<PAGE>
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+The information in this prospectus is not complete and may be changed. +
+Underwriters may not confirm sales of these securities until the registration +
+statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. +
+This prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and we are not +
+soliciting offers to buy these securities in any state where the offer or +
+sale is not permitted. +
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
SUBJECT TO COMPLETION DATED MAY 27, 1999
Filed Pursuant to Rule 424(a)
Registration No. 333-78827
PROSPECTUS
7,500,000 Shares
[LOGO OF COVAD]
Covad Communications Group, Inc.
Common Stock
-----------
This is a public offering of 7,500,000 shares of common stock of Covad
Communications Group, Inc. The selling stockholders identified in the
prospectus are selling all of the 7,500,000 shares offered under this
prospectus. These numbers and, unless we indicate otherwise, all other
information in this prospectus gives effect to a 3-for-2 split of our common
stock effective May 19, 1999. We will not receive any proceeds from the shares
of common stock sold by the selling stockholders.
Our common stock is traded on the Nasdaq National Market under the symbol
"COVD." On May 26, 1999, the last reported sale price for our common stock on
the Nasdaq National Market was $46.25 per share.
See "Risk Factors" beginning on page 5 to read about certain risks that you
should consider before buying shares of our common stock.
Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any other regulatory body
has approved or disapproved these securities or passed upon the adequacy or
accuracy of this prospectus. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal
offense.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Per
Share Total
----- -----
<S> <C> <C>
Public offering price.............................................. $ $
Underwriting discounts and commissions............................. $ $
Proceeds, before expenses, to the selling stockholders............. $ $
</TABLE>
The underwriters may, under certain circumstances, purchase up to an additional
1,125,000 shares of common stock from certain selling stockholders at the
public offering price less the underwriting discount.
The underwriters are severally underwriting the shares being offered. The
underwriters expect to deliver the shares against payment in New York, New York
on , 1999.
Bear, Stearns & Co. Inc. Morgan Stanley Dean Witter
BT Alex. Brown
Credit Suisse First Boston
Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette
Wit Capital Corporation
-----------
The date of this prospectus is , 1999
<PAGE>
[INSIDE FRONT COVER]
[NATIONAL COVERAGE GRAPHIC]
Header: National DSL Coverage.
Description: Graphic illustration of the United States territory marked with
symbols identifying the 11 cities in which the Company's services are
available and the 11 cities in which the Company's services are planned to be
made available. The name of the city is identified beside each symbol.
Caption: Covad estimates that, when complete, its DSL Networks in these 22
metropolitan regions will enable the Company to provide service to over 28
million homes and businesses.
<PAGE>
PROSPECTUS SUMMARY
This summary highlights information contained elsewhere in this prospectus.
You should read the entire prospectus, including "Risk Factors" beginning on
page 5, carefully before investing in our common stock.
Overview of Our Business
We are a leading high-speed Internet and network access provider offering
digital subscriber line (DSL) services to Internet service provider and
enterprise customers. Internet service providers purchase our services in order
to provide high-speed Internet access to their business and consumer end-users.
Enterprise customers purchase our services to provide employees with high-speed
remote access to the enterprise's local area networks to improve employee
productivity and reduce operating costs. We refer to these services as remote
local area network (RLAN) services.
As of April 30, 1999, we had installed approximately 10,900 DSL lines and
received orders for our services from approximately 250 Internet service
provider and enterprise customers, including Cisco Systems, Concentric Network,
Epoch Networks, Oracle, PeopleSoft, Prodigy, PSINet, Stanford University, Sun
Microsystems, Verio and Whole Earth Networks.
Since March 1998, we have raised $569.0 million in debt and equity financing
to fund the deployment and expansion of our networks. To date we have
introduced our services in 11 metropolitan regions representing 26 metropolitan
statistical areas.
We plan to build our networks and offer our services in 22 metropolitan
regions nationwide representing 51 metropolitan statistical areas. We estimate
that when complete, our networks in these 22 metropolitan regions will enable
us to provide service to over 28 million homes and businesses. As of April 30,
1999, we were offering our services from over 440 central offices and our
networks passed approximately 13 million homes and businesses.
We have entered into strategic relationships with AT&T Corp., NEXTLINK
Communications, Inc. and Qwest Communications Corporation for the purchase,
marketing and resale of our services, the purchase by us of fiber optic
transport services, and housing of network equipment in central office space.
In addition, in May 1999, we entered into a strategic relationship with
WebMD, Inc., pursuant to which we will be WebMD's preferred provider of
broadband connectivity offering physician subscribers web-based multimedia and
communication services designed to enhance their practices. As part of this
relationship, we agreed to invest $15 million in WebMD preferred stock, which
will be exchanged for approximately 503,000 shares of Healtheon/WebMD common
stock upon consummation of the proposed merger of WebMD and Healtheon
Corporation.
Market Opportunity
We believe that we have a substantial business opportunity for the following
reasons:
. There is a growing market demand for high-speed digital communications
services.
. High-speed data communication services are enabling new applications for
businesses and consumers.
. DSL is a cost-effective technology for high-speed digital communications.
. The passage of the 1996 Telecommunications Act facilitates competition by
competitive telecommunications companies.
1
<PAGE>
Our Competitive Strengths
We offer an attractive value proposition. For business Internet users, our
high-end services offer comparable bandwidth to T1 and frame relay circuits
(which are 25 times the speed of analog modems) at a substantially lower cost
than the traditional T1 service. For the RLAN market, our mid-range services
are three to six times the speed of ISDN lines and up to ten times the speed of
analog modems at monthly rates similar to or lower than those for heavily-used
ISDN lines. For consumer Internet users, our consumer services are comparably
priced to other services, such as cable modem services, but offer significant
advantages in security, network performance and speed.
Our services are widely available, continuously connected and secure. Our
strategy of providing blanket coverage in each region we serve is designed to
ensure that our services are available to the vast majority of our customers'
end-users. Our networks provide a 24-hour continuous connection, unlike ISDN
lines and analog modems that require customers to dial-up each time for
Internet or RLAN access. Also, because we use dedicated connections from each
end-user to the Internet service provider or enterprise network, our customers
can reduce the risk of unauthorized access.
Our efficient DSL installation enables superior customer service. We were
the first to roll out DSL services, making DSL service available for purchase
in the San Francisco Bay Area in December 1997. Since then, we have installed a
total of approximately 10,900 lines as of April 30, 1999. Through this
experience, we believe we have achieved high rates of on-time installation and
customer satisfaction, which are critical elements for the successful roll-out
of a DSL service offering.
Our management team has extensive industry experience. Our management team
includes individuals with extensive experience in the data communications,
telecommunications and personal computer industries. In July 1998, we hired as
our Chief Executive Officer Robert Knowling, Jr., who formerly served as the
Executive Vice President of Operations and Technologies at U S WEST
Communications and as Vice President of Network Operations at Ameritech. We
also have in place four Regional Presidents to cover all 22 of our metropolitan
regions.
Our Business Strategy
The key elements of our strategy are:
. to secure competitive local exchange carrier status and sign
interconnection agreements for the top U.S. markets;
. to enter and roll out our service rapidly in our target regions to
achieve a first-mover advantage;
. to provide blanket coverage in each of our 22 metropolitan regions
representing 51 metropolitan statistical areas;
. to concentrate our sales efforts on both Internet service provider and
enterprise customers that can provide a large number of end-users;
. to establish relationships with leading Internet service providers,
systems integrators, other competitive telecommunications companies and
long-distance carriers in order to expand our distribution channels and
the use of our services; and
. to provide a superior and comprehensive product and service solution that
includes service set-up and a broad range of DSL services.
2
<PAGE>
The Offering
The following information is based on 80,576,818 shares of our common stock
outstanding on March 31, 1999. This number includes:
. 7,580,646 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of outstanding
warrants that were issued in connection with our 1998 notes, including
7,330,769 of the shares of common stock to be sold in this offering by
the selling stockholders; and
. 9,568,765 shares of common stock issuable upon conversion of 6,379,177
shares of our non-voting class B common stock held by our strategic
investors.
This number excludes:
. 17,389,182 shares of common stock subject to outstanding options at a
weighted average exercise price of $2.50 on March 31, 1999;
. 3,417,599 shares of common stock reserved for future issuance under our
1997 Stock Plan and 1,500,000 shares of common stock reserved for future
issuance under our 1998 Employee Stock Purchase Plan as of March 31,
1999; and
. 202,500 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of a warrant issued
to a consultant at an exercise price of $0.6667 per share.
<TABLE>
<S> <C>
Common stock offered by the selling
stockholders.................................... 7,500,000 shares
Common stock to be outstanding before and after
this offering................................... 80,576,818 shares
Use of proceeds.................................. We will not receive any
proceeds from this offering.
Nasdaq National Market symbol.................... COVD
</TABLE>
Unless we indicate otherwise, the information in this prospectus assumes the
underwriters will not exercise their over-allotment option. Unless we indicate
otherwise, we have adjusted all information in this prospectus to reflect a 3-
for-2 split of our common stock effective May 19, 1999.
----------------
The address of our principal executive office is 2330 Central Expressway,
Santa Clara, California 95050, and our telephone number is (408) 844-7500.
"Covad(TM)," "TeleSpeed(R)," "TeleSurferSM," "The Speed to WorkSM" and the
Covad crescent logo names and marks are our trademarks and servicemarks. This
prospectus contains other product names, trade names and trademarks of ours and
of other organizations.
3
<PAGE>
SUMMARY CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL DATA
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Three Months Ended
Year Ended December 31, March 31,
------------------------ ---------------------
1997 1998 1998 1999
----------- ----------- --------- ----------
(unaudited)
(dollars in thousands, except per
share amounts)
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Consolidated Statement of
Operations Data:
Revenues..................... $ 26 $ 5,326 $ 186 $ 5,596
Operating expenses:
Network and product costs.. 54 4,562 203 4,960
Sales, marketing, general
and administrative........ 2,374 31,043 1,944 18,113
Amortization of deferred
compensation.............. 295 3,997 227 1,653
Depreciation and
amortization.............. 70 3,406 164 4,647
----------- ----------- --------- ----------
Total operating
expenses................ 2,793 43,008 2,538 29,373
----------- ----------- --------- ----------
Income (loss) from
operations.................. (2,767) (37,682) (2,352) (23,777)
Net interest income
(expense)................. 155 (10,439) (429) (5,127)
----------- ----------- --------- ----------
Net income (loss)............ $ (2,612) $ (48,121) $ (2,781) $ (28,904)
=========== =========== ========= ==========
Net income (loss) per common
share....................... $ (0.53) $ (5.62) $ (0.39) $ (0.56)
Weighted average shares used
in computing net income
(loss) per share............ 4,907,319 8,562,802 7,118,160 53,621,977
Other Financial Data:
EBITDA(1).................... $ (2,402) $ (30,154) $ (1,961) $ (17,477)
Consolidated Cash Flow Data:
Provided by (used in)
operating activities........ $ (1,895) $ (9,054) $ 521 $ (15,254)
Provided by (used in)
investing activities........ (2,494) (61,252) (3,802) (123,048)
Provided by (used in)
financing activities........ 8,767 130,378 130,661 415,655
<CAPTION>
As of December 31, As of March 31,
------------------------ ---------------------
1997 1998 1998 1999
----------- ----------- --------- ----------
(dollars in thousands)
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Consolidated Balance Sheet
Data:
Cash and cash equivalents.... $ 4,378 $ 64,450 $ 131,758 $ 341,803
Net property and equipment... 3,014 59,145 6,652 99,196
Total assets................. 8,074 139,419 147,481 577,238
Long-term obligations,
including current portion... 783 142,879 128,401 358,464
Total stockholders' equity
(net capital deficiency).... 6,498 (24,706) 16,193 187,369
<CAPTION>
As of December 31, As of March 31,
------------------------ ---------------------
1997 1998 1998 1999
----------- ----------- --------- ----------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Other Operating Data:
Homes and businesses passed.. 278,000 6,000,000 800,000 11,200,000
Lines installed.............. 26 3,900 100 8,600
</TABLE>
- --------
(1)EBITDA consists of net loss excluding net interest, taxes, depreciation
and amortization, non-cash stock- based compensation and other non-
operating income or expenses. We have provided EBITDA because it is a
measure of financial performance commonly used in the telecommunications
industry as well as to enhance an understanding of our operating results.
EBITDA should not be construed as either:
. an alternative to operating income (as determined in accordance with
generally accepted accounting principals) as an indicator of our
operating performance, or
. an alternative to cash flows from operating activities (as determined in
accordance with generally accepted accounting principals) as a measure of
liquidity.
EBITDA as calculated by us may be calculated differently than EBITDA for
other companies. See our consolidated financial statements and the related
notes thereto contained elsewhere in this prospectus.
4
<PAGE>
RISK FACTORS
An investment in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You
should carefully consider the following factors before deciding to purchase
shares of our common stock. The risks described below are not the only ones
that we face. Additional risks that generally apply to publicly traded
companies, that are not yet identified or that we currently think are
immaterial, may also adversely affect our company.
This prospectus contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and
uncertainties. We use words such as "anticipates," "believes," "plans,"
"expects," "future," "intends" and similar expressions to identify forward-
looking statements. Our actual results could differ materially from those
anticipated in the forward-looking statements as a result of certain factors,
including the risks described below and elsewhere in this prospectus. We
disclaim any obligation to update information contained in any forward-looking
statement.
Our business is difficult to evaluate because we have a limited operating
history
We were incorporated in October 1996 and introduced our services
commercially in the San Francisco Bay Area in December 1997. Because of our
limited operating history, you have limited operating and financial data upon
which to evaluate our business. You should consider that we have the risks of
an early stage company in a new and rapidly evolving market. To overcome these
risks, we must:
. rapidly expand the geographic coverage of our services;
. attract and retain customers within our existing and in new regions;
. increase awareness of our services;
. respond to competitive developments;
. continue to attract, retain and motivate qualified persons;
. continue to upgrade our technologies in response to competition and
market factors; and
. effectively manage the growth of our operations.
We have a history of losses and expect increasing losses in the future
We have incurred substantial losses and experienced negative cash flow each
fiscal quarter since our inception. As of March 31, 1999, we had an
accumulated deficit of approximately $79.6 million. We intend to increase our
capital expenditures and operating expenses in order to expand our business.
As a result, we expect to incur substantial additional net losses and
substantial negative cash flow for at least the next several years.
In addition, we expect our net losses to increase in the future due to the
interest and amortization charges related to the 13 1/2% Senior Discount Notes
due 2008 issued in March 1998 and the 12 1/2% Senior Notes due 2009 issued in
February 1999, and the amortization charges related to our issuance of
preferred stock to AT&T's venture capital arm and two affiliated funds ("AT&T
Ventures"), NEXTLINK and Qwest in January 1999. For example:
. Interest and amortization charges relating to the 1998 notes were
approximately $16.0 million during the year ended December 31, 1998.
These charges will increase each year until the year ending December 31,
2004, during which period the interest and amortization charges will be
approximately $36.9 million. This increase is due to the accretion of the
1998 notes to $260 million through March 2003.
. Interest and amortization charges relating to the 1999 notes will be
approximately $24.0 million during the year ending December 31, 1999 and
will increase slightly each year to approximately $28.3 million during
the year ending December 31, 2008.
. We recorded intangible assets of $28.7 million associated with the
issuance of our preferred stock to AT&T Ventures, NEXTLINK and Qwest.
These amounts will result in an annual amortization charge of
approximately $8.4 million in each of the years in the three year period
ending December 31, 2001.
5
<PAGE>
Our operating results are likely to fluctuate in future periods
Our annual and quarterly operating results are likely to fluctuate
significantly in the future as a result of numerous factors, many of which are
outside of our control. These factors include:
. the timing and ability of traditional telephone companies to provide us
with central office space;
. the rate at which customers subscribe to our services;
. decreases in the prices for our services due to competition, volume-based
pricing and other factors;
. Internet service provider and enterprise customer retention and end-user
churn rates;
. the success of our relationships with AT&T, NEXTLINK, Qwest and WebMD and
other potential third parties in generating significant subscriber
demand;
. the ability to deploy on a timely basis our services to adequately
satisfy end-user demand;
. delays in the commencement of operations in new regions and the
generation of revenue because certain network elements have lead times
that are controlled by traditional telephone companies and other third
parties;
. the mix of line orders between consumer end-users and business end-users
(which typically have higher margins);
. the amount and timing of capital expenditures and other costs relating to
the expansion of our networks;
. the ability to develop and commercialize new services by us or our
competitors;
. the impact of regulatory developments, including interpretations of the
1996 Telecommunications Act;
. our ability to successfully operate our networks; and
. general economic conditions and economic conditions specific to the
telecommunications industry, which may affect the demand and pricing for
our services.
As a result, it is likely that in some future quarters our operating
results will be below the expectations of securities analysts and investors.
If this happens, the trading price of our common stock would likely decline.
We cannot predict whether we will be successful because our business strategy
is unproven
We believe that we were the first competitive telecommunications company to
provide high-speed Internet and network access using DSL technology. As a
result, our business strategy is unproven. To be successful, we must develop
and market services that achieve broad commercial acceptance by Internet
service provider and enterprise customers in our targeted regions. Because our
business and the market for high-speed digital communications services are in
the early stages of development, we are uncertain of whether our services will
achieve broad commercial acceptance.
We may experience decreasing prices for our services, which may impair our
ability to achieve profitability or positive cash flow
We may experience decreasing prices for our services due to competition,
volume-based pricing and other factors. Currently, we charge higher prices for
some of our services than some of our competitors do for their similar
services. As a result, we cannot assure you that our customers and their end-
user customers will select our services over those of our competitors. In
addition, prices for digital communications services in general have fallen
historically, and we expect this trend to continue. We have provided and
expect in the future to provide price discounts to customers that commit to
sell our services to a large number of their end-user customers. Our consumer
grade services have lower prices than our business grade services. As a
result, an increase in future periods in the percentage of our revenues which
we derive from our consumer services would reduce our overall profit margins.
We also expect to reduce prices periodically in the future to respond to
6
<PAGE>
competition and to generate increased sales volume. As a result, we cannot
predict whether demand for our services will exist at attractive prices to
achieve profitability or positive cash flow.
We depend on Internet and on-line service providers and other third parties
for the marketing and sale of our services
We market our Internet access services through Internet service providers
for resale to their business and consumer end-users. To date, a limited number
of Internet service providers have accounted for the significant majority of
our revenues. As a result, a significant reduction in the number of end-users
provided by one or more of our key Internet service providers could result in
a material decrease in our revenues for a given period. We expect that our
Internet service provider customers will account for the majority of our
future market penetration and revenue growth. Our agreements with our Internet
service provider customers are non-exclusive. Many of our Internet service
provider customers also resell services offered by our competitors. In
addition, a number of our Internet service provider customers have committed
to provide large numbers of end-users in exchange for price discounts. If our
Internet service provider customers do not meet their volume commitments or
otherwise do not sell our services to as many end users as we expect, our
business will suffer.
In addition, we entered into commercial agreements with each of AT&T,
NEXTLINK and Qwest and more recently with WebMD. Our agreements with AT&T,
NEXTLINK and Qwest provide for the purchase, marketing and resale of our
services, primarily to their small business and enterprise customers. Our
agreement with WebMD provides that we will be WebMD's preferred provider of
broadband connectivity offering physician subscribers web-based multimedia and
communication services designed to enhance their practices. We cannot predict
the number of line orders that AT&T, NEXTLINK, Qwest or WebMD will generate,
if any, or whether line orders will be below our expectations. In addition,
these and future relationships we may establish with other third parties may
not improve our business.
We may be unable to manage our growth effectively
Our strategy is to significantly expand our networks within our existing
regions and to deploy substantially all of our networks in our 22 targeted
metropolitan regions representing 51 metropolitan statistical areas by the end
of 1999. The execution of this strategy involves:
. obtaining the required government authorizations;
. identifying, accessing and initiating service in key central offices
within existing and target regions;
. designing and maintaining an adequate operational support system;
. designing and constructing regional data centers;
. obtaining central office space; and
. entering into and renewing interconnection agreements with the
appropriate traditional telephone companies on satisfactory terms and
conditions.
To accomplish this strategy, we must, among other things:
. market to and acquire a substantial number of customers and end-users;
. continue to implement and improve our operational, financial and
management information systems, including our client ordering,
provisioning, dispatch, trouble ticketing and other operational systems
as well as our billing, accounts receivable and payable tracking, fixed
assets and other financial management systems;
. hire and train additional qualified management and technical personnel;
. establish and maintain relationships with third parties to market and
sell our services, install network equipment and provide field service;
and
. continue to expand and upgrade our network infrastructure.
7
<PAGE>
We may be unable to do these things successfully. Further, we may be unable
to deploy our networks as scheduled or achieve the operational growth
necessary to achieve our business strategy.
Our growth has placed, and is expected to continue to place, significant
demands on our management and operational resources. We expect to continue to
increase significantly our employee base to support the deployment of our
networks. For example, we expect the demands on our network infrastructure and
technical support resources to grow rapidly along with our customer base. If
we are successful in implementing our marketing strategy, we may have
difficulty responding to demand for our services and technical support in a
timely manner and in accordance with our customers' expectations. We expect
these demands to require the addition of new management personnel and the
increased outsourcing of company functions to third parties. We may be unable
to do this successfully. In addition, our networks, procedures and controls
may be inadequate to support our operations.
We depend on traditional telephone companies to provide central office space
and unbundled network elements, both of which are critical to our success
Our success depends significantly on our ability to provide broad service
availability in our target regions. To do this, we must secure physical space
from traditional telephone companies for our equipment in the traditional
telephone companies' central offices in these regions. We have experienced
initial rejections of our applications to secure this space:
. from Pacific Bell in a significant number of central offices in Pacific
Bell's service areas in California;
. from GTE Corporation in certain central offices in the Los Angeles
region; and
. from Bell Atlantic and other traditional telephone companies in
Massachusetts, Virginia and in other states.
We expect that as we proceed with our deployment, we will face additional
rejections of our applications for central office space in our other target
regions. The rejection of our applications for central office space has in the
past resulted, and could in the future result, in delays and increased
expenses in the rollout of our services in our target regions, including
delays and expenses associated with engaging in legal proceedings with the
traditional telephone companies. This could harm our business.
We face other challenges in dealing with the traditional telephone
companies:
. there are limitations on the availability of central office space in high
demand target markets in which other competitive telecommunications
companies are seeking or have obtained central office space to offer
services;
. we have experienced delays and expect to continue to experience delays
where traditional telephone companies do not maintain our position in the
queue for central office space; and
. we are engaged in a variety of negotiations, regulatory disputes and
legal actions to resolve situations where traditional telephone companies
assert that certain central offices lack sufficient space for our
equipment, and we may be unable to resolve these matters successfully.
As a result of these challenges, we expect that we will continue to
experience delays in obtaining central office space which would slow down the
deployment of our networks and our ability to increase the number of end-users
for our services.
The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has been reviewing the policies
and practices of the traditional telephone companies with the goal of
facilitating the efforts of competitive telecommunications companies to obtain
central office space more easily and on more favorable terms. On March 18,
1999, the FCC announced that it was adopting rules to make it easier and less
expensive for competitive telecommunications
8
<PAGE>
companies to obtain central office space and to require traditional telephone
companies to make new alternative arrangements for obtaining central office
space. The FCC's new rules may not be implemented in a timely manner and may
not enhance our ability to obtain central office space.
We also depend on traditional telephone companies to provide unbundled DSL-
capable lines that connect each end-user to our equipment located in the
central offices. The 1996 Telecommunications Act generally requires that
charges for these unbundled network elements be cost-based and
nondiscriminatory. The nonrecurring and recurring monthly charges for DSL-
capable lines that we require vary greatly. These rates are subject to the
approval of the state regulatory commissions. The rate approval processes for
DSL-capable lines and other unbundled network elements typically involve a
lengthy review of the rates proposed by the traditional telephone companies in
each state. The ultimate rates approved typically depend on the traditional
telephone company's initial rate proposals and the policies of the state
public utility commission. These rate approval proceedings are time-consuming
and expensive. Consequently, we are subject to the risk that the non-recurring
and recurring charges for DSL-capable lines and other unbundled network
elements will increase based on rates proposed by the traditional telephone
companies and approved by state regulatory commissions from time to time,
which would harm our operating results.
We depend on traditional telephone companies to provide transmission
facilities and to provision copper lines
We interconnect with and use traditional telephone companies' networks to
service our customers, which presents a number of challenges as we depend on
traditional telephone companies:
. to use their technology and capabilities to meet certain
telecommunications needs of our customers and to maintain our service
standards;
. to cooperate with us for the provision and repair of transmission
facilities; and
. to provide the services and network components that we order, for which
they depend significantly on unionized labor. Labor issues have in the
past and may in the future hurt the telephone companies' performance.
Our dependence on the traditional telephone companies has caused and could
continue to cause us to encounter delays in establishing our networks and
providing higher speed DSL services.
We rely on the traditional telephone companies to provision copper lines to
our customers and end-users. We must establish efficient procedures for
ordering, provisioning, maintaining and repairing large volumes of DSL-capable
lines from the traditional telephone companies. We must also establish
satisfactory billing arrangements with the traditional telephone companies. We
may not be able to do these things in a manner that will allow us to retain
and grow our customer and end-user base.
Our business will suffer if our interconnection agreements are not renewed or
if they are renewed or modified on unfavorable terms
We are required to enter into and implement interconnection agreements in
each of our target regions with the appropriate traditional telephone
companies in order to provide service in those regions. Our interconnection
agreements have a maximum term of three years. Therefore, we will have to
renegotiate these agreements with the traditional telephone companies when
they expire. We may not succeed in extending or renegotiating them on
favorable terms.
Additionally, disputes have arisen and will likely arise in the future as a
result of differences in interpretations of the interconnection agreements.
For example, we are in arbitration proceedings with two traditional telephone
companies under the dispute resolution clauses of our interconnection
agreements. These disputes have delayed our deployment of our networks. They
have also negatively affected our service to our customers and our ability to
enter into additional interconnection agreements with the traditional
telephone
9
<PAGE>
companies in other states. In addition, the interconnection agreements are
subject to state commission, FCC and judicial oversight. These government
authorities may modify the terms of the interconnection agreements in a way
that harms our business.
We depend on the traditional telephone companies for the quality and
availability of the copper lines that we use
We depend significantly on the quality and availability of the traditional
telephone companies' copper lines and the traditional telephone companies'
maintenance of such lines. We may not be able to obtain the copper lines and
the services we require from the traditional telephone companies at
satisfactory quality levels, rates, terms and conditions. Our inability to do
so could delay the expansion of our networks and degrade the quality of our
services to our customers.
The market in which we operate is highly competitive, and we may not be able
to compete effectively, especially against established industry competitors
with significantly greater financial resources
The markets for business and consumer Internet access and RLAN access
services are intensely competitive. We expect that these markets will become
increasingly competitive in the future. We face competition from the
traditional telephone companies, cable modem service providers, competitive
telecommunications companies, traditional and new national long distance
carriers, Internet service providers, on-line service providers and wireless
and satellite service providers. Many of these competitors have longer
operating histories, greater name recognition, better strategic relationships
and significantly greater financial, technical or marketing resources than we
do. As a result, these competitors:
. may be able to develop and adopt new or emerging technologies and respond
to changes in customer requirements or devote greater resources to the
development, promotion and sale of their products and services more
effectively than we can;
. may form new alliances and rapidly acquire significant market share; and
. may be able to undertake more extensive marketing campaigns, adopt more
aggressive pricing policies and devote substantially more resources to
developing high-speed digital services.
The intense competition from our competitors, including the traditional
telephone companies, the cable modem service providers and the competitive
telecommunications companies could harm our business.
The traditional telephone companies represent strong competition in all of
our target service areas. We expect this competition to intensify. For
example, traditional telephone companies have an established brand name and
reputation for high quality in their service areas, possess sufficient capital
to deploy DSL equipment rapidly, have their own copper lines and can bundle
digital data services with their existing analog voice services to achieve
economies of scale in serving customers. Certain of the traditional telephone
companies have aggressively priced their consumer DSL services as low as $30-
$40 per month, placing pricing pressure on our TeleSurfer services. The
traditional telephone companies can offer service to end-users from certain
central offices where we are unable to secure central office space and offer
service. Accordingly, we may be unable to compete successfully against the
traditional telephone companies.
Cable modem service providers such as @Home Network and MediaOne (and their
respective cable partners) are deploying high-speed Internet access services
over hybrid fiber coaxial cable networks. Where deployed, these networks
provide similar and in some cases higher-speed Internet access and RLAN access
than we provide. They also offer these services at lower price points than our
TeleSurfer services. As a result, competition with the cable modem service
providers may have a significant negative effect on our ability to secure
customers and may create downward pressure on the prices we can charge for our
services.
Many competitive telecommunications companies offer high-speed data
services using a business strategy similar to ours. Some of these competitors
have begun offering DSL-based access services and others are likely
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<PAGE>
to do so in the future. In addition, some competitive telecommunications
companies have extensive fiber networks in many metropolitan areas primarily
providing high-speed digital and voice circuits to large corporations, and
have interconnection agreements with traditional telephone companies pursuant
to which they have acquired central office space in many of our markets.
Further, certain of our customers have made investments in our competitors. As
a result of the above, we may be unsuccessful in generating a significant
number of new customers or retaining existing customers.
The digital communications industry is undergoing rapid technological changes,
and new technologies may be superior to the technology we use
The digital communications industry is subject to rapid and significant
technological change, including continuing developments in DSL technology,
which does not presently have widely accepted standards, and alternative
technologies for providing high speed data communications such as cable modem
technology. As a consequence:
. we will rely on third parties, including some of our competitors and
potential competitors, to develop and provide us with access to
communications and networking technology;
. our success will depend on our ability to anticipate or adapt to new
technology on a timely basis; and
. we expect that new products and technologies will emerge that may be
superior to, or may not be compatible with, our products and
technologies.
If we fail to adapt successfully to technological changes or fail to obtain
access to important technologies, our business will suffer.
Our operating results will suffer if our enterprise customers do not roll out
our services following their initial phase of deploying our services
Our practice with respect to our enterprise customers has been to enter
into an arrangement to install our service initially for a small number of
end-users. An enterprise customer decides whether to implement a broad rollout
of our services after evaluating the results of this initial phase of
deployment. As of April 30, 1999, a substantial majority of our enterprise
customers had not yet rolled out our services broadly to their employees, and
it is not certain when such rollouts will occur, if at all. We will not
receive significant revenue from enterprise customers until and unless these
rollouts occur. Therefore, any continued or ongoing failure of enterprise
customers to roll out our services could have a material adverse effect on our
business.
Our strategy depends on growth in demand for DSL-based services
The markets for high-speed Internet and RLAN access are in the early stages
of development. As a result, we cannot predict the rate at which these markets
will grow, if at all, or whether new or increased competition will result in
market saturation. Various providers of high-speed digital communications
services are testing products from various suppliers for various applications.
We do not know whether DSL will offer the same or more attractive price-
performance characteristics. Critical issues concerning commercial use of DSL
for Internet and RLAN access, including security, reliability, ease and cost
of access and quality of service, remain unresolved and may impact the growth
of such services. If the markets for our services grow more slowly than we
anticipate or become saturated with competitors, our ability to achieve
revenue growth and positive cash flow will be harmed.
Our leverage is substantial and will increase, making it more difficult to
respond to changing business conditions
As of March 31, 1999, we had approximately $358.5 million of long-term
obligations (including current portion), which consists primarily of the 1998
notes and the 1999 notes. Because the 1998 notes accrete to $260 million
through March 2003, we will become increasingly leveraged until then, whether
or not we incur
11
<PAGE>
new indebtedness in the future. We may also incur additional indebtedness in
the future, subject to certain restrictions contained in the indentures
governing the 1998 notes and the 1999 notes, to finance the continued
development, commercial deployment and expansion of our networks and for
funding operating losses or to take advantage of unanticipated opportunities.
The degree to which we are leveraged could have important consequences to you.
For example, it could:
. materially limit or impair our ability to obtain additional financing or
refinancing in the future for working capital, capital expenditures,
acquisitions, general corporate purposes or other purposes;
. require us to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flow to the
payment of principal and interest on our indebtedness, which reduces the
availability of cash flow to fund working capital, capital expenditures,
acquisitions, general corporate purposes or other purposes;
. limit our ability to redeem the 1998 notes and the 1999 notes in the
event of a change of control; and
. increase our vulnerability to economic downturns, limit our ability to
withstand competitive pressures and reduce our flexibility in responding
to changing business and economic conditions.
We will require a significant amount of cash to service our indebtedness; our
ability to generate cash depends on many factors beyond our control
We expect to continue to generate substantial net losses and negative cash
flow for at least the next several years. We may be unable to maintain a level
of cash flow from operations sufficient to permit us to pay the principal,
premium, if any, and interest on our indebtedness, including the 1998 notes
and the 1999 notes, and any additional indebtedness we may incur. The 1998
notes accrete to $260.0 million through March 2003 and we must begin paying
cash interest on those notes in September 2003. In addition, we must begin
paying cash interest on the 1999 notes in August 1999. We have set aside
approximately $74.1 million in government securities in a pledge account to
fund the first three years of interest payments on the 1999 notes.
Our ability to make scheduled payments with respect to indebtedness
(including the 1998 notes and the 1999 notes) will depend upon, among other
things:
. our ability to achieve significant and sustained growth in cash flow;
. the rate and success of the commercial deployment of our networks;
. successful operation of our networks;
. the market acceptance, customer demand, rate of utilization and pricing
for our services;
. our ability to successfully complete development, upgrades and
enhancements of our networks; and
. our ability to complete additional financings, as necessary.
Each of these factors is affected by economic, financial, competitive and
other factors, many of which are beyond our control. If we are unable to
generate sufficient cash flow to service our indebtedness, we may have to
reduce or delay network deployments, restructure or refinance our indebtedness
or seek additional equity capital, strategies that may not enable us to
service and repay our indebtedness. Any failure to satisfy our obligations
with respect to the 1998 notes or the 1999 notes at or before maturity would
be a default under the related indenture and could cause a default under
agreements governing our other indebtedness. If such defaults occur, the
holders of the indebtedness would have enforcement rights, including the right
to accelerate payment of the entire amount of the debt and the right to
commence an involuntary bankruptcy proceeding against us.
The scalability and speed of our networks remain largely unproven
To date, we have deployed our networks in a total of 11 of our 22 targeted
metropolitan regions, representing 26 of 51 metropolitan statistical areas,
most of which have been deployed only in the last several months. As a result,
the ability of our DSL networks and operational support systems to connect and
manage a
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<PAGE>
substantial number of online end-users at high speeds is still unknown.
Consequently, there remains a risk that we may not be able to scale our
network and operational support systems up to our expected end-user numbers
while achieving superior performance. Peak digital data transmission speeds
currently offered across our DSL networks are 1.5 megabits per second
downstream. However, the actual data transmission speeds over our networks
could be significantly slower and will depend on a variety of factors,
including:
. the type of DSL technology deployed;
. the distance an end-user is located from a central office;
. the configuration of the telecommunications line being used;
. quality of the copper lines provisioned by traditional telephone
companies; and
. our operational support systems which manage our networks.
As a result, our networks may be unable to achieve and maintain the highest
possible digital transmission speed.
Our failure to achieve or maintain high-speed digital transmissions would
significantly reduce customer and end-user demand for our services.
Interference in the traditional telephone company's copper plant could degrade
the performance of our services
Certain technical laboratory tests and field experience indicate that some
types of DSL technology may cause interference with and be interfered with by
other signals present in a traditional telephone company's copper plant,
usually with lines in close proximity. If present, this interference could
cause degradation of performance of our services or render us unable to offer
our services on selected lines. The amount and extent of such interference
will depend on the condition of the traditional telephone company's copper
plant and the number and distribution of DSL and other signals in such plant
and cannot now be ascertained. When interference occurs, it is difficult to
detect. The procedures to resolve interference issues between competitive
telecommunications companies and traditional telephone companies are still
being developed and may not be effective. In the past we have agreed to
interference resolution procedures with certain traditional telephone
companies. However, we may be unable to successfully negotiate similar
procedures with other traditional telephone companies in future
interconnection agreements or in renewals of existing interconnection
agreements. In addition, the failure of the traditional telephone companies to
take timely action to resolve interference issues will harm the provision of
our services. If our TeleSpeed and TeleSurfer services cause widespread
network degradation or are perceived to cause that type of interference,
responsive actions by the traditional telephone companies or state or federal
regulators could harm our reputation, brand image, service quality, and
customer satisfaction and retention.
A system failure could delay or interrupt service to our customers
Our operations depend upon our ability to support our highly complex
network infrastructure and avoid damage from fires, earthquakes, floods, power
losses, excessive sustained or peak user demand, telecommunications failures,
network software flaws, transmission cable cuts and similar events. The
occurrence of a natural disaster or other unanticipated problem at our network
operations center or any of our regional data centers could cause
interruptions in our services. Additionally, failure of a traditional
telephone company or other service provider, such as competitive
telecommunications companies, to provide communications capacity that we
require, as a result of a natural disaster, operational disruption or any
other reason, could cause interruptions in our services. Any damage or failure
that causes interruptions in our operations could harm our business.
A breach of network security could delay or interrupt service to our customers
Our networks may be vulnerable to unauthorized access, computer viruses and
other disruptive problems. Internet service providers and corporate networks
have in the past experienced, and may in the future experience,
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<PAGE>
interruptions in service as a result of accidental or intentional actions of
Internet users, current and former employees and others. Unauthorized access
could also potentially jeopardize the security of confidential information
stored in the computer systems of our customers and the customers' end-users.
This might result in liability to our customers and also might deter potential
customers. We intend to implement security measures that are standard within
the telecommunications industry and newly developed security measures. We have
not done so yet and may not implement such measures in a timely manner. If and
when implemented, such measures may be circumvented. Eliminating computer
viruses and alleviating other security problems may require interruptions,
delays or cessation of service to our customers and such customers' end-users,
which could harm our business.
We depend on a limited number of third parties for equipment supply and
installation
We rely on outside parties to manufacture our network equipment. This
equipment includes:
. digital subscriber line access multiplexers;
. customer premise equipment modems;
. network routing and switching hardware;
. network management software;
. systems management software; and
. database management software.
As we sign additional service contracts, we will need to significantly
increase the amount of manufacturing and other services supplied by third
parties in order to meet our contractual commitments. For example, we have a
service arrangement with Lucent Technologies Inc. to increase our ability to
install our central office facilities and associated equipment. We have in the
past experienced supply problems with certain of our vendors. These vendors
may not be able to meet our needs in a satisfactory and timely manner in the
future. In addition, we may not be able to obtain additional vendors when and
if needed. We have identified alternative suppliers for technologies that we
consider critical. However, it could take us a significant period of time to
establish relationships with alternative suppliers for critical technologies
and substitute their technologies into our networks.
Our reliance on third-party vendors involves a number of additional risks,
including:
. the absence of guaranteed capacity; and
. reduced control over delivery schedules, quality assurance, production
yields and costs.
The loss of any of our relationships with these suppliers could harm our
business.
Our success depends on our retention of certain key personnel and our ability
to hire additional key personnel
We depend on the performance of our executive officers and key employees.
In particular, our senior management has significant experience in the data
communications, telecommunications and personal computer industries, and the
loss of any of them could negatively affect our ability to execute our
business strategy. In addition, we depend upon the Regional Presidents for
each of our target regions. Regional Presidents have direct responsibility for
sales, service and market development efforts in their respective regions, and
the loss of any of them could disrupt significantly our operations in the
region. Additionally, we do not have "key person" life insurance policies on
any of our employees.
Our future success also depends on our continuing ability to identify,
hire, train and retain other highly qualified technical, sales, marketing and
managerial personnel in connection with our expansion within our
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<PAGE>
existing regions and the deployment and marketing of our networks into
targeted regions. Competition for such qualified personnel is intense. This is
particularly the case in software development, network engineering and product
management. We also may be unable to attract, assimilate or retain other
highly qualified technical, sales, marketing and managerial personnel. Our
business will be harmed if we cannot attract the necessary technical, sales,
marketing and managerial personnel.
We must comply with Federal and state tax and other surcharges on our
services, the levels of which are uncertain
Telecommunications providers pay a variety of surcharges and fees on their
gross revenues from interstate services and intrastate services. Interstate
surcharges include Federal Universal Service Fees, Common Carrier Regulatory
Fees and TRS Fund fees. In addition, state regulators impose similar
surcharges and fees on intrastate services. The division of our services
between interstate services and intrastate services is a matter of
interpretation and may in the future be contested by the FCC or relevant state
commission authorities. A change in the characterization of their
jurisdictions could cause our payment obligations pursuant to the relevant
surcharges to increase. In addition, pursuant to periodic revisions by state
and federal regulators of the applicable surcharges, we may be subject to
increases in the surcharges and fees currently paid.
Our services are subject to government regulation, and changes in current or
future laws or regulations could adversely affect our business
Our services are subject to federal, state and local government regulation.
The 1996 Telecommunications Act, which became effective in February 1996,
introduced widespread changes in the regulation of the telecommunications
industry, including the digital access services segment in which we operate.
The 1996 Telecommunications Act eliminates many of the pre-existing legal
barriers to competition in the telecommunications services business and sets
basic criteria for relationships between telecommunications providers.
Among other things, the 1996 Telecommunications Act removes barriers to
entry in the local exchange telephone market by preempting state and local
laws that restrict competition by providing competitors interconnection,
access to unbundled network elements and retail services at wholesale rates.
The FCC's primary rules interpreting the 1996 Telecommunications Act, which
were issued on August 8, 1996, have been reviewed by the U.S. Court of Appeals
for the Eighth Circuit, which has overruled certain of the FCC's rules. We
have entered into competitive interconnection agreements using the federal
guidelines established in the FCC's interconnection order, which agreements
remain in effect notwithstanding the Eighth Circuit's decision. While the U.S.
Supreme Court overruled the Eighth Circuit in January of 1999 and upheld the
FCC rules, the FCC must now reconsider the definition of unbundled network
elements. The FCC has commenced its review of which unbundled network elements
it should require traditional telephone companies to provide to companies such
as ours. In addition, the FCC's pricing method for unbundled network elements
is under review at the Eighth Circuit. Any unfavorable decisions by the Eighth
Circuit, the FCC or state telecommunications regulatory commissions could harm
our business.
In August 1998, the FCC proposed new rules that would allow traditional
telephone companies to provide their own DSL services free from traditional
telephone company regulation through a separate affiliate. The provision of
DSL services by an affiliate of an traditional telephone company not subject
to such regulation could harm our business.
Changes to current regulations, the adoption of new regulations by the FCC
or state regulatory authorities, court decisions or legislative initiatives,
such as changes to the 1996 Telecommunications Act, could harm our business.
For further details of the government regulation to which we are subject see
"Business--Government Regulation."
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Our intellectual property protection may be inadequate to protect our
proprietary rights, and we may be subject to infringement claims
We regard our products, services and technology as proprietary. We attempt
to protect them with patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade secret laws,
restrictions on disclosure and other methods. These methods may not be
sufficient to protect our technology. We also generally enter into
confidentiality or license agreements with our employees and consultants, and
generally control access to and distribution of our documentation and other
proprietary information. Despite these precautions, it may be possible for a
third party to copy or otherwise obtain and use our products, services or
technology without authorization, or to develop similar technology
independently.
Currently we have a number of patent applications. We intend to prepare
additional applications and to seek patent protection for our systems and
services. These patents may not be issued to us. If issued, they may not
protect our intellectual property from competition. Competitors could seek to
design around or invalidate these patents.
Effective patent, copyright, trademark and trade secret protection may be
unavailable or limited in certain foreign countries. The global nature of the
Internet makes it virtually impossible to control the ultimate destination of
our proprietary information. The steps that we have taken may not prevent
misappropriation or infringement of our technology. Litigation may be
necessary in the future to enforce our intellectual property rights, to
protect our trade secrets or to determine the validity and scope of the
proprietary rights of others. Such litigation could result in substantial
costs and diversion of resources and could harm our business.
In addition, we may be sued by others with respect to infringement of their
intellectual property rights. We were recently sued by Bell Atlantic for an
alleged infringement of a patent issued to them in September 1998 entitled
"Variable Rate and Variable Mode Transmission System." As we have only
recently received notice of this claim, we are unable to adequately assess the
scope, including materiality, or merits of the claim. Any such lawsuit,
including the Bell Atlantic suit, could significantly harm our business.
We will need additional funds in the future in order to continue to grow our
business
We believe our current capital resources will be sufficient for our funding
and working capital requirements for the deployment and operation of our
networks at least through the end of 1999. Accordingly, we will be required to
raise additional capital through the issuance of debt or equity financings,
depending on market conditions. The actual amount and timing of our future
capital requirements will depend upon a number of factors, including:
. the number of regions targeted and entered and the timing of entry and
services offered;
. network deployment schedules and associated costs;
. the rate at which customers and end-users purchase our services and the
pricing of such services;
. the level of marketing required to acquire and retain customers and to
attain a competitive position in each region we enter;
. the rate at which we invest in engineering and development and
intellectual property with respect to existing and future technology; and
. investment opportunities in complementary businesses or other
opportunities.
We may be unsuccessful in raising sufficient capital at all or on terms
that we consider acceptable. If this happens, our ability to continue to
expand our business or respond to competitive developments would be impaired.
In addition, our indentures contain covenants that restrict our business
activities and our ability to raise additional funds. As a result, we may not
be able to undertake certain activities which management believes are
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<PAGE>
in our best interest to develop our business. We also may be unable to raise
as much additional funding through the issuance of debt securities as we may
need in the future. This could require us to raise funding through the
issuance of equity securities or amend our indentures, which we may be unable
to do on acceptable terms.
An economic downturn could adversely impact demand for our services
In the last few years the general health of the economy, particularly the
California economy, has been relatively strong and improving. The strong
economy has led to increasing capital spending by individuals and companies to
keep pace with rapid technological advances. To the extent the general
economic health of the United States or of California declines from recent
historically high levels, or to the extent individuals or companies fear such
a decline is imminent, such individuals and companies may reduce, in the near
term, expenditures such as those for our services. Any such decline or concern
about an imminent decline could delay decisions among certain of our customers
to roll out our services or could delay decisions by prospective customers to
make initial evaluations of our services. Such delays could harm our business.
Our principal stockholders and management own a significant percentage of our
capital stock, and will be able to exercise significant influence over our
affairs
Our executive officers and directors and principal stockholders together
will beneficially own over 59.8% of our outstanding common stock after the
completion of this offering (59.1% if the over-allotment option is execised in
full by the underwriters). Accordingly, these stockholders:
. will be able to determine the composition of the our board of directors;
. will retain the voting power to approve all matters requiring stockholder
approval; and
. will continue to have significant influence over our affairs.
This concentration of ownership could have the effect of delaying or
preventing a change in control of us or otherwise discouraging a potential
acquirer from attempting to obtain control of us. This in turn could have a
negative effect on the market price of our common stock. It could also prevent
our stockholders from realizing a premium over the market prices for their
shares of common stock.
Our failure and the failure of third parties to be Year 2000 compliant could
negatively impact our business
Many currently installed computer systems and software products are coded
to accept only two-digit entries in the date code field and cannot distinguish
21st century dates from 20th century dates. These date code fields will need
to distinguish 21st century dates from 20th century dates. As a result, many
companies' software and computer systems may need to be upgraded or replaced
in order to comply with such Year 2000 requirements. We have reviewed our
internally developed information technology systems and programs. We believe
that our systems are Year 2000 compliant and that we have no significant Year
2000 issues within our systems or services. We have not reviewed our non-
information technology systems for Year 2000 issues relating to embedded
microprocessors. To the extent that such issues exist, these systems may need
to be replaced or upgraded to become Year 2000 compliant. We believe that our
non-information technology systems will not present any significant Year 2000
issues, although there can be no assurance in this regard. In addition, we
utilize third-party equipment and software and interact with traditional
telephone companies that have equipment and software that may not be Year 2000
compliant. Failure of such third-party or traditional telephone company
equipment or software to operate properly with regard to the year 2000 and
thereafter could require us to incur unanticipated expenses to remedy any
problems. This could harm our business.
The purchasing patterns of our Internet service provider and enterprise
customers may be affected by Year 2000 issues as companies expend significant
resources to correct their current systems for Year 2000 compliance. These
expenditures may result in reduced funds available for our services, which
could harm our business.
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<PAGE>
We have not made any assessment of the Year 2000 risks associated with our
third-party or ILEC equipment or software or with our Internet service
provider and enterprise customers, have not determined the risks associated
with the reasonably likely worst-case scenario and have not made any
contingency plans to address such risks. However, we intend to devise a Year
2000 contingency plan prior to December 1999.
Our stock price could fluctuate widely in response to various factors, many of
which are beyond our control
The trading price of our common stock has been and is likely to continue to
be highly volatile. Our stock price could fluctuate widely in response to
factors such as the following:
. actual or anticipated variations in quarterly operating results;
. announcements of new products or services by us or our competitors or new
competing technologies;
. the addition or loss of Internet service providers or enterprise
customers or end-users;
. changes in financial estimates or recommendations by securities analysts;
. conditions or trends in the telecommunications industry, including
regulatory developments;
. growth of the Internet and on-line commerce industries;
. announcements by us of significant acquisitions, strategic partnerships,
joint ventures or capital commitments;
. additions or departures of key personnel;
. future equity or debt offerings or our announcements of such offerings;
. general market and general economic conditions; and
. other events or factors, many of which are beyond our control.
In addition, in recent years the stock market in general, and the Nasdaq
National Market and the market for Internet and technology companies in
particular, have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations. These
fluctuations have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating
performance of these companies. These market and industry factors may
materially and adversely affect our stock price, regardless of our operating
performance.
Future sales of our common stock may depress our stock price
Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public
market, or the appearance that such shares are available for sale, could
adversely affect the market price for our common stock. Upon completion of
this offering (based upon shares outstanding as of March 31, 1999), we will
have 80,576,818 shares of common stock outstanding (including common stock to
be issued upon conversion of our class B common stock). Of these shares, the
7,500,000 shares of common stock sold in this offering will be freely
tradeable in the public market without restriction unless held by our
affiliates, in which case the shares are tradeable subject to certain volume
limitations. In addition, the 13,455,000 split-adjusted shares of common stock
that we sold in our initial public offering are freely tradeable, subject to
the same volume limitations.
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<PAGE>
The remaining shares of common stock available for sale in the public
market are limited by restrictions under the securities laws and lock-up
agreements. All of such remaining shares are subject to a 180-day lock-up
agreement that was entered into in connection with our initial public
offering. Such shares held by our directors, executive officers and certain
stockholders and warrant holders are subject to additional agreements that
extend the lock-up period until 90 days after the date of this prospectus. As
a result, the remaining shares will be available for sale in the public market
as follows:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Date of Availability For Sale Number of Shares
----------------------------- ----------------
<S> <C>
July 21, 1999 (181st day after the date of
the prospectus for our initial public
offering).................................. 16,279,846 shares of common stock
September , 1999 (91st day after the date
of this prospectus)........................ 33,773,207 shares of common stock
January 7, 2000............................ 9,568,765 shares of common stock
issuable upon conversion of our class
B common stock
</TABLE>
We also have 23,280,513 shares of our common stock reserved for issuance
pursuant to options under our 1997 Stock Plan, of which 17,389,182 shares were
subject to outstanding options at March 31, 1999. We intend to register, prior
to July 21, 1999, the shares of common stock reserved for issuance under our
1997 Stock Plan and the 1,500,000 shares of common stock reserved for issuance
under our 1998 Employee Stock Purchase Plan. Accordingly, shares underlying
vested options will be eligible for resale in the public market beginning on
July 21, 1999.
In addition, we have 202,500 shares underlying an outstanding warrant. The
shares underlying this warrant will be eligible for resale in the public
market upon expiration of its one-year holding period under Rule 144. However,
to the extent that the warrant holder effects a "cashless" exercise of this
warrant, the underlying shares will be eligible for sale in the public markets
beginning on July 21, 1999.
Furthermore, the holders of approximately 29,944,944 shares of our common
stock have certain registration rights with respect to their shares. Holders
of 6,379,177 shares of outstanding class B common stock (convertible into
9,568,765 shares of common stock beginning in January 2000) also have certain
registration rights with respect to the shares of common stock issuable upon
conversion of the class B common stock. The class B common stock is
convertible into common stock beginning January 2000. If these holders
exercise their registration rights and cause a large number of shares to be
registered and sold in the public market, such sales could have a material
adverse effect on the market price for our common stock.
Bear, Stearns & Co. Inc. may, in its sole discretion and at any time
without notice, release all or any portion of the securities subject to lock-
up agreements.
Certain provisions of our charter and bylaws and Delaware law could delay or
prevent a change of control of Covad
Our board of directors has the authority to issue up to 5,000,000 shares of
preferred stock and to determine the price, rights, preferences, privileges
and restrictions, including voting rights, of those shares without any further
vote or action by the stockholders. The issuance of preferred stock, while
providing desirable flexibility in connection with possible acquisitions and
other corporate purposes, could have the effect of making it more difficult
for a third party to acquire a majority of our outstanding voting stock. Our
charter and bylaws provide for:
. a classified board of directors;
. limitations on the ability of stockholders to call special meetings and
act by written consent;
. the lack of cumulative voting for directors; and
. procedures for advance notification of stockholder nominations and
proposals.
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These provisions, as well as Section 203 under the Delaware General
Corporation Law, could discourage potential acquisition proposals and could
delay or prevent a change of control. The indentures relating to the 1998
notes and the 1999 notes provide that, in the event of certain changes in
control, each holder of the notes will have the right to require us to
repurchase such holder's notes at a premium over the aggregate principal
amount or the accreted value, as the case may be, of such debt. The provisions
in the charter, bylaws and indentures could have the effect of discouraging
others from making tender offers for our shares and, as a consequence, they
also may inhibit increases in the market price of our shares that could result
from actual or rumored takeover attempts. Such provisions also may have the
effect of preventing changes in our management.
USE OF PROCEEDS
All of the shares offered under this prospectus are being sold by the
selling stockholders. We will not receive any proceeds from the sale of these
shares.
DIVIDEND POLICY
We have not paid any cash dividends since our inception. We currently
anticipate that we will retain all of our future earnings for use in the
expansion and operation of our business. Thus, we do not anticipate paying any
cash dividends on our capital stock in the foreseeable future. In addition,
the terms of the indentures relating to the 1998 notes and the 1999 notes
restrict our ability to pay dividends on our capital stock.
PRICE RANGE OF OUR COMMON STOCK
Our common stock has been traded on the Nasdaq National Market under the
symbol "COVD" since January 22, 1999, the date of our initial public offering.
Prior to January 22, 1999, there was no public market for our common stock.
The following table sets forth, for the period indicated, the high and low
closing daily sales prices for our common stock as reported by the Nasdaq
National Market after giving effect to the May 19, 1999 3-for-2 stock split.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
High Low
------ ------
<S> <C> <C>
Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 1999:
First Quarter ............................................... $47.50 $27.00
Second Quarter (from April 1, 1999 through May 26, 1999)..... $72.38 $43.33
</TABLE>
On May 26, 1999, the last reported sale price for our common stock on the
Nasdaq National Market was $46.25 per share. As of March 31, 1999, there were
234 holders of record of our common stock, and there were 5 holders of record
of our class B common stock.
20
<PAGE>
CAPITALIZATION
The following table sets forth our pro forma capitalization as of March 31,
1999 after giving effect to:
. the exercise for cash of warrants issued in connection with the 1998
notes to purchase 7,580,646 shares of our common stock prior to the
consummation of this offering; and
. a 3-for-2 split of our common stock effective May 19, 1999.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
As of March 31,
1999
---------------
(dollars in
thousands,
except per
share amounts)
<S> <C>
Cash and cash equivalents..................................... $341,820
Pledged securities(1)......................................... 74,515
--------
Total cash, cash equivalents and pledged securities......... $416,335
========
Long-term obligations:
Capital lease obligations (including current portion)......... $ 514
13 1/2% Senior Discount Notes due 2008, net(2)................ 147,364
12 1/2% Senior Notes Due 2009, net(3)......................... 210,586
--------
Total long-term obligations (including current portion)..... 358,464
Stockholders' equity:
Preferred Stock, $0.001 par value; 5,000,000 shares
authorized, no shares issued and outstanding ................ --
Common Stock, $0.001 par value; 190,000,000 shares authorized,
71,008,053 shares issued and outstanding(4).................. 71
Common Stock--Class B, $0.001 par value; 10,000,000 shares
authorized, 6,379,177 shares issued and outstanding(5) ...... 6
Additional paid-in capital.................................... 270,681
Deferred compensation......................................... (3,735)
Accumulated deficit........................................... (79,637)
--------
Total stockholders' equity.................................. 187,386
--------
Total capitalization....................................... $545,850
========
</TABLE>
- --------
(1) Represents the portion of the net proceeds from the issuance of the 1999
notes used to purchase government securities to be held in the pledge
account. Amount includes accrued interest on the securities. See
"Description of Notes--Pledged Securities; Interest Reserve."
(2) The 13 1/2% senior discount notes due 2008 will accrete in value through
March 15, 2003 at a rate of 13 1/2% per annum, compounded semi-annually.
No cash interest will be payable on the 1998 notes prior to that date. An
additional unamortized debt discount of $7.7 million at March 31, 1999,
which represents the unamortized value ascribed to the warrants issued in
connection with the 1998 notes, will be amortized to interest expense over
the term of the 1998 notes.
(3) The 1999 notes are presented net of unamortized debt discount of
approximately $4.4 million at March 31, 1999, which represents the
unamortized additional original issue discount to be amortized to interest
expense over the term of the 1999 notes.
(4) Excludes:
. an aggregate of 23,280,513 shares of common stock reserved for issuance
under our 1997 Stock Plan, of which 17,389,182 shares were subject to
outstanding options at March 31, 1999 at a weighted average exercise
price of $2.50 per share,
. an aggregate of 1,500,000 shares of common stock reserved for issuance
under our 1998 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, and
. 202,500 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of a warrant issued
to a consultant at an exercise price of $0.6667 per share.
(5) Beginning in January 2000, the 6,379,177 shares of class B common stock
will be convertible into 9,568,765 shares of common stock.
21
<PAGE>
DILUTION
As of March 31, 1999 we had a pro forma net tangible book value of
approximately $147.3 million, or $1.83 per share of our common stock, after
giving effect to:
. the exercise for cash of warrants issued in connection with the 1998
notes to purchase 7,580,646 shares of our common stock prior to the
consummation of this offering;
. a 3-for-2 split of our common stock effective May 19, 1999; and
. 9,568,765 shares of common stock issuable upon conversion of 6,379,177
shares of our non-voting class B common stock held by our strategic
investors.
Pro forma net tangible book value per share represents the amount of our
pro forma total tangible assets reduced by our total liabilities, divided by
the pro forma number of shares of our common stock outstanding. We will not
receive any proceeds from the sale of shares of common stock by the selling
stockholders in this offering. As a result, our pro forma net tangible book
value per share will neither increase nor decrease.
The new investors purchasing shares at the assumed public offering price of
$46.25 (based on the last reported sale price of our common stock on May 26,
1999) will have an immediate dilution in net tangible book value of $44.42 per
share. Dilution in net tangible book value per share represents the difference
between the amount per share paid by purchasers of shares of our common stock
in this offering and the pro forma net tangible book value per share of our
common stock as of March 31, 1999. The following table illustrates this per
share dilution:
<TABLE>
<S> <C> <C>
Assumed public offering price per share....................... $46.25
Pro forma net tangible book value per share as of March 31,
1999(1).................................................... $1.83
Increase per share attributable to new investors............ $0.00
-----
As adjusted pro forma net tangible book value per share after
the offering(1).............................................. $ 1.83
------
Dilution per share to new investors(1)........................ $44.42
======
</TABLE>
- --------
(1) This table excludes:
. an aggregate of 23,280,513 shares of common stock reserved for issuance
under our 1997 Stock Plan, of which 17,389,182 shares were subject to
outstanding options at March 31, 1999 at a weighted average exercise
price of $2.50 per share,
. an aggregate of 1,500,000 shares of common stock reserved for issuance
under our 1998 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, and
. 202,500 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of a warrant issued
to a consultant at an exercise price of $0.6667 per share.
22
<PAGE>
SELECTED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL DATA
The following selected consolidated financial data as of and for the years
ended December 31, 1997 and December 31, 1998 has been derived from our
audited consolidated financial statements and the related notes, which are
included elsewhere in this prospectus. The consolidated financial data as of
and for the three months ended March 31, 1998 and March 31, 1999 were derived
from our unaudited financial statements which, except for the consolidated
balance sheet as of March 31, 1998, are included elsewhere in this prospectus.
These unaudited financial statements include, in the opinion of management,
all adjustments, consisting of normal, recurring adjustments, necessary for a
fair presentation set forth therein. You should read the following selected
consolidated financial data together with "Management's Discussion and
Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and our
consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in
this prospectus.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Year Ended Three Months
December 31, Ended March 31,
-------------------- ---------------------
1997 1998 1998 1999
--------- --------- --------- ----------
(unaudited)
(dollars in thousands, except per share
amounts)
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Consolidated Statement of
Operations Data:
Revenues......................... $ 26 $ 5,326 $ 186 $ 5,596
Operating expenses:
Network and product costs...... 54 4,562 203 4,960
Sales, marketing, general and
administrative................ 2,374 31,043 1,944 18,113
Amortization of deferred
compensation.................. 295 3,997 227 1,653
Depreciation and amortization.. 70 3,406 164 4,647
--------- --------- --------- ----------
Total operating expenses..... 2,793 43,008 2,538 29,373
--------- --------- --------- ----------
Income (loss) from operations.... (2,767) (37,682) (2,352) (23,777)
Net interest income (expense).. 155 (10,439) (429) (5,127)
--------- --------- --------- ----------
Net income (loss)................ $ (2,612) $ (48,121) $ (2,781) $ (28,904)
========= ========= ========= ==========
Net income (loss) per common
share........................... $ (0.53) $ (5.62) $ (0.39) $ (0.56)
Weighted average shares used in
computing net income (loss) per
share........................... 4,907,319 8,562,802 7,118,160 53,621,977
Other Financial Data:
EBITDA(1)........................ $ (2,402) $ (30,154) $ (1,961) $ (17,477)
Consolidated Cash Flow Data:
Provided by (used in) operating
activities...................... $ (1,895) $ (9,054) $ 521 $ (15,254)
Provided by (used in) investing
activities...................... (2,494) (61,252) (3,802) (123,048)
Provided by (used in) financing
activities...................... 8,767 130,378 130,661 415,655
<CAPTION>
As of December 31, As of March 31,
-------------------- ---------------------
1997 1998 1998 1999
--------- --------- --------- ----------
(dollars in thousands)
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Consolidated Balance Sheet Data:
Cash and cash equivalents........ $ 4,378 $ 64,450 $ 131,758 $ 341,803
Net property and equipment....... 3,014 59,145 6,652 99,196
Total assets..................... 8,074 139,419 147,481 577,238
Long-term obligations, including
current portion................. 783 142,879 128,401 358,464
Total stockholders' equity (net
capital deficiency)............. 6,498 (24,706) 16,193 187,369
<CAPTION>
As of December 31, As of March 31,
-------------------- ---------------------
1997 1998 1998 1999
--------- --------- --------- ----------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Other Operating Data:
Homes and businesses passed...... 278,000 6,000,000 800,000 11,200,000
Lines installed.................. 26 3,900 100 8,600
</TABLE>
23
<PAGE>
- --------
(1) EBITDA consists of net loss excluding net interest, taxes, depreciation
and amortization, non-cash stock- based compensation and other non-
operating income or expenses. We have provided EBITDA because it is a
measure of financial performance commonly used in the telecommunications
industry as well as to enhance an understanding of our operating results.
EBITDA should not be construed as either:
. an alternative to operating income (as determined in accordance with
generally accepted accounting principals) as an indicator of our
operating performance, or
. an alternative to cash flows from operating activities (as determined in
accordance with generally accepted accounting principles) as a measure of
liquidity.
EBITDA as calculated by us may be calculated differently than EBITDA for
other companies. See our consolidated financial statements and the related
notes thereto contained elsewhere in this prospectus.
24
<PAGE>
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following discussion of our financial condition and results of
operations should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial
statements and the related notes thereto included elsewhere in this
prospectus. This discussion contains forward-looking statements the accuracy
of which involves risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ
materially from those anticipated in the forward-looking statements for many
reasons including, but not limited to, those discussed in "Risk Factors" and
elsewhere in this prospectus. We disclaim any obligation to update information
contained in any forward-looking statement. See "--Forward Looking
Statements."
Overview
We are a leading high-speed Internet and network access provider offering
DSL services to Internet service provider and enterprise customers. Since
March 1998, we have raised $569.0 million of gross proceeds from debt and
equity financings to fund the deployment and expansion of our networks. To
date, we have introduced our services in the San Francisco Bay Area and the
Los Angeles, New York, Boston, Washington, D.C., Seattle, Philadelphia,
Sacramento, Baltimore, Chicago and San Diego metropolitan areas. We plan to
build our networks and offer our services in 22 metropolitan regions
nationwide representing 51 metropolitan statistical areas.
As of April 30, 1999, our networks passed approximately 13 million homes
and businesses, and we had installed approximately 10,900 end-user lines.
In connection with our expansion within existing regions and into new
regions, we expect to significantly increase our capital expenditures, as well
as our sales and marketing expenditures, to deploy our networks and support
additional end-users in those regions. Accordingly, we expect to incur
substantial and increasing net losses for at least the next several years.
We derive revenue from:
. monthly recurring service charges for connections from the end-user to
our facilities and for backhaul services from our facilities to the
Internet service provider or enterprise customer,
. service order set-up and other non-recurring charges, and
. the sale of customer premise equipment that we provide to our customers
due to the general unavailability of customer premise equipment through
retail channels.
We expect prices for the major components of both recurring and non-
recurring revenues to decrease each year in part due to the effects of
competitive pricing and future volume discounts. We believe our revenues from
the sale of customer premise equipment will decline over time as customer
premise equipment becomes more generally available. We expect that the prices
we charge to customers for customer premise equipment will decrease each year.
The following factors comprise our network and service costs:
. Monthly non-recurring and recurring circuit fees. We pay traditional
telephone companies and other competitive telecommunications companies
non-recurring and recurring fees for services including installation,
activation, monthly line costs, maintenance and repair of circuits
between and among our digital subscriber line access multiplexers and our
regional data centers, customer backhaul, and end-user lines. As our end-
user base grows, we expect that the largest element of network and
product cost will be the traditional telephone companies' charges for our
leased copper lines; and
. Other costs. Other costs that we incur include those for materials in
installation and the servicing of customers and end-users, and the cost
of customer premise equipment.
25
<PAGE>
The development and expansion of our business will require significant
expenditures. The principal capital expenditures incurred during the buildup
phase of any region involve the procurement, design and construction of our
central office cages, end-user DSL line cards, and expenditures for other
elements of our network design, which includes a regional data center in each
region. Currently, the average capital cost to deploy our facilities in a
central office, excluding end-user line cards, is approximately $85,000 per
central office facility. This cost may vary in the future due to the quantity
and type of equipment we initially deploy in a central office facility as well
as regulatory limitations imposed on the traditional phone companies relative
to pricing of central office space. Following the buildout of our central
office space, the major portion of our capital expenditures is the purchase of
DSL line cards to support incremental end-users. We expect that the average
cost of such line cards will decline over the next several years. Network
expenditures will continue to increase with the number of end-users. However,
once an operating region is fully built out, a substantial majority of the
regional capital expenditures will be tied to incremental customer and end-
user growth. In addition to developing our networks, we will use our capital
for marketing our services, acquiring Internet service provider and enterprise
customers, and funding our customer care and field service operations.
Recent Developments
In April, we launched our TeleSurfer and TeleSurfer Pro services for the
consumer Internet market. The monthly recurring charges for such services are
significantly lower than those for our business grade TeleSpeed services. As a
result, our profit margins on such consumer services are expected to be lower
than our business grade services. However, the market for consumer services is
very large and we could potentially obtain significantly increased volumes.
Moreover, consumer grade services will leverage our existing network
infrastructure. Our overall margins will depend on the mix and volume of
business and consumer customers, of which consumer grade services could
comprise a significant percentage. See "Risk Factors--We may experience
decreasing prices for our services, which may impair our ability to achieve
profitability or positive cash flow."
In May 1999, we entered into a strategic relationship with WebMD, Inc.,
pursuant to which we will be WebMD's preferred provider of broadband
connectivity offering physician subscribers web-based multimedia and
communication services designed to enhance their practices. As part of this
relationship, we agreed to invest $15 million in WebMD preferred stock, which
will be exchanged for approximately 503,000 shares of Healtheon/WebMD common
stock upon consummation of the proposed merger of WebMD and Healtheon
Corporation. See "Risk Factors--We depend on Internet and on-line service
providers and other third parties for the marketing and resale of our
services."
Results of Operations
Three Months Ended March 31, 1999 Compared to Three Months Ended March 31,
1998
Revenues
We recorded revenues of $186,000 for the three months ended March 31, 1998
and $5.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 1999. This increase is
attributable to growth in the number of customers and end-users resulting from
our increased sales and marketing efforts and the expansion of our network in
the San Francisco Bay Area and the Los Angeles metropolitan area and to a
lesser extent in the New York, Boston, Washington, D.C., Seattle, Philadelphia
and Sacramento metropolitan areas. As of April 30, 1999, we had an installed
base of approximately 10,900 end-user lines and our networks passed
approximately 13 million homes and businesses. We expect revenues to increase
in future periods as we expand our network within our existing regions, deploy
networks in new regions and increase our sales and marketing efforts in all of
our regions.
Network and Product Costs
We recorded network and product costs of $203,000 for the three months
ended March 31, 1998 and $5.0 million for the three months ended March 31,
1999. This increase is attributable to the expansion of our networks and
increased orders resulting from our sales and marketing efforts. We expect
network and product costs to increase significantly in future periods due to
increased sales activity and expected revenue growth.
26
<PAGE>
Sales, Marketing, General and Administrative Expenses
Sales, marketing, general and administrative expenses consist primarily of
salaries, expenses for the development of our business, the development of
corporate identification, promotional and advertising materials, expenses for
the establishment of our management team, and sales commissions. These
expenses increased from $1.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 1998
to $18.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 1999. This increase is
attributable to growth in headcount in all areas of our company, continued
expansion of our sales and marketing efforts, deployment of our networks and
building of our operating infrastructure. Sales, marketing, general and
administrative expenses are expected to increase significantly as we continue
to expand our business.
Deferred Compensation
Through March 31, 1999, we recorded a total of approximately $9.7 million
of deferred compensation, with an unamortized balance of approximately $3.7
million on our March 31, 1999 balance sheet. This deferred compensation is a
result of us granting stock options to our employees with exercise prices per
share subsequently determined to be below the fair values per share for
accounting purposes of our common stock at the dates of grant. We are
amortizing the deferred compensation over the vesting period of the applicable
option. Amortization of deferred compensation was $227,000 during the three
months ended March 31, 1998 and $1.7 million during the three months ended
March 31, 1999.
Depreciation and Amortization
Depreciation and amortization includes: (i) depreciation of network costs
and related equipment, (ii) depreciation of information systems, furniture and
fixtures, (iii) amortization of improvements to central offices, regional data
centers and network operations center facilities and corporate facilities,
(iv) amortization of capitalized software costs and (v) amortization of
intangible assets.
During the three months ended March 31, 1999, we recorded intangible assets
of $28.7 million from the issuance of preferred stock to AT&T Ventures,
NEXTLINK and Qwest. Amortization of these assets was $1.9 million during the
three months ended March 31, 1999. Annual amortization of these assets will be
approximately $8.4 million in each of the years in the three year period
ending December 31, 2001, decreasing to approximately $1.2 million per year
for each subsequent year through the year ending December 31, 2004.
Depreciation and amortization was $164,000 for the three months ended March
31, 1998 and $4.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 1999. This
increase was due to the increase in equipment and facilities placed in service
throughout the period as well as amortization of intangible assets. We expect
depreciation and amortization to increase significantly as we increase our
capital expenditures to expand our network.
Net Interest Income and Expense
Net interest income and expense consists primarily of interest income on
our cash balance and interest expense associated with our debt. For the three
months ended March 31, 1998, net interest expense was $429,000, and was
primarily attributable to the interest expense on the 1998 notes and capital
lease obligations, partially offset by interest income earned primarily from
the investment of the proceeds raised from the issuance of the 1998 notes. Net
interest expense for the three months ended March 31, 1999 was $5.1 million
and consisted primarily of interest expense on the 1998 notes and the 1999
notes and capital lease obligations partially offset by interest income earned
primarily from the investment of the proceeds raised from the issuance of the
1998 notes and the 1999 notes as well as our initial public offering and our
issuance of preferred stock to AT&T Ventures, NEXTLINK and Qwest. We expect
interest expense to increase significantly over time, primarily because the
1998 notes accrete to $260 million by March 15, 2003.
Income Taxes
Income taxes consist of federal, state and local taxes, when applicable. We
expect significant consolidated net losses for the foreseeable future which
should generate net operating loss carryforwards. However, our ability
27
<PAGE>
to use net operating losses may be subject to annual limitations. In addition,
income taxes may be payable during this time due to operating income in
certain tax jurisdictions. In the future, if we achieve operating profits and
the net operating losses have been exhausted or have expired, we may
experience significant tax expense. We recognized no provision for taxes
because we operated at a loss throughout the years ended December 31, 1997 and
December 31, 1998 and the three months ended March 31, 1999.
Year Ended December 31, 1998 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 1997
Revenues
We recorded revenues of $26,000 for the year ended December 31, 1997 and
$5.3 million for the year ended December 31, 1998. This increase is
attributable to growth in the number of customers and end-users resulting from
our increased sales and marketing efforts and the expansion of our networks in
the San Francisco Bay Area and to a lesser extent in the Los Angeles, New York
and Boston metropolitan areas.
Network and Product Costs
We recorded network and product costs of $54,000 for the year ended
December 31, 1997 and $4.6 million for the year ended December 31, 1998. This
increase is attributable to the expansion of our networks and increased orders
resulting from our sales and marketing efforts.
Sales, Marketing, General and Administrative Expenses
Sales, marketing, general and administrative expenses increased from $2.4
million for the year ended December 31, 1997 to $31.0 million for the year
ended December 31, 1998. This increase is attributable to growth in headcount
in all areas of our company as we expanded our sales and marketing efforts,
expanded the deployment of our networks and built our operating
infrastructure.
Deferred Compensation
Through December 31, 1998, we recorded a total of $9.0 million of deferred
compensation, with an unamortized balance of approximately $4.7 million on our
December 31, 1998 balance sheet. This deferred compensation is a result of us
granting stock options to our employees with exercise prices per share
subsequently determined to be below the fair values per share for accounting
purposes of our common stock at the dates of grant. We are amortizing the
deferred compensation over the vesting period of the applicable option.
Amortization of deferred compensation was $295,000 during the year ended
December 31, 1997 and $4.0 million during the year ended December 31, 1998.
Depreciation and Amortization
Depreciation and amortization was $70,000 for the year ended December 31,
1997 and $3.4 million for the year ended December 31, 1998. The increase was
due to the increase in equipment and facilities placed in service throughout
the period.
Net Interest Income and Expense
For the year ended December 31, 1997, net interest income was approximately
$155,000, and was primarily attributable to the interest income earned from
the proceeds raised in our preferred stock financing in July 1997. Interest
income was $4.8 million for the year ending December 31, 1998. This interest
income was earned primarily from the investment of the proceeds raised in the
issuance of our 1998 discount notes in March 1998. Interest expense for the
year ended December 31, 1998 was $15.2 million and consisted primarily of
interest on the 1998 discount notes and capital lease obligations.
Income Taxes
For the years ended December 31, 1997 and December 31, 1998 we recognized
no provision for taxes because we operated at a loss throughout both years.
28
<PAGE>
Quarterly Financial Information
The following table sets forth certain consolidated statements of
operations data for our most recent seven quarters. This information has been
derived from our unaudited consolidated financial statements. In our opinion,
this unaudited information has been prepared on the same basis as the annual
consolidated financial statements and includes all adjustments (consisting
only of normal recurring adjustments) necessary for a fair presentation of the
information for the quarters presented. This information should be read in
conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes
included elsewhere in this prospectus. The operating results for any quarter
are not necessarily indicative of results for any future period.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Three Months Ended
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
September 30, December 31, March 31, June 30, September 30, December 31, March 31,
------------- ------------ --------- -------- ------------- ------------ ---------
1997 1997 1998 1998 1998 1998 1999
------------- ------------ --------- -------- ------------- ------------ ---------
(dollars in thousands)
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Revenues................ $ -- $ 26 $ 186 $ 809 $ 1,565 $ 2,766 $ 5,596
Operating expenses:
Network and product
costs................. 10 44 203 758 1,355 2,246 4,960
Sales, marketing,
general and
administrative........ 783 1,334 1,944 4,606 10,681 13,812 18,113
Amortization of
deferred
compensation.......... 134 161 227 631 1,837 1,302 1,653
Depreciation and
amortization.......... -- 70 164 446 738 2,058 4,647
----- ------- ------- ------- -------- -------- --------
Total operating
expenses.............. 927 1,609 2,538 6,441 14,611 19,418 29,373
----- ------- ------- ------- -------- -------- --------
Income (loss) from
operations............. (927) (1,583) (2,352) (5,632) (13,046) (16,652) (23,777)
Net interest income
(expense).............. 80 75 (429) (3,291) (3,511) (3,208) (5,127)
----- ------- ------- ------- -------- -------- --------
Net income (loss)...... $(847) $(1,508) $(2,781) $(8,923) $(16,557) $(19,860) $(28,904)
===== ======= ======= ======= ======== ======== ========
</TABLE>
We have generated increasing revenues in each of the last seven quarters,
reflecting increases in the number of customers and end-users. Our network and
product costs have increased in every quarter, reflecting costs associated
with customer and end-user growth and the deployment of our networks in
existing and new regions. Our selling, marketing, general and administrative
expenses have increased in every quarter and reflect sales and marketing costs
associated with the acquisition of customers and end-users, including sales
commissions, and the development of regional and corporate infrastructure.
Depreciation and amortization has increased in each quarter, primarily
reflecting the purchase of equipment associated with the deployment of our
networks. We have experienced increasing net losses on a quarterly basis as we
increased our capital expenditures and operating expenses, and we expect to
sustain increasing quarterly losses for at least the next several years. See
"Risk Factors--We have a history of losses and expect increasing losses in the
future."
Our annual and quarterly operating results may fluctuate significantly in
the future as a result of numerous factors. Factors that may affect our
operating results include:
. the timing and ability of traditional telephone companies to provide us
with central office space;
. the rate at which customers subscribe to our services;
. decreases in the prices for our services due to competition, volume-based
pricing and other factors;
. Internet service provider and enterprise customer retention and end-user
churn rates;
. the success of our relationships with AT&T, NEXTLINK, Qwest and WebMD,
and other potential third parties in generating significant subscriber
demand;
29
<PAGE>
. the ability to deploy on a timely basis our services to adequately
satisfy end-user demand;
. delays in the commencement of operations in new regions and the
generation of revenue because certain network elements have lead times
that are controlled by traditional telephone companies and other third
parties;
. the mix of line orders between consumer end-users and business end-users
(which typically have higher margins);
. the amount and timing of capital expenditures and other costs relating to
the expansion of our networks;
. the ability to develop and commercialize new services by us or our
competitors;
. the impact of regulatory developments, including interpretations of the
1996 Telecommunications Act;
. our ability to successfully operate our networks; and
. general economic conditions and economic conditions specific to the
telecommunications industry, which may affect the demand and pricing for
our services.
Many of these factors are outside of our control. In addition, we plan to
increase operating expenses to fund operations, sales, marketing, general and
administrative activities and infrastructure, including increased expenses
associated with our relationships with AT&T, NEXTLINK, Qwest and WebMD. If
these expenses are not accompanied by an increase in revenues, we could
experience a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, operating
results and financial condition and our ability to service and repay our
indebtedness. See "Risk Factors--Our operating results are likely to fluctuate
in future periods."
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Our operations have required significant capital investment for the
procurement, design and construction of our central office cages, the purchase
of telecommunications equipment and the design and development of our
networks. Capital expenditures were approximately $42.8 million for the three
months ended March 31, 1999. We expect that our capital expenditures will be
substantially higher in future periods in connection with the purchase of
infrastructure equipment necessary for the development and expansion of our
networks and the development of new regions.
From our inception through March 31, 1999, we financed our operations
primarily through private placements of $10.6 million of equity securities,
$129.3 million in net proceeds raised from the issuance of the 1998 notes,
$150.2 million in net proceeds raised from our initial public offering, $60.0
million in net proceeds raised from strategic investors and $205.1 million in
net proceeds raised from the issuance of the 1999 notes. As of March 31, 1999,
we had an accumulated deficit of $79.6 million, and cash and cash equivalents
of $341.8 million.
Net cash used in our operating activities was $15.3 million for the three
months ended March 31, 1999. The net cash used for operating activities during
this period was primarily due to net losses and increases in current assets,
offset by non-cash expenses and increases in accounts payable and accrued
liabilities. Net cash used in our investing activities was $123.0 million for
the three months ended March 31, 1999. The net cash used for investing
activities during this period was primarily due to purchases of property and
equipment and the purchase of $74.1 million of restricted investments which
were pledged as collateral for the payment of the first six scheduled interest
payments on the 1999 notes.
Net cash provided by financing activities for the three months ended March
31, 1999 was $415.7 million which primarily related to the following:
. Equity investments of $25 million from AT&T Ventures, $20 million from
NEXTLINK and $15 million from Qwest, representing an aggregate equity
investment of $60 million.
. Net proceeds of $150.2 million from our initial public offering of
13,455,000 split-adjusted shares of our common stock at a split-adjusted
initial public offering price of $12.00 per share.
. Net proceeds of $205.1 million from the issuance of the 1999 notes with
an aggregate principal amount of $215.0 million.
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We expect to experience substantial negative cash flow from operating
activities and negative cash flow before financing activities for at least the
next several years due to continued development, commercial deployment and
expansion of our networks. We believe that existing cash balances, cash
equivalents and cash generated from financing activities and operations will
be sufficient to meet our cash needs through at least the end of 1999.
However, our future cash requirements will depend on a number of factors
including:
. the number of regions entered and the timing of entry and services
offered;
. network deployment schedules and associated costs;
. the rate at which customers and end-users purchase our services and the
pricing of such services;
. the level of marketing required to acquire and retain customers and to
attain a competitive position in the marketplace;
. the rate at which we invest in engineering and development and
intellectual property with respect to existing and future technology; and
. investment opportunities in complementary businesses or other
opportunities.
Accordingly, we will be required to raise additional capital, the timing
and amount of which we cannot predict. As a result, we expect to raise
additional capital through debt or equity financings, depending on market
conditions, to finance the continued development, commercial deployment and
expansion of our networks and for funding operating losses or to take
advantage of other opportunities. If we are unable to obtain required
additional capital through the issuance of equity or debt securities or are
required to obtain it on terms less satisfactory than we desire, we may be
required to delay the expansion of our business or take or forego actions, any
or all of which could harm our business.
In addition, we may wish to selectively pursue possible acquisitions of or
investments in businesses, technologies or products complementary to ours in
the future in order to expand our geographic presence and achieve operating
efficiencies. We may not have sufficient liquidity, or we may be unable to
obtain additional debt or equity financing on favorable terms or at all, in
order to finance such an acquisition or investment.
Year 2000 Issues
Many currently installed computer systems and software products are coded
to accept only two-digit entries in the date code field and cannot distinguish
21st century dates from 20th century dates. These date code fields will need
to distinguish 21st century dates from 20th century dates and, as a result,
many companies' software and computer systems may need to be upgraded or
replaced in order to comply with such Year 2000 requirements. We have reviewed
our internally developed information technology systems and programs and
believe that our systems are Year 2000 compliant and that there are no
significant Year 2000 issues within our systems or services. We have not
reviewed our non-information technology systems for Year 2000 issues relating
to embedded microprocessors. To the extent that such issues exist, these
systems may need to be replaced or upgraded to become Year 2000 compliant. We
believe that our non-information technology systems will not present any
significant Year 2000 issues, although there can be no assurance in this
regard. In addition, we utilize third-party equipment and software and
interact with traditional telephone companies that have equipment and software
that may not be Year 2000 compliant. Failure of such third-party or
traditional telephone company equipment or software to operate properly with
regard to the year 2000 and thereafter could require us to incur unanticipated
expenses to remedy any problems, which could have a material adverse effect on
our business, prospects, operating results and financial condition.
Furthermore, the purchasing patterns of our Internet service provider and
enterprise customers may be affected by Year 2000 issues as companies expend
significant resources to correct their current systems for Year 2000
compliance. These expenditures may result in reduced funds available for our
services, which could have a material adverse effect on our business,
prospects, operating results, and financial condition.
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We have not made any assessment of the Year 2000 risks associated with our
third-party or traditional telephone company equipment or software or with our
Internet service provider and enterprise customers. We have not determined the
risks associated with the reasonably likely worst-case scenario and have not
made any contingency plans to address such risks. However, we intend to devise
a Year 2000 contingency plan prior to December 31, 1999. See "Risk Factors--
Our failure and the failure of third parties to be Year 2000 compliant could
negatively impact our business."
Forward Looking Statements
The statements contained in this prospectus that are not historical facts
are "forward-looking statements" (as such term is defined in Section 27A of
the Securities Act and Section 21E of the Exchange Act), which can be
identified by the use of forward-looking terminology such as "estimates,"
"projects," "anticipates," "expects," "intends," "believes," or the negative
thereof or other variations thereon or comparable terminology, or by
discussions of strategy that involve risks and uncertainties. Examples of such
forward-looking statements include:
. our plans to expand our existing networks or to commence service in new
regions;
. the market opportunity presented by our target regions;
. estimates regarding the timing of launching our service in new regions;
. expectations regarding the extent to which enterprise customers roll out
our service;
. expectations regarding our relationships with AT&T, NEXTLINK, Qwest,
WebMD and other potential third parties;
. expectations as to pricing for our services in the future;
. statements regarding development of our business;
. expectations as to the impact of our TeleSurfer service offerings on our
margins;
. the possibility that we may obtain significantly increased sales volumes;
. the estimates of future operating results;
. our anticipated capital expenditures;
. the effect of regulatory reform and regulatory litigation; and
. other statements contained in this prospectus regarding matters that are
not historical facts.
These statements are only estimates or predictions and cannot be relied
upon. We can give you no assurance that future results will be achieved.
Actual events or results may differ materially as a result of risks facing us
or actual results differing from the assumptions underlying such statements.
Such risks and assumptions that could cause actual results to vary materially
from the future results indicated, expressed or implied in such forward-
looking statements include our ability to:
. successfully market our services to current and new customers;
. generate customer demand for our services in the particular regions where
we plan to market services;
. achieve favorable pricing for our services;
. respond to increasing competition;
. manage growth of our operations; and
. access regions and negotiate suitable interconnection agreements with the
traditional telephone companies, all in a timely manner, at reasonable
costs and on satisfactory terms and conditions consistent with
regulatory, legislative and judicial developments.
All written and oral forward-looking statements made in connection with
this prospectus which are attributable to us or persons acting on our behalf
are expressly qualified in their entirety by the "Risk Factors"
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and other cautionary statements included in this prospectus. We disclaim any
obligation to update information contained in any forward-looking statement.
Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
Our exposure to financial market risk, including changes in interest rates
and marketable equity security prices, relates primarily to our investment
portfolio and outstanding debt obligations. We typically do not attempt to
reduce or eliminate our market exposure on our investment securities because a
substantial majority of our investments are in fixed-rate, short-term
securities. We do not have any derivative instruments. The fair value of our
investment portfolio or related income would not be significantly impacted by
either a 100 basis point increase or decrease in interest rates due mainly to
the fixed-rate, short-term nature of the substantial majority of our
investment portfolio. In addition, substantially all of our outstanding
indebtedness at March 31, 1999, including our 1998 notes and our 1999 notes,
is fixed-rate debt.
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BUSINESS
The following discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve
risks and uncertainties. Actual results could differ materially from those
anticipated in the forward-looking statements as a result of certain factors
including, but not limited to, those discussed in "Risk Factors" and elsewhere
in this prospectus. We disclaim any obligation to update information contained
in any forward-looking statement. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis of
Financial Condition and Results of Operations--Forward Looking Statements."
Overview
We are a leading high-speed Internet and network access provider offering
DSL services to Internet service provider and enterprise customers. Internet
service providers purchase our services in order to provide high-speed
Internet access to their business and consumer end-users. Enterprise customers
purchase our services to provide employees with high-speed remote access to
the enterprise's local area networks to improve employee productivity and
reduce operating costs. We refer to such services as remote local area network
(RLAN) services.
We believe our services offer a superior value proposition as compared to
currently available high-speed Internet and network access alternatives. We
provide services over standard copper telephone lines at speeds of up to 1.5
megabits per second, over 25 times the speed available through a 56.6 kilobits
per second modem. As of April 30, 1999 we had installed approximately 10,900
DSL lines and received orders for our services from approximately 250 Internet
service provider and enterprise customers, including Cisco Systems, Concentric
Network, Epoch Networks, Oracle, PeopleSoft, Prodigy, PSINet, Stanford
University, Sun Microsystems, Verio and Whole Earth Networks.
To date, we have introduced our services in the San Francisco Bay Area and
the Los Angeles, New York, Boston, Washington, D.C., Seattle, Philadelphia,
Sacramento, Baltimore, Chicago and San Diego metropolitan areas.
We believe that our business model offers attractive economics. Through our
use of DSL technology, we can effectively leverage the existing telephone
network copper infrastructure to deploy service more quickly and at lower
costs than technologies such as cable modems and wireless data networks that
require large initial infrastructure investments before service can be
provided.
In March 1998, we raised approximately $135 million of gross proceeds
through the issuance of the 1998 notes to fund the initial deployment of our
networks. As a result of the strong market demand for high-speed Internet and
network access, we plan to build our networks and offer our services in 22
metropolitan regions nationwide representing 51 metropolitan statistical
areas. We estimate that when complete, our networks in these 22 regions will
enable us to provide service to over 28 million homes and businesses.
In January 1999, we entered into strategic relationships with AT&T Corp.,
NEXTLINK Communications, Inc. and Qwest Communications Corporation. As part of
these strategic relationships, we received equity investments of $25 million
from AT&T Ventures, $20 million from NEXTLINK and $15 million from Qwest.
Furthermore, these strategic investors each entered into commercial agreements
with us providing for the purchase, marketing and resale of our services, the
purchase by us of fiber optic transport services, and housing of network
equipment in central office space.
On January 27, 1999, we completed the initial public offering of 13,455,000
split-adjusted shares of common stock at a split-adjusted initial public
offering price of $12.00 per share. We received net proceeds from the initial
public offering of $150.2 million after deducting underwriting discounts and
commissions and estimated offering expenses.
On February 18, 1999, we completed the offering of the 1999 notes with an
aggregate principal amount of $215 million. We received net proceeds of $205.1
million from this offering, $74.1 million of which was used to purchase
pledged securities to secure the payment of the first six scheduled interest
payments on the 1999 notes.
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In May 1999, we entered into a strategic relationship with WebMD, Inc.,
pursuant to which we will be WebMD's preferred provider of broadband
connectivity offering physician subscribers web-based multimedia and
communication services designed to enhance their practices. As part of this
relationship, we agreed to invest $15 million in WebMD preferred stock, which
will be exchanged for approximately 503,000 shares of Healtheon/WebMD common
stock upon consummation of the proposed merger of WebMD and Healtheon
Corporation.
Industry Background
Growing Market Demand for High-Speed Digital Communications Bandwidth
High-speed connectivity has become important to small- and medium-sized
businesses and consumers due to the dramatic increase in Internet usage.
According to International Data Corporation, the number of Internet users
worldwide reached approximately 69 million in 1997 and is forecasted to grow
to approximately 320 million by 2002. The popularity of the Internet with
consumers has driven the rapid proliferation of the Internet as a commercial
medium. Businesses are increasingly establishing Web sites and corporate
intranets and extranets to expand their customer reach and improve their
communications efficiency. Consumers are increasingly using the Internet to
carry out commerce transactions. International Data Corporation also estimates
that the value of goods and services sold worldwide via the Internet will
increase from $12 billion in 1997 to over $400 billion in 2002. Accordingly,
to remain competitive, small- and medium-sized businesses increasingly need
high-speed Internet connections to maintain complex Web sites, access critical
business information and communicate more effectively with employees,
customers and business partners. High-speed digital connections are also
becoming increasingly important to businesses and consumers as on-line
consumer transactions and e- commerce become more widespread.
The demand for high-speed digital communications services for RLAN access
is also growing rapidly. Over the past ten years, high-speed local area
networks have become increasingly important to enterprises to enable employees
to share information, send e-mail, search databases and conduct business. We
believe that a large majority of personal computers used in enterprises are
connected to local area networks. Enterprises are now seeking to extend this
same high-speed connectivity to employees accessing the local area networks
from home to improve employee productivity and reduce operating costs.
Industry analysts estimate that the number of remote access lines in the U.S.
will grow from approximately ten million in 1996 to approximately 30 million
in 2000, a compound annual growth rate in excess of 30%.
As use of the Internet, intranets and extranets increases, we expect the
market size for both small- and medium-sized business and consumer Internet
and RLAN access to continue to grow rapidly causing the demand for high-speed
digital communications services to also grow rapidly. However, the full
potential of Internet and local area network applications cannot be realized
without removing the performance bottlenecks of the existing public switched
telephone network. Increases in telecommunications bandwidth have
significantly lagged improvements in microprocessor performance over the last
ten years. Since 1988, microprocessor performance has improved nearly 80-fold,
while the fastest consumer modem connection has improved from 9.6 kilobits per
second to 56.6 kilobits per second, a factor of six. According to industry
analysts, there are nearly 40 million personal computers in U.S. homes today,
and most of them can only connect to the Internet or their corporate local
area network by low-speed analog lines. Higher speed connections are
available, including:
. Integrated Services Digital Networks--An ISDN provides standard
interfaces for digital communication networks and is capable of carrying
data, voice, and video over digital circuits. ISDN protocols are used
worldwide for connections to public ISDN networks or to attach ISDN
devices to compatible PBX systems.
. T1 Line and Fractional T1--These are telephone industry terms for a
digital transmission link with a capacity of 1.544 megabits per second or
portions thereof.
. Frame Relay--A high-speed packet-switched data communications protocol.
While these services have recently experienced dramatic growth in the U.S.,
they are expensive and complex to order, install and maintain.
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Emergence of DSL Technology
DSL technology emerged in 1990 and is commercially available today to
address the performance bottlenecks of the public switched telephone network.
DSL equipment, when deployed at each end of standard copper telephone lines,
increases the data carrying capacity of these lines from analog modem speeds
of 56.6 kilobits per second for the fastest consumer modems and ISDN speeds of
128 kilobits per second to DSL speeds of up to 6 megabits per second depending
on the length and condition of the copper line. Also, recent advances in
semiconductor technology and digital signal processing algorithms and falling
equipment prices have made the deployment of DSL technology on a widespread
basis more economical. We anticipate that equipment prices will continue to
fall as a result of continued advances in semiconductor technologies and
increases in equipment production volumes.
Because DSL technology reuses the existing copper plant, it is
significantly less expensive to deploy on a broad scale than alternative
technologies, such as cable modems, wireless data and satellite data. As a
result, a significant portion of the investment in a DSL network is success-
based, requiring a comparatively lower initial fixed investment. Subsequent
variable investments in DSL technology are directly related to the number of
paying customers.
Impact of the Telecommunications Act of 1996
The passage of the 1996 Telecommunications Act created a legal framework
for competitive telecommunications companies to provide local analog and
digital communications services in competition with the traditional telephone
companies. The 1996 Telecommunications Act eliminated a substantial barrier to
entry for competitive telecommunications companies by enabling them to
leverage the existing infrastructure built by the traditional telephone
companies, which required a $200 billion investment by these telephone
companies and their ratepayers, rather than constructing a competing
infrastructure at significant cost. The 1996 Telecommunications Act requires
traditional telephone companies, among other things:
. to allow competitive telecommunications companies to lease copper lines
on a line by line basis;
. to provide central office space for the competitive telecommunications
companies' DSL and other equipment used to connect to the leased copper
lines;
. to lease access on their inter-central office fiber backbone to link the
competitive telecommunications companies' equipment; and
. to allow competitive telecommunications companies to use their
operational support systems to place orders and access their databases.
The 1996 Telecommunications Act in particular emphasized the need for
competition-driven innovations in the deployment of advanced
telecommunications services, such as our DSL services.
Our Competitive Strengths
We were formed to capitalize on the substantial business opportunity
created by the growing demand for Internet and network access, the commercial
availability of low cost DSL technology and the passage of the 1996
Telecommunications Act. Key aspects of our solution to provide high-speed
digital communications services include:
. an attractive value proposition that provides high-speed connections at
similar or lower prices than alternative high-speed technologies
currently available to customers;
. a widely available, continuously connected, secure network that
facilitates deployment of Internet and intranet applications; and
. a management team experienced in the data communications,
telecommunications and personal computer industries.
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Attractive Value Proposition. We offer higher bandwidth digital connections
than alternative services at similar or lower prices that do not vary with
usage. For business Internet users, our high-end services offer comparable
bandwidth to T1 and frame relay circuits at approximately 25% of the cost. For
the RLAN market, our mid-range services are three to six times the speed of
ISDN and up to ten times the speed of analog modems at monthly rates similar
to or lower than those for heavily used ISDN lines. We believe that many of
our enterprise customers can justify deploying lines to their employees if
productivity improves by only a few hours per month based on increases in the
number of hours worked and decreases in commute time and time spent waiting
for information. For consumer Internet users, our consumer services are
comparably priced to current cable modem services. Unlike cable modems, the
speed of our service does not decrease when more users are added.
Widely Available, Always-Connected, Secure Network. Our strategy of
providing blanket coverage in each region we serve is designed to ensure that
our services are available to the vast majority of our customers' end-users.
Our network provides 24-hour, always-on connectivity, unlike ISDN lines and
analog modems which require customers to dial-up each time for Internet or
RLAN access. Also, because we use dedicated connections from each end-user to
the Internet service provider or enterprise network, our customers can reduce
the risk of unauthorized access. These factors are important to our customers
because any Internet service they market to their end-users must actually be
available for them to purchase and be secure enough to not risk their own
reputation or business with any security lapses.
Efficient DSL installation enables superior customer service. We were the
first to roll out DSL services, making DSL service available for purchase in
the San Francisco Bay Area in December 1997. Since then, we have installed a
total of approximately 10,900 lines as of April 30, 1999. Through this
experience, we believe we have achieved high rates of on-time installation and
customer satisfaction, which are critical elements for the successful roll-out
of a DSL service offering.
Experienced Management Team. Our management team includes individuals with
extensive experience in the data communications, telecommunications and
personal computer industries, including Robert Knowling, Jr., President and
Chief Executive Officer (former Executive Vice President of Operations and
Technology at U S WEST Communications), founders Charles McMinn, Chairman of
the Board, Charles Haas, Executive Vice President of Sales, and Dhruv Khanna,
Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary (all of whom worked at
Intel), Timothy Laehy, Chief Financial Officer and Vice President, Finance
(former Vice President of Corporate Finance and Treasurer of Leasing
Solutions, Inc.), Rex Cardinale, Chief Technology Officer and Vice President
of Engineering (former General Manager of the cc:Mail division of Lotus
Development Corporation), Catherine Hemmer, President of Operations (former
Vice President, Network Reliability and Operations at U S WEST Communications,
Inc., former General Manager, Network Provisioning at Ameritech Corporation
and former Vice President, Network Services at MFS), Robert Roblin, Executive
Vice President of Marketing (former Executive Vice President of Marketing at
Adobe Systems, Inc. and former Vice President and General Manager of
Marketing, Consumer Division at IBM Corporation), Jane Marvin, Senior Vice
President of Human Resources (former Vice President of Human Resources for the
General Business Services unit of Ameritech Corporation), and Robert
Davenport, III, Executive Vice President, Business Development (former Senior
Vice President and Chief Operating Officer of Tele-Communication, Inc.'s
Internet Services subsidiary TCI.NET). We also have in place four Regional
Presidents to cover all 22 of our metropolitan regions.
Business Strategy
Our objective is to become the leading high-speed Internet and network
access provider offering DSL services in each region we enter. We have
introduced our services in the San Francisco Bay Area and the Los Angeles, New
York, Boston, Washington, D.C., Seattle, Philadelphia, Sacramento, Baltimore,
Chicago and San Diego metropolitan areas. We plan to introduce our services to
a total of 22 metropolitan regions. The key elements of our strategy are as
follows:
Secure Competitive Local Exchange Carrier Status and Sign Interconnection
Agreements in the Top U.S. Markets. We obtain competitive local exchange
carrier status in each state that we enter and sign
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interconnection agreements with the relevant traditional telephone companies.
As of April 30, 1999, we were authorized under state law to operate as a
competitive local exchange carrier in 23 states and had entered into
interconnection agreements with six different major traditional telephone
companies in the majority of the states covering our 22 targeted metropolitan
regions. We intend to obtain authorization in the other states necessary to
cover these targeted metropolitan regions and we are negotiating
interconnection agreements with traditional telephone companies in the
remaining states. In the aggregate, our 22 targeted metropolitan regions
represent over 40% of the U.S. population. We believe we have gained a
competitive advantage by rapidly securing competitive local exchange carrier
status and signing interconnection agreements in multiple regions.
Enter and Roll Out Service Rapidly in These Markets. We seek to be the
first competitive telecommunications company to enter and roll out service
broadly in our target regions in order to:
. secure central office space prior to our competitors;
. secure and retain customers before significant DSL competition arises;
. maintain advantages over competitors through superior coverage and high
customer satisfaction; and
. build the largest volume and market share in order to allow us to reduce
the costs and prices of our services and, where we are first to market,
maintain our leadership position.
Provide Pervasive Coverage. We are pursuing a blanket coverage strategy of
providing service in a substantial majority of the central offices in each
region that we enter since our Internet service provider customers desire to
market their Internet access services on a region-wide basis. Blanket coverage
is also important to our enterprise customers since the typical enterprise
customer desires to offer RLAN access to all employees regardless of where
they reside in the region. In addition, we believe our presence in 22
metropolitan regions will allow us to better serve our Internet service
provider and enterprise customers which are increasingly seeking a single
supplier in multiple metropolitan areas.
Sell Directly to Internet Service Providers and Enterprises that Can
Provide a Large Number of End-Users. We target Internet service providers that
can offer their end-users cost and performance advantages for Internet access
using our services. Over 175 Internet service providers currently resell our
services. Our direct sales force also specifically targets enterprises that we
estimate to have over 500 existing ISDN or analog modem-based RLAN users. We
believe that we offer these customers higher performance and dedicated
services at similar or lower prices than those of alternative technologies.
Establish Relationships with Internet Service Providers and Other Industry
Participants. We do not provide Internet access directly to any of our
customers. Instead, we provide connections to Internet service providers,
which in turn offer high-speed Internet access using our networks. In this
way, we:
. carry the traffic of multiple Internet service providers in any region,
increasing our volume and reducing our costs;
. leverage our selling efforts through the sales and support staff of these
Internet service providers;
. offer Internet service providers a non-competitive transport alternative,
since the traditional telephone company typically provides its own
Internet access services in competition with Internet service providers;
and
. provide Internet service providers a high-speed service offering to
compete with cable-based Internet access.
We are developing a service offering that we believe will also be
increasingly attractive to the interexchange carriers and other competitive
telecommunications companies. As we roll out our networks in 22 metropolitan
regions nationwide, we can increasingly serve as a single packet-based service
provider to other telecommunications service companies who seek to offer
packet-based services to their customers. Also, we can carry the traffic of
multiple interexchange carriers and competitive telecommunications companies
and potentially provide these services at price points that are more
attractive than any one other company can provide
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for itself. These companies are also seeking an alternative to dealing with
each traditional telephone company in every region in which they would like to
offer service. Finally, since our networks serve predominately small business
and residential end-users, these networks are complementary to the large
business-focused networks of these interexchange carriers and other
competitive telecommunications companies. We believe that these are some of
the reasons AT&T, NEXTLINK and Qwest have entered into relationships with us.
We are currently discussing relationships with other interexchange carriers
and other competitive telecommunications companies and intend to continue
these discussions as our networks are deployed in our 22 targeted metropolitan
areas.
Provide a Superior Product and Service Solution. We believe that we can
build a significant competitive position by providing a comprehensive product
and service solution to our customers. We undertake to provide all of the
necessary product and service elements required to establish and maintain
digital services in our target markets including:
. managing the traditional telephone company's delivery and testing of
copper lines used for our service;
. performing any in-building wiring required to initiate service;
. selling and configuring the DSL modem required at each end-user site;
. providing 24 hours, seven days a week (24x7) monitoring of each end-user
line; and
. designing and provisioning an enterprise's overall RLAN network including
equipment selection, programming and troubleshooting.
Our Service Offerings
We offer six business grade services under the TeleSpeed brand to connect
our customers' end-users to our regional data centers. On April 20, 1999, we
introduced two consumer grade service offerings called TeleSurfer and
TeleSurfer Pro. In addition, Internet service provider and enterprise
customers may purchase backhaul services from us to connect their facilities
to our regional data centers.
TeleSpeed Services
Our TeleSpeed services connect individual end-users on conventional copper
lines to our DSL equipment in their serving central office and from there to
our packet-based digital network serving that metropolitan area. A traditional
telephone company's infrastructure consists of numerous central offices which
are connected by a fiber optic backbone to a regional office that routes local
and long distance traffic. Each central office collects the individual copper
lines from end-users' premises in the neighborhood.
The particular TeleSpeed service available to an end-user depends on the
user's distance to the central office. We believe that substantially all of
our potential end-users in our target markets can be served with one of our
services. We estimate that approximately 70% of end-users are within 18,000
feet of a central office and can be served by at least our TeleSpeed 384
service. We also believe at least a majority of potential end-users will be
able to obtain our highest speed service offering. However, the specific
number of potential end-users for the higher speeds will vary by central
office and by region and will be affected by line quality. The chart below
compares the performance and markets for each of our intraregional end-user
services as of April 30, 1999.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Speed To Speed From Range*
Intraregional Services End-User End-User (feet) Market/Usage
---------------------- -------- ---------- ------ -----------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C>
TeleSpeed 144............. 144 Kbps 144 Kbps 35,000 ISDN replacement
TeleSpeed 192............. 192 Kbps 192 Kbps 18,000 RLAN, business Internet
TeleSpeed 384............. 384 Kbps 384 Kbps 18,000 RLAN, business Internet
TeleSpeed 768............. 768 Kbps 768 Kbps 13,500 Business Internet
TeleSpeed 1.1............. 1.1 Mbps 1.1 Mbps 12,000 Business Internet
TeleSpeed 1.5............. 1.5 Mbps 384 Kbps 15,000 High-speed Web access
</TABLE>
- --------
* Estimated maximum distance from the end-user to the central office.
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Prices for our end-user services may vary depending upon the performance
level of the service. For example, our TeleSpeed 144 and 192 services are our
lowest priced end-user services and our TeleSpeed 1.1 and 1.5 services are our
highest priced end-user services. Our prices also vary across regions and for
high volume customers that are eligible for volume discounts. See "Risk
Factors--We may experience decreasing prices for our services" for a
discussion of the risks associated with our ability to sustain current price
levels in the future.
TeleSpeed 144. Our TeleSpeed 144 service operates at up to 144 kilobits per
second in each direction, which is similar to the performance of an ISDN line.
This service, which can use existing ISDN equipment at the end-user site, is
targeted at the ISDN replacement market where its per month flat rate can
compare favorably to ISDN services from the traditional telephone company when
per-minute usage charges apply. It is also the service that we offer on copper
lines that are either too long to carry our higher speed services or are
served by digital loop carrier systems or similar equipment where a continuous
copper connection is not available from the end-user site to the central
office.
TeleSpeed 192. This service provides one and a half to three times the
performance of ISDN lines at similar or lower price points to heavily-used
ISDN lines.
TeleSpeed 384. This service provides three to six times the performance of
ISDN lines at similar price points to heavily-used ISDN lines.
TeleSpeed 768. This service provides one-half the bandwidth of a T1 data
circuit at substantially less than one-half of the monthly price that we
estimate is typical for T1 service. The target market for the TeleSpeed 768
service is small businesses needing moderate speed access to the Internet but
who have previously been unable to afford the price of such service. The
service also competes favorably from a price/performance standpoint with
traditional fractional T1 and frame relay services for these same customers.
TeleSpeed 1.1. This service provides over two-thirds the bandwidth of a T1
data circuit at substantially less than one-half of the monthly price that we
estimate is typical for T1 service. The target market for the TeleSpeed 1.1
service is small businesses needing T1-level access to the Internet which have
previously been unable to afford the price of such service. The service also
competes favorably from a price/performance standpoint with traditional
fractional T1 and frame relay services for these same customers.
TeleSpeed 1.5. TeleSpeed 1.5 is an asymmetric service, i.e., with different
speeds to and from the end-user. This service is intended for end-users who
consume more bandwidth than they generate, and is especially useful for
accessing Web sites. The service also provides the highest performance of any
TeleSpeed service to stream video or other multimedia content to end-user
locations.
Telespeed Remote. TeleSpeed Remote provides high-speed network access for
end-users located in remote regions to their corporate networks. This service
is targeted at businesses that want high-speed remote office connections at a
lower cost than ISDN or frame-relay services. For example, this service can
provide a corporation's employees located in Boston, high-speed access to
their corporate network located in San Francisco.
TeleSurfer Services
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Speed To Speed From Range*
Intraregional Services End-User End-User (feet) Market/Usage
---------------------- -------- ---------- ------ ------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C>
TeleSurfer........................... 384 Kbps 128 Kbps 12,000 Consumer
TeleSurfer Pro....................... 768 Kbps 384 Kbps 12,000 Consumer
</TABLE>
- --------
* Estimated maximum distance from the end-user to the central office.
TeleSurfer. This consumer grade service is an asymmetric service, offering
384 kilobits per second downstream and 128 kilobits per second upstream. This
service is the base consumer service. The target market for this service is
consumers using either dial-up analog or ISDN connections for web browsers.
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TeleSurfer Pro. This is a premium consumer grade asymmetric service,
offering 768 kilobits per second downstream and 386 kilobits per second
upstream. The target market for this service is consumers using either dial-up
analog or ISDN connections for web browsers.
Other Services
We provide two backhaul services from our regional network to an Internet
service provider or enterprise customer site. These services include the
aggregation of all individual end-users in a metropolitan area and
transmission of the packet information to the customer on a single high-speed
line. The services, prices and suggested maximum aggregation of end-user
traffic are as follows:
Covad DS1. Our DS1 backhaul service is intended for the small business with
up to 50 RLAN end-users. The service operates at 1.5 megabits per second and
implements a frame relay protocol compatible with most low-end and mid-range
routers.
Covad DS3. Our DS3 backhaul service is targeted to large Internet service
providers and enterprises with up to 1,000 end-users. The service utilizes an
asynchronous transfer mode protocol that efficiently handles the high data
rates involved and operates at up to 45 megabits per second.
Non-Recurring Services. In addition to monthly service charges, we impose
non-recurring order setup charges for Internet service provider and RLAN end-
users for DS1 and DS3 backhaul services. Customers must also purchase a DSL
modem from us or a third party for each end-user of our services.
Our Service Rollout
As part of our strategy to become a leading provider of DSL high-speed
digital communications services in the U.S., we intend to build networks and
offer services in 22 metropolitan regions representing 51 metropolitan
statistical areas. We introduced our services in the San Francisco Bay Area in
December 1997, in the Los Angeles, New York and Boston metropolitan areas in
August 1998, in the Washington, D.C. and Seattle metropolitan areas in
December 1998, in the Philadelphia and Sacramento metropolitan areas in March
1999, in the Baltimore and Chicago metropolitan areas in April 1999 and in the
San Diego metropolitan area in May 1999. Our target markets include the
following 22 metropolitan regions divided into four geographical areas each
managed by a Regional President:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
West Central South East
---- ------- ----- ----
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Los Angeles Chicago Atlanta Baltimore
Portland Denver Austin Boston
Sacramento Detroit Dallas New York
San Diego Minneapolis Houston Philadelphia
San Francisco Phoenix Miami Washington, D.C.
Seattle Raleigh
</TABLE>
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Customers
We offer our services to Internet service providers and enterprises.
According to Claritas, Inc., a leading provider of diagnostic databases, there
are over 169,000 businesses in the U.S. with over 100 employees, of which we
estimate approximately 71,000 are in our 22 targeted metropolitan regions. As
of April 30, 1999, we had installed approximately 10,900 DSL lines and
received orders for our services from approximately 250 Internet service
provider and enterprise customers. The following is a list of selected
Internet service provider and enterprise customers:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Selected Internet Service Provider
Customers Selected Enterprise Customers
---------------------------------- -----------------------------
<C> <S>
Bay Junction Technology Apple Computer
Brainstorm Networks Cisco Systems
Concentric Network Corporation E*Trade Group
Direct Network Access, Ltd.
(DNAI) Fireman's Fund Insurance
DSL Networks Inc. Inktomi
Epoch Networks Intel
Flashcom, Inc. Oracle Corporation
Globix Corporation PeopleSoft
Lan Minds, Inc. Spelling Entertainment
Prodigy Stanford University
Slip.Net, Inc. Sun Microsystems
Verio Inc. Tandem Computers
Whole Earth Networks WebTV
</TABLE>
Our agreements with Internet service providers generally have terms of one
year and are nonexclusive. We do not require the Internet service providers to
generate a minimum number of end-users and generally grant volume discounts
based on order volume.
Our practice with respect to our enterprise customers has been to enter
into an arrangement for a negotiated price to install the service initially to
a small number of end-users. An enterprise customer decides whether to
implement a broad rollout of our services after evaluating the results of this
initial phase of deployment. To date, an enterprise customer's initial phase
of deployment and its decision to roll out our service to additional end users
has taken at least six months, and has generally taken longer than we
originally expected. As of April 30, 1999, a substantial majority of our
enterprise customers had not yet rolled out our services broadly to their
employees. We will not receive significant revenue from an enterprise customer
until and unless these rollouts occur. During the lengthy sales cycle for an
enterprise customer, we incur significant expenses in advance of the receipt
of revenues.
Sales and Marketing
Business and Consumer Internet. For the business and consumer Internet
access markets, we sell our service to Internet service providers that combine
our lines with their Internet access services and resell the combination to
their existing and new end-users. We address these markets through sales and
marketing personnel dedicated to the Internet service provider sales channel.
We supplement our sales efforts to Internet service providers through training
programs and marketing programs that include promotions and sales incentives
designed to encourage the Internet service providers to sell our services
instead of those of our competitors. As of April 30, 1999, we had more than
175 Internet service provider customers with their own sales personnel
marketing Internet services.
Remote Local Area Network. We market our RLAN services to businesses
through a direct sales force, augmented by marketing programs with value-added
resellers and interexchange carriers. The direct sales force is organized by
region, each managed by a regional sales director who is responsible for lead
generation and sales and marketing efforts to RLAN customers. The sales force
is directed to deal directly with the chief
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information officer and the telecommunications manager responsible for remote
access within an enterprise. We augment our sales efforts to RLAN customers
through partnerships with value-added resellers, including systems integrators
that can offer our TeleSpeed service as part of a complete work-at-home
solution to businesses.
Third-Party Relationships. A key element of our strategy is to enter into
relationships with leading telecommunications companies, including competitive
telecommunications companies and interexchange carriers, pursuant to which
those companies resell our TeleSpeed and TeleSurfer services to their
customers. For example, we recently entered into commercial agreements with
each of AT&T, NEXTLINK and Qwest providing for the purchase, marketing and
resale of our services, primarily to their small business and enterprise
customers. In addition, in May 1999 we entered into a strategic relationship
with WebMD in which we will be WebMD's preferred provider of broadband
connectivity offering physician subscribers web-based multimedia and
communication services designed to enhance their practices. We believe that
these indirect sales channels will enable us to penetrate our target markets
more rapidly and eventually will generate the majority of sales of our
services.
We are also pursuing several types of joint marketing arrangements with our
Internet service providers and enterprise customers. In addition, certain of
our equipment suppliers have promoted our services through seminars to
corporate communications managers in the San Francisco Bay Area. We also
support our sales efforts with marketing efforts that include advertising
programs through radio and other popular media, attendance at trade shows and
presentations at industry conferences. See "Risk Factors--We depend on
Internet and on-line service providers and other third parties for the
marketing and sale of our services."
Service Deployment and Operations
Internet service providers and corporate communications managers typically
have had to assemble their digital communications connections using multiple
service and equipment suppliers. This leads to additional work, cost and
coordination problems. With our TeleSpeed service, we emphasize a one-stop
service solution for our customers. This service solution includes:
. extending our networks to customers and end-users;
. end-user premise wiring and modem configuration;
. ongoing network monitoring, customer reporting; and
. customer service and technical support.
Extending our Networks to Customers and End-Users. We work with our
Internet service provider and enterprise customers to extend our networks to
each customer premise and each end-user premise by ordering circuits from the
traditional telephone company or a competitive telecommunications company,
interconnecting the customers and end-users to our networks, testing the
circuits, configuring customer routers or switches and end-user routers and
monitoring the circuits from the network operations center.
End-User Premises Wiring. We use our own and subcontracted field service
crews and trucks to perform any required inside wiring at each end-user site.
Network Monitoring. We monitor our networks from the network operations
center on a continuous basis, which often enables the correction of potential
network problems before a customer or end-user is affected. We have also
developed network capability to provide Internet service provider and
enterprise customers direct monitoring access of their end-users for more
efficient monitoring of their own network performance.
Customer Reporting. We communicate regularly with our customers about the
status of their end-users. We also operate a toll-free customer care help
line. Additionally, we provide Web-based tools to allow individual Internet
service providers and enterprise communications managers to monitor their end-
users directly, to place orders for new end-users, to enter trouble tickets on
end-user lines and to communicate with us on an ongoing basis.
Customer Service and Technical Support. We provide 24x7 on-line support to
our Internet service provider customers and enterprise communications
managers. The Internet service provider and communications
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manager serve as the initial contact for service and technical support, and we
provide the second level of support. By avoiding the higher cost of providing
direct end-user support, we believe we can grow our customer base more rapidly
with lower customer support costs.
Network Architecture and Technology
The key design principles of our networks are to provide: (i) robust
network security required for enterprise intranet applications, (ii)
consistent and scalable performance and (iii) intelligent end-to-end network
management.
Robust Network Security. Modem access to enterprise networks presents
significant security risks, since any telephone can be used to attempt to
access such a network simply by dialing the telephone number. As a result,
enterprises expend significant effort and resources to prevent unauthorized
access. Enterprises also typically limit remote access users to reading e-mail
or other non-sensitive applications. Our networks are designed to provide
enhanced security to ensure secure availability of all internal applications
and information for remote locations. Our permanent virtual circuit network
architecture connects individual end-users at fixed locations to a single
enterprise, which reduces the possibility of unauthorized access and allows
our customers to safely transmit sensitive information and applications over
our TeleSpeed lines.
Consistent and Scalable Performance. We believe that eventually public
packet networks will evolve to replace over 40 million modems currently
connected to circuit switched networks that have been deployed in the U.S. As
such, we designed our networks for scalability and consistent performance to
all users as the networks grow. We have designed a "star topology" network
similar to the most popular local area network networking architecture
currently used in high performance enterprise networks. In this model, new
capacity is added automatically as each new user receives a new line. We also
use asynchronous transfer mode equipment in our networks that implement packet
switching directly in silicon circuits rather than slower router-based designs
that implement switching in router software.
Intelligent End-to-End Network Management. Because the customers' and end-
users' lines are continuously connected they can also always be monitored. We
have visibility from the Internet service provider or enterprise site across
the network and into the end-user's home or business. Because our networks are
centrally managed, we can identify and dynamically enhance network quality,
service and performance and address network problems promptly.
The primary components of our networks are the network operations center,
regional data centers, our high-speed private metropolitan networks, central
office spaces, including digital subscriber line access multiplexers (DSLAMs),
copper telephone lines and DSL modems.
Network Operations Center. Our entire network is managed from the network
operations center. We provide end-to-end network management using advanced
network management tools on a 24x7 basis, which enhances our ability to
address performance or connectivity issues before they affect the end-user
experience. From the network operations center, we can monitor the equipment
and circuits in each metropolitan network (including the asynchronous transfer
mode equipment), each central office (including DSLAMs) and individual end-
user lines (including the DSL modems). Currently, the network operations
center is located within our San Francisco Bay Area regional data center. See
"Risk Factors--A system failure could delay or interrupt service to our
customers."
Regional Data Centers. The regional data centers act as service hubs for
each metropolitan area that we enter. Data and network management traffic from
each central office is collected at the regional data center and switched to
our network operations center. We design the regional data centers for high
availability including battery backup power, redundant equipment and active
network monitoring.
Private Metropolitan Network. We operate our own private metropolitan
network in each region that we enter. The network consists of high-speed
asynchronous transfer mode communications circuits that we lease to
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connect our regional data centers, our equipment in individual central offices
and our enterprise and Internet service provider customers. This network
operates at a speed of 45 to 155 megabits per second.
Central Office Spaces. Through our interconnection agreements with the
traditional telephone companies, we seek to secure space in every central
office where we intend to offer service. These central office spaces are
designed to offer the same high reliability and availability standards as the
traditional telephone company's other central office space. We require access
to these spaces for our equipment and for persons employed by, or under
contract with, us. We place DSLAMs in our central office spaces to provide the
high-speed DSL signals on each copper line to our end-users. We expect to
deploy 40 to 250 central office spaces in any metropolitan area that we enter.
As of April 30, 1999, we had over 440 central office spaces operational. In
addition, we have a significant number of additional spaces under construction
as well as other spaces on order from various traditional telephone companies.
In December 1998, we entered into a professional service arrangement with
Lucent Technologies to augment and accelerate our ability to deploy our
central office facilities.
Copper Telephone Lines. We lease the copper telephone lines running to end-
users from the traditional telephone companies under terms specified in our
interconnection agreements. We lease lines that, in numerous cases, must be
specially conditioned by the traditional telephone companies to carry digital
signals, usually at an additional charge relative to that for voice grade
copper lines. The price we are obligated to pay for these lines currently
varies from $4 to $43 per month per line with additional one-time charges in
some cases for installation, modification or removal of lines.
DSL Modems and On-Site Connection. We buy our DSL modems from our suppliers
for resale to our Internet service provider or enterprise customers for use by
their end-users. We configure and install these modems along with any required
on-site wiring needed to connect the modem to the copper line leased from the
traditional telephone company. For the most part, the DSL modem and DSLAM
equipment used must come from the same vendor for all services, since there
are not yet interoperability standards for the equipment used in our higher-
speed services.
We are also pursuing a program of ongoing network development. Our service
development and engineering efforts focus on the design and development of new
technologies and services to increase the speed, efficiency, reliability and
security of our networks and to facilitate the development of network
applications by third parties that will increase the use of our networks. See
"Risk Factors--The scalability and speed of our networks remain largely
unproven."
Competition
The markets for business and consumer Internet access and RLAN access
services are intensely competitive. We expect that these markets will become
increasingly competitive in the future. The principal bases of competition in
our markets include:
. price/performance;
. breadth of service availability;
. reliability of service;
. network security;
. ease of access and use;
. content bundling;
. customer support;
. brand recognition;
. operating experience;
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<PAGE>
. relationships with Internet service providers and other third parties;
and
. capital resources.
We face competition from traditional telephone companies, cable modem
service providers, competitive telecommunications companies, traditional and
new national long distance carriers, Internet service providers, on-line
service providers and wireless and satellite service providers.
Traditional Telephone Companies. All of the largest traditional telephone
companies in our target markets have begun offering DSL services or have
announced their intention to provide DSL services in the near term. As a
result, the traditional telephone companies represent strong competition in
all of our target service areas, and we expect this competition to intensify.
For example, the traditional telephone companies have an established brand
name and reputation for high quality in their service areas, possess
sufficient capital to deploy DSL equipment rapidly, own the copper lines
themselves and can bundle digital data services with their existing voice
services to achieve economies of scale in serving their customers. Certain of
the traditional telephone companies have aggressively priced their consumer
DSL services as low as $30-$40 per month, placing pricing pressure on our
TeleSurfer services. The traditional telephone companies are also in a
position to offer service from central offices where we are unable to secure
space and offer service because of asserted or actual space restrictions.
Cable Modem Service Providers. Cable modem service providers such as @Home
Network and MediaOne (and their respective cable partners) are deploying high-
speed Internet access services over hybrid fiber coaxial cable networks.
Hybrid fiber coaxial cable is a combination of fiber optic coaxial cable,
which has become the primary architecture utilized by cable operators in
recent and ongoing upgrades of their systems. Where deployed, these networks
provide similar and in some cases higher-speed Internet access than we
provide. They also offer these services at lower price points than our
TeleSurfer services. We believe the cable modem service providers face a
number of challenges that providers of DSL services do not face. For example,
different regions within a metropolitan area may be served by different cable
modem service providers, making it more difficult to offer the blanket
coverage required by potential business and RLAN access customers. Also, much
of the current cable infrastructure in the U.S. must be upgraded to support
cable modems, a process which we believe is significantly more expensive and
time-consuming than the deployment of DSL-based networks.
Competitive Telecommunications Companies. Many competitive
telecommunications companies such as Rhythms NetConnections and NorthPoint
Communications offer high-speed digital services using a business strategy
similar to ours. Some of these competitors have begun offering DSL-based
access services and others are likely to do so in the future. Companies such
as Teleport Communications Group, Inc. (acquired by AT&T), Brooks Fiber
Properties, Inc. (acquired by MCI WorldCom) and MFS (acquired by MCI WorldCom)
have extensive fiber networks in many metropolitan areas, primarily providing
high-speed digital and voice circuits to large corporations. They also have
interconnection agreements with the traditional telephone companies pursuant
to which they have acquired central office space in many markets targeted by
us. Further, certain of our customers have made investments in our
competitors.
National Long Distance Carriers. Interexchange carriers, such as AT&T,
Sprint, MCI WorldCom and Qwest, have deployed large-scale Internet access
networks and ATM networks, sell connectivity to businesses and residential
customers, and have high brand recognition. They also have interconnection
agreements with many of the traditional telephone companies and a number of
spaces in central offices from which they are currently offering or could
begin to offer competitive DSL services.
Internet Service Providers. Internet service providers such as BBN
(acquired by GTE), UUNET Technologies (acquired by MCI WorldCom), Earthlink
Networks, Concentric Network, Mindspring Enterprises, Netcom On-Line
Communication Services and PSINet provide Internet access to residential and
business customers, generally using the existing public switched telephone
network at integrated services digital network speeds or below. Some Internet
service providers such as UUNET Technologies in California and New York,
HarvardNet Inc. and InterAccess have begun offering DSL-based services. To the
extent we are not able to recruit
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Internet service providers as customers for our service, Internet service
providers could become competitive DSL service providers.
On-line Service Providers. On-line service providers include companies such
as AOL, Excite, Inc. (recently acquired by @Home), Compuserve (acquired by
AOL), MSN (a subsidiary of Microsoft Corp.) and WebTV (acquired by Microsoft
Corp.) that provide, over the Internet and on proprietary online services,
content and applications ranging from news and sports to consumer video
conferencing. These services are designed for broad consumer access over
telecommunications-based transmission media, which enable the provision of
digital services to the significant number of consumers who have personal
computers with modems. In addition, they provide Internet connectivity, ease-
of-use and consistency of environment. Many of these on-line service providers
have developed their own access networks for modem connections. If these on-
line service providers were to extend their access networks to DSL or other
high-speed service technologies (such as through the recent merger of Excite
and @Home), they would become competitors of ours.
Wireless and Satellite Data Service Providers. Wireless and satellite data
service providers are developing wireless and satellite-based Internet
connectivity. We may face competition from terrestrial wireless services,
including two Gigahertz (Ghz) and 28 Ghz wireless cable systems (Multi-channel
Microwave Distribution System (MMDS) and Local Multi-channel Distribution
System (LMDS)), and 18 Ghz and 39 Ghz point-to-point microwave systems. For
example, the FCC is currently considering new rules to permit MMDS licensees
to use their systems to offer two-way services, including high-speed data,
rather than solely to provide one-way video services. The FCC also recently
auctioned spectrum for LMDS services in all markets. This spectrum is expected
to be used for wireless cable and telephony services, including high-speed
digital services. In addition, companies such as Teligent Inc., Advanced Radio
Telecom Corp. and WinStar Communications, Inc., hold point-to-point microwave
licenses to provide fixed wireless services such as voice, data and
videoconferencing.
We also may face competition from satellite-based systems. Motorola
Satellite Systems, Inc., Hughes Communications (a subsidiary of General Motors
Corporation), Teledesic and others have filed applications with the FCC for
global satellite networks which can be used to provide broadband voice and
data services, and the FCC has authorized several of these applicants to
operate their proposed networks.
Interconnection Agreements with Traditional Telephone Companies
A critical aspect of our business is our interconnection agreements with
the traditional telephone companies. These agreements cover a number of
aspects including:
. the price we pay to lease access to the traditional telephone company's
copper lines;
. the special conditioning the traditional telephone company provides on
certain of these lines to enable the transmission of DSL signals;
. the price and terms of central office space for our equipment in the
traditional telephone company's central offices;
. the price we pay and access we have to the traditional telephone
company's transport facilities;
. the operational support systems and interfaces that we can use to place
orders, report network problems and monitor the traditional telephone
company's response to our requests;
. the dispute resolution process that we use to resolve disagreements on
the terms of the interconnection contract; and
. the term of the interconnection agreement, its transferability to
successors, its liability limits and other general aspects of the
traditional telephone company relationship.
As of April 30, 1999, we have entered into interconnection agreements with
six different major traditional telephone companies in the majority of the
states covering our 22 metropolitan regions representing 51 metropolitan
statistical areas. Traditional telephone companies do not in many cases agree
to our requested
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provisions in interconnection agreements and we have not consistently
prevailed in obtaining all of our desired provisions in such agreements either
voluntarily or through the interconnection arbitration process. We cannot be
sure that we will be able to continue to sign interconnection agreements with
existing or other traditional telephone companies. We are currently
negotiating agreements with several traditional telephone companies in order
to expand our services into 51 metropolitan statistical areas. The traditional
telephone companies are also permitting competitive telecommunications
companies to adopt previously signed interconnection agreements. In certain
instances, we have adopted the interconnection agreement of another
competitive telecommunications company. Other competitive telecommunications
companies have also adopted the same or modified versions of our
interconnection agreements, and may continue to do so in the future.
Our interconnection agreements have a maximum term of three years.
Therefore, we will have to renegotiate our existing agreements when they
expire. Although we expect to renew our interconnection agreements and believe
the 1996 Telecommunications Act limits the ability of traditional telephone
companies not to renew such agreements, we may not succeed in extending or
renegotiating our interconnection agreements on favorable terms. Additionally,
disputes have arisen and will likely arise in the future as a result of
differences in interpretations of the interconnection agreements. For example,
we are in arbitration proceedings with two traditional telephone companies
under the dispute resolution clauses of our interconnection agreements. These
disputes have delayed our deployment of our networks. They have also adversely
affected our service to our customers and our ability to enter into additional
interconnection agreements with the traditional telephone companies in other
states. Finally, the interconnection agreements are subject to state
commission, FCC and judicial oversight. These government authorities may
modify the terms of the interconnection agreements in a way that hurts our
business.
Government Regulation
Overview. Our services are subject to a variety of federal regulations.
With respect to certain activities and for certain purposes, we have submitted
our operations to the jurisdiction of state and local authorities who may also
assert more extensive jurisdiction over our facilities and services. The FCC
has jurisdiction over all of our services and facilities to the extent that we
provide interstate and international services. To the extent we provide
identifiable intrastate services, our services and facilities are subject to
state regulations. In addition, local municipal government authorities also
assert jurisdiction over our facilities and operations. The jurisdictional
reach of the various federal, state and local authorities is subject to
ongoing controversy and judicial review, and we cannot predict the outcome of
such review.
Federal Regulation. We must comply with the requirements of the
Communications Act of 1934, as amended by the 1996 Telecommunications Act, as
well as the FCC's regulations under the statute. The 1996 Telecommunications
Act eliminates many of the pre-existing legal barriers to competition in the
telecommunications and video programming communications businesses, preempts
many of the state barriers to local telecommunications service competition
that previously existed in state and local laws and regulations, and sets
basic standards for relationships between telecommunications providers. The
law delegates to the FCC and the states broad regulatory and administrative
authority to implement the 1996 Telecommunications Act.
Among other things, the 1996 Telecommunications Act removes barriers to
entry in the local telecommunications market. It does this by preempting state
and local laws that are barriers to competition and by requiring traditional
telephone companies to provide nondiscriminatory access and interconnection to
potential competitors, such as cable operators, wireless telecommunications
providers, interexchange carriers and competitive telecommunications companies
such as us.
Regulations promulgated by the FCC under the 1996 Telecommunications Act
specify in greater detail the requirements of the 1996 Telecommunications Act
imposed on the traditional telephone companies to open their networks to
competition by providing competitors interconnection, central office space,
access to unbundled network elements, retail services at wholesale rates and
nondiscriminatory access to telephone poles, ducts, conduits, and rights-of-
way. The requirements enable companies such as us to interconnect with the
traditional
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telephone companies in order to provide local telephone exchange services and
to use portions of the traditional telephone companies' existing networks to
offer new and innovative services such as our TeleSpeed and TeleSurfer
services. In January 1999, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled on challenges to the
FCC regulations. Although the U.S. Supreme Court upheld most of the FCC's
authority and its regulations, the FCC must now reexamine and redefine which
unbundled networks elements the traditional telephone companies must offer.
The FCC could issue new regulations that impair our ability to compete.
The 1996 Telecommunications Act also allows the regional bell operating
companies (RBOCs), which are the traditional telephone companies created by
AT&T's divestiture of its local exchange business, to enter the long distance
market within their own local service regions upon meeting certain
requirements. The remaining RBOCs include BellSouth, Bell Atlantic
Corporation, Ameritech Corporation, U S WEST Communications, Inc. and SBC
Communications, Inc. The timing of the various RBOCs' entry into their
respective in-region long distance service businesses is also extremely
uncertain. The timing of the various RBOCs' in-region long distance entry will
likely affect the level of cooperation we receive from each of the RBOCs.
In addition, the 1996 Telecommunications Act provides relief from the
earnings restrictions and price controls that have governed the local
telephone business for many years. Traditional telephone company tariff
filings at the FCC have been subjected to increasingly less regulatory review.
However, precisely when and to what extent the traditional telephone companies
will secure pricing flexibility or other regulatory freedom for their services
is uncertain. For example, under the 1996 Telecommunications Act, the FCC is
considering eliminating certain regulations that apply to the traditional
telephone company's provision of services that are competitive with ours. The
timing and the extent of regulatory freedom and pricing flexibility and
regulatory freedom granted to the traditional telephone companies will affect
the competition we face from the traditional telephone companies' competitive
services.
Further, the 1996 Telecommunications Act provides the FCC with the
authority to forbear from regulating entities such as us who are classified as
"non-dominant" carriers. The FCC has exercised its forbearance authority. As a
result, we are not obligated to obtain prior certificate approval from the FCC
for our interstate services or file tariffs for such services. We have
determined not to file tariffs for our interstate services. We provide our
interstate services to our customers on the basis of contracts rather than
tariffs. We believe that it is unlikely that the FCC will require us to file
tariffs for our interstate services in the future.
On March 18, 1999, the FCC announced that it was adopting rules to make it
easier and less expensive for competitive telecommunications companies to
obtain central office space and to require traditional telephone companies to
make new alternative arrangements for obtaining central office space. New
entrants will be able to locate all equipment necessary for interconnection,
whether or not such equipment has a switching function. The FCC's rules may
not be successfully implemented. In the same announcement, the FCC provided
notice of proposed rule-making to determine whether carriers should be able to
provide asymmetric DSL over the same line over which traditional telephone
companies provide voice service. The notice will seek comments on the
operational, pricing, legal and policy ramifications of mandating such line
sharing at the federal level. If adopted, these rules could materially lower
the price we pay to lease access to the traditional telephone company's copper
lines. While we believe that these rules would be advantageous to us, the FCC
may decide not to implement such rules.
Any changes in applicable federal law and regulations, in particular,
changes in its interconnection agreements with traditional telephone
companies, the prospective entry of the RBOCs into the in-region long distance
business and grant of regulatory freedom and pricing flexibility to the
traditional telephone companies, could harm our business.
State Regulation. To the extent we provide identifiable intrastate services
or have otherwise submitted ourselves to the jurisdiction of the relevant
state telecommunications regulatory commissions, we are subject to such
jurisdiction. In addition, certain states have required prior state
certification as a prerequisite for processing and deciding an arbitration
petition for interconnection under the 1996 Telecommunications Act. As of
April 30,
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1999, we were authorized under state law to operate as a competitive local
exchange carrier in 23 states, and intend to obtain authorization in the other
states necessary to cover our 22 targeted metropolitan regions. We have
pending arbitration proceedings in different states for interconnection
arrangements with the relevant traditional telephone companies. We have
concluded arbitration proceedings in a number of states by entering into
interconnection agreements with the relevant traditional telephone companies.
We have filed tariffs in certain states for intrastate services as required by
state law or regulation. We are also subject to periodic financial and other
reporting requirements of these states with respect to our intrastate
services.
The different state commissions have various proceedings to determine the
rates, charges and terms and conditions for unbundled network elements
(unbundled network elements are the various portions of a traditional
telephone company's network that a competitive telecommunications company can
lease for purposes of building a facilities-based competitive network,
including copper lines, central office collocation space, inter-office
transport, operational support systems, local switching and rights of way), as
well as the discount for wholesale services that we purchase from the relevant
traditional telephone company. The rates set forth in our interconnection
agreements are interim rates and will be prospectively, and, in some cases,
retroactively, affected by the permanent rates set by the various state
commissions for such unbundled network elements as unbundled loops and
interoffice transport. We have participated in unbundled network element rate
proceedings in the states of California and Washington in an effort to reduce
these rates. If any state commission decides to increase unbundled network
element rates our operating results could suffer.
The applicability of the various state regulations on our business and
compliance requirements will be further affected to the extent to which our
services are determined to be intrastate services. Jurisdictional
determinations of our services as intrastate services could harm our business.
Local Government Regulation. We may be required to obtain various permits
and authorizations from municipalities in which we operate our own facilities.
The issue of whether actions of local governments over the activities of
telecommunications carriers, including requiring payment of franchise fees or
other surcharges, pose barriers to entry for competitive telecommunications
companies which may be preempted by the FCC is the subject of litigation.
Although we rely primarily on the unbundled network elements of the
traditional telephone companies, in certain instances we deploy our own
facilities, including fiber optic cables, and therefore may need to obtain
certain municipal permits or other authorizations. The actions of municipal
governments in imposing conditions on the grant of permits or other
authorizations or their failure to act in granting such permits or other
authorizations could harm our business.
The foregoing does not purport to describe all present and proposed
federal, state and local regulations and legislation affecting the
telecommunications industry. Other existing federal regulations are currently
the subject of judicial proceedings, legislative hearings and administrative
proposals, which could change, in varying degrees, the manner in which
communications companies operate in the U.S. The ultimate outcome of these
proceedings, and the ultimate impact of the 1996 Telecommunications Act or any
final regulations adopted pursuant to the 1996 Telecommunications Act or our
business cannot be determined at this time but may well be adverse to our
interests. We cannot predict the impact, if any, that future regulation or
regulatory changes may have on our business and we can give you no assurance
that such future regulation or regulatory changes will not harm our business.
See "Risk Factors--We depend on traditional telephone companies to provide
central office space and unbundled network elements, both of which are
critical to our success" and "--Our services are subject to government
regulation, and changes in current or future laws or regulations could
adversely affect our business."
Intellectual Property
We regard our products, services and technology as proprietary and attempt
to protect them with patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade secret laws,
restrictions on disclosure and other methods. These methods may not be
sufficient to protect our technology. We also generally enter into
confidentiality or license agreements with our employees and consultants, and
generally control access to and distribution of our documentation and other
proprietary information. Despite these precautions, it may be possible for a
third party to copy or otherwise obtain and use our products, services or
technology without authorization, or to develop similar technology
independently.
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Currently we have a number of patent applications and intend to prepare
additional applications and to seek patent protection for our systems and
services to the extent possible. These patents may not be issued to us, and if
issued, they may not protect our intellectual property from competition which
could seek to design around or invalidate these patents.
Further, effective patent, copyright, trademark and trade secret protection
may be unavailable or limited in certain foreign countries. The global nature
of the Internet makes it virtually impossible to control the ultimate
destination of our proprietary information. Steps taken by us may not prevent
misappropriation or infringement of our technology. In addition, litigation
may be necessary in the future to enforce our intellectual property rights to
protect our trade secrets or to determine the validity and scope of the
proprietary rights of others. Such litigation could result in substantial
costs and diversion of resources.
In addition, we may be sued by others with respect to infringement of their
intellectual property rights. We were recently sued by Bell Atlantic for an
alleged infringement of a patent issued to them in September 1998 entitled
"Variable Rate and Variable Mode Transmission System." As we have only
recently received notice of this claim, we are unable to adequately assess the
scope, including materiality, or merits of the claim. Any such lawsuit,
including the Bell Atlantic suit, could significantly harm our business.
Employees
As of March 31, 1999, we had 401 employees (excluding temporary personnel
and consultants), employed in engineering, sales, marketing, customer support,
and general and administrative functions. None of our employees are
represented by a labor union, and we considers our relations with our
employees to be good. Our ability to achieve our financial and operational
objectives depends in large part upon the continued service of our senior
management and key technical, sales, marketing and managerial personnel, and
our continuing ability to attract and retain highly qualified technical,
sales, marketing and managerial personnel. Competition for such qualified
personnel is intense, particularly in software development, network
engineering and product management.
Properties
We are headquartered in Santa Clara, California in facilities consisting of
approximately 62,000 square feet pursuant to a lease that will expire on or
before July 14, 2002. We also lease office space in each of the regions in
which we have begun operations. We are in the process of acquiring office
space for regional headquarters for each of our additional target regions. In
addition, our San Francisco Bay Area regional data center consists of
approximately 2,000 square feet and is located in San Jose, California, which
we occupy under a ten-year lease with two five-year renewal options.
Currently, and until a permanent location is secured, we utilize a portion of
the San Francisco Bay Area regional data center space to operate our network
operations center. We also lease central office space from the traditional
telephone company in each region that we operate or plan to operate under the
terms of our interconnection agreements and obligations imposed by state
public utilities commissions and the FCC. While the terms of these leases are
perpetual, the productive use of our central office space is subject to the
terms of our interconnection agreements which expire on or before March 2001.
We will increase our central office space as we expand our network in the San
Francisco Bay Area and other regions.
Legal Proceedings
We are engaged in a variety of negotiations, arbitrations and regulatory
and court proceedings with multiple traditional telephone companies. These
negotiations, arbitrations and proceedings concern the traditional telephone
companies' denial of physical central office space to us in certain central
offices, the cost and delivery of central office spaces, the delivery of
transmission facilities and telephone lines, billing issues and other
operational issues. For example, we are currently involved in commercial
arbitration proceedings with Pacific Bell over these issues. We have also
filed a lawsuit against Pacific Bell and its affiliates, including
Southwestern Bell Telephone Company, in federal court. We are pursuing a
variety of contract, tort, antitrust and other claims,
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<PAGE>
such as violations of the Telecommunications Act, in these proceedings. In
November 1998, we prevailed in our commercial arbitration proceeding against
Pacific Bell. The arbitration panel found that Pacific Bell breached its
interconnection agreement with us and failed to act in good faith on multiple
counts. The arbitration panel ruled in favor of awarding us direct damages, as
well as attorneys fees and costs of the arbitration. Pacific Bell is currently
attempting to have the decision vacated. We have also filed a lawsuit against
Bell Atlantic and its affiliates in federal court. We are pursuing antitrust
and other claims in this lawsuit. In addition, Bell Atlantic has separately
filed suit against us asserting infringement of a patent issued to them in
September 1998 entitled "Variable Rate and Variable Mode Transmission System."
As we have only recently received notice of this claim, we are unable to
adequately assess the scope, including materiality, or merits of the claim.
Failure to resolve these various legal disputes and controversies between us
and the various traditional telephone companies without excessive delay and
cost and in a manner that is favorable to us could significantly harm our
business.
We are not currently engaged in any other legal proceedings that we believe
could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, operating
results and financial condition. We are, however, subject to state commission,
FCC and court decisions as they relate to the interpretation and
implementation of the 1996 Telecommunications Act, the interpretation of
competitive telecommunications company interconnection agreements in general
and our interconnection agreements in particular. In some cases, we may be
deemed to be bound by the results of ongoing proceedings of these bodies or
the legal outcomes of other contested interconnection agreements that are
similar to our agreements. The results of any of these proceedings could harm
our business.
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MANAGEMENT
Directors and Executive Officers
Our directors and executive officers, and their respective ages as of April
30, 1999, are as follows:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Name Age Position
- ---- --- --------
<S> <C> <C>
Robert Knowling, Jr..... 43 President, Chief Executive Officer and Director
Timothy Laehy........... 42 Chief Financial Officer and Vice President, Finance
Rex Cardinale........... 46 Chief Technology Officer and Vice President, Engineering
Robert Davenport, III... 39 Executive Vice President, Business Development
Charles Haas............ 39 Executive Vice President, Sales
Catherine Hemmer........ 40 President, Operations
Dhruv Khanna............ 39 Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary
Jane Marvin............. 40 Senior Vice President, Human Resources
Robert Roblin........... 46 Executive Vice President, Marketing
John Hemmer............. 42 Vice President, Network Deployment
Robert Grant............ 45 President and General Manager, Central Region
Keith Markley........... 40 President and General Manager, Eastern Region
Thomas Wagner........... 48 President and General Manager, Southern Region
Joseph Devich........... 42 President and General Manager, Western Region
Charles McMinn.......... 47 Chairman, Board of Directors
Robert Hawk............. 59 Director
Henry Kressel........... 65 Director
Joseph Landy............ 37 Director
Daniel Lynch............ 57 Director
Frank Marshall.......... 52 Director
Rich Shapero............ 51 Director
</TABLE>
Robert Knowling, Jr. has been our President, Chief Executive Officer and a
member of our board of directors since July 1998. From October 1997 through
July 1998, Mr. Knowling served as the Executive Vice President of Operations
and Technologies at U S WEST Communications, Inc. In this capacity, Mr.
Knowling was responsible for planning, delivering and maintaining high-quality
telecommunications services for more than 25 million customers in 14 western
and midwestern states. From March 1996 through September 1997, he served as
Vice President of Network Operations at U S WEST Communications, Inc. From
November 1994 through March 1996, he served as Vice President of Network
Operations for Ameritech Corporation. Mr. Knowling began his career in 1977 at
Indiana Bell where he progressed through a variety of assignments in
operations, engineering and marketing. When Indiana Bell became a part of
Ameritech Corporation, Mr. Knowling assumed positions of increasing
responsibility in marketing, product development, large business marketing and
network operations, including service on Ameritech Corporation's re-
engineering breakthrough development team. As lead architect of the Ameritech
Corporation transformation, Mr. Knowling reported directly to the Chairman.
Mr. Knowling currently serves on the board of directors of Shell Oil Company.
Timothy Laehy joined us in August 1997. He served as our Chief Financial
Officer, Treasurer and Vice President, Finance until February 1999 and has
served as our Chief Financial Officer and Vice President, Finance since that
date. Prior to joining us, Mr. Laehy served as Vice President, Corporate
Finance and Treasurer of Leasing Solutions, Inc., a computer equipment leasing
company, from February 1991 to August 1997. From 1990 to 1991, Mr. Laehy
served as a senior associate with Recovery Equity Partners, a private venture
capital investment fund. From 1985 to 1990, he served in various capacities at
Guarantee Acceptance Capital Corporation, an investment bank, Liberty Mutual
Insurance Company and Union Carbide Corporation.
Rex Cardinale joined us in June 1997. He served as our Vice President,
Engineering until February 1999 and has served as our Chief Technology Officer
and Vice President, Engineering since that date. From February
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1996 to March 1997, Mr. Cardinale served as Chief Executive Officer and Vice
President, Engineering at GlobalCenter Inc., an Internet service provider for
small businesses. From January 1994 to February 1996, Mr. Cardinale served as
Vice President and General Manager, Internet Services Division, at Global
Village Communication. From June 1992 to September 1993, Mr. Cardinale was
Vice President and General Manager of the cc:Mail division of Lotus
Development Corporation. Prior to that time, he served for five years as Vice
President, Engineering for Ultra Network Technologies, a provider of high-
speed networking systems for supercomputers and for ten years in various
engineering management capacities at Rolm Corporation.
Robert R. Davenport, III joined us in January 1999. He served as our Vice
President, Business Development until February 1999 and has served as our
Executive Vice President, Business Development since that date. Prior to
joining us, Mr. Davenport was Senior Vice President and Chief Operating
Officer at Tele-Communications, Inc.'s Internet Services subsidiary, TCI.NET
from 1997 to 1999. Between 1995 and 1997, Mr. Davenport was with Tele-
Communications, Inc., as Vice President, Finance and Development for the
Telephony Services subsidiary. From 1992 to 1995, he was Managing Partner of
RD Partners, LLC, a private investment firm focused on leveraged equity
investments.
Charles Haas is one of our founders. He served as our Vice President, Sales
and Marketing from May 1997 until November 1998 and as our Vice President,
Sales from November 1998 until February 1999. Since February 1999, Mr. Haas
has served as our Executive Vice President Sales. Mr. Haas has over fourteen
years of sales and business development experience with Intel where he held
various positions from 1982 to 1997. At Intel, Mr. Haas served as manager of
corporate business development, focusing on opportunities in the broadband
computer communications area, and played a principal role in the development
of our Residential Broadband strategy for telephone and satellite companies
(DSL, Fiber-to-the-Curb and satellite modems).
Catherine Hemmer joined us in August 1998. She served as our Vice
President, Operations until February 1999 and has served as our President,
Network Services since that date. From 1996 to August 1998, she was Vice
President, Network Reliability and Operations at U S WEST Communications, Inc.
From 1995 to 1996, she served as General Manager, Network provisioning at
Ameritech Services, Inc., a telecommunications company. From 1988 to 1995, she
served in various capacities, including Vice President, Network Services, at
MFS Telecom, Inc. From 1987 to 1988, she served as Senior Manager, Management
Information Systems at Chicago Fiber Optic Corporation d/b/a Metropolitan
Fiber Systems of Chicago, Inc., a start-up venture developing a market niche
for fiber optic local access networks.
Dhruv Khanna is one of our founders. He served as our Vice President,
General Counsel and Secretary from October 1996 until February 1999 and has
served as our Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary since
that date. He was an in-house counsel for Intel's communications products
division and its Senior Telecommunications Attorney between 1993 and 1996.
Between 1987 and 1993, Mr. Khanna was an associate at Morrison & Foerster
where his clients included Teleport Communications Group (now AT&T), McCaw
Cellular Communications, Inc. (now AT&T Wireless), and Southern Pacific
Telecom (now Qwest). Mr. Khanna has extensive experience with regulatory
matters, litigation and business transactions involving the RBOCs and other
telecommunications companies. While at Intel, he helped shape the computer
industry's positions on the Telecommunications Act of 1996 and the FCC's rules
implementing the 1996 Act.
Jane Marvin joined us in April 1999 as our Senior Vice President, Human
Resources. Prior to joining us, from August 1995 to April 1999, Ms. Marvin was
Vice President, Human Resources for the General Business, Small Business and
Enhanced Business Services units and Director, Leadership and Executive
Development of Ameritech Corporation. In these capacities, she re-engineered
and streamlined multiple HR processes and drove corporate-wide change
initiatives. From 1991 to 1995, Ms. Marvin was Human Resources Director with
the Pepsi Cola Company, a division of Pepsico Inc., where she improved
business processes in the areas of recruitment, selection, training, and
compensation. From 1988 to 1991, Ms. Marvin worked in progressively broader HR
leadership roles at Data General Corporation, a provider of enterprise
hardware and software solutions.
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Robert Roblin joined us in November 1998. He served as our Vice President,
Marketing until February 1999 and has served as our Executive Vice President,
Marketing since that date. Prior to joining us, he was Executive Vice
President of Marketing at Adobe Systems, Inc. from 1996 to November 1998. From
1994 to 1996, Mr. Roblin served as Vice President and General Manager of
Marketing of the Consumer Division of IBM Corporation. Between 1992 and 1994,
Mr. Roblin was the Vice President of Marketing of Pensoft, a start-up pen-
based software company that produced a database-driven personal information
manager.
John Hemmer joined us in August 1998. He served as our Director, Network
Deployment until February 1999 and has served as our Vice President, Network
Deployment since that date. Prior to joining us, from March 1998 to August
1998, Mr. Hemmer was Senior Director of Level 3 Communications, where he was
responsible for the organization, staffing and implementation of the network
operations center. From July 1997 to March 1998, Mr. Hemmer was the President
of Hemmer & Associates, an independent consulting firm specializing in data
network engineering, implementation, management and data product development
for competitive telecommunications companies. From August 1996 to July 1997,
Mr. Hemmer was the Executive Director of ICG Communications, where he oversaw
the construction and management of the frame relay and asynchronous transfer
mode networks, was responsible for data service field operations, supported
sales efforts and directed their network control center. From January 1996 to
August 1996, Mr. Hemmer was a Director of Comdisco Network Services, where he
directed network design, capacity management, and provisioning activities for
a newly formed product management division. From January 1994 to January 1996,
Mr. Hemmer was a Director, Regional Operations of MFS Datanet.
Robert Grant joined us in August 1998. He served as Vice President and
General Manager of our Rocky Mountain Region until February 1999 and has
served as President and General Manager of our Central Region since that date.
Prior to joining us, from June 1997 to August 1998, Mr. Grant was Vice
President and General Manager of the Small Business Group at U S WEST
Communications, where he was responsible for growth, development, and new
product implementation in a 14-state area. From November 1995 to December
1997, Mr. Grant was an independent consultant to iCON.COM Corporation and
Intespeed Corporation, where he served as an advisor and co-investor to
ventures with competitive telecommunications companies and providers of
Internet service applications, and developed complete marketing, sales channel
and pro-forma financial plans. Concurrently, from January 1996 to May 1996,
Mr. Grant was Vice President, Worldwide Sales for Xylan Corporation, a data
switch manufacturer. From March 1994 to December 1995, Mr. Grant was the
President and Chief Executive Officer of Interactive Video Enterprises, a
subsidiary of U S WEST.
Keith Markley joined us in July 1998. He served as Vice President and
General Manager of our Mid-Atlantic Region until February 1999 and has served
as President and General Manager of our Eastern Region since that date. Prior
to joining us, from June 1997 to July 1998, Mr. Markley was General Manager of
New England Fiber Communications, DBA, Brooks WorldCom New England, where he
was responsible for profit and loss, all sales and day to day operations of
the fiber and switched network communications operations. From June 1996 to
June 1997, Mr. Markley was a District Director at Advanced Radio Telecom,
where he was in charge of a broadband wireless start up. From June 1990 to
June 1996, Mr. Markley worked as an independent consultant of Connecticut
Research where he was a Principal participating in the business, as well as
serving two terms as a State Representative in the New Hampshire House of
Representatives.
Thomas Wagner joined us in October 1998. He served as Vice President and
General Manager of our Texas Region until February 1999 and has served as
President and General Manager of our Southern Region since that date. Prior to
joining us, from September 1994 to October 1998, Mr. Wagner was a Regional
Director
of Sun Microsystems where he was responsible for managing business
relationships and sales operations with Sun's largest telecommunications
customers within five sales districts encompassing 21 states. From April 1986
to September 1994, Mr. Wagner was a Sales Manager and Management Consultant of
Digital Equipment Corporation, where he was responsible for leading sales
teams and driving top line revenue and business initiatives and development
for telecommunications, healthcare, manufacturing, education,
financial/professional and public administration accounts within the Colorado
and New Mexico Regions.
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Joseph Devich joined us in August 1998. He served as Vice President and
General Manager of our Western Region until February 1999 and has served as
President and General Manager of the Western Region since that date. Prior to
joining us, from November 1996 to August 1998, Mr. Devich was Vice President,
Operations and Technologies Staff of U S WEST Communications, where he served
on the strategic leadership council and was responsible for leading staff
support functions, methodical and procedural process support, results
reporting and analysis, systems planning and integration, customer value
analysis, disaster recovery/business continuity planning, network security,
supplier management and operations strategy planning. From August 1986 to
November 1996, Mr. Devich worked in several capacities at Ameritech
Corporation, including Manager of Product Management-Technical Support, and
Director in the areas of customer support in the large business market,
service reliability within custom business services, process improvement of
network operations and network provisioning.
Charles McMinn is one of our founders and has been the Chairman of our
board of directors since July 1998. He served as our President and Chief
Executive Officer and as a member of our board of directors from October 1996
to July 1998. Mr. McMinn has over 20 years of experience in creating,
financing, operating and advising high technology companies. From July 1995 to
October 1996, and from August 1993 to June 1994, Mr. McMinn managed his own
consulting firm, Cefac Consulting, which focused on strategic development for
information technology and communications businesses. From June 1994 to
November 1995, he served as Principal, Strategy Discipline, at Gemini
Consulting. From August 1992 to June 1993, he served as President and Chief
Executive Officer of Visioneer Communications, Inc. and from October 1985 to
June 1992 was a general partner at InterWest Partners, a venture capital firm.
Mr. McMinn began his Silicon Valley career as the product manager for the 8086
microprocessor at Intel.
Robert Hawk has served as a member of our board of directors since April
1998. Mr. Hawk is President of Hawk Communications and recently retired as
President and Chief Executive Officer of U S WEST Multimedia Communications,
Inc., where he headed the cable, data and telephony communications business
from May 1996 to April 1997. He was president of the Carrier Division of U S
West Communications, a regional telecommunications service provider, from
September 1990 to May 1996. Prior to that time, Mr. Hawk was Vice President of
Marketing and Strategic Planning for CXC Corporation. Prior to joining CXC
Corporation, Mr. Hawk was director of Advanced Systems Development for
AT&T/American Bell. He currently serves on the boards of PairGain
Technologies, COM21, Concord Communications, Radcom, Efficient Networks and
several privately held companies.
Henry Kressel has served as a member of our board of directors since July
1997. Dr. Kressel has been with E.M. Warburg, Pincus & Co., LLC since 1983 and
is currently a managing director of the firm. He is also a partner of Warburg,
Pincus & Co., the general partner of Warburg, Pincus Investors, L.P. Prior to
that time, he served as Staff Vice President of the RCA Corporation
responsible for research and development of optoelectronics, semiconductors
and related software and technologies. Dr. Kressel serves as a director of
Earthweb, Inc., Level One Communications, Inc., IA Corporation, NOVA
Corporation, Inc. and several privately held companies.
Joseph Landy has served as a member of our board of directors since July
1997. Mr. Landy has been with E.M. Warburg, Pincus & Co., LLC since 1985 and
is currently a managing director of the firm. Throughout his
career at E.M. Warburg, Pincus & Co., LLC, Mr. Landy has focused primarily on
investments in information technology and specialty semiconductors. Mr. Landy
is a director of Indus International, Inc. and Level One Communications, Inc.
and several privately held companies.
Daniel Lynch has served as a member of our board of directors since April
1997. Mr. Lynch is also a founder of CyberCash, Inc. and has served as
chairman of its board of directors since August 1994. From December 1990 to
December 1995, he served as Chairman of the board of directors of Softbank
Forums, a provider of education and conference services for the information
technology industry. Mr. Lynch founded Interop Company in 1986, which is now a
division of ZD Comdex and Forums. Mr. Lynch is a member of the
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Association for Computing Machinery and the Internet Society. He is also a
member of the Board of Trustees of the Santa Fe Institute, the Bionomics
Institute and CommerceNet. He previously served as Director of the Information
Processing Division for the Information Sciences Institute in Marina del Rey,
where he led the Arpanet team that made the transition from the original NCP
protocols to the current TCP/IP based protocols. He has served as a director
of Exodus Communications since January 1998. Mr. Lynch previously served as a
member of the board of directors at UUNET Technologies from April 1994 until
August 1996.
Frank Marshall has served as a member of our board of directors since
October 1997. Mr. Marshall currently serves on the board of directors of PMC-
Sierra Inc. and several private companies. Mr. Marshall also serves on the
technical advisory board of several high technology private companies. He is a
member of the InterWest Partners Advisory Committee and a Venture Partner at
Sequoia Capital. From 1992 to 1997, Mr. Marshall served as Vice President of
Engineering and Vice President and General Manager, Core Business Unit of
Cisco Systems Inc. From 1982 to 1992, he served as Senior Vice President,
Engineering at Convex Computer Corporation.
Rich Shapero has served as a member of our board of directors since July
1997. Mr. Shapero has been a general partner of Crosspoint Venture Partners,
L.P., a venture capital investment firm, since April 1993. From January 1991
to June 1992, he served as Chief Operating Officer of Shiva Corporation, a
computer network company. Previously, he was a Vice President of Sun
Microsystems, Senior Director of Marketing at AST, and held marketing and
sales positions at Informatics General Corporation and UNIVAC's Communications
Division. Mr. Shapero serves as a member of the board of directors of Sagent
Technology, Inc. and several privately held companies.
Classified Board
The board of directors is divided into three classes. The term of office
and directors consisting of each class is as follows:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Class Directors Term of Office
----- --------- --------------
<C> <C> <S>
Class I . expires at the annual meeting of
Daniel Lynch stockholders in 2000 and at each third
Rich Shapero succeeding annual meeting thereafter
Class II Henry Kressel . expires at the annual meeting of
Frank Marshall stockholders in 2001 and at each third
Charles McMinn succeeding annual meeting thereafter
Class III Robert Hawk . expires at the annual meeting of
Robert Knowling, Jr. stockholders in 2002 and at each third
Joseph Landy succeeding annual meeting thereafter
</TABLE>
The classification of directors has the effect of making it more difficult
to change the composition of the board of directors.
Option Grants in Last Fiscal Year
The following table sets forth information regarding stock options granted
during the fiscal year ended December 31, 1998 to Robert Knowling, Jr., our
President and Chief Executive Officer. Stock options were not granted to any
other Named Executive Officer during 1998.
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Board Committees
In April 1998, our board of directors established an audit committee and a
compensation committee. The audit committee consists of two of our outside
directors, Messrs. Landy and Lynch. The audit committee's primary
responsibilities include:
. conducting a post-audit review of the financial statements and audit
findings;
. reviewing our independent auditors proposed audit scope and approach; and
. reviewing on a continuous basis the adequacy of our system of internal
accounting controls.
The compensation committee also consists of two of our outside directors,
Dr. Kressel and Mr. Shapero. The primary responsibilities of the compensation
committee include:
. reviewing and determining the compensation policy for our executive
officers and directors, and other employees as directed by the board of
directors;
. reviewing and determining all forms of compensation to be provided to our
executive officers; and
. reviewing and making recommendations to our board of directors regarding
general compensation goals and guidelines for our employees and the
criteria by which bonuses to our employees are determined.
In April 1999, the board of directors established a management compensation
committee consisting of our President and Chief Executive Officer, Mr.
Knowling. The management compensation committee's responsibilities are to
review and determine stock option grants for non-officer employees up to a
maximum of 25,000 shares per non-officer employee.
Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation
No member of our board of directors or of its compensation committee serves
as an executive officer of any entity that has one or more of our executive
officers serving as members of its board of directors or board of directors
compensation committee. No such interlocking relationship has existed in the
past. See "Certain Relationships and Related Transactions" for a description
of transactions between us and entities affiliated with members of our
compensation committee.
Director Compensation
Except for grants of stock options subject to vesting and restricted stock
subject to repurchase, our directors generally do not receive compensation for
services provided as a director. We do not pay additional amounts for
committee participation or special assignments of our board of directors,
except for reimbursement of expenses in attending board of directors and
committee meetings.
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Executive Compensation
The following table sets forth certain information with respect to
compensation awarded to, earned by or paid to each person who served as our
Chief Executive Officer or was one of our four other most highly compensated
executive officers (collectively, the "Named Executive Officers") during the
fiscal years ended December 31, 1997 and December 31, 1998.
Summary Compensation Table
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Long-Term
Compensation
------------
Annual
Compensation
-------------------- Securities
Name and Principal Underlying All Other
Position Year Salary Bonus Options/SARs Compensation(1)
- ------------------ ---- -------- -------- ------------ --------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Robert Knowling, Jr. ... 1998 $180,768 $750,000 3,150,000 $196
President and Chief 1997 -- -- -- --
Executive Officer(2)
Charles McMinn ......... 1998 $167,019 $ 15,764 -- $286
Chairman, Board of 1997 87,500(4) -- -- 126
Directors(3)
Rex Cardinale .......... 1998 $144,451 $ 15,764 -- $281
Vice President, 1997 73,233(4) -- -- 126
Engineering
Charles Haas............ 1998 $133,615 $ 15,962 -- $269
Vice President, Sales 1997 70,000(4) -- -- 126
Dhruv Khanna............ 1998 $133,615 $ 15,943 -- $269
Vice President, General 1997 70,000(4) -- -- 126
Counsel and Secretary
Timothy Laehy........... 1998 $129,327 $ 16,189 -- $269
Chief Financial 1997 45,000(4) -- -- 126
Officer, Treasurer and
Vice President, Finance
</TABLE>
- --------
(1) The dollar amount in this column represents premium payments we made for
life insurance policies.
(2) Mr. Knowling assumed the offices of President and Chief Executive Officer
in July 1998.
(3) Mr. McMinn stepped down as our President and Chief Executive Officer and
assumed the position of Chairman of our board of directors in July 1998.
(4) Based on annual salaries of $150,000 and $140,000 for Messrs. McMinn and
Cardinale, respectively, and $120,000 for Messrs. Haas, Khanna and Laehy.
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Option Grants in 1998
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Individual Grants
---------------------------------------------------------
Potential Realizable
Value at Assumed
Annual Rates of Stock
Number of Percent of Total Price Appreciation
Securities Options Granted Exercise for Option Term($)(3)
Underlying Options to Employees in Price Per Expiration ---------------------
Name Granted(#)(1) Fiscal 1998(%)(2) Share($) Date 5% 10%
- ---- ------------------ ----------------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Robert Knowling, Jr..... 3,150,000 22.45% $0.6667 7/7/2006 $1,002,656 $2,401,537
</TABLE>
- --------
(1) These options become exercisable over a four-year period, with 12.5% of
the option shares vesting on the six month anniversary of the grant date
and the remainder vesting in 42 equal monthly installments. All the
options have a term of eight years, subject to earlier termination in
certain situations related to termination of employment. See "1997 Stock
Plan."
(2) Based on an aggregate of 14,029,467 options we granted during 1998
pursuant to our 1997 Stock Plan.
(3) These amounts represent hypothetical gains that could be achieved for the
options if exercised at the end of the option term. The potential
realizable values are calculated by assuming that our common stock
appreciates at the annual rate shown, compounded annually, from the date
of grant until expiration of the granted options. The assumed 5% and 10%
rates of stock price appreciation are mandated by the rules of the
Securities and Exchange Commission and do not represent our estimate or
projection of future stock price growth.
Aggregated Option Exercises in Last Fiscal Year and Year-End Option Values
The following table sets forth the number and value of shares of our common
stock underlying the unexercised options held by Robert Knowling, Jr., our
President and Chief Executive Officer. As of December 31, 1998, no stock
options have been granted to any other Named Executive Officer.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Number of Securities Value of Unexercised
Underlying Unexercised In-the-Money Options at
Options at December 31, 1998 December 31, 1998(1)
--------------------------------- -------------------------
Name Exercisable Unexercisable Exercisable Unexercisable
---- ------------- ----------------- ----------- -------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Robert Knowling, Jr..... -- 3,150,000 -- $35,700,000
</TABLE>
- --------
(1) The value is calculated on the basis of $12.00 per share, our split-
adjusted initial public offering price, less the aggregate exercise price.
Employment Agreements and Change in Control Arrangements
We have entered into a written employment agreement with Robert Knowling,
Jr., our President and Chief Executive Officer. The agreement provides that
Mr. Knowling will receive compensation in the form of a $400,000 annual base
salary and a $250,000 minimum annual bonus. Mr. Knowling received (i) a
signing bonus of $1,500,000, one half of which was paid when he began working
for us, and the remaining half of which will be paid once he has worked for us
for one full year (July 1999) or, before then, upon a change of control (as
that term is defined in the agreement), and (ii) stock options to purchase
3,150,000 shares of our common stock at an exercise price of $0.6667 per
share. If we terminate Mr. Knowling's employment relationship without cause
(as that term is defined in the agreement), or if Mr. Knowling resigns for
good reason (as that term is defined in the agreement), we must continue to
pay Mr. Knowling's annual salary and targeted bonus for a period of two years
after the date of termination so long as Mr. Knowling does not become employed
by one of our direct competitors. Mr. Knowling has agreed to be bound by
customary confidentiality provisions during the term of his employment. As
provided in the agreement, in August 1998 we loaned Mr. Knowling $500,000
pursuant to a secured promissory note that bears no interest during his
employment. The loan has provisions for forgiveness based on continued
employment and matures in four years, subject to acceleration in certain
events. See "Certain Relationships and Related Transactions--Employee Loans."
We have entered into written employment agreements with Dhruv Khanna and
Rex Cardinale whereby we have agreed to hire each employee for a two-year
term. Pursuant to the employment agreements, Messrs. Khanna
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and Cardinale currently receive compensation in the form of annual base
salaries of $160,000 and bonuses to be determined by our board of directors or
our compensation committee. The employment commencement date for both Messrs.
Khanna and Cardinale was July 15, 1997. During the two-year term, these
employees can only be terminated for cause (as that term is defined in their
agreements), at which time they will only be eligible for benefits in
accordance with our established policies. After the two-year term, the
employment relationship may be terminated by us or the employee with or
without cause. If we terminate Mr. Khanna's or Mr. Cardinale's employment
relationship without cause, we must continue to pay such employee's salary and
benefits as he received immediately before termination for a period of six
months after the date of termination. Under the employment agreements, Messrs.
Khanna and Cardinale have agreed, during the terms of their employment with
us, not to (i) open or operate a business which is then in competition with
ours, (ii) act as an employee, agent, advisor or consultant of any of our then
existing competitors, or (iii) take any action to divert our business or
influence any of our existing customers to cease doing business with us or to
alter its then existing business relationship with us.
With respect to all options granted under our 1997 Stock Plan, in the event
that we merge with or into another corporation resulting in a change of
control involving a shift in 50% or more of the voting power of our capital
stock, or the sale of all or substantially all of our assets, the options will
fully vest and become exercisable one year after the change of control or
earlier in the event the individual is constructively terminated or terminated
without cause or in the event the successor corporation refuses to assume the
options. See "--1997 Stock Plan."
We have also entered into restricted stock purchase agreements with certain
of our officers and directors. The shares of our common stock issued pursuant
to these restricted stock purchase agreements are subject to our right of
repurchase which lapses in accordance with the vesting schedule of the
agreements. The agreements also include similar provisions to the stock
options, providing for accelerated vesting in the event of a change of
control. See "Certain Relationships and Related Transactions--Issuance of
Common Stock."
1997 Stock Plan
Our 1997 Stock Plan was adopted by our board of directors and the
stockholders in July 1997. The number of shares of our common stock which are
reserved for issuance under the 1997 Stock Plan is 23,280,513 shares, plus an
annual increase beginning in January 2000, equal to the lesser of (i) 3% of
the outstanding shares on such date or (ii) an amount determined by our board
of directors. The annual increase is subject to adjustment upon changes in our
capitalization. The 1997 Stock Plan provides for the granting to employees
(including officers and directors) of qualified "incentive stock options"
within the meaning of Section 422 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as
amended (the "Code"), and for the granting to employees (including officers
and directors) and consultants of nonstatutory stock options. The 1997 Stock
Plan also provides for the granting of stock purchase rights ("SPRs"). As of
March 31, 1999, options to purchase an aggregate of 17,389,182 shares were
outstanding and 3,417,599 shares remained available for future grants.
The 1997 Stock Plan is administered by our board of directors or a
committee appointed by the board of directors. The administrator of the 1997
Stock Plan has the power to determine the terms of the options or SPRs
granted, including the exercise price of the option or SPR, the number of
shares subject to each option or SPR, the exercisability thereof, and the form
of consideration payable upon such exercise. In addition, the administrator
has the authority to amend, suspend or terminate the 1997 Stock Plan, provided
that no such action may affect any shares of our common stock previously
issued and sold or any option previously granted under the 1997 Stock Plan. We
may grant each optionee a maximum of 3,000,000 shares covered by options
during a fiscal year and an additional 3,000,000 shares covered by options in
connection with an optionee's initial employment. Options generally vest at a
rate of 12.5% of the shares subject to the option on the date six months
following the grant date and 1/48th of the shares subject to the option at the
end of each one-month period thereafter and generally expire eight years from
the date of grant.
Options and SPRs granted under the 1997 Stock Plan generally are not
transferable by the optionee, and each option and SPR is exercisable during
the lifetime of the optionee only by such optionee. Options granted
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under the 1997 Stock Plan generally must be exercised within thirty days after
the end of optionee's status as our employee, director or consultant, or
within twelve months after such optionee's termination by death or disability,
but in no event later than the expiration of the option's term.
In the case of SPRs, unless the administrator determines otherwise,
restricted stock purchase agreements must grant us a repurchase option
exercisable upon the voluntary or involuntary termination of the purchaser's
service for any reason, including death or disability. The purchase price for
shares repurchased pursuant to the restricted stock purchase agreements will
be the original price paid by the purchaser and may be paid by cancellation of
any indebtedness owed to us by the purchaser. Repurchase options lapse at a
rate determined by the administrator.
The exercise price of all incentive stock options granted under the 1997
Stock Plan must be at least equal to the fair market value of our common stock
on the date of grant. The exercise price of nonstatutory stock options and
SPRs granted under the 1997 Stock Plan is determined by the administrator, but
with respect to nonstatutory stock options intended to qualify as
"performance-based compensation" within the meaning of Section 162(m) of the
Code, the exercise price must be at least equal to the fair market value of
our common stock on the date of grant. With respect to any participant who
owns stock possessing more than 10% of the voting power of all classes of our
outstanding capital stock, the exercise price of any incentive stock option
granted must be at least equal to 110% of the fair market value on the grant
date and the term of such incentive stock option must not exceed five years.
The term of all other options granted under the 1997 Stock Plan may not exceed
ten years.
All stock options and restricted stock grants to officers, employees,
directors and consultants provide that in the event we merge with or into
another corporation resulting in a change of control involving a shift in 50%
or more of the voting power of our capital stock, or the sale of all or
substantially all of our assets, the options will fully vest and become
exercisable one year after the change of control. In the event the individual
is constructively terminated or terminated without cause or in the event that
the successor corporation refuses to assume or substitute the options, the
options will fully vest and become exercisable at that time.
1998 Employee Stock Purchase Plan
Our 1998 Employee Stock Purchase Plan was adopted by our board of directors
in December 1998, and approved by the stockholders in January 1999. A total of
1,500,000 shares of our common stock have been reserved for issuance under
this plan, plus annual increases equal to the lesser of (i) 2% of the
outstanding shares on such date or (ii) an amount determined by the board of
directors. To date, no shares have been issued under the 1998 Employee Stock
Purchase Plan, however, a significant number of employees have enrolled as
participants in this plan.
The 1998 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, which is intended to qualify under
Section 423 of the Code, contains consecutive, overlapping, twenty-four month
offering periods. Each offering period includes four six-month purchase
periods. The offering periods generally start on the first trading day on or
after May 1 and November 1 of each year, except for the first offering period
which commenced on the first trading day after our initial public offering
(January 22, 1999) and ends on the last trading day on or before October 31,
2000.
Employees are eligible to participate if they are customarily employed by
us or any of our participating subsidiaries for at least 20 hours per week and
more than five months in any calendar year. However, no employee may be
granted a right to purchase stock under the 1998 Employee Stock Purchase Plan
(i) to the extent that, immediately after the grant of the right to purchase
stock, the employee would own stock possessing 5% or more of the total
combined voting power or value of all classes of our capital stock, or (ii) to
the extent that his or her rights to purchase stock under all our employee
stock purchase plans accrues at a rate which exceeds $25,000 worth of stock
for each calendar year. The 1998 Employee Stock Purchase Plan permits
participants to purchase our common stock through payroll deductions of up to
12% of the participant's "compensation." Compensation is defined as the
participant's base straight time gross earnings and commissions but excludes
payments for overtime, shift premium, incentive compensation, incentive
payments, bonuses and other compensation. The maximum number of shares a
participant may purchase during a single purchase period is 7,500 shares.
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Amounts deducted and accumulated by the participant are used to purchase
shares of our common stock at the end of each purchase period. The price of
stock purchased under the 1998 Employee Stock Purchase Plan is generally 85%
of the lower of the fair market value of our common stock (i) at the beginning
of the offering period or (ii) at the end of the purchase period. In the event
the fair market value at the end of a purchase period is less than the fair
market value at the beginning of the offering period, the participants will be
withdrawn from the current offering period following exercise and
automatically re-enrolled in a new offering period. The new offering period
will use the lower fair market value as of the first date of the new offering
period to determine the purchase price for future purchase periods.
Participants may end their participation at any time during an offering
period, and they will be paid their payroll deductions to date. Participation
ends automatically upon termination of employment.
Rights to purchase stock granted under the 1998 Employee Stock Purchase
Plan are not transferable by a participant other than by will, the laws of
descent and distribution, or as otherwise provided under the plan. The 1998
Employee Stock Purchase Plan provides that, in the event we merge with or into
another corporation or sell substantially all of our assets, each outstanding
right to purchase stock may be assumed or substituted for by the successor
corporation. If the successor corporation refuses to assume or substitute for
the outstanding rights to purchase stock, the offering period then in progress
will be shortened and a new exercise date will be set.
Our board of directors has the authority to amend or terminate the 1998
Employee Stock Purchase Plan, except that no such action may adversely affect
any outstanding rights to purchase stock under the plan. Our board of
directors may terminate an offering period on any exercise date if it
determines that the termination of the plan is in our best interests and the
best interest of our stockholders. The board of directors may in its sole
discretion amend the plan to the extent necessary and desirable to avoid
unfavorable financial accounting consequences by altering the purchase price
for any offering period, shortening any offering period or allocating
remaining shares among the participants. Unless sooner terminated by our board
of directors, the plan will automatically terminate ten years from the
effective date of our initial public offering.
Management Bonus Plan
On July 22, 1998, our board of directors approved its Executive Bonus
Performance Plan. Under this plan, each of our officers receives a cash bonus
up to a designated percentage of their annual base salary depending upon the
extent to which specific performance metrics are achieved.
Limitation on Liability and Indemnification Matters
Our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation limits the liability
of our directors to the maximum extent permitted by Delaware law, and our
Bylaws provide that we will indemnify our directors and officers and may
indemnify our other employees and agents to the fullest extent permitted by
law. We have also entered into agreements to indemnify our directors and
executive officers, in addition to the indemnification provided for in our
Bylaws. We believe that these provisions and agreements are necessary to
attract and retain qualified directors and executive officers. At present,
there is no pending litigation or proceeding involving any of our directors,
officers, employees or agents in which indemnification will be required or
permitted. We are not aware of any threatened litigation or proceeding that
might result in a claim for such indemnification. We have been informed that,
in the opinion of the Securities and Exchange Commission, the indemnification
of directors, officers or persons that control us for liabilities arising
under the Securities Act pursuant to the above mentioned provisions is against
public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is therefore
unenforceable.
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CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
Series C Preferred Stock and Warrant Subscription Agreement
On February 20, 1998, we entered into a Series C Preferred Stock and
Warrant Subscription Agreement (the "Subscription Agreement") with Warburg and
Crosspoint. Under this agreement, Warburg and Crosspoint unconditionally
agreed to purchase an aggregate of 5,764,143 shares of our series C preferred
stock and warrants to purchase an aggregate of 4,729,500 shares of our series
C preferred stock for an aggregate purchase price of $16.0 million at a date
that we were to determine but, in any event, not later than March 11, 1999. We
agreed to either call this commitment or complete an alternate equity
financing of at least $16.0 million by March 11, 1999. In consideration of
this commitment, we issued to Warburg and Crosspoint warrants to purchase an
aggregate of 2,541,222 shares of our common stock at a purchase price of
$0.0022 per share. The stock purchases by AT&T Ventures and NEXTLINK
constituted an alternate equity financing. As a result, we did not issue and
sell our series C preferred stock and warrants to purchase series C preferred
stock to Warburg and Crosspoint. Dr. Henry Kressel and Mr. Joseph Landy, two
of our directors, are affiliated with Warburg, and Mr. Shapero, also one of
our directors is affiliated with Crosspoint.
On April 24, 1998, the Subscription Agreement was amended pursuant to an
Assignment and Assumption Agreement to which we were a party along with
Warburg, Crosspoint and Mr. Hawk. By the terms of this agreement, Warburg and
Crosspoint assigned to Mr. Hawk their obligation to purchase 36,015 shares of
our series C preferred stock and 29,559 warrants to purchase series C
preferred stock for an aggregate purchase price of $100,001.65. On the same
date, Mr. Hawk purchased 36,015 shares of our series C preferred stock at a
price per preferred share of $2.7767. As a result of this amendment, the
aggregate obligation of Warburg and Crosspoint to purchase our series C
preferred stock and warrants to purchase series C preferred stock was reduced
from 5,764,143 shares to 5,728,128 shares and from 4,729,500 shares to
4,699,941 shares, respectively, for an aggregate purchase price of $15.9
million (reduced from $16.0 million). On the same date, the Amended and
Restated Stockholder Rights Agreement dated March 11, 1998 was amended to add
Mr. Hawk as a party.
The warrants to purchase our common stock issued upon the signing of the
Subscription Agreement had five-year terms (but had to be exercised prior to
the closing of our initial public offering), had purchase prices of $0.0022
per share were immediately exercisable and contained net exercise provisions.
Prior to our initial public offering, Warburg and Crosspoint exercised their
warrants to purchase common stock for 2,032,605 and 508,243 shares of our
common stock.
On March 11, 1998, we amended the Stockholder Rights Agreement, to extend
the rights held by Warburg, Crosspoint and Intel to our warrants to purchase
common stock, series C preferred stock and warrants to purchase series C
preferred stock issued or issuable to Warburg, Crosspoint and Intel pursuant
to the Subscription Agreement.
The Intel Stock Purchase
As provided in the Subscription Agreement, Intel purchased 360,144 shares
of our series C preferred stock and warrants to purchase 295,500 shares of our
series C preferred stock for an aggregate purchase price of $1.0 million
concurrently with the closing of the issuance of the 1998 notes in March 1998.
We did not have any obligation to issue the warrants to purchase series C
preferred stock to Intel until such time as Warburg and Crosspoint funded
their respective commitments under the Subscription Agreement. The stock
purchases by AT&T Ventures and NEXTLINK constituted an alternate equity
financing. As a result, we did not issue the warrants to purchase series C
preferred stock to Intel. In connection with its agreement to purchase such
series C preferred stock and warrants to purchase series C preferred stock, we
issued to Intel warrants to purchase an aggregate of 158,778 shares of our
common stock at a purchase price of $0.0022 per share. Prior to our initial
public offering, Intel exercised their warrants for 158,778 shares of our
common stock.
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Transactions in Connection with the Formation of the Delaware Holding Company
We were originally incorporated in California as Covad Communication
Company ("Covad California") in October 1996. In July 1997, we were
incorporated in Delaware as part of our strategy to operate through a holding
company structure and to conduct substantially all of our operations through
subsidiaries. To effect the holding company structure, in July 1997 we entered
into an Exchange Agreement with the existing holders of the common stock and
series A preferred stock of Covad California to acquire all of such stock in
exchange for a like number of shares of our common and preferred stock, so
that after giving effect to the exchange Covad California became our wholly-
owned subsidiary. In addition, we entered into an Assumption Agreement
pursuant to which we assumed certain outstanding obligations of Covad
California, including a $500,000 demand note issued to Warburg and certain
commitments to issue stock options to two of our consultants.
In connection with the Exchange Agreement, three of our officers, Messrs.
McMinn, Khanna and Haas, each exchanged 4,500,000 shares of common stock of
Covad California, originally purchased for $0.0028 per share, for a like
number of our shares of common stock pursuant to restricted stock purchase
agreements. In addition, Mr. Lynch, one of our directors, exchanged 216,000
shares of common stock of Covad California, originally purchased for $0.0222
per share, for a like number of our shares of common stock pursuant to a
restricted stock purchase agreement. The common stock issued to Messrs.
McMinn, Khanna, Haas and Lynch are generally subject to vesting over a period
of four years. This vesting is subject to acceleration upon a change of
control involving a merger, sale of all or substantially all our assets or a
shift in 50% or more of the voting power of our capital stock. Our repurchase
rights lapse one year after the change of control or earlier in the event the
individual is constructively terminated or terminated without cause, or in the
event the successor corporation refuses to assume the agreements.
Issuance of Common Stock
On July 15, 1997, we issued 1,687,500 shares of our common stock to Mr.
Cardinale, one of our officers, for a purchase price of $0.0222 per share. On
August 30, 1997, we issued 517,500 shares of our common stock to Mr. Laehy,
one of our officers, for $0.0333 per share. On October 14, 1997, we issued
216,000 shares of our common stock to Mr. Marshall, one of our directors, for
a purchase price of $0.0333 per share. On April 24, 1998, we issued 144,000
shares of our common stock to Mr. Hawk, one of our directors, for a purchase
price of $0.444 per share. On August 28, 1998, we issued 60,000 shares of our
common stock to Mr. Hawk for a purchase price of $3.8333 per share. The shares
of our common stock issued to Messrs. Cardinale, Laehy, Marshall and Hawk were
issued pursuant to restricted stock purchase agreements which contain vesting
and change of control provisions similar to those contained in the above-
described restricted stock purchase agreements of Messrs. McMinn, Khanna, Haas
and Lynch.
Issuance of Series A Preferred Stock
On June 30, 1997 Covad California issued 150,000 shares of series A
preferred stock to each of Messrs. McMinn, Khanna and Haas and 300,000 shares
of series A preferred stock to Mr. Lynch for a purchase price of $0.3333 per
share. In July 1997, these shares were exchanged for a like number of our
shares of series A preferred stock pursuant to the Exchange Agreement.
Issuance of Series B Preferred Stock
In July 1997, we sold an aggregate of 17,000,001 shares of our series B
preferred stock, of which 12,000,000 shares were sold to Warburg, 3,000,000
shares were sold to Crosspoint and 2,000,001 shares were sold to Intel. The
purchase price of our series B preferred stock was $0.50 per share. A portion
of the purchase price of the series B preferred stock was paid by cancellation
of a $500,000 demand note issued to Warburg in June 1997. Messrs. Kressel and
Landy, each of whom currently serve as members of our board of directors, are
affiliated with Warburg. Mr. Shapero, who currently serves on our board of
directors, is affiliated with Crosspoint.
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On February 12, 1998, we sold an additional 100,002 shares of series B
preferred stock at a purchase price of $1.00 per share to Mr. Marshall, one of
our directors.
The Strategic Investments and Relationships
In January 1999, we received equity investments from AT&T Ventures,
NEXTLINK and Qwest. AT&T Ventures purchased an aggregate of 1,500,583 shares
of our series C-1 preferred stock at $2.7767 per share and an aggregate of
1,157,408 shares of our series D-1 preferred stock at $18.00 per share. These
purchases represent an aggregate investment of $25 million, of which $11
million was invested by AT&T Venture Fund II, LP and $14 million was invested
by the two affiliated funds. NEXTLINK purchased 1,200,466 shares of our series
C-1 preferred stock at $2.7767 per share and 925,926 shares of our series D-1
preferred stock at $18.00 per share, representing an investment of $20
million. Qwest purchased 900,349 shares of our series C-1 preferred stock at
$2.7767 per share and 694,445 shares of our series D-1 preferred stock at
$18.00 per share, representing an aggregate investment of $15 million. At the
completion of our initial public offering, our series C-1 preferred stock
converted into our class B common stock on a one-for-one basis. The series D-1
preferred stock also converted into our class B common stock at that time on a
one-for-one basis. These strategic investors have each agreed not to transfer
any of our series C-1 preferred stock, series D-1 preferred stock or class B
common stock to any non-affiliated third party until January 2000. They have
also each agreed not to acquire more than 10% of our voting stock without our
consent until January 2002. In addition, until January 2002, they have agreed
to vote any voting securities it holds as recommended by our board of
directors.
Concurrently with these strategic equity investments, we entered into
commercial agreements with AT&T, NEXTLINK and Qwest. These agreements provide
for the purchase, marketing and resale of our services at volume discounts,
our purchase of fiber optic transport bandwidth at volume discounts,
collocation of network equipment and development of new DSL services. These
agreements have terms ranging from six months to several years subject to
earlier termination in certain circumstances. We cannot predict the number of
line orders that AT&T, NEXTLINK or Qwest will generate, if any, whether line
orders will be below our expectations or the expectations of, AT&T, NEXTLINK
or Qwest or whether AT&T, NEXTLINK or Qwest will discontinue selling our
services entirely.
Equipment Lease Financing
Through March 31, 1999, we have incurred a total of $860,000 of equipment
lease financing obligations (including principal and interest) through a sale
lease-back transaction with Charter Financial, Inc. From our inception through
March 31, 1999, we have made total payments of approximately $403,000 to
Charter Financial on these obligations. Warburg, one of our principal
stockholders, owns a majority of the capital stock of Charter Financial. We
believe that the terms of the lease financing with Charter Financial were
completed at rates similar to those available from alternative providers. Our
belief that the terms of the sale lease-back arrangement are similar to those
available from alternative providers is based on the advice of our officers
who reviewed at least two alternative proposals and who reviewed and
negotiated the terms of the arrangement with Charter Financial.
Registration Rights
Certain holders of our common stock are entitled to registration rights.
See "Description of Capital Stock--Registration Rights."
Employment Agreements
We have entered into employment agreements with certain of our officers.
See "Executive Compensation--Employment Agreements and Change in Control
Arrangements."
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Employee Loans
In August 1998, we loaned Robert Knowling, Jr., our President and Chief
Executive Officer, the principal amount of $500,000 pursuant to a Note Secured
by Deed of Trust, which was secured by certain real property of Mr. Knowling.
The entire principal balance of this note becomes due and payable in one lump
sum on August 14, 2002. No interest is charged on the note. This note has
provisions for forgiveness based on continued employment and is subject to
acceleration in certain events.
In October 1998, we loaned Catherine Hemmer, our Vice President,
Operations, and John Hemmer, our Vice President, Network Deployment, the
principal amount of $600,000 pursuant to a Note Secured By Deed of Trust,
which was secured by certain real property of the Hemmers. The outstanding
principal balance of this note becomes due in four equal annual installments
commencing August 10, 1999, with the last installment due on August 10, 2002.
No interest is charged on the note. This note has provisions for forgiveness
based upon continued employment of each of the Hemmers and is subject to
acceleration in certain events.
In April 1999, we committed to extend a loan to Jane Marvin, our Senior
Vice President of Human Resources, in the aggregate principal amount of
$500,000 for the purchase of a principal residence. The loan, at Ms. Marvin's
discretion, may or may not be secured by such principal residence. When
extended to Ms. Marvin, the loan will provide that principal balance will be
due and payable in four equal annual installments beginning at the first year
anniversary of the commencement of Ms. Marvin's employment, and, if secured by
her principal residence, no interest will be charged for the loan.
Furthermore, the loan will be forgiven based upon her continued employment and
is subject to acceleration in certain events.
In May 1999, we extended a loan to Robert Davenport, our Executive Vice
President of Business Development, in the aggregate principal amount of
$600,000 for the purchase of a principal residence. The loan will be secured
by such principal residence. The loan will also provide that principal balance
will be due and payable in four equal annual installments beginning at the
first year anniversary of the commencement of Mr. Davenport's employment, and,
if secured by his principal residence, no interest will be charged for the
loan. Furthermore, the loan will be forgiven based upon his continued
employment and is subject to acceleration in certain events.
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<PAGE>
PRINCIPAL AND SELLING STOCKHOLDERS
The following table sets forth, after giving effect to the May 19, 1999 3-
for-2 stock split, certain information regarding ownership of our common stock
as of March 31, 1999 by:
(i) each Named Executive Officer,
(ii) each of our directors,
(iii) all of our executive officers and directors as a group,
(iv) all persons who directly own 5% or more of our common stock, and
(v) our selling stockholders.
Share ownership in each case includes shares issuable upon exercise of
outstanding options and warrants that are exercisable within 60 days of March
31, 1999 as described in the footnotes below. Percentage ownership
is calculated pursuant to SEC Rule 13d-3(d)(1). Except as otherwise indicated,
the address of each of the persons in this table, other than the selling
stockholders, is as follows: c/o Covad Communications Group, Inc.,
2330 Central Expressway, Santa Clara, CA 95050.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Shares
Beneficially Owned Shares
Prior to the Beneficially Owned
Offering(1) After the Offering(1)
--------------------- Shares to be ---------------------
Beneficial Owner Number Percentage Sold Number Percentage
- ---------------- ------ ---------- ------------ ---------- ----------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Directors and Executive
Officers:
Robert Knowling Jr.(2).. 648,750 * -- 648,750 *
Charles McMinn(3)....... 4,540,578 6.4% -- 4,540,578 6.4%
Robert Hawk(4).......... 276,022 * -- 276,022 *
Henry Kressel(5)........ 20,050,335 28.2 -- 19,881,104 28.0
Joseph Landy(5)......... 20,050,335 28.2 -- 19,881,104 28.0
Daniel Lynch(6)......... 693,658 * -- 693,658 *
Frank Marshall(6)....... 393,322 * -- 393,322 *
Rich Shapero(7)......... 5,023,612 7.1 -- 5,023,612 7.1
Rex Cardinale........... 1,687,500 2.4 -- 1,687,500 2.4
Charles Haas(8)......... 4,540,578 6.4 -- 4,540,578 6.4
Dhruv Khanna(9)......... 4,540,579 6.4 -- 4,540,579 6.4
Timothy Laehy(10)....... 517,500 * -- 517,500 *
All executive officers
and directors as a
group(11).............. 43,241,160 60.1 -- 43,071,929 59.8
Five Percent and Selling
Stockholders:
Warburg, Pincus
Ventures, L.P.(12)..... 20,050,335 28.2 169,231 19,881,104 28.0
Crosspoint Venture
Partners 1996(13)...... 5,023,612 7.1 -- 5,023,612 7.1
Intel Corporation(14)... 3,709,242 5.2 -- 3,709,242 5.2
The Putnam Advisory
Company, Inc. on behalf
of certain private
accounts for which it
serves as investment
advisor(15)............ 159,473 * 126,098 33,375 *
Putnam Investment
Management, Inc. on
behalf of certain funds
for which it serves as
investment advisor(16).. 3,355,408 4.7 2,262,819 1,092,589 1.5
Putnam Fiduciary Trust
Company on behalf of
certain private
accounts for which it
serves as investment
advisor(17)............ 89,663 * 89,363 300 *
Fidelity Management &
Research Company on
behalf of certain funds
and private accounts
for which it serves as
investment advisor(18).. 5,020,938 7.1 2,198,388 2,822,550 4.0
Fidelity Management
Trust Company on behalf
of accounts managed by
it(19)................. 168,523 * 168,523 -- --
Other selling
stockholders (11
persons) as a group,
each of whom own less
than 1% of the
outstanding common
stock immediately prior
to this offering....... 2,485,578 3.5 2,485,578 -- --
</TABLE>
68
<PAGE>
- --------
* Represents beneficial ownership of less than 1% of our outstanding voting
stock.
(1) The percentages are based on 71,008,053 outstanding shares of common
stock as of March 31, 1999, which includes 7,580,646 shares of common
stock issuable upon exercise of outstanding warrants of which 7,330,769
shares are being sold in this offering. Not included in this table are
6,379,177 outstanding shares of our non-voting class B common stock which
are convertible into 9,568,765 of common stock beginning January 2000.
These shares are held by certain strategic investors. See "Certain
Relationships and Related Transactions--The Strategic Investments and
Relationships."
(2) Consists of 648,750 shares of common stock subject to options exercisable
within 60 days of March 31, 1999.
(3) Includes 712,500 shares of common stock held by a trust for the benefit
of two members of Mr. McMinn's immediate family, who also serve as co-
trustees. Mr. McMinn disclaims beneficial ownership of the shares of
common stock held by such trust.
(4) Includes 13,500 shares of common stock subject to options exercisable
within 60 days of March 31, 1999.
(5) All of the shares indicated are owned of record by Warburg and are
included because of Dr. Kressel's and Mr. Landy's affiliation with
Warburg. Dr. Kressel and Mr. Landy disclaim beneficial ownership of these
shares within the meaning of Rule 13d-3 under the Exchange Act. The
number of shares beneficially owned by Dr. Kressel and Mr. Landy will be
reduced by 169,231 shares as a result of Warburg's sale of the same
number of shares in this offering. The address of Dr. Kressel and Mr.
Landy is c/o E.M. Warburg, Pincus & Co., LLC, 466 Lexington Avenue, New
York, NY 10017-3147.
(6) Includes 27,000 shares of common stock subject to options exercisable
within 60 days of March 31, 1999.
(7) All of the shares indicated are owned of record by Crosspoint and are
included because of Mr. Shapero's affiliation with Crosspoint. Mr.
Shapero disclaims beneficial ownership of these shares within the meaning
of Rule 13d-3 under the Exchange Act. The address of Mr. Shapero is c/o
Crosspoint Venture Partners, The Pioneer Hotel Building, 2925 Woodside
Road, Woodside, CA 94062.
(8) Includes 180,000 shares of common stock held by a limited partnership of
which Mr. Haas is a general partner and a limited partner. Mr. Haas
disclaims beneficial ownership of the shares of common stock held by such
limited partnership except to the extent of his pecuniary interest
therein.
(9) Includes 562,500 shares of common stock held by a limited partnership of
which Mr. Khanna is a general partner and a limited partner. Mr. Khanna
disclaims beneficial ownership of the shares of common stock held by such
limited partnership except to the extent of his pecuniary interest
therein.
(10) Includes a total of 45,000 shares of common stock held by three trusts
for the benefit of three members of Mr. Laehy's immediate family. Mr.
Laehy disclaims beneficial ownership of the shares of common stock held
by such trusts.
(11) Includes 984,976 shares of common stock subject to options exercisable
within 60 days of March 31, 1999.
(12) This table assumes no exercise of the over-allotment option. If the
underwriters exercise their over-allotment option in full, Warburg,
Pincus Ventures, L.P. will sell an additional 1,125,000 shares of common
stock thereby reducing their beneficial ownership to 18,756,104 shares or
26.4%. The sole general partner of Warburg, Pincus Ventures, L.P. is
Warburg, Pincus & Co., a New York general partnership ("WP"). E.M.
Warburg, Pincus & Co., LLC, a New York limited liability company ("EMW
LLC"), manages Warburg. The members of EMW LLC are substantially the same
as the partners of WP. Lionel I. Pincus is the managing partner of WP and
the managing member of EMW LLC and may be deemed to control both WP and
EMW LLC. WP has a 15% interest in the profits of Warburg as a general
partner and also owns approximately 1.3% of the limited partnership
interests in Warburg. Dr. Kressel and Mr. Landy, two of our directors,
are Managing Directors and members of EMW LLC and partners of WP and as
such may be deemed to have an indirect pecuniary interest (within the
meaning of Rule 16a-1 under the Exchange Act) in an indeterminate portion
of the shares beneficially owned by Warburg. See Note 5 above. The
address of Warburg is c/o E.M. Warburg, Pincus & Co., LLC, 466 Lexington
Avenue, New York, NY 10017-3147.
(13) Mr. Shapero, one of our directors, is affiliated with Crosspoint and as
such may be deemed to have an
69
<PAGE>
indirect pecuniary interest (within the meaning of Rule 16a-1 under the
Exchange Act) in an indeterminate portion of the shares beneficially owned
by Crosspoint. See Note 7 above. The address of Crosspoint is The Pioneer
Hotel Building, 2925 Woodside Road, Woodside, CA 94062.
(14) The address of Intel is 2200 Mission College Boulevard, Mail Stop SC4-
210, Santa Clara, CA 95052-8199.
(15) Based on shares held as of May 25, 1999. Shares are being sold severally,
and not jointly or jointly and severally, by the following funds or
private investment accounts: Agway Inc. Employees Retirement Trust
(8,309), Abbott Laboratories Annuity Retirement Plan (10,496), Mobil Oil
Corporation Retirement Plan Trust (10,787), Ameritech Pension Trust
(23,908), Central States, Southeast and Southwest Areas Pension Fund
(52,773), Southern Farm Bureau Annuity Insurance Company (9,038) and
Strategic Global Fund-High Yield Fixed Income (Putnam) Fund (10,787). The
share amounts indicated may decrease slightly to give effect to the "net
exercise" of the warrants held by such entities prior to the closing of
this offering. Putnam Advisory Company, inc. provides investment advisory
services to each entity identified above, and to other investment
companies and to certain other funds which may hold securities issued by
Covad.
(16) Based on shares held as of May 25, 1999. Shares are being sold severally,
and not jointly or jointly and severally, by the following funds or
private investment accounts: Putnam High Yield Trust (772,936), Putnam
High Yield Advantage Fund (927,173), Putnam High Income Convertible and
Bond Fund (8,892), Putnam Variable Trust-Putnam VT High Yield Fund
(189,225), Putnam Variable Trust-Putnam VT Global Asset Allocation Fund
(2,332), Putnam Master Income Trust (12,391), Putnam Premier Income Trust
(30,468), Putnam Master Intermediate Income Trust (17,931), Putnam
Diversified Income Trust (143,741), Putnam Convertible Opportunities and
Income Trust (8,309), Putnam Asset Allocation Funds-Growth Portfolio
(3,936), Putnam Asset Allocation Funds-Balanced Portfolio (9,621), Putnam
Asset Allocation Funds-Conservative Portfolio (3,352), Putnam Funds
Trust-Putnam High Yield Total Return Fund (8,163), Putnam Funds Trust-
Putnam High Yield Trust II (84,553), Putnam Managed High Yield Trust
(18,660), Putnam Variable Trust-Putnam VT Diversified Income Fund
(16,910), Travelers Series Fund, Inc.-Putnam Diversified Income Portfolio
(3,498) and Lincoln National Global Asset Allocation Fund, Inc. (728).
The share amounts indicated may decrease slightly to give effect to the
"net exercise" of the warrants held by such entities prior to the closing
of this offering. Putnam Investment Management, Inc. provides investment
advisory services to each entity identified above, and to other
investment companies and to certain other funds which may hold securities
issued by Covad.
(17) Based on shares held as of May 25, 1999. Shares are being sold severally,
and not jointly or jointly and severally, by the following funds or
private investment accounts: Putnam High Yield Managed Trust (72,453) and
Putnam High Yield Fixed Income Fund, LLC (16,910). The share amounts
indicated may decrease slightly to give effect to the "net exercise" of
the warrants held by such entities prior to the closing of this offering.
Putnam Fiduciary Trust Company provides investment advisory services to
each entity identified above, and to other investment companies and to
certain other funds which may hold securities issued by Covad.
(18) Shares are held and being sold severally, and not jointly or jointly and
severally, by the following funds or private investment accounts:
Fidelity Advisor Series II: Fidelity Advisor High Yield Fund (944,958),
Variable Insurance Products Fund: High Income Portfolio (567,091),
Fidelity Puritan Trust: Fidelity Puritan Fund (362,414), Fidelity Summer
Street Trust: Fidelity Capital & Income Fund (210,217), Fidelity Global
Yield Trust (45,192), Fidelity Advisor Series II: Fidelity Advisor
Balanced Fund (39,069), Fidelity Advisor Series II: Fidelity Advisor
Strategic Income (25,074), Fidelity School Street Trust:Fidelity
Strategic Income Fund (2,624) and Variable Insurance Products Fund III:
Balanced Portfolio (1,749). The share amounts indicated may decrease
slightly to give effect to the "net exercise" of the warrants held by
such entities prior to the closing ot this offering. Fidelity Management
& Research Company (FMR Co.) is a Massachusetts corporation and an
investment advisor registered under section 203 of the Investment
Advisers Act of 1940, as amended, and provides investment advisory
services to each entity identified above, and to other investment
companies and to certain other funds which may hold securities issued by
Covad. FMR Co. is a wholly-owned subsidiary of FMR Corp. (FMR), a
Massachusetts corporation.
(19) Shares indicated as owned by such entity are owned directly by various
private investment account(s), primarily employee benefit plans for which
Fidelity Management Trust Company ("FMTC") serves as trustee or managing
agent. FMTC is a wholly-owned subsidiary of FMR and a bank as defined in
Section 3(a)(6) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
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<PAGE>
DESCRIPTION OF CAPITAL STOCK
The following summary describes the material terms of our capital stock.
However, it does not purport to be complete and is qualified in its entirety
by the actual terms of our capital stock contained in our Amended and Restated
Certificate of Incorporation and other agreements referenced below.
Our authorized capital stock currently consists of 190,000,000 shares of
common stock, 10,000,000 shares of class B common stock and 5,000,000 shares
of preferred stock. As of March 31, 1999, there were 234 holders of record of
common stock and five holders of class B common stock. The common stock and
preferred stock each have a par value of $0.001 per share. As of March 31,
1999, there were 63,427,407 shares of common stock, 6,379,177 shares of class
B common stock (convertible into 9,568,765 shares of common stock beginning in
January 2000) and no shares of preferred stock outstanding. As of March 31,
1999, options to purchase 17,389,182 shares of common stock at a weighted
average exercise price of $2.50 per share were outstanding.
Common Stock
The holders of our common stock are entitled to one vote per share on all
matters submitted to a vote of the stockholders. Subject to preferential
rights of any outstanding series of preferred stock, the holders of common
stock are entitled to receive ratably such dividends, if any, as may be
declared from time to time by the board of directors out of funds legally
available for that purpose. In the event of our liquidation, dissolution or
winding up, the holders of common stock are entitled to share ratably in all
our remaining assets after payment of liabilities and satisfaction of
preferential rights of any outstanding series of preferred stock. The common
stock has no preemptive or conversion rights or other subscription rights.
There are no redemption or sinking fund provisions applicable to the common
stock. All outstanding shares of common stock are fully paid and non-
assessable.
Class B Common Stock
The rights of holders of our class B common stock are identical to the
rights of holders of our common stock except that the holders of our class B
common stock do not have voting rights. Commencing in January 2000, the class
B common stock may be converted into common stock on a one-for-one basis at
the election of the holder, provided that such holder and its affiliates would
not hold more than 10% of our voting stock. In addition, commencing in January
2000 the class B common stock will automatically convert into common stock
upon transfer to a third party.
Preferred Stock
The board of directors has the authority to issue up to 5,000,000 shares of
preferred stock in one or more series without any further action or vote by
the stockholders. In addition, the board of directors is authorized, without
stockholder approval, to fix the rights, preferences, privileges, and
restrictions granted to or imposed upon such preferred stock, including:
. dividend rights,
. conversion rights,
. terms of redemption,
. liquidation preferences,
. voting rights,
. sinking fund terms, and
. the number of shares constituting any series or the designation of such
series.
As a result, the board of directors could issue additional preferred stock
with voting and conversion rights which could adversely affect the voting
power of the holders of common stock. Issuing preferred stock could
71
<PAGE>
also have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control
or the removal of our management. We have no present plan to issue any shares
of preferred stock.
Warrants
In connection with the issuance of our senior discount notes in March 1998,
we issued warrants to purchase an aggregate of 7,580,646 shares of our common
stock with exercise prices of $0.0022 per share. An aggregate of 7,330,769 of
these shares are being sold by the selling stockholders in this offering. We
also issued to a consultant a five-year warrant to purchase 202,500 shares
with an exercise price of $0.6667 per share. This warrant is immediately
exercisable. In April 1999, we issued a warrant to purchase 300,000 shares of
common stock to a customer. This warrant will vest with respect to 150,000
shares on each of April 1, 2000 and April 1, 2001, subject to the customer
achieving certain performance goals. The exercise price will be the fair
market value of the common stock on the first vesting date with respect to
150,000 shares and the second vesting date with respect to 150,000 shares.
Registration Rights
Certain holders of our common stock are entitled to registration rights.
Pursuant to the Stockholder Rights Agreement holders of 29,944,944 shares of
common stock and holders of 6,379,177 shares of class B common stock
(collectively, the "Rights Holders") are entitled to certain rights with
respect to the registration under the Securities Act of the shares of common
stock held by them or issuable upon conversion of the class B common stock.
The 6,379,177 shares of class B common stock are convertible into 9,568,765
shares of common stock at the election beginning in January 2000. The Rights
Holders are entitled to demand, "piggy-back" and S-3 registration rights,
subject to certain limitations and conditions. The number of securities
requested to be included in a registration involving the exercise of demand
and "piggy-back" rights are subject to a pro rata reduction based on the
number of shares of common stock held by each Rights Holder and any other
security holders exercising their respective registration rights to the extent
that the managing underwriter advises that the total number of securities
requested to be included in the underwriting is such as to materially and
adversely affect the success of the offering. The registration rights
terminate as to any Rights Holder at the later of (i) three years after our
initial public offering or (ii) such time as such Rights Holder may sell under
Rule 144 in a three month period all registrable securities then held by such
Rights Holder.
Pursuant to the Warrant Registration Rights Agreement dated March 11, 1998,
between us and Bear, Stearns & Co. Inc. and BT Alex. Brown Incorporated,
holders of warrants that remain outstanding after this offering are entitled
to certain registration rights with respect to the shares of common stock
issuable upon exercise of such warrants. Like the Rights Holders, the number
of securities that a warrant holder may request to be included in any
registration is subject to a pro rata reduction. Such a reduction will be
based on the number of shares held by each warrant holder and any other
security holders exercising their respective registration rights to the extent
that the managing underwriter advises us that the total number of securities
requested to be included in the underwriting is such as to materially and
adversely affect the success of the offering.
Antitakeover Effects of Certain Provisions of Covad's Charter, Bylaws and
Delaware Law
As noted above, our board of directors, without stockholder approval, has
the authority under our charter to issue preferred stock with rights superior
to the rights of the holders of common stock. As a result, preferred stock
could be issued quickly and easily, could adversely affect the rights of the
common stock holders and could be issued with terms calculated to delay or
prevent a change of control of our company or make removal of management more
difficult.
Election and Removal of Directors. Our charter and bylaws provide for the
division of our board of directors into three classes, as nearly equal in
number as possible, with the directors in each class serving for a three-year
term, and one class being elected each year by our stockholders. Our directors
may be removed only for cause. This system of electing and removing directors
may tend to discourage a third party from making a tender offer
72
<PAGE>
or otherwise attempting to obtain control of our company and may maintain the
incumbency of the board of directors, as it generally makes it more difficult
for stockholders to replace a majority of the directors. See "Management--
Classified Board."
Stockholder Meetings and Written Consent. Under our bylaws, the
stockholders may not call a special meeting of the stockholders of our
company. Rather, only our board of directors, the chairman of our board of
directors and the President may call special meetings of our stockholders. Our
charter provides that stockholders may not act by written consent. As a
result, stockholders can only act at a meeting.
Requirements for Advance Notification of Stockholder Nominations and
Proposals. Our bylaws establish advance notice procedures with respect to
stockholder proposals and the nomination of candidates for election as
directors, other than nominations made by or at the direction of the board of
directors or a committee thereof.
Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law. We are subject to
Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law. Section 203 prohibits a
publicly held Delaware corporation from engaging in a "business combination"
with an "interested stockholder" for a period of three years after the date of
the transaction in which the person became an interested stockholder, unless
. prior to such date, the board of directors of the corporation approves
either the business combination or the transaction that resulted in the
stockholder's becoming an interested stockholder,
. upon consummation of the transaction that resulted in the stockholder's
becoming an interested stockholder, the interested stockholder owns at
least 85% of the outstanding voting stock, excluding shares held by
directors, officers and certain employee stock plans, or
. on or after the consummation date the business combination is approved by
the board of directors and by the affirmative vote at an annual or
special meeting of stockholders of at least 66 2/3 % of the outstanding
voting stock that is not owned by the interested stockholder.
For purposes of Section 203, a "business combination" includes, among other
things, a merger, asset sale or other transaction resulting in a financial
benefit to the interested stockholder. An "interested stockholder" is
generally a person who, together with affiliates and associates of such
person,
. owns 15% or more of the corporation's voting stock or
. is an affiliate or associate of the corporation and was the owner of 15%
or more of the outstanding voting stock of the corporation as any time
within the prior three years.
These charter and bylaw provisions and provisions of Delaware law may have
the effect of delaying, deterring or preventing a change of control of our
company.
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<PAGE>
SHARES ELIGIBLE FOR FUTURE SALE
Future sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the
public market, or the appearance that such shares are available for sale,
could adversely affect prevailing market prices for our common stock and our
ability to raise capital through an offering of equity securities.
Upon completion of this offering (based upon shares outstanding as of March
31, 1999), we will have 80,576,818 shares of common stock outstanding
(including 6,379,177 shares of our class B common stock which are convertible
into 9,568,765 shares of common stock beginning in January 2000). Of these
shares, the 7,500,000 shares of common stock sold in this offering will be
freely tradeable in the public market without restriction under the Securities
Act, unless such shares are purchased by our "affiliates" as that term is
defined in Rule 144 under the Securities Act. In addition, the 13,455,000
split-adjusted shares of common stock that we sold in our initial public
offering are freely tradeable. The remaining 59,621,818 shares of our common
stock (the "Restricted Shares") were issued and sold by us in reliance on
exemptions from the registration requirements of the Securities Act. These
shares may be sold in the public market only if they are registered or if they
qualify for an exemption from registration, such as Rule 144 or 701 under the
Securities Act, which are summarized below. The 9,568,765 Restricted Shares
issuable upon conversion of our class B common stock will be eligible for sale
beginning in January 2000 subject to the volume limitations of Rule 144.
Lock-up Agreements. The following lock-up agreements restrict the ability
of our stockholders, option holders and warrant holders to sell shares of
common stock in the public market.
. All our executive officers, directors and employees and certain of our
stockholders, who in the aggregate hold all of the Restricted Shares,
have agreed not to directly or indirectly, offer, sell, contract to sell,
grant any option to purchase, pledge or otherwise dispose of, or, in any
manner, transfer all or a portion of the economic consequences associated
with the ownership of any shares of our common stock beneficially owned
by them until July 21, 1999, the 181st day after the date of the
prospectus covering our initial public offering.
. All our executive officers and directors and certain of our stockholders,
who collectively hold approximately 33,773,207 Restricted Shares, have
also agreed not to directly or indirectly, offer, sell, contract to sell,
grant any option to purchase, pledge or otherwise dispose of, or, in any
manner, transfer all or a portion of the economic consequences associated
with the ownership of any shares of our common stock beneficially owned
by them for a period of 90 days after the date of this prospectus.
. Holders of warrants that were issued in connection with the 1998 notes
are subject to an agreement pursuant to which they are restricted from
selling or otherwise disposing of their warrants or the shares of common
stock issuable upon exercise of the warrants for a period of 90 days
after the date of this prospectus.
Bear, Stearns & Co. Inc. may, in its sole discretion and at any time without
notice, release all or any portion of these securities subject to the lock-up
agreements.
We have entered into similar lock-up agreements covering the same 180 and
90 day periods, except that we may:
. grant options and issue stock under our stock option and stock purchase
plans,
. issue stock upon exercise of warrants outstanding on the date of the
prospectus covering our initial public offering, and
. issue stock in connection with strategic relationships and in connection
with acquisitions of businesses, technologies or products complementary
to those of our company.
In such cases, the recipients of the stock must agree to be bound by a
lock-up agreement for the remainder of the lock-up period.
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<PAGE>
Taking into account the lock-up agreements, the number of shares that will
be available for sale in the public market under the provisions of Rules 144,
144(k) and 701 will be as follows:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Date of Availability For Sale Number of Shares
----------------------------- ----------------
<S> <C>
July 21, 1999 (181st day after the date
of the prospectus covering our initial
public offering)....................... 16,279,846 shares of common stock
September , 1999 (91st day after the
date of this prospectus)............... 33,773,207 shares of common stock
January 7, 2000......................... 9,568,765 shares of common stock
issuable upon conversion of our class B
common stock
</TABLE>
Stock Plans. In addition, we have 23,280,513 shares of our common stock
reserved for issuance pursuant to options under our 1997 Stock Plan, of which
17,389,182 shares were subject to outstanding options as of March 31, 1999. We
intend to register, prior to July 21, 1999, the shares of common stock
reserved for issuance under our 1997 Stock Plan and the 1,500,000 shares of
common stock reserved for issuance under our 1998 Employee Stock Purchase
Plan. Accordingly, shares underlying vested options will be eligible for
resale in the public market beginning on July 21, 1999.
Warrants. We also have 202,500 shares underlying an outstanding warrant.
The shares underlying this warrant will be eligible for resale in the public
market upon expiration of its one-year holding period under Rule 144. However,
to the extent that warrant holder effects a "cashless" exercise of this
warrant, the underlying shares will be eligible for sale in the public markets
beginning on July 21, 1999.
Registration Rights. In addition, the holders of 29,944,944 shares of our
common stock have certain registration rights with respect to their shares.
These registration rights include the right to request a registration after
the expiration of the 180-day lock-up period. If such holders, by exercising
their registration rights, cause a large number of shares to be registered and
sold in the public market, such sales could have a material adverse effect on
the market price for our common stock. Holders of 6,379,177 shares of class B
common stock (convertible into 9,568,765 shares of common stock beginning in
January 2000) also have certain registration rights with respect to the shares
of common stock issuable upon conversion of the class B common stock. The
class B common stock is convertible into common stock beginning January 2000.
Summary of Rule 144. In general, under Rule 144 as currently in effect, a
person (or persons whose shares are aggregated) who has beneficially owned
shares for at least one year (including the holding period of any prior owner,
except an affiliate) is entitled to sell within any three-month period a
number of shares that does not exceed the greater of:
(i) one percent of the number of shares of common stock then
outstanding; or
(ii) the average weekly trading volume of the common stock during the
four calendar weeks preceding the required filing of a Form 144 with
respect to such sale.
Sales under Rule 144 are generally subject to certain manner of sale
provisions and notice requirements and to the availability of current public
information about us. Under Rule 144(k), a person who is not deemed to have
been an affiliate of ours at any time during the 90 days preceding a sale, and
who has beneficially owned the shares proposed to be sold for at least two
years, is entitled to sell such shares without having to comply with the
manner of sale, public information, volume limitation or notice provisions of
Rule 144. Under Rule 701, persons who purchase shares upon exercise of options
granted prior to the effective date of this offering are entitled to sell such
shares 90 days after the effective date of this offering in reliance on Rule
144, without having to comply with the holding period requirements of Rule 144
and, in the case of non-affiliates, without having to comply with the public
information, volume limitation or notice provisions of Rule 144.
75
<PAGE>
UNDERWRITING
The underwriters named below have severally agreed, subject to the terms
and conditions of the underwriting agreement, to purchase from us the number
of shares of common stock set forth opposite their names below:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Underwriters Number of Shares
------------ ----------------
<S> <C>
Bear, Stearns & Co. Inc. .................................
Morgan Stanley & Co. Incorporated.........................
BT Alex. Brown Incorporated...............................
Credit Suisse First Boston Corporation....................
Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette Securities Corporation.......
Wit Capital Corporation...................................
---------
Total................................................... 7,500,000
=========
</TABLE>
Subject to the terms and conditions of the underwriting agreement, the
underwriters have agreed to purchase all of the shares of common stock being
sold pursuant to the underwriting agreement if any of such shares are
purchased (excluding shares covered by the over-allotment option).
The underwriters have advised us that they propose to offer the common
stock to the public initially at the public offering price set forth on the
cover page of this prospectus and to certain dealers at such price less a
concession of not more than $ per share. Additionally, the underwriters
may allow, and such dealers may reallow, a discount of not more than $
per share on sales to certain other dealers. After the public offering of the
shares, the offering price and other selling terms may be changed by the
underwriters.
Certain selling stockholders have granted the underwriters an option to
purchase up to 1,125,000 additional shares of common stock at the public
offering price, less the underwriting discount set forth on the cover page of
this prospectus, solely to cover over-allotments, if any. This option may be
exercised in whole or in part at any time within 30 days after the date of
this prospectus. To the extent that the underwriters exercise this option,
each underwriter will have a firm commitment, subject to certain conditions,
to purchase a number of shares of common stock proportionate to such
underwriter's purchase obligations set forth in the foregoing table.
The following table shows the per share and total underwriting discounts
and commissions to be paid to the underwriters by the selling stockholders.
Such amounts are shown assuming both no exercise and full exercise of the
underwriters option to purchase additional shares.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
No Exercise Full Exercise
----------- -------------
<S> <C> <C>
Per share........................................ $ $
Total............................................ $ $
</TABLE>
The offering of the shares is made for delivery, when, as and if accepted
by the underwriters and subject to prior sale and to withdrawal, cancellation
or modification of the offering without notice. The underwriters reserve the
right to reject an order for the purchase of shares in whole or in part.
Certain of our stockholders, including all executive officers and directors
and certain stockholders and warrant holders, who own in the aggregate
33,373,207 shares of common stock, have agreed that they will not, without the
prior written consent of Bear, Stearns & Co. Inc., directly or indirectly,
offer, sell, contract to sell, grant any option to purchase, pledge or
otherwise dispose of, or, in any manner, transfer all or a portion of the
76
<PAGE>
economic consequences associated with the ownership of any shares of common
stock or any securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for
common stock beneficially owned by them during the 90 day period following the
date of this prospectus.
We have agreed that we will not, without the prior written consent of Bear,
Stearns & Co. Inc., offer, sell or otherwise dispose of any shares of common
stock, options or warrants to acquire shares of securities exchangeable for or
convertible into shares of common stock during the 90 day period following the
date of this prospectus, except that we may issue shares of common stock and
options to purchase common stock under our stock option and stock purchase
plans and upon exercise of warrants outstanding on the date of this
prospectus, and may issue stock in connection with strategic relationships and
in connection with acquisitions of businesses, technologies or products
complementary to those of our company, so long as the recipients of such stock
agree to be bound by a lock-up agreement for the remainder of the 90 day lock-
up period.
We and the selling stockholders have agreed to indemnify the underwriters
against certain civil liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities
Act and to contribute to payments the underwriters may be required to make in
respect thereof.
The underwriters have advised us that, pursuant to Regulation M promulgated
under the Securities Exchange Act, certain persons participating in the
offering may engage in transactions, including stabilizing bids, syndicate
covering transactions or the imposition of penalty bids, which may have the
effect of stabilizing or maintaining the market price of our common stock at a
level above that which might otherwise prevail in the open market. A
"stabilizing bid" is a bid for or the purchase of the common stock on behalf
of the underwriters for the purpose of pegging, fixing or maintaining the
price of the common stock. A "syndicate covering transaction" is the bid for
or the purchase of the common stock on behalf of the underwriters to reduce a
short position created in connection with the offering. The underwriters may
also cover all or a portion of such short position by exercising the over-
allotment option. A "penalty bid" is an arrangement permitting the
underwriters to reclaim the selling concession otherwise accruing to an
underwriter or syndicate member in connection with the offering if the common
stock originally sold by such underwriter or syndicate member is purchased by
the underwriters in a syndicate covering transaction and has therefore not
been effectively placed by such underwriter or syndicate member. The
underwriters have advised us such transactions may be effected on the Nasdaq
National Market or otherwise and, if commenced, may be discontinued at any
time.
A prospectus in electronic format is being made available on an Internet
Web site maintained by Wit Capital. In addition, all dealers purchasing shares
from Wit Capital in this offering have agreed to make a prospectus in
electronic format available on Web sites maintained by each of these dealers.
Other than the prospectus in electronic format, the information on such Web
site and any information contained on any other Web site maintained by Wit
Capital is not part of this prospectus or the registration statement of which
this prospectus forms a part, has not been approved and/or endorsed by us or
any underwriter in such capacity and should not be relied on by prospective
investors.
We estimate that the total expenses of this offering, excluding
underwriting discounts and commissions, will be approximately $680,000.
Bear, Stearns & Co. Inc. and BT Alex. Brown Incorporated acted as initial
purchasers of our 1998 senior discount notes in March 1998, for which Bear,
Stearns & Co. Inc. and BT Alex. Brown Incorporated received usual and
customary fees.
Bear, Stearns & Co. Inc., BT Alex. Brown Incorporated and Donaldson, Lufkin
& Jenrette Securities Corporation participated as underwriters in our initial
public offering in January 1999, for which they received usual and customary
fees.
Bear, Stearns & Co. Inc., BT Alex. Brown Incorporated and Donaldson, Lufkin
& Jenrette Securities Corporation acted as initial purchasers of our 1999
notes in February 1999, for which they received usual and customary fees.
77
<PAGE>
WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION
We have filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission a registration
statement on Form S-1, of which this prospectus is a part, under the
Securities Act with respect to the shares of common stock offered hereby. This
prospectus does not contain all of the information included in the
registration statement. Statements contained in this prospectus concerning the
provisions of any document are not necessarily complete. You should refer to
the copy of these documents filed as an exhibit to the registration statement
or otherwise filed by us with the SEC for a more complete understanding of the
matter involved. Each statement concerning these documents is qualified in its
entirety by such reference.
We are also subject to the informational requirements of the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934. In accordance with the Exchange Act, we file reports,
proxy statements and other information with the SEC. The registration
statement, including the attached exhibits and schedules, may be inspected and
copied at the public reference facilities maintained by the SEC, Room 1024,
Judiciary Plaza, 450 Fifth Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20549 and at the
regional offices of the Commission located at Seven World Trade Center, New
York, New York 10048, and 500 West Madison Street, Chicago, Illinois 60661.
Please call the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330 for further information about the public
reference rooms. The SEC maintains a Web site that contains reports, proxy and
information statements and other information regarding registrants that file
electronically with the SEC. Copies of the registration statement and the
reports, proxy and information statements and other information that we file
with the SEC may be obtained from the SEC's Internet address at
http://www.sec.gov.
The SEC allows us to incorporate by reference into the registration
statement certain information that we have filed with them. We incorporate by
reference certain of our exhibits that are not included in or delivered with
this registration statement or this prospectus. You may request a copy of
these documents, at no cost, by writing or telephoning us at the following
address:
Covad Communications Group, Inc.
Attention: Investor Relations
2330 Central Expressway
Santa Clara, California 95050
(408) 844-7500
LEGAL MATTERS
The validity of the common stock offered hereby will be passed upon for us
by Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati, P.C., Palo Alto, California. Certain
attorneys at Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati, P.C. hold an aggregate of 9,150
shares of our common stock. Certain legal matters in connection with the
offering will be passed upon for the underwriters by Simpson Thacher &
Bartlett, New York, New York.
EXPERTS
Our consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 1997 and 1998 and
for the years then ended included in this prospectus have been audited by
Ernst & Young LLP, independent auditors, as stated in their report appearing
herein, and have been so included in reliance upon the report of such firm
given upon their authority as experts in accounting and auditing.
78
<PAGE>
COVAD COMMUNICATIONS GROUP, INC.
INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Page
----
<S> <C>
Annual Financial Statements
Report of Ernst & Young LLP, Independent Auditors....................... F-2
Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 1997 and 1998............... F-3
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31,
1997 and 1998.......................................................... F-4
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity (Net Capital Deficiency)
for the years ended December 31, 1997 and 1998......................... F-5
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31,
1997 and 1998.......................................................... F-6
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.............................. F-7
Interim Financial Statements (Unaudited)
Consolidated Balance Sheet at March 31, 1999............................ F-17
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three months ended March
31, 1998 and 1999...................................................... F-18
Consolidated Statement of Stockholders' Equity (Net Capital Deficiency)
for the three months ended March 31, 1999.............................. F-19
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the three months ended
March 31, 1998 and 1999................................................ F-20
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.............................. F-21
</TABLE>
F-1
<PAGE>
REPORT OF ERNST & YOUNG LLP, INDEPENDENT AUDITORS
The Board of Directors and Stockholders of
Covad Communications Group, Inc.
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Covad
Communications Group, Inc. as of December 31, 1997 and 1998, and the related
consolidated statements of operations, stockholders' equity (net capital
deficiency), and cash flows for the years then ended. These financial
statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our
responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on
our audits.
We conducted our audits in accordance with generally accepted auditing
standards. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to
obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of
material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence
supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit
also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant
estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial
statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis
for our opinion.
In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly,
in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of Covad
Communications Group, Inc. as of December 31, 1997 and 1998, and the
consolidated results of its operations and its cash flows for the years then
ended in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles.
/s/ Ernst & Young LLP
San Jose, California
February 15, 1999, except for the fourth
paragraph of Note 1.J. as to which the
date is May 4, 1999
F-2
<PAGE>
COVAD COMMUNICATIONS GROUP, INC.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(Amounts in 000's, except share and per share amounts)
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
December 31,
----------------
1997 1998
ASSETS ------ --------
Current assets:
<S> <C> <C>
Cash and cash equivalents.................................... $4,378 $ 64,450
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for uncollectibles of
$220 in 1998................................................ 25 1,933
Unbilled revenue............................................. 4 663
Inventories.................................................. 43 946
Prepaid expenses............................................. 52 1,183
Other current assets......................................... 317 514
------ --------
Total current assets...................................... 4,819 69,689
Property and equipment:
Networks and communication equipment......................... 2,185 55,189
Computer equipment........................................... 600 4,426
Furniture and fixtures....................................... 185 1,119
Leasehold improvements....................................... 114 1,887
------ --------
3,084 62,621
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization............... (70) (3,476)
------ --------
Net property and equipment.................................. 3,014 59,145
Other assets:
Restricted cash.............................................. 210 225
Deposits..................................................... 31 337
Deferred debt issuance costs (net)........................... -- 8,112
Other long term assets....................................... -- 1,911
------ --------
Total other assets........................................ 241 10,585
------ --------
Total assets.............................................. $8,074 $139,419
====== ========
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY (NET CAPITAL DEFICIENCY)
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable............................................. $ 651 $ 14,975
Unearned revenue............................................. 7 551
Accrued network costs........................................ 58 1,866
Other accrued liabilities.................................... 77 3,854
Current portion of capital lease obligations................. 229 263
------ --------
Total current liabilities................................. 1,022 21,509
Long-term debt (net of discount)............................. -- 142,300
Long-term capital lease obligations.......................... 554 316
------ --------
Total liabilities......................................... 1,576 164,125
Stockholders' equity (net capital deficiency):
Convertible preferred stock ($0.001 par value):
Authorized shares--30,000,000
Issued and outstanding shares--17,750,001 and 18,246,162 at
December 31, 1997 and December 31, 1998, respectively...... 18 18
Common stock ($0.001 par value):
Authorized shares--65,000,000
Issued and outstanding shares--17,041,806 and 17,660,995 at
December 31, 1997 and December 31, 1998, respectively...... 17 18
Additional paid-in capital................................... 9,686 30,679
Deferred compensation........................................ (611) (4,688)
Retained earnings (deficit).................................. (2,612) (50,733)
------ --------
Total stockholders' equity (net capital deficiency)......... 6,498 (24,706)
------ --------
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity (net capital
deficiency)................................................ $8,074 $139,419
====== ========
</TABLE>
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
F-3
<PAGE>
COVAD COMMUNICATIONS GROUP, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(Amounts in 000's, except share and per share amounts)
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Year Ended December
31,
--------------------
1997 1998
--------- ---------
<S> <C> <C>
Revenues................................................ $ 26 $ 5,326
Operating expenses:
Network and product costs............................. 54 4,562
Sales, marketing, general and administrative.......... 2,374 31,043
Amortization of deferred compensation................. 295 3,997
Depreciation and amortization......................... 70 3,406
--------- ---------
Total operating expenses............................ 2,793 43,008
--------- ---------
Income (loss) from operations........................... (2,767) (37,682)
Interest income (expense):
Interest income....................................... 167 4,778
Interest expense...................................... (12) (15,217)
--------- ---------
Net interest income (expense)......................... 155 (10,439)
--------- ---------
Net income (loss)....................................... $ (2,612) $ (48,121)
========= =========
Net income (loss) per common share...................... $ (0.53) $ (5.62)
Weighted average shares used in computing net loss per
share.................................................. 4,907,319 8,562,802
</TABLE>
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
F-4
<PAGE>
COVAD COMMUNICATIONS GROUP, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY (NET CAPITAL DEFICIENCY)
(Amounts in 000's, except share amounts)
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Total
Convertible Stockholders'
Preferred Stock Common Stock Additional Retained Equity (Net
----------------- ------------------ Paid-In Deferred Earnings Capital
Shares Amount Shares Amount Capital Compensation (Deficit) Deficiency)
---------- ------ ---------- ------ ---------- ------------ --------- -------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Initial issuance of
common stock........... -- $-- 18,000,000 $18 $ 32 $ -- $ -- $ 50
Repurchase of common
stock.................. -- -- (3,615,444) (4) (6) -- -- (10)
Issuance of common
stock.................. -- -- 2,657,250 3 65 -- -- 68
Issuance of Series A
Preferred Stock........ 750,000 1 -- -- 249 -- -- 250
Issuance of Series B
Preferred Stock (net of
$43 of financing
costs)................. 17,000,001 17 -- -- 8,440 -- -- 8,457
Deferred compensation... -- -- -- -- 906 (906) -- --
Amortization of deferred
compensation........... -- -- -- -- -- 295 -- 295
Net loss................ -- -- -- -- -- -- (2,612) (2,612)
---------- --- ---------- --- ------- ------- -------- --------
Balance at December 31,
1997................... 17,750,001 18 17,041,806 17 9,686 (611) (2,612) 6,498
Issuance of common
stock.................. -- -- 619,189 1 570 -- -- 571
Issuance of Series B
Preferred Stock........ 100,002 -- -- -- 100 -- -- 100
Issuance of Series C
Preferred Stock........ 396,159 -- -- -- 1,100 -- -- 1,100
Issuance of common stock
warrants as part of
debt offering issuance
costs.................. -- -- -- -- 2,928 -- -- 2,928
Issuance of common stock
warrants pursuant to
debt offering.......... -- -- -- -- 8,221 -- -- 8,221
Deferred compensation... -- -- -- -- 8,074 (8,074) -- --
Amortization of deferred
compensation........... -- -- -- -- -- 3,997 -- 3,997
Net loss................ -- -- -- -- -- -- (48,121) (48,121)
---------- --- ---------- --- ------- ------- -------- --------
Balance at December 31,
1998................... 18,246,162 $18 17,660,995 $18 $30,679 $(4,688) $(50,733) $(24,706)
========== === ========== === ======= ======= ======== ========
</TABLE>
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
F-5
<PAGE>
COVAD COMMUNICATIONS GROUP, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(Amounts in 000's)
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Year Ended December 31,
-------------------------
1997 1998
----------- ------------
<S> <C> <C>
Operating activities:
Net loss............................................ $ (2,612) $ (48,121)
Reconciliation of net loss to net cash provided by
(used in) operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization..................... 70 3,406
Amortization of deferred compensation............. 295 3,997
Accreted interest and amortization of debt
discount and deferred debt issuance costs........ -- 16,009
Net changes in current assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable............................. (25) (1,908)
Inventories..................................... (43) (903)
Other current assets............................ (373) (1,987)
Accounts payable................................ 651 14,324
Unearned revenue................................ 7 544
Other current liabilities....................... 135 5,585
----------- ------------
Net cash used in operating activities .............. (1,895) (9,054)
Investing activities:
Purchase of restricted cash......................... (210) (15)
Deposits............................................ (31) (306)
Other long-term assets.............................. -- (1,428)
Purchase of property and equipment.................. (2,253) (59,503)
----------- ------------
Net cash used in investing activities .............. (2,494) (61,252)
Financing activities:
Net proceeds from issuance of long-term debt and
warrants........................................... -- 129,328
Principal payments under capital lease obligations.. (48) (238)
Proceeds from common stock issuance, net of
repurchase......................................... 108 571
Proceeds from preferred stock issuance.............. 8,707 1,200
Offering costs related to common stock offering..... -- (483)
----------- ------------
Net cash provided by financing activities........... 8,767 130,378
----------- ------------
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents........... 4,378 60,072
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year...... -- 4,378
----------- ------------
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year............ $ 4,378 $ 64,450
=========== ============
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:
Cash paid during the year for interest............ $ 9 $ 99
=========== ============
Supplemental schedule of non-cash investing and
financing activities:
Equipment purchased through capital leases........ $ 831 $ 34
=========== ============
Warrants issued for equity commitment............. -- $ 2,928
=========== ============
</TABLE>
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
F-6
<PAGE>
COVAD COMMUNICATIONS GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1. Nature of Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Organization and Nature of Operations
Covad Communications Group, Inc (the "Company") is a high-speed Internet
and network access provider offering Digital Subscriber Line ("DSL") services
to Internet Service Provider ("ISP") and enterprise customers. ISPs purchase
the Company's services in order to provide high-speed Internet access to their
business and consumer end-users. Enterprise customers purchase the Company's
services to provide employees with remote access to their Local Area Networks
to improve employee productivity and reduce operating costs. The Company's
services are provided over standard copper telephone lines at considerably
faster speeds than available through a standard modem.
The Company's operations are subject to significant risks and uncertainties
including competitive, financial, developmental, operational, growth and
expansion, technological, regulatory, and other risks associated with an
emerging business.
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
A. Basis of Presentation
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally
accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and
assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements.
Actual results may differ from those estimates.
The consolidated financial statements of the Company include the accounts
of all of its wholly-owned subsidiaries. There were no intercompany accounts
and transactions which required elimination.
The accompanying statements of operations, stockholders' equity, and cash
flows for the year ended December 31, 1997 include $50,000 received during
1996 upon issuance of the initial capital stock of the Company and $2,000
expended in 1996 for general and administrative expenses. Due to the
insignificance of balances at December 31, 1996 and activity for the period
from inception through December 31, 1996, financial statements for 1996 have
not been presented.
B. Revenue Recognition
Revenue related to installation of service and sale of customer premise
equipment is recognized when equipment is delivered and installation is
completed. Revenue from monthly recurring service is recognized in the month
the service is provided. Recognized revenue for which the customer has not
been billed is recorded as unbilled revenue until the period such billings are
provided. Amounts billed in advance of providing services are recorded as
unearned revenue until the period such services are provided. For the year
ended December 31, 1998, one customer accounted for approximately 17% of the
Company's revenue. For the year ended December 31, 1998, no other customer
accounted for more than 10% of the Company's revenue.
C. Cash and Cash Equivalents
All highly liquid investments with a maturity of three months or less from
the date of original issuance are considered to be cash equivalents.
D. Restricted Cash
As of December 31, 1997 and December 31, 1998, the Company had $210,000 and
$225,000, respectively, in commercial deposits held in the Company's name but
restricted as security for certain of the Company's capital lease
arrangements.
F-7
<PAGE>
COVAD COMMUNICATIONS GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS--(Continued)
E. Inventories
Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or market and consist primarily
of customer premise equipment. Costs are based on the first-in first-out
method.
F. Property and Equipment
Property and equipment are recorded at cost and depreciated using the
straight-line method over the following estimated useful lives:
<TABLE>
<S> <C>
Leasehold improvements....................... 15 years or life of the lease
Electronic communication equipment........... 2 to 5 years
Furniture and fixtures....................... 3 to 7 years
Computer equipment........................... 3 years
Office equipment............................. 2 to 5 years
Computer software............................ 2 to 7 years
</TABLE>
The Company capitalizes costs associated with the design, deployment and
expansion of the Company's network including internally and externally
developed software. Capitalized external software costs include the actual
costs to purchase software from vendors. Capitalized internal software costs
generally include personnel and related costs incurred in the enhancement and
implementation of purchased software packages. Capitalized internal labor
costs for the years ending December 31, 1997 and December 31, 1998 were
$139,000 and $3,063,000, respectively. Capitalized interest cost for the year
ending December 31, 1998 was $900,000.
G. Equipment Under Capital Leases
The Company leases certain of its equipment and other fixed assets under
capital lease agreements. The assets and liabilities under capital leases are
recorded at the lesser of the present value of aggregate future minimum lease
payments, including estimated bargain purchase options, or the fair value of
the assets under lease, whichever is less. Assets under capital lease are
amortized over the lease term or useful life of the assets.
H. Income Taxes
Due to the Company's overall loss position, there is no provision for
income taxes for 1997 or 1998. The reconciliation of income tax computed at
the US federal statutory rate to income tax expense is as follows:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
December 31,
-----------------------
1997 1998
--------- ------------
<S> <C> <C>
Federal at 34%, statutory........................ $(757,000) $(16,363,000)
Non deductible interest.......................... -- 911,000
Losses with no current benefit................... 757,000 15,436,000
Other............................................ -- 16,000
--------- ------------
Provision........................................ $ -- $ --
========= ============
</TABLE>
As of December 31, 1998, the Company had federal and state net operating
loss carryforwards of approximately $40,000,000. The net operating loss and
credit carryforwards will expire at various dates beginning in 2005 through
2018, if not utilized.
The utilization of the net operating loss is subject to a substantial
annual limitation due to the "change in ownership" provisions of the Internal
Revenue Code of 1986 and similar state provisions. The annual limitation
F-8
<PAGE>
COVAD COMMUNICATIONS GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS--(Continued)
may result in the expiration of net operating losses and credits before
utilization. Significant components of the Company's deferred tax assets and
liabilities for federal and state income taxes are as follows:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
December 31,
---------------------
1997 1998
-------- -----------
<S> <C> <C>
Deferred tax assets:
Net operating loss carryforwards.................. $820,000 $16,000,000
Depreciation...................................... -- 1,000,000
Other............................................. -- 1,500,000
-------- -----------
Net deferred tax assets........................... 820,000 18,500,000
Valuation allowance................................. (820,000) (18,500,000)
-------- -----------
Net deferred tax assets............................. -- --
======== ===========
</TABLE>
The net valuation allowance increased by $17,680,000 during the year ended
December 31, 1998.
I. Fair Value of Financial Instruments
Statement of Financial Accounting Standards ("SFAS") No. 107, "Disclosures
About Fair Value of Financial Instruments," as amended by SFAS No. 119,
"Disclosures About Derivative Financial Instruments and Fair Value of Financial
Instruments," requires disclosure of fair value information about financial
instruments whether or not recognized in the balance sheet, for which it is
practicable to estimate that value. In cases where quoted market prices are not
available for identical or comparable financial instruments, fair values are
based on estimates using the present value of estimated cash flows or other
valuation techniques. The resulting fair values can be significantly affected
by the assumptions used, including the discount rate and estimates as to the
amounts and timing of future cash flows.
The following methods and assumptions were used to estimate the fair value
for financial instruments:
Cash and cash equivalents. The carrying amount approximates fair value.
Borrowings. The fair values of borrowings, including long-term debt, capital
lease obligations and other obligations, were estimated based on quoted market
prices, where available, or by discounting the future cash flows using
estimated borrowing rates at which similar types of borrowing arrangements with
the same remaining maturities could be obtained by the Company. For all
borrowings outstanding at December 31, 1997 and December 31, 1998, fair value
approximates recorded value.
J. Earnings (Loss) Per Share
Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing income or loss applicable
to common shareholders by the weighted average number of shares of the
Company's common stock ("Common Stock"), after giving consideration to shares
subject to repurchase, outstanding during the period.
Diluted earnings per share is determined in the same manner as basic
earnings per share except that the number of shares is increased assuming
exercise of dilutive stock options and warrants using the treasury stock method
and conversion of the Company's convertible preferred stock ("Preferred
Stock"). In addition, income or loss is adjusted for dividends and other
transactions relating to preferred shares for which conversion is assumed. The
diluted earnings per share amount has not been reported because the Company has
a net loss and the impact of the assumed exercise of the stock options and
warrants and the assumed preferred stock conversion is not dilutive.
F-9
<PAGE>
COVAD COMMUNICATIONS GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS--(Continued)
Under the Company's Certificate of Incorporation, all outstanding Preferred
Stock converted into Common Stock on a one-for-one basis upon the completion
of the Company's initial public offering of Common Stock on January 27, 1999
(see note 9).
The consolidated financial statements applicable to the prior periods have
been restated to reflect a two-for-one stock split effective May 1998, a
three-for-two stock split effective August 1998 and a three-for-two split of
our Common Stock effective May 1999.
The following table presents the calculation of basic and diluted net
income (loss) per share (in thousands, except share and per share amounts):
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Year Ended December 31,
------------------------
1997 1998
----------- -----------
<S> <C> <C>
Net income (loss)................................. $ (2,612) $ (48,121)
Basic and diluted:
Weighted average shares of common stock
outstanding.................................... 16,531,903 17,257,960
Less: Weighted average shares subject to
repurchase..................................... 11,624,584 8,695,158
----------- -----------
Weighted average shares used in computing basic
and diluted net income (loss) per share.......... 4,907,319 8,562,802
=========== ===========
Basic and diluted net income (loss) per share..... $ (0.53) $ (5.62)
=========== ===========
</TABLE>
K. Concentration of Credit Risk
Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to
concentrations of credit risk consist principally of cash and cash equivalents
and accounts receivable. The Company's cash and investment policies limit
investments to short-term, investment grade instruments. Concentrations of
credit risk with respect to accounts receivable are limited due to the large
number of customers comprising the Company's customer base. In addition, the
Company typically offers its customers credit terms. The Company performs
ongoing credit evaluations of its customers' financial condition and generally
does not require collateral.
L. Key Suppliers
The Company is dependant on limited source suppliers for certain equipment
used to provide its services. The Company has generally been able to obtain an
adequate supply of equipment. In addition, the Company believes that there are
alternative suppliers for the equipment used to provide its service. However,
an extended interruption in the supply of equipment currently obtained from
limited source suppliers could adversely affect the Company's business and
results of operations.
M. Accounts Receivable Allowance:
The Company established a reserve for uncollectible accounts receivable in
the amount of $220,000 at December 31, 1998. No significant charges were made
against this reserve as of December 31, 1998.
N. Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements:
In June 1997, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued Statement No.
131, "Disclosures About Segments of an Enterprise and Related Information"
("SFAS 131"), which establishes standards for the way that public business
enterprises report information about operating segments in quarterly and
annual financial statements. SFAS 131 changes segment reporting from an
industry segment basis to an operating segment basis defined based on how the
business is managed. The Company operates in only one segment, high-speed
digital communications services, and hence, separate segment reporting is not
applicable.
F-10
<PAGE>
COVAD COMMUNICATIONS GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS--(Continued)
2. Debt
On March 11, 1998, the Company completed a private placement (the "1998
Private Offering") through the issuance of 260,000 units (the "Units"), each
unit consisting of $1,000 in principal amount at maturity of 13 1/2% Senior
Discount Notes due 2008 (the "Notes") and one warrant, initially exercisable
to purchase 29.1564 shares of common stock, $0.001 par value, of the Company
(the "Unit Warrants"). Net proceeds from the 1998 Private Offering were
approximately $129.3 million, after transaction costs of approximately $5.8
million.
The principal amount of the Notes will accrete from the date of issuance at
the rate of 13 1/2% per annum through March 15, 2003, compounded semi-
annually, and thereafter bear interest at the rate of 13 1/2% per annum,
payable semi-annually, in arrears on March 15 and September 15 of each year,
commencing on September 15, 2003. The Notes are unsecured senior obligations
of the Company that will mature on March 15, 2008. The Notes will be
redeemable at the option of the Company at any time after March 15, 2003 plus
accrued and unpaid interest thereon, if any, to the redemption date.
The Notes were originally recorded at approximately $126.9 million, which
represents the $135.1 million in gross proceeds less the approximate $8.2
million value assigned to the Unit Warrants, which is included in additional
paid-in capital. The value assigned to the Unit Warrants, representing debt
discount, is being amortized over the life of the Notes. Debt issuance costs
were incurred through the issuance of additional warrants associated with the
commitment of equity by certain investors. The debt issuance costs are also
being amortized over the life of the Notes. For the year ended December 31,
1998, the accretion of the Notes and the amortization of debt discount and
debt issuance costs was $16 million, of which $15.1 million is included in
interest expense and $900,000 is capitalized in property, plant and equipment.
The Unit Warrants have ten year terms, have exercise prices of $0.0022 per
share (subject to adjustment in certain events), contain net exercise
provisions and are currently exercisable.
3. Capital Leases
The Company has entered into capital lease arrangements to finance the
acquisition of certain operating assets, two of which have bargain purchase
options. The principal value of these leases totaled $831,000 and $865,000 as
of December 31, 1997 and December 31, 1998, respectively, and was equivalent
to the fair value of the assets leased.
Future minimum lease payments under capital leases are as follows:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Year Ending December 31,
------------------------
<S> <C>
1999............................................................ 335,000
2000............................................................ 294,000
2001............................................................ 44,000
2002............................................................ 4,000
2003............................................................ --
Thereafter...................................................... --
--------
677,000
Less amount representing interest............................... (98,000)
Less current portion............................................ (263,000)
--------
Total long-term portion......................................... $316,000
========
</TABLE>
F-11
<PAGE>
COVAD COMMUNICATIONS GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS--(Continued)
Accumulated amortization for equipment under capital leases is reflected in
accumulated depreciation and amortization for property and equipment.
4. Operating Leases
The Company leases vehicles, equipment, and office space under various
operating leases. Future minimum lease payments by year under operating leases
are as follows:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Year Ending December 31,
------------------------
<S> <C>
1999........................................................... 2,656,000
2000........................................................... 2,105,000
2001........................................................... 2,159,000
2002........................................................... 1,436,000
2003........................................................... 506,000
Thereafter..................................................... 351,000
----------
Total........................................................ $9,213,000
==========
</TABLE>
Rental expense on operating leases totaled $131,000 and $1,507,000 for the
year ended December 31, 1997 and December 31, 1998, respectively.
5. Stockholders' Equity
Covad Communications Group, Inc.
Common Stock:
The number of shares of Common Stock authorized for issuance by the Company
is 65,000,000 shares with a par value of $.001 per share. Shares of Common
Stock outstanding at December 31, 1997 and December 31, 1998, were 17,041,806
and 17,660,995 shares, respectively, of which 10,549,660 and 7,159,624 shares,
respectively, remain subject to repurchase provisions which generally lapse
over a four year period from the date of issuance.
Common Stock reserved for future issuance as of December 31, 1998 is as
follows:
<TABLE>
<S> <C>
Convertible preferred stock..................................... 27,369,243
Outstanding and reserved options................................ 22,960,264
Outstanding warrants............................................ 10,483,146
----------
Total........................................................ 60,812,653
==========
</TABLE>
F-12
<PAGE>
COVAD COMMUNICATIONS GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS--(Continued)
Convertible Preferred Stock:
Convertible preferred stock consists of the following:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
December 31,
--------------
1997 1998
------ ------
<S> <C> <C>
Authorized shares--30,000,000
Series A preferred stock ($0.001 par value):
Authorized shares--750,000
Issued and outstanding shares--750,000 at December 31, 1997
and December 31, 1998..................................... $ 1 $ 1
Series B preferred stock ($0.001 par value):
Authorized shares--17,100,003
Issued and outstanding shares--17,000,001 at December 31,
1997 and 17,100,003 at December 31, 1998.................. 17 17
Series C preferred stock ($0.001 par value):
Authorized shares--11,149,287
Issued and outstanding shares--None at December 31, 1997
and 396,159 at December 31, 1998.......................... -- --
------ ------
$18 $18
====== ======
</TABLE>
In January 1999, all of the outstanding convertible Preferred Stock
converted into Common Stock (see Note 9).
Equity Commitment
On February 20, 1998, the Company entered into a Series C Preferred Stock
and Warrant Subscription Agreement (the "Subscription Agreement") with certain
of its investors (the "Series C Investors") pursuant to which the Series C
Investors have unconditionally agreed to purchase an aggregate of 5,764,143
shares of Series C Preferred Stock and warrants to purchase an aggregate of
4,729,500 shares of Series C Preferred Stock (the "Series C Warrants") for an
aggregate purchase price of $16.0 million at a date to be determined by the
Company but no later than March 11, 1999. The Company either has agreed to
call the Equity Commitment or to complete an alternate equity financing of at
least $16.0 million by March 11, 1999. In consideration of this commitment,
the Company has issued to the Series C Investors warrants to purchase an
aggregate of 2,541,222 shares of the Company's Common Stock at a purchase
price of $0.0022 per share (the "Common Warrants"). In January 1999, the
Company completed an alternative equity financing and, as a result, the Equity
Commitment will not be called (see Note 9).
On April 24, 1998, the Subscription Agreement was amended pursuant to an
Assignment and Assumption Agreement between the Company, the Series C
Investors, and a director of the Company whereby the Series C Investors
assigned to the director of the Company their obligation to purchase 36,015
shares of Series C Preferred Stock and 29,559 Series C Warrants for an
aggregate purchase price of $100,000. On the same date, the director purchased
36,015 shares of Series C Preferred Stock. As a result of this amendment, the
aggregate obligation of the Series C Investors to purchase Series C Preferred
Stock and Series C Warrants was reduced from 5,764,143 shares to 5,728,128
shares, and from 4,729,500 shares to 4,699,941 shares, respectively, for an
aggregate purchase price of $15.9 million, reduced from $16.0 million.
The Stock Purchase
On March 11, 1998, an investor in the Company purchased 360,144 shares of
Series C Preferred Stock and Series C Warrants to purchase an aggregate of
295,500 shares of Series C Preferred Stock for an aggregate
F-13
<PAGE>
COVAD COMMUNICATIONS GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS--(Continued)
purchase price of $1.0 million; provided, that the Company does not have any
obligation to issue such Series C Warrants to this investor until such time as
the Equity Commitment is called. In connection with its agreement to purchase
such Series C Preferred Stock and Series C Warrants, the Company issued to
this investor Common Warrants to purchase an aggregate of 158,778 shares of
Common Stock at a purchase price of $0.0022 per share.
Preferred Stock Dividends
The holders of Series A, Series B and Series C were entitled to receive in
any fiscal year, dividends at the rate of $0.0167 per share, $0.04 per share
and $0.2233 per share, respectively, payable in preference and priority to any
payment of dividends on Common Stock. The rights to such dividends were
cumulative and accrue to the holders to the extent they were not declared or
paid were payable, in cash or Common Stock, only in the event of a
liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company, or other liquidity
event (as defined in the Certificate of Incorporation). The cumulative
dividends at December 31, 1997 and December 31, 1998 for Preferred Stock were
$318,250 and $1,084,740, respectively, none of which has been declared or
paid.
6. Stock Options
In 1997, the Company adopted the Covad Communications Group, Inc. 1997
Stock Plan (the "Plan"). The Plan provides for the grant of stock purchase
rights and options to purchase shares of Common Stock to employees and
consultants from time to time as determined by the Board of Directors. The
options expire from two to eight years after the date of grant. As of December
31, 1998 the Plan has reserved 23,280,513 shares of the Company's Common Stock
for sale and issuance under the Plan at prices to be determined by the Board
of Directors.
The following is a summary of the status of stock options outstanding at
December 31, 1998:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Options Outstanding Options Exercisable
------------------------ ------------------------
Weighted- Weighted- Weighted-
Exercise Price Number of Average Life Average Number of Average
Range Shares Remaining Exercise Price Shares Exercise Price
-------------- --------- ------------ -------------- --------- --------------
<C> <S> <C> <C> <C> <C>
$0.022--$0.445.. 9,754,542 6.4 years $0.1783 2,663,751 $0.1115
$0.667--$1.085.. 4,173,748 7.5 years $0.7692 70,305 $1.0847
$3.83........... 2,158,203 7.6 years $3.8333 6,558 $3.8333
$4.92 --$5.29... 1,967,941 7.7 years $5.1827 12,099 $5.1155
$5.44........... 293,250 7.9 years $5.4400 750 $5.4400
</TABLE>
The following table summarizes stock option activity for the year ended
December 31, 1997 and December 31, 1998:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Number of Shares Option Price
of Common Stock Per Share
---------------- --------------
<S> <C> <C>
Balance as of December 31, 1996........... -- N/A
Granted................................... 5,765,625 $0.022--$0.033
Exercised................................. (9,000) $0.022
Forfeited................................. (49,500) $0.022--$0.033
---------- --------------
Balance as of December 31, 1997........... 5,707,125 $0.022--$0.033
Granted................................... 14,038,467 $0.067--$5.44
Exercised................................. (311,248) $0.022--$0.445
Forfeited................................. (1,086,658) $0.022--$5.29
---------- --------------
Balance as of December 31, 1998........... 18,347,686 $0.022--$5.44
========== ==============
</TABLE>
F-14
<PAGE>
COVAD COMMUNICATIONS GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS--(Continued)
The Company has elected to follow Accounting Principles Board Opinion No.
25, "Accounting for Stock Issued to Employees," ("APB 25") and related
interpretations in accounting for its employee stock options and the
disclosure only provisions of SFAS No. 123, "Accounting and Disclosure of
Stock-Based Compensation," ("SFAS 123"). Under APB 25, compensation expense is
recognized based on the amount by which the fair value of the underlying
common stock exceeds the exercise price of stock options at the date of grant.
During the year ended December 31, 1997, the Company recorded deferred
compensation of $906,000 as a result of granting stock options and issuing
restricted stock with exercise or issue prices per share below the revised
fair value per share of the Company's common stock at the date of grant or
issuance. This amount was recorded as a reduction of stockholders' equity and
is being amortized as a charge to operations over the vesting period of the
applicable options. Such amortization was $295,000 for the year ended
December 31, 1997. During the year ended December 31, 1998, the Company
recorded additional deferred compensation of approximately $8.1 million.
Amortization of deferred compensation during this same period was
approximately $4.0 million.
Stock-Based Compensation
Pro forma information regarding results of operations and loss per share is
required by SFAS 123 as if the Company had accounted for its stock-based
awards under the fair value method of SFAS 123. The fair value of the
Company's stock-based awards to employees has been estimated using the minimum
value option pricing model which does not consider stock price volatility.
Because the Company does not have actively traded equity securities,
volatility is not considered in determining the fair value of stock-based
awards to employees.
For the year ended December 31, 1997 and December 31, 1998, the fair value
of the Company's stock-based awards to employees was estimated using the
following weighted average assumptions:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
1997 1998
---- ----
<S> <C> <C>
Expected life of options in years.............................. 4.0 4.0
Risk-free interest rate........................................ 7.0% 7.0%
Expected dividend yield........................................ 0.00% 0.00%
</TABLE>
The weighted average fair value of stock options granted during the year
ended December 31, 1997 and December 31, 1998 was $0.17 and $1.37 per share,
respectively. For pro forma purposes, the estimated fair value of the
Company's stock-based awards to employees is amortized over the options'
vesting period which would result in an increase in net loss of approximately
$12,000 and $1.7 million for the year ended December 31, 1997 and 1998,
respectively. The result of applying SFAS 123 to the Company's option grants
was not material to the results of operations or loss per share for the year
ended December 31, 1997 and would have increased the net loss per share by
$0.20 per share for the year ended December 31, 1998.
7. Related Party Transactions
The Company purchases equipment from a supplier which is partially owned by
an investor in the Company. Purchases from this supplier totaled $85,000 and
$5.8 million for the years ending December 31, 1997 and December 31, 1998,
respectively.
8. Legal Proceedings
The Company is engaged in a variety of negotiations, arbitrations and
regulatory and court proceedings with incumbent local exchange carriers
("ILECs"). These negotiations, arbitrations and proceedings concern the ILECs'
denial of physical collocation space to the Company in certain central
offices, the cost and delivery of
F-15
<PAGE>
COVAD COMMUNICATIONS GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS--(Continued)
collocation spaces, the delivery of transmission facilities and telephone
lines, billing issues, alleged patent infringements and other operational
issues. Failure to resolve any of these matters without undue delay or expense
could have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, prospects,
operating results and financial condition. The Company is not currently
engaged in any other legal proceedings that it believes could have a material
adverse effect on the Company's business, prospects, operating results and
financial condition. The Company is, however, subject to state commission, FCC
and court decisions as they relate to the interpretation and implementation of
the Telecommunications Act of 1996, the interpretation of competitive local
exchange carrier interconnection agreements in general and the Company's
interconnection agreements in particular. In some cases, the Company may be
deemed to be bound by the results of ongoing proceedings of these bodies or
the legal outcomes of other contested interconnection agreements that are
similar to the Company's agreements. The results of any of these proceedings
could have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, prospects,
operating results and financial condition.
9. Subsequent Events
In January 1999, the Company entered into strategic relationships with AT&T
Corp. ("AT&T"), NEXTLINK Communications, Inc. ("NEXTLINK") and Qwest
Communications Corporation ("QCC"). As part of these strategic relationships,
the Company received equity investments of $25 million from AT&T's venture
capital arm and two affiliated funds, $20 million from NEXTLINK and $15
million from QCC's wholly owned subsidiary, U.S. Telesource, Inc. (as used
herein, "Qwest" refers to QCC or its subsidiary, as applicable). The Company
intends to record intangible assets of $28.7 million associated with these
transactions. Furthermore, AT&T, NEXTLINK and Qwest each entered into
commercial agreements with the Company providing for the purchase, marketing
and resale of the Company's services, the purchase by the Company of fiber
optic transport bandwidth, and collocation of network equipment. In addition,
the equity investments by AT&T, NEXTLINK and Qwest satisfied the conditions of
an alternate equity financing and thus the Equity Commitment will not be
called.
On January 27, 1999, the Company completed the Initial Public Offering
("IPO") of 13,455,000 split-adjusted shares of Common Stock at a split-
adjusted initial public offering price of $12.00 per share. Net proceeds to
the Company from the IPO were $150.2 million after deducting underwriting
discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by the
Company. As a result of the IPO, all shares of Preferred Stock, including
shares issued in the above-mentioned strategic transactions, were converted
into Common Stock, all cumulative but unpaid dividends on Series A and Series
B were paid in Common Stock and the Common Warrants were exercised.
On February 11, 1999 the Company issued 12 1/2% Senior Notes due February
15, 2009 through a private placement. Interest is due and payable in cash on
February 15 and August 15 of each year, beginning on August 15, 1999. Net
proceeds to the Company were approximately $205.1 million after discounts,
commissions and other transaction costs of approximately $9.9 million.
Approximately $74.1 million of the net proceeds will be used to purchase
pledged securities representing sufficient funds to pay the first six
scheduled interest payments on the notes.
F-16
<PAGE>
COVAD COMMUNICATIONS GROUP, INC.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(Amounts in 000's, except share and per share amounts)
(unaudited)
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
March 31,
1999
---------
<S> <C>
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents............................................ $341,803
Accounts receivable, net ............................................ 3,629
Unbilled revenue..................................................... 1,642
Inventories.......................................................... 3,316
Prepaid expenses..................................................... 3,424
Other current assets................................................. 985
--------
Total current assets.............................................. 354,799
Property and equipment:
Networks and communication equipment................................. 95,785
Computer equipment................................................... 6,508
Furniture and fixtures............................................... 1,266
Leasehold improvements............................................... 1,864
--------
105,423
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization....................... (6,227)
--------
Net property and equipment........................................ 99,196
Other assets:
Restricted investments............................................... 74,740
Deposits............................................................. 348
Deferred debt issuance costs (net)................................... 13,307
Deferred charge (net)................................................ 26,805
Other long term assets............................................... 8,043
--------
Total other assets................................................ 123,243
--------
Total assets...................................................... $577,238
========
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable..................................................... $ 18,240
Unearned revenue..................................................... 1,079
Accrued network costs................................................ 1,972
Other accrued liabilities............................................ 10,114
Current portion of capital lease obligations......................... 273
--------
Total current liabilities......................................... 31,678
Long-term debt (net of discount)..................................... 357,950
Long-term capital lease obligations.................................. 241
--------
Total liabilities................................................. 389,869
Stockholders' equity:
Preferred stock ($0.001 par value):
Authorized shares--5,000,000
Issued and outstanding shares--none................................. --
Common stock ($0.001 par value):
Authorized shares--190,000,000
Issued and outstanding shares--63,427,407........................... 63
Common stock--Class B ($0.001 par value):
Authorized shares--10,000,000
Issued and outstanding shares--6,379,177............................ 6
Additional paid-in capital........................................... 270,672
Deferred compensation................................................ (3,735)
Retained earnings (deficit).......................................... (79,637)
--------
Total stockholders' equity........................................ 187,369
--------
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity........................ $577,238
========
</TABLE>
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
F-17
<PAGE>
COVAD COMMUNICATIONS GROUP, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(Amounts in 000's, except share and per share amounts)
(unaudited)
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Three Months Ended
March 31,
---------------------
1998 1999
--------- ----------
<S> <C> <C>
Revenues............................................... $ 186 $ 5,596
Operating expenses:
Network and product costs............................ 203 4,960
Sales, marketing, general and administrative......... 1,944 18,113
Amortization of deferred compensation................ 227 1,653
Depreciation and amortization........................ 164 4,647
--------- ----------
Total operating expenses........................... 2,538 29,373
--------- ----------
Income (loss) from operations.......................... (2,352) (23,777)
Interest income (expense):
Interest income...................................... 435 3,509
Interest expense..................................... (864) (8,636)
--------- ----------
Net interest income (expense)........................ (429) (5,127)
--------- ----------
Net income (loss)...................................... $ (2,781) $ (28,904)
========= ==========
Basic and diluted net income (loss) per common share... $ (0.39) $ (0.56)
Weighted average shares used in computing basic and
diluted net income (loss) per common share............ 7,118,160 53,621,977
</TABLE>
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
F-18
<PAGE>
COVAD COMMUNICATIONS GROUP, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY (NET CAPITAL DEFICIENCY)
(Amounts in 000's, except share amounts)
(unaudited)
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Convertible
Preferred Stock Common Stock
------------------- -----------------
Total
Stockholders'
Additional Retained Equity (Net
Paid-In Deferred Earnings Capital
Shares Amount Shares Amount Capital Compensation (Deficit) Deficiency)
----------- ------ ---------- ------ ---------- ------------ --------- -------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Balance at December 31,
1998................... 18,246,162 $ 18 17,660,995 $18 $ 30,679 $(4,688) $(50,733) $(24,706)
Issuance of common stock
(net of $11,246 of
financing costs)....... -- -- 15,608,485 15 150,682 -- -- 150,697
Issuance of series C1
and D1 preferred
stock.................. 6,379,177 6 -- -- 59,994 -- -- 60,000
Deferred charge related
to issuance of series
C1 and D1 preferred
stock.................. -- -- -- -- 28,700 -- -- 28,700
Issuance of common stock
upon exercise of common
warrants............... -- -- 2,699,626 3 3 -- -- 6
Conversion of series A,
series B, and series C
preferred stock........ (18,246,162) (18) 27,369,243 27 (9) -- -- --
Conversion of series C1
and D1 preferred
stock.................. (6,379,177) (6) 6,379,177 6 -- -- -- --
Preferred dividend...... -- -- 89,058 -- (77) -- -- (77)
Deferred compensation... -- -- -- -- 700 (700) -- --
Amortization of deferred
compensation........... -- -- -- -- -- 1,653 -- 1,653
Net loss................ -- -- -- -- -- -- (28,904) (28,904)
----------- ---- ---------- --- -------- ------- -------- --------
Balance at March 31,
1999................... -- $ -- 69,806,584 $69 $270,672 $(3,735) $(79,637) $187,369
=========== ==== ========== === ======== ======= ======== ========
</TABLE>
F-19
<PAGE>
COVAD COMMUNICATIONS GROUP, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(Amounts in 000's)
(unaudited)
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Three Months Ended
March 31,
-------------------
1998 1999
-------- ---------
<S> <C> <C>
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities...... $ 521 $ (15,254)
Investing activities:
Purchase of restricted investments....................... -- (74,103)
Deposits................................................. -- (11)
Other long-term assets................................... -- (6,132)
Purchase of property and equipment....................... (3,802) (42,802)
-------- ---------
Net cash used in investing activities ................... (3,802) (123,048)
Financing activities:
Net proceeds from issuance of long-term debt and
warrants................................................ 129,622 --
Net proceeds from issuance of long-term debt............. -- 205,094
Principal payments under capital lease obligations....... (61) (65)
Proceeds from common stock issuance, net of offering
costs................................................... -- 150,703
Proceeds from preferred stock issuance................... 1,100 60,000
Preferred dividends...................................... -- (77)
-------- ---------
Net cash provided by financing activities................ 130,661 415,655
-------- ---------
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents................ 127,380 277,353
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period......... 4,378 64,450
-------- ---------
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period............... $131,758 $ 341,803
======== =========
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:
Cash paid during the period for interest............... $ 24 $ 31
======== =========
Supplemental schedule of non-cash investing and financing
activities:
Warrants issued for equity commitment.................. $ 2,928 $ --
======== =========
</TABLE>
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
F-20
<PAGE>
COVAD COMMUNICATIONS GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
A. Basis of Presentation
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally
accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and
assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements.
Actual results may differ from those estimates.
The consolidated financial statements of the Company include the accounts
of all of its wholly-owned subsidiaries. There were no intercompany accounts
and transactions which required elimination.
The financial statements as of March 31, 1999 and for the three month
periods ended March 31, 1998 and 1999 are unaudited, but include all
adjustments (consisting only of normal recurring adjustments) that the Company
considers necessary for a fair presentation of financial position and
operating results. Operating results for the three month periods ended March
31, 1998 and 1999 are not necessarily indicative of results that may be
expected for any future periods.
These interim consolidated financial statements should be read in
conjunction with the Company's audited consolidated financial statements and
notes thereto included elsewhere herein.
B. Earnings (Loss) Per Share
Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing income or loss applicable
to common shareholders by the weighted average number of shares of the
Company's common stock ("Common Stock"), after giving consideration to shares
subject to repurchase, outstanding during the period.
Diluted earnings per share is determined in the same manner as basic
earnings per share except that the number of shares is increased assuming
exercise of dilutive stock options and warrants using the treasury stock
method and conversion of the Company's convertible preferred stock ("Preferred
Stock"). In addition, income or loss is adjusted for dividends and other
transactions relating to preferred shares for which conversion is assumed. The
diluted earnings per share amount has not been reported because the Company
has a net loss and the impact of the assumed exercise of the stock options and
warrants and the assumed preferred stock conversion is not dilutive.
Under the Company's Certificate of Incorporation, all outstanding Preferred
Stock converted into Common Stock on a one-for-one basis upon the completion
of the Company's initial public offering of Common Stock in January 1999 (see
note 3).
The consolidated financial statements applicable to the prior periods have
been restated to reflect a two-for-one stock split effective May 1998, a
three-for-two stock split effective August 1998, and a three-for-two Common
Stock split effective May 1999.
F-21
<PAGE>
COVAD COMMUNICATIONS GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS--(Continued)
The following table presents the calculation of basic and diluted net
income (loss) per share (in thousands, except share and per share amounts):
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Three Months Ended
March 31,
------------------------
1998 1999
----------- -----------
<S> <C> <C>
Net loss............................................. $ (2,781) $ (28,904)
Preferred dividends................................ -- (1,146)
----------- -----------
Net loss available to common stockholders............ $ (2,781) $ (30,050)
Basic and diluted:
Weighted average shares of common stock
outstanding....................................... 17,045,556 60,179,685
Less: Weighted average shares subject to
repurchase........................................ 9,927,396 6,557,708
----------- -----------
Weighted average shares used in computing basic and
diluted
net income (loss) per share......................... 7,118,160 53,621,977
=========== ===========
Basic and diluted net income (loss) per share........ $ (0.39) $ (0.56)
=========== ===========
</TABLE>
2. Debt
On February 18, 1999, the Company completed a private placement (the "1999
Notes") of $215 million aggregate principal amount of our 12 1/2% senior notes
due 2009. Net proceeds from the 1999 Notes were approximately $205.1 million,
after discounts, commissions and other transaction costs of approximately
$9.9 million.
The 1999 Notes will bear interest at a fixed annual rate of 12 1/2%, to be
paid in cash every six months on February 15 and August 15, beginning August
15, 1999. Approximately $74.1 million of the net proceeds was used to purchase
government securities representing sufficient funds to pay the first six
scheduled interest payments on the 1999 Notes. This reserve, along with earned
interest, is recorded as restricted investments on the accompanying balance
sheet.
The 1999 Notes are unsecured senior obligations of the Company that will
mature on February 15, 2009. After Februrary 15, 2004, the Company may redeem
all or a part of these 1999 Notes upon not less than 30 days nor more than 60
days' notice, at stated redemption prices (expressed as percentages of
principal amount) which decline to 100% after February 15, 2007, plus accrued
and unpaid interest thereon.
The 1999 Notes were originally recorded at approximately $210.5 million,
which represents the $215.0 million in gross proceeds less the discount of
approximately $4.5 million. This discount is being amortized over the life of
the 1999 Notes. Debt issuance costs of approximately $5.5 million were
incurred and are also being amortized over the life of the 1999 Notes. For the
three months ended March 31, 1999, the amortization of debt discount and debt
issuance costs was $56,000 and $68,000, respectively.
F-22
<PAGE>
COVAD COMMUNICATIONS GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS--(Continued)
3. Stockholders' Equity
Covad Communications Group, Inc.
Strategic Investment:
In January 1999, the Company entered into strategic relationships with AT&T
Corp. ("AT&T"), NEXTLINK Communications, Inc. ("NEXTLINK") and Qwest
Communications Corporation ("QCC"). As part of these strategic relationships,
the Company received equity investments of $25 million from AT&T's venture
capital arm and two affiliated funds, $20 million from NEXTLINK and $15
million from QCC's wholly owned subsidiary, U.S. Telesource, Inc. (as used
herein, "Qwest" refers to QCC or its subsidiary, as applicable). AT&T,
NEXTLINK and Qwest each received shares of Preferred Stock which was converted
into Class B Common Stock upon the Company's initial public offering ("IPO").
The Company recorded intangible assets of $28.7 million associated with these
transactions which will be amortized over periods of three to six years.
Furthermore, AT&T, NEXTLINK and Qwest each entered into commercial agreements
with the Company providing for the purchase, marketing and resale of the
Company's services, the purchase by the Company of fiber optic transport
bandwidth, and collocation of network equipment.
Initial Public Offering:
On January 27, 1999, the Company completed the IPO of 13,455,000 split-
adjusted shares of the Company's Common Stock at a split-adjusted price of
$12.00 per share. Net proceeds to the Company from the IPO were $150.2 million
after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering
expenses payable by the Company. As a result of the IPO, 27,369,243 split-
adjusted shares of Common Stock and 6,379,177 shares of Class B Common Stock
(which are convertible into 9,568,765 split-adjusted shares of Common Stock)
were issued upon the conversion of Preferred Stock, 89,058 split-adjusted
shares of Common Stock were issued for cumulative but unpaid dividends on
series A and series B Preferred Stock and 2,699,626 split-adjusted shares of
Common Stock were issued upon the exercise of common warrants.
4. Subsequent Events
On April 22, 1999, the Company completed an offer to exchange all
outstanding 12 1/2% Senior Notes due February 15, 2009 for 12 1/2% Senior
Notes due February 15, 2009, which have been registered under the Securities
Act of 1933. The consolidated financial statements applicable to the prior
period have been restated to reflect a three-for-two stock split effective in
May 1999 for Common Stock.
F-23
<PAGE>
[INSIDE BACK COVER]
[TELESPEED/TELESURFER SERVICE GRAPHIC]
First Header: The TeleSpeed(R)/TeleSurfer(SM) Service
Second Header: Covad Regional Network.
Description: Graphic illustration of Covad's Network Operations Center
connected by lines representing the Company's DSL subscriber lines to graph
illustrations of two homes, a business, a corporation and an internet service
provider. The graphic illustration of the internet service provider by a
shaded area imprinted with "www" representing the Internet.
Caption: Advantages: FAST--Enables high-speed downloading of Web pages and
files. ALWAYS ON--No dial-up process required. SECURE--A dedicated connection
to the home or business.
<PAGE>
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You should rely only on the information contained in this prospectus. We have
not authorized anyone to provide you with different or additional information.
This prospectus is not an offer to sell nor is it seeking an offer to buy
shares of our common stock in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not
permitted. The information contained in this prospectus is correct only as of
the date of this prospectus, regardless of the time of the delivery of this
prospectus or any sale of our common stock.
------------------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
------------------
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Page
----
<S> <C>
Prospectus Summary....................................................... 1
Risk Factors............................................................. 5
Use of Proceeds.......................................................... 20
Dividend Policy.......................................................... 20
Price Range of our Common Stock.......................................... 20
Capitalization........................................................... 21
Dilution................................................................. 22
Selected Consolidated Financial Data..................................... 23
Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results
of Operations........................................................... 25
Business................................................................. 34
Management............................................................... 53
Certain Relationships and Related Transactions........................... 64
Principal and Selling Stockholders....................................... 68
Description of Capital Stock............................................. 71
Shares Eligible for Future Sale.......................................... 74
Underwriting............................................................. 76
Where You Can Find More Information...................................... 78
Legal Matters............................................................ 78
Experts.................................................................. 78
Index to Financial Statements............................................ F-1
</TABLE>
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7,500,000 Shares
[LOGO OF COVAD]
Covad Communications
Group, Inc.
Common Stock
-------------
PROSPECTUS
-------------
Bear, Stearns & Co. Inc.
Morgan Stanley Dean Witter
---------------
BT Alex. Brown
Credit Suisse First Boston
Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette
Wit Capital Corporation
, 1999
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