
be able to continue to attract and retain qualified personnel necessary for
the development of its business. The Company's failure to manage growth
effectively would have a material adverse effect on the Company's business,
operating results and financial condition. See "Management."
Due to the specialized nature of the Company's business, the Company is
highly dependent on the continued services of, and on its ability to attract
and retain, qualified technical, marketing and managerial personnel.
Competition for such personnel is intense, and the loss of any of such
persons, as well as the failure to recruit and train additional technical
personnel in a timely manner, could have a material adverse effect on the
Company's business, results of operation and financial condition. In
particular, the Company's success is dependent upon the services of Alfonso G.
Cordero, a founder of the Company and its Chairman of the Board of Directors,
and Ki Y. Nam, Vice President, New Business Development. The loss of their
services would materially adversely affect the Company.
DEPENDENCE ON SINGLE SOURCES FOR KEY COMPONENTS
The Company currently procures certain components from single source
manufacturers due to unique component designs as well as certain quality and
performance requirements. In addition, in order to take advantage of volume
pricing discounts, the Company purchases certain customized components for its
power amplifiers from single sources. If such single-sourced components were
to become unavailable or were to become unavailable on terms satisfactory to
the Company, the Company would be required to purchase comparable components
from other sources and "retune" its products to function properly with the
replacement components or to redesign its products to use other components,
either of which could result in a disruption of the Company's production
facility and delays in production and delivery. If for any reason the Company
could not obtain comparable replacement components from other sources or could
not expeditiously retune its products to operate with the replacement
components, or redesign its products to use other components, the Company's
business, results of operation and financial condition could be adversely
affected. In addition, if the Company were unable to obtain sufficient
quantities of components used in the manufacture of its RF power amplifiers,
resulting delays or reductions in product shipments could occur and could have
a material adverse effect on the Company's business, results of operations and
financial condition, including a material adverse effect on the Company's
relationships with its customers as well as potential customers.
RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH DEVELOPING TECHNOLOGIES; PRODUCT LIABILITY
If wireless telecommunications systems or other systems or devices that rely
on or incorporate the Company's products are determined, perceived or alleged
to create a health risk, the Company could be named as a defendant, and held
liable, in product liability lawsuits commenced by individuals alleging that
the Company's products harmed them. The occurrence of any of such events could
have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, results of
operations and financial condition. Any alleged health or environmental risk
could also lead to a delay or prohibition against the installation of wireless
networks which could have a material adverse effect on the Company's business,
results of operations and financial condition. In addition, an inability to
maintain insurance at an acceptable cost or to otherwise protect against
potential product liability could inhibit the commercialization of the
Company's products and have a material adverse effect on the Company's
business, results of operations and financial condition. Further, the
installation of base stations for wireless networks may be delayed or
prohibited by various environmental regulations. Any such delay or prohibition
would have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, results of
operations and financial condition.
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ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS
The Company is subject to a variety of local, state and federal governmental
regulations relating to the storage, discharge, handling, emission,
generation, manufacture and disposal of toxic or other hazardous substances
used to manufacture the Company's products. Certain of the Company's products
are also subject to regulation of emissions by the FCC and similar government
agencies. The Company believes that it is currently in compliance in all
material respects with such regulations and that it has obtained all necessary
environmental permits and licenses to conduct its business. The failure to
comply with current or future regulations could result in the imposition of
substantial fines on the Company, suspension of production, alteration of its
manufacturing processes or cessation of operations. Corrective action could
require the Company to acquire expensive remediation equipment or to incur
substantial expenses. Any failure by the Company to control the use, disposal,
removal or storage of, or to adequately restrict the discharge of, or assist
in the cleanup of, hazardous or toxic substances, could subject the Company to
significant liabilities, including joint and several liability under certain
statutes. The imposition of such liabilities could materially adversely affect
the Company's business, results of operations and financial condition. In
addition, the installation of base stations by wireless service providers may
be delayed or restricted by various environmental regulations, land use
restrictions and zoning ordinances. Any such delay or restriction could have a
material adverse effect on the Company' business, results of operations and
financial condition.
GOVERNMENT REGULATION OF COMMUNICATIONS INDUSTRY
Radio frequency transmissions and emissions, and certain equipment used in
connection therewith, are regulated in the United States, Canada and
internationally. Regulatory approvals generally must be obtained by the
Company in connection with the manufacture and sale of its products, and by
the Company's customers to operate the Company's products. The FCC has
proposed new regulations that would impose more stringent radio frequency
emissions standards on the communications industry. If such proposed
regulations are adopted, there can be no assurance that the Company and its
customers will not be required to alter the manner in which radio signals are
transmitted or to otherwise alter the equipment transmitting such signals,
which could materially adversely affect the Company's products and markets.
The Company is also subject to regulatory requirements in international
markets where the Company is less prominent than local competitors and has
less opportunity to influence regulatory and standards policies. The enactment
by federal, state, local or international governments of new laws or
regulations or a change in the interpretation of existing regulations could
adversely affect the market for the Company's products. Although recent
deregulation of international communications industries along with recent
radio frequency spectrum allocations made by the FCC have increased the
potential demand for the Company's products by providing users of those
products with opportunities to establish new PCS networks, there can be no
assurance that the trend toward deregulation and current regulatory
developments favorable to the promotion of new and expanded wireless services
will continue or that other future regulatory changes will have a positive
impact on the Company. The increasing demand for wireless communications has
exerted pressure on regulatory bodies worldwide to adopt new standards for
such products, generally following extensive investigation and deliberation
over competing technologies. The delays inherent in this governmental approval
process have in the past caused, and may in the future cause, the
cancellation, postponement or rescheduling of the installation of
communications systems by the Company's customers. These delays could have a
material adverse effect on the Company's business, results of operations and
financial condition.
POSSIBLE VOLATILITY OF STOCK PRICE
The stock market has from time to time experienced significant price and
volume fluctuations that are unrelated to the operating performance of
particular companies, and the market prices for securities of technology
companies have been especially volatile. These broad market fluctuations may
adversely affect the market price of the Company's Common Stock. Factors such
as fluctuations in the Company's
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results of operations, failure of such results of operations to meet the
expectations of stock market analysts and investors, change in stock market
analyst recommendations regarding the Company, timing and announcements of
technological innovations or new products by the Company or its competitors,
developments with respect to patents and proprietary rights, timing and
announcements of developments related to the Company's customers, results of
operations of certain of the Company's competitors, government regulation,
political instability in countries in which the Company sells its products,
changes in the wireless communications industry generally and general market
conditions may have a significant adverse effect on the market price of the
Common Stock.
FUTURE CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS
The Company's future capital requirements will depend upon many factors,
including the development of new wireless communications networks, the
establishment and maintenance of adequate manufacturing facilities, the
success of the Company's research and development efforts, the expansion of
the Company's sales and marketing efforts and the status of competitive
products. The Company believes that the net proceeds from the Offering,
together with existing cash balances and funds expected to be generated from
operations, financings through equipment lease transactions and available
lines of credit will be adequate to fund its operations for at least the 12
months following the Offering. There can be no assurance, however, that the
Company will not require additional financing during such time. Further, there
can be no assurance that any additional financing will be available to the
Company on acceptable terms, if at all. If additional funds are raised by
issuing equity securities, further dilution to the existing shareholders could
result. If adequate funds are not available, the Company may be required to
delay, scale back or eliminate its research and development or manufacturing
programs or obtain funds through arrangements with partners or others that may
require the Company to relinquish rights to certain of its technologies or
potential products or other assets. Accordingly, the inability to obtain or
difficulty in obtaining such financing could have a material adverse effect on
the Company's business, results of operations and financial condition.
CONTROL BY DIRECTORS, OFFICERS AND AFFILIATED ENTITIES
The Company's directors, officers and entities affiliated with them will, in
the aggregate, beneficially own approximately 76% of the Company's outstanding
Common Stock following the completion of the Offering. These shareholders, if
acting together, would be able to control substantially all matters requiring
approval by the shareholders of the Company, including the election of
directors and the approval of mergers or other business combination
transactions. Such concentration of ownership could discourage or prevent a
change in control of the Company. See "Principal and Selling Shareholders."
NO PRIOR PUBLIC TRADING MARKET
Prior to the Offering there has been no public market for the Common Stock,
and there can be no assurance that an active trading market will develop or,
if one does develop, that it will be maintained. The initial public offering
price, which will be established by negotiations between the Company, the
Selling Shareholders and the Representatives of the Underwriters, may not be
indicative of prices that will prevail in the trading market. See
"Underwriting."
EFFECT OF CERTAIN CHARTER AND BYLAW PROVISIONS
Certain provisions of the Company's Amended and Restated Certificate of
Incorporation and Amended and Restated Bylaws may have the effect of making it
more difficult for a third party to acquire, or of discouraging a third party
from attempting to acquire, control of the Company. Such provisions could
limit the price that certain investors might be willing to pay in the future
for shares of the Company's Common Stock. The Company's Amended and Restated
Certificate of Incorporation allows the Company to issue up to 5,000,000
shares of currently undesignated Preferred Stock, to determine the
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powers, preferences and rights and the qualifications, limitations or
restrictions granted to or imposed on any unissued series of that Preferred
Stock, and to fix the number of shares constituting any such series and the
designation of such series, without any vote or future action by the
shareholders. The Preferred Stock could be issued with voting, liquidation,
dividend and other rights superior to the rights of the Common Stock. The
Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation also eliminates the ability
of shareholders to call special meetings. The Company's Amended and Restated
Bylaws require advance notice to nominate a director or take certain other
actions. Such provisions may make it more difficult for shareholders to take
certain corporate actions and could have the effect of delaying or preventing
a change in control of the Company. In addition, the Company has not elected
to be excluded from the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General
Corporation Law, which imposes certain limitations on transactions between a
corporation and "interested" shareholders, as defined in such provisions. See
"Description of Capital Stock."
ADVERSE IMPACT OF SHARES ELIGIBLE FOR FUTURE SALE
Sales of Common Stock (including Common Stock issued upon the exercise of
outstanding options) in the public market after the Offering could materially
adversely affect the market price of the Common Stock. Such sales also might
make it more difficult for the Company to sell equity securities or equity-
related securities in the future at a time and price that the Company deems
acceptable, or at all. Upon the completion of the Offering, the Company will
have 15,862,500 shares of Common Stock outstanding. Of these outstanding
shares of Common Stock, the 2,400,000 shares sold in the Offering will be
freely tradable without restriction under the Securities Act of 1933, as
amended (the "Securities Act"), unless purchased by "affiliates" of the
Company, as that term is defined in Rule 144 under the Securities Act. The
remaining shares of Common Stock held by existing shareholders are "restricted
securities" as that term is defined in Rule 144 under the Securities Act, and
were issued and sold by the Company in reliance on exemptions from the
registration requirements of the Securities Act. These restricted shares may
be sold in the public market only if registered or pursuant to an exemption
from registration, such as Rule 144, 144(k) or 701 under the Securities Act.
All officers, directors and existing shareholders have agreed, pursuant to
certain lock-up agreements, that they will not offer, sell, contract to sell,
grant any option to sell or otherwise dispose of, directly or indirectly, any
shares of Common Stock owned by them for a period of 180 days after the date
of this Prospectus without the prior written consent of Alex. Brown & Sons
Incorporated. Furthermore, all option holders are precluded from selling any
shares issuable to them through the exercise of options for a 180-day lock
period, under the terms of such options. As a result of the lock-up
agreements, no shares of Common Stock will become available for sale in the
public market under either Rule 144 or 144(k). Upon expiration of the lock-up
agreements, approximately 1,422,868 shares of Common Stock held by existing
shareholders will be eligible for sale without restriction pursuant to Rule
144(k), and approximately 7,253,776 shares held by existing shareholders will
be eligible for sale subject to the volume and other restrictions of Rule 144
and Rule 701. The approximately 4,785,856 remaining Restricted Shares will not
be eligible for sale pursuant to Rule 144 until the expiration of their two-
year holding periods. In addition, it is anticipated that approximately
476,761 shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of options outstanding
at September 29, 1996 will become eligible for sale in the public market upon
the expiration of the lock-up under the terms of such options, which
expiration shall occur 180 days after the closing of the Offering. The
Securities and Exchange Commission has recently proposed reducing the initial
Rule 144 holding period to one year and the Rule 144(k) holding period to two
years. There can be no assurance as to when or whether such rule changes will
be enacted. If enacted, such modification will have a material effect on the
time when shares of the Company's Common Stock become eligible for resale.
Following completion of the Offering, 13,350,000 shares will be entitled to
certain demand and piggyback registration rights upon termination of lock-up
agreements. Any exercise of these registration rights may cause the Company to
incur substantial expense, could impair the Company's ability to raise capital
through the sale of its equity securities and, if sold, could have an adverse
effect on the market price of the Common Stock. See "Description of Capital
Stock--Registration Rights" and "Shares Eligible for Future Sale."
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BENEFITS OF OFFERING TO EXISTING SHAREHOLDERS
All of the Company's shareholders, including those selling in the Offering
(the "Selling Shareholders"), will benefit from the creation of a public
market for the Company's Common Stock as a result of the Offering. In
particular, the Selling Shareholders are selling an aggregate of 600,000
shares of Common Stock which, at an assumed initial offering price of $12.00
per share, less underwriting discounts and commissions, would result in
aggregate net proceeds to the Selling Shareholders of approximately $6.7
million. In addition, the Selling Shareholders benefit from the Underwriters'
marketing efforts in connection with the Offering and their firm commitment to
purchase the shares offered hereby. Further, the Selling Shareholders, to the
extent of their sales, will not be subject to the risk of a decline in the
price of the Company's Common Stock in the public market. See "--Possible
Volatility of Stock Price." The Company will not receive any proceeds from the
sale of Common Stock by the Selling Shareholders. See "Principal and Selling
Shareholders."
BROAD DISCRETION OF MANAGEMENT TO ALLOCATE OFFERING PROCEEDS
The Company expects to use substantially all of the net proceeds of the
Offering for capital expenditures, to finance new product development and to
increase the Company's funds available for working capital and general
corporate purposes. The Company may utilize approximately $4 million of the
proceeds for capital expenditures related to the purchase of equipment and
systems. Approximately $3 million of the proceeds may be used toward new
product research and development efforts, including research and development
related to PCS RF power amplifiers and enhancements to the Company's multi-
channel cellular amplifiers. The remainder of the proceeds, approximately
$12.1 million, may be used toward other working capital purposes, such as
increasing the Company's engineering activities and augmenting the Company's
sales, marketing, administrative and technical support organizations. The
Company's management will have broad discretion to allocate the proceeds of
the Offering and the amounts actually expended for each use listed above may
vary significantly depending on a number of factors, including the amount of
future revenues, the amount of cash generated or used by the Company's
operations, the progress of the Company's product development efforts,
technological advances, the status of competitive products and acquisition
opportunities presented to the Company. Pending such uses, the Company intends
to invest the net proceeds of the Offering in short-term, investment-grade
money market instruments. See "Use of Proceeds."
DILUTION
The assumed initial public offering price of $12.00 per share is
substantially higher than the net tangible book value per share of Common
Stock. Investors purchasing shares of Common Stock in the Offering will incur
immediate and substantial net tangible book value dilution of $9.76 per share.
To the extent that options to purchase the Company's Common Stock are
exercised, there will be further dilution. See "Dilution."
ABSENCE OF DIVIDENDS
The Company has never paid cash dividends on its Common Stock and does not
anticipate paying cash dividends in the foreseeable future. The Company's bank
credit agreement currently restricts the Company from paying cash dividends
without the prior written consent of the bank. See "Dividend Policy."
17
<PAGE>
USE OF PROCEEDS
The net proceeds to the Company from the sale of the 1,800,000 shares of
Common Stock offered by the Company hereby at an assumed offering price of
$12.00 per share are estimated to be $19,138,000 ($23,155,600 if the
Underwriters' over-allotment option is exercised in full). The Company will
not receive any proceeds from the sale of Common Stock by the Selling
Shareholders.
The Company expects to use substantially all of the net proceeds of the
Offering for capital expenditures, to finance new product development and to
increase the Company's funds available for working capital and general
corporate purposes. The Company may utilize approximately $4 million of the
proceeds for capital expenditures related to the purchase of equipment and
systems. Approximately $3 million of the proceeds may be used toward new
product research and development efforts, including research and development
related to PCS RF power amplifiers and enhancements to the Company's multi-
channel cellular amplifiers. The remainder of the proceeds, approximately
$12.1 million, may be used toward other working capital purposes, such as
increasing the Company's engineering activities and augmenting the Company's
sales, marketing, administrative and technical support organizations. A
portion of the net proceeds may also be used for strategic acquisitions of
businesses, products or technologies complementary to those of the Company;
however, the Company is not currently a party to any commitments or agreements
and is not currently involved in any negotiations with respect to any
acquisitions. Except as stated above, the Company has not determined the
amounts it plans to expend with respect to each of the listed uses or the
timing of such expenditures, and management will have broad discretion in the
application of the proceeds. The amounts actually expended for each use listed
above may vary significantly depending on a number of factors, including the
amount of future revenues, the amount of cash generated or used by the
Company's operations, the progress of the Company's product development
efforts, technological advances, the status of competitive products and
acquisition opportunities presented to the Company. Pending such uses, the
Company intends to invest the net proceeds of the Offering in short-term,
investment-grade money market instruments.
DIVIDEND POLICY
The Company anticipates that all future earnings will be retained to finance
future growth. The Company has not paid any dividends on its Common Stock and
does not anticipate paying any dividends on the Common Stock in the
foreseeable future. The Company's bank credit agreement currently restricts
the Company from paying cash dividends without the prior written consent of
the bank.
18
<PAGE>
CAPITALIZATION
The following table sets forth as of September 29, 1996 (i) the actual
capitalization of the Company; (ii) the pro forma capitalization of the
Company after giving effect to the conversion of all outstanding shares of
Series A Preferred Stock into shares of Common Stock at or prior to the
closing of the Offering and the reversal of accrued dividends payable thereon;
and (iii) the capitalization of the Company as adjusted to reflect the receipt
of net proceeds from the sale of 1,800,000 shares of Common Stock offered
hereby at an assumed initial public offering price of $12.00 per share and
receipt of the net proceeds therefrom. This table should be read in
conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto
included elsewhere in this Prospectus. See "Selected Consolidated Financial
Data."
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
SEPTEMBER 29, 1996
----------------------------------------
ACTUAL PRO FORMA(1)(2) AS ADJUSTED(3)
-------- --------------- --------------
(IN THOUSANDS)
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Long-term debt....................... $ 41 $ 41 $ 41
Series A Convertible Preferred Stock,
$.0001 par value; 3,375,900 shares
authorized, 3,375,900 issued and
outstanding, actual; no shares
issued or outstanding, pro forma or
as adjusted......................... 14,498
Shareholders' equity:
Preferred Stock, $.0001 par value;
5,000,000 shares authorized and no
shares outstanding pro forma and as
adjusted............................
Common Stock, $.0001 par value;
20,000,000 shares authorized,
8,998,650 shares issued and
outstanding, actual; 14,062,500
shares issued and outstanding, pro
forma; 40,000,000 shares authorized
and 15,862,500 shares outstanding,
as adjusted(2)...................... 771 15,269 34,407
Retained earnings.................... 11,963 13,313 13,313
Less Treasury Stock at cost.......... (12,231) (12,231) (12,231)
-------- -------- --------
Total shareholders' equity ........ 503 16,351 35,489
-------- -------- --------
Total capitalization............. $ 15,042 $ 16,392 $ 35,530
======== ======== ========
</TABLE>
- --------
(1) Excludes 1,823,179 shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of
outstanding stock options as of September 29, 1996 at a weighted average
exercise price of $3.31 per share. Under an agreement with the Company,
certain shareholders have agreed that, once the Company has issued an
initial 1,095,000 shares of Common Stock under the 1995 Stock Option Plan,
any additional shares issued under that Plan upon an option exercise will
be coupled with a pro rata redemption from those shareholders of an equal
number of shares at a redemption price equaling the option exercise price.
See "Management--1995 Stock Option Plan."
(2) Gives effect to the conversion of 3,375,900 shares of Series A Preferred
Stock into 5,063,850 shares of Common Stock upon the closing of the
Offering and the reversal of accrued dividends payable thereon. See Note 2
of notes to the consolidated financial statements, "Description of Capital
Stock" and "Management--1995 Stock Option Plan."
(3) Adjusted to reflect the sale by the Company of 1,800,000 shares of Common
Stock at an assumed initial public offering price of $12.00 per share and
the application of the estimated net proceeds therefrom. See "Use of
Proceeds" and "Selected Consolidated Financial Data."
19
<PAGE>
DILUTION
The pro forma net tangible book value of the Company as of September 29, 1996
was approximately $16,351,000, or approximately $1.16 per share. Pro forma net
tangible book value per share represents the amount of the Company's
shareholders' equity, less intangible assets, divided by 14,062,500 shares of
Common Stock outstanding after giving effect to the conversion of all the
outstanding shares of Series A Preferred Stock into Common Stock.
Pro forma net tangible book value dilution per share represents the
difference between the amount per share paid by purchasers of shares of Common
Stock in the Offering and the pro forma net tangible book value per share of
Common Stock immediately after completion of the Offering. After giving effect
to the sale of the 1,800,000 shares of Common Stock offered by the Company
hereby at an assumed initial public offering price of $12.00 per share, and
deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering
expenses payable by the Company, the Company's pro forma net tangible book
value at September 29, 1996, would have been $35,489,000, or $2.24 per share.
This represents an immediate increase in pro forma net tangible book value of
$1.08 per share to existing shareholders and an immediate dilution in pro forma
net tangible book value of $9.76 per share to new investors purchasing Common
Stock in the Offering, as illustrated in the following table:
<TABLE>
<S> <C> <C>
Assumed initial public offering price per share................ $12.00
Pro forma net tangible book value per share as of
September 29, 1996.......................................... $1.16
Increase per share attributable to new investors............. 1.08
-----
Pro forma net tangible book value per share after the Offering. 2.24
------
Pro forma net tangible book value dilution per share to new
investors..................................................... $ 9.76
======
</TABLE>
The following table sets forth, on a pro forma basis as of September 29,
1996, the difference between the existing shareholders and the purchasers of
shares in the Offering (at an assumed price of $12.00 per share) with respect
to the number of shares purchased from the Company, the total consideration
paid and the average price per share paid.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
SHARES PURCHASED TOTAL CONSIDERATION
------------------ ------------------- AVERAGE PRICE
NUMBER PERCENT AMOUNT PERCENT PER SHARE
---------- ------- ----------- ------- -------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Existing
Shareholders(1)(2)........ 14,062,500 88.7% $15,269,000 41.4% $ 1.09
New Investors............. 1,800,000 11.3 21,600,000 58.6 $12.00
---------- ----- ----------- -----
Total................... 15,862,500 100.0% $36,869,000 100.0%
========== ===== =========== =====
</TABLE>
- --------
(1) Sales by the Selling Shareholders in the Offering will cause the number of
shares held by existing shareholders to be reduced to 13,462,500 shares, or
84.9% of the total number of shares to be outstanding after the Offering
(83.0% if the Underwriters' over-allotment option is exercised in full),
and will increase the number of shares held by new investors to 2,400,000,
or 15.1% of the total shares of Common Stock outstanding after the Offering
(2,760,000 shares, or 17.0%, if the Underwriters' over-allotment option is
exercised in full). See "Principal and Selling Shareholders."
(2) Excludes amounts attributable to Treasury Stock.
20
<PAGE>
SELECTED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL DATA
The selected consolidated statements of operations data set forth below for
each of the years ended December 31, 1993, 1994 and 1995 and the nine months
ended September 29, 1996 and the balance sheet data as of December 31, 1994,
1995 and September 29, 1996 are derived from the financial statements of the
Company audited by Deloitte & Touche LLP, independent auditors, which are
included elsewhere in this Prospectus. The selected balance sheet data as of
December 31, 1993 are derived from the Company's audited balance sheet which
is not included herein. The selected financial data with respect to the
Company's consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December
31, 1991 and 1992 and the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 1991
and 1992 are derived from the Company's unaudited consolidated financial
statements, which are not included herein. The selected consolidated financial
data with respect to the Company's consolidated statements of operations for
the nine months ended September 30, 1995 and the consolidated balance sheet as
of September 30, 1995, are derived from the Company's unaudited consolidated
financial statements. The consolidated unaudited financial statements have
been prepared by the Company on a basis consistent with the audited
consolidated financial statements and include all normal recurring adjustments
necessary for a fair presentation of the information. The results of
operations for the fiscal nine months ended September 29, 1996 are not
necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for any subsequent
period. The data set forth below should be read in conjunction with
"Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of
Operations" and the consolidated financial statements and related notes
included elsewhere in this Prospectus.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
NINE MONTHS ENDED
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, SEPTEMBER 30, SEPTEMBER 29,
--------------------------------------- ------------- -------------
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1995 1996
------ ------ ------ ------- ------- ------------- -------------
(IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA)
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
STATEMENT OF OPERATIONS
DATA:
Net sales............... $2,802 $4,083 $8,717 $22,861 $36,044 $22,384 $43,594
Cost of sales........... 1,912 2,928 6,567 14,466 22,713 14,554 25,371
------ ------ ------ ------- ------- ------- -------
Gross profit............ 890 1,155 2,150 8,395 13,331 7,830 18,223
Operating expenses:
Sales and marketing.... 199 200 387 570 1,557 1,013 3,315
Research and
development........... 125 380 581 1,433 2,252 1,401 4,033
General and
administrative........ 382 384 559 1,518 1,958 1,288 2,004
------ ------ ------ ------- ------- ------- -------
Total operating
expenses............... 706 964 1,527 3,521 5,767 3,702 9,352
------ ------ ------ ------- ------- ------- -------
Operating income........ 184 191 623 4,874 7,564 4,128 8,871
Other income (expense).. (24) 6 (5) (20) 32 -- 333
------ ------ ------ ------- ------- ------- -------
Income before income
taxes.................. 160 197 618 4,854 7,596 4,128 9,204
Provision for income
taxes.................. 51 35 267 1,908 3,116 1,694 3,774
------ ------ ------ ------- ------- ------- -------
Net income.............. $ 109 $ 162 $ 351 $ 2,946 $ 4,480 $ 2,434 $ 5,430
====== ====== ====== ======= ======= ======= =======
Pro forma net income per
share.................. $ .30 $ .36
======= =======
Pro forma weighted
average common shares.. 14,774 14,774
</TABLE>
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
NINE MONTHS ENDED
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, SEPTEMBER 30, SEPTEMBER 29,
----------------------------------- ------------- -------------
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1995 1996
------ ------ ------ ------ ------- ------------- -------------
(IN THOUSANDS)
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
BALANCE SHEET DATA:
Cash and cash
equivalents............ $ 633 $ 396 $ 359 $3,030 $ 5,861 $ 615 $10,389
Working capital......... 559 592 679 3,486 9,640 5,756 11,197
Total assets............ 1,417 1,631 4,446 9,551 16,463 12,900 25,060
Long-term debt.......... 39 63 56 176 138 160 41
Total shareholders'
equity(1).............. 683 845 1,196 4,142 10,620 6,577 15,001
</TABLE>
- --------
(1) Includes amounts attributable to Preferred Stock.
21
<PAGE>
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
OVERVIEW
Powerwave designs, manufactures and markets ultra-linear RF power amplifiers
for use in the wireless communications market. The Company's amplifiers, which
are key components in wireless communications networks, increase the signal
strength of wireless transmissions while reducing interference. The Company's
amplifiers are currently being utilized in cellular base stations and support
a broad range of analog and digital transmission protocols, including CDMA,
TDMA, GSM, FHMA, AMPS and TACS. The Company also produces power amplifiers for
the SMR market and air-to-ground amplifiers used in both ground stations and
commercial aircraft. The Company's customer base consists primarily of OEMs of
wireless infrastructure equipment as well as specialized equipment
manufacturers and designers in various wireless communications markets.
Powerwave was formed in 1985 to develop a line of high-power RF amplifiers
suitable for use with VHF/UHF, AM/FM transceivers. The Company also offered
products for use in the SMR industry. For the next several years, the Company
continued product development in the land mobile radio industry, broadening
its product offerings and selling to a diversified customer base.
In late 1994, Powerwave developed a multi-channel linear RF amplifier which
could be utilized in the transmission of radio signals for cellular base
stations. In 1995, the Company began supplying multi-channel RF linear
amplifiers for use in the deployment of a digital cellular network utilizing
CDMA technology in South Korea. In 1996, the Company commenced development of
amplifier products for PCS networks.
A small number of customers account for a substantial majority of the
Company's net sales. Although the Company is attempting to expand its customer
base, the Company expects that a limited number of customers will continue to
represent a substantial portion of the Company's net sales for the foreseeable
future. The Company believes that its future success depends upon its ability
to broaden its customer base. The Company's four largest customers include, in
alphabetical order, Hyundai, In-Flight, LGIC and Samsung. For the nine months
ended September 29, 1996, these customers, each of which accounted for more
than 10% of the Company's net sales, accounted for approximately 81% of the
Company's net sales in the aggregate. In-Flight purchases the Company's
products for implementation in an air-to-ground wireless network. As this
network has been substantially completed, the Company expects sales to In-
Flight to decrease significantly in future periods. Sales of power amplifiers
to wireless infrastructure equipment suppliers are expected to continue to
account for a substantial majority of the Company's product sales. Hyundai,
LGIC and Samsung currently purchase products for implementation in the South
Korean digital cellular telephone network. The Company expects that sales to
these customers of products for use in the South Korean cellular network will
decline as that network nears completion, which is expected to occur in the
next one to two years. See "Risk Factors--Reliance upon South Korean Market
and Growth of Wireless Services Market." A limited number of large OEMs
account for a majority of RF power amplifier purchases in this market, and the
Company's success will be dependent upon its ability to establish and maintain
relationships with these types of customers. There can be no assurance that a
major customer will not reduce, delay or eliminate its purchases from the
Company, which could have a material adverse effect on the Company's business,
results of operations and financial condition.
In recent periods, Powerwave's revenues have continued to increase
significantly, primarily as a result of increasing sales to a limited number
of customers supplying the South Korean marketplace. The Company is attempting
to expand its customer base as it pursues additional opportunities within the
wireless infrastructure equipment market. The Company has experienced, and
expects to continue to experience, declining average sales prices for its
multi-channel amplifier products. Wireless infrastructure equipment
manufacturers have come under increasing price pressure from cellular service
providers, which in turn has resulted in downward pricing pressure on the
Company's products. Consequently, the
22
<PAGE>
Company believes that in order to maintain or improve existing gross margins
in the near term, it must achieve manufacturing cost reductions, and in the
long term it must develop new products that incorporate advanced features and
that command higher gross margins. The Company has initiated actions that it
believes will reduce its materials and manufacturing costs and intends to
continue to invest significant internal resources in the development of its
amplification products. See "Risk Factors--Declining Average Sales Prices."
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following table summarizes the Company's results of operations as a
percentage of net sales for the fiscal years ended December 31, 1993, 1994 and
1995 and the nine-month periods ended September 30, 1995 and September 29,
1996.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
PERCENTAGE OF REVENUES
------------------------------------------------------
NINE MONTHS ENDED
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, SEPTEMBER 30, SEPTEMBER 29,
------------------------- ------------- -------------
1993 1994 1995 1995 1996
------- ------- ------- ------------- -------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
STATEMENT OF OPERATIONS
DATA:
Net sales............... 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Cost of sales........... 75.3 63.3 63.0 65.0 58.2
------- ------- ------- ----- -----
Gross profit............ 24.7 36.7 37.0 35.0 41.8
Operating expenses:
Sales and marketing... 4.4 2.5 4.3 4.5 7.6
Research and
development.......... 6.7 6.3 6.3 6.3 9.3
General and
administrative....... 6.4 6.6 5.4 5.7 4.6
------- ------- ------- ----- -----
Total operating
expenses............... 17.5 15.4 16.0 16.5 21.5
Operating income........ 7.2 21.3 21.0 18.5 20.3
Other income (expense).. (0.1) (0.1) 0.1 -- 0.8
------- ------- ------- ----- -----
Income before income
taxes................... 7.1 21.2 21.1 18.5 21.1
Provision for income
taxes................... 3.1 8.3 8.7 7.6 8.7
------- ------- ------- ----- -----
Net income.............. 4.0% 12.9% 12.4% 10.9% 12.4%
======= ======= ======= ===== =====
</TABLE>
YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1993, 1994 AND 1995
Net Sales
The Company's net sales are derived primarily from the sale of RF power
amplifiers for use in wireless communications networks. The Company's revenues
increased 162.3% from $8.7 million in 1993 to $22.9 million in 1994 and
increased 57.7% to $36.0 million in 1995. The increase from 1993 to 1994 was
principally attributable to increased sales of a new generation SMR amplifier
product to a single customer. In 1994, three customers accounted for
approximately 65% of total revenues. For 1994, SMR and paging systems
accounted for approximately 56% of revenues, while air-to-ground amplifier
sales accounted for approximately 30% of revenues. The increase in revenues
from 1994 to 1995 was principally attributable to the introduction of several
new cellular multi-channel linear RF power amplifier products. For 1995,
multi-channel linear RF amplifiers accounted for approximately 54% of
revenues, while SMR and paging accounted for approximately 29% of revenues. In
1995, four customers accounted for approximately 81% of total revenues.
Revenues attributable to air-to-ground amplifiers were reduced to 15% of
revenues for the year. The increase in multi-channel amplifier sales was
largely attributable to supplying the Company's South Korean customers for the
implementation of the digital cellular network in South Korea. During 1995,
four customers accounted for approximately 29%, 15%, 13% and 11%,
respectively, of revenues. Increases in revenue from 1993 to 1994 and from
1994 to 1995 were attributable primarily to increases in sales volume,
partially offset by declining average sales prices in the respective periods.
See "Risk Factors--Declining Average Sales Prices."
For the fiscal years 1993, 1994 and 1995 international revenues accounted
for 8.0%, 8.7% and 67.1%, respectively, of the Company's net sales. The
Company expects that international revenues will continue to account for a
significant percentage of the Company's net sales for the foreseeable future.
As a result,
23
<PAGE>
the Company is subject to various risks, including a greater difficulty of
administering business globally, compliance with multiple and potentially
conflicting regulatory requirements such as export requirements, tariffs and
other barriers, differences in intellectual property protections, health and
safety requirements, difficulties in staffing and managing foreign operations,
longer accounts receivable cycles, restrictions against the repatriation of
earnings, export control restrictions, overlapping or differing tax
structures, political and economic instability, general trade restrictions and
currency fluctuations. The Company's international sales are generally
invoiced in U.S. dollars and, as such, foreign currency fluctuations have not
had a significant effect on the financial results of the Company in the past.
See "Risk Factors--Risks of Doing Business in International Markets."
Gross Profit
Cost of sales consists primarily of raw materials, assembly and test labor,
overhead, warranty costs and royalties. Gross profit margins were 24.7%, 36.7%
and 37.0% in 1993, 1994 and 1995, respectively. The gross profit margins
between 1993 and 1994 increased as manufacturing overhead was further absorbed
with increased sales of the same product line. The gross margins between 1994
and 1995 remained relatively constant primarily due to a decrease in average
sales prices on existing SMR products which were offset by a change in the
sales mix to new cellular multi-channel RF amplifier products, which have
higher gross margins. For a discussion of the effects of declining average
sales prices on the Company's business, see "Risk Factors--Declining Average
Sales Prices." The wireless communications infrastructure equipment industry
is extremely competitive and is characterized by rapid technological change,
new product development and product obsolescence, evolving industry standards
and significant price erosion over the life of a product. Due to these
competitive pressures, the Company expects that the average sales prices of
its products will continue to decrease. Future pricing actions by the Company
and its competitors may adversely impact the Company's gross margins and
profitability, which could also result in decreased liquidity and adversely
affect the Company's business, results of operations and financial condition.
Operating Expenses
Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of sales commissions,
salaries and other expenses for sales and marketing personnel, travel expenses
and trade shows. Sales and marketing expenses increased by 47.4% from $0.4
million in 1993 to $0.6 million in 1994 and increased by 173.1% to $1.6
million in 1995. Sales and marketing expenses as a percentage of revenues were
4.4%, 2.5% and 4.3% in 1993, 1994 and 1995, respectively. The decrease in
sales and marketing expenses as a percentage of sales between 1993 and 1994
resulted from the Company's decision to hold sales and marketing expenses
relatively constant while revenues were growing. The increase in sales and
marketing expenses between 1994 and 1995 was primarily attributable to
increases in sales personnel and sales commissions related to increased
product sales.
Research and development expenses include ongoing amplifier design and
development expenses, as well as those design expenses associated with
reducing the cost and improving the manufacturability of existing amplifiers.
Research and development expenses increased by 146.6% from $0.6 million in
1993 to $1.4 million in 1994 and increased by 57.2% to $2.3 million in 1995.
The increase in research and development expenses has been due to the
Company's continued commitment to new product development, which includes
development during 1994 and 1995 of multi-channel linear RF amplifiers for the
cellular marketplace. Research and development expenses as a percentage of
revenues were 6.7%, 6.3% and 6.3% in 1993, 1994 and 1995, respectively. The
increase in expenses between 1993 and 1994 and 1994 and 1995 was primarily due
to increased personnel costs, materials costs related to design and
development of product prototypes, consulting costs and related overhead
expenses.
General and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries and other
expenses for management, finance, accounting and human resources. General and
administrative expenses increased by 171.4% from $0.6 million in 1993 to $1.5
million in 1994 and increased by 29.0% to $2.0 million in 1995. General and
administrative expenses as a percentage of revenues were 6.4%, 6.6% and 5.4%
in 1993, 1994 and 1995,
24
<PAGE>
respectively. The increase in general and administrative expenses between 1993
and 1994 was primarily due to higher incentive payments in 1994 as opposed to
1993. General and administrative expenses increased from 1994 to 1995 due to
increases in personnel and related labor costs.
Other Income (Expense)
The Company incurred net interest expense in 1993 and 1994 from the use of
capital lease financing to fund the Company's capital equipment expenditures
and working capital requirements. The Company generated net interest income in
1995 as a result of excess working capital which was invested in short-term
money market instruments.
Provision for Income Taxes
The Company's effective tax rates were 43.1%, 39.3% and 41.0% for the years
ended December 31, 1993, 1994 and 1995, respectively.
NINE MONTHS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 1995 AND SEPTEMBER 29, 1996
Net Sales
Sales increased by 94.8% from $22.4 million for the nine months ended
September 30, 1995 to $43.6 million in the nine months ended September 29,
1996. The growth in revenue was primarily attributable to increased demand by
the Company's South Korean customers for multi-channel linear amplifiers,
partially offset by a decrease in sales volumes of SMR and paging amplifiers
and by a decline in average sales prices of multi-channel linear amplifiers.
For the first nine months of 1996, multi-channel linear amplifiers accounted
for approximately 76% of revenues, compared to approximately 43% for the first
nine months of 1995. SMR and paging amplifiers accounted for approximately 11%
of revenues for the first nine months of 1996, compared to approximately 35%
of revenues for the comparable period in 1995. Air-to-ground amplifiers
accounted for approximately 12% of revenues in the first nine months of 1996,
compared to approximately 18% in 1995. International sales accounted for 62.1%
of revenues for the first nine months of 1995, compared with 72.5% for the
first nine months of 1996.
Gross Profit
The gross margin for the nine months ended September 30, 1995 and September
29, 1996 as a percentage of sales was 35.0% and 41.8%, respectively. The
increase in gross margins during the first nine months of 1996 was primarily
attributable to reductions in manufacturing costs and a shift in sales mix to
multi-channel linear RF amplifiers which have higher gross margins.
Operating Expenses
Sales and marketing expenses increased by 227.3% from $1.0 million for the
nine months ended September 30, 1995 to $3.3 million for the nine months ended
September 29, 1996. Sales and marketing expenses as a percentage of sales for
the nine months ended September 30, 1995 and September 29, 1996 were 4.5% and
7.6%, respectively. The increase in sales and marketing expenses was primarily
attributable to increases in the sales and marketing staff and sales
commissions related to increased product sales. The Company intends to
increase its investment in sales and marketing in future periods.
Research and development expenses increased by 187.9% from $1.4 million for
the nine months ended September 30, 1995 to $4.0 million for the nine months
ended September 29, 1996. Research and development expenses as a percentage of
sales were 6.3% and 9.3%, respectively. The increase in research and
development expenses during the first nine months of 1996 was primarily
attributable to increased
25
<PAGE>
staffing and associated engineering costs related to continued new product
development, including the Company's second generation multi-channel linear
amplifier for cellular networks, and ongoing product enhancements. During the
second quarter of 1996, the Company also began development work on amplifier
products for PCS networks. The Company intends to increase its investment in
research and development in future periods.
General and administrative expenses increased by 55.6% from $1.3 million for
the nine months ended September 30, 1995 to $2.0 million for the nine months
ended September 29, 1996. General and administrative expenses as a percentage
of sales were 5.7% and 4.6%, respectively. The increase in general and
administrative expenses during the first nine months of 1996 was primarily
attributable to increased staffing costs associated with supporting the
Company's increased revenues.
Provision for Income Taxes
The Company's effective tax rate was 41.0% for both the nine month periods
ended September 30, 1995 and September 29, 1996.
26
<PAGE>
Quarterly Results of Operations
The following tables present unaudited quarterly financial information for
each quarter of fiscal 1994, 1995 and the first nine months of 1996. The
information has been prepared by the Company on a basis consistent with the
Company's audited consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in
this Prospectus and includes all necessary adjustments, consisting only of
normal recurring adjustments, that management considers necessary for a fair
presentation of the unaudited quarterly results when read in conjunction with
the audited consolidated financial statements of the Company and the notes
thereto appearing elsewhere in this Prospectus. These operating results are
not necessarily indicative of results that may be expected for any subsequent
periods.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
QUARTER ENDED
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
MAR. 31, JUNE 30, SEPT. 30, DEC. 31, MAR. 31, JUNE 30, SEPT. 30, DEC. 31, MAR. 31, JUNE 30, SEPT. 29,
1994 1994 1994 1994 1995 1995 1995 1995 1996 1996 1996
-------- -------- --------- -------- -------- -------- --------- -------- -------- -------- ---------
(IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA)
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
STATEMENT OF
OPERATIONS DATA:
Net sales........ $4,791 $6,469 $7,394 $4,207 $4,593 $6,980 $10,811 $13,660 $13,807 $15,301 $14,486
Cost of sales.... 3,095 4,101 4,510 2,760 3,337 4,616 6,601 8,159 8,229 9,000 8,142
------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------- ------- ------- ------- -------
Gross profit..... 1,696 2,368 2,884 1,447 1,256 2,364 4,210 5,501 5,578 6,301 6,344
Operating
expenses:
Sales and
marketing...... 119 159 150 142 227 338 448 544 1,056 1,103 1,156
Research and
development.... 268 347 389 429 298 461 642 851 1,075 1,375 1,583
General and
administrative. 298 320 412 488 397 441 450 670 612 671 721
------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------- ------- ------- ------- -------
Total operating
expenses........ 685 826 951 1,059 922 1,240 1,540 2,065 2,743 3,149 3,460
------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------- ------- ------- ------- -------
Operating income. 1,011 1,542 1,933 388 334 1,124 2,670 3,436 2,835 3,152 2,884
Other income
(expense)....... (9) (29) (6) 24 18 (11) (7) 32 59 120 154
------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------- ------- ------- ------- -------
Income before
income taxes.... 1,002 1,513 1,927 412 352 1,113 2,663 3,468 2,894 3,272 3,038
Provision for
income taxes.... 394 595 758 161 144 457 1,093 1,422 1,186 1,342 1,246
------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------- ------- ------- ------- -------
Net income....... $ 608 $ 918 $1,169 $ 251 $ 208 $ 656 $ 1,570 $ 2,046 $ 1,708 $ 1,930 $ 1,792
====== ====== ====== ====== ====== ====== ======= ======= ======= ======= =======
</TABLE>
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
QUARTER ENDED
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
MAR. 31, JUNE 30, SEPT. 30, DEC. 31, MAR. 31, JUNE 30, SEPT. 30, DEC. 31, MAR. 31, JUNE 30, SEPT. 29,
1994 1994 1994 1994 1995 1995 1995 1995 1996 1996 1996
-------- -------- --------- -------- -------- -------- --------- -------- -------- -------- ---------
AS A PERCENTAGE OF NET SALES
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
STATEMENT OF
OPERATIONS DATA:
Net sales........ 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Cost of sales.... 64.6 63.4 61.0 65.6 72.7 66.1 61.1 59.7 59.6 58.8 56.2
----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
Gross profit..... 35.4 36.6 39.0 34.4 27.3 33.9 38.9 40.3 40.4 41.2 43.8
Operating
expenses:
Sales and
marketing...... 2.5 2.5 2.0 3.4 5.0 4.8 4.1 4.0 7.6 7.2 8.0
Research and
development.... 5.6 5.4 5.3 10.2 6.5 6.6 5.9 6.2 7.8 9.0 10.9
General and
administrative. 6.2 4.9 5.6 11.6 8.6 6.3 4.2 4.9 4.4 4.4 5.0
----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
Total operating
expenses........ 14.3 12.8 12.9 25.2 20.1 17.7 14.2 15.1 19.8 20.6 23.9
Operating income. 21.1 23.8 26.1 9.2 7.2 16.2 24.7 25.2 20.6 20.6 19.9
Other income
(expense)....... (0.2) (0.4) (0.1) 0.6 0.5 (0.3) (0.1) 0.2 0.4 0.8 1.1
----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
Income before
income taxes.... 20.9 23.4 26.0 9.8 7.7 15.9 24.6 25.4 21.0 21.4 21.0
Provision for
income taxes.... 8.2 9.2 10.3 3.8 3.2 6.5 10.1 10.4 8.6 8.8 8.6
----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
Net income....... 12.7% 14.2% 15.7% 6.0% 4.5% 9.4% 14.5% 15.0% 12.4% 12.6% 12.4%
===== ===== ===== ===== ===== ===== ===== ===== ===== ===== =====
</TABLE>
The Company experiences, and expects to continue to experience, significant
fluctuations in sales and operating results from quarter to quarter. Quarterly
results fluctuate due to a number of factors, any of which could have a
material adverse effect on the Company's business, results of operations and
financial condition. In particular, the Company's quarterly results of
operations can vary due to the timing, cancellation, or rescheduling of
customer orders and shipments; variations in manufacturing capacities,
efficiencies and costs; the availability and cost of
27
<PAGE>
components; the timing, availability and sale of new products by the Company;
changes in the mix of products having differing gross margins; warranty
expenses; changes in average sales prices; long sales cycles associated with
the Company's products; and variations in product development and other
operating expenses. The Company's quarterly revenues are also affected by
volume discounts given to certain customers for large volume purchases over a
given period of time. In addition, the Company's quarterly results of
operations are influenced by competitive factors, including pricing,
availability and demand for the Company's and competing amplification
products. A large portion of the Company's expenses are fixed and difficult to
reduce in a short period of time. If net sales do not meet the Company's
expectations, the Company's fixed expenses would exacerbate the effect of such
net sales shortfall. Furthermore, announcements by the Company or its
competitors regarding new products and technologies could cause customers to
defer purchases of the Company's products. In addition, while the Company
receives periodic order forecasts from its major customers, such customers
have no binding obligation to purchase the forecasted amounts. See "Risk
Factors--Customer Concentration." Order deferrals and cancellations by the
Company's customers, declining average sales prices, delays in the Company's
introduction of new products and longer than anticipated sales cycles for the
Company's products have in the past adversely affected the Company's quarterly
results of operations. There can be no assurance that the Company's quarterly
results of operations will not be similarly adversely affected in the future.
See "Risk Factors--Fluctuations in Quarterly Results."
Due to the foregoing factors, the Company believes that period-to-period
comparisons of its operating results are not necessarily meaningful and that
such comparisons cannot be relied upon as indicators of future performance.
There can be no assurance that the Company will maintain its current
profitability in the future or that future revenues and operating results will
not be below the expectations of public market analysts and investors. In
either case, the price of the Company's Common Stock could be materially
adversely affected.
Net Sales
Sales grew substantially over the eleven-quarter period, with significant
quarter to quarter fluctuations. Fluctuations in revenues over the four
quarters of fiscal 1994 and the first two quarters of fiscal 1995 resulted
primarily from fluctuations in demand for SMR and air-to-ground amplifier
products. The increase in revenues in the final two quarters of fiscal 1995
and the first two quarters of fiscal 1996 resulted primarily from increasing
demand for cellular multi-channel linear RF amplifier products. The increase
in revenues in the first two quarters of fiscal 1996 was partially offset by a
reduction in the average sales price of the Company's multi-channel linear RF
amplifier products. The Company relocated its manufacturing and headquarters
facility during July 1996, and the transition resulted in a reduction in
revenue during the third quarter of fiscal 1996.
Gross Profit
Gross profit margins ranged from 27.3% to 43.8% over the eleven-quarter
period, with significant quarter to quarter fluctuations. Gross profit margins
decreased in the fourth quarter of fiscal 1994 and in the first two quarters
of fiscal 1995 primarily as a result of a decrease in revenue, as well as
manufacturing inefficiencies experienced in the introduction of a new
amplifier. The increases in gross margins from the second quarter of fiscal
1995 to the third quarter of fiscal 1996 were primarily attributable to a
shift in the sales mix to multi-channel linear RF amplifiers, improved
manufacturing efficiencies and lower materials costs.
Operating Expenses
Sales and marketing expenses grew over the eleven-quarter period, generally,
with consistent increases quarter to quarter. The increases in sales and
marketing expenses were primarily a result of increased headcount and higher
sales commissions associated with the overall growth in revenue.
Research and development expenses grew substantially over the eleven-quarter
period. The increases in research and development expenses were primarily a
result of increased headcount and associated development costs as the Company
staffed several cellular power amplifier development projects.
28
<PAGE>
Research and development expenses decreased between the fourth quarter of
fiscal 1994 and the first quarter of fiscal 1995 primarily as a result of a
temporary reduction in headcount due to a reduction in business activity and
to lower incentive compensation payments paid in fiscal 1995 as opposed to
fiscal 1994. The increase in research and development expenses during the
first three quarters of 1996 was primarily due to increased staffing and
associated engineering costs related to new product development, including the
Company's second generation multi-channel linear amplifier for cellular
networks. During the second quarter of 1996, the Company also initiated
development work on amplifiers for PCS networks, which work is expected to
continue through fiscal 1997.
General and administrative expenses generally grew consistently over the
eleven-quarter period in support of increasing revenues. The increases in
general and administrative expenses were primarily a result of increased
headcount and associated labor costs. General and administrative expenses
decreased between the fourth quarter of fiscal 1994 and the first quarter of
fiscal 1995 as a result of a temporary reduction in headcount due to a
reduction in business activity and to lower incentive compensation payments
paid in fiscal 1995 as opposed to fiscal 1994. The increase in expenses during
the first three quarters of fiscal 1996 was primarily attributable to
increased staffing cost associated with supporting the Company's revenue
growth.
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
The Company has historically financed its operations primarily through a
combination of cash on hand, cash provided from operations, equipment lease
financings, available borrowings under its bank line of credit and a private
equity offering. As of September 29, 1996, the Company had working capital of
$11.2 million, including $10.4 million in cash and cash equivalents.
Cash provided by operations was approximately $.1 million, $3.7 million, $.9
million and $7.2 million in 1993, 1994, 1995, and in the nine months ended
September 29, 1996, respectively. Cash generated from operations in 1994 was
primarily due to improved profitability and reductions in accounts receivable.
Cash generated from operations in the nine months ended September 29, 1996 was
primarily as a result of increased profitability, improved inventory and
working capital management.
On October 10, 1995, the Company and certain shareholders entered into a
Stock Purchase Agreement with two venture capital fund investors in which the
Company sold a total of 3,375,900 shares of Series A Preferred Stock at an
aggregate price of $15.0 million. As part of these transactions, the Company
subsequently purchased 5,063,850 shares of its Common Stock from certain
shareholders for an aggregate price of $12.5 million. The Company received net
proceeds from this transaction of $2.0 million. The Series A Preferred Stock
has a dividend rate of twelve percent (12%) per annum, commencing January 1,
1996, and payable upon the redemption or repurchase of such Series A Preferred
Stock or the conversion of such Series A Preferred Stock into Common Stock of
the Company after December 31, 1996. If the Company completes an underwritten
public offering pursuant to an effective registration statement under the
Securities Act on or before December 31, 1996, covering the offer and sale of
Common Stock for the account of the Company from which the aggregate net
proceeds to the Company exceed $15.0 million and in which the price per share
is at least $5.924346 per share, the dividend on the Series A Preferred Stock
will not be payable. The Series A Preferred Stock is convertible into shares
of Common Stock of the Company at a rate of one and one-half (1.5) shares of
Common Stock for each share of Series A Preferred Stock, adjusted for any
accrued and unpaid dividends.
Capital expenditures were approximately $.4 million, $.2 million, $.5
million and $2.9 million in 1993, 1994, 1995 and in the nine months ended
September 29, 1996, respectively, of which approximately $77,000, $.2 million,
$0 and $0, respectively, were financed through capital leases. The Company
relocated its headquarters and manufacturing operations to a new leased
facility in July 1996. Leasehold improvements and capital expenditures
associated with this facility totalled approximately $2.0 million and were
substantially completed during the third quarter of 1996.
29
<PAGE>
On May 30, 1996, the Company entered into a $5.0 million unsecured committed
revolving credit agreement with a maturity date of May 31, 1997. The agreement
allows the Company to borrow at the bank's reference rate. The Company is
required to pay a commitment fee equal to .125% per annum based on the average
daily unused portion of the facility. The fee is payable quarterly in arrears.
Under the terms of this credit facility, the Company is required to maintain
certain minimum working capital, net worth and financial ratios. As of
September 29, 1996, the full amount of the facility was available to the
Company and the Company has not utilized this facility.
The Company had cash and cash equivalents of $10.4 million at September 29,
1996, compared with $5.9 million at December 31, 1995. The Company regularly
reviews its cash funding requirements and attempts to meet those requirements
through a combination of cash on hand, cash provided by operations, available
borrowings under any credit facilities, financing through equipment lease
transactions, and possible future public or private debt and/or equity
offerings. The Company invests its excess cash in investment grade short-term
money market instruments.
The Company believes that the net proceeds from the Offering, together with
existing cash balances, funds expected to be generated from operations and
borrowings under its bank line of credit will provide the Company with
sufficient funds to finance its operations for at least the next 12 months.
The Company has utilized lease financing for the equipment used in its
manufacturing operations and expects to continue to do so in the future. The
Company currently anticipates spending approximately $1 million of existing
working capital over the next six months in order to increase production
capacity and support additional research and development activities. The
Company may require additional funds to support its working capital
requirements or for other purposes and may seek to raise such additional funds
through public or private equity and/or debt financings or from other sources.
No assurance can be given that additional financing will be available or that,
if available, such financing will be obtainable on terms favorable to the
Company or its shareholders. See "Risk Factors--Future Capital Requirements."
30
<PAGE>
BUSINESS
Powerwave designs, manufactures and markets ultra-linear RF power amplifiers
for use in the wireless communications market. The Company's amplifiers, which
are key components in wireless communications networks, increase the signal
strength of wireless transmissions while reducing interference, or "noise."
The reduction of noise enables wireless service providers to offer improved
service to subscribers by offering clearer call connections with less
interference. Increasing the signal strength of wireless transmissions also
improves service by reducing the number of interrupted or dropped calls.
Powerwave's RF power amplifiers achieve ultra-linearity at increased levels of
amplification through the application of "feedforward" technology which
enables the Company's multi-channel power amplifiers to significantly reduce
RF interference thereby increasing the efficiency of the wireless service
provider's network.
Powerwave manufactures both single channel and multi-channel amplifiers,
with a focus on multi-channel products. Multi-channel amplifiers integrate the
functions of several power amplifiers and cavity filters within a single unit,
thereby reducing service providers' equipment and maintenance costs and space
requirements while providing increased call capacity. The Company's products
are currently being utilized in cellular base stations in both digital and
analog-based networks and the Company has recently delivered initial prototype
units for PCS networks. The Company's products support a wide range of digital
and analog transmission protocols including CDMA, TDMA, GSM, FHMA, AMPS and
TACS. See "--Markets; Cellular and PCS." The Company also produces power
amplifiers for the SMR market, which is characterized as a two-way radio
market with devices commonly utilized by police and emergency personnel and
the business dispatch marketplace. The Company also manufactures air-to-ground
amplifiers used both in ground stations and in commercial aircraft to amplify
telephone transmissions between airline passengers and ground based networks.
The Company began selling RF power amplifiers for use in analog wireless
networks in 1985. In 1995, the Company began selling multi-channel ultra-
linear amplifiers for installation in digital cellular base stations in South
Korea, and the Company believes that it is the leading supplier of amplifiers
to the South Korean market. South Korea is experiencing rapid economic
development and is one of the first countries worldwide to begin the process
of installing a nationwide digital cellular network. The Company's customers
in the South Korean market include Hyundai, LGIC and Samsung. The Company also
sells amplifiers domestically to numerous wireless equipment suppliers,
including ADC Kentrox Industries, Inc., AirNet Communications Corp., In-Flight
Phone Corp., Metawave Communications Corporation and Phoenix Wireless Group,
Inc.
INDUSTRY BACKGROUND
The worldwide wireless communications market, which consists of cellular,
PCS, SMR, paging, air to ground and other applications, has experienced
significant growth in recent years. According to the Cellular Telephone
Industry Association, the total number of worldwide subscribers for cellular
services, the leading sector of the wireless market, increased 59% from 54.5
million in 1994 to 86.8 million in 1995. The growth in wireless communications
is largely attributable to increased affordability in consumer equipment, such
as cellular phones and pagers, more comprehensive service coverage at lower
prices and technological advancements which have resulted in improved
transmission quality and reliability. International growth has also been
driven by the build-out of cellular networks, including those designed to
serve as primary telephone systems in part due to inadequacies in existing
wireline infrastructures.
The continuing growth of the wireless communications market, and of the
cellular communications segment in particular, has resulted in the crowding of
transmissions within the available spectrum of radio frequencies. In the
United States, only 3% of the usable 4000 megahertz (MHz) of RF spectrum have
been allocated for cellular transmissions. As a result of the limited
allocation of frequencies and the related overcrowding of available
bandwidths, service providers are increasingly deploying digital networks
31
<PAGE>
which, by comparison to analog networks, allow a greater number of
transmissions over the same range of frequencies. Digital networks, by
converting voice transmissions into bits of electronic information, are able
to utilize the existing radio spectrum allocated to cellular transmissions
more efficiently and thereby increase the call capacity of a given network.
The implementation of digital networks, in conjunction with continued growth
and upgrading of analog networks, has resulted in an increased demand for
network infrastructure equipment.
Consumer demand for additional services, combined with capacity constraints
and other limitations of cellular networks, has also led to the development of
PCS, another form of wireless communications which utilizes a higher frequency
range. It is anticipated that PCS applications will include voice
communication, personal messaging, mobile facsimile transmission and wireless
computer networking. The Personal Communications Industry Association
estimates that by the end of the decade there will be approximately 100,000
PCS cell sites in the United States servicing more than 15 million PCS users.
In 1995 and 1996, the United States government auctioned PCS frequency
licenses covering markets throughout the U.S. and its territories for an
aggregate purchase price of approximately $17.4 billion. This indicates the
scale of investment being made in the PCS market. The successful bidders
included AT&T Wireless PCS, Inc., PCS Primeco L.P., a consortium of Bell
Atlantic Corp., Nynex Corporation, Airtouch Communications, Inc. and US West,
Inc.; and Wireless Co., a consortium of Sprint Corp., TCI International, Inc.,
Comcast Corp., Cox Enterprises, Inc. and GTE Corporation.
CELLULAR AND PCS NETWORKS
Cellular networks use a number of base stations with high power antennas to
serve a geographical region. Each region is broken down into a number of
smaller geographical areas, or "cells." Each cell has its own base station
which uses wireless technology to receive subscribers calls and transmit those
calls to the wireline public switched telephone network ("PSTN"). Cellular
networks operate within the 800 and 900 MHz bandwidths of the radio spectrum.
PCS networks operate in a substantially similar manner as cellular networks,
except that PCS networks operate at a higher range in the available RF
spectrum, within the 1800 and 1900 MHz bandwidths. Transmissions at the higher
frequencies utilized by PCS networks have shorter transmission waves as
compared to cellular frequency transmissions, which limit the distances PCS
transmissions can travel without significant degradation. Signals travel
farther at lower frequencies and also penetrate into buildings and other
obstacles better at the lower frequencies. Therefore, PCS networks operating
at the higher frequency ranges will require smaller operating cells and more
base stations than existing cellular networks to cover the same total
geographic region. Additionally, due to the smaller geographical cell size
utilized in PCS networks, PCS base stations and telephones will operate at
lower power levels as compared to existing cellular networks.
Base stations contain a variety of sophisticated electronic equipment,
including RF power amplifiers, transceivers and oscillators. RF power
amplifiers, which are typically the most expensive base station components,
increase the signal strength of the incoming and outgoing transmissions which,
like all radio waves, weaken as transmission distances increase.
Traditionally, base station amplifiers were one of the primary sources of
background noise, as they amplified not only the main signal but the noise
inherent in the signal as well. Background noise, which is measured in
decibels (dBc), distorts the transmission signal and may cause the signal to
transmit outside of its designated frequency, thereby possibly interfering
with other transmissions and resulting in interrupted and dropped calls.
Current amplifier technology reduces the background noise in the transmitted
signal through the use of linearization technology.
Linearity is the degree to which amplified signals remain within their
prescribed band of radio frequency with low distortion or interference with
adjacent channels. An amplifier's capacity to limit or reduce background noise
is dependent on its ability to amplify signals with high linearity. Ultra-
linear power amplifiers amplify a signal while significantly reducing the
related background noise, thus enabling cellular and PCS service providers to
place more signals within a given bandwidth and thereby
32
<PAGE>
accommodate a larger number of subscribers on a network. Utilizing power
amplifiers with high linearity is therefore critical to service providers'
ability to improve the efficiency and increase the capacity of their systems.
In analog cellular networks, each base station is allocated a certain number
of frequency channels, each of which can carry only one call at a time. As
such, a base station utilizing traditional amplification technology can not
transmit or receive more calls than it has available channels at any given
time. Originally, cellular base stations in analog networks used single
channel power amplifiers for each frequency channel allocated to the cell.
Many analog cellular networks now utilize a process known as adaptive channel
allocation in order to increase network capacity. In adaptive channel
allocation, which requires multi-channel amplifiers, unused channels in cells
are temporarily reallocated to augment more heavily utilized adjacent cells.
The signals are amplified simultaneously through a multi-channel power
amplifier which allows for the simultaneous amplification of all channels
within a base station. Multi-channel amplifiers require significantly higher
linearity than do single channel designs, but do not require separate, high-
maintenance, tunable cavity filters. By eliminating the need for separate
cavity filters for each channel, multi-channel amplifiers reduce overall
deployment and maintenance costs associated with base stations. While adaptive
channel allocation using multi-channel linear amplifiers has increased the
capacity of analog networks, many service providers still require additional
capacity to serve the increased flow of transmissions through their networks.
This has led many service providers to begin to move from analog networks to
digital networks.
In digital networks, calls are segmented and transmitted across the entire
bandwidth of allocated spectrum, rather than in single channels of that
spectrum. The calls are reassembled when received at the base station or
cellular phone. While using the entire bandwidth of allocated spectrum results
in greater system capacity, there is a greater likelihood that even minimal
background noise will result in interrupted or dropped calls. Accordingly,
ultra-linear amplification is even more critical in digital networks than in
their analog counterparts.
While the core technologies related to linear amplification of wireless
transmissions are fairly well established, manufacturing reliable ultra-linear
RF power amplifiers in a repeatable, cost-effective manner remains a difficult
process. Due to the nature of RF signals, amplification can cause frequency
and phase variations in the transmission signal for a variety of reasons,
including the electromagnetic make-up of the amplifier's own components. As
such, the manufacturing process involves highly precise fine-tuning of the
amplifier's electronic components by skilled technicians.
The Company believes that the growth in demand for cellular services and the
deployment of PCS will result in increased demand for network infrastructure
equipment meeting more exacting specifications. This has created a significant
market opportunity for third-party RF power amplifier manufacturers capable of
producing highly reliable ultra-linear multi-channel RF power amplifiers in a
repeatable, cost-effective manner.
THE POWERWAVE SOLUTION
Powerwave's focus on multi-channel power amplifiers and the experience it
has gained through the implementation of its products in digital cellular
networks have enabled the Company to develop substantial expertise in ultra-
linear multi-channel power amplifier technology. The Company has developed the
ability to manufacture ultra-linear multi-channel RF power amplifiers in a
standard, repeatable manner, thus allowing for increased production and
reliability. In addition, by obtaining components from numerous leading
technology companies, Powerwave believes it is able to respond quickly and
cost-effectively to new transmission protocols and design specifications. The
manufacturability of the Company's existing multi-channel RF power amplifier
design has allowed it to increase its manufacturing productivity while
reducing its product costs. The Company believes that its ability to cost-
effectively manufacture commercial quantities of multi-channel RF power
amplifiers represents a competitive advantage over other third-party
manufacturers of RF power amplifiers.
33
<PAGE>
Powerwave's ultra-linear multi-channel RF power amplifiers utilize the
Company's implementation of feedforward technology to increase power and
linearity for cellular and PCS service providers. The ultra-linear, multi-
channel approach utilized by the Company in its amplifiers provides increased
transmission capacity as well as quality, thereby providing a highly reliable,
low maintenance product that reduces the providers' future operating costs.
The Company's products support multiple transmission protocols, including
existing analog protocols such as AMPS and TACS, as well as current digital
protocols including CDMA, TDMA, FHMA and GSM. The Company is committed to
supporting all widely accepted existing and future communication protocols.
STRATEGY
Powerwave's strategic objective is to be the leading third-party supplier of
high performance RF power amplifiers used in digital and analog wireless
networks worldwide. The Company's strategy includes the following key
elements:
PROVIDE LEADING TECHNOLOGY TO THE RF AMPLIFIER INDUSTRY. Powerwave intends
to continue to dedicate significant resources to the research and development
of new methods to improve amplifier performance, including methods to reduce
noise and increase power in the RF amplification process. The Company believes
that further reductions in noise may be attained through digital processing,
regulating amplifiers with software and other techniques, as well as through
continued improvements in traditional feedforward technology. The Company also
intends to focus its research and development resources on further increasing
amplifier reliability. The Company is currently investigating several
technologies, including "smart" amplifier technologies which may improve
amplifier performance.
LEVERAGE POSITION AS LEADING MULTI-CHANNEL AMPLIFIER SUPPLIER. Powerwave
intends to continue to leverage its experience in supplying ultra-linear
multi-channel RF power amplifiers, especially for the South Korean
marketplace, and to penetrate other existing and emerging wireless markets.
The Company currently supplies its products to Hyundai, LGIC and Samsung and
believes that it is the leading supplier of multi-channel RF power amplifiers
being installed in the South Korean nationwide digital cellular network. The
Company is incorporating its technological expertise, manufacturing capability
and product implementation experience into its marketing and sales strategy
which focuses on establishing relationships with new domestic and
international customers through a network of sales representatives selected on
the basis of their contacts with the Company's potential customers and
knowledge of the wireless infrastructure market. In addition, the Company
intends to leverage its existing relationships with its South Korean customers
as they attempt to market their infrastructure equipment throughout the world.
EXPAND RELATIONSHIPS WITH LEADING OEMS. Powerwave intends to continue to
develop new, and strengthen existing, relationships with the leading OEMs of
wireless base stations. Many leading OEMs, including Ericsson, Lucent and
Motorola, manufacture their own power amplifiers as opposed to purchasing such
equipment from third-party vendors such as the Company. Powerwave believes
that increased traffic flow on wireless networks and capacity limitations have
resulted in service providers making greater demands on OEMs' resources. As a
result, the Company believes that OEMs may increasingly consider purchasing
power amplifiers from third-party suppliers rather than devoting resources to
internal development and manufacturing of such components. The Company seeks
to provide cost effective amplifier solutions which will allow OEMs to more
efficiently utilize their research and development resources in other areas.
DEVELOP AND MARKET AMPLIFIER PRODUCTS FOR PCS NETWORKS. Powerwave intends to
develop PCS single and multi-channel RF power amplifier products and utilize
its network of sales representatives to market its PCS amplifiers to customers
domestically and worldwide. The successful bidders for PCS frequency licenses
are in the process of implementing PCS networks and are required to have such
networks operational within designated time frames in order to avoid losing
their frequency licenses. A
34
<PAGE>
limited number of test markets are currently operational in the United States
and network operators in Asia and Europe are also moving forward with PCS
technology. In the U.S., the Company believes that PCS network operators and
infrastructure manufacturers are currently conducting product trials in order
to validate technology and formulate future purchase decisions.
MAINTAIN COMMITMENT TO QUALITY, RELIABILITY AND MANUFACTURABILITY. Powerwave
designs its amplifiers to be manufactured in commercial quantities in a cost-
effective manner while being built for high reliability and effectiveness. The
Company believes that its ability to design products for volume manufacturing
has been a competitive advantage in securing orders from its customers and
positions the Company to attract new customers. Historically, power amplifiers
have been difficult to manufacture in high volumes due to the complexities of
RF power technology. Powerwave believes that the manufacturability of its
products is enhanced by its strategy of purchasing standardized components for
integration into its power amplifiers from numerous suppliers. By purchasing
key components rather than internally manufacturing component parts, the
Company believes it can more readily respond to new transmission protocols and
customer specification demands. In addition, the Company believes that its
third-party sourcing strategy enables it to minimize its capital investment in
manufacturing facilities and focus its resources on developing new products
and improvements to existing products utilizing the best suppliers available.
The Company believes that its third-party sourcing strategy allows it to bring
the latest improvements in technology to market ahead of its non-OEM
competitors.
INCREASE INVOLVEMENT IN CUSTOMER PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT PROCESS. Powerwave
intends to utilize technically-oriented marketing personnel to gain early
access to the product development processes of existing and potential
customers. By participating in a customer's product development, the Company
seeks to have its standard product specifications designed into the customer's
system, thereby ensuring sales to such customer and minimizing manufacturing
costs associated with product customization. Powerwave also intends to utilize
its marketing personnel to help direct its own product development. By
interfacing with infrastructure manufacturers and service providers, the
Company's marketing personnel gain substantial insight into user needs, cost
sensitivity and quality requirements. By introducing these concepts early in
the product development cycle, the Company believes it will be able to better
serve customer demand with quality products offered at competitive prices.
MARKETS
Powerwave sells its RF power amplifier products primarily into the following
segments of the wireless communications market:
CELLULAR AND PCS. The traditional cellular communications market is
experiencing substantial growth. As a result of the limited allocation of
frequencies and the related overcrowding of available bandwidths, service
providers are increasingly deploying digital networks which, by comparison to
analog networks, allow a greater number of transmissions over the same range
of frequencies. Digital networks, by converting voice transmissions into bits
of electronic information, are able to utilize the existing radio spectrum
allocated to cellular transmissions more efficiently and thereby increase the
call capacity of a network. The implementation of digital networks, in
conjunction with continued growth and upgrading of analog networks, has
resulted in increased demand for network infrastructure equipment. In
addition, as a result of the recent FCC auction of radio spectrum allocated to
PCS, leading telecommunications companies such as AT&T, Bell Atlantic and
Sprint and cable systems operators such as Cox Enterprises and TCI
International are beginning to install PCS networks, which the Company
anticipates will substantially increase demand for ultra-linear RF power
amplifiers. The Company's primary focus is on the cellular and PCS markets and
the Company currently derives a substantial portion of its revenues from the
cellular market.
35
<PAGE>
The table below describes the various cellular and PCS transmission
protocols in use today.
MAJOR CELLULAR AND PCS TRANSMISSION PROTOCOLS
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
DESCRIPTION REGION AND FREQUENCY
<S> <C> <C>
ANALOG AMPS = Advanced Mobile Phone Services North America & Asia--800MHz
CELLULAR TACS = Total Access Communication System Europe & Asia--900MHz
NMT = Nordic Mobile Telephone Europe & Asia--900MHz
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DIGITAL CDMA = Code Division Multiple Access North America & Asia--800/900MHz
CELLULAR TDMA = Time Division Multiple Access North America & Asia--800/450MHz
GSM = Global System for Mobile Communications Europe & Asia--900MHz
FHMA = Frequency Hopping Multiple Access North America & Europe--900MHz
PDC = Pacific Digital Cellular Japan--800/1400MHz
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PCS CDMA = Code Division Multiple Access North America & Asia--1800/1900MHz
DCS-1800 = Digital Communications System Europe & Asia--1800MHz
GSM = Global System for Mobile Communications North America & Asia--1900MHz
PHS = Personal Handyphone System Japan--1900MHz
</TABLE>
SPECIALIZED MOBILE RADIO. Powerwave has been manufacturing power amplifiers
for the SMR market since 1985. SMR is commonly associated with two-way
communications devices used by police and emergency personnel and the business
dispatch marketplace. While the domestic market has remained relatively static
in the past few years, the Company believes there are opportunities in certain
parts of the international market, where the installation of more expensive
cellular systems is not cost-justified. In addition, Motorola recently
introduced a two-way radio designed to compete with cellular phones. However,
there can be no assurance that Motorola's system will achieve commercial
success or, even if Motorola is successful, whether the Company will be able
to sell amplifiers into this market. The Company has also manufactured
complete paging systems, including transmitters. The paging market is
dominated by a few large suppliers, and the Company is no longer actively
pursuing this market.
AIR-TO-GROUND COMMUNICATIONS. Powerwave also provides amplifiers that are
used to amplify telephone transmissions between commercial aircraft passengers
and the PSTN. While the Company continues to service this market, sales
opportunities within this market are limited.
PRODUCTS
Powerwave designs and manufactures both single channel and multi-channel
ultra-linear power amplifiers which are sold into the cellular and air-to-
ground markets. The single channel products sold into these markets include
the LP product series and the multi-channel products include the MCA product
series. The Company also designs and manufactures single channel power
amplifiers which are sold into the SMR and paging markets. The products sold
into these markets include the RF, LP, KW and LDA product series.
Powerwave's ultra-linear multi-channel amplifiers utilize a single feed
forward loop, which allows greater operating efficiency and requires
approximately 25% less electrical current than competing multi-loop designs.
The Company's amplifiers employ a microprocessor based feed-forward loop
design which results in better tracking between the pilot tone and the actual
signal and reduces interference. Powerwave's multi-channel design also
utilizes an actively switched output combiner, which allows any number of
amplifiers to be "hot-swapped" without a significant loss of power. This
design allows for true cold standby switching of a standby amplifier, thereby
providing network operators with a backup redundancy solution for even greater
reliability. The Company is also in the process of designing and testing both
single channel and multi-channel ultra-linear power amplifiers for the
emerging PCS marketplace.
36
<PAGE>
MCA SERIES. The MCA Series offers ultra-linear multi-channel power amplifier
technology for CDMA, TDMA and GSM digital cellular systems positioned between
800-960 MHz, as well as analog systems utilizing AMPS, TACS, ETACS and SETACS
protocols. The amplifiers are designed to be installed in racks of three or
four amplifiers. Smart combiner paralleling units allow both higher power as
well as system redundancy, which is the ability of the system to remain in
operation in the event of the failure of one or more of the paralleled
amplifiers. When combined, the units have "hot swap" capabilities whereby one
unit can be removed from the rack while all others remain in operation. All
MCA series multi-channel amplifiers provide remote status/fault monitoring
capabilities.
The MCA8000-250, which the Company believes is the leading amplifier in
South Korea's nationwide digital cellular system, produces 25 Watts (W)
average, 250W peak, power per channel with maximum distortion of -60dBc. Up to
4 units can be combined in parallel utilizing the Company's fully redundant
smart combiner racks for effective average power ratings of 20W, 45W, 70W, and
90W.
In August 1996, the Company introduced its second generation multi-channel
amplifier, the MCA9000-400 which produces 40W average, 400W peak, power per
channel with maximum distortion of -65dBc, while retaining its predecessor's
hot swap, paralleling, and redundancy capabilities. Generally, as compared to
the MCA 8000-250, one less amplifier can be used to achieve a similar power
rating, thus decreasing the effective cost per watt to the service operator.
Combining up to 3 units in a rack yields effective power ratings of 32W, 70W
and 100W.
Powerwave also offers within the MCA Series other standard linear products
including 40W Class A and 250W Class AB amplifiers which are used in
applications requiring reduced linearity or power.
PCS SERIES. The PCS Series will offer both single and multi-channel
amplifiers for use in PCS networks that operate in the international DCS-1800
frequency of 1.8 gigahertz (GHz) and the new United States PCS band at 1.9GHz.
Typical system applications include CDMA, TDMA, and GSM protocols with output
power ranging from 5W to 36W. The PCS Series of multi-channel amplifiers will
offer similar power combining, system redundancy, and remote status/fault
monitoring capabilities as the Company's MCA Series with output power ranging
from 10W to 100W and distortion of -60dBc.
RF SERIES. The RF Series is the Company's standard single channel analog
amplification product for SMR, paging, repeater and trunking applications.
These amplifiers operate in discreet bands within the 30 MHz to 960 MHz
frequency range with input powers ranging from 10mW to 70W and produce output
powers ranging from 50W to 160W. These amplifiers have been designed for
simple installation and maintenance and are fully modular for quick and easy
field service.
LP SERIES. The LP Series is a single channel analog amplifier similar to the
Company's RF Series amplifiers, but in a smaller 5" format. The LP Series is
used in SMR, paging, repeater and trunking applications. These amplifiers also
operate in the 35 MHz to 960 MHz frequency range with input powers ranging
from 200mW to 20W and produce output power ranging from 30W to 60W.
KW SERIES. The KW Series provides single channel amplification for analog
and digital paging systems, SMR, repeaters and trunking. Amplifiers in the KW
Series operate in the frequency range of 35 to 960 MHz and are compatible with
most transmitters. These amplifiers operate with input powers ranging from
150mW to 40W and produce 250W, 320W or 450W of power output. Front panel
metering allows users to easily monitor forward and reflected RF power output
and many other critical functions. These units have hot swap capabilities and
can be combined to produce 750W, 1000W and 1500W of output.
LDA SERIES. The LDA Series provides broadband digital or analog
amplification as a "building block" in larger amplification systems or as a
stand-alone amplifier. The LDA Series products are used as a building block
for applications involving electronic counter measures ("ECM") and radar
systems. The products are also used as stand alone amplifiers for applications
in laboratory testing, medical research and multi-
37
<PAGE>
band transceivers and are designed to operate in wide frequency ranges between
20MHz to 1GHz with output powers ranging from 5W to 150W.
The Company's multi-channel power amplifiers range in price from $5,000 to
$15,000 per amplifier, based upon the specification requirements. The
Company's single channel amplifiers range in price from $1,000 to over $5,000
per amplifier depending upon product type and specifications. The Company also
sells racks to install and combine multiple amplifiers, ranging in price from
$1,000 to $3,000, depending upon specifications.
The Company's primary products are summarized below:
PowerWave MULTI-CHANNEL Amplifier Configurations
<TABLE>
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Product Avg. Power
Series Protocol Frequency (MHz) (Watts) Linearity (dBc)
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Cellular:
MCA CDMA 851-960 25-100 -65
MCA TDMA 851-960 25-100 -65
MCA GSM 851-960 30-90 -70
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PCS:***
PCS CDMA 1805-1880 10-100 -60
PCS DCS-1800 TDMA 1805-1880 10-100 -60
PCS CDMA 1930-1990 10-100 -60
PCS TDMA 1930-1990 10-100 -60
</TABLE>
Powerwave SINGLE CHANNEL Amplifier Configurations
<TABLE>
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Product
Series Protocol Frequency (MHz) Avg. Power (Watts)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Cellular:
LP CDMA 851-960 10-120
LP TDMA 851-960 10-120
LP GSM 851-960 10-120
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PCS:***
PCS CDMA 1805-1880 5-36
PCS TDMA 1805-1880
PCS CDMA 1930-1990 5-36
PCS TDMA 1930-1990
PCS GSM 1930-1990 25
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SMR/PAGING:
RF 30-960 50-160
LP 30-960 30-60
KW 30-960 250-450
LDA 20-1000 5-150
</TABLE>
*** Products in development or prototype stage.
CUSTOMERS
The Company sells its products to a wide variety of customers worldwide.
During the nine months ended September 29, 1996, sales to Hyundai, LGIC and
Samsung accounted for 69% of total sales and are
38
<PAGE>
expected to account for a higher percentage of sales during the remainder of
1996. Each of these customers accounted for more than 10% of the Company's net
sales in the period. The loss of any of these customers, or a significant
loss, reduction or rescheduling of orders from any of these customers, could
have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, results of
operations and financial condition. Sales to In-Flight also accounted for more
than 10% of total sales for the nine months ended September 29, 1996. See
"Risk Factors--Customer Concentration"; and "--Reliance upon South Korean
Market and Growth of Wireless Services Market."
The Company also sells to a wide variety of wireless equipment suppliers,
including ADC Kentrox Industries, Inc., AirNet Communications Corp., In-Flight
Phone Corp., GTE Airfone Corp., Metawave Communications Corporation, Motorola
Corporation, Phoenix Wireless Group, Inc. and Uniden Corporation.
MARKETING AND DISTRIBUTION, INTERNATIONAL SALES
Powerwave sells its products through a highly-technical direct sales force
and through independent sales representatives. Direct sales personnel are
assigned to geographic territories and, in addition to sales responsibilities,
manage networks of independent sales representatives within the United States.
The Company recently implemented a network of independent sales
representatives selected for their familiarity with potential customers of the
Company and knowledge of the wireless infrastructure market. Both the direct
sales personnel and independent sales representatives generate product sales,
provide product and customer service, and provide customer feed back for
product development. In addition, the sales personnel and independent sales
representatives receive support from the Company's marketing, product support
and customer service departments. As the Company's potential customer base
expands, the Company intends to further expand its network of independent
sales representatives.
The Company's marketing efforts are focused on establishing and developing
long-term relationships with potential customers. Sales cycles for certain of
the Company's products, particularly its base station power amplifiers are
lengthy, typically ranging from 6 to 18 months. As is customary in the
industry, sales are made through standard purchase orders which can be subject
to cancellation, postponement or other types of delays. While certain
customers provide the Company with forecasted needs, they are not bound by
such forecasts and the Company does not recognize orders until actual purchase
orders are received from the customer.
International sales of the Company's products amounted to 8.0%, 8.7%, 67.1%
and 72.5% of net sales for the years ended December 31, 1993, 1994 and 1995
and for the nine-month period ended September 29, 1996, respectively. Foreign
sales of some of the Company's products are subject to national security and
export regulations and may require the Company to obtain a permit or license.
In recent years, the Company has not experienced any material difficulty in
obtaining required permits or licenses. Foreign sales also subject the Company
to risks related to political upheaval and economic downturns in foreign
nations. In addition, the Company's foreign customers typically pay for the
Company's products with U.S. dollars. As such, a strengthening of the U.S.
dollar as compared to a foreign customer's local currency would effectively
increase the price of the Company's products for that customer, thereby making
the Company's products less attractive to such customers. See "Risk Factors--
Risks of Doing Business in International Markets."
The Company's warranties vary by product type and range from one to three
years. Warranty obligations and other maintenance services for the Company's
products are performed by the Company in California and Seoul, South Korea.
While the Company currently has one service employee located in South Korea,
it is in the process of increasing its South Korean based service capabilities
and will be utilizing its South Korean location to provide service support for
the Asian region.
39
<PAGE>
PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT
Powerwave intends to continue to dedicate significant resources to the
research and development of new methods to improve amplifier performance,
including reduced noise and increased power in the RF amplification process.
The Company's development efforts also seek to reduce the cost and increase
the manufacturing efficiency of existing products. The Company's research and
development staff consisted of 43 people as of September 29, 1996.
Expenditures for product development amounted to approximately $.6 million in
1993, $1.4 million in 1994, $2.3 million in 1995, and $4.0 million for the
nine months ended September 29, 1996.
The Company believes that further reductions in noise may be attained
through digital processing, regulating amplifiers with software and other
techniques, as well as through continued improvements in traditional
feedforward technology. The Company intends to continue to dedicate
significant resources to research and develop new methods to improve the
performance of its existing amplifiers for use in cellular networks and to
develop a full line of amplifiers for PCS networks.
COMPETITION
The wireless communications infrastructure equipment industry is extremely
competitive and is characterized by rapid technological change, new product
development, product obsolescence, evolving industry standards and significant
price erosion over the life of a product. The principal elements of
competition in the Company's market include performance, functionality,
reliability, pricing, quality, the ability to design products which can be
efficiently manufactured in volume production, time-to-market delivery
capabilities and standards compliance. While the Company believes that overall
it competes favorably with respect to the foregoing elements, there can be no
assurance that it will be able to continue to do so.
Currently, the Company competes primarily with Avantek (a division of
Hewlett Packard), M/A-COM, Inc. (a subsidiary of AMP, Inc.), Microwave Power
Devices, Inc. and Spectrian Corporation, in addition to the amplifier
manufacturing operations captive within certain of the leading wireless
infrastructure OEMs. Certain of the Company's current and potential
competitors have significantly greater financial, technical, manufacturing,
sales, marketing and other resources than the Company and have achieved
greater name recognition for their existing products and technologies than has
the Company.
The Company's success depends in part upon the rate at which wireless
infrastructure OEMs incorporate the Company's products into their systems. The
Company believes that a substantial portion of the present worldwide
production of amplifiers is captive within the internal manufacturing
operations of a small number of wireless infrastructure OEMs and that the
amplifiers manufactured by these OEMs are offered for sale as part of their
wireless systems. These OEMs include, among others, Ericsson, Lucent,
Motorola, Nokia and Nortel. In addition, Samsung, a significant customer of
the Company, manufactures power amplifiers in addition to purchasing such
components from the Company. The Company believes that these OEMs, as well as
other customers of the Company, continuously evaluate whether to manufacture
their own RF power amplifiers rather than purchase them from third-party
vendors such as the Company. These and other large manufacturers of wireless
infrastructure equipment could also determine to offer and sell their power
amplifiers to other OEMs or customers of the Company and compete directly with
the Company. In addition, these or other OEMs may enter into joint ventures or
strategic relationships with the Company's competitors, in which event the
Company's ability to sell products to such OEMs could be reduced or
eliminated. See "Risk Factors--Internal Amplifier Production Capabilities of
OEMs."
The Company has experienced significant price competition and expects price
competition in the sale of RF power amplifiers to increase. No assurance can
be given that the Company's competitors will not develop new technologies or
enhancements to existing products or introduce new products that will offer
superior price or performance features. The Company expects its competitors to
offer new and
40
<PAGE>
existing products at prices necessary to gain or retain market share. Certain
of the Company's competitors have substantial financial resources, which may
enable them to withstand sustained price competition or a downturn in the
market better than the Company. There can be no assurance that the Company
will be able to compete successfully in the pricing of its products, or
otherwise, in the future. See "Risk Factors--Competition."
BACKLOG
The Company's backlog of orders was approximately $18.8 million on September
29, 1996 compared to approximately $18.1 million on December 31, 1995. A
substantial portion of the backlog at September 29, 1996 is due to orders from
customers for the South Korean market. The Company includes in its backlog all
accepted product purchase orders with respect to which a delivery schedule has
been specified for product shipment within six months. Product orders in the
Company's backlog are subject to changes in delivery schedules or to
cancellation at the option of the purchaser without significant penalty. The
Company regularly reviews its backlog of orders to ensure that it adequately
reflects product orders expected to be shipped within a six month period. The
Company makes adjustments as customer delivery schedules change as well as in
response to changes in the Company's production schedule. Accordingly,
although useful for scheduling production, backlog as of any particular date
may not be a reliable indicator of sales for any future period.
MANUFACTURING AND SUPPLIERS
In July 1996, the Company relocated to an expanded headquarters and
manufacturing facility in Irvine, California. The Company's manufacturing
process involves the assembly of numerous individual components, and precise
fine-tuning by technically oriented production personnel. The parts and
materials used by the Company consist primarily of printed circuit boards,
specialized subassemblies, fabricated housings, relays, and small electric
circuit components, such as integrated circuits, semiconductors, resistors and
capacitors. The Company manufactures products to fill firm orders and to meet
forecasts received from its major customers.
The Company continually attempts to reduce manufacturing costs while
retaining product quality. The Company purchases a significant quantity of its
materials and components from several suppliers through blanket purchase
orders. The Company acquires certain key components from single sources, but
believes alternative sources could be arranged if the Company were unable to
continue to procure such components from its current sources. If the Company
were unable to replace the supplier of these components in a timely fashion,
its operating results and financial condition could be materially adversely
affected. In recent years, the Company has experienced no significant
difficulty in obtaining necessary supplies.
The Company is currently in the process of attempting to qualify for ISO
9001 certification, a uniform worldwide quality-control standard. Numerous
customers and potential customers throughout the world, particularly in
Europe, require that their suppliers be ISO certified. In addition, many such
customers require that their suppliers purchase components only from
subcontractors that are ISO certified. If the Company is unable to obtain its
ISO certification, it may have difficulty selling to customers who require an
ISO certification. The inability to sell to such customers could have an
adverse effect upon the Company's business, results of operations and
financial condition.
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
The Company relies primarily upon trade secrets to protect its intellectual
property. The Company generally enters into confidentiality and non-disclosure
agreements with its employees and limits access to and distribution of its
proprietary information. In addition, the Company has applied for a U.S.
patent for its proprietary implementation of feedforward technology and
regularly examines various aspects of its technology for possible patent
applications. The Company believes that its success depends upon the
41
<PAGE>
knowledge and experience of its management and technical personnel and its
ability to market its existing products and to develop new products.
The Company's ability to compete successfully and achieve future revenue
growth will depend, in part, on its ability to protect its proprietary
technology and operate without infringing upon the rights of others. There can
be no assurance that the Company will be able to successfully protect its
intellectual property or that the Company's intellectual property or
proprietary technology will not otherwise become known or be independently
developed by competitors. In addition, the laws of certain countries in which
the Company's products are or may be sold may not protect the Company's
products and intellectual property rights to the same extent as the laws of
the United States. The inability of the Company to protect its intellectual
property and proprietary technology could have a material adverse effect on
its business, results of operations and financial condition. As the number of
patents, copyrights and other intellectual property rights in the Company's
industry increases, and as the coverage of these rights and the functionality
of the products in the market further overlap, the Company believes that its
products may increasingly become the subject of infringement claims. The
Company may in the future be notified that it is infringing upon certain
patent or other intellectual property rights of others. Although the Company
has not received any such notification to date and there are no pending or
threatened intellectual property lawsuits against the Company, there can be no
assurance that such litigation or infringement claims will not occur in the
future. Such litigation or claims could result in substantial costs and
diversion of resources and could have a material adverse effect on the
Company's business, results of operations and financial condition. A third
party claiming infringement may also be able to obtain an injunction or other
equitable relief, which could effectively block the ability of the Company or
its customers to distribute, sell or import into the United States allegedly
infringing products. If it appears necessary or desirable, the Company may
seek licenses under patents or other rights from third parties covering
intellectual property that the Company is allegedly infringing. No assurance
can be given, however, that any such licenses could be obtained on terms
acceptable to the Company, if at all. The failure to obtain the necessary
licenses or other rights could have a material adverse effect on the Company's
business, results of operations and financial condition. See "Risk Factors--
Proprietary Technology; Risk of Third-Party Claims of Infringement."
PROPERTIES
The Company's Irvine, California, headquarters and manufacturing facility
occupy an aggregate of approximately 78,000 square feet under a lease expiring
in 2006. The Company believes that its current facilities provide adequate
expansion capabilities for its operations. The Company is currently subletting
to an unrelated party approximately 27,000 square feet of additional expansion
space connected to its new facility. This space can be made available to the
Company when the existing sub-lease expires in April 1997.
EMPLOYEES
As of September 29, 1996, the Company had 265 full and part-time employees,
including 43 in research and development, 11 in sales and marketing and 32 in
corporate and administration. None of the Company's employees are represented
by a union. The Company believes that its relations with its employees are
good.
42
<PAGE>
MANAGEMENT
DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS
The following table sets forth certain information regarding the Company's
directors and officers:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
NAME AGE POSITION
---- --- --------
<S> <C> <C>
Alfonso G. Cordero (2).. 56 Chairman of the Board
Bruce C. Edwards........ 43 President, Chief Executive Officer and Director
Peter L. Manno.......... 54 Executive Vice President
Mercy B. Cordero........ 48 Vice President, Administration
Kevin T. Michaels....... 38 Vice President, Finance, Chief Financial Officer
and Secretary
Ki Y. Nam............... 36 Vice President, New Business Development
Richard D. Posner....... 53 Vice President, Engineering
Eric A. Tanner.......... 37 Vice President, Operations
Mark D. Winters......... 36 Vice President, Quality
Gregory M. Avis (1)..... 38 Director
David L. George (1)..... 43 Director
Eugene L. Goda (2)...... 60 Director
Rich Shapero (2)........ 48 Director
Sam Yau (1)............. 47 Director
</TABLE>
- --------
<TABLE>
<S> <C>
</TABLE>
(1) Member of Audit Committee of the Board of Directors.
(2) Member of Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors.
ALFONSO G. CORDERO, one of the founders of the Company, has served as a
director since the Company's inception. From June 1985 to January 1996, Mr.
Cordero served as Chief Executive Officer of the Company and currently serves
as Chairman of the Company. Mr. Cordero is married to Mercy B. Cordero, Vice
President, Administration.
BRUCE C. EDWARDS joined the Company in February 1996 as President and Chief
Executive Officer and Director. Mr. Edwards was Executive Vice President,
Chief Financial Officer and Director of AST Research, Inc., a personal
computer company, from July 1994 to December 1995 and Senior Vice President,
Finance and Chief Financial Officer of AST Research, Inc. from March 1988 to
July 1994. Mr. Edwards currently serves on the Board of Directors of Diamond
Multimedia Systems, Inc. and HMT Technology, Inc.
MERCY B. CORDERO has served as Vice President, Administration of the Company
since June 1985. From January 1985 to June 1985, Mrs. Cordero served as
President of the Company. Mrs. Cordero is married to Alfonso G. Cordero,
Chairman of the Company.
PETER L. MANNO joined the Company in April 1996 as Executive Vice President.
Prior to joining the Company, Mr. Manno served as Corporate Vice President,
Sales and Marketing of M/A-Com Corporation, a wireless network amplifier
company, from February 1992 to April 1996. From August 1984 to December 1991,
Mr. Manno was Vice President of Sales and marketing for Avantek, Inc., a
wireless network amplifier company.
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<PAGE>
KEVIN T. MICHAELS joined the Company in June 1996 as Vice President, Finance
and Chief Financial Officer and was appointed Secretary in June 1996. Prior to
joining the Company, Mr. Michaels worked for AST Research, Inc. for eight
years, most recently as Vice President, Treasurer from October 1995. From July
1991 to October 1995 Mr. Michaels was Treasurer of AST Research, Inc. and from
June 1986 to June 1991, he was Assistant Treasurer.
KI Y. NAM has served as Vice President, New Business Development of the
Company since November 1995. Mr. Nam has held various positions with the
Company, including Senior Engineer and Vice President, Engineering, since
joining the Company in April 1989.
RICHARD D. POSNER joined the Company in July 1996 as Vice President,
Engineering. Prior to joining the Company, Dr. Posner served as Vice
President, Engineering at Whittaker Electronic Systems, Inc., a
telecommunications and electronic equipment company, from February 1990 to
June 1996. Prior to joining Whittaker, Dr. Posner co-founded 3DBM Systems,
Inc., where he served as Vice President of Engineering.
ERIC A. TANNER has served as Vice President, Operations since June 1995.
Prior to joining the Company, Mr. Tanner was employed, from January 1986 to
May 1995, in various managerial roles at Spectrian Corporation, a wireless
network amplifier company, in Mountain View, California. Mr. Tanner served as
Director of Manufacturing at Spectrian Corporation from January 1992 to May
1995. Prior to his employment at Spectrian, Mr. Tanner was employed at
Motorola Inc.'s RF Power Device Group.
MARK D. WINTERS has served as Vice President, Quality of the Company since
June 1996. From May 1995 to June 1996, Mr. Winters served as Vice President,
Engineering of the Company. From July 1992 to May 1995, Mr. Winters was with
E-Systems, Inc., and served as Division Manager, Electronics Manufacturing.
From December 1989 to July 1992, he was with DSC Communications, Inc., a
telecommunications equipment company, serving as Manager, Manufacturing
Engineering.
GREGORY M. AVIS has been a member of the Company's Board of Directors since
October, 1995. Mr. Avis has been a managing partner of Summit Partners, a
venture capital investment firm, since January 1990. Mr. Avis also serves on
the Board of Directors of CMG Information Services, Inc. and Digital Link
Corp.
DAVID L. GEORGE has been a member of the Company's Board of Directors since
November 1995. Mr. George has served as Executive Vice President of Unique
Technologies International, L.L.C., an SMR network company, since February
1994. From November 1983 to February 1994, Mr. George served as Vice
President, Director of Operations, Commercial Division of Uniden America.
EUGENE L. GODA has been a member of the Company's Board of Directors since
November 1995. For the past year, Mr. Goda has been a consultant and private
investor. From October 1991 to October 1995, Mr. Goda served as CEO of
Simulation Sciences, Inc., a software company. From July 1989 to September
1991, he served as CEO of Meridian Software Systems.
RICH SHAPERO has been a member of the Company's Board of Directors since
October 1995. Mr. Shapero has been a general partner of Crosspoint Venture
Partners, a venture capital investment firm, since April 1993. From January
1991 to June 1992, he served as Chief Operating Officer of Shiva Corporation,
a computer network company.
SAM YAU has been a member of the Company's Board of Directors since November
1995. Mr. Yau has served as Chief Executive Officer of National Education
Corporation, an education training and supply company, since May 1995. From
May 1993 to November 1994, he served as Chief Operating Officer of Advacare,
Inc. and from May 1987 to May 1993 as Senior Vice President, Finance and
Administration of Archive Corporation (now part of Seagate Technologies,
Inc.). Mr. Yau currently serves on the Board of Directors of National
Education Corporation.
44
<PAGE>
ELECTION OF DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS
Each member of the Company's Board of Directors was elected pursuant to a
Stockholders' Agreement dated October 10, 1995 (the "Stockholders'
Agreement"), by and among the Company and all shareholders of the Company on
such date. The Stockholders' Agreement contains a voting agreement for the
election of directors which expires on the closing of the Offering.
BOARD COMMITTEES AND COMPENSATION
The Audit Committee of the Board of Directors consists of Messrs. Avis,
George and Yau. The Audit Committee recommends to the Board of Directors the
independent public accountants to be selected to audit the Company's annual
financial statements and approves any special assignments given to such
accountants. The Audit Committee also reviews the planned scope of the annual
audit and the independent accountants' letter of comments and management's
response thereto, any major accounting changes made or contemplated and the
effectiveness and efficiency of the Company's internal accounting staff.
The Compensation Committee consists of Messrs. Cordero, Goda and Shapero.
The Compensation Committee establishes renumeration levels for executive
officers of the Company, reviews management organization and development and
reviews executive compensation and significant employee benefit programs.
The Company's outside directors, other than Messrs. Avis and Shapero who
have waived their fees, receive $750 per meeting of Board of Directors.
Following consummation of the Offering, the Company's directors will receive
$1,500 per meeting of the Board of Directors. In addition, in connection with
their joining the Company's Board of Directors, Messrs. George, Goda and Yau
each were granted options to purchase 30,000 shares of Common Stock at an
exercise price of $2.47 per share under the 1995 Stock Option Plan.
1996 DIRECTOR STOCK OPTION PLAN
On October 7, 1996, the Company adopted the 1996 Stock Option Plan for
Directors (the "Director Plan") to be effective upon the completion of the
Offering. The Director Plan provides for the grant by the Company of options
to purchase up to an aggregate of 200,000 shares of Common Stock of the
Company. The Director Plan provides that each member of the Company's Board of
Directors who is not an employee or paid consultant of the Company
automatically will be eligible to receive options to purchase stock under the
Director Plan. Pursuant to the terms of the Director Plan, each director
elected after the closing of the Offering will be granted an initial option
under the plan covering 30,000 shares of Common Stock, which option shall vest
as to 25% of the shares over four (4) years on the anniversary of the date of
grant. Furthermore, on the closing of the Offering, and on each anniversary
date thereof, each director who has been an eligible participant under the
Director Plan for at least six (6) months will be granted an annual option
under the Director Plan to purchase 5,000 shares of Common Stock, which option
will vest on the fourth anniversary of the date of grant. The primary purposes
of the Director Plan are to enhance the Company's ability to attract and
retain well-qualified persons for service as directors and to provide
incentives to such directors to continue their associations with the Company.
There are no options outstanding under the Director Plan.
In the event of a merger of the Company with or into another corporation, or
a consolidation, acquisition of stock or assets or other change in control
transaction involving the Company, each option becomes exercisable in full,
unless such option is assumed by the successor corporation. In the event the
transaction is not approved by a majority of the "Continuing Directors" (as
defined in the Director Plan), each option becomes fully vested and
exercisable in full immediately prior to the consummation of such transaction,
whether or not assumed by the successor corporation.
45
<PAGE>
EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
Summary Compensation. The following table sets forth summary information
concerning compensation paid by, or accrued for services rendered to, the
Company in all capacities during the fiscal year ended December 31, 1995 to
the Company's Chairman, and the Company's other executive officer whose salary
and bonus exceeded $100,000 (the "Named Executive Officers").
SUMMARY COMPENSATION TABLE
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
ANNUAL
COMPENSATION
----------------
ALL OTHER
NAME AND PRINCIPAL POSITION(1) SALARY BONUS COMPENSATION
------------------------------ ------- -------- ------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Alfonso G. Cordero................................ $85,000 $268,000 None
Chairman
Ki Y. Nam......................................... $85,000 $125,000 None
Vice President, New Business Development
</TABLE>
- --------
(1) Bruce C. Edwards joined the Company as President and Chief Executive
Officer on February 19, 1996 at an annual base salary of $135,000. Peter
Manno joined the Company as Executive Vice President on April 4, 1996 at
an annual base salary of $125,000 and an annual commission of $75,000.
Although not Named Executive Officers for the fiscal year ending December
31, 1995, the Company anticipates that Mr. Edwards and Mr. Manno will each
so qualify in future years.
COMPENSATION COMMITTEE INTERLOCKS AND INSIDER PARTICIPATION
During the fiscal year ended December 31, 1995, the Company's Board of
Directors, prior to the formation of the Compensation Committee, established
the levels of compensation for the Company's executive officers. The following
executive officers, one of which is also a director of the Company,
participated in the deliberations of the Board regarding executive
compensation that occurred during the fiscal year ended December 31, 1995:
Alfonso G. Cordero, Chairman and Ki Y. Nam, Vice President, New Business
Development.
In October 1995, the Company entered into a Stock Purchase Agreement with
investors affiliated with Summit Partners and Crosspoint Venture Partners,
pursuant to which the Company issued to such investors 3,375,900 shares of
Series A Preferred Stock for an aggregate purchase price of $15 million.
Gregory M. Avis and Rich Shapero, both members of the Board of Directors of
the Company, are affiliated with Summit Partners and Crosspoint Venture
Partners, respectively. As part of these transactions, the Company
subsequently purchased 5,063,850 shares of its Common Stock from certain
shareholders, including Alfonso G. Cordero and Ki Nam, for an aggregate
purchase price of $12.5 million. Alfonso G. Cordero, Ki Y. Nam and the holders
of Common Stock issued upon conversion of Series A Preferred Stock, are
entitled to certain registration rights. See "Description of Capital Stock--
Registration Rights."
Pursuant to the Stockholders' Agreement, the Company and its then existing
shareholders (the "Founders") agreed that the Company would redeem from the
Founders, on a pro rata basis, one share of Common Stock for each share of
Common Stock in excess of 1,095,000 issued by the Company upon the exercise of
a Company stock option granted under the 1995 Plan at the exercise price for
such option. Effective immediately prior to the consummation of the Offering,
Stockholders and the Company agreed that this share redemption agreement
applies only to the exercise of options to purchase a total of 843,615 shares
of the Company's Common Stock. In connection with entering into the
Stockholders' Agreement, the Company amended the 1995 Stock Option Plan to
provide that all option grants in excess of 1,050,000 are subject to the
approval of Alfonso G. Cordero and to give Mr. Cordero the right to terminate
the Plan. See "--1995 Stock Option Plan."
46
<PAGE>
In August 1995, the Company entered into a Technology License Agreement with
Unique Wireless Developments, L.L.C., a Delaware limited liability company.
Under the agreement, the Company obtained exclusive rights to use certain
amplifier technology for the SMR market in exchange for certain royalties,
including a non-refundable (with certain exceptions) up front royalty totaling
$300,000 of which $250,000 has been paid. David L. George, a member of the
Board of Directors of the Company, is Executive Vice President of Unique
Technologies International, L.L.C., an affiliate of Unique Wireless
Developments, L.L.C.
From November 1993 to June 1996, the Company leased its operating facility
from 17500 Gillette Avenue Associates, a California general partnership (the
"Partnership") owned by the holders of substantially all of the Company's
Common Stock prior to the Offering (and the conversion of Series A Preferred
Stock), including Alfonso G. Cordero, an officer and director of the Company,
and Ki Y. Nam, an officer of the Company. The Company also guaranteed a loan
to the Partnership, the proceeds of which were used to purchase the real
property and facility. In July 1996, the Company relocated its operating
facility and entered into a lease with CNH, LLC, a California limited
liability company (the "LLC") owned by the holders of a substantial majority
of the Company's Common Stock prior to the Offering (and the conversion of
Series A Preferred Stock), including Messrs. Cordero and Nam. The lease
expires on July 15, 2006. In connection with entering into this lease, the
Company paid the LLC $1,000,000 in exchange for various improvements made to
the new facility. In addition, the Company has incurred approximately
$1,000,000 in leasehold improvements to the new facility.
The Company has entered into indemnification agreements with its directors,
certain officers and certain affiliated entities. Such agreements require the
Company to indemnify such individuals to the fullest extent permitted by
Delaware law. See "--Limitations on Liability and Indemnification."
On December 4, 1995, the Company granted to each of David George, Eugene
Goda and Sam Yau, each a member of the Board of Directors, options to purchase
30,000 shares of Common Stock at $2.47 per share. On January 19, 1996, the
Company granted to Bruce Edwards, a director and an officer of the Company, an
option to purchase 450,000 shares of Common Stock at $2.67 per share. On March
4, 1996, the Company granted to Peter Manno, an officer of the Company, an
option to purchase 300,000 shares of Common Stock at $2.67 per share. On May
30, 1996, the Company granted to Kevin Michaels, an officer of the Company, an
option to purchase 90,000 shares of Common Stock at $4.67 per share. Upon
completion of the Offering, the Company will grant to Peter Manno an option to
purchase 25,000 shares of Common Stock at the initial offering price per
share.
The Company believes that all of the transactions set forth above were made
on terms no less favorable to the Company than could otherwise be obtained
from unaffiliated third parties.
1995 STOCK OPTION PLAN
The Company's 1995 Stock Option Plan (the "1995 Option Plan") was adopted by
the Company's shareholders and Board of Directors effective as of December 4,
1995 and provides for the granting of nonqualified stock options to purchase
up to 1,938,615 shares of the Company's Common Stock. Under the 1995 Option
Plan, shares of the Company's Common Stock may be granted to directors,
officers and employees of the Company. As of September 29, 1996, 112,500
options have been exercised under the plan and there were 1,823,179 options
outstanding under the 1995 Option Plan at a weighted average exercise price of
$3.31.
The 1995 Option Plan provides that the 1995 Option Plan itself and all
outstanding options shall terminate upon the occurrence of a consolidation or
merger in which the Company is not the surviving corporation, the sale of
substantially of all the Company's assets and certain other similar events, in
each case unless the 1995 Plan is assumed by the successor corporation.
47
<PAGE>
Pursuant to the Stockholders' Agreement, certain shareholders of the Company
have agreed to have an equivalent number of their shares redeemed by the
Company if options to purchase in excess of 1,095,000 and up to an aggregate
of 1,938,615 shares of the Company's Common Stock are exercised by any of the
option holders who acquire options under the Company's 1995 Stock Option Plan.
The Stockholders' Agreement provides that the redemption price shall equal the
exercise price for each applicable option. See "Compensation Committee
Interlocks and Insider Participation."
The 1995 Stock Option Plan provides that all option grants under the Plan in
excess of 1,050,000 are subject to the approval of Alfonso G. Cordero. In
addition, the Plan may be terminated at the discretion of Mr. Cordero.
1996 STOCK INCENTIVE PLAN
On October 7, 1996, the Company adopted the 1996 Stock Incentive Plan (the
"1996 Plan"), to be effective upon the completion of the Offering. The 1996
Plan covers an aggregate of 1,500,000 shares of Common Stock plus any shares
which are or become available for grant under the 1995 Plan. The 1996 Plan
provides for the granting of "incentive stock options," within the meaning of
Section 422 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code"),
nonstatutory options and restricted stock grants to directors, officers,
employees and consultants of the Company, except that incentive stock options
may not be granted to non-employee directors or consultants. The purpose of
the 1996 Plan is to provide participants with incentives which will encourage
them to acquire a proprietary interest in, and continue to provide services
to, the Company. The 1996 Plan is administered by the Board of Directors,
which has sole discretion and authority, consistent with the provisions of the
1996 Plan, to determine which eligible participants will receive options, the
time when options will be granted, the terms of options granted and the number
of shares which will be subject to options granted under the 1996 Plan. There
are no options outstanding under the 1996 Plan.
In the event of a merger of the Company with or into another corporation, or
a consolidation, acquisition of stock or assets or other change in control
transaction involving the Company, each option becomes exercisable in full,
unless such option is assumed by the successor corporation. In the event the
transaction is not approved by a majority of the "Continuing Directors" (as
defined in the 1996 Plan), each option becomes fully vested and exercisable in
full immediately prior to the consummation of such transaction, whether or not
assumed by the successor corporation.
EMPLOYEE STOCK PURCHASE PLAN
On October 7, 1996, the Company adopted the Employee Stock Purchase Plan
(the "Purchase Plan"), to be effective upon the completion of the Offering,
covering an aggregate of 500,000 shares of Common Stock. The Purchase Plan,
which is intended to qualify as an "employee stock purchase plan" under
Section 423 of the Code, will be implemented by six-month offerings with
purchases occurring at six month intervals commencing on the date of this
Prospectus. The Purchase Plan will be administered by the Board of Directors.
Employees will be eligible to participate if they are employed by the Company
for at least 30 hours per week and if they have been employed by the Company
for at least 180 days. The Purchase Plan permits eligible employees to
purchase Common Stock through payroll deductions, which may not exceed 15% of
an employee's compensation. The price of stock purchased under the Purchase
Plan will be 85% of the lower of the fair market value of the Common Stock at
the beginning of each six-month offering period or on the applicable purchase
date. Employees may end their participation in any offering period at any time
during such period, and participation ends automatically on termination of
employment. The Board may at any time amend or terminate the Purchase Plan,
except that no such amendment or termination may adversely affect options
previously granted under the Purchase Plan. There are no rights to purchase
outstanding under the Purchase Plan.
48
<PAGE>
401(K) PLAN
The Company has adopted a Future Income Program Plan and Trust (the "401(k)
Plan") covering the Company's full-time employees located in the United
States. The 401(k) Plan is intended to qualify under Section 401(k) of the
Code, so that contributions to the 401(k) Plan by employees or by the Company,
and the investment earnings thereon, are not taxable to employees until
withdrawn from the 401(k) Plan, and so that contributions by the Company, if
any, will be deductible by the Company when made. Pursuant to the 401(k) Plan,
employees may elect to reduce their current compensation by up to 15% of their
base salary, subject to Internal Revenue Service limitations, and to have the
amount of such reduction contributed to the 401(k) Plan. The 401(k) Plan
permits, but does not require, additional matching contributions to the 401(k)
Plan by the Company on behalf of all participants in the 401(k) Plan. The
Company may match up to 10% of employee contributions. For fiscal 1995, the
Company contributed $15,669 to the plan.
LIMITATIONS ON DIRECTORS' LIABILITY AND INDEMNIFICATION
The Company's Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation limits the
liability of directors to the maximum extent permitted by Delaware law and the
Company's Amended and Restated Bylaws provide that the Company must indemnify
its directors and officers and may indemnify its other employees and agents to
the fullest extent permitted by law.
Delaware law provides that a director of a corporation will not be
personally liable for monetary damages for breach of such individual's
fiduciary duties as a director except for liability (i) for any breach of such
director's duty of loyalty to the corporation, (ii) for acts or omissions not
in good faith or that involve intentional misconduct or a knowing violation of
law, (iii) for unlawful payments of dividends or unlawful stock repurchases or
redemptions as provided in Section 174 of the Delaware General Corporation
Law, or (iv) for any transaction from which a director derives an improper
personal benefit. The provisions of the Company's Amended and Restated
Certificate of Incorporation and Amended and Restated Bylaws do not affect a
director's responsibilities under any other law, such as the federal
securities laws or state or federal environmental laws.
The Company has entered into separate indemnification agreements with each
of its directors and executive officers. These agreements require the Company,
among other things, to indemnify such director or officer against expenses
(including attorneys' fees), judgments, fines and settlements paid by such
individual in connection with any action, suit or proceeding arising out of
such individual's status or service as a director or officer of the Company
and to advance expenses incurred by such individual in connection with any
proceeding against such individual with respect to which such individual may
be entitled to indemnification by the Company. The Company believes that these
provisions and agreements are necessary to attract and retain qualified
directors and executive officers.
At present, there is no pending litigation or proceeding involving any
director, officer, employee or agent of the Company where indemnification will
be required or permitted. The Company is not aware of any threatened
litigation or proceeding that might result in a claim for such
indemnification.
49
<PAGE>
PRINCIPAL AND SELLING SHAREHOLDERS
The following table sets forth certain information with respect to the
beneficial ownership of the Company's Common Stock as of September 29, 1996,
as adjusted to give effect to the sale by the Company and the Selling
Shareholders of the shares of Common Stock offered hereby by (i) each person
(or group of affiliated persons) who is known by the Company to own
beneficially 5% or more of the Company's Common Stock, (ii) the Selling
Shareholders selling an aggregate of 600,000 shares, (iii) each of the
Company's directors, (iv) each of the Named Executive Officers, and (v) all
directors and executive officers of the Company as a group.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
SHARES
BENEFICIALLY OWNED SHARES
DIRECTORS, NAMED EXECUTIVE PRIOR TO NUMBER BENEFICIALLY OWNED
OFFICERS OFFERING(1) OF SHARES AFTER OFFERING(1)(2)
AND 5% AND SELLING ------------------ BEING ------------------
SHAREHOLDERS OWNED PERCENT OFFERED NUMBER PERCENT
-------------------------- ---------- ------- --------- ---------- -------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Alfonso G. Cordero (3)...... 5,492,338 39.1% 5,492,338 34.6%
2026 McGaw Avenue
Irvine, California 92614
Summit Partners (4)......... 4,304,272 30.6 315,000 3,989,272 25.1
Gregory M. Avis (5)......... 4,304,272 30.6 315,000 3,989,272 25.1
499 Hamilton Avenue,
Suite 200
Palo Alto, California 94301
Ki Y. Nam (6)............... 1,679,688 11.9 19,500 1,660,188 10.5
2026 McGaw Avenue
Irvine, California 92614
Crosspoint Ventures (7)..... 759,577 5.4 759,577 4.8
Rich Shapero (8)............ 759,577 5.4 759,577 4.8
One First Street
Palo Alto, California 94022
Charles Florman (9)......... 751,440 5.3 225,000 526,440 3.3
414A Main Street
Port Jefferson, New York
11777
Bruce C. Edwards............ 112,500 * 112,500 *
Arthur Cook(10)............. 221,012 1.6 12,500 208,512 l.3
Bill H. Doi (11)............ 265,214 1.9 8,000 257,214 1.6
Thomas Ha (12).............. 176,811 1.3 10,000 166,811 1.1
Sussanne Torretta (13)...... 132,606 * 10,000 122,606 *
David L. George (14)........ 7,500 * 7,500 *
Eugene L. Goda (15)......... 7,500 * 7,500 *
Sam Yau (16)................ 7,500 * 7,500 *
All Executive Officers and
Directors as a Group
(8 persons) (17)........... 12,370,875 87.8 334,500 12,036,375 75.7
</TABLE>
- --------
*Less than 1%
(1) Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the rules of the
Securities and Exchange Commission and generally includes voting or
investment power with respect to securities. Shares of Common Stock
subject to options or warrants currently exercisable, or exercisable
within 60 days of September 29, 1996, are deemed outstanding for computing
the percentage of the person holding such options or warrants but are not
deemed outstanding for computing the percentage of any other person.
Except as indicated by footnote and subject to community property laws
where applicable, to the knowledge of the Company the persons named in the
table have sole voting and investment power with respect to all shares of
Common Stock shown as beneficially owned by them.
(2) Assumes that the Underwriters' over-allotment option is not exercised.
50
<PAGE>
(3) Includes 11,250 shares, consisting of options exercisable within 60 days
of September 29, 1996, owned by Mr. Cordero's spouse, an officer of the
Company. Mr. Cordero disclaims beneficial ownership of such shares. Also
includes 522,618 shares subject to redemption by the Company for shares of
Common Stock issued by the Company in excess of 1,095,000 pursuant to the
exercise of stock options under the 1995 Stock Option Plan. See
"Management--1995 Stock Option Plan."
(4) Includes 2,076,855 shares held by Summit Ventures IV, L.P., 2,076,855
shares held by Summit Ventures III, L.P., and 150,562 shares held by
Summit Investors II, L.P. Voting power with respect to shares held by
Summit Ventures IV, L.P., Summit Ventures III, L.P. and Summit Investors
II, L.P. is held solely by Gregory M. Avis.
(5) Consists of shares held by Summit entities, of which Mr. Avis is a
designated representative and general partner. Mr. Avis disclaims
beneficial ownership of all shares held by Summit entities except to the
extent of his pecuniary interest therein.
(6) Includes 160,156 shares subject to redemption by the Company for shares
of Common Stock issued by the Company in excess of 1,095,000 shares of
Common Stock pursuant to the exercise of stock options under the 1995
Stock Option Plan. See "Management--1995 Stock Option Plan."
(7) Includes 736,606 shares held by Crosspoint Ventures Partners 1993 and
22,971 shares held by Crosspoint Ventures Partners Entrepreneurs 1993.
Voting power with respect to shares held by Crosspoint Venture Partners
1993 and Crosspoint Ventures Partners Entrepreneurs 1993 is held solely
by Rich Shapero.
(8) Consists of shares held by Crosspoint entities, of which Mr. Shapero is a
designated representative. Mr. Shapero disclaims beneficial ownership of
all shares held by Crosspoint entities except to the extent of his
pecuniary interest therein.
(9) Includes 71,649 shares subject to redemption by the Company for shares of
Common Stock issued by the Company in excess of 1,095,000 shares of
Common Stock pursuant to the exercise of stock options under the 1995
Stock Option Plan. See "Management--1995 Stock Option Plan."
(10) Includes 21,073 shares subject to redemption by the Company for shares of
Common Stock issued by the Company in excess of 1,095,000 shares of
Common Stock pursuant to the exercise of stock options under the 1995
Stock Option Plan. See "Management--1995 Stock Option Plan."
(11) Includes 25,287 shares subject to redemption by the Company for shares of
Common Stock issued by the Company in excess of 1,095,000 shares of
Common Stock pursuant to the exercise of stock options under the 1995
Stock Option Plan. See "Management--1995 Stock Option Plan."
(12) Includes 16,860 shares subject to redemption by the Company for shares of
Common Stock issued by the Company in excess of 1,095,000 shares of
Common Stock pursuant to the exercise of stock options under the 1995
Stock Option Plan. See "Management--1995 Stock Option Plan."
(13) Includes 12,643 shares subject to redemption by the Company for shares of
Common Stock issued by the Company in excess of 1,095,000 shares of
Common Stock pursuant to the exercise of stock options under the 1995
Stock Option Plan. See "Management--1995 Stock Option Plan."
(14) Consists of options exercisable for 7,500 shares within 60 days of
September 29, 1996.
(15) Consists of options exercisable for 7,500 shares within 60 days of
September 29, 1996.
(16) Consists of options exercisable for 7,500 shares within 60 days of
September 29, 1996.
(17) Includes 682,774 shares subject to redemption by the Company (see notes
3, and 6) and options exercisable for 33,750 shares within 60 days of
September 29, 1996, of which 11,250 are held by Mr. Cordero's spouse (see
notes 3, 14, 15 and 16).
51
<PAGE>
DESCRIPTION OF CAPITAL STOCK
Upon the completion of the Offering the authorized capital stock of the
Company will consist of 40,000,000 shares of common stock, $.0001 par value
("Common Stock"), and 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock, $.0001 par value
("Preferred Stock").
COMMON STOCK
As of September 29, 1996, there were 8,998,650 shares of Common Stock
outstanding held of record by nine shareholders. There will be 15,862,500
shares of Common Stock outstanding after the sale of the shares of Common
Stock offered by the Company hereby, 600,000 shares of which will be sold in
the Offering by the Selling Shareholders. See "Principal and Selling
Shareholders."
Holders of Common Stock are entitled to one vote per share on all matters to
be voted upon by the shareholders. Subject to preferences that may be
applicable to the holders of outstanding shares of Preferred Stock, if any,
the holders of Common Stock are entitled to receive such lawful dividends as
may be declared by the Board of Directors. In the event of liquidation,
dissolution or winding up of the Company, and subject to the rights of the
holders of outstanding shares of Preferred Stock, if any, the holders of
shares of Common Stock shall be entitled to receive pro rata all of the
remaining assets of the Company available for distribution to its
shareholders. There are no redemption or sinking fund provisions applicable to
the Common Stock. All outstanding shares of Common Stock are fully paid and
nonassessable, and shares of Common Stock to be issued pursuant to the
Offering shall be fully paid and nonassessable.
PREFERRED STOCK
Effective upon the closing of the Offering, each issued and outstanding
share of Series A Preferred Stock will be converted into one and one-half
(1.5) shares of Common Stock. After the Series A Preferred Stock is converted
and retired, no shares of Preferred Stock will be outstanding.
Upon the closing of the Offering, the Board of Directors will have the
authority, without further action by the shareholders, to issue the authorized
shares of Preferred Stock in one or more series and to fix the rights,
preferences and privileges thereof, including voting rights, terms of
redemption, redemption prices, liquidation preferences, number of shares
constituting any series or the designation of such series, without further
vote or action by the shareholders. Although it presently has no intention to
do so, the Board of Directors, without shareholder approval, could issue
Preferred Stock with voting and conversion rights which could adversely affect
the voting power of the holders of Common Stock. This provision may be deemed
to have a potential anti-takeover effect and the issuance of Preferred Stock
in accordance with such provision may delay or prevent a change of control of
the Company. See "Risk Factors--Effect of Certain Charter and Bylaw
Provisions."
REGISTRATION RIGHTS
Under the terms of a Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of October 10,
1995, among the Company and certain holders of its securities, after the
Offering and upon the expiration of the 180-day lock-up agreements with the
Underwriters, the holders of approximately 13,350,000 shares of Common Stock
will be entitled to certain rights with respect to the registration of such
shares under the Securities Act. Under the agreement, certain holders of
specified threshold amounts of "Registrable Securities" may demand that the
Company register their securities for resale under the Securities Act, in
which case all holders of their Registrable Securities may join in such demand
registration. In addition, if the Company proposes to register any of its
securities under the Securities Act, either for its own account or the action
of other shareholders (other than the holders of Registrable Securities), the
holders of Registrable Securities are entitled to notice of such registration
and are entitled to include their Registrable Securities
52
<PAGE>
therein. In either case, among other conditions and limitations, the
underwriters have the right to limit the number of Registrable Securities
included in any such registration. Certain holders of Registrable Securities
also may require the Company to register, at the expense of the Company, all
or a portion of their Registrable Securities on Form S-3 when such form
becomes available to the Company, subject to certain conditions and
limitations.
DELAWARE LAW AND CERTAIN CHARTER PROVISIONS
The Company is subject to the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware
General Corporation Law. In general, the statute prohibits a publicly-held
Delaware corporation from engaging in a "business combination" with an
"interested" shareholder for a period of three years after the date of the
transaction in which the person became an interested shareholder, unless
either (i) prior to the date at which the person becomes an interested
shareholder, the board of directors approves such transaction or business
combination, (ii) the shareholder acquires more than 85% of the outstanding
voting stock of the corporation (excluding shares held by directors who are
officers or held in certain employee stock plans) upon consummation of such
transaction, or (iii) the business combination is approved by the board of
directors and by two-thirds of the outstanding voting stock of the corporation
(excluding shares held by the interested shareholder) at a meeting of
shareholders (and not by written consent). A "business combination" includes a
merger, asset sale or other transaction resulting in a financial benefit to
such interested shareholder. For purposes of Section 203, an "interested"
shareholder is a person who, together with affiliates and associates, owns (or
within three years prior, did own) 15% or more of the corporation's voting
stock.
Upon the closing of the Offering, the Company's Amended and Restated
Certificate of Incorporation will include a provision that allows the Board of
Directors to issue Preferred Stock in one or more series with such voting
rights and other provisions as the board of Directors may determine. The
Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation also will eliminate the
ability of shareholders to call special meetings and require advance notice to
nominate a director or take certain other actions. These provisions may be
deemed to have a potential anti-takeover effect and may delay or prevent a
change of control of the Company.
TRANSFER AGENT AND REGISTRAR
The transfer agent and registrar for the Common Stock is U.S. Stock Transfer
Corporation.
53
<PAGE>
SHARES ELIGIBLE FOR FUTURE SALE
Prior to the Offering, there has been no public market for the Common Stock.
Future sales of substantial amounts of Common Stock in the public market could
adversely affect prevailing market prices and adversely affect the Company's
ability to raise additional capital in the capital markets at a time and price
favorable to the Company. As described below, no shares currently outstanding
will be available for sale immediately after the Offering due to certain legal
restrictions on resale.
Upon completion of the Offering, the Company will have 15,862,500 shares of
Common Stock outstanding. Of these shares, the 2,400,000 shares sold in the
Offering will be freely tradeable without restriction or further registration
under the Securities Act unless they are purchased by "affiliates" of the
Company as that term is used under the Securities Act. The remaining
13,462,500 shares held by existing shareholders will be "restricted
securities" as defined in Rule 144 under the Securities Act ("Restricted
Shares"). Restricted Shares may be sold in the public market only if
registered or if they qualify for an exemption from registration under Rules
144, 144(k) or 701 promulgated under the Securities Act, which are summarized
below. Sales of Restricted Shares in the public market, or the availability of
such shares for sale, could adversely affect the market price of the Common
Stock.
All officers, directors, existing shareholders and certain option holders
have agreed with the Underwriters that they will not sell any of the
13,462,500 shares of Common Stock owned by them for a period of 180 days after
the effective date of the Offering without the prior written consent of Alex.
Brown & Sons Incorporated (the "180-day lock-up"). Furthermore, all option
holders are precluded from selling any shares issuable to them through the
exercise of options for a 180-day lock-up period, under the terms of such
options. As a result of the 180-day lock-up, no shares of Common Stock will
become available for sale in the public market under either Rule 144 or
144(k). Upon the expiration of the 180-day lock-up (or earlier upon the
consent of Alex. Brown & Sons, Incorporated), 1,422,868 Restricted Shares
(plus shares issuable upon exercise of then vested outstanding options) will
be eligible for immediate sale in the public market in reliance on Rule 144(k)
and 7,253,776 Restricted Shares will become eligible for sale subject to the
volume and other restrictions of Rule 144 and, in some cases, Rule 701. The
approximately 4,785,856 remaining Restricted Shares will not be eligible for
sale pursuant to Rule 144 until the expiration of their two-year holding
periods.
In general, under Rule 144 as currently in effect, beginning 90 days after
the effective date of the Offering, any person (or persons whose shares are
aggregated) who has beneficially owned Restricted Shares for at least two
years is entitled to sell, within any three-month period, a number of shares
that does not exceed the greater of 1% of the then outstanding shares of the
Company's Common Stock (approximately 158,625 shares immediately after the
Offering) or the average weekly trading volume during the four calendar weeks
preceding such sale. Sales under Rule 144 are also subject to certain
requirements as to the manner of sale, notice and availability of current
public information about the Company. A person who is not an affiliate, has
not been an affiliate within three months prior to the sale and has
beneficially owned the Restricted Shares for a least three years is entitled
to sell such shares under Rule 144(k) as currently in effect without regard to
any of the limitations described above.
In general, under Rule 701 as currently in effect, beginning 90 days after
the effective date of the Offering, certain shares issued upon exercise of
options granted by the Company prior to the date of this Prospectus will also
be available for sale in the public market, subject to expiration of the 180-
day lock-up period under the terms of such options. Any employee, officer or
director of or consultant to the Company who purchased his or her shares
pursuant to a written compensatory plan or contract may be entitled to rely on
the resale provisions of Rule 701. Rule 701 permits affiliates to sell their
Rule 701 shares under Rule 144 without complying with the holding period
requirements of Rule 144. Rule 701 further provides that non-affiliates may
sell such shares in reliance on Rule 144 without having to comply with the
public information, volume limitation or notice provisions of Rule 144.
54
<PAGE>
The Company intends to file a registration statement on Form S-8 under the
Act to register shares of Common Stock reserved for issuance under its stock
option plans, thus permitting the resale of shares issued under the plan by
non-affiliates in the public market without restriction under the Securities
Act. Such registration statement will become effective immediately upon filing
which is expected on or shortly after the closing of the Offering. It is
anticipated that approximately 476,761 shares of Common Stock issuable upon
exercise of options outstanding as of September 29, 1996 will become eligible
for sale in the public market upon the expiration of the lock-up under the
terms of such options, which expiration shall occur 180 days after the closing
of the Offering.
The Securities and Exchange Commission has recently proposed reducing the
Rule 144 holding period to one year and the Rule 144(k) holding period to two
years. There can be no assurance as to when or whether such rule changes will
be enacted. If enacted, such modification will have a material effect on the
time when shares of the Company's Common stock become eligible for resale.
55
<PAGE>
UNDERWRITING
Subject to the terms and conditions of the Underwriting Agreement, the
Underwriters named below (the "Underwriters"), through their Representatives,
Alex. Brown & Sons Incorporated, UBS Securities LLC and Wessels, Arnold &
Henderson, L.L.C. have severally agreed to purchase from the Company and the
Selling Shareholders the following respective numbers of shares of Common
Stock at the initial public offering price less the underwriting discounts and
commissions set forth on the cover page of this Prospectus:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
NUMBER OF
UNDERWRITERS SHARES
------------ ---------
<S> <C>
Alex. Brown & Sons Incorporated...................................
UBS Securities LLC................................................
Wessels, Arnold & Henderson, L.L.C................................
---------
Total......................................................... 2,400,000
=========
</TABLE>
The Underwriting Agreement provides that the obligations of the Underwriters
are subject to certain conditions precedent and that the Underwriters will
purchase all the shares of Common Stock offered hereby if any of such shares
are purchased.
The Company and the Selling Shareholders have been advised by the
Representatives of the Underwriters that the Underwriters propose to offer the
shares of Common Stock to the public at the initial public offering price set
forth on the cover page of this Prospectus and to certain dealers at such
price less a concession not in excess of $ per share. The Underwriters may
allow, and such dealers may reallow, a concession not in excess of $ per
share to certain other dealers. After the initial public offering, the
offering price and other selling terms may be changed by the Representatives
of the Underwriters.
The Company has granted to the Underwriters an option, exercisable not later
than 30 days after the date of this Prospectus, to purchase up to 360,000
additional shares of Common Stock at the public offering price less the
underwriting discounts and commissions set forth on the cover page of this
Prospectus. To the extent that the Underwriters exercise such option, each of
the Underwriters will have a firm commitment to purchase approximately the
same percentage thereof that the number of shares of Common Stock to be
purchased by it in the above table bears to 2,400,000, and the Company will be
obligated, pursuant to the option, to sell such shares to the Underwriters.
The Underwriters may exercise such option only to cover over-allotments made
in connection with the sale of Common Stock offered hereby. If purchased, the
Underwriters will offer such additional shares on the same terms as those on
which the 2,400,000 shares are being offered.
The Company and the Selling Shareholders have agreed to indemnify the
Underwriters against certain liabilities, including liabilities under the
Securities Act.
The Selling Shareholders, all of the officers and directors and all other
shareholders of the Company have agreed not to offer, sell, contract to sell,
or otherwise dispose of any Common Stock for a period of 180 days after the
date of this Prospectus without the prior written consent of the
Representatives of the Underwriters. See "Shares Eligible for Future Sale."
56
<PAGE>
The Representatives of the Underwriters have advised the Company that the
Underwriters do not intend to confirm sales to any account over which they
exercise discretionary authority.
Prior to the Offering, there has been no public market for the Common Stock
of the Company. Consequently, the initial public offering price for the Common
Stock will be determined by negotiation between the Company, the Selling
Shareholders and the Representatives of the Underwriters. The factors to be
considered in such negotiations include prevailing market conditions, the
results of operations of the Company in recent periods, the market
capitalizations and stages of development of other companies which the Company
and the Representatives of the Underwriters believe to be comparable to the
Company, estimates of the business potential of the Company, the present state
of the Company's development and other factors deemed relevant.
LEGAL MATTERS
The validity of the shares of Common Stock offered hereby will be passed upon
for the Company and the Selling Shareholders by Stradling, Yocca, Carlson &
Rauth, a Professional Corporation, Newport Beach, California. Certain legal
matters will be passed upon for the Underwriters by Morrison & Foerster LLP,
Irvine, California.
EXPERTS
The consolidated financial statements and schedule of the Company as of
December 31, 1994 and 1995, and September 29, 1996 and for each of the three
years in the period ended December 31, 1995 and the nine months ended September
29, 1996, included in this Prospectus and elsewhere in the Registration
Statement have been audited by Deloitte & Touche LLP, independent auditors, as
stated in their reports appearing herein and elsewhere in the Registration
Statement, and are included in reliance upon the reports given upon their
authority as experts in accounting and auditing.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
A Registration Statement on Form S-1, including amendments thereto, relating
to the Common Stock offered hereby has been filed by the Company with the
Securities and Exchange Commission. This Prospectus does not contain all of the
information set forth in the Registration Statement and the exhibits and
schedules thereto. Statements contained in this Prospectus as to the contents
of any contract or other document referred to are not necessarily complete and
in each instance reference is made to the copy of such contract or other
document filed as an exhibit to the Registration Statement, each such statement
being qualified in all respects by such reference. For further information with
respect to the Company and the Common Stock offered hereby, reference is made
to such Registration Statement, exhibits and schedules. A copy of the
Registration Statement may be inspected by anyone without charge at the public
reference facilities maintained by the Commission in Room 1024, 450 Fifth
Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20549, and at the regional offices of the
Commission located at Seven World Trade Center, 13th Floor, New York, New York
10048 and Northwestern Atrium Center, 500 West Madison Street, Suite 1400,
Chicago, Illinois 60661. Copies of all or any part of the Registration
Statement may be obtained from the Public Reference Section of the Commission
at 450 Fifth Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20549 and its public reference
facilities in New York, New York and Chicago, Illinois, upon the payment of the
fees prescribed by the Commission. The Registration Statement is also available
through the Commission's Website on the World Wide Web at the following
address: http://www.sec.gov.
57
<PAGE>
POWERWAVE TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
------------
INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
PAGE
----
<S> <C>
Independent Auditors' Report.............................................. F-2
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 1994, 1995 and September
29, 1996................................................................. F-3
Consolidated Statements of Income for the years ended December 31, 1993,
1994 and 1995 and the Nine Months Ended September 30, 1995 (Unaudited)
and September 29, 1996................................................... F-4
Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity for the years ended
December 31, 1993, 1994 and 1995 and the Nine Months Ended September 29,
1996..................................................................... F-5
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31,
1993, 1994 and 1995 and the Nine Months Ended September 30, 1995
(Unaudited) and September 29, 1996....................................... F-6
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements................................ F-7
</TABLE>
F-1
<PAGE>
INDEPENDENT AUDITORS' REPORT
To the Board of Directors of
Powerwave Technologies, Inc.:
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Powerwave
Technologies, Inc. (formerly Milcom International, Inc.) (the "Company") as of
December 31, 1994, 1995 and September 29, 1996, and the related consolidated
statements of income, shareholders' equity and of cash flows for each of the
three years in the period ended December 31, 1995, and the nine months ended
September 29, 1996. These financial statements are the responsibility of the
Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these
financial statements based on our audits.
We conducted our audits in accordance with generally accepted auditing
standards. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to
obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of
material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence
supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit
also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant
estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial
statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis
for our opinion.
In our opinion, such consolidated financial statements present fairly, in
all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December
31, 1994, 1995 and September 29, 1996, and the results of their operations and
their cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31,
1995, and the nine months ended September 29, 1996, in conformity with
generally accepted accounting principles.
Deloitte & Touche LLP
Costa Mesa, California
October 24, 1996
F-2
<PAGE>
POWERWAVE TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
DECEMBER 31, SEPTEMBER 29, 1996
------------------------ --------------------------
1994 1995 ACTUAL PRO FORMA
---------- ------------ ------------ ------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C>
ASSETS
Current Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents..... $3,030,211 $ 5,860,785 $10,389,407
Short-term investments........ 494,795
Accounts receivable, net of
allowance for doubtful
accounts of $10,000, $122,532
and $402,368 at December 31,
1994, 1995 and September 29,
1996, respectively........... 1,428,224 3,103,990 5,168,068
Inventories................... 3,276,026 4,724,261 4,495,220
Income tax refund receivable.. 609,550 --
Prepaid expenses and other
current assets............... 18,732 15,163 129,989
Deferred tax assets........... 421,555 1,031,482 1,031,482
---------- ----------- -----------
Total current assets......... 8,669,543 15,345,231 21,214,166
Property and equipment......... 1,262,168 1,800,078 4,672,439
Accumulated depreciation and
amortization.................. (380,355) (734,285) (980,596)
---------- ----------- -----------
Net property and equipment.... 881,813 1,065,793 3,691,843
Other assets................... 52,299 153,518
---------- ----------- -----------
TOTAL ASSETS................... $9,551,356 $16,463,323 $25,059,527
========== =========== ===========
LIABILITIES AND
SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY:
Current Liabilities:
Accounts payable.............. $ 756,671 $ 3,508,098 $ 3,911,018 $3,911,018
Accrued expenses and
other liabilities............ 1,937,821 2,080,446 4,382,157 4,382,157
Dividends payable............. 1,350,000 --
Due to shareholders........... 90,000 50,000 -- --
Current portion of long-
term debt.................... 93,765 66,824 108,681 108,681
Income taxes payable.......... 2,304,855 265,363 265,363
---------- ----------- ------------ ----------
Total current
liabilities................. 5,183,112 5,705,368 10,017,219 8,667,219
Other non-current
liabilities.................. 50,000
Long-term debt................ 176,044 137,526 41,395 41,395
---------- ----------- ------------ ----------
Total liabilities............. 5,409,156 5,842,894 10,058,614 8,708,614
Commitments and
contingency (Note 11)
Series A Convertible
Preferred Stock (Note 6),
$.0001 par value;
3,375,900 and 3,375,900
shares authorized, issued
and outstanding at
December 31, 1995 and
September 29, 1996, (Note
6) no pro forma shares at
September 29, 1996............ 14,498,193 14,498,193
Shareholders' Equity
(Deficit) (Notes 2, 6 and
9):
Preferred Stock, $.0001
par value; 5,000,000
shares authorized and no
shares outstanding............
Common Stock, $.0001 par
value; 20,000,000 shares
authorized; 13,950,000,
8,886,150 and 8,998,650
shares issued and
outstanding at December
31, 1994 and 1995 and
September 29, 1996,
40,000,000 shares
authorized and 14,062,500
shares issued pro forma
at September 29, 1996......... 740,000 471,380 771,380 15,269,573
Retained earnings.............. 3,402,200 7,882,236 11,962,720 13,312,720
Less treasury stock at
cost.......................... (12,231,380) (12,231,380) (12,231,380)
---------- ------------ ------------ ------------
Total shareholders'
equity (deficit)............ 4,142,200 (3,877,764) 502,720 $ 16,350,913
========== ============ ============ ============
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND
SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY.......... $9,551,356 $ 16,463,323 $ 25,059,527
========== ============ ============
</TABLE>
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
F-3
<PAGE>
POWERWAVE TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
NINE MONTHS ENDED
SEPTEMBER SEPTEMBER
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 30, 29,
------------------------------------ ----------- -----------
1993 1994 1995 1995 1996
---------- ----------- ----------- ----------- -----------
(Unaudited)
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Net sales............... $8,717,021 $22,860,634 $36,044,438 $22,384,064 $43,594,547
Cost of sales........... 6,566,681 14,465,477 22,713,227 14,554,172 25,371,134
---------- ----------- ----------- ----------- -----------
Gross profit............ 2,150,340 8,395,157 13,331,211 7,829,892 18,223,413
Operating expenses (Note
10):
Sales and marketing..... 386,981 570,276 1,557,282 1,012,637 3,314,715
Research and
development............ 581,126 1,432,544 2,252,254 1,401,390 4,034,140
General and
administrative......... 559,291 1,517,704 1,958,228 1,287,884 2,003,390
---------- ----------- ----------- ----------- -----------
Total operating
expenses............... 1,527,398 3,520,524 5,767,764 3,701,911 9,352,245
---------- ----------- ----------- ----------- -----------
Operating income........ 622,942 4,874,633 7,563,447 4,127,981 8,871,168
Other income (expense).. (5,298) (19,892) 32,237 236 333,041
---------- ----------- ----------- ----------- -----------
Income before income
taxes.................. 617,644 4,854,741 7,595,684 4,128,217 9,204,209
Provision for income
taxes.................. 266,419 1,908,406 3,115,648 1,693,339 3,773,725
---------- ----------- ----------- ----------- -----------
Net income.............. $ 351,225 $ 2,946,335 $ 4,480,036 $ 2,434,878 $ 5,430,484
========== =========== =========== =========== ===========
Pro forma net income per
share.................. $ .30 $ .37
=========== ===========
Pro forma weighted
average common shares.. 14,774,239 14,774,239
=========== ===========
</TABLE>
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
F-4
<PAGE>
POWERWAVE TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY (DEFICIT)
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
TOTAL
COMMON STOCK TREASURY STOCK SHAREHOLDERS'
--------------------- ---------------------- RETAINED EQUITY
SHARES AMOUNT SHARES AMOUNT EARNINGS (DEFICIT)
---------- --------- --------- ------------ ----------- -------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Balance at January 1,
1993................... 13,950,000 $ 740,000 $ 104,640 $ 844,640
Net income.............. 351,225 351,225
---------- --------- ----------- ------------
Balance at December 31,
1993................... 13,950,000 740,000 455,865 1,195,865
Net income.............. 2,946,335 2,946,335
---------- --------- ----------- ------------
Balance at December 31,
1994................... 13,950,000 740,000 3,402,200 4,142,200
Repurchase of common
stock (Note 6):........ (5,063,850) (268,620) 5,063,850 $(12,231,380) (12,500,000)
Net income.............. 4,480,036 4,480,036
---------- --------- --------- ------------ ----------- ------------
Balance at December 31,
1995................... 8,886,150 471,380 5,063,850 (12,231,380) 7,882,236 (3,877,764)
Issuance of Common
Stock related to the
exercise of stock
options (Note 9)...... 112,500 300,000 300,000
Preferred Stock
dividends (Notes 2 and
6).................... (1,350,000) (1,350,000)
Net Income............. 5,430,484 5,430,484
---------- --------- --------- ------------ ----------- ------------
Balance at September 29,
1996................... 8,998,650 $ 771,380 5,063,850 $(12,231,380) $11,962,720 $ 502,720
========== ========= ========= ============ =========== ============
</TABLE>
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
F-5
<PAGE>
POWERWAVE TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
NINE MONTHS ENDED
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, SEPTEMBER 30, SEPTEMBER 29,
------------------------------------- ------------- -------------
1993 1994 1995 1995 1996
----------- ----------- ----------- ------------- -------------
(Unaudited)
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
CASH FLOWS FROM
OPERATING
ACTIVITIES:
Net income............. $ 351,225 $ 2,946,335 $ 4,480,036 $ 2,434,878 $ 5,430,484
Adjustments to
reconcile net income
to net cash provided
by (used in) operating
activities:
Depreciation and
amortization.......... 108,758 166,597 353,929 76,792 246,311
Deferred income taxes.. 7,072 (399,127) (609,927)
Changes in assets and
liabilities:
Accounts receivable... (1,974,571) 1,127,618 (1,675,766) (4,029,587) (2,064,078)
Inventories........... (563,609) (2,350,424) (1,448,235) (2,074,537) 229,041
Income tax refund
receivable........... (609,550) 609,550
Prepaid expenses and
other current assets. (4,786) (5,694) (48,730) (55,254) (114,826)
Accounts payable...... 1,847,761 (1,277,867) 2,066,914 2,711,375 402,920
Accrued expenses and
other liabilities.... 106,237 1,379,052 737,138 57,457 2,301,711
Other assets.......... (101,219)
Income taxes payable.. 232,471 2,072,384 (2,304,855) (1,806,662) 265,363
----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- -----------
Net cash provided by
(used in) operating
activities............ 110,558 3,658,874 940,954 (2,685,538) 7,205,257
CASH FLOWS FROM
INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
Purchase of property
and equipment......... (415,818) (207,502) (537,909) (129,657) (2,872,361)
Sale (purchase) of
short-term
investments........... (494,795) 494,795 448,111
----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- -----------
Net cash provided by
(used in) investing
activities............ (415,818) (702,297) (43,114) 318,454 (2,872,361)
CASH FLOWS FROM
FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Principal payments on
long-term debt........ (4,272) (10,996) (65,459) (48,467) (54,274)
(Principal payments)
borrowings on debt.... 271,522 (273,884)
Increase (decrease) in
amounts due to
shareholders.......... (50,000)
Issuance of Preferred
Stock................. 14,498,193
Issuance of Common
Stock................. 300,000
Preferred Stock
dividend payable...... 1,350,000
Repurchase of Common
Stock................. (12,500,000)
Preferred Stock
dividends............. (1,350,000)
----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- -----------
Net cash provided by
(used in) financing
activities............ 267,250 (284,880) 1,932,734 (48,467) 195,726
----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- -----------
NET INCREASE (DECREASE)
IN CASH AND CASH
EQUIVALENTS............ (38,010) 2,671,697 2,830,574 (2,415,551) 4,528,622
CASH AND CASH
EQUIVALENTS, beginning. 396,524 358,514 3,030,211 3,030,211 5,860,785
----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- -----------
CASH AND CASH
EQUIVALENTS, end....... $ 358,514 $ 3,030,211 $ 5,860,785 $ 614,660 $10,389,407
----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- -----------
SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW
INFORMATION:
Cash paid for:
Interest............... $ 58,942 $ 56,783 $ 55,620 $ 13,751
Income taxes........... $ 20,314 $ 235,149 $ 6,665,000 $ 3,525,000 $ 2,924,000
=========== =========== =========== =========== ===========
NONCASH ITEMS:
Acquisition of property
through capital lease.. $ 77,318 $ 248,141
=========== ===========
</TABLE>
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
F-6
<PAGE>
POWERWAVE TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1. NATURE OF OPERATIONS
Powerwave Technologies, Inc. (formerly Milcom International, Inc.) (the
"Company") is a Delaware corporation engaged in the design, manufacture and
sale of RF power amplifiers and related electronic equipment for use in the
wireless communications market. The Company manufactures both single
channel and multi-channel amplifiers, with a focus on multi-channel
products. The Company's products are currently being utilized on cellular
base stations in both digital and analog-based networks. The Company's
products support a wide range of digital and analog transmission protocols.
The Company also produces power amplifiers for the SMR market, which is
characterized as a two-way radio market with devices commonly utilized by
police and emergency personnel and the business dispatch marketplace. The
Company also manufactures air-to-ground amplifiers.
2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Basis of Presentation
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company
and its foreign sales corporation. All intercompany balances and
transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
Unaudited Information
The information set forth in these consolidated financial statements for
the nine months ended September 30, 1995 is unaudited. This information
reflects all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments,
that, in the opinion of management, are necessary to present fairly the
financial position and results of operations of the Company for these
periods, results of operations for the interim periods are not necessarily
indicative of the results of operations for the full fiscal year.
Fiscal Year
The Company operated on a calendar fiscal year basis through fiscal 1995.
Commencing with fiscal year 1996, the Company has adopted a conventional
52/53 week accounting fiscal year. The Company's fiscal year ends on the
Sunday closest to December 31st. Fiscal year 1996 will end on December 29,
1996.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents generally consist of cash, time deposits,
commercial paper, money market preferred stocks, money market funds and
other money market instruments. The Company invests its excess cash in only
investment grade money market instruments from a variety of industries and,
therefore, bears minimal risk. These securities all have original maturity
dates of three months or less. Such investments are stated at cost, which
approximates fair value, and are considered cash equivalents for purposes
of reporting cash flows.
Short-Term Investments
Short-term investments are valued at the lower of cost or market and
consist of certificates of deposit and marketable securities. The Company
adopted Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) No. 115,
Accounting for Certain Investments in Debt and Equity Securities, as of
January 1, 1994. This statement specifies the accounting treatment of the
Company's investments in equity securities based on the investment
classifications defined in the statement. The Company has
F-7
<PAGE>
POWERWAVE TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS--(CONTINUED)
classified the equity securities as available for sale and, in accordance
with SFAS No. 115, they have been recorded at market value as of December
31, 1994. The market value approximated the carrying amount at December 31,
1994. The Company did not have short-term investments at December 31, 1995
or September 29, 1996.
Accounts Receivable
The Company performs ongoing credit evaluations of its customers and
generally does not require collateral. The Company maintains reserves for
potential credit losses and such losses have been within management's
expectations.
Inventories
Inventories are stated at the lower of cost, determined on a first-in
first-out basis, or market. The Company periodically reviews inventory
quantities on hand and provides reserves for obsolete inventory based
primarily on current production requirements and forecasted product demand.
Property and Equipment
Property and equipment are stated at cost. The Company depreciates these
assets using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of
the various classes of assets, as follows:
<TABLE>
<S> <C> <C>
Machinery and equipment 3 to 5 years
Office furniture and equipment 5 years
Leasehold improvements 7 to 10 years
Property under capital leases 3 to 5 years
</TABLE>
Other Assets
Included in other assets is $11,061 of deferred offering costs incurred
since July 1996 in connection with the proposed public offering. Such costs
will be offset against the proceeds from such offering if successful. If
the offering is unsuccessful, such costs will be expensed.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
SFAS No. 107, Disclosures About Fair Value of Financial Instruments,
requires management to disclose the estimated fair value of certain assets
and liabilities defined by SFAS No. 107 as financial instruments. Financial
instruments are generally defined by SFAS No. 107 as cash or a contractual
obligation that both conveys to one entity a right to receive cash or other
financial instruments from another entity and imposes on the other entity
the obligation to deliver cash or other financial instruments to the first
entity. At December 31, 1995 and September 29, 1996, management believes
that the carrying amounts of cash, receivables and trade payables
approximate fair value because of the short maturity of these financial
instruments.
New Accounting Pronouncement
In October 1995, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued SFAS No.
123, Accounting for Stock-based Compensation, which requires adoption of
the disclosure provisions no later than years beginning after December 15,
1995 and adoption of the recognition and measurement provisions for
nonemployee transactions no later than after December 15, 1995. The new
standard defines a fair value method of accounting for stock options and
other equity instruments. Under the fair value method, compensation cost is
measured at the grant date based on the fair value of the award and is
recognized over the service period which is usually the vesting period.
F-8
<PAGE>
POWERWAVE TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS--(CONTINUED)
Pursuant to the new accounting standard, companies are encouraged, but
are not required, to adopt the fair value method of accounting for employee
stock-based transactions. Companies are also permitted to continue to
account for such transactions under Accounting Principles Board Opinion No.
25, Accounting for Stock Issued to Employees, but would be required to
disclose in a note to the financial statements pro forma net income and, if
presented, earnings per share as if the company had applied the new method
of accounting. The Company has determined that it will not change to the
fair value method and will continue to use Accounting Principle Board
Opinion No. 25 for measurement and recognition of employee stock-based
transactions (Note 9).
Income Taxes
The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with SFAS No. 109,
Accounting for Income Taxes, which requires that the Company recognize
deferred tax liabilities and assets based on the differences between the
financial statement carrying amounts and the tax bases of assets and
liabilities, using enacted tax rates in effect in the years the differences
are expected to reverse. Deferred income tax benefits result from the
recognition of temporary differences between financial statement and income
tax reporting of income and expenses.
Revenue Recognition
The Company recognizes revenue from product sales at the time of
shipment. The Company also offers its customers, on a limited basis, a
right of return on sales and records an estimate of such returns at the
time of product delivery based on historical experience.
Stock Split
In October 1995, the Company's shareholders approved a 9,300 for one
stock split of the Company's Common Stock. The Company also changed the
number of common shares authorized from 1,000 shares to 20,000,000 shares
and the par value per share from $1 per share to $.0001 per share. All
Common Stock information included in the accompanying consolidated
financial statements has been restated to reflect such stock split.
In October 1996, the Company's Board of Directors approved a 3-for-2
stock split of the Company's Common Stock effective at or prior to the
closing of the Company's initial public offering ("IPO") and increased the
number of shares authorized Common Stock to 40,000,000. All share and per
share information relating to Common Stock and conversion amounts relating
to Series A Convertible Preferred Stock ("Series A Preferred Stock") and
stock options included in the accompanying consolidated financial
statements and footnotes have been restated to reflect the stock split for
all periods presented.
Pro Forma Net Income Per Share
Pro forma net income per share is computed by dividing net income by the
weighted average number of common and common equivalent shares outstanding.
Weighted average common and common equivalent shares include Common Stock,
stock options using the treasury stock method and the assumed conversion of
all outstanding shares of Series A Preferred Stock into shares of Common
Stock.
Pursuant to Securities and Exchange Commission Staff Accounting Bulletin
Topic 4D, stock options granted during the twelve months prior to the date
of the initial filing of the Company's Form S-1 Registration Statement have
been included in the calculation of common equivalent shares using the
treasury stock method.
F-9
<PAGE>
POWERWAVE TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS--(CONTINUED)
Pro Forma Information
The Company is preparing for an IPO of its Common Stock which, upon
completion, will result in the conversion of all outstanding shares of
Series A Preferred Stock into shares of Common Stock (Note 6). The
accompanying pro forma information, which is unaudited, gives effect to the
conversion of all outstanding shares of Series A Preferred Stock into
Common Stock upon the closing of the IPO and the reversal of accrued
dividends payable of $1,350,000 at September 29, 1996 (Note 6).
Use of Estimates
The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity
with generally accepted accounting principles necessarily requires
management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported
amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and
liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported
amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting years. Actual results
could differ from those estimates.
Customer Concentrations and International Sales
The Company's product sales have historically been concentrated in a
small number of customers. During the years ended December 31, 1993, 1994
and 1995 and the nine months ended September 30, 1995 and September 29,
1996, sales to three customers (four customers for nine months ended
September 29, 1996) totaled $4,675,900, $14,861,190, $20,741,536,
$10,780,340 and $35,477,332 or 54%, 65%, 58%, 48% and 81% of net sales,
respectively. The loss of, or reduction in, sales to any such customers
would have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, operating
results and financial condition.
During the years ended December 31, 1993, 1994 and 1995 and the nine
months ended September 30, 1995 and September 29, 1996, international
sales, primarily to the Asian market, were $696,400, $1,981,203,
$24,202,748, $13,910,321 and $31,614,742, respectively.
Supplier Concentrations
Certain of the Company's products utilize components that are available
in the short-term only from a single or a limited number of sources. In
addition, in order to take advantage of volume pricing discounts, the
Company purchases certain customized components for its power amplifiers
from single sources. Any inability to obtain single sourced components in
the amounts needed on a timely basis or at commercially reasonable prices
could result in delays in product introductions or interruption in product
shipments or increases in product costs, which could have a material
adverse effect on the Company's business, operating results and financial
condition until alternative sources could be developed.
3. INVENTORIES
Inventories consist of the following at December 31, 1994 and 1995 and
September 29, 1996:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
1994 1995 SEPTEMBER 29, 1996
---------- ---------- ------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Parts and components................ $1,898,484 $2,646,063 $3,209,726
Work-in-process..................... 1,338,525 1,695,172 1,052,571
Finished goods...................... 39,017 383,026 232,923
---------- ---------- ----------
Total............................... $3,276,026 $4,724,261 $4,495,220
========== ========== ==========
</TABLE>
F-10
<PAGE>
POWERWAVE TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS--(CONTINUED)
4.PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT
Property and equipment consist of the following at December 31, 1994 and
1995 and September 29, 1996:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
1994 1995 SEPTEMBER 29, 1996
--------- ---------- ------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Machinery and equipment........... $ 835,117 $1,062,094 $2,075,330
Office furniture and equipment.... 239,835 538,398 1,322,102
Leasehold improvements............ 187,216 199,586 1,242,122
Construction in progress.......... 32,885
--------- ---------- ----------
1,262,168 1,800,078 4,672,439
--------- ---------- ----------
Less accumulated depreciation and
amortization..................... (380,355) (734,285) (980,596)
--------- ---------- ----------
Net property and equipment........ $ 881,813 $1,065,793 $3,691,843
========= ========== ==========
</TABLE>
Included in property and equipment are assets under capital lease of
$351,801, $351,801 and $351,801 at December 31, 1994 and 1995 and September
29, 1996, respectively. Accumulated amortization of assets under capital
lease was $70,515, $140,875 and $193,642 at December 31, 1994 and 1995 and
the nine months ended September 29, 1996, respectively. The $32,885
construction in progress at September 29, 1996 relates to additional tenant
improvements at the Company's new headquarters facility.
5.FINANCING ARRANGEMENTS
The Company had a revolving line of credit of $3,000,000 secured by
substantially all of the Company's assets. The line of credit was
collateralized by machinery and equipment, inventory and accounts
receivable. Borrowings under the line bear interest at the bank's reference
rate plus .25% (8.5% at December 31, 1995). The line of credit agreement
contained covenants regarding certain financial statement amounts, ratios
and activities of the Company. At December 31, 1995, one of the covenants
was not met. The Company received a waiver related to this covenant. The
line of credit expired in May 1996.
On May 30, 1996, the Company entered into a new $5 million unsecured
revolving credit agreement. This agreement allows the Company to borrow at
the bank's reference rate (8.25% at September 29, 1996). The Company is
required to pay a commitment fee equal to .125% per annum based on the
average daily unused portion of the facility. The fee is payable quarterly
in arrears. The line of credit will expire on May 31, 1997. The credit
agreement contains covenants regarding certain financial statement amounts,
ratios and activities of the Company. At September 29, 1996, the Company
was in compliance with all covenants.
6.SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
Preferred Stock
Series A Preferred Stock shares are convertible, at the holder's option,
into shares of Common Stock on a 1 to 1.5 share basis. The conversion ratio
may be adjusted from time to time in the event of certain diluting events.
Conversion is automatic in the event of an initial public offering of the
Company's Common Stock meeting certain specified criteria ("Qualifying
IPO"). Unless a Qualifying IPO has occurred, the holders of the Series A
Preferred Stock and any Common Stock issued upon
F-11
<PAGE>
POWERWAVE TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS--(CONTINUED)
conversion of the Series A Preferred Stock can require that the Company
repurchase such securities upon a sale of substantially all the Company's
assets, certain mergers and corporate reorganizations, or in October 2001
(with a twelve-month payout, if needed). Such repurchase would occur at the
higher of fair market value or the initial purchase price. Dividends on
Series A Preferred Stock are cumulative beginning in January 1996 and may
be declared at the discretion of the Board of Directors; however, such
dividends will not become payable if the Company completes a Qualifying IPO
on or before December 31, 1996. The dividend rate is 12% per annum. Series
A Preferred Stock shareholders have voting rights equal to the number of
shares into which the Series A Preferred Stock is convertible into Common
Stock. In the event of liquidation, dissolution or merger of the Company,
each Series A Preferred Stock shareholder has a liquidation preference
equal to approximately $4.44 per share of Series A Preferred Stock plus any
declared but unpaid dividends or cumulative dividends beginning in January
1996. As of September 29, 1996, $1,350,000 of dividends payable had been
accrued. Such dividends will not be paid if the Company completes a
Qualifying IPO on or before December 31, 1996.
Each share of Series A Preferred Stock shall automatically be converted
into shares of Common Stock on a 1 to 1.5 basis on December 16, 2001 at a
conversion price of approximately $2.96 per share subject to certain
adjustments. Because there is no mandatory redemption of the Series A
Preferred Stock, no accretion of additional amounts to the carrying values
of such Series A Preferred Stock was recorded.
Capital Transactions
During October 1995, the Company sold 3,375,900 shares of Series A
Preferred Stock at $4.44 per share and raised net proceeds of $14,498,193.
The Company then used a portion of the proceeds to repurchase 5,063,850
shares of the Company's Common Stock at $2.47 per share from the
shareholders. These shares are being held as treasury stock by the Company
as of September 29, 1996.
7.INCOME TAXES
The provision for income taxes for the years ended December 31, 1993,
1994 and 1995 consists of the following:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
1993 1994 1995
-------- ---------- ----------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Current:
Federal................................... $201,909 $1,800,618 $2,900,929
State..................................... 52,118 506,915 824,646
-------- ---------- ----------
Total current provision................... 254,027 2,307,533 3,725,575
Deferred--federal and state................. 12,392 (399,127) (609,927)
-------- ---------- ----------
Provision for income taxes.................. $266,419 $1,908,406 $3,115,648
======== ========== ==========
</TABLE>
F-12
<PAGE>
POWERWAVE TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS--(CONTINUED)
The difference between income taxes provided in the financial statements
and as required by the federal statutory rate of 35% for the years ended
December 31, 1993, 1994 and 1995 is as follows:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
1993 1994 1995
-------- ---------- ----------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Taxes at federal statutory.................. $216,175 $1,699,159 $2,658,489
State taxes, net of federal benefit......... 37,583 286,608 460,427
Accruals without tax effect................. 204,000
Foreign sales corporation tax benefits...... (159,205)
Other....................................... 12,661 (77,361) (48,063)
-------- ---------- ----------
Provision for income taxes.................. $266,419 $1,908,406 $3,115,648
======== ========== ==========
</TABLE>
At December 31, 1994 and 1995, the Company's net deferred tax asset was
comprised of the following major components:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
1994 1995
-------- ----------
<S> <C> <C>
Depreciation of property............................... $(19,271) $ 2,434
Accruals and reserves.................................. 131,854 437,574
Costs capitalized into inventories..................... 148,356 362,452
State taxes............................................ 160,616 229,022
-------- ----------
Net deferred tax asset................................. $421,555 $1,031,482
======== ==========
</TABLE>
The Company did not adjust its deferred tax asset during the nine months
ended September 29, 1996 due to the immaterial effect on the financial
statements.
8.PROFIT-SHARING AND PENSION PLANS
The Company sponsors a 401(k) profit-sharing plan covering all eligible
employees. For the years ended December 31, 1993, 1994 and 1995, the Board
authorized $127,000, $270,000 and $340,000 in contributions to the profit-
sharing plan, respectively.
The 401(k) pension plan provides for Company matching participant
contributions up to a maximum of 10% of each participant's annual
contribution. Employee contributions are limited to 15% of base salary.
Contributions for the years ended December 31, 1993, 1994 and 1995 and the
nine months ended September 30, 1995 and September 29, 1996 were $3,647,
$9,594, $15,669, $12,326 and $15,683, respectively.
9.STOCK OPTION PLANS
1995 Stock Option Plan--Effective December 4, 1995, the Company adopted
the 1995 Stock Option Plan (the "1995 Plan"), as amended, to permit
executive personnel, key employees and nonemployee members of the Board of
Directors of the Company to participate in ownership of the Company. The
1995 Plan is administered by a committee consisting of two or more
nonemployee directors and one employee of the Company. Each option
agreement includes a provision requiring the optionee to consent to the
terms of the agreement. The 1995 Plan provides for the grant of
nonstatutory stock options under the applicable provisions of the Internal
Revenue Code. The option price per share may not be less than 85% of the
fair market value of a share of Common Stock on the grant date as
determined by the Company's Board of Directors. In addition, the exercise
price may not be less than 110% of the fair market value of a share of
Common Stock on the grant date, as
F-13
<PAGE>
POWERWAVE TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS--(CONTINUED)
determined by the Company's Board of Directors, for any individual
possessing 10% or more of the voting power of all classes of stock of the
Company. Options generally vest at the rate of 25% on the first anniversary
date and 2% per month thereafter and expire no later than ten years after
the grant date. Up to 1,938,615 shares of the Company's Common Stock were
reserved for issuance under the 1995 Plan. Under an agreement with the
Company, certain shareholders have agreed that, once the Company has issued
an initial 1,095,000 shares of Common Stock under the 1995 Stock Option
Plan, any additional shares issued under that Plan upon an option exercise
will be coupled with a pro rata redemption from those shareholders of an
equal number of shares at a redemption price equaling the option exercise
price.
The following table summarizes activity under the Option Plan:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
NUMBER OF
OPTIONS
NUMBER OF PRICE PER EXERCISABLE AS OF
SHARES SHARE SEPTEMBER 29, 1996
--------- ----------- ------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Balance at January 1, 1995
Granted.......................... 562,500 $ 2.47-2.71 150,151
--------- ----------- -------
Balance at December 31, 1995....... 562,500 2.47-2.71 150,151
Granted.......................... 1,436,400 2.67-4.67 54,877
Exercised........................ (112,500) 2.67
Cancelled........................ (63,221) 2.47-4.67
--------- ----------- -------
Balance at September 29, 1996...... 1,823,179 $2.47-$4.66 205,028
========= =========== =======
</TABLE>
At September 29, 1996, 2,936 options were available for grant under the
Option Plan.
The price at which options were granted at during 1995 and 1996 were
based upon an independent appraisal of the value of the Company. The
Company will record compensation expense of approximately $123,175 relating
to the difference between estimated fair market value and the actual value
of 28,425 options granted in September 1996 over the vesting term of such
options. The first vesting of these options occurs during the third quarter
of fiscal 1997.
1996 Stock Incentive Plan--On October 7, 1996 the Company adopted the
1996 Stock Incentive Plan (the "1996 Plan"), to be effective upon the
completion of the Company's planned initial public offering. The 1996 Plan
covers an aggregate of 1,500,000 shares of Common Stock plus any shares
which are or become available for grant under the 1995 Plan. The 1996 Plan
provides for the granting of "incentive stock options," within the meaning
of Section 422 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the
"Code"), nonstatutory options and restricted stock grants to directors,
officers, employees and consultants of the Company, except that incentive
stock options may not be granted to non-employee directors or consultants.
The purpose of the 1996 Plan is to provide participants with incentives
which will encourage them to acquire a proprietary interest in, and
continue to provide services to, the Company. The 1996 Plan is administered
by the Board of Directors, which has sole discretion and authority,
consistent with the provisions of the 1996 Plan, to determine which
eligible participants will receive options, the time when options will be
granted, the terms of options granted and the number of shares which will
be subject to options granted under the 1996 Plan. There are no options
outstanding under the 1996 Plan.
F-14
<PAGE>
POWERWAVE TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS--(CONTINUED)
1996 Director Stock Option Plan--On October 7, 1996 the Company adopted
the 1996 Stock Option Plan for Directors (the "Director Plan"), to be
effective upon the completion of the Company's planned initial public
offering. The Director Plan provides for the grant by the Company of
options to purchase up to an aggregate of 200,000 shares of Common Stock of
the Company. The Director Plan provides that each member of the Company's
Board of Directors who is not an employee or paid consultant of the Company
automatically will be eligible to receive options to purchase stock under
the Director Plan. Pursuant to the terms of the Director Plan, each
director elected after the Company's initial public offering under the
Securities Act of 1933 (the "Offering Date") will be granted an initial
option under the plan covering 30,000 shares of Common Stock. Furthermore,
on the Offering Date, and on each anniversary date thereof, each director
who shall have been an eligible participant under the Director Plan for at
least six (6) months shall be granted an annual option under the Director
Plan to purchase 5,000 shares of Common Stock. There are no options
outstanding under the Director Plan.
Employee Stock Purchase Plan--On October 7, 1996 the Company adopted the
Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the "Purchase Plan"), to be effective upon
completion of the Company's planned initial public offering. The Purchase
Plan covers an aggregate of 500,000 shares of Common Stock. The Purchase
Plan, which is intended to qualify as an "employee stock purchase plan"
under Section 423 of the Internal Revenue Code, will be implemented by six-
month offerings with purchases occurring at six month intervals commencing
on the date of this Prospectus. The Purchase Plan will be administered by
the Compensation Committee. Employees will be eligible to participate if
they are employed by the Company for at least 30 hours per week and if they
have been employed by the Company for at least 180 days. The Purchase Plan
permits eligible employees to purchase Common Stock through payroll
deductions, which may not exceed 15% of an employee's compensation. The
price of stock purchased under the Purchase Plan will be 85% of the lower
of the fair market value of the Common Stock at the beginning of each six-
month offering period or on the applicable purchase date. Employees may end
their participation in any offering at any time during the offering period,
and participation ends automatically on termination of employment. The
Board may at any time amend or terminate the Purchase Plan, except that no
such amendment or termination may adversely affect options previously
granted under the Purchase Plan. There are no rights to purchase
outstanding under the Purchase Plan.
10.RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
As of December 31, 1994 and 1995 and the nine months ended September 30,
1995, the Company had an outstanding unsecured note payable in the amount
of $50,000 to a relative of the majority stockholder. The note bore
interest at 8%, matured in February 1996 and was repaid. As of September
29, 1996, the Company had no significant amounts payable to shareholders
other than that described below.
As disclosed in Note 11, the Company leases its manufacturing and office
facility from certain of the Company's shareholders. Rent paid to the
shareholders was $160,320, $160,320, $166,728, $125,046 and $219,780 for
the years ended December 31, 1993, 1994 and 1995 and the nine months ended
September 30, 1995 and September 29, 1996, respectively.
In August 1995, the Company entered into a Technology License Agreement
with Unique Wireless Developments, L.L.C., a Delaware limited liability
company. Under the agreement, the Company obtained exclusive rights to use
certain amplifier technology for the SMR market in exchange for certain
royalties, including a non-refundable (with certain exceptions) up front
royalty
F-15
<PAGE>
POWERWAVE TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS--(CONTINUED)
totaling $300,000, of which $250,000 has been paid. A member of the Board
of Directors of the Company, is Executive Vice President of Unique
Technologies International, L.L.C., an affiliate of Unique Wireless
Developments, L.L.C. During the year ended December 31, 1995, the Company
expensed such royalty payment.
11.COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCY
The Company leased its former manufacturing and headquarters facility
from its shareholders. During July 1995, the Company moved from its
previous facility and into a new facility in Irvine, California. The
Company leases its new manufacturing and headquarters facility from a
limited liability company owned by three of the Company's shareholders. The
lease term commenced on July 15, 1996 and will continue for ten years. The
Company paid $1,000,000 to the limited liability company as payment for
additional tenant improvements made to the facility at the request of the
Company. The Company has an option to purchase the facility at fair market
value during the lease term. The Company also leases equipment from
unrelated parties. Future minimum lease payments required under operating
leases and the present value of future minimum lease payments for capital
leases at December 31, 1995 are as follows:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
COMMITMENT TO OPERATING CAPITALIZED
SHAREHOLDERS LEASES LEASES
------------- ---------- -----------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Year ending December 31:
1996................................. $ 168,592 $1,229,336 $ 88,200
1997................................. 170,064 1,201,731 82,463
1998................................. 170,064 1,199,936 48,402
1999................................. 170,064 1,197,683 11,969
2000................................. 170,064 1,195,461
Thereafter........................... 496,020
---------- ---------- --------
Total future minimum lease payments.... $1,344,868 $6,024,147 231,034
========== ==========
Less amount representing interest...... (26,684)
--------
Present value of future minimum lease
payments.............................. 204,350
Less current portion................... (66,824)
--------
$137,526
========
</TABLE>
Total rent expense was $78,725, $168,721, $173,142, $129,207 and $231,680
for the years ended December 31, 1993, 1994 and 1995 and the nine months
ended September 30, 1995 and September 29, 1996, respectively.
12.ROYALTY AGREEMENT
The Company has a royalty agreement related to the sale of air-to-ground
amplifiers which requires payment of a 10% commission on certain licensed
products. Total royalty expense was $387,061, $499,141, $393,197 and
$280,500 for the years ended December 31, 1994 and 1995 and the nine months
ended September 30, 1995 and September 29, 1996, respectively. For the
years ended December 31, 1994 and 1995 and the nine months ended September
30, 1995 and September 29, 1996, sales of the related product represented
17%, 14%, 18% and 6% of net sales, respectively. The Company does not
currently have any royalty commitments beyond October 1996.
F-16
<PAGE>
POWERWAVE TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS--(CONTINUED)
13.OTHER INFORMATION
Accrued expenses and other liabilities consist of the following at
December 31, 1994, 1995 and September 29, 1996:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
SEPTEMBER
1994 1995 29, 1996
---------- ---------- ----------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Accrued expenses and other
liabilities:
Accrued warranty costs............... $ 186,756 $ 320,594 $ 871,330
Accrued sales returns................ 295,276 480,000 324,586
Accrued royalties.................... 280,559 149,021 38,521
Accrued payroll and employee
benefits............................. 1,166,578 755,828 2,208,756
Other accrued expenses............... 8,652 375,003 938,964
---------- ---------- ----------
$1,937,821 $2,080,446 $4,382,157
========== ========== ==========
</TABLE>
F-17
<PAGE>
[PICTURE OF THE COMPANY'S HEADQUARTERS AND MANUFACTURING
FACILITY AND PICTURES OF SELECTED PRODUCTS.]
<PAGE>
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NO PERSON HAS BEEN HAS BEEN AUTHORIZED IN CONNECTION WITH THE OFFERING MADE
HEREBY TO GIVE ANY INFORMATION OR TO MAKE ANY REPRE- SENTATIONS NOT CONTAINED
IN THIS PROSPECTUS AND, IF GIVEN OR MADE, SUCH INFORMATION OR REPRESENTATIONS
MUST NOT BE RELIED UPON AS HAVING BEEN AUTHORIZED BY THE COMPANY OR ANY OF THE
UNDERWRITERS OR THE SELLING SHAREHOLDERS. THIS PROSPECTUS DOES NOT CONSTITUTE
AN OFFER TO SELL OR A SOLICITATION OF AN OFFER TO BUY ANY OF THE SECURITIES
OFFERED HEREBY TO ANY PERSON OR BY ANYONE IN ANY JURISDICTION IN WHICH IT IS
UNLAWFUL TO MAKE SUCH OFFER TOP SOLICITATION. NEITHER THE DELIVERY OF THIS
PROSPECTUS NOR ANY SALE MADE HEREUNDER SHALL, UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES, CREATE
ANY IMPLICATION THAT THE INFORMATION CONTAINED HEREIN IS CORRECT AS OF ANY
TIME SUBSEQUENT TO THE DATE HEREOF.
----------------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
PAGE
----
<S> <C>
Prospectus Summary........................................................ 3
Risk Factors.............................................................. 6
Use of Proceeds........................................................... 18
Dividend Policy........................................................... 18
Capitalization............................................................ 19
Dilution.................................................................. 20
Selected Consolidated Financial Data...................................... 21
Management's Discussion and Analysis of
Financial Condition and Results of
Operations............................................................... 22
Business.................................................................. 31
Management................................................................ 43
Principal and Selling Shareholders........................................ 50
Description of Capital Stock.............................................. 52
Shares Eligible for Future Sale........................................... 54
Underwriting.............................................................. 56
Legal Matters............................................................. 57
Experts................................................................... 57
Additional Information.................................................... 57
Index to Consolidated Financial Statements................................ F-1
</TABLE>
--------
UNTIL , 1996 (25 DAYS AFTER THE DATE OF THIS PROSPECTUS), ALL DEALERS EF-
FECTING TRANSACTIONS IN THE REGISTERED SECURITIES, WHETHER OR NOT PARTICIPAT-
ING IN THIS DISTRIBUTION, MAY BE REQUIRED TO DELIVER A PROSPECTUS. THIS IS IN
ADDITION TO THE OBLIGATION OF DEALERS TO DELIVER A PROSPECTUS WHEN ACTING AS
UNDERWRITERS AND WITH RESPECT TO THEIR UNSOLD ALLOTMENTS OR SUBSCRIPTIONS.
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2,400,000 Shares
[LOGO OF POWERWAVE TECHNOLOGIES]
Common Stock
------------
PROSPECTUS
------------
Alex. Brown & Sons
INCORPORATED
UBS Securities
Wessels, Arnold & Henderson
, 1996
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<PAGE>
PART II
INFORMATION NOT REQUIRED IN PROSPECTUS
ITEM 13. OTHER EXPENSES OF ISSUANCE AND DISTRIBUTION
The following table sets forth all costs and expenses, other than
underwriting discounts and commissions, payable by the Company in connection
with the sale of the Common Stock being registered hereunder. All of the
amounts shown are estimates except for the SEC registration fee and the NASD
filing fee.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
TO BE PAID BY
THE COMPANY
-------------
<S> <C>
SEC registration fee........................................... $ 10,873
NASD filing fee................................................ 4,088
Nasdaq National Market application fee......................... 57,270
Printing expenses.............................................. 125,000
Legal fees and expenses........................................ 200,000
Accounting fees and expenses................................... 130,000
Blue sky fees and expenses..................................... 15,000
Transfer agent and registrar fees.............................. 5,000
Directors and officers insurance premiums...................... 250,000
Miscellaneous.................................................. 152,769
--------
Total...................................................... $950,000
========
</TABLE>
ITEM 14. INDEMNIFICATION OF DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS
(a) As permitted by the Delaware General Corporation Law, the Amended and
Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company (Exhibit 3.2 hereto)
eliminates the liability of directors to the Company or its shareholders for
monetary damages for breach of fiduciary duty as a directors, except to the
extent otherwise required by the Delaware General Corporation Law.
(b) The Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation provides that the
Company will indemnify each person who was or is made a party to any
proceeding by reason of the fact that such person is or was a director or
officer of the Company against all expense, liability and loss reasonably
incurred or suffered by such person in connection therewith to the fullest
extent authorized by the Delaware General Corporation Law. The Company's
Amended and Restated Bylaws (Exhibit 3.4 hereto) provide for a similar
indemnity to directors and officers of the Company to the fullest extent
authorized by the Delaware General Corporation Law.
(c) The Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation also gives the
Company the ability to enter into indemnification agreements with each of its
directors and officers. The Company has entered into indemnification
agreements with each of its directors and officers and with Summit Partners
and Crosspoint Venture Partners (Exhibit 10.13 hereto), which provide for the
indemnification of such persons against any an all expenses, judgments, fines,
penalties and amounts paid in settlement, to the fullest extent permitted by
law.
ITEM 15. RECENT SALES OF UNREGISTERED SECURITIES
The following is a summary of transactions by the Company during the last
three years preceding the date hereof involving sales of the Company's
securities that were not registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as
amended (the "Act"):
(1) From time to time during the three years preceding the date hereof,
the Registrant issued nonqualified stock options to purchase Common Stock
pursuant to the Registrant's 1995 Stock
II-1
<PAGE>
Option (the "1995 Plan") to officers, directors and employees of the
Registrant. From inception through June 30, 1996, 112,500 options to
purchase Common Stock pursuant to the 1995 Plan were exercised for an
aggregate exercise price of $300,000. Exemption from the registration
provisions of the Act is claimed, among other exemptions, with respect to
the grant of options referred to above, on the basis that the grant of
options did not involve a "sale" of securities and, therefore, registration
thereof was not required and, with respect to the exercise of options
referred to above, on the basis that such transactions met the requirements
of Rule 701 as promulgated under Section 3(b) of the Act.
(2) On October 10, 1995, the Registrant issued 3,375,900 shares of Series
A Convertible Preferred Stock for an aggregate purchase price of
$15,000,000 pursuant to a Stock Purchase Agreement entered into as of
October 10, 1995 among the Company, Alfonso G. Cordero, Ki Y. Nam, Sussanne
Torretta, Charles Florman, Bill Doi, Arthur Cook, Thomas Ha, Ernest
Johnson, Summit Ventures IV, L.P., Summit Ventures III, L.P., Summit
Investors II, L.P., Crosspoint Venture Partners 1993 and Crosspoint Venture
Partners Entrepreneurs 1993. The foregoing transaction was completed
without registration under the Act in reliance upon Section 4(2) of the Act
for transactions not involving a public offering, among others, on the
basis that such transaction did not involve any public offering and the
purchasers were sophisticated with access to the kind of information
registration would provide. Broker commissions in the amount of $300,000
were paid in connection with the foregoing transaction.
II-2
<PAGE>
ITEM 16. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
(A) EXHIBITS
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
EXHIBIT
NO. DESCRIPTION
------- -----------
<C> <S>
1.1 Form of Underwriting Agreement.
3.1 Certificate of Incorporation of the Company.+
3.1.1 Certificate of Amendment of Certificate of Incorporation.+
3.2 Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company.*
3.3 Bylaws of the Company.+
3.4 Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Company.*
4.1 Stockholders' Agreement, dated October 10, 1995, among the Company
and certain shareholders.+
4.2 Amendment No. 1 to Stockholders' Agreement, dated , 1996,
among the Company and certain shareholders.*
5.1 Opinion of Stradling, Yocca, Carlson & Rauth, a Professional
Corporation.*
10.1 Milcom International, Inc. 1995 Stock Option Plan (the "1995 Plan").+
10.2 Form of Stock Option Agreement for 1995 Plan.+
10.3 Amendment No. 1 to 1995 Stock Option Plan.*
10.4 Powerwave Technologies, Inc. 1996 Stock Incentive Plan (the "1996
Plan").+
10.5 Form of Stock Option Agreement for 1996 Plan.+
10.6 Form of Restricted Stock Purchase Agreement for 1996 Plan.+
10.7 Powerwave Technologies, Inc. 1996 Director Stock Option Plan (the
"Director Plan").+
10.8 Form of Stock Option Agreement for Director Plan.+
10.9 Powerwave Technologies, Inc. Employee Stock Purchase Plan.+
10.10 Series A Convertible Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement, dated
October 10, 1995, among the Company and certain shareholders.+
10.11 Redemption Agreement, dated October 10, 1995, amount the Company and
certain shareholders.+
10.12 Registration Rights Agreement, dated October 10, 1995, among the
Company, and certain shareholders.+
10.13 Indemnification Agreement, dated October 10, 1995, between the
Company and certain shareholders.+
10.14 Form of Indemnification Agreement.+
10.15 Standard Industrial/Commercial Single-Tenant Lease, dated November 8,
1993, between the Company and 17500 Gillette Partnership.+
10.16 Standard Industrial/Commercial Single-Tenant Lease-Net, dated July 1,
1996, between the Company and CNH, LLC, a California limited
liability company.+
10.17 Business Loan Agreement, dated May 30, 1996 between the Company and
Bank of America.+
10.18 Agreement, dated February 16, 1996, between the Company and LG
Information & Communications, Ltd (portions omitted and filed
separately with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to
Rule 406).+
10.19 Agreement, dated July 20, 1995, between the Company and Samsung
Electronics (portions omitted and filed separately with the
Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Rule 406).+
10.20 Technology License Agreement, dated August 30, 1995, between the
Company and Unique Wireless Developments, L.L.C., a Delaware limited
liability company.+
11.1 Statement regarding computation of pro forma net income per share.
21.1 Subsidiaries of the Registrant.+
</TABLE>
II-3
<PAGE>
<TABLE>
<S> <C>
23.1 Consent of Stradling, Yocca, Carlson & Rauth, a Professional Corporation (see Exhibit 5.1).*
23.2 Consent of Deloitte & Touche, LLP.
24.1 Power of Attorney (see page II-5).+
27.1 Financial Data Schedule.+
</TABLE>
- --------
* To be filed by amendment.
+ Previously filed.
(B) FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
Schedule II Valuation and Qualifying Accounts
ITEM 17. UNDERTAKINGS
The Company hereby undertakes to provide to the Underwriters at the closing
specified in the Underwriting Agreement certificates in such denominations and
registered in such names as required by the Underwriters to permit prompt
delivery to each purchaser.
Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Act may be
permitted to directors, officers and controlling persons of the Company
pursuant to the foregoing provisions or otherwise, the Company has been
advised that in the opinion of the Securities and Exchange Commission such
indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Act and is,
therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification
against such liabilities (other than the payment by the Company of expenses
incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person of the Company
in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by
such director, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities
being registered, the Company will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the
matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of
appropriate jurisdiction the question of whether such indemnification by it is
against public policy as expressed in the Act and will be governed by the
final adjudication of such issue.
The Company hereby undertakes that:
(1) For purposes of determining any liability under the Act, the information
omitted from the form of prospectus filed as part of this registration
statement in reliance upon Rule 430A and contained in a form of prospectus
filed by the Company pursuant to Rule 424(b)(1) or (4) or 497(h) under the Act
shall be deemed to be part of this registration statement as of the time it
was declared effective.
(2) For the purpose of determining any liability under the Act, each post-
effective amendment that contains a form of prospectus shall be deemed to be a
new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the
Offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial
bona fide offering thereof.
II-4
<PAGE>
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, the
Registrant has duly caused this Amendment No. 2 to Registration Statement to
be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the
City of Irvine, State of California, on the 12th day of November, 1996.
POWERWAVE TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
By /s/ Bruce C. Edwards
_____________________________________
Bruce C. Edwards
President and Chief Executive
Officer
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, this
Amendment No. 2 to Registration Statement has been signed below by the
following persons in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
SIGNATURE TITLE DATE
--------- ----- ----
<S> <C> <C>
/s/ Bruce C. Edwards President, Chief Executive November 12, 1996
____________________________________ Officer and Director
Bruce C. Edwards (Principal Executive
Officer)
/s/ Kevin T. Michaels Vice President, Finance and November 12, 1996
____________________________________ Chief Financial Officer
Kevin T. Michaels (Principal Financial and
Principal Accounting
Officer)
/s/ * Director November 12, 1996
____________________________________
Alfonso G. Cordero
/s/ * Director November 12, 1996
____________________________________
Gregory M. Avis
/s/ * Director November 12, 1996
____________________________________
Eugene L. Goda
/s/ * Director November 12, 1996
____________________________________
David L. George
/s/ * Director November 12, 1996
____________________________________
Rich Shapero
/s/ * Director November 12, 1996
____________________________________
Sam Yau
</TABLE>
*By: /s/Bruce C. Edwards
- ---------------------------------
Bruce C. Edwards
Attorney-In-Fact
II-5
<PAGE>
SCHEDULE II--VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
BALANCE CHARGES
AT TO COSTS BALANCE AT
BEGINNING AND END OF
DESCRIPTION OF PERIOD EXPENSES DEDUCTIONS PERIOD
----------- --------- -------- ---------- ----------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Nine months ended September 29, 1996:
Allowance for doubtful accounts..... $122,532 293,867 (14,031) $ 402,368
Inventory reserves.................. $791,942 865,000 (398,746) $1,258,196
Year ended December 31, 1995:
Allowance for doubtful accounts..... $ 10,000 120,946 (8,414) $ 122,532
Inventory reserves.................. $301,358 490,584 -- $ 791,942
Year ended December 31, 1994:
Allowance for doubtful accounts..... $ 10,000 -- $ 10,000
Inventory reserves.................. $ 88,935 212,423 -- $ 301,358
</TABLE>
<PAGE>
EXHIBIT INDEX
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
SEQUENTIALLY
EXHIBIT NUMBERED
NO. DESCRIPTION PAGE
------- ----------- ------------
<C> <S> <C>
1.1 Form of Underwriting Agreement........................
3.1 Certificate of Incorporation of the Company+..........
3.1.1 Certificate of Amendment of Certificate of
Incorporation+........................................
3.2 Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of
the Company*..........................................
3.3 Bylaws of the Company+................................
3.4 Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Company*...........
4.1 Stockholders' Agreement, dated October 10, 1995, among
the Company and certain shareholders+.................
4.2 Amendment No. 1 to Stockholders' Agreement, dated
, 1996, among the Company and certain
shareholders*.........................................
5.1 Opinion of Stradling, Yocca, Carlson & Rauth, a
Professional Corporation*.............................
10.1 Milcom International, Inc. 1995 Stock Option Plan (the
"1995 Plan")+.........................................
10.2 Form of Stock Option Agreement for 1995 Plan+.........
10.3 Amendment No. 1 to 1995 Stock Option Plan*............
10.4 Powerwave Technologies, Inc. 1996 Stock Incentive Plan
(the "1996 Plan")+....................................
10.5 Form of Stock Option Agreement for 1996 Plan+.........
10.6 Form of Restricted Stock Purchase Agreement for 1996
Plan+.................................................
10.7 Powerwave Technologies, Inc. 1996 Director Stock
Option Plan (the "Director Plan")+....................
10.8 Form of Stock Option Agreement for Director Plan+.....
10.9 Powerwave Technologies, Inc. Employee Stock Purchase
Plan+.................................................
10.10 Series A Convertible Preferred Stock Purchase
Agreement, dated October 10, 1995, among the Company
and certain shareholders+.............................
10.11 Redemption Agreement, dated October 10, 1995, among
the Company and certain shareholders+.................
10.12 Registration Rights Agreement, dated October 10, 1995,
among the Company, and certain shareholders+..........
10.13 Indemnification Agreement, dated October 10, 1995,
between the Company and certain shareholders+.........
10.14 Form of Indemnification Agreement+....................
10.15 Standard Industrial/Commercial Single-Tenant Lease,
dated November 8, 1993, between the Company and 17500
Gillette Partnership+.................................
10.16 Standard Industrial/Commercial Single-Tenant Lease-
Net, dated July 1, 1996, between the Company and CNH,
LLC, a California limited liability company+..........
10.17 Business Loan Agreement, dated May 30, 1996 between
the Company and Bank of America+......................
10.18 Agreement, dated February 16, 1996, between the
Company and LG Information & Communications, Ltd
(portions omitted and filed separately with the
Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Rule
406)+.................................................
10.19 Agreement, dated July 20, 1995, between the Company
and Samsung Electronics (portions omitted and filed
separately with the Securities and Exchange Commission
pursuant to Rule 406)+................................
</TABLE>
<PAGE>
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
SEQUENTIALLY
EXHIBIT NUMBERED
NO. DESCRIPTION PAGE
------- ----------- ------------
<C> <S> <C>
10.20 Technology License Agreement, dated August 30, 1995,
between the Company and Unique Wireless Developments,
L.L.C., a Delaware limited liability company+..........
11.1 Statement regarding computation of pro forma net income
per share..............................................
21.1 Subsidiaries of the Registrant+........................
23.1 Consent of Stradling, Yocca, Carlson & Rauth, a
Professional Corporation (see Exhibit 5.1)*............
23.2 Consent of Deloitte & Touche, LLP......................
24.1 Power of Attorney (see page II-5)+.....................
27.1 Financial Data Schedule+...............................
</TABLE>
- --------
* To be filed by amendment.
+ Previously filed.
<PAGE>
EXHIBIT 1.1
2,400,000 Shares
POWERWAVE TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
Common Stock
($.0001 Par Value)
UNDERWRITING AGREEMENT
______________________
_________________, 1996
Alex. Brown & Sons Incorporated
UBS Securities
Wessels, Arnold & Henderson, LLC
As Representatives of the
Several Underwriters
c/o Alex. Brown & Sons Incorporated
135 East Baltimore Street
Baltimore, Maryland 21202
Ladies and Gentlemen:
Powerwave Technologies, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the "Company"), and
certain stockholders of the Company (the "Selling Stockholders") propose to sell
to the several underwriters (the "Underwriters") named in Schedule I hereto for
whom you are acting as representatives (the "Representatives") an aggregate of
2,400,000 shares of the Company's Common Stock, $.0001 par value (the "Firm
Shares"), of which 1,800,000 shares will be sold by the Company and 600,000
shares will be sold by the Selling Stockholders. The respective amounts of the
Firm Shares to be so purchased by the several Underwriters are set forth
opposite their names in Schedule I hereto, and the respective amounts to be sold
by the Selling Stockholders are set forth opposite their names in Schedule II
hereto. The Company and the Selling Stockholders are sometimes referred to
herein collectively as the "Sellers." The Company also proposes to sell at the
Underwriters' option an aggregate of up to 360,000 additional shares of the
Company's Common Stock (the "Option Shares").
<PAGE>
As the Representatives, you have advised the Company and the Selling
Stockholders (a) that you are authorized to enter into this Agreement on behalf
of the several Underwriters, and (b) that the several Underwriters are willing,
acting severally and not jointly, to purchase the numbers of Firm Shares set
forth opposite their respective names in Schedule I, plus their pro rata portion
of the Option Shares if you elect to exercise the over-allotment option in whole
or in part for the accounts of the several Underwriters. The Firm Shares and
the Option Shares (to the extent the aforementioned option is exercised) are
herein collectively called the "Shares."
In consideration of the mutual agreements contained herein and of the
interests of the parties in the transactions contemplated hereby, the parties
hereto agree as follows:
1. REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES OF THE COMPANY AND THE SELLING
-------------------------------------------------------------
STOCKHOLDERS.
------------
(a) The Company represents and warrants to each of the Underwriters as
follows:
(i) A registration statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-13679)
with respect to the Shares has been carefully prepared by the Company in
conformity with the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended
(the "Act"), and the Rules and Regulations (the "Rules and Regulations") of
the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "Commission") thereunder and
has been filed with the Commission. Copies of such registration statement,
including any amendments thereto, the preliminary prospectuses (meeting the
requirements of the Rules and Regulations) contained therein and the
exhibits, financial statements and schedules, as finally amended and
revised, have heretofore been delivered by the Company to you. Such
registration statement, together with any registration statement filed by
the Company pursuant to Rule 462 (b) of the Act, herein referred to as the
"Registration Statement," which shall be deemed to include all information
omitted therefrom in reliance upon Rule 430A and contained in the
Prospectus referred to below, has become effective under the Act and no
post-effective amendment to the Registration Statement has been filed as of
the date of this Agreement. "Prospectus" means (a) the form of prospectus
first filed with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b) or (b) the last
preliminary prospectus included in the Registration Statement filed prior
to the time it becomes effective or filed pursuant to Rule 424(a) under the
Act that is delivered by the Company to the Underwriters for delivery to
purchasers of the Shares, together with the term sheet or abbreviated term
sheet filed with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b)(7) under the Act.
Each preliminary prospectus included in the Registration Statement prior to
the time it becomes effective is herein referred to as a "Preliminary
Prospectus."
(ii) The Company has been duly organized and is validly existing
as a corporation in good standing under the laws of the State of Delaware,
with corporate power and authority to own or lease its properties and
conduct its business as described in
2
<PAGE>
the Registration Statement. The Company has two subsidiaries as listed in
Exhibit 21.1 to Item 16(a) of the Registration Statement (the
"Subsidiaries"), each of which has been duly organized and is validly
existing as a corporation in good standing under the laws of the
jurisdiction of its incorporation, with corporate power and authority to
own or lease its properties and conduct its business as described in the
Registration Statement. The Subsidiaries are the only subsidiaries, direct
or indirect, of the Company. The Company and the Subsidiaries are each duly
qualified to transact business in all jurisdictions in which the conduct of
their business requires such qualification, except where the failure to be
so qualified would not have a material adverse effect on the Company and
its Subsidiaries taken as a whole. The outstanding shares of capital stock
of the Subsidiaries have been duly authorized and validly issued, are fully
paid and non-assessable and are owned by the Company free and clear of all
liens, encumbrances and equities and claims; and no options, warrants or
other rights to purchase, agreements or other obligations to issue or other
rights to convert any obligations into shares of capital stock or ownership
interests in the Subsidiaries are outstanding.
(iii) The outstanding shares of Common Stock of the Company,
including all shares to be sold by the Selling Stockholders, have been duly
authorized and validly issued and are fully paid and non-assessable; the
portion of the Shares to be issued and sold by the Company have been duly
authorized and, when issued and paid for as contemplated herein, will be
validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable; and no preemptive rights of
stockholders exist with respect to any of the Shares or the issue and sale
thereof. Neither the filing of the Registration Statement nor the offering
or sale of the Shares as contemplated by this Agreement gives rise to any
rights, other than those which have been waived or satisfied, for or
relating to the registration of any shares of Common Stock.
(iv) The information set forth under the caption "Capitalization"
in the Prospectus is true and correct. All of the Shares conform to the
description thereof contained in the Registration Statement. The form of
certificates for the Shares conforms to the corporate law of the
jurisdiction of the Company's incorporation.
(v) The Commission has not issued an order preventing or
suspending the use of any Prospectus relating to the proposed offering of
the Shares nor, to the best of the Company's knowledge, instituted
proceedings for that purpose. The Registration Statement contains, and
the Prospectus and any amendments or supplements thereto will contain, all
statements which are required to be stated therein by, and will conform, to
the requirements of the Act and the Rules and Regulations. The
Registration Statement and any amendment thereto do not contain, and will
not contain, any untrue statement of a material fact and do not omit, and
will not omit, to state any material fact required to be stated therein or
necessary to make the statements therein not misleading. The Prospectus
and any amendments and supplements thereto do not contain, and will not
contain, any untrue statement of material fact; and do not omit, and will
not omit, to state any material
3
<PAGE>
fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements
therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not
misleading; provided, however, that the Company makes no representations or
warranties as to information contained in or omitted from the Registration
Statement or the Prospectus, or any such amendment or supplement, in
reliance upon, and in conformity with, written information furnished to the
Company by or on behalf of any Underwriter through the Representatives,
specifically for use in the preparation thereof.
(vi) The consolidated financial statements of the Company and the
Subsidiaries, together with related notes and schedules as set forth in the
Registration Statement, present fairly the financial position and the
results of operations and cash flows of the Company and the Subsidiaries,
at the indicated dates and for the indicated periods. Such financial
statements and related schedules have been prepared in accordance with
generally accepted principles of accounting, consistently applied
throughout the periods involved, except as disclosed herein, and all
adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of results for such periods
have been made. The summary financial and statistical data included in the
Registration Statement presents fairly the information shown therein and
such data has been compiled on a basis consistent with the financial
statements presented therein and the books and records of the Company. The
pro forma financial statements and other pro forma financial information
included in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus present fairly
the information shown therein, have been prepared in accordance with the
Commission's rules and guidelines with respect to pro forma financial
statements, have been properly compiled on the pro forma bases described
therein, and, in the opinion of the Company, the assumptions used in the
preparation thereof are reasonable and the adjustments used therein are
appropriate to give effect to the transactions or circumstances referred to
therein.
(vii) Deloitte & Touche, LLP, who have certified certain of the
financial statements filed with the Commission as part of the Registration
Statement, are independent public accountants as required by the Act and
the Rules and Regulations.
(viii) Except as described in the Prospectus, there is no
action, suit, claim or proceeding pending or, to the knowledge of the
Company, threatened against the Company or the Subsidiaries before any
court or administrative agency or otherwise which if determined adversely
to the Company or either Subsidiary might result in any material adverse
change in the earnings, business, management, properties, assets, rights,
operations, condition (financial or otherwise) or prospects of the Company
and of the Subsidiaries taken as a whole or might prevent the consummation
of the transactions contemplated hereby, except as set forth in the
Registration Statement.
(ix) The Company and each of the Subsidiaries have good and
marketable title to all of the properties and assets reflected in the
financial statements
4
<PAGE>
hereinabove described (or as described in the Registration Statement),
subject to no lien, mortgage, pledge, charge or encumbrance of any kind
except those reflected in such financial statements (or as described in the
Registration Statement) or which are not material in amount. The Company
and the Subsidiaries occupy their leased properties under valid and binding
leases conforming in all material respects to the description thereof set
forth in the Registration Statement.
(x) The Company and each of the Subsidiaries have filed all
federal, state, local and foreign income tax returns which have been
required to be filed and have paid all taxes indicated by said returns and
all assessments received by them or any of them to the extent that such
taxes have become due, except for any taxes that are being contested in
good faith by the Company and for which adequate reserves for any tax
liability have been established in the financial statements. All tax
liabilities have been adequately provided for in the financial statements
of the Company.
(xi) Since the respective dates as of which information is given
in the Registration Statement, as it may be amended or supplemented, there
has not been any material adverse change or any development involving a
prospective material adverse change in or affecting the earnings, business,
management, properties, assets, rights, operations, condition (financial or
otherwise), or prospects of the Company and its Subsidiaries taken as a
whole, whether or not occurring in the ordinary course of business, and
there has not been any material transaction entered into or any material
transaction that is probable of being entered into by the Company or the
Subsidiaries, other than transactions in the ordinary course of business
and changes and transactions described in the Registration Statement, as it
may be amended or supplemented. The Company and the Subsidiaries have no
material contingent obligations which are not disclosed in the Company's
financial statements that are included in the Registration Statement.
(xii) Neither the Company nor either of the Subsidiaries is or
with the giving of notice or lapse of time or both, will be, in violation
of or in default under its Charter or Bylaws, as applicable, or under any
agreement, lease, contract, indenture or other instrument or obligation to
which it is a party or by which it, or any of its properties, is bound and
which default is of material significance in respect of the condition,
financial or otherwise of the Company and its Subsidiaries taken as a whole
or the business, management, properties, assets, rights, operations,
condition (financial or otherwise) or prospects of the Company and the
Subsidiaries taken as a whole. The execution and delivery of this
Agreement and the consummation of the transactions herein contemplated and
the fulfillment of the terms hereof will not conflict with or result in a
breach of any of the terms or provisions of, or constitute a default under,
any material indenture, mortgage, deed of trust or other agreement or
instrument to which the Company or either of the Subsidiaries is a party,
or of the Charter or Bylaws, as applicable, of the Company or any order,
rule or regulation applicable to the Company or
5
<PAGE>
either of the Subsidiaries of any court or of any regulatory body or
administrative agency or other governmental body having jurisdiction.
(xiii) Each approval, consent, order, authorization,
designation, declaration or filing by or with any regulatory,
administrative or other governmental body necessary in connection with the
execution and delivery by the Company of this Agreement and the
consummation of the transactions herein contemplated (except such
additional steps as may be required by the Commission, the National
Association of Securities Dealers, Inc. (the "NASD") or such additional
steps as may be necessary to qualify the Shares for public offering by the
Underwriters under state securities or Blue Sky laws) has been obtained or
made and is in full force and effect.
(xiv) Each of the Company and the Subsidiaries holds all
material licenses, certificates and permits from governmental authorities
which are necessary to the conduct of their businesses; the Company and the
Subsidiaries each own or possess the right to use all patents, patent
rights, trademarks, trade names, service marks, service names, copyrights,
license rights, know-how (including trade secrets and other unpatented and
unpatentable proprietary or confidential information, systems or
procedures) and other intellectual property rights necessary to carry on
its business in all material respects; and to the best of Company's
knowledge, neither the Company nor either of the Subsidiaries has
infringed, and none of the Company or the Subsidiaries have received notice
of conflict with any patents, patent rights, trade names, trademarks or
copyrights, which infringement or conflict is material to the business of
the Company and the Subsidiaries taken as a whole. The Company knows of no
material infringement by others of patents, patent rights, trade names,
trademarks or copyrights owned by or licensed to the Company.
(xv) Neither the Company, nor to the Company's best knowledge,
any of its affiliates, has taken or may take, directly or indirectly, any
action designed to cause or result in, or which has constituted or which
might reasonably be expected to constitute, the stabilization or
manipulation of the price of the shares of Common Stock to facilitate the
sale or resale of the Shares.
(xvi) None of the Company or the Subsidiaries is an "investment
company" within the meaning of such term under the Investment Company Act
of 1940, as amended (the "1940 Act"), and the rules and regulations of the
Commission thereunder.
(xvii) The Company maintains a system of internal accounting
controls sufficient to provide reasonable assurances that (a) transactions
are executed in accordance with management's general or specific
authorization; (b) transactions are recorded as necessary to permit
preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted
accounting principles and to maintain accountability for assets;
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<PAGE>
(c) access to assets is permitted only in accordance with management's
general or specific authorization; and (d) the recorded accountability for
assets is compared with existing assets at reasonable intervals and
appropriate action is taken with respect to any differences.
(xviii) The Company and the Subsidiaries each carry, or are
covered by, insurance in such amounts and covering such risks as is
adequate for the conduct of their respective businesses and the value of
their respective properties and as is customary for companies engaged in
similar industries.
(xix) The Company is in compliance in all material respects with
all presently applicable provisions of the Employee Retirement Income
Security Act of 1974, as amended, including the regulations and published
interpretations thereunder ("ERISA"); no "reportable event" (as defined in
ERISA) has occurred with respect to any "pension plan" (as defined in
ERISA) for which the Company would have any liability; the Company has not
incurred and does not expect to incur liability under (a) Title IV of ERISA
with respect to termination of, or withdrawal from, any "pension plan" or
(b) Sections 412 or 4971 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended,
including the regulations and published interpretations thereunder (the
"Code"); and each "pension plan" for which the Company would have any
liability that is intended to be qualified under Section 401(a) of the Code
is so qualified in all material respects and nothing has occurred, whether
by action or by failure to act, which would cause the loss of such
qualification.
(xx) The Company confirms as of the date hereof that it is in
compliance with all provisions of Section 1 of Laws of Florida, Chapter
92-198, An Act Relating to Disclosure of doing Business with Cuba, and the
Company further agrees that if it commences engaging in business with the
government of Cuba or with any person or affiliate located in Cuba after
the date the Registration Statement becomes or has become effective with
the Commission or with the Florida Department of Banking and Finance (the
"Department"), whichever date is later, or if the information reported or
incorporated by reference in the Prospectus, if any, concerning the
Company's business with Cuba or with any person or affiliate located in
Cuba changes in any material way, the Company will provide the Department
notice of such business or change, as appropriate, in a form acceptable to
the Department.
(xxi) To the best of the Company's knowledge, no relationship,
direct or indirect, exists between or among the Company or the
Subsidiaries, on the one hand, and the directors, officers, stockholders,
customers or suppliers of the Company or the Subsidiaries, on the other
hand, which is required to be described in the Prospectus that is not so
described.
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(xxii) Neither the Company nor the Subsidiaries, nor, to the
best of the Company's knowledge, any director, officer, agent, employee or
other person associated with or acting on behalf of the Company or the
Subsidiaries, has used any corporate funds for any unlawful contribution,
gift, entertainment or other unlawful expense relating to political
activity; made any direct or indirect unlawful payment to any foreign or
domestic government official or employee from corporate funds; violated or
is in violation of any provisions of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of
1972; or made any bribe, rebate, payoff, influence payment, kickback or
other unlawful payment.
(xxiii) Prior to the Closing Date, the Shares will be authorized
for listing by The Nasdaq National Market upon official notice of issuance,
(xxiv) The Company has not been advised, and has no reason to
believe, that it is not conducting business in compliance with all
applicable laws, rules and regulations of the jurisdictions in which it is
conducting business, except where failure to be so in compliance would not
materially adversely affect the business or properties of the Company and
the Subsidiaries, taken as a whole.
(xxv) The business, operations and facilities of the Company and
the Subsidiaries have been and are being conducted in compliance with all
applicable laws, ordinances, rules, regulations, licenses, permits,
approvals, plans, authorizations or requirements relating to occupational
safety and health, pollution, protection of health or the environment
(including, without limitation, those relating to emissions, discharges,
releases or threatened releases of pollutants, contaminants or hazardous or
toxic substances, materials or wastes into ambient air, surface water,
groundwater or land, or relating to the manufacture, processing,
distribution, use, treatment, storage, disposal, transport or handling of
chemical substances, pollutants, contaminants or hazardous or toxic
substances, materials or wastes, whether solid, gaseous or liquid in
nature) or otherwise relating to remediating real property in which the
Company or the Subsidiaries have or had any interest, whether owned or
leased, of any governmental department, commission, board, bureau, agency
or instrumentality of the United States, any state or political subdivision
thereof and all applicable judicial or administrative agency or regulatory
decrees, awards, judgments and orders relating thereto, except for such
failures to so comply as would not, individually or in the aggregate, have
a material adverse affect on the Company's and the Subsidiaries business,
taken as a whole; and neither the Company nor either of the Subsidiaries
has received any notice from a governmental instrumentality or any third
party alleging any violation thereof or liability thereunder (including,
without limitation, liability for costs of investigating or remediating
sites containing hazardous substances or damage to natural resources),
except for such violations or liabilities which would not, individually or
in the aggregate, have a material adverse affect on the Company's and the
Subsidiaries' business taken as a whole.
8
<PAGE>
(b) Each of the Selling Stockholders severally represents and warrants
as follows:
(i) Such Selling Stockholder now has and at the Closing Date and
the Option Closing Date, as the case may be (as such dates are hereinafter
defined), will have good and marketable title to the Firm Shares to be sold
by such Selling Stockholder, free and clear of any liens, encumbrances,
equities and claims, and full right, power and authority to effect the sale
and delivery of such Firm Shares; and upon the delivery of, against payment
for, such Firm Shares pursuant to this Agreement, the Underwriters will
acquire good and marketable title thereto, free and clear of any liens,
encumbrances, equities and claims.
(ii) Such Selling Stockholder has full right, power and authority
to execute and deliver this Agreement and the Custody Agreement and Power
of Attorney referred to below and to perform its obligations under such
agreements. The execution and delivery of this Agreement and the
consummation by such Selling Stockholder of the transactions herein
contemplated and the fulfillment by such Selling Stockholder of the terms
hereof will not require any consent, approval, authorization, or other
order of any court, regulatory body, administrative agency or other
governmental body (except as may be required under the Act, state
securities laws or Blue Sky laws) and will not result in a breach of any of
the terms and provisions of, or constitute a default under, the
organizational documents of such Selling Stockholder, if not an individual,
or any indenture, mortgage, deed of trust or other agreement or instrument
to which such Selling Stockholder is a party, or of any order, rule or
regulation applicable to such Selling Stockholder of any court or of any
regulatory body or administrative agency or other governmental body having
jurisdiction.
(iii) Such Selling Stockholder has not taken and will not take,
directly or indirectly, any action designed to, or which has constituted,
or which might reasonably be expected to cause or result in the
stabilization or manipulation of the price of the Common Stock of the
Company and, other than as permitted by the Act, the Selling Stockholder
will not distribute any prospectus or other offering material in connection
with the offering of the Shares.
(iv) Without having undertaken to determine independently the
accuracy or completeness of either the representations and warranties of
the Company contained herein or the information contained in the
Registration Statement, such Selling Stockholder has no reason to believe
that the representations and warranties of the Company contained in this
Section 1 are not true and correct, is familiar with the Registration
Statement and has no knowledge of any material fact, condition or
information not disclosed in the Registration Statement which has adversely
affected or may adversely affect the business of the Company or the
Subsidiaries; and the sale of the Firm Shares by such Selling Stockholder
pursuant hereto is not prompted by any
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<PAGE>
information concerning the Company or the Subsidiaries which is not set
forth in the Registration Statement. The information pertaining to such
Selling Stockholder under the caption "Principal and Selling Stockholders"
in the Prospectus is complete and accurate in all material respects.
2. PURCHASE, SALE AND DELIVERY OF THE FIRM SHARES.
----------------------------------------------
(a) On the basis of the representations, warranties and covenants herein
contained, and subject to the conditions herein set forth, each Seller,
severally and not jointly, agrees to sell to the Underwriters and each
Underwriter agrees, severally and not jointly, to purchase, at a price of $_____
[NET PRICE] per share, the number of Firm Shares set forth opposite the name of
each Underwriter in Schedule I hereto, subject to adjustments in accordance with
Section 9 hereof. The number of Firm Shares to be purchased by each Underwriter
from each Seller shall be as nearly as practicable in the same proportion to the
total number of Firm Shares being sold by each Seller as the number of Firm
Shares being purchased by each Underwriter bears to the total number of Firm
Shares to be sold hereunder. The obligations of the Company and of each of the
Selling Stockholders shall be several and not joint.
(b) Certificates in negotiable form for the total number of the Shares to be
sold hereunder by the Selling Stockholders have been placed in custody with U.S.
Stock Transfer Corporation as custodian (the "Custodian") pursuant to the
Custody Agreement and Power of Attorney executed by each Selling Stockholder for
delivery of all Firm Shares and any Option Shares to be sold hereunder by the
Selling Stockholders. Each of the Selling Stockholders specifically agrees that
the Firm Shares represented by the certificates held in custody for the Selling
Stockholders under the Custody Agreement are subject to the interests of the
Underwriters hereunder, that the arrangements made by the Selling Stockholders
for such custody are to that extent irrevocable, and that the obligations of the
Selling Stockholders hereunder shall not be terminable by any act or deed of the
Selling Stockholders (or by any other person, firm or corporation including the
Company, the Custodian or the Underwriters) or by operation of law (including
the death of an individual Selling Stockholder or the dissolution of a corporate
Selling Stockholder) or by the occurrence of any other event or events, except
as set forth in the Custody Agreement. If any such event should occur prior to
the delivery to the Underwriters of the Firm Shares hereunder, certificates for
the Firm Shares shall be delivered by the Custodian in accordance with the terms
and conditions of the Custody Agreement and this Agreement as if such event has
not occurred. The Custodian is authorized to receive and acknowledge receipt of
the proceeds of sale of the Shares held by it against delivery of such Shares.
(c) Payment for the Firm Shares to be sold hereunder is to be made in New
York Clearing House funds by certified or bank cashier's checks drawn to the
order of the Company for the shares to be sold by it or by wire transfer of
same-day funds to an
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account specified by the Company, and to the order of "U.S. Stock Transfer
Corporation, as Custodian" for the shares to be sold by the Selling
Stockholders, in each case against delivery of certificates therefor to the
Representatives for the several accounts of the Underwriters. Such payment and
delivery are to be made at the offices of Alex. Brown & Sons Incorporated, 135
East Baltimore Street, Baltimore, Maryland, at 10:00 a.m., Baltimore time, on
the third business day after the date of this Agreement or at such other time
and date not later than five business days thereafter as you and the Company
shall agree upon, such time and date being herein referred to as the "Closing
Date." (As used herein, "business day" means a day on which the New York Stock
Exchange is open for trading and on which banks in New York are open for
business and not permitted by law or executive order to be closed.) The
certificates for the Firm Shares will be delivered in such denominations and in
such registrations as the Representatives request in writing not later than the
second full business day prior to the Closing Date, and will be made available
for inspection by the Representatives at least one business day prior to the
Closing Date.
(d) In addition, on the basis of the representations and warranties herein
contained and subject to the terms and conditions herein set forth, the Company
hereby grants an option to the several Underwriters to purchase the Option
Shares at the price per share as set forth in the first paragraph of this
Section 2. The option granted hereby may be exercised in whole or in part by
giving written notice (i) at any time before the Closing Date and (ii) only once
thereafter within 30 days after the date of this Agreement, by you, as
Representatives of the several Underwriters, to the Company setting forth the
number of Option Shares as to which the several Underwriters are exercising the
option, the names and denominations in which the Option Shares are to be
registered and the time and date at which such certificates are to be delivered.
The time and date at which certificates for Option Shares are to be delivered
shall be determined by the Representatives but shall not be earlier than three
nor later than 10 full business days after the exercise of such option, nor in
any event prior to the Closing Date (such time and date being herein referred to
as the "Option Closing Date"). If the date of exercise of the option is three or
more days before the Closing Date, the notice of exercise shall set the Closing
Date as the Option Closing Date. The number of Option Shares to be purchased by
each Underwriter shall be in the same proportion to the total number of Option
Shares being purchased as the number of Firm Shares being purchased by such
Underwriter bears to the total number of Firm Shares, adjusted by you in such
manner as to avoid fractional shares. The option with respect to the Option
Shares granted hereunder may be exercised only to cover over-allotments in the
sale of the Firm Shares by the Underwriters. You, as Representatives of the
several Underwriters, may cancel such option at any time prior to its expiration
by giving written notice of such cancellation to the Company. To the extent, if
any, that the option is exercised, payment for the Option Shares shall be made
on the Option Closing Date in New York Clearing House funds by certified or bank
cashier's check drawn to the order of the Company for the Option Shares to be
sold by it or by wire transfer of same-day funds to an account specified by the
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<PAGE>
Company against delivery of certificates therefor at the offices of Alex. Brown
& Sons Incorporated, 135 East Baltimore Street, Baltimore, Maryland.
(e) If on the Closing Date any Selling Stockholder fails to sell the Firm
Shares which such Selling Stockholder has agreed to sell on such date as set
forth in Schedule II hereto, the Company agrees that it will sell or arrange for
the sale of that number of shares of Common Stock to the Underwriters which
represents the Firm Shares which such Selling Stockholder has failed to so sell,
as set forth in Schedule II hereto, or such lesser number as may be requested by
the Representatives.
3. OFFERING BY THE UNDERWRITERS.
----------------------------
It is understood that the several Underwriters are to make a public offering
of the Firm Shares as soon as the Representatives deem it advisable to do so.
The Firm Shares are to be initially offered to the public at the initial public
offering price set forth in the Prospectus. The Representatives may from time to
time thereafter change the public offering price and other selling terms. To the
extent, if at all, that any Option Shares are purchased pursuant to Section 2
hereof, the Underwriters will offer them to the public on the foregoing terms.
It is further understood that you will act as the Representatives for the
Underwriters in the offering and sale of the Shares in accordance with a Master
Agreement Among Underwriters entered into by you and the several other
Underwriters.
4. COVENANTS OF THE COMPANY AND THE SELLING STOCKHOLDERS.
-----------------------------------------------------
(a) The Company covenants and agrees with the several Underwriters that:
(i) The Company will (a) use its best efforts to cause the Registration
Statement to become effective or, if the procedure in Rule 430A of the Rules and
Regulations is followed, to prepare and timely file with the Commission under
Rule 424(b) of the Rules and Regulations a Prospectus in a form approved by the
Representatives containing information previously omitted at the time of
effectiveness of the Registration Statement in reliance on Rule 430A of the
Rules and Regulations and (b) not file any amendment to the Registration
Statement or supplement to the Prospectus of which the Representatives shall not
previously have been advised and furnished with a copy or to which the
Representatives shall have reasonably objected in writing or which is not in
compliance with the Rules and Regulations.
(ii) The Company will advise the Representatives promptly (a) when the
Registration Statement or any post-effective amendment thereto shall have become
effective, (b) of receipt of any comments from the Commission, (c) of any
request of the Commission for amendment of the Registration Statement or for
supplement to the
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Prospectus or for any additional information, and (d) of the issuance by the
Commission of any stop order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration
Statement or the use of the Prospectus or of the institution of any proceedings
for that purpose. The Company will use its best efforts to prevent the issuance
of any such stop order preventing or suspending the use of the Prospectus and to
obtain as soon as possible the lifting thereof, if issued.
(iii) The Company will cooperate with the Representatives in
endeavoring to qualify the Shares for sale under the securities laws of such
jurisdictions as the Representatives may reasonably have designated in writing
and will make such applications, file such documents, and furnish such
information as may be reasonably required for that purpose, provided the Company
shall not be required to qualify as a foreign corporation or to file a general
consent to service of process in any jurisdiction where it is not now so
qualified or required to file such a consent. The Company will, from time to
time, prepare and file such statements, reports, and other documents, as are or
may be required to continue such qualifications in effect for so long a period
as the Representatives may reasonably request for distribution of the Shares.
(iv) The Company will deliver to, or upon the order of, the
Representatives, from time to time, as many copies of any Preliminary Prospectus
as the Representatives may reasonably request. The Company will deliver to, or
upon the order of, the Representatives during the period when delivery of a
Prospectus is required under the Act, as many copies of the Prospectus in final
form, or as thereafter amended or supplemented, as the Representatives may
reasonably request. The Company will deliver to the Representatives at or before
the Closing Date, three signed copies of the Registration Statement and all
amendments thereto including all exhibits filed therewith, and will deliver to
the Representatives such number of copies of the Registration Statement
(including such number of copies of the exhibits filed therewith that may
reasonably be requested), and of all amendments thereto, as the Representatives
may reasonably request.
(v) The Company will comply with the Act and the Rules and
Regulations, and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the "Exchange Act"), and
the rules and regulations of the Commission thereunder, so as to permit the
completion of the distribution of the Shares as contemplated in this Agreement
and the Prospectus. If during the period in which a prospectus is required by
law to be delivered by an Underwriter or dealer, any event shall occur as a
result of which, in the judgment of the Company or in the reasonable opinion of
the Underwriters, it becomes necessary to amend or supplement the Prospectus in
order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances existing
at the time the Prospectus is delivered to a purchaser, not misleading, or, if
it is necessary at any time to amend or supplement the Prospectus to comply with
any law, the Company promptly will prepare and file with the Commission an
appropriate amendment to the Registration Statement or supplement to the
Prospectus
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<PAGE>
so that the Prospectus as so amended or supplemented will not, in the light of
the circumstances when it is so delivered, be misleading, or so that the
Prospectus will comply with the law.
(vi) The Company will make generally available to its security
holders, as soon as it is practicable to do so, but in any event not later than
15 months after the effective date of the Registration Statement, an earnings
statement (which need not be audited) in reasonable detail, covering a period of
at least 12 consecutive months beginning after the effective date of the
Registration Statement, which earnings statement shall satisfy the requirements
of Section 11(a) of the Act and Rule 158 of the Rules and Regulations and will
advise you in writing when such statement has been so made available.
(vii) The Company will, for a period of five years from the Closing
Date, deliver to the Representatives copies of annual reports and copies of all
other documents, reports and information furnished by the Company to its
stockholders or filed with any securities exchange pursuant to the requirements
of such exchange or with the Commission pursuant to the Act or the Exchange Act.
The Company will deliver to the Representatives similar reports with respect to
significant subsidiaries, as that term is defined in the Rules and Regulations,
which are not consolidated in the Company's financial statements.
(viii) No offering, sale, short sale or other disposition of any
shares of Common Stock of the Company or other securities convertible into or
exchangeable or exercisable for shares of Common Stock or derivative of Common
Stock (or agreements for such) will be made for a period of 180 days after the
date of this Agreement, directly or indirectly, by the Company otherwise than
hereunder or with the prior written consent of Alex. Brown & Sons Incorporated;
provided, however, that the Company shall be permitted (A) to grant options to
purchase Common Stock under its employee stock option plans, (B) to issue Common
Stock upon exercise of currently outstanding options, and (C) to issue shares of
Common Stock under its employee stock purchase plan; provided further that no
options granted under (A), above, shall vest within 180 days after the effective
date of the Registration Statement.
(ix) The Company will use its best efforts to list, subject to
notice of issuance, the Shares on The Nasdaq National Market.
(x) The Company has caused each officer and director, and certain
stockholders of the Company to furnish to you, on or prior to the date of this
Agreement, a letter or letters, in form and substance satisfactory to the
Underwriters, pursuant to which each such person shall agree that, without the
prior written consent of Alex. Brown & Sons Incorporated, such person will not,
directly or indirectly offer, sell, pledge, contract to sell (including any
short sale), grant any option to purchase or otherwise
14
<PAGE>
dispose of any shares of Common Stock (including, without limitation, shares of
Common Stock of the Company which may be deemed to be beneficially owned by such
person on the effective date of the Registration Statement in accordance with
the rules and regulations of the Commission and shares of Common Stock which may
be issued upon exercise of a stock option or warrant) or enter into any Hedging
Transaction (as defined therein) relating to the Common Stock for a period of
180 days after the effective date of the Registration Statement ("Lockup
Agreements") except as may otherwise be permitted under the Lockup Agreements.
(xi) The Company shall apply the net proceeds of its sale of the
Shares as set forth in the Prospectus and shall file such reports with the
Commission with respect to the sale of the Shares and the application of the
proceeds therefrom as may be required in accordance with Rule 463 under the Act.
(xii) The Company shall not invest, or otherwise use the proceeds
received by the Company from its sale of the Shares in such a manner as would
require the Company or the Subsidiaries to register as an investment company
under the 1940 Act.
(xiii) The Company will maintain a transfer agent and, if necessary
under the jurisdiction of incorporation of the Company, a registrar for the
Common Stock.
(xiv) The Company will not take, directly or indirectly, any action
designed to cause or result in, or that has constituted or might reasonably be
expected to constitute, the stabilization or manipulation of the price of any
securities of the Company.
(b) Each of the Selling Stockholders covenants and agrees with the several
Underwriters that:
(i) Without the prior written consent of Alex. Brown & Sons
Incorporated, such Selling Stockholder will not, directly or indirectly offer,
sell, pledge, contract to sell (including any short sale), grant any option to
purchase or otherwise dispose of any shares of Common Stock (including, without
limitation, shares of Common Stock of the Company which may be deemed to be
beneficially owned by such Selling Stockholder on the effective date of the
Registration Statement in accordance with the rules and regulations of the
Commission and shares of Common Stock which may be issued upon exercise of a
stock option or warrant) or enter into any Hedging Transaction (as defined
below) relating to the Common Stock (each of the foregoing referred to as a
"Disposition") for a period of 180 days after the effective date of the
Registration Statement (the "Lockup Period"). The foregoing restriction is
expressly intended to preclude such Selling Stockholder from engaging in any
Hedging Transaction or other transaction which is designed to or reasonably
expected to lead to or result in a
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<PAGE>
Disposition during the Lockup Period even if the securities would be disposed of
by someone other than such Selling Stockholder. "Hedging Transaction" means any
short sale (whether or not against the box) or any purchase, sale or grant of
any right (including, without limitation, any put or call option) with respect
to any security (other than a broad-based market basket or index) that includes,
relates to or derives any significant part of its value from the Common Stock.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, such Selling Stockholder may transfer any or all
of the Shares by gift, will or intestacy; provided, however, that in any such
case it shall be a condition to the transfer that the transferee execute an
agreement stating that the transferee is reviewing and holding the Shares
subject to the provisions of this Agreement and there shall be no further
transfer of such Shares except in accordance with this Agreement.
(ii) In order to document the Underwriters' compliance with the
reporting and withholding provisions of the Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility
Act of 1982 and the Interest and Dividend Tax Compliance Act of 1983 with
respect to the transactions herein contemplated, each of the Selling
Stockholders agrees to deliver to you prior to or at the Closing Date a properly
completed and executed United States Treasury Department Form W-9 (or other
applicable form or statement specified by Treasury Department regulations in
lieu thereof).
(iii) Such Selling Stockholder will not take, directly or indirectly,
any action designed to cause or result in, or that has constituted or might
reasonably be expected to constitute, the stabilization or manipulation of the
price of any securities of the Company.
5. COSTS AND EXPENSES.
------------------
The Company will pay all costs, expenses and fees incident to the performance
of the obligations of the Sellers under this Agreement, including, without
limiting the generality of the foregoing, the following: accounting fees of the
Company; the fees and disbursements of counsel for the Company, in the capacity
of representing the Company; the cost of printing or duplicating, as the case
may be, and delivering to, or as requested by, the Underwriters copies of the
Registration Statement, Preliminary Prospectuses, the Prospectus, this
Agreement, the Underwriters' Selling Memorandum, the Underwriters' Invitation
Letter, the Listing Application, the Blue Sky Survey and any supplements or
amendments thereto; the filing fees of the Commission; the filing fees and
expenses (including legal fees and disbursements) incident to securing any
required review by the National Association of Securities Dealers, Inc. (the
"NASD") of the terms of the sale of the Shares; the Listing Fee of the Nasdaq
National Market; and the expenses, including the fees and disbursements of
counsel for the Underwriters, incurred in connection with the qualification of
the Shares under State securities or Blue Sky laws. Any transfer taxes imposed
on the sale of the Shares to the several Underwriters will be paid by the
Sellers pro rata. The Company agrees to pay all costs and expenses of the
Underwriters,
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<PAGE>
including the fees and disbursements of counsel for the Underwriters, incident
to the offer and sale of directed shares of the Common Stock by the Underwriters
to employees and persons having business relationships with the Company and its
Subsidiaries. The Sellers shall not, however, be required to pay for any of the
Underwriters expenses (other than those related to qualification under NASD
regulation and state securities or Blue Sky laws) except that, if this Agreement
shall not be consummated because the conditions in Section 6 hereof are not
satisfied, or because this Agreement is terminated by the Representatives
pursuant to Section 11 hereof, or by reason of any failure, refusal or inability
on the part of the Company or the Selling Stockholders to perform any
undertaking or satisfy any condition of this Agreement or to comply with any of
the terms hereof on their part to be performed, unless such failure to satisfy
said condition or to comply with said terms be due to the default or omission of
any Underwriter, then the Company shall reimburse the several Underwriters for
reasonable out-of-pocket expenses, including fees and disbursements of counsel,
reasonably incurred in connection with investigating, marketing and proposing to
market the Shares or in contemplation of performing their obligations hereunder;
but the Company and the Selling Stockholders shall not in any event be liable to
any of the several Underwriters for damages on account of loss of anticipated
profits from the sale by them of the Shares.
6. CONDITIONS OF OBLIGATIONS OF THE UNDERWRITERS.
---------------------------------------------
The several obligations of the Underwriters to purchase the Firm Shares on
the Closing Date and the Option Shares, if any, on the Option Closing Date are
subject to the accuracy, as of the Closing Date or the Option Closing Date, as
the case may be, of the representations and warranties of the Company and the
Selling Stockholders contained herein, and to the performance by the Company and
the Selling Stockholders of their covenants and obligations hereunder and to the
following additional conditions:
(a) The Registration Statement and all post-effective amendments thereto
shall have become effective and any and all filings required by Rule 424 and
Rule 430A of the Rules and Regulations shall have been made, and any request of
the Commission for additional information (to be included in the Registration
Statement or otherwise) shall have been disclosed to the Representatives and
complied with to their reasonable satisfaction. No stop order suspending the
effectiveness of the Registration Statement, as amended from time to time, shall
have been issued and no proceedings for that purpose shall have been taken or,
to the knowledge of the Company or the Selling Stockholders, shall be
contemplated by the Commission and no injunction, restraining order, or order of
any nature by a federal or state court of competent jurisdiction shall have been
issued as of the Closing Date which would prevent the issuance of the Shares.
(b) The Representatives shall have received on the Closing Date or the Option
Closing Date, as the case may be, the opinions of Stradling, Yocca, Carlson &
Rauth, counsel for the Company and the Selling Stockholders, dated the Closing
Date or the
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Option Closing Date, as the case may be, addressed to the Underwriters (and
stating that it may be relied upon by counsel to the Underwriters) to the effect
that:
(i) The Company has been duly organized and is validly existing as a
corporation in good standing under the laws of the State of Delaware, with
corporate power and authority to own or lease its properties and conduct its
business as described in the Registration Statement; the Subsidiaries have been
duly organized and are validly existing as corporations in good standing under
the laws of the jurisdiction of their respective incorporation, with corporate
power and authority to own or lease their properties and conduct their business
as described in the Registration Statement; the Company and the Subsidiaries are
duly qualified to transact business in all jurisdictions in which the conduct of
their business requires such qualification, and in which the failure to qualify
would have a materially adverse effect upon the business of the Company and the
Subsidiaries taken as a whole; and the outstanding shares of capital stock of
the Subsidiaries have been duly authorized and validly issued, are non-
assessable and, to such counsel's knowledge, fully paid, and are owned by the
Company; and, to the best of such counsel's knowledge, the outstanding shares of
capital stock of the Subsidiaries are owned free and clear of all liens,
encumbrances and equities and claims, and no options, warrants or other rights
to purchase, agreements or other obligations to issue or other rights to convert
any obligations into any shares of capital stock or of ownership interests in
the Subsidiaries are outstanding.
(ii) The Company has authorized and outstanding capital stock as set
forth under the caption "Capitalization" in the Prospectus; the authorized
shares of the Company's Common Stock have been duly authorized; the outstanding
shares of the Company's Common Stock, including the Shares to be sold by the
Selling Stockholders, have been duly authorized and validly issued, are non-
assessable and, to such counsel's knowledge, fully paid; all of the Shares
conform in all material respects to the description thereof contained in the
Prospectus; the certificates for the Shares, assuming they are in the form filed
with the Commission, are in due and proper form under the Delaware General
Corporation Law; the shares of Common Stock, including the Option Shares, if
any, to be sold by the Company pursuant to this Agreement have been duly
authorized and will be validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable when issued
and paid for as contemplated by this Agreement; and no preemptive rights of
stockholders exist with respect to any of the Shares or the issue or sale
thereof.
(iii) Except as described in or contemplated by the Prospectus, to the
knowledge of such counsel, there are no outstanding securities of the Company
convertible or exchangeable into or evidencing the right to purchase or
subscribe for any shares of capital stock of the Company and there are no
outstanding or authorized options, warrants or rights of any character
obligating the Company to issue any shares of its capital stock or any
securities convertible or exchangeable into or evidencing the right to purchase
or subscribe for any shares of such stock; and except as described in the
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<PAGE>
Prospectus, to the knowledge of such counsel, no holder of any securities of the
Company or any other person has the right, contractual or otherwise, which has
not been satisfied or effectively waived, to cause the Company to sell or
otherwise issue to them, or to permit them to underwrite the sale of, any of the
Shares or the right to have any Common Shares or other securities of the Company
included in the Registration Statement or the right, as a result of the filing
of the Registration Statement, to require registration under the Act of any
shares of Common Stock or other securities of the Company.
(iv) The Registration Statement has become effective under the Act and,
to the best of the knowledge of such counsel, no stop order proceedings with
respect thereto have been instituted or are pending or threatened under the Act.
(v) The Registration Statement, the Prospectus and each amendment or
supplement thereto comply as to form in all material respects with the
requirements of the Act and the applicable rules and regulations thereunder
(except that such counsel need express no opinion as to the financial
statements, related schedules and statistical data therein).
(vi) The statements under the captions "Description of Capital Stock" and
"Shares Eligible for Future Sale" in the Prospectus, insofar as such statements
constitute a summary of documents referred to therein or matters of law, fairly
summarize in all material respects the information called for with respect to
such documents and matters.
(vii) Such counsel does not know of any contracts or documents required
to be filed as exhibits to the Registration Statement or described in the
Registration Statement or the Prospectus which are not so filed or described as
required, and such contracts and documents as are summarized in the Registration
Statement or the Prospectus are fairly summarized in all material respects.
(viii) Such counsel knows of no material legal or governmental
proceedings pending or threatened against the Company or the Subsidiaries except
as set forth in the Prospectus.
(ix) The execution and delivery of this Agreement and the consummation of
the transactions herein contemplated do not and will not conflict with or result
in a breach of any of the terms or provisions of, or constitute a default under,
the Charter or Bylaws of the Company or the Subsidiary, or any agreement or
instrument known to such counsel to which the Company or either of the
Subsidiaries is a party or by which the Company or either of the Subsidiaries
may be bound.
(x) This Agreement has been duly authorized, executed and delivered by
the Company.
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(xi) No approval, consent, order, authorization, designation, declaration
or filing by or with any regulatory, administrative or other governmental body
is necessary in connection with the execution and delivery of this Agreement and
the consummation of the transactions herein contemplated (other than as may be
required by the NASD or as required by state securities and Blue Sky laws as to
which such counsel need express no opinion) except such as have been obtained or
made, specifying the same.
(xii) The Company is not, and will not become, as a result of the
consummation of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, and application
of the net proceeds therefrom as described in the Prospectus, required to
register as an investment company under the 1940 Act.
(xiii) This Agreement has been duly authorized, executed and delivered on
behalf of the Selling Stockholders.
(xiv) Each Selling Stockholder has full legal right, power and authority,
and any approval required by law (other than as required by state securities and
Blue Sky laws as to which such counsel need express no opinion), to sell,
assign, transfer and deliver the portion of the Shares to be sold by such
Selling Stockholder.
(xv) The Custody Agreement and the Power of Attorney executed and
delivered by each Selling Stockholder is valid and binding.
(xvi) The Underwriters (assuming that they are bona fide purchasers
within the meaning of the Uniform Commercial Code) upon delivery of and payment
for the Shares being sold by each Selling Stockholder on the Closing Date, and
the Option Closing Date, as the case may be, will receive good and valid title
to such Shares, free and clear of all liens, encumbrances, equities and claims.
In rendering such opinion Stradling, Yocca, Carlson & Rauth may rely as to
matters governed by the laws of states other than Delaware and California or
Federal laws on local counsel in such jurisdictions and as to the matters set
forth in subparagraphs (xiii), (xiv) and (xv) on opinions of other counsel
representing the respective Selling Shareholders, provided that in each case
Stradling, Yocca, Carlson & Rauth shall state that they believe that they and
the Underwriters are justified in relying on such other counsel. In addition to
the matters set forth above, such opinion shall also include a statement to the
effect that nothing has come to the attention of such counsel which leads them
to believe that (i) the Registration Statement, at the time it became effective
under the Act (but after giving effect to any modifications incorporated therein
pursuant to Rule 430A under the Act) and as of the Closing Date or the Option
Closing Date, as the case may be, contained an untrue statement of a material
fact or omitted to state a material fact required to be stated therein or
necessary to make the statements therein not misleading, and (ii) the
Prospectus, or any supplement thereto, on the date it was filed pursuant to the
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Rules and Regulations and as of the Closing Date or the Option Closing Date, as
the case may be, contained an untrue statement of a material fact or omitted to
state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements, in the light of
the circumstances under which they are made, not misleading (except that such
counsel need express no view as to financial statements, schedules and
statistical information therein). With respect to such statement, Stradling,
Yocca, Carlson & Rauth may state that their belief is based upon the procedures
set forth therein, but is without independent check and verification.
(c) The Representatives shall have received from Morrison & Foerster llp,
counsel for the Underwriters, an opinion dated the Closing Date or the Option
Closing Date, as the case may be, substantially to the effect specified in
subparagraphs (ii), (iii) (iv) and (v) of Paragraph (b) of this Section 6, and
that the Company is a duly organized and validly existing corporation under the
laws of the State of Delaware. In rendering such opinion Morrison & Foerster llp
may rely as to all matters governed other than by the laws of the State of
Delaware or California or federal laws on the opinion of counsel referred to in
Paragraph (b) of this Section 6. In addition to the matters set forth above,
such opinion shall also include a statement to the effect that nothing has come
to the attention of such counsel which leads them to believe that (i) the
Registration Statement, or any amendment thereto, as of the time it became
effective under the Act (but after giving effect to any modifications
incorporated therein pursuant to Rule 430A under the Act) as of the Closing Date
or the Option Closing Date, as the case may be, contained an untrue statement of
a material fact or omitted to state a material fact required to be stated
therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading, and (ii) the
Prospectus, or any supplement thereto, on the date it was filed pursuant to the
Rules and Regulations and as of the Closing Date or the Option Closing Date, as
the case may be, contained an untrue statement of a material fact or omitted to
state a material fact, necessary in order to make the statements, in the light
of the circumstances under which they are made, not misleading (except that such
counsel need express no view as to financial statements, schedules and
statistical information therein). With respect to such statement, Morrison &
Foerster llp may state that their belief is based upon the procedures set forth
therein, but is without independent check and verification.
(d) The Representatives shall have received at or prior to the Closing Date
from Morrison & Foerster llp a memorandum or summary, in form and substance
satisfactory to the Representatives, with respect to the qualification for
offering and sale by the Underwriters of the Shares under the state securities
or Blue Sky laws of such jurisdictions as the Representatives may reasonably
have designated to the Company.
(e) You shall have received, on each of the dates hereof, the Closing Date
and the Option Closing Date, as the case may be, a letter dated the date hereof,
the Closing Date or the Option Closing Date, as the case may be, in form and
substance satisfactory to you, of Deloitte & Touche LLP confirming that they are
independent public accountants within the meaning of the Act and the applicable
published Rules and Regulations
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thereunder and stating that in their opinion the financial statements and
schedules examined by them and included in the Registration Statement comply in
form in all material respects with the applicable accounting requirements of the
Act and the related published Rules and Regulations; and containing such other
statements and information as is ordinarily included in accountants' "comfort
letters" to Underwriters with respect to the financial statements and certain
financial and statistical information contained in the Registration Statement
and Prospectus.
(f) The Representatives shall have received on the Closing Date or the Option
Closing Date, as the case may be, a certificate or certificates of the Chief
Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer of the Company to the effect
that, as of the Closing Date or the Option Closing Date, as the case may be,
each of them severally represents as follows:
(i) The Registration Statement has become effective under the Act and no
stop order suspending the effectiveness of the Registrations Statement has been
issued, and no proceedings for such purpose have been taken or are, to the best
of his knowledge, contemplated by the Commission;
(ii) The representations and warranties of the Company contained in
Section 1 hereof are true and correct as of the Closing Date or the Option
Closing Date, as the case may be;
(iii) All filings required to have been made pursuant to Rules 424 or
430A under the Act have been made;
(iv) He has carefully examined the Registration Statement and the
Prospectus and, in his or her opinion, as of the effective date of the
Registration Statement, the statements contained in the Registration Statement
were true and correct, and such Registration Statement and Prospectus did not
omit to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary in
order to make the statements therein not misleading, and since the effective
date of the Registration Statement, no event has occurred which should have been
set forth in a supplement to or an amendment of the Prospectus which has not
been so set forth in such supplement or amendment; and
(v) Since the respective dates as of which information is given in the
Registration Statement and Prospectus, there has not been any material adverse
change or any development involving a prospective material adverse change in or
affecting the condition, financial or otherwise, of the Company and its
Subsidiaries taken as a whole or the earnings, business, management, properties,
assets, rights, operations, condition (financial or otherwise) or prospects of
the Company and the Subsidiaries taken as a whole, whether or not arising in the
ordinary course of business.
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<PAGE>
(g) The Company and the Selling Stockholders shall have furnished to the
Representatives such further certificates and documents confirming the
representations and warranties, covenants and conditions contained herein and
related matters as the Representatives may reasonably have requested.
(h) The Firm Shares and Option Shares, if any, have been approved for
designation upon notice of issuance on The Nasdaq National Market.
(i) The Lockup Agreements described in Section 4 (a)(x) are in full force and
effect.
The opinions and certificates mentioned in this Agreement shall be deemed to
be in compliance with the provisions hereof only if they are in all material
respects reasonably satisfactory to the Representatives and to Morrison &
Foerster llp, counsel for the Underwriters.
If any of the conditions hereinabove provided for in this Section 6 shall not
have been fulfilled when and as required by this Agreement to be fulfilled, the
obligations of the Underwriters hereunder may be terminated by the
Representatives by notifying the Company and the Selling Stockholders of such
termination in writing or by telegram at or prior to the Closing Date or the
Option Closing Date, as the case may be.
In such event, the Selling Stockholders, the Company and the Underwriters
shall not be under any obligation to each other (except to the extent provided
in Sections 5 and 8 hereof).
7. CONDITIONS OF THE OBLIGATIONS OF THE COMPANY.
--------------------------------------------
The obligations of the Sellers to sell and deliver the portion of the Shares
required to be delivered as and when specified in this Agreement are subject to
the conditions that at the Closing Date or the Option Closing Date, as the case
may be, no stop order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement
shall have been issued and in effect or proceedings therefor initiated or
threatened.
8. INDEMNIFICATION.
---------------
(a) The Company and the Selling Stockholders, severally and not jointly,
agree to indemnify and hold harmless each Underwriter and each person, if any,
who controls any Underwriter within the meaning of the Act, against any losses,
claims, damages or liabilities to which such Underwriter or any such controlling
person may become subject under the Act or otherwise, insofar as such losses,
claims, damages or liabilities (or actions or proceedings in respect thereof)
arise out of or are based upon (i) any untrue statement or alleged untrue
statement of any material fact contained in the Registration
23
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Statement, any Preliminary Prospectus, the Prospectus or any amendment or
supplement thereto, (ii) the omission or alleged omission to state therein a
material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements
therein not misleading, or (iii) any act or failure to act or any alleged act or
failure to act by any Underwriter in connection with, or relating in any manner
to, the Shares or the offering contemplated hereby, and which is included as
part of or referred to in any loss, claim, damage, liability or action arising
out of or based upon matters covered by clause (i) or (ii) above, provided that
the Company shall not be liable under this clause (iii) to the extent that it is
determined in a final judgment by a court of competent jurisdiction that such
loss, claim, damage, liability or action relates to or arose directly from any
such acts or failures to act undertaken or omitted to be taken by such
Underwriter through its negligence or willful misconduct; and will reimburse
each Underwriter and each such controlling person upon demand for any legal or
other expenses reasonably incurred by such Underwriter or such controlling
person in connection with investigating or defending any such loss, claim,
damage or liability, action or proceeding or in responding to a subpoena or
governmental inquiry related to the offering of the Shares, whether or not such
Underwriter or controlling person is a party to any action or proceeding;
provided, however, that the Company and the Selling Stockholders will not be
liable in any such case to the extent that any such loss, claim, damage or
liability arises out of or is based upon an untrue statement or alleged untrue
statement, or omission or alleged omission made in the Registration Statement,
any Preliminary Prospectus, the Prospectus, or such amendment or supplement, in
reliance upon and in conformity with written information furnished to the
Company by or through the Representatives specifically for use in the
preparation thereof; and provided, further, that the foregoing indemnity
agreement shall not inure to the benefit of any Underwriter, or any person
controlling such Underwriter, from whom the person asserting such losses,
claims, damages or liabilities purchased Shares if a copy of the Prospectus (as
then amended or supplemented if the Company shall have furnished any amendments
or supplements thereto) was not sent or given by or on behalf of such
Underwriter to such person, if required by law so to have been delivered, at or
prior to the written confirmation of the sale of the Shares to such person, and
if the Prospectus (as so amended or supplemented) would have cured the defect
giving rise to such loss, claim, damage or liability. Notwithstanding the
foregoing, each Selling Stockholder (other than the Principal Stockholders, as
defined below) shall only be liable under this Section 8 to the extent and only
to the extent, that any loss, claim, damage or liability of any Underwriter, or
controlling person, if any, arises out of or is based upon (i) any untrue
statement or omission, or any alleged untrue statement or omission, made in the
Registration Statement (or any amendment thereto) in reliance upon and in
conforming with information furnished to the Company by or on behalf of such
Selling Stockholder expressly for use in the Registration Statement (or any
amendment thereto) or any Preliminary Prospectus (or any amendment thereto) or
(ii) any breach of such Selling Stockholder's representation and warranty made
in Section 1(b)(iv) hereof. In no event, however, shall the liability of any
Selling Stockholder for indemnification under this Section 8(a) exceed the net
proceeds received by such Selling Stockholder from the
24
<PAGE>
Underwriters in the offering. This indemnity agreement will be in addition to
any liability which the Company or the Selling Stockholders may otherwise have.
(b) Each Underwriter, severally and not jointly, will indemnify and hold
harmless the Company, each of its directors, each of its officers who have
signed the Registration Statement, the Selling Stockholders, and each person, if
any, who controls the Company or the Selling Stockholders within the meaning of
the Act, against any losses, claims, damages or liabilities to which the Company
or any such director, officer, Selling Stockholder or controlling person may
become subject under the Act or otherwise, insofar as such losses, claims,
damages or liabilities (or actions or proceedings in respect thereof) arise out
of or are based upon (i) any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of any
material fact contained in the Registration Statement, any Preliminary
Prospectus, the Prospectus or any amendment or supplement thereto, or (ii) the
omission or the alleged omission to state therein a material fact required to be
stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading in the
light of the circumstances under which they were made; and will reimburse any
legal or other expenses reasonably incurred by the Company or any such director,
officer, Selling Stockholder or controlling person in connection with
investigating or defending any such loss, claim, damage, liability, action or
proceeding; provided, however, that each Underwriter will be liable in each case
to the extent, but only to the extent, that such untrue statement or alleged
untrue statement or omission or alleged omission has been made in the
Registration Statement, any Preliminary Prospectus, the Prospectus or such
amendment or supplement, in reliance upon and in conformity with written
information furnished to the Company by or through the Representatives
specifically for use in the preparation thereof. This indemnity agreement will
be in addition to any liability which such Underwriter may otherwise have.
(c) In case any proceeding (including any governmental investigation) shall
be instituted involving any person in respect of which indemnity may be sought
pursuant to this Section 8, such person (the "indemnified party") shall promptly
notify the person against whom such indemnity may be sought (the "indemnifying
party") in writing. No indemnification provided for in Section 8(a) or (b) shall
be available to any party who shall fail to give notice as provided in this
Section 8(c) if the party to whom notice was not given was unaware of the
proceeding to which such notice would have related and was materially prejudiced
by the failure to give such notice, but the failure to give such notice shall
not relieve the indemnifying party or parties from any liability which it or
they may have to the indemnified party for contribution or otherwise than on
account of the provisions of Section 8(a) or (b). In case any such proceeding
shall be brought against any indemnified party and it shall notify the
indemnifying party of the commencement thereof, the indemnifying party shall be
entitled to participate therein and, to the extent that it shall wish, jointly
with any other indemnifying party similarly notified, to assume the defense
thereof, with counsel reasonably satisfactory to such indemnified party and
shall pay as incurred the fees and disbursements of such counsel
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<PAGE>
related to such proceeding. In any such proceeding, any indemnified party shall
have the right to retain its own counsel at its own expense. Notwithstanding the
foregoing, the indemnifying party shall pay as incurred (or within 30 days of
presentation) the fees and expenses of the counsel retained by the indemnified
party in the event (i) the indemnifying party and the indemnified party shall
have mutually agreed to the retention of such counsel, (ii) the named parties to
any such proceeding (including any impleaded parties) include both the
indemnifying party and the indemnified party and representation of both parties
by the same counsel would be inappropriate due to actual or potential differing
interests between them or (iii) the indemnifying party shall have failed to
assume the defense and employ counsel reasonably acceptable to the indemnified
party within a reasonable period of time after notice of commencement of the
action. It is understood that the indemnifying party shall not, in connection
with any proceeding or related proceedings in the same jurisdiction, be liable
for the reasonable fees and expenses of more than one separate firm for all such
indemnified parties. Such firm shall be designated in writing by you in the case
of parties indemnified pursuant to Section 8(a) and by the Company and the
Selling Stockholders in the case of parties indemnified pursuant to Section
8(b). The indemnifying party shall not be liable for any settlement of any
proceeding effected without its written consent but if settled with such consent
or if there be a final judgment for the plaintiff, the indemnifying party agrees
to indemnify the indemnified party from and against any loss or liability by
reason of such settlement or judgment. In addition, the indemnifying party will
not, without the prior written consent of the indemnified party, settle or
compromise or consent to the entry of any judgment in any pending or threatened
claim, action or proceeding of which indemnification may be sought hereunder
(whether or not any indemnified party is an actual or potential party to such
claim, action or proceeding) unless such settlement, compromise or consent
includes an unconditional release of each indemnified party from all liability
arising out of such claim, action or proceeding.
(d) If the indemnification provided for in this Section 8 is unavailable to
or insufficient to hold harmless an indemnified party under Section 8(a) or (b)
above in respect of any losses, claims, damages or liabilities (or actions or
proceedings in respect thereof) referred to therein, then each indemnifying
party shall contribute to the amount paid or payable by such indemnified party
as a result of such losses, claims, damages or liabilities (or actions or
proceedings in respect thereof) in such proportion as is appropriate to reflect
the relative benefits received by (i) the Company, (ii) the Selling
Stockholders, and (iii) the Underwriters from the offering of the Shares. If,
however, the allocation provided by the immediately preceding sentence is not
permitted by applicable law then each indemnifying party shall contribute to
such amount paid or payable by such indemnified party in such proportion as is
appropriate to reflect not only such relative benefits but also the relative
fault of (i) the Company, (ii) the Selling Stockholders, and (iii) the
Underwriters in connection with the statements or omissions which resulted in
such losses, claims, damages or liabilities, (or actions or proceedings in
respect thereof), as well as any other relevant equitable considerations. The
relative benefits received by
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(i) the Company, (ii) the Selling Stockholders and (iii) the Underwriters shall
be deemed to be in the same proportion as the total net proceeds from the
offering (before deducting expenses) received by the Company and the Selling
Stockholders bear to the total underwriting discounts and commissions received
by the Underwriters, in each case as set forth in the table on the cover page of
the Prospectus. The relative fault shall be determined by reference to, among
other things, whether the untrue or alleged untrue statement of a material fact
or the omission or alleged omission to state a material fact relates to
information supplied by (i) the Company, (ii) the Selling Stockholders, or (iii)
the Underwriters, and the parties' relative intent, knowledge, access to
information and opportunity to correct or prevent such statement or omission.
The Company, the Selling Stockholders and the Underwriters agree that it
would not be just and equitable if contributions pursuant to this Section 8(d)
were determined by pro rata allocation (even if the Underwriters were treated as
one entity for such purpose) or by any other method of allocation which does not
take account of the equitable considerations referred to above in this Section
8(d). The amount paid or payable by an indemnified party as a result of the
losses, claims, damages or liabilities (or actions or proceedings in respect
thereof) referred to above in this Section 8(d) shall be deemed to include any
legal or other expenses reasonably incurred by such indemnified party in
connection with investigating or defending any such action or claim.
Notwithstanding the provisions of this subsection (d), (i) no Underwriter shall
be required to contribute any amount in excess of the underwriting discounts and
commissions applicable to the Shares purchased by such Underwriter, (ii) no
person guilty of fraudulent misrepresentation (within the meaning of Section
11(f) of the Act) shall be entitled to contribution from any person who was not
guilty of such fraudulent misrepresentation, and (iii) no Selling Stockholder
shall be required to contribute any amount in excess of the net proceeds
received by such Selling Stockholder from the Underwriters in the offering. The
Underwriters' obligations in this Section 8(d) to contribute are several in
proportion to their respective underwriting obligations and not joint.
(e) In any proceeding relating to the Registration Statement, any Preliminary
Prospectus, the Prospectus or any supplement or amendment thereto, each party
against whom contribution may be sought under this Section 8 hereby consents to
the jurisdiction of any court having jurisdiction over any other contributing
party, agrees that process issuing from such court may be served upon him or it
by any other contributing party and consents to the service of such process and
agrees that any other contributing party may join him or it as an additional
defendant in any such proceeding in which such other contributing party is a
party.
(f) Any losses, claims, damages, liabilities or expenses for which an
indemnified party is entitled to indemnification or contribution under this
Section 8 shall be paid by the indemnifying party to the indemnified party as
such losses, claims, damages, liabilities or expenses are incurred. The
indemnity and contribution agreements
27
<PAGE>
contained in this Section 8 and the representations and warranties of the
Company and the Selling Stockholders set forth in this Agreement shall remain
operative and in full force and effect, regardless of (i) any investigation made
by or on behalf of any Underwriter or any person controlling any Underwriter,
its officers or employees, any person controlling any Underwriter, the Company,
its directors or officers or any persons controlling the Company, or any Selling
Stockholder or person controlling a Selling Stockholder, (ii) acceptance of any
Shares and payment therefor hereunder, and (iii) any termination of this
Agreement. A successor to any Underwriter, its officers or employees, or to the
Company, its directors or officers, or to any Selling Stockholder, or any person
controlling any Underwriter, the Company or any Selling Stockholder, shall be
entitled to the benefits of the indemnity, contribution and reimbursement
agreements contained in this Section 8.
9. DEFAULT BY UNDERWRITERS.
-----------------------
If on the Closing Date or the Option Closing Date, as the case may be, any
Underwriter shall fail to purchase and pay for the portion of the Shares which
such Underwriter has agreed to purchase and pay for on such date (otherwise than
by reason of any default on the part of the Company or a Selling Stockholder),
you, as Representatives of the Underwriters, shall use your reasonable efforts
to procure within 36 hours thereafter one or more of the other Underwriters, or
any others, to purchase from the Company and the Selling Stockholders such
amounts as may be agreed upon and upon the terms set forth herein, the Firm
Shares or Option Shares, as the case may be, which the defaulting Underwriter or
Underwriters failed to purchase. If during such 36 hours you, as such
Representatives, shall not have procured such other Underwriters, or any others,
to purchase the Firm Shares or Option Shares, as the case may be, agreed to be
purchased by the defaulting Underwriter or Underwriters, then (a) if the
aggregate number of shares with respect to which such default shall occur does
not exceed 10% of the Firm Shares or Option Shares, as the case may be, covered
hereby, the other Underwriters shall be obligated, severally, in proportion to
the respective numbers of Firm Shares or Option Shares, as the case may be,
which they are obligated to purchase hereunder, to purchase the Firm Shares or
Option Shares, as the case may be, which such defaulting Underwriter or
Underwriters failed to purchase, or (b) if the aggregate number of shares of
Firm Shares or Option Shares, as the case may be, with respect to which such
default shall occur exceeds 10% of the Firm Shares or Option Shares, as the case
may be, covered hereby, the Company and the Selling Stockholders, or you as the
Representatives of the Underwriters, will have the right, by written notice
given within the next 36-hour period to the parties to this Agreement, to
terminate this Agreement without liability on the part of the non-defaulting
Underwriters or of the Company or of the Selling Stockholders except to the
extent provided in Section 8 hereof. In the event of a default by any
Underwriter or Underwriters, as set forth in this Section 9, the Closing Date or
Option Closing Date, as the case may be, may be postponed for such period, not
exceeding seven days, as you, as Representatives, may determine in order that
the
28
<PAGE>
required changes in the Registration Statement or in the Prospectus or in any
other documents or arrangements may be effected. The term "Underwriter" includes
any person substituted for a defaulting Underwriter. Any action taken under this
Section 9 shall not relieve any defaulting Underwriter from liability in respect
of any default of such Underwriter under this Agreement.
10. NOTICES.
-------
All communications hereunder shall be in writing and, except as otherwise
provided herein, will be mailed, delivered, telecopied or telegraphed and
confirmed as follows: if to the Underwriters, to Alex. Brown & Sons
Incorporated, 101 California Street, 48th Floor, San Francisco, California
94111, Attention: Tony Meneghetti, with a copy to Alex. Brown & Sons
Incorporated, 135 East Baltimore Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21202. Attention:
General Counsel; if to the Company or to the Selling Stockholders, to Powerwave
Technologies, Inc., 2026 McGaw Avenue, Irvine, California 92614, Attention:
Chief Executive Officer; with a copy to Stradling, Yocca, Carlson & Rauth, 660
Newport Center Drive, Suite 1600, Newport Beach, California, Attention: Nick E.
Yocca, Esq.
11. TERMINATION.
-----------
This Agreement may be terminated by you by notice to the Sellers as follows:
(a) at any time prior to the earlier of (i) the time the Shares are released
by you for sale by notice to the Underwriters, or (ii) 11:30 a.m. on the first
business day following the date of this Agreement;
(b) at any time prior to the Closing Date if any of the following has
occurred: (i) since the respective dates as of which information is given in the
Registration Statement and the Prospectus, any material adverse change or any
development involving a prospective material adverse change in or affecting the
condition, financial or otherwise, of the Company and its Subsidiaries taken as
a whole or the earnings, business, management, properties, assets, rights,
operations, condition (financial or otherwise) or prospects of the Company and
its Subsidiaries taken as a whole, whether or not arising in the ordinary course
of business, (ii) any outbreak or escalation of hostilities or declaration of
war or national emergency or other national or international calamity or crisis
or change in economic or political conditions if the effect of such outbreak,
escalation, declaration, emergency, calamity, crisis or change on the financial
markets of the United States would, in your reasonable judgment, make it
impracticable to market the Shares or to enforce contracts for the sale of the
Shares, or (iii) suspension of trading in securities generally on the New York
Stock Exchange or the American Stock Exchange or limitation on prices (other
than limitations on hours or numbers of days of trading) for securities on
either such Exchange, (iv) the enactment, publication, decree or other
29
<PAGE>
promulgation of any statute, regulation, rule or order of any court or other
governmental authority which in your opinion materially and adversely affects or
may materially and adversely affect the business or operations of the Company,
(v) declaration of a banking moratorium by United States or New York State
authorities, (vi) the suspension of trading of the Company's common stock by the
Commission on the Nasdaq National Market or (vii) the taking of any action by
any governmental body or agency in respect of its monetary or fiscal affairs
which in your reasonable opinion has a material adverse effect on the securities
markets in the United States; or
(c) as provided in Sections 6 and 9 of this Agreement.
12. SUCCESSORS.
----------
This Agreement has been and is made solely for the benefit of the
Underwriters, the Company and the Selling Stockholders and their respective
successors, executors, administrators, heirs and assigns, and the officers,
directors and controlling persons referred to herein, and no other person will
have any right or obligation hereunder. No purchaser of any of the Shares from
any Underwriter shall be deemed a successor or assign merely because of such
purchase.
13. INFORMATION PROVIDED BY UNDERWRITERS.
------------------------------------
The Company, the Selling Stockholders and the Underwriters acknowledge and
agree that the only information furnished or to be furnished by any Underwriter
to the Company for inclusion in any Prospectus or the Registration Statement
consists of the information set forth in the last paragraph on the front cover
page (insofar as such information relates to the Underwriters), legends required
by Item 502(d) of Regulation S-K under the Act and the information under the
caption "Underwriting" in the Prospectus.
14. CONSENT TO JURISDICTION.
-----------------------
(a) Each of the parties hereto consents to the jurisdiction of and venue in
federal and state courts located in the County of Baltimore and State of
Maryland, over any suit, action or proceeding with respect to this Agreement.
(b) The Company hereby irrevocably and unconditionally agrees that service
of process in any such action or proceeding may be effected by mailing a copy
thereof by registered or certified mail (or any substantially similar form of
mail), postage prepaid, to the Company at the address of the Principal U.S.
Office set forth in the Registration Statement.
30
<PAGE>
15. MISCELLANEOUS.
-------------
The reimbursement, indemnification and contribution agreements contained in
this Agreement and the representations, warranties and covenants in this
Agreement shall remain in full force and effect regardless of (a) any
termination of this Agreement, (b) any investigation made by or on behalf of any
Underwriter, its officers or employees, or controlling person thereof, or by or
on behalf of the Company or its directors or officers and (c) delivery of and
payment for the Shares under this Agreement.
This Agreement may be executed in two or more counterparts, each of which
shall be deemed an original, but all of which together shall constitute one and
the same instrument.
This Agreement shall be governed by, and construed in accordance with, the
laws of the State of Maryland.
If the foregoing letter is in accordance with your understanding of our
agreement, please sign and return to us the enclosed duplicates hereof,
whereupon it will become a binding agreement among the Selling Stockholders, the
Company, and the several Underwriters in accordance with its terms.
Any person executing and delivering this Agreement as Attorney-in-Fact for a
Selling Stockholder represents by so doing that he has been duly appointed as
Attorney-in-Fact by such Selling Stockholder pursuant to a validly existing and
binding Power of Attorney which authorizes such Attorney-in-Fact to take such
action.
Very truly yours,
POWERWAVE TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
By: ____________________________________________
Bruce C. Edwards
President and Chief Executive Officer
Selling Stockholders listed on Schedule II
By: ____________________________________________
Attorney-in-Fact
31
<PAGE>
The foregoing Underwriting Agreement
is hereby confirmed and accepted as
of the date first above written.
ALEX. BROWN & SONS INCORPORATED
UBS SECURITIES
WESSELS, ARNOLD & HENDERSON, LLC
As Representatives of the several
Underwriters listed on Schedule I
By: Alex. Brown & Sons Incorporated
By: ________________________________
Authorized Officer
32
<PAGE>
SCHEDULE I
SCHEDULE OF UNDERWRITERS
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Number of Firm Shares
Underwriter to be Purchased
----------- ---------------------
<S> <C>
Alex. Brown & Sons Incorporated
UBS Securities
Wessels, Arnold & Henderson, LLC
---------
Total 2,400,000
---------
</TABLE>
33
<PAGE>
SCHEDULE II
SCHEDULE OF SELLING STOCKHOLDERS
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Number of Firm Shares
Selling Stockholder to be Sold
------------------- ---------------------
<S> <C>
Summit Ventures IV, L.P.
Summit Ventures III, L.P.
Summit Ventures II, L.P.
_______
Total 300,000
</TABLE>
34
<PAGE>
EXHIBIT 11.1
COMPUTATION OF PRO FORMA NET INCOME PER SHARE
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
EPS CALCULATION AS OF 12/31/95
- ------------------------------
<S> <C> <C>
Shares issued and outstanding........... 8,998,650
Preferred shares converted upon IPO..... 5,063,850
-----------
Pro forma shares outstanding............ 14,062,500
Options issued within one year of IPO... 982,500
Proceeds................................ $ 3,249,128
Assumed buyback price................... $ 12.00
-----------
Shares bought back...................... 270,761
Common equivalent shares................ 711,739
-----------
Total weighted average Common Shares.... 14,774,239
Net income at December 31, 1995......... 4,480,036
-----------
Pro forma net income per share.......... $ 0.30
===========
<CAPTION>
EPS CALCULATION AS OF 9/29/96
- ----------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C>
Shares issued and outstanding........... 8,998,650
Preferred shares converted upon IPO..... 5,063,850
-----------
Pro forma shares outstanding............ 14,062,500
Options issued within one year of IPO... 982,500
Proceeds................................ $ 3,249,128
Assumed buyback price................... $ 12.00
-----------
Shares bought back...................... 270,761
Common equivalent shares................ 711,739
-----------
Total weighted average common shares.... 14,774,239
Net income at September 29, 1996........ 5,430,484
-----------
Proforma net income per share........... $ 0.37
===========
</TABLE>
<PAGE>
EXHIBIT 23.2
INDEPENDENT AUDITORS' CONSENT AND REPORT ON SCHEDULE
To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of
Powerwave Technologies, Inc.
We consent to the use in Amendment No. 2 to Registration Statement No. 333-
13679 of Powerwave Technologies, Inc. on Form S-1 of our report dated October
24, 1996, appearing in the Prospectus, which is a part of this Registration
Statement, and to the references to us under the heading "Selected
Consolidated Financial Data" and "Experts" in such Prospectus.
Our audits of the financial statements referred to in our aforementioned
report also included the financial statement schedule of Powerwave
Technologies, Inc., listed in Item 16. This financial statement schedule is
the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to
express an opinion based on our audits. In our opinion, such financial
statement schedule, when considered in relation to the basic financial
statements taken as a whole, presents fairly, in all material respects, the
information set forth therein.
DELOITTE & TOUCHE LLP
Costa Mesa, California
November 12, 1996
