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                                    EXHIBIT 1
                                    ---------

                  AGREEMENT AS TO JOINT FILING OF SCHEDULE 13G
                  --------------------------------------------

Each of the undersigned hereby affirms that it is individually eligible to use
Schedule 13G, and agrees that this Schedule 13G is filed on its behalf.

Dated: June 7, 2000



                      SALOMON BROTHERS ASSET MANAGEMENT INC


                      By: /s/ Howard M. Darmstadter
                         --------------------------------------------
                         Name:  Howard M. Darmstadter
                         Title:  Assistant Secretary


                      SALOMON BROTHERS HOLDING COMPANY INC


                      By: /s/ Howard M. Darmstadter
                         --------------------------------------------
                         Name:  Howard M. Darmstadter
                         Title:  Assistant Secretary


                      SSB CITI FUND MANAGEMENT LLC


                      By: /s/ Christina T. Sydor
                         --------------------------------------------
                         Name:  Christina T. Sydor
                         Title:  Secretary


                      SALOMON SMITH BARNEY HOLDINGS INC.


                      By: /s/ Howard M. Darmstadter
                         --------------------------------------------
                         Name:  Howard M. Darmstadter
                         Title:  Assistant Secretary



                      CITIGROUP INC.


                      By: /s/ Joseph B. Wollard
                         --------------------------------------------
                         Name:  Joseph B. Wollard
                         Title:  Assistant Secretary



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