WILLIAMS INDUSTRIES INC
8-K, 1998-09-04
CONSTRUCTION - SPECIAL TRADE CONTRACTORS
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                 SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

                       WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

                              FORM 8-K

                           CURRENT REPORT

                Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of 
                the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

Date of Report (Date of earliest event reported) September 3, 
1998


                  Williams Industries, Incorporated
         (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)


       Virginia              0-8190              54-0899518
   (State or other         (Commission        (I.R.S. Employer
   jurisdiction of         File Number)      identification No.)
    incorporation)

  2849 Meadow View Road, Falls Church, Virginia        22042 
    (Address of principal executive offices)         (Zip Code)

                        (703) 560-5196
       (Registrant's telephone number, including area code)

                        Not Applicable
  (Former names or former address if changes since last report)


Item 5. Other Events.

     This filing is made to report the adoption by the Board of 
Directors of Amended and Restated By-Laws of the Corporation, 
which revised document is filed in its entirety by Exhibit 
hereto.

ITEM 7.  Exhibits

         EX 3    By-Laws 


                          SIGNATURES

     Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act 
of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed 
on its behalf by the undersigned hereunto duly authorized.

                             WILLIAMS INDUSTRIES, INCORPORATED


Date: September 4, 1998      /s/ Frank E. Williams, III
                             By: Frank E. Williams, III
                                 President


                               BY-LAWS

                                  OF

                  WILLIAMS INDUSTRIES, INCORPORATED


ARTICLE I.  OFFICES

     The principal office of the corporation in the Commonwealth 
of Virginia shall be located in the County of Fairfax.  The 
corporation may have such other offices, either within or 
without 
the Commonwealth of Virginia, as the Board of Directors may 
designate or as the business of the corporation may require from 
time to time.


ARTICLE II.  SHAREHOLDERS

     SECTION 1.  Annual Meeting.   The annual meeting of the 
shareholders shall be held in the month of November at a date, 
hour and place to be fixed by the Board of Directors.  The 
annual 
meeting shall be so held for the purpose of electing Directors 
and 
for the transaction of such other business as may come before 
the 
meeting.  If the election of Directors shall not be held on the 
day designated herein for any annual meeting of the 
shareholders, 
or at any adjournment thereof, the Board of Directors shall 
cause 
the election to be held at a special meeting of the shareholders 
as soon thereafter as conveniently may be.

     SECTION 2.  Special Meetings.  Special meetings of the 
shareholders, for any purpose or purposes, unless otherwise 
prescribed by statute, may be called only by the Chairman, Vice 
Chairman, President or by the Board of Directors.  

     SECTION 3.  Place of Meeting.  The Board of Directors may 
designate any place, either within or without the Commonwealth 
of 
Virginia unless otherwise prescribed by statute, as the place of 
meeting for any annual meeting or for any special meeting called 
by the Board of Directors.  A waiver of notice signed by all 
shareholders entitled to vote at a meeting may designate any 
place, either within or without the Commonwealth of Virginia, 
unless otherwise prescribed by statute, as the place for the 
holding of such meeting.  If no designation is made, or if a 
special meeting be otherwise called, the place of meeting shall 
be 
the principal office of the corporation in the Commonwealth of 
Virginia.

     SECTION 4.  Notice of Meeting.  Written notice stating the 
place, day and hour of the meeting and, in case of special 
meeting, the purpose or purposes for which the meeting is 
called, 
shall unless otherwise prescribed by statute, be delivered not 
less than ten nor more than sixty days before the date of the 
meeting, either personally, by facsimile transmission or by 
mail, 
by or at the direction of the Chairman, or the Secretary, or the 
officer or persons calling the meeting, to each shareholder of 
record entitled to vote at such meeting.  If mailed, such notice 
shall be deemed to be delivered when deposited, postage prepaid, 
in the United States mail addressed to the shareholder at his 
address as it appears on the stock transfer books of the 
Corporation.     

     SECTION 5.  Closing of Transfer Books or Fixing of Record 
Date.  For the purpose of determining shareholders entitled to 
notice of or to vote at any meeting of shareholders or any 
adjournment thereof, or shareholders entitled to receive payment 
of any dividend, or in order to make a determination of 
shareholders for any other proper purpose, the Board of 
Directors 
of the corporation may provide that the stock transfer books 
shall
be closed for a stated period but not to exceed, in any case, 
seventy days. In lieu of closing the stock transfer books, the 
Board of Directors may fix in advance a date as the record date 
for any such determination of shareholders, such date in any 
case 
to be not more than seventy days prior to the date on which the 
particular action, requiring such determination of shareholders, 
is to be taken.  If the stock transfer books are not closed and 
no 
record date is fixed for the determination of shareholders 
entitled to notice of or to vote at a meeting of shareholders, 
or 
shareholders entitled to  receive payment of a dividend, the 
date 
on which notice of the meeting is mailed or the date on which 
the 
resolution of the Board of Directors declaring such dividend is 
adopted, as the case may be, shall be the record date for such 
determination of shareholders.  When a determination of 
shareholders entitled to vote at any  meeting of shareholders 
has 
been made as provided in this section, such determination shall 
apply to any  adjournment thereof.

     SECTION 6.  Voting Lists.  The officer or agent having 
charge 
of the stock transfer books for shares of the corporation shall 
make a complete list of the shareholders entitled to vote at 
each 
meeting of shareholders or any adjournment thereof, arranged in 
alphabetical order, with the address of and the number of shares 
held by each.  Such list shall be produced and kept open at the 
time and place of the meeting and shall be subject to the 
inspection of any shareholder during the whole time of the 
meeting 
for the purpose thereof.

     SECTION 7.  Quorum.  A majority of the outstanding shares 
of 
the corporation entitled to vote, represented in person or by 
proxy, shall constitute a quorum at a meeting of shareholders.  
If 
less than a  majority of the outstanding shares are represented 
at 
a meeting, a majority of the shares so represented may adjourn 
the 
meeting from time to time without further notice.  At such 
adjourned meeting at which a quorum shall be present or 
represented, any business may be transacted which might have 
been 
transacted at the meeting as originally noticed.  The 
shareholders 
present at a duly organized meeting may continue  to transact 
business until adjournment, notwithstanding the withdrawal of 
enough shareholders to leave less than a quorum.

     SECTION 8.  Proxies.  At all meetings of shareholders, a 
shareholder may vote in person or by proxy executed in writing 
by 
shareholder or by his duly authorized attorney in fact.  Such 
proxy shall be filed with the secretary of the Corporation 
before 
or at the time of the meeting.  No proxy shall be valid after 
eleven (11) months from the date of its execution, unless 
otherwise provided in the proxy.

     SECTION 9.  Voting  of Shares.  Subject to the provisions 
of 
Section 12 of this Article II, each outstanding share entitled 
to 
vote shall be entitled to one vote upon each matter submitted to 
a 
vote at a meeting of shareholders.

     SECTION 10.  Voting of Shares by Certain Holders.  Shares 
standing in the name of another corporation may be voted by such 
officer, agent or proxy as the By-Laws of such corporation may 
prescribe, or, in the absence of such provision, as the board of 
directors of such corporation may determine.
     Shares held by an administrator, executor, guardian or 
conservator may be voted by him, either in person or by proxy, 
without a transfer of such shares into his name.  Shares 
standing 
in the name of a trustee may be voted by him, either in person 
or 
by proxy, but no trustee shall be entitled to vote shares held 
by 
him without a transfer of such shares into his name.
     Shares standing in the name of a receiver may be voted by 
such receiver, and shares held by or under the control of a 
receiver may be voted by such receiver without the transfer 
thereof into his name if authority so to do be contained in an 
appropriate order of the court by which such receiver was 
appointed.
     A shareholder whose shares are pledged shall be entitled to 
vote such shares until the shares have been transferred into the 
name of the pledgee, and thereafter the pledgee shall be 
entitled 
to vote the shares so transferred.
     Shares of its own stock belonging to the Corporation shall 
not be voted, directly or indirectly, at any meeting, and shall 
not be counted in determining the total number of outstanding 
shares at any given time.

     SECTION 11.  Informal Action by Shareholders.  Unless 
otherwise provided by law, any action required to be taken at a 
meeting of the shareholders, or any other action which may be 
taken at a meeting of the shareholders, may be taken without a 
meeting if a consent in writing, setting forth the action so 
taken, shall be signed by all of the shareholders entitled to 
vote 
with respect to the subject matter thereof.

     SECTION 12.  Voting for Board of Directors.  At each 
election 
for Directors every shareholder entitled to vote at such 
election 
shall have the right to vote, in person or by proxy, the number 
of 
shares owned by him for as many persons as there are Directors 
to 
be elected and for whose election he has a right to vote, or to 
cumulate his votes by giving one candidate as many votes as the 
number of such Directors multiplied by the number of his shares 
shall equal, or by distributing such votes on the same principle 
among any number of candidates.

     SECTION 13.  Shareholder Business.  To be properly brought 
before a meeting of shareholders, business must be (a) specified 
in the notice of meeting (or any supplement thereto) given by or 
at the direction of the Board of Directors, (b) otherwise 
properly 
brought before the meeting by or at the direction of the Board 
of 
Directors or as required by applicable law or regulation, or (c) 
otherwise properly brought before an annual meeting by a 
shareholder.  In addition to any other applicable requirements, 
for business to be properly brought before an annual meeting by 
a 
shareholder, the shareholder must have given timely notice 
thereof 
in writing to the Secretary of the Corporation.  To be timely, a 
shareholder's notice must be given, either by personal delivery 
or 
by United States registered or certified mail, postage prepaid, 
to 
the Secretary of the Corporation not later than sixty days prior 
to the date of the anniversary of the immediately preceding 
annual 
meeting.  A shareholder's notice to the Secretary shall set 
forth 
as to each matter the shareholder proposes to bring before the 
annual meeting: (i) a brief description of the business desired 
to 
be brought before the annual meeting, including the complete 
text 
of any resolutions to be presented at the annual meeting, with 
respect to such business, and the reasons for conducting such 
business at the meeting, (ii) the name and address of record of 
the shareholder proposing such business, (iii) the number of 
shares of the Corporation that are beneficially owned by the 
shareholder, and (iv) any material interest of the shareholder 
in 
such business.  In the event that a shareholder attempts to 
bring 
business before an annual meeting without complying with the 
foregoing procedure, the chairman of the meeting may declare to 
the meeting that the business is out of order and not properly 
brought before the meeting and, if he shall so declare, such 
business shall not be transacted. 


ARTICLE III.  BOARD OF DIRECTORS

     SECTION 1.  General Powers.  The business and affairs of 
the 
corporation shall be managed by its Board of Directors.

     SECTION 2.  Number, Tenure and Qualifications.  The number 
of 
directors of the corporation shall be not more than nine (9) nor 
fewer than three (3).  Within such range, the Board of Directors 
shall fix the number of directors to stand for each annual 
election by resolution adopted more than twenty-one days before 
the date of the annual meeting.  No person shall serve as a 
director if such nominee will reach the age of seventy five 
during 
his term of office.  Each director shall hold office until the 
next annual meeting of shareholders and until his successor 
shall 
have been elected and qualified.  Nominations for the election 
of 
directors shall be made by the Board of Directors or by any 
shareholder entitled to vote in elections of directors.  
However, 
any shareholder entitled to vote in elections of directors may 
nominate one or more persons for election as directors at an 
annual meeting only if written notice of such shareholder's 
intent
to make such nomination has been given, either by personal 
delivery or by United States registered or certified mail, 
postage 
prepaid, to the Secretary of the Corporation not later than 
sixty 
days prior to the date of the anniversary of the immediately 
preceding annual meeting.  Each notice shall set forth: (i) the 
name and address of the shareholder who intends to make the 
nomination and of the person or persons to be nominated, (ii) a 
representation that the shareholder is a holder of record of 
shares of the Corporation entitled to vote at such meeting and 
intends to appear in person or by proxy at the meeting to 
nominate 
the person or persons specified in the notice, (iii) a 
description 
of all arrangements, understandings, or relationships between 
the 
shareholder and each nominee and any other person or persons 
(naming such person or persons) pursuant to which the nomination 
or nominations are to be made by the shareholder, and (iv) such 
other information regarding each nominee proposed by such 
shareholder as would be required to be included in a proxy 
statement filed pursuant to the proxy rules of the Securities 
and 
Exchange Commission, had the nominee been nominated, or intended 
to be nominated, by the Board of Directors, and shall include a 
consent signed by each such nominee to serve as a director of 
the 
Corporation if so elected.  The chairman of the meeting may rule 
out of order and refuse to acknowledge the nomination of any 
person not made in compliance with the foregoing procedure.  

     SECTION 3.  Regular Meetings.  A regular meeting of the 
Board 
of Directors shall be held without other notice than this by-law 
immediately after, and at the same place as, the annual meeting 
of 
shareholders.  The Board of Directors may provide, by 
resolution, 
the time and place for the holding of additional regular 
meetings 
without other notice than such resolution.

     SECTION 4.  Special Meetings.  Special meetings of the 
Board 
of Directors may be called by or at the request of the Chairman, 
the Vice Chairman, the President or any two Directors.  The 
person 
or persons authorized to call special meetings of the Board of 
Directors may fix the place for holding any special meeting of 
the 
Board of Directors called by them.

     SECTION 5.  Notice.  Notice of any special meeting shall be 
given at least two (2) days previously thereto by written notice 
delivered personally, transmitted by facsimile or mailed to each 
director at his business address, or by telegram.  If mailed, 
such 
notice shall be deemed to be delivered when received.  If notice 
be given by telegram, such notice shall be deemed to be 
delivered 
when the telegram is delivered to the telegraph company.  Any 
director may waive notice of any meeting.  The attendance of a 
director at a meeting shall constitute a waiver of notice of 
such 
meeting, except where a director attends a meeting for the 
express 
purpose of objecting to the transaction of any business because 
the meeting is not lawfully called or convened.

     SECTION 6.  Quorum.  A majority of the number of directors 
serving pursuant to Section 2 or Section 9 of this Article III 
shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business at any 
meeting of the Board of Directors, but if less than such 
majority 
is present at a meeting, a majority of the directors present may 
adjourn the meeting from time to time without further notice.

     SECTION 7.  Manner of Acting.  The act of the majority of 
the 
directors present at a meeting at which a quorum is present 
shall 
be the act of the Board of Directors.

     SECTION 8.  Action Without a Meeting.  Any action that may 
be 
taken by the Board of Directors at a meeting may be taken 
without 
a meeting if a consent in writing, setting forth the action so 
to 
be taken, shall be signed before such action by all of the 
Directors.

     SECTION 9.  Vacancies.  Any vacancy occurring in the Board 
of 
Directors may be filled by the affirmative vote of a majority of 
the remaining directors though less than a quorum of the Board 
of 
Directors, unless otherwise provided by law.  A director elected 
to fill a vacancy shall be elected for the unexpired term of his 
predecessor in office.  Any directorship to be filled by reason 
of 
an increase in the number of directors may be filled by election 
by the Board of Directors for a term of office continuing only 
until the next election of Directors by the shareholders.

     SECTION 10.  Compensation.  By resolution of the Board of 
Directors, each Director may be paid his expenses, if any, of 
attendance at each meeting of the Board of Directors, and may be 
paid a stated salary as director or a fixed sum for attendance 
at 
each meeting of the Board of Directors or both.  No such payment 
shall preclude any director from serving the corporation in any 
other capacity and receiving compensation therefor.

     SECTION 11.  Presumption of Assent.  A director of the 
corporation who is present at a meeting of the Board of 
Directors 
at which action on any corporate matter is taken shall be 
presumed 
to have assented to the action taken unless his dissent shall be 
entered in the minutes of the meeting or unless he shall file 
his 
written dissent to such action with the person acting as the 
secretary of the meeting before the adjournment thereof or shall 
forward such dissent by certified mail to the Secretary of the 
Corporation immediately after the adjournment of the meeting.  
Such right to dissent shall not apply to a Director who voted in 
favor of such action.


ARTICLE IV.  OFFICERS

     SECTION 1.  Number.  The Officers of this company shall 
consist of a Chairman, a President, a Secretary, a Treasurer and 
such other officers, agents, representatives and employees as 
shall from time to time be chosen and appointed by the Board of 
Directors, including but not limited to a Vice Chairman, Vice 

President(s), Assistant Treasurer(s), and/or Assistant 
Secretary(ies).  The same person may hold more than one office 
if 
so appointed by the Board of Directors and allowed by applicable 
law.

     SECTION 2.  Election and Term of Office.  The officers of 
the 
corporation to be elected by the Board of Directors shall be 
elected annually by the Board of Directors at the first meeting 
of 
the Board of Directors held after each annual meeting of the 
shareholders.  If the election of officers shall not be held at 
such meeting, such election shall be held as soon thereafter as 
conveniently may be.  Each officer shall hold office until his 
successor shall have been duly elected and shall have qualified 
or 
until his death or until he shall resign or shall have been 
removed in the manner hereinafter provided.

     SECTION 3.  Removal.  Any officer or agent may be removed 
by 
the Board of Directors whenever in its judgment, the best 
interests of the corporation will be served thereby, but such 
removal shall be without prejudice to the contract rights, if 
any, 
of the person so removed.  Election or appointment of an officer 
or agent shall not of itself create contract rights.

     SECTION 4.  Vacancies.  A vacancy in any office because of 
death, resignation, removal, disqualification or otherwise, may 
be 
filled by the Board of Directors for the unexpired portion of 
the 
term.  In the event that the office of Assistant to the Office 
in 
question is filled, the incumbent (or the senior incumbent in 
the 
event more than one assistant has been elected) shall in such 
event become the Acting Officer, subject to the direction of the 
Chairman, Vice Chairman, and President, until the next meeting 
of 
the Board of Directors. 

     SECTION 5.  Chairman.  The Chairman shall perform all 
duties 
appropriate to that office and shall exercise general 
supervisory 
authority over the affairs of the corporation subject to the 
advice and direction of the Board of Directors.  The Chairman 
shall preside at all meetings of the Board of Directors or 
shareholders.  The Chairman may sign, together with the 
Secretary 
or any other proper official of the Company thereunto authorized 
by the Board of Directors, certificates for shares of the 
corporation, any deeds, mortgages, bonds, contracts, or other 
instruments, except in cases where the law requires such 
instruments to be otherwise signed or executed.

     SECTION 6.  Vice Chairman.  In the absence of the Chairman, 
the Vice Chairman shall preside at the meetings of the Directors 
or shareholders.  The Vice Chairman shall perform such other 
duties as delegated by the Chairman or specified by the Board of 
Directors from time to time.

     SECTION 7.  President.  The President shall be the chief 
executive and operating officer of the corporation, and shall 
have 
general charge and control over the day-to-day affairs of the 
corporation, subject to the advice and direction of the 
Chairman, 
the Vice Chairman, and the Board of Directors, and in general 
shall perform all duties incident to the office of President and 
such other duties as may be prescribed by the Board of Directors 
from time to time.  The President may sign contracts on behalf 
of 
the company, or other instruments which the Board of Directors 
has 
authorized to be executed, except in cases where the law 
requires 
such instruments to be otherwise signed or executed.  In the 
event 
of the absence of the Chairman and either the absence or the 
vacancy of the office of Vice Chairman, the President shall 
preside at meetings of the Board of Directors and of the 
Shareholders.  

     SECTION 8.  Vice-President.  In the absence of the 
President 
or in the event of his death, disability or refusal to act, the 
Vice-President shall perform the duties of the President, and 
when 
so acting, shall have all the powers of and be subject to all 
the 
restrictions upon the President.  The Vice-President shall 
perform 
such other duties as from time to time may be assigned to him by 
the President or by the Board of Directors.

     SECTION 9.  Secretary.  The Secretary shall:  (a)  keep the 
minutes of the proceedings of the shareholders and of the Board 
of 
Directors in one or more books provided for that purpose;  (b)  
see that all notices are duly given in accordance with the 
provisions of these By-Laws or as required by law;  (c)  be 
custodian of the corporate records and of the seal of the 
corporation and see that the seal of the corporation is affixed 
to 
all documents the execution of which on behalf of the 
corporation 
under its seal is duly authorized;  (d)  keep a register of the 
post office address of each shareholder which shall be furnished 
to the Secretary by such shareholder;  (e)  sign with the 
President, certificates for shares of the corporation, the 
issuance of which shall have been authorized by resolution of 
the 
Board of Directors;  (f)  have general charge of the stock 
transfer books of the corporation; and (g)  in general perform 
all 
duties incident to the office of Secretary and such other duties 
as from time to time may be assigned to him by the President or 
by 
the Board of Directors.

     SECTION 10.  Treasurer.  The Treasurer shall:  (a) have 
charge and custody of and be responsible for all funds and 
securities of the Corporation;  (b) receive and give receipts 
for 
moneys due and payable to the Corporation from any source 
whatsoever, and deposit all such moneys in the name of the 
Corporation in such banks, trust companies or other depositaries 
as shall be selected in accordance with the provisions of 
Article 
V of these By-Laws; and c) in general perform all of the duties 
incident to the office of Treasurer and such other duties as 
from 
time to time may be assigned to him by the President or by the 
Board of Directors.  If required by the Board of Directors, the 
Treasurer shall give a bond for the faithful discharge of his 
duties in such sum and with such surety or sureties as the Board 
of Directors shall determine.

     SECTION 11.  Other Officers.  Such other Officers as the 
Board of Directors may from time to time elect shall perform 
such 
duties as are normally incident to their office or designated by 
the Board of Directors.  

     SECTION 12.  Salaries.  The salaries of the officers shall 
be 
fixed from time to time by the Board of Directors, and no 
officer 
shall be prevented from receiving such salary by reason of the 
fact that he is also a director of the Corporation.


ARTICLE V.  CONTRACTS, LOANS, CHECKS AND DEPOSITS

     SECTION 1.  Contracts.  The Board of Directors may 
authorize 
any officer or officers, agent or agents, to enter into any 
contract or execute and deliver any instrument in the name of 
and 
on behalf of the Corporation, and such authority may be general 
or 
confined to specific instances.

     SECTION 2.  Loans.  No loans shall be contracted on behalf 
of 
the Corporation and no evidences of indebtedness shall be issued 
in its name unless authorized by a resolution of the Board of 
Directors.  Such authority may be general or confined to 
specific 
instances.

     SECTION 3.  Checks, Drafts, etc.  All checks, drafts or 
other 
orders for the payment of money, notes or other evidences of 
indebtedness issued in the name of the Corporation, shall be 
signed by such officer or officers, agent or agents of the 
corporation and in such manner as shall from time to time be 
determined by resolution of the Board of Directors.

     SECTION 4.  Deposits.  All funds of the corporation not 
otherwise employed shall be deposited from time to time to the 
credit of the Corporation in such banks, trust companies or 
other 
depositaries as the Board of Directors may select.


ARTICLE VI.  CERTIFICATES FOR SHARES AND THEIR TRANSFER

     SECTION 1.  Certificates for Shares.  Certificates 
representing shares of the corporation shall be in such form as 
shall be determined by the Board of Directors.  Such 
certificates 
shall be signed by the Chairman or the President and by the 
Secretary, or by such other officers authorized by law and by 
the 
Board of Directors so to do, and sealed with the corporate 
seal.  
All certificates for shares shall be consecutively numbered or 
otherwise identified.  The name and address of the person to 
whom 
the shares represented thereby are issued, with the number of 
shares and date of issue, shall be entered on the stock transfer 
books of the Corporation.  All certificates surrendered to the 
Corporation for transfer shall be canceled and no new 
certificate 
shall be issued until the former certificate for a like number 
of 
shares shall have been surrendered and canceled, except that in 
case of a lost, destroyed or mutilated certificate a new one may 
be issued therefor upon such terms and indemnity to the 
Corporation as the Board of Directors may prescribe.

     SECTION 2.  Transfer of Shares.  Transfer of shares of the 
Corporation shall be made only on the stock transfer books of 
the 
corporation by the holder of record thereof or by his legal 
representative, who shall furnish proper evidence of authority 
to 
transfer, or by his attorney thereunto authorized by power of 
attorney duly executed and filed with the Secretary of the 
Corporation, and on surrender for cancellation of the 
certificate 
for such shares.  The person in whose name shares stand on the 
books of the Corporation shall be deemed by the Corporation to 
be 
the owner thereof for all purposes.


ARTICLE VII.  FISCAL YEAR

     The fiscal year of the Corporation shall begin on the first 
day of August and end on the 31st day of July in each succeeding 
year.


ARTICLE VIII.  DIVIDENDS

     The Board of Directors may from time to time declare, and 
the 
Corporation may pay, dividends on its outstanding shares in the 
manner and upon the terms and conditions provided by law and its 
articles of incorporation.


ARTICLE IX.  CORPORATE SEAL

     The Board of Directors shall provide a corporate seal which 
shall be circular in form and shall have inscribed thereon the 
name of the Corporation and the state of incorporation and the 
words, "Corporate Seal".  


ARTICLE X. WAIVER OF NOTICE

     Unless otherwise provided by law, whenever any notice is 
required to be given to any shareholder or director of the 
Corporation under the provisions of these By-Laws or under the 
provisions of the Articles of Incorporation of under the 
provisions of the Virginia Stock Corporation Act, a waiver 
thereof 
in writing, signed by the person or persons entitled to such 
notice, whether before or after the time stated therein, shall 
be 
deemed equivalent to the giving of such notice.


ARTICLE XI. AMENDMENTS

     These By-Laws may be altered, amended, or repealed and new 
By-Laws may be adopted by the Board of Directors at any regular 
or 
special meeting of the Board of Directors.


ARTICLE XII.  EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

     The Directors of the Corporation may hereafter establish an 
Executive Committee consisting of three members of the Board of 
Directors, who shall have all the authority of the Board of 
Directors when the Board of Directors is not in session, except 
the power to amend the Articles of Incorporation or to adopt a 
merger or consolidation.  The Executive Committee shall report 
all 
of its actions to the Board of Directors.  Meetings of the 
Executive Committee shall be called by the Secretary of the 
Corporation, from time to time, at the direction and upon the 
request of the President or any two members of the Executive 
Committee.  Notice of such meetings shall in each instance be 
given each member of the Committee at his last known business 
address at least two days before the meeting, either orally or 
in 
writing, delivered personally or by mail, facsimile, telegraph 
or 
telephone.  A regular meeting of the Executive Committee shall 
be 
held without other notice than this By-Law.  The Board of 
Directors may provide, by resolution, the time and place for the 
holding of regular meetings of the Executive Committee and for 
holding of additional regular meetings without other notice than 
such resolution.  



ARTICLE XIII.  LIMITATION ON LIABILITY/INDEMNITY

     Each Director and Officer of the Corporation shall be 
subject 
to the limitations on liability and shall be indemnified by the 
Corporation to the full extent and in the manner permitted by 
Section 13.1-692.2 and Sections 13.1-696 thru 13.1-704 of the 
Code 
of Virginia (1950), as amended.  The remaining provisions of 
this 
ARTICLE XIII shall be deemed to be, and shall be construed, in 
furtherance of the foregoing and not by way of limitation.  
     No past or present Director or officer of the Corporation 
shall be personally liable to the Corporation or its 
shareholders 
for monetary damages related to his or her having served as a 
Director or officer of the Corporation; provided, however, that 
the foregoing clause shall not apply to his or her liability for 
willful misconduct, knowing violation of a criminal law or of 
any 
federal or state securities law, including, without limitation, 
any claim of unlawful insider trading or manipulation of the 
market for any security.  
     The Corporation shall indemnify against any loss or 
liability, including without limitation court costs and 
attorney's 
fees, to the fullest extent permitted by law, any person made or 
threatened to be made a party to any threatened, pending or 
completed action, suit or proceeding, whether civil, criminal, 
administrative, arbitrative or investigative, by reason of the 
fact that he or she, his or her testator or intestate is or was 
a 
Director or officer of the Corporation or any predecessor of the 
Corporation, or serves or served any other enterprise as a 
Director, officer, employee or agent at the request of the 
Corporation or any predecessor of the Corporation; provided, 
however, that the foregoing indemnification shall not apply to 
willful misconduct or to a knowing violation of criminal law.  
The 
indemnification provided by this Paragraph shall apply to 
actions 
or proceedings brought by any party, including the Corporation 
or 
its shareholders.  The Board of Directors shall have power to 
pay 
advances and reimbursements of expenses to any person seeking 
indemnification pursuant to this Article.
     The Corporation may purchase and maintain insurance on 
behalf 
of any person who is or was a Director, officer, employee or 
agent, or is or was serving at the request of the Corporation as 
a 
Director, officer, employee or agent of another enterprise, 
against any liability asserted against him or her or incurred by 
him or her in any such capacity.



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