Part A
Part A for Scudder Income Fund is incorporated by reference in its entirety to
Scudder Japan Fund's current Post-Effective Amendment No. 72 on Form N-1A
filed on April 30, 1998.
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THE JAPAN FUND, INC.
A Pure No-Load(TM) (No Sales Charges) Mutual
Fund Which Seeks Long-Term Capital
Appreciation By Investing Primarily in
Equity Securities of Japanese
Companies
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STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
May 1, 1998
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
This Statement of Additional Information is not a prospectus and should be
read in conjunction with the prospectus of The Japan Fund, Inc. dated May 1,
1998, as amended from time to time, a copy of which may be obtained without
charge by writing to Scudder Investor Services, Inc., Two International Place,
Boston, MA 02110-4103 care of The Japan Fund Service Center.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
INVESTMENT OBJECTIVE, POLICIES AND RESTRICTIONS................................1
Investment Objective and Policies........................................1
Master/feeder structure..................................................2
Specialized Investment Techniques........................................2
Investment Restrictions.................................................11
JAPAN AND THE JAPANESE ECONOMY*...............................................13
Economic Trends.........................................................13
Industrial Production...................................................14
Energy..................................................................16
Labor...................................................................16
Prices..................................................................16
Balance of Payments.....................................................17
Foreign Trade...........................................................17
SECURITIES MARKETS IN JAPAN...................................................20
PURCHASES AND EXCHANGES.......................................................22
Additional Information About Opening An Account.........................22
Additional Information About Making Subsequent Investments..............22
Additional Information About Making Subsequent Investments by QuickBuy..23
Checks..................................................................23
Wire Transfer of Federal Funds..........................................24
Share Price.............................................................24
Share Certificates......................................................24
Other Information.......................................................24
Exchanges...............................................................25
REDEMPTIONS...................................................................26
Redemption by Telephone.................................................26
Redemption By QuickSell.................................................26
Redemption by Mail or Fax...............................................27
Redemption-in-Kind......................................................27
Other Information.......................................................28
FEATURES AND SERVICES OFFERED BY THE FUND.....................................28
The Pure No-Load(TM) Concept............................................28
Internet access.........................................................29
Dividends and Capital Gains Distribution Options........................30
Scudder Investor Centers................................................30
Reports to Shareholders.................................................30
Transaction Summaries...................................................31
THE SCUDDER FAMILY OF FUNDS...................................................31
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)
Page
SPECIAL PLAN ACCOUNTS.........................................................35
Scudder Retirement Plans: Profit-Sharing and Money Purchase Pension
Plans for Corporations and Self-Employed Individuals.................36
Scudder 401(k): Cash or Deferred Profit-Sharing Plan for Corporations
and Self-Employed Individuals........................................36
Scudder IRA: Individual Retirement Account.............................36
Scudder Roth IRA: Individual Retirement Account........................37
Scudder 403(b) Plan.....................................................37
Automatic Withdrawal Plan...............................................37
Group or Salary Deduction Plan..........................................38
Automatic Investment Plan...............................................38
Uniform Transfers/Gifts to Minors Act...................................38
DIVIDENDS AND CAPITAL GAINS DISTRIBUTIONS.....................................39
PERFORMANCE AND OTHER INFORMATION.............................................39
Comparison of Fund Performance..........................................40
FUND ORGANIZATION.............................................................44
INVESTMENT ADVISORY ARRANGEMENTS..............................................45
Personal Investments by Employees of the Adviser........................47
DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS........................................................48
REMUNERATION..................................................................50
DISTRIBUTOR...................................................................51
TAXES.........................................................................52
United States Federal Income Taxation...................................52
Japanese Taxation.......................................................56
PORTFOLIO TRANSACTIONS........................................................56
Brokerage Commissions...................................................56
NET ASSET VALUE...............................................................57
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION........................................................58
Experts.................................................................58
Public Official Documents...............................................58
Other Information.......................................................58
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS..........................................................59
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INVESTMENT OBJECTIVE, POLICIES AND RESTRICTIONS
(See "Investment Objective and Policies" in the Fund's prospectus.)
Investment Objective and Policies
The Japan Fund, Inc. (the "Fund"), is a pure no-load(TM), diversified,
open-end management investment company which continually offers and redeems its
shares. It is a company of the type commonly known as a mutual fund.
The Fund's investment objective is long-term capital appreciation, which
it seeks to achieve by investing primarily in equity securities (including
American Depositary Receipts) of Japanese companies, as described below.
The Fund deems its investment objective a matter of fundamental policy and
elects to treat it as such pursuant to Sections 8(b)(3) and 13(a)(3) of the
Investment Company Act of 1940 (the "1940 Act").
Under normal conditions, the Fund will invest at least 80% of its assets
in Japanese securities, that is, securities issued by entities that are
organized under the laws of Japan ("Japanese companies"), securities of
affiliates of Japanese companies, wherever organized or traded, and securities
of issuers not organized under the laws of Japan but deriving 50% or more of
their revenues from Japan. In so doing, the Fund's investment in Japanese
securities will be primarily in common stocks of Japanese companies. However,
the Fund may also invest in other equity securities issued by Japanese entities,
such as warrants and convertible debentures, and in debt securities (Japanese
government debt securities and debt securities of Japanese companies) when the
Fund's investment adviser, Scudder Kemper Investments, Inc. (the "Adviser"),
believes that the potential for capital appreciation from investment in debt
securities equals or exceeds that available from investment in equity
securities.
The Fund may invest up to 20% of its assets in cash or in short-term
government or other short-term prime obligations in order to have funds readily
available for general corporate purposes, including the payment of operating
expenses, dividends and redemptions, or the investment in securities through
exercise of rights or otherwise, or in repurchase agreements in order to earn
income for periods as short as overnight. Where the Fund's management determines
that market or economic conditions so warrant, the Fund may, for temporary
defensive purposes, invest more than 20% of its assets in cash or such
securities. For instance, there may be periods when changes in market or other
economic conditions, or in political conditions, will make advisable a reduction
in equity positions and increased commitments in cash or corporate debt
securities, whether or not Japanese, or in the obligations of the Government of
the United States or of Japan or of other governments.
The Fund purchases and holds securities which the Adviser believes to have
potential for long-term capital appreciation; investment income is a secondary
consideration in the selection of portfolio securities. It is not the policy of
the Fund to trade in securities or to realize gain solely for the purpose of
making a distribution to its shareholders.
It is not the policy of the Fund to make investments which involve
promotion or business management or which would subject the Fund to unlimited
liability or for the purpose of exercising control over management.
The Fund may also invest up to 30% of its net assets in equity securities
of Japanese companies which are traded in an over-the-counter market. These are
generally securities of relatively small or little-known companies that the
Fund's investment adviser believes have above-average earnings growth potential.
Securities that are traded over-the-counter may not be traded in the volumes
typical on a national securities exchange. Consequently, in order to sell this
type of holding, the Fund may need to discount the securities from recent prices
or dispose of the securities over a long period of time. The prices of this type
of security may be more volatile than those of larger companies which are often
traded on a national securities exchange.
The Fund may make contracts, incur liabilities and borrow money, and issue
bonds, notes and obligations, as permitted by the laws of Maryland, by the 1940
Act and by the Fund's Articles of Incorporation.
It is the Fund's policy not to underwrite the sale of, or participate in
any underwriting or selling group in connection with the public distribution of,
any securities; provided, however, that this policy shall not be construed to
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prevent or limit in any manner the Fund's right to purchase securities for its
investment portfolio, whether or not such purchase might be deemed to make the
Fund an underwriter or a participant in any such underwriting or selling group.
It is the policy of the Fund not to engage in the purchase and sale of
real estate, other than real estate deemed by the Board of Directors to be
necessary and convenient for the operation of the Fund's affairs; provided,
however, that this policy shall not be construed to prevent or limit in any
manner the Fund's right to purchase, acquire and invest in securities of real
estate companies or other companies owning or investing in real estate.
It is the Fund's policy not to make loans, other than by way of making
investments in corporate debt securities or government obligations or commercial
paper as described above.
Master/feeder structure
The Board of Directors has the discretion to retain the current
distribution arrangement for the Fund while investing in a master fund in a
master/feeder structure as described below.
A master/feeder fund structure is one in which a fund (a "feeder fund"),
instead of investing directly in a portfolio of securities, invests most or all
of its investment assets in a separate registered investment company (the
"master fund") with substantially the same investment objective and policies as
the feeder fund. Such a structure permits the pooling of assets of two or more
feeder funds, preserving separate identities or distribution channels at the
feeder fund level. Based on the premise that certain of the expenses of
operating an investment portfolio are relatively fixed, a larger investment
portfolio may eventually achieve a lower ratio of operating expenses to average
net assets. An existing investment company is able to convert to a feeder fund
by selling all of its investments, which involves brokerage and other
transaction costs and realization of a taxable gain or loss, or by contributing
its assets to the master fund and avoiding transaction costs and, if proper
procedures are followed, the realization of taxable gain or loss.
Specialized Investment Techniques
Foreign Currencies. Because investments in foreign securities usually will
involve currencies of foreign countries and because the Fund may hold foreign
currencies and forward contracts, futures contracts and options on futures
contracts on foreign currencies, the value of the assets of the Fund as measured
in U.S. dollars may be affected favorably or unfavorably by changes in foreign
currency exchange rates and exchange control regulations, and the Fund may incur
costs in connection with conversions between various currencies. Although the
Fund values its assets daily in terms of U.S. dollars, it does not intend to
convert its holdings of foreign currencies into U.S. dollars on a daily basis.
It will do so from time to time, and investors should be aware of the costs of
currency conversion. Although foreign exchange dealers do not charge a fee for
conversion, they do realize a profit based on the difference (the "spread")
between the prices at which they are buying and selling various currencies.
Thus, a dealer may offer to sell a foreign currency to the Fund at one rate,
while offering a lesser rate of exchange should the Fund desire to resell that
currency to the dealer. The Fund will conduct its foreign currency exchange
transactions either on a spot (i.e., cash) basis at the spot rate prevailing in
the foreign currency exchange market, or through entering into forward or
futures contracts to purchase or sell foreign currencies.
Depositary Receipts. The Fund may invest indirectly in securities of
emerging country issuers through sponsored or unsponsored American Depositary
Receipts ("ADRs"), Global Depositary Receipts ("GDRs"), International Depositary
Receipts ("IDRs") and other types of Depositary Receipts (which, together with
ADRs, GDRs and IDRs are hereinafter referred to as "Depositary Receipts").
Depositary Receipts may not necessarily be denominated in the same currency as
the underlying securities into which they may be converted. In addition, the
issuers of the stock of unsponsored Depositary Receipts are not obligated to
disclose material information in the United States and, therefore, there may not
be a correlation between such information and the market value of the Depositary
Receipts. ADRs are Depositary Receipts typically issued by a United States bank
or trust company which evidence ownership of underlying securities issued by a
foreign corporation. GDRs, IDRs and other types of Depositary Receipts are
typically issued by foreign banks or trust companies, although they also may be
issued by United States banks or trust companies, and evidence ownership of
underlying securities issued by either a foreign or a United States corporation.
Generally, Depositary Receipts in registered form are designed for use in the
United States securities markets and Depositary Receipts in bearer form are
designed for use in securities markets outside the United States. For purposes
of the Fund's investment policies, the Fund's investments in ADRs, GDRs and
other types of Depositary
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Receipts will be deemed to be investments in the underlying securities.
Depositary Receipts other than those denominated in U.S. dollars will be subject
to foreign currency exchange rate risk. Certain Depositary Receipts may not be
listed on an exchange and therefore may be illiquid securities.
Debt Securities. When the Adviser believes that it is appropriate to do so
in order to achieve the Fund's objective of long-term capital growth, the Fund
may invest up to 20% of its total assets in debt securities of both foreign and
domestic issuers. Portfolio debt investments will be selected for their capital
appreciation potential on the basis of, among other things, yield, credit
quality, and the fundamental outlooks for currency and interest rate trends,
taking into account the ability to hedge a degree of currency or local bond
price risk. The Fund may purchase bonds, rated Aaa, Aa, A or Baa by Moody's
Investors Service, Inc. ("Moody's") or AAA, AA, A or BBB by Standard & Poor's
Corporation ("S&P") or, if unrated, judged to be of equivalent quality as
determined by the Adviser. Should the rating of a portfolio security be
downgraded, the Adviser will determine whether it is in the best interest of the
Fund to retain or dispose of such security. See the Appendix to this Statement
of Additional Information for a more complete description of the ratings
assigned by ratings organizations and their respective characteristics.
Illiquid Securities. The Fund may occasionally purchase securities other
than in the open market. While such purchases may often offer attractive
opportunities for investment not otherwise available on the open market, the
securities so purchased are often "restricted securities," "not readily
marketable" or "illiquid" restricted securities, i.e., which cannot be sold to
the public without registration under the Securities Act of 1933 (the "1933
Act") or the availability of an exemption from registration (such as Rules 144
or 144A) or because they are subject to other legal or contractual delays in or
restrictions on resale.
The absence of a trading market can make it difficult to ascertain a
market value for illiquid securities. Disposing of illiquid securities may
involve time-consuming negotiation and legal expenses, and it may be difficult
or impossible for the Fund to sell them promptly at an acceptable price. The
Fund may have to bear the extra expense of registering such securities for
resale and the risk of substantial delay in effecting such registration. Also
market quotations are less readily available. The judgment of the Adviser may at
times play a greater role in valuing these securities than in the case of
illiquid securities.
Generally speaking, restricted securities may be sold in the U.S. only to
qualified institutional buyers, or in a privately negotiated transaction to a
limited number of purchasers, or in limited quantities after they have been held
for a specified period of time and other conditions are met pursuant to an
exemption from registration, or in a public offering for which a registration
statement is in effect under the 1933 Act. The Fund may be deemed to be an
"underwriter" for purposes of the 1933 Act when selling restricted securities to
the public, and in such event the Fund may be liable to purchasers of such
securities if the registration statement prepared by the issuer, or the
prospectus forming a part of it, is materially inaccurate or misleading.
Convertible Securities. The Fund may invest in convertible securities
which are bonds, notes, debentures, preferred stocks, and other securities which
are convertible into common stocks. Investments in convertible securities can
provide income through interest and dividend payments and/or an opportunity for
capital appreciation by virtue of their conversion or exchange features.
The convertible securities in which the Fund may invest may be converted
or exchanged at a stated or determinable exchange ratio into underlying shares
of common stock. The exchange ratio for any particular convertible security may
be adjusted from time to time due to stock splits, dividends, spin-offs, other
corporate distributions, or scheduled changes in the exchange ratio. Convertible
debt securities and convertible preferred stocks, until converted, have general
characteristics similar to both debt and equity securities. Although to a lesser
extent than with debt securities generally, the market value of convertible
securities tends to decline as interest rates increase and, conversely, tends to
increase as interest rates decline. In addition, because of the conversion or
exchange feature, the market value of convertible securities typically changes
as the market value of the underlying common stocks changes, and, therefore,
also tends to follow movements in the general market for equity securities. A
unique feature of convertible securities is that as the market price of the
underlying common stock declines, convertible securities tend to trade
increasingly on a yield basis and so may not experience market value declines to
the same extent as the underlying common stock. When the market price of the
underlying common stock increases, the prices of the convertible securities tend
to rise as a reflection of the value of the underlying common stock, although
typically not as
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much as the underlying common stock. While no securities investments are without
risk, investments in convertible securities generally entail less risk than
investments in common stock of the same issuer.
As fixed income securities, convertible securities are investments which
provide for a stream of income (or in the case of zero coupon securities,
accretion of income) with generally higher yields than common stocks. Of course,
like all fixed income securities, there can be no assurance of income or
principal payments because the issuers of the convertible securities may default
on their obligations. Convertible securities generally offer lower yields than
non-convertible securities of similar quality because of their conversion or
exchange features.
Convertible securities generally are subordinated to other similar but
non-convertible securities of the same issuer, although convertible bonds, as
corporate debt obligations, enjoy seniority in right of payment to all equity
securities, and convertible preferred stock is senior to common stock, of the
same issuer. However, because of the subordination feature, convertible bonds
and convertible preferred stock typically have lower ratings than similar
non-convertible securities.
Convertible securities may be issued as fixed income obligations that pay
current income or as zero coupon notes and bonds, including Liquid Yield Option
Notes (LYONs). Zero coupon securities pay no cash income and are sold at
substantial discounts from their value at maturity. When held to maturity, their
entire income, which consists of accretion of discount, comes from the
difference between the purchase price and their value at maturity. Zero coupon
convertible securities offer the opportunity for capital appreciation as
increases (or decreases) in market value of such securities closely follow the
movements in the market value of the underlying common stock. Zero coupon
convertible securities generally are expected to be less volatile than the
underlying common stocks as they usually are issued with shorter maturities (15
years or less) and are issued with options and/or redemption features
exercisable by the holder of the obligation entitling the holder to redeem the
obligation and receive a defined cash payment.
Repurchase Agreements. The Fund may enter into repurchase agreements with member
banks of the Federal Reserve System and any foreign bank or any domestic or
foreign broker-dealer which is recognized as a reporting government securities
dealer if the creditworthiness of the bank or broker-dealer has been determined
by the Fund's management to be at least equal to that of issuers of commercial
paper rated within the two highest grades assigned by Moody's or S&P or at least
as high as that of other obligations the Fund may purchase.
A repurchase agreement, which provides a means for the Fund to earn income
on funds for periods as short as overnight, is an arrangement under which the
purchaser (i.e., the Fund) acquires a U.S. Government security ("Government
Obligation") and the seller agrees, at the time of sale, to repurchase the
Government Obligation at a specified time and price. The repurchase price may be
higher than the purchase price, the difference being income to the Fund, or the
purchase price and repurchase prices may be the same with interest owed to the
Fund at a stated rate together with the repurchase price on repurchase. In
either case, the income to the Fund is unrelated to the Government Obligation
subject to the repurchase agreement.
For purposes of the 1940 Act, a repurchase agreement is deemed to be a
loan from the Fund to the seller of the Government Obligation subject to the
repurchase agreement. It is not clear whether a court would consider the
Government Obligation purchased by the Fund subject to a repurchase agreement as
being owned by the Fund or as being collateral for a loan by the Fund to the
seller. In the event of the commencement of bankruptcy or insolvency proceedings
with respect to the seller of the Government Obligation before repurchase of the
Government Obligation under a repurchase agreement, the Fund may encounter delay
and incur costs before being able to sell the security. Delays may involve loss
of interest or decline in price of the Government Obligation. If the court
characterizes the transaction as a loan and the Fund has not perfected a
security interest in the Government Obligation, the Fund may be required to
return the Government Obligation to the seller's estate and be treated as an
unsecured creditor of the seller. As an unsecured creditor, the Fund would be at
the risk of losing some or all of the principal and income involved in the
transaction. As with any unsecured debt instrument purchased for the Fund, the
Fund's management seeks to minimize the risk of loss through repurchase
agreements by analyzing the creditworthiness of the obligor, in this case the
seller of the Government Obligation.
Apart from the risk of bankruptcy or insolvency proceedings, there is also
the risk that the seller may fail to repurchase the security. However, if the
market value of the Government Obligation subject to the repurchase agreement
becomes less than the repurchase price (including interest), the Fund will
direct the seller of the Government
4
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Obligation to deliver additional securities so that the market value of all
securities subject to the repurchase agreement will equal or exceed the
repurchase price.
A repurchase agreement with foreign banks may be available with respect to
government securities of the particular foreign jurisdiction, and such
repurchase agreements involve risks similar to repurchase agreements with U.S.
entities.
Investments in Other Investment Companies. The Fund may invest in securities of
closed-end investment companies. To the extent that the Fund does so invest, it
will, by virtue of its investment therein, pay a pro rata portion of any
investment advisory fees payable to the advisers of such closed-end investment
companies. An investment by the Fund in any such closed-end investment company
would thereby result in Fund shareholders indirectly paying an advisory fee in
addition to that payable to the Fund's adviser.
Strategic Transactions and Derivatives. The Fund may, but is not required to,
utilize various other investment strategies as described below to hedge various
market risks (such as interest rates, currency exchange rates, and broad or
specific equity or fixed-income market movements), to manage the effective
maturity or duration of the fixed-income securities in the Fund's portfolio, or
to enhance potential gain. These strategies may be executed through the use of
derivative contracts. Such strategies are generally accepted as a part of modern
portfolio management and are regularly utilized by many mutual funds and other
institutional investors. Techniques and instruments may change over time as new
instruments and strategies are developed or regulatory changes occur.
In the course of pursuing these investment strategies, the Fund may
purchase and sell exchange-listed and over-the-counter put and call options on
securities, equity and fixed-income indices and other financial instruments,
purchase and sell financial futures contracts and options thereon, enter into
various interest rate transactions such as swaps, caps, floors or collars, and
enter into various currency transactions such as currency forward contracts,
currency futures contracts, currency swaps or options on currencies or currency
futures (collectively, all the above are called "Strategic Transactions").
Strategic Transactions may be used without limit to attempt to protect against
possible changes in the market value of securities held in or to be purchased
for the Fund's portfolio resulting from securities markets or currency exchange
rate fluctuations, to protect the Fund's unrealized gains in the value of its
portfolio securities, to facilitate the sale of such securities for investment
purposes, to manage the effective maturity or duration of the fixed-income
securities in the Fund's portfolio, or to establish a position in the
derivatives markets as a temporary substitute for purchasing or selling
particular securities. Some Strategic Transactions may also be used to enhance
potential gain although no more than 5% of the Fund's assets will be committed
to Strategic Transactions entered into for non-hedging purposes. Any or all of
these investment techniques may be used at any time and in any combination, and
there is no particular strategy that dictates the use of one technique rather
than another, as use of any Strategic Transaction is a function of numerous
variables including market conditions. The ability of the Fund to utilize these
Strategic Transactions successfully will depend on the Adviser's ability to
predict pertinent market movements, which cannot be assured. The Fund will
comply with applicable regulatory requirements when implementing these
strategies, techniques and instruments. Strategic Transactions involving
financial futures and options thereon will be purchased, sold or entered into
only for bona fide hedging, risk management or portfolio management purposes and
not to create leveraged exposure in the Fund.
Strategic Transactions, including derivative contracts, have risks
associated with them including possible default by the other party to the
transaction, illiquidity and, to the extent the Adviser's view as to certain
market movements is incorrect, the risk that the use of such Strategic
Transactions could result in losses greater than if they had not been used. Use
of put and call options may result in losses to the Fund, force the sale or
purchase of portfolio securities at inopportune times or for prices higher than
(in the case of put options) or lower than (in the case of call options) current
market values, limit the amount of appreciation the Fund can realize on its
investments or cause the Fund to hold a security it might otherwise sell. The
use of currency transactions can result in the Fund incurring losses as a result
of a number of factors including the imposition of exchange controls, suspension
of settlements, or the inability to deliver or receive a specified currency. The
use of options and futures transactions entails certain other risks. In
particular, the variable degree of correlation between price movements of
futures contracts and price movements in the related portfolio position of the
Fund creates the possibility that losses on the hedging instrument may be
greater than gains in the value of the Fund's position. In addition, futures and
options markets may not be liquid in all circumstances and certain
over-the-counter options may have no markets. As a result, in certain markets,
the Fund might not be able to close out a transaction without incurring
substantial losses, if at all. Although the use of
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futures and options transactions for hedging should tend to minimize the risk of
loss due to a decline in the value of the hedged position, at the same time they
tend to limit any potential gain which might result from an increase in value of
such position. Finally, the daily variation margin requirements for futures
contracts would create a greater ongoing potential financial risk than would
purchases of options, where the exposure is limited to the cost of the initial
premium. Losses resulting from the use of Strategic Transactions would reduce
net asset value, and possibly income, and such losses can be greater than if the
Strategic Transactions had not been utilized.
General Characteristics of Options. Put options and call options typically have
similar structural characteristics and operational mechanics regardless of the
underlying instrument on which they are purchased or sold. Thus, the following
general discussion relates to each of the particular types of options discussed
in greater detail below. In addition, many Strategic Transactions involving
options require segregation of Fund assets in special accounts, as described
below under "Use of Segregated and Other Special Accounts."
A put option gives the purchaser of the option, upon payment of a premium,
the right to sell, and the writer the obligation to buy, the underlying
security, commodity, index, currency or other instrument at the exercise price.
For instance, the Fund's purchase of a put option on a security might be
designed to protect its holdings in the underlying instrument (or, in some
cases, a similar instrument) against a substantial decline in the market value
by giving the Fund the right to sell such instrument at the option exercise
price. A call option, upon payment of a premium, gives the purchaser of the
option the right to buy, and the seller the obligation to sell, the underlying
instrument at the exercise price. The Fund's purchase of a call option on a
security, financial future, index, currency or other instrument might be
intended to protect the Fund against an increase in the price of the underlying
instrument that it intends to purchase in the future by fixing the price at
which it may purchase such instrument. An American style put or call option may
be exercised at any time during the option period while a European style put or
call option may be exercised only upon expiration or during a fixed period prior
thereto. The Fund is authorized to purchase and sell exchange listed options and
over-the-counter options ("OTC options"). Exchange listed options are issued by
a regulated intermediary such as the Options Clearing Corporation ("OCC"), which
guarantees the performance of the obligations of the parties to such options.
The discussion below uses the OCC as an example, but is also applicable to other
financial intermediaries.
With certain exceptions, OCC issued and exchange listed options generally
settle by physical delivery of the underlying security or currency, although in
the future cash settlement may become available. Index options and Eurodollar
instruments are cash settled for the net amount, if any, by which the option is
"in-the-money" (i.e., where the value of the underlying instrument exceeds, in
the case of a call option, or is less than, in the case of a put option, the
exercise price of the option) at the time the option is exercised. Frequently,
rather than taking or making delivery of the underlying instrument through the
process of exercising the option, listed options are closed by entering into
offsetting purchase or sale transactions that do not result in ownership of the
new option.
The Fund's ability to close out its position as a purchaser or seller of
an OCC or exchange listed put or call option is dependent, in part, upon the
liquidity of the option market. Among the possible reasons for the absence of a
liquid option market on an exchange are: (i) insufficient trading interest in
certain options; (ii) restrictions on transactions imposed by an exchange; (iii)
trading halts, suspensions or other restrictions imposed with respect to
particular classes or series of options or underlying securities including
reaching daily price limits; (iv) interruption of the normal operations of the
OCC or an exchange; (v) inadequacy of the facilities of an exchange or OCC to
handle current trading volume; or (vi) a decision by one or more exchanges to
discontinue the trading of options (or a particular class or series of options),
in which event the relevant market for that option on that exchange would cease
to exist, although outstanding options on that exchange would generally continue
to be exercisable in accordance with their terms.
The hours of trading for listed options may not coincide with the hours
during which the underlying financial instruments are traded. To the extent that
the option markets close before the markets for the underlying financial
instruments, significant price and rate movements can take place in the
underlying markets that cannot be reflected in the option markets.
OTC options are purchased from or sold to securities dealers, financial
institutions or other parties ("Counterparties") through direct bilateral
agreement with the Counterparty. In contrast to exchange listed options, which
generally have standardized terms and performance mechanics, all the terms of an
OTC option, including such
6
<PAGE>
terms as method of settlement, term, exercise price, premium, guarantees and
security, are set by negotiation of the parties. The Fund will only sell OTC
options (other than OTC currency options) that are subject to a buy-back
provision permitting the Fund to require the Counterparty to sell the option
back to the Fund at a formula price within seven days. The Fund expects
generally to enter into OTC options that have cash settlement provisions,
although it is not required to do so.
Unless the parties provide for it, there is no central clearing or
guaranty function in an OTC option. As a result, if the Counterparty fails to
make or take delivery of the security, currency or other instrument underlying
an OTC option it has entered into with the Fund or fails to make a cash
settlement payment due in accordance with the terms of that option, the Fund
will lose any premium it paid for the option as well as any anticipated benefit
of the transaction. Accordingly, the Adviser must assess the creditworthiness of
each such Counterparty or any guarantor or credit enhancement of the
Counterparty's credit to determine the likelihood that the terms of the OTC
option will be satisfied. The Fund will engage in OTC option transactions only
with U.S. government securities dealers recognized by the Federal Reserve Bank
of New York as "primary dealers" or broker/dealers, domestic or foreign banks or
other financial institutions which have received (or the guarantors of the
obligation of which have received) a short-term credit rating of A-1 from S&P or
P-1 from Moody's or an equivalent rating from any nationally recognized
statistical rating organization ("NRSRO") or, in the case of OTC currency
transactions, determined to be of equivalent credit quality by the Adviser. The
staff of the SEC currently takes the position that OTC options purchased by the
Fund, and portfolio securities "covering" the amount of the Fund's obligation
pursuant to an OTC option sold by it (the cost of the sell-back plus the
in-the-money amount, if any) are illiquid, and are subject to the Fund's
limitation on investing no more than 10% of its assets in illiquid securities.
If the Fund sells a call option, the premium that it receives may serve as
a partial hedge, to the extent of the option premium, against a decrease in the
value of the underlying securities or instruments in its portfolio or will
increase the Fund's income. The sale of put options can also provide income.
The Fund may purchase and sell call options on securities including U.S.
Treasury and agency securities, mortgage-backed securities, corporate debt
securities, equity securities (including convertible securities) and Eurodollar
instruments that are traded on U.S. and foreign securities exchanges and in the
over-the-counter markets, and on securities indices, currencies and futures
contracts. All calls sold by the Fund must be "covered" (i.e., the Fund must own
the securities or futures contract subject to the call) or must meet the asset
segregation requirements described below as long as the call is outstanding.
Even though the Fund will receive the option premium to help protect it against
loss, a call sold by the Fund exposes the Fund during the term of the option to
possible loss of opportunity to realize appreciation in the market price of the
underlying security or instrument and may require the Fund to hold a security or
instrument which it might otherwise have sold.
The Fund may purchase and sell put options on securities including U.S.
Treasury and agency securities, mortgage-backed securities, foreign sovereign
debt, corporate debt securities, equity securities (including convertible
securities) and Eurodollar instruments (whether or not it holds the above
securities in its portfolio), and on securities indices, currencies and futures
contracts other than futures on individual corporate debt and individual equity
securities. The Fund will not sell put options if, as a result, more than 50% of
the Fund's assets would be required to be segregated to cover its potential
obligations under such put options other than those with respect to futures and
options thereon. In selling put options, there is a risk that the Fund may be
required to buy the underlying security at a disadvantageous price above the
market price.
General Characteristics of Futures. The Fund may enter into financial futures
contracts or purchase or sell put and call options on such futures as a hedge
against anticipated interest rate, currency or equity market changes, for
duration management and for risk management purposes. Futures are generally
bought and sold on the commodities exchanges where they are listed with payment
of initial and variation margin as described below. The sale of a futures
contract creates a firm obligation by the Fund, as seller, to deliver to the
buyer the specific type of financial instrument called for in the contract at a
specific future time for a specified price (or, with respect to index futures
and Eurodollar instruments, the net cash amount). Options on futures contracts
are similar to options on securities except that an option on a futures contract
gives the purchaser the right in return for the premium paid to assume a
position in a futures contract and obligates the seller to deliver such
position.
7
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The Fund's use of financial futures and options thereon will in all cases
be consistent with applicable regulatory requirements and in particular the
rules and regulations of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission and will be
entered into only for bona fide hedging, risk management (including duration
management) or other portfolio management purposes. Typically, maintaining a
futures contract or selling an option thereon requires the Fund to deposit with
a financial intermediary as security for its obligations an amount of cash or
other specified assets (initial margin) which initially is typically 1% to 10%
of the face amount of the contract (but may be higher in some circumstances).
Additional cash or assets (variation margin) may be required to be deposited
thereafter on a daily basis as the mark to market value of the contract
fluctuates. The purchase of an option on financial futures involves payment of a
premium for the option without any further obligation on the part of the Fund.
If the Fund exercises an option on a futures contract it will be obligated to
post initial margin (and potential subsequent variation margin) for the
resulting futures position just as it would for any position. Futures contracts
and options thereon are generally settled by entering into an offsetting
transaction but there can be no assurance that the position can be offset prior
to settlement at an advantageous price, nor that delivery will occur.
The Fund will not enter into a futures contract or related option (except
for closing transactions) if, immediately thereafter, the sum of the amount of
its initial margin and premiums on open futures contracts and options thereon
would exceed 5% of the Fund's total assets (taken at current value); however, in
the case of an option that is in-the-money at the time of the purchase, the
in-the-money amount may be excluded in calculating the 5% limitation. The
segregation requirements with respect to futures contracts and options thereon
are described below.
Options on Securities Indices and Other Financial Indices. The Fund also may
purchase and sell call and put options on securities indices and other financial
indices and in so doing can achieve many of the same objectives it would achieve
through the sale or purchase of options on individual securities or other
instruments. Options on securities indices and other financial indices are
similar to options on a security or other instrument except that, rather than
settling by physical delivery of the underlying instrument, they settle by cash
settlement, i.e., an option on an index gives the holder the right to receive,
upon exercise of the option, an amount of cash if the closing level of the index
upon which the option is based exceeds, in the case of a call, or is less than,
in the case of a put, the exercise price of the option (except if, in the case
of an OTC option, physical delivery is specified). This amount of cash is equal
to the excess of the closing price of the index over the exercise price of the
option, which also may be multiplied by a formula value. The seller of the
option is obligated, in return for the premium received, to make delivery of
this amount. The gain or loss on an option on an index depends on price
movements in the instruments making up the market, market segment, industry or
other composite on which the underlying index is based, rather than price
movements in individual securities, as is the case with respect to options on
securities.
Currency Transactions. The Fund may engage in currency transactions with
Counterparties in order to hedge the value of portfolio holdings denominated in
particular currencies against fluctuations in relative value. Currency
transactions include forward currency contracts, exchange listed currency
futures, exchange listed and OTC options on currencies, and currency swaps. A
forward currency contract involves a privately negotiated obligation to purchase
or sell (with delivery generally required) a specific currency at a future date,
which may be any fixed number of days from the date of the contract agreed upon
by the parties, at a price set at the time of the contract. A currency swap is
an agreement to exchange cash flows based on the notional difference among two
or more currencies and operates similarly to an interest rate swap, which is
described below. The Fund may enter into currency transactions with
Counterparties which have received (or the guarantors of the obligations which
have received) a credit rating of A-1 or P-1 by S&P or Moody's, respectively, or
that have an equivalent rating from a NRSRO or are determined to be of
equivalent credit quality by the Adviser.
The Fund's dealings in forward currency contracts and other currency
transactions such as futures, options, options on futures and swaps will be
limited to hedging involving either specific transactions or portfolio
positions. Transaction hedging is entering into a currency transaction with
respect to specific assets or liabilities of the Fund, which will generally
arise in connection with the purchase or sale of its portfolio securities or the
receipt of income therefrom. Position hedging is entering into a currency
transaction with respect to portfolio security positions denominated or
generally quoted in that currency.
8
<PAGE>
The Fund will not enter into a transaction to hedge currency exposure to
an extent greater, after netting all transactions intended wholly or partially
to offset other transactions, than the aggregate market value (at the time of
entering into the transaction) of the securities held in its portfolio that are
denominated or generally quoted in or currently convertible into such currency,
other than with respect to proxy hedging as described below.
The Fund may also cross-hedge currencies by entering into transactions to
purchase or sell one or more currencies that are expected to decline in value
relative to other currencies to which the Fund has or in which the Fund expects
to have portfolio exposure.
To reduce the effect of currency fluctuations on the value of existing or
anticipated holdings of portfolio securities, the Fund may also engage in proxy
hedging. Proxy hedging is often used when the currency to which the Fund's
portfolio is exposed is difficult to hedge or to hedge against the dollar. Proxy
hedging entails entering into a commitment or option to sell a currency whose
changes in value are generally considered to be correlated to a currency or
currencies in which some or all of the Fund's portfolio securities are or are
expected to be denominated, in exchange for U.S. dollars. The amount of the
contract would not exceed the value of the Fund's securities denominated in
correlated currencies. For example, if the Adviser considers that the Austrian
schilling is correlated to the German deutschemark (the "D-mark"), the Fund
holds securities denominated in schillings and the Adviser believes that the
value of schillings will decline against the U.S. dollar, the Adviser may enter
into a contract to sell D-marks and buy dollars. Currency hedging involves some
of the same risks and considerations as other transactions with similar
instruments. Currency transactions can result in losses to the Fund if the
currency being hedged fluctuates in value to a degree or in a direction that is
not anticipated. Further, there is the risk that the perceived linkage between
various currencies may not be present or may not be present during the
particular time that the Fund is engaging in proxy hedging. If the Fund enters
into a currency hedging transaction, the Fund will comply with the asset
segregation requirements described below.
Risks of Currency Transactions. Currency transactions are subject to risks
different from those of other portfolio transactions. Because currency control
is of great importance to the issuing governments and influences economic
planning and policy, purchases and sales of currency and related instruments can
be negatively affected by government exchange controls, blockages, and
manipulations or exchange restrictions imposed by governments. These can result
in losses to the Fund if it is unable to deliver or receive currency or funds in
settlement of obligations and could also cause hedges it has entered into to be
rendered useless, resulting in full currency exposure as well as incurring
transaction costs. Buyers and sellers of currency futures are subject to the
same risks that apply to the use of futures generally. Further, settlement of a
currency futures contract for the purchase of most currencies must occur at a
bank based in the issuing nation. Trading options on currency futures is
relatively new, and the ability to establish and close out positions on such
options is subject to the maintenance of a liquid market which may not always be
available. Currency exchange rates may fluctuate based on factors extrinsic to
that country's economy.
Combined Transactions. The Fund may enter into multiple transactions, including
multiple options transactions, multiple futures transactions, multiple currency
transactions (including forward currency contracts) and multiple interest rate
transactions and any combination of futures, options, currency and interest rate
transactions ("component" transactions), instead of a single Strategic
Transaction, as part of a single or combined strategy when, in the opinion of
the Adviser, it is in the best interests of the Fund to do so. A combined
transaction will usually contain elements of risk that are present in each of
its component transactions. Although combined transactions are normally entered
into based on the Adviser's judgment that the combined strategies will reduce
risk or otherwise more effectively achieve the desired portfolio management
goal, it is possible that the combination will instead increase such risks or
hinder achievement of the portfolio management objective.
Swaps, Caps, Floors and Collars. Among the Strategic Transactions into which the
Fund may enter are interest rate, currency and index swaps and the purchase or
sale of related caps, floors and collars. The Fund expects to enter into these
transactions primarily to preserve a return or spread on a particular investment
or portion of its portfolio, to protect against currency fluctuations, as a
duration management technique or to protect against any increase in the price of
securities the Fund anticipates purchasing at a later date. The Fund intends to
use these transactions as hedges and not as speculative investments and will not
sell interest rate caps or floors where it does not own securities or other
instruments providing the income stream the Fund may be obligated to pay.
Interest rate swaps involve the exchange by the Fund with another party of their
respective commitments to pay or receive interest, e.g., an exchange of floating
rate payments for fixed rate payments with respect to a notional amount of
principal. A currency swap is an agreement
9
<PAGE>
to exchange cash flows on a notional amount of two or more currencies based on
the relative value differential among them and an index swap is an agreement to
swap cash flows on a notional amount based on changes in the values of the
reference indices. The purchase of a cap entitles the purchaser to receive
payments on a notional principal amount from the party selling such cap to the
extent that a specified index exceeds a predetermined interest rate or amount.
The purchase of a floor entitles the purchaser to receive payments on a notional
principal amount from the party selling such floor to the extent that a
specified index falls below a predetermined interest rate or amount. A collar is
a combination of a cap and a floor that preserves a certain return within a
predetermined range of interest rates or values.
The Fund will usually enter into swaps on a net basis, i.e., the two
payment streams are netted out in a cash settlement on the payment date or dates
specified in the instrument, with the Fund receiving or paying, as the case may
be, only the net amount of the two payments. Inasmuch as these swaps, caps,
floors and collars are entered into for good faith hedging purposes, the Adviser
and the Fund believe such obligations do not constitute senior securities under
the 1940 Act and, accordingly, will not treat them as being subject to its
borrowing restrictions. The Fund will not enter into any swap, cap, floor or
collar transaction unless, at the time of entering into such transaction, the
unsecured long-term debt of the Counterparty, combined with any credit
enhancements, is rated at least A by S&P or Moody's or has an equivalent rating
from a NRSRO. If there is a default by the Counterparty, the Fund may have
contractual remedies pursuant to the agreements related to the transaction. The
swap market has grown substantially in recent years with a large number of banks
and investment banking firms acting both as principals and as agents utilizing
standardized swap documentation. As a result, the swap market has become
relatively liquid. Caps, floors and collars are more recent innovations for
which standardized documentation has not yet been fully developed and,
accordingly, they are less liquid than swaps.
Eurodollar Instruments. The Fund may make investments in Eurodollar instruments.
Eurodollar instruments are U.S. dollar-denominated futures contracts or options
thereon which are linked to the London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR"),
although foreign currency-denominated instruments are available from time to
time. Eurodollar futures contracts enable purchasers to obtain a fixed rate for
the lending of funds and sellers to obtain a fixed rate for borrowings. The Fund
might use Eurodollar futures contracts and options thereon to hedge against
changes in LIBOR, to which many interest rate swaps and fixed income instruments
are linked.
Risks of Strategic Transactions Outside the U.S. When conducted outside the
U.S., Strategic Transactions may not be regulated as rigorously as in the U.S.,
may not involve a clearing mechanism and related guarantees, and are subject to
the risk of governmental actions affecting trading in, or the prices of, foreign
securities, currencies and other instruments. The value of such positions also
could be adversely affected by: (i) other complex foreign political, legal and
economic factors, (ii) lesser availability than in the U.S. of data on which to
make trading decisions, (iii) delays in the Fund's ability to act upon economic
events occurring in foreign markets during non-business hours in the U.S., (iv)
the imposition of different exercise and settlement terms and procedures and
margin requirements than in the U.S., and (v) lower trading volume and
liquidity.
Use of Segregated and Other Special Accounts. Many Strategic Transactions, in
addition to other requirements, require that the Fund segregate any liquid
assets to the extent Fund obligations are not otherwise "covered" through
ownership of the underlying security, financial instrument or currency. In
general, either the full amount of any obligation by the Fund to pay or deliver
securities or assets must be covered at all times by the securities, instruments
or currency required to be delivered, or, subject to any regulatory
restrictions, an amount of cash or any liquid assets at least equal to the
current amount of the obligation. The segregated assets cannot be sold or
transferred unless equivalent assets are substituted in their place or it is no
longer necessary to segregate them. For example, a call option written by the
Fund will require the Fund to hold the securities subject to the call (or
securities convertible into the needed securities without additional
consideration) or to segregate any liquid assets sufficient to purchase and
deliver the securities if the call is exercised. A call option sold by the Fund
on an index will require the Fund to own portfolio securities which correlate
with the index or to segregate any liquid assets equal to the excess of the
index value over the exercise price on a current basis. A put option written by
the Fund requires the Fund to segregate any liquid assets equal to the exercise
price.
Except when the Fund enters into a forward contract for the purchase or
sale of a security denominated in a particular currency, which requires no
segregation, a currency contract which obligates the Fund to buy or sell
currency will generally require the Fund to hold an amount of that currency or
liquid securities denominated in that currency equal to the Fund's obligations
or to segregate liquid high grade assets equal to the amount of the Fund's
obligation.
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<PAGE>
OTC options entered into by the Fund, including those on securities,
currency, financial instruments or indices and OCC issued and exchange listed
index options, will generally provide for cash settlement. As a result, when the
Fund sells these instruments it will only segregate an amount of assets equal to
its accrued net obligations, as there is no requirement for payment or delivery
of amounts in excess of the net amount. These amounts will equal 100% of the
exercise price in the case of a non cash-settled put, the same as an OCC
guaranteed listed option sold by the Fund, or the in-the-money amount plus any
sell-back formula amount in the case of a cash-settled put or call. In addition,
when the Fund sells a call option on an index at a time when the in-the-money
amount exceeds the exercise price, the Fund will segregate, until the option
expires or is closed out, cash or cash equivalents equal in value to such
excess. OCC issued and exchange listed options sold by the Fund other than those
above generally settle with physical delivery, and the Fund will segregate an
amount of assets equal to the full value of the option. OTC options settling
with physical delivery, or with an election of either physical delivery or cash
settlement will be treated the same as other options settling with physical
delivery.
In the case of a futures contract or an option thereon, the Fund must
deposit initial margin and possible daily variation margin in addition to
segregating assets sufficient to meet its obligation to purchase or provide
securities or currencies, or to pay the amount owed at the expiration of an
index-based futures contract. Such assets may consist of cash, cash equivalents,
liquid debt or equity securities or other acceptable assets.
With respect to swaps, the Fund will accrue the net amount of the excess,
if any, of its obligations over its entitlements with respect to each swap on a
daily basis and will segregate an amount of cash or liquid high grade securities
having a value equal to the accrued excess. Caps, floors and collars require
segregation of assets with a value equal to the Fund's net obligation, if any.
Strategic Transactions may be covered by other means when consistent with
applicable regulatory policies. The Fund may also enter into offsetting
transactions so that its combined position, coupled with any segregated assets,
equals its net outstanding obligation in related options and Strategic
Transactions. For example, the Fund could purchase a put option if the strike
price of that option is the same or higher than the strike price of a put option
sold by the Fund. Moreover, instead of segregating assets if the Fund held a
futures or forward contract, it could purchase a put option on the same futures
or forward contract with a strike price as high or higher than the price of the
contract held. Other Strategic Transactions may also be offset in combinations.
If the offsetting transaction terminates at the time of or after the primary
transaction no segregation is required, but if it terminates prior to such time,
assets equal to any remaining obligation would need to be segregated.
The Fund's activities involving Strategic Transactions may be limited by
the requirements of Subchapter M of the Internal Revenue Code for qualification
as a regulated investment company. (See "TAXES.")
Investment Restrictions
The Fund may not, without the approval of holders of a majority of its
outstanding voting securities (as defined by the 1940 Act):
The Fund may not, as a fundamental policy:
(a) borrow money, except as permitted under the 1940 Act and as
interpreted or modified by regulatory authority having jurisdiction
from time to time;
(b) issue senior securities, except as permitted under the 1940 Act and
as interpreted or modified by regulatory authority having
jurisdiction, from time to time;
(c) purchase physical commodities or contracts relating to physical
commodities;
(d) engage in the business of underwriting securities issued by others,
except to the extent that the Fund may be deemed to be an
underwriter in connection with the disposition of portfolio
securities;
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<PAGE>
(e) purchase or sell real estate, which term does not include securities
of companies which deal in real estate or mortgages or investments
secured by real estate or interests therein, except that the Fund
reserves freedom of action to hold and to sell real estate acquired
as a result of the Fund's ownership of securities;
(f) make loans to other persons except (i) loans of portfolio
securities, and (ii) to the extent that entry into repurchase
agreements and the purchase of debt instruments or interests in
indebtedness in accordance with the Fund's investment objective and
policies may be deemed to be loans; or
(g) concentrate its investments in a particular industry, as that term
is used in the 1940 Act, and as interpreted or modified by
regulatory authority having jurisdiction, from time to time.
If a percentage restriction is adhered to at the time of investment, a later
increase or decrease in percentage beyond that specified limit resulting from a
change in values or net assets will not be considered a violation.
The Fund may not, as a nonfundamental policy:
(1) borrow money in an amount greater than 5% of its total assets,
except (i) for temporary or emergency purposes and (ii) by engaging
in reverse repurchase agreements, dollar rolls, or other investments
or transactions described in the Fund's registration statement which
may be deemed to be borrowings;
(2) enter into either of reverse repurchase agreements or dollar rolls
in an amount greater than 5% of its total assets;
(3) purchase securities on margin or make short sales, except (i) short
sales against the box, (ii) in connection with arbitrage
transactions, (iii) for margin deposits in connection with futures
contracts, options or other permitted investments, (iv) that
transactions in futures contracts and options shall not be deemed to
constitute selling securities short, and (v) that the Fund may
obtain such short-term credits as may be necessary for the clearance
of securities transactions;
(4) purchase options, unless the aggregate premiums paid on all such
options held by the Fund at any time do not exceed 20% of its total
assets; or sell put options, if as a result, the aggregate value of
the obligations underlying such put options would exceed 50% of its
total assets;
(5) enter into futures contracts or purchase options thereon unless
immediately after the purchase, the value of the aggregate initial
margin with respect to such futures contracts entered into on behalf
of the Fund and the premiums paid for such options on futures
contracts does not exceed 5% of the fair market value of the Fund's
total assets; provided that in the case of an option that is
in-the-money at the time of purchase, the in-the-money amount may be
excluded in computing the 5% limit;
(6) purchase warrants if as a result, such securities, taken at the
lower of cost or market value, would represent more than 5% of the
value of the Fund's total assets (for this purpose, warrants
acquired in units or attached to securities will be deemed to have
no value); and
(7) lend portfolio securities in an amount greater than 5% of its total
assets.
If a percentage restriction is adhered to at the time of investment, a later
increase or decrease in percentage beyond the specified limit resulting from a
change in values or net assets will not be considered a violation.
The 1940 Act imposes certain additional restrictions affecting the Fund's
investments.
For purposes of determining whether a percentage restriction on investment
or utilization of assets as set forth above under "Investment Objective and
Policies," "Investment Restrictions" or "Other Investment Policies" has been
adhered to at the time an investment is made, a later change in percentage
resulting from changes in the value or the total cost of the Fund's assets will
not be considered a violation of such restriction.
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JAPAN AND THE JAPANESE ECONOMY*
Because of distance, as well as differences in language, history, and
culture, Japan remains relatively unfamiliar to many investors. The archipelago
of Japan stretches for 1300 miles in the western Pacific Ocean and comprises an
area of approximately 146,000 square miles. The four main islands, Hokkaido,
Honshu, Kyushu and Shikoku, cover the same approximate range of latitude and the
same general range of climate as the east coast of the United States north of
Florida. The archipelago has in the past experienced earthquakes and tidal waves
of varying degrees of severity, and the risks of such phenomena, and damage
resulting therefrom, continue to exist.
Japan has a total population of approximately 125 million. Life expectancy
is one of the highest in the world. Literacy in Japan approaches 100%. Nearly
90% of Japanese students graduate from high school. Approximately 37% go on to
college or university. Approximately 45% of the total population of Japan is
concentrated in the metropolitan areas of Tokyo, Osaka and Nagoya, cities with
some of the world's highest population densities.
Over the post war period Japan has experienced significant economic
development. Today Japan is the second largest industrial nation in the world in
terms of GDP, with the United States being the largest. During the era of high
economic growth in the 1960s and early 1970s the expansion was based on the
development of heavy industries such as steel and shipbuilding. In the 1970s,
Japan moved into assembly industries that employ high levels of technology and
consume relatively low quantities of resources, and since then has become a
major producer of automobiles and electrical and electronic products. In the
1980s, as Japan experienced a sharp appreciation of its currency, Japanese
manufacturers increasingly moved their production offshore, while domestic
demand was driven by a boom in consumption, housing, construction, and private
capital expenditures. After the sharp collapse in the stock market, which began
in 1990s, the Japanese economy has been in an adjustment phase, dealing with
excess capacity and lower growth.
Another development in the Japanese economy in the 1990s was a growing
trend of deregulation and globalization. Import restrictions on many products,
ranging from meats to gasoline were gradually lifted, and deregulation proceeded
in industries ranging from retail, communication, transportation, finance, and
many others.
In the 1990s, asset price declines and excess capacity in many sectors
have continued to support a largely disinflationary environment.
Japan's economy is a market economy in which industry and commerce are
predominantly privately owned and operated. However, the Government is involved
in establishing and meeting objectives for developing the economy and improving
the standard of living of the Japanese people. In order to achieve its economic
objectives, the Government has generally relied on providing the prerequisite
business environment and administrative guidance. The agencies of the Government
primarily concerned with economic policy and its implementation are the Economic
Planning Agency, The Ministry of Finance (MOF) and the Ministry of International
Trade and Industry (MITI). The Bank of Japan, Japan's central bank, also acts in
this field.
Economic Trends
During the ten and five-year periods ended December 31, 1997, Japan's
gross domestic product in constant prices increased at an average annual
compound growth rate of 2.8% and 1.4%, respectively. The low rate of growth in
the past five years has resulted from Japan's attempt to cope with the aftermath
of speculative expansion of the late eighties. Several fiscal stimulus packages
have failed to initiate a robust recovery. Growth of 1.0% in 1992 was followed
by an increase of only 0.3% in 1993, 0.6% in 1994 and 1.5% in 1995. Early in
1995, the economy received a further shock with the devastating earthquake in
the Kobe area. But even more serious in its impact on the economy was the sharp
rise of the yen in early 1995. The yen reached 81 yen to the dollar in
mid-April, a rise of 24% from the beginning of the year, imparting a
deflationary bias to the economy and threatening the fragile recovery.
Subsequent action by the government and the Bank of Japan resulted in a decline
of the yen. By April 15, 1997, the yen was 126 to the dollar, a depreciation of
36% from its high in 1995. Further Government stimulus and easy money policies,
the depreciation of the yen and the front-loading of demand for durable goods
and housing investment before the
- ----------
* Where figures in tables under this caption have been rounded off, the
totals may not necessarily agree with the sum of figures.
13
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consumption tax hike on April 1, 1997 have resulted in increasing activity
during 1996. Gross domestic product rose 3.9% in 1996. In 1997, the growth rate
of gross domestic product slowed to 0.9% mainly due to a drop off in consumer
spending and housing investment in reaction to the consumption tax hike.
The following table sets forth the composition of Japan's gross domestic
product in yen and in percentage terms. In addition, the gross domestic product
in constant yen and the gross domestic deflator are shown.
Gross Domestic Product
(In trillions of yen)
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
GDP at Current Prices 471.0 475.4 479.3 483.2 500.4 507.3
Consumption 315.6 323.5 331.9 337.9 347.6 356.4
Private 272.3 278.7 286.2 290.5 299.3 307.5
Public 43.3 44.8 45.7 47.4 48.3 48.9
Fixed Investment 143.5 140.4 137.3 137.6 148.3 143.7
Private 108.2 99.7 96.0 96.3 104.5 104.1
Public 35.3 40.7 41.3 41.3 43.8 39.6
Change in Inventories 1.5 0.6 0.0 0.5 1.2 1.1
Net Exports of Goods and
Services 10.4 10.9 10.0 7.1 2.7 6.0
Exports of Goods and
Services 47.3 44.2 44.4 45.4 49.7 56.4
Imports of Goods and
Services -36.9 -33.3 -34.4 -38.3 -47.0 50.4
GDP at Constant (1990)
Prices 450.9 452.3 455.2 461.9 480.0 484.3
GDP Deflator (1990=100) 104.4 105.1 105.3 104.6 104.1 104.7
Percentage Increase of GDP
At Current Prices 2.8% 0.9% 0.8% 0.8% 3.4% 1.5%
At Constant Prices 1.0% 0.3% 0.6% 1.5% 3.9% 0.9%
Deflator 1.8% 0.07% 0.2% -0.6% -0.5% 0.6%
Percentage Distribution
of GDP
Consumption 67.0% 68.0% 69.2% 69.9% 69.6% 70.2%
Fixed Investment 30.5% 24.6% 23.3% 23.5% 24.2% 23.6%
Change in Inventories 0.3% 0.2% 0.0% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2%
Exports of Goods and
Services 10.1% 9.3% 9.3% 9.4% 9.9% 11.1%
Imports of Goods and
Services -7.8% -7.0% -7.2% -7.9% -9.4% -9.9%
----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
Total GDP 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Source: Economic Planning Agency, Quarterly Report on National Accounts (March
1998).
Industrial Production
The following table sets forth indices of industrial production of Japan
and other selected industrial countries for the six years ending with calendar
year 1997 (with 1990 as 100):
14
<PAGE>
INDICES OF INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION
1990=100
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
Japan 95.6 91.2 91.8 94.9 97.7 101.9
United States 99.6 104.6 110.3 115.7 119.8 125.8
Germany ('91=100) 98.6 92.6 96.6 98.1 99.8 100.8*
United Kingdom 96.3 99.1 104.5 106.7 107.9 109.7*
France 98.6 93.9 97.4 99.0 99.8 103.4*
Italy 97.8 94.4 101.7 107.9 104.8 118.4*
Canada 96.9 101.8 107.9 112.4 114.0 119.5*
* January 1997 through November 1997
Source: IMF, International Financial Statistics (March 1998).
OECD, Main Economic Indicators (February 1998).
The following table sets forth the proportion of gross domestic product
contributed by major industrial sectors of the economy for 1989 through 1994:
GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT* BY INDUSTRIAL SECTORS
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996**
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Agriculture, Forestry and
Fisheries 2.6% 2.5% 2.4% 2.3% 2.1% 2.1% 1.9%
Mining 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
Construction 9.8 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.8 10.8 10.3
Manufacturing 28.2 28.2 28.1 27.1 25.5 24.5 24.7
Electricity, Gas and Water 2.8 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.8
Wholesale and Retail Trade 13.4 13.6 13.7 13.1 12.9 12.7 12.7
Finance and Insurance 6.4 5.9 5.5 5.2 4.7 5.2 4.8
Real Estate
Transportation, 10.9 10.9 10.9 11.5 12.2 12.7 12.9
Communication and Other
Public Utilities 6.9 6.6 6.5 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.5
Services 14.4 14.8 15.1 16.0 16.7 16.8 17.0
Government Services 7.7 7.6 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.9 8.1
Private Non-Profit
Institutions 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3
Import Duty 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6
Imputed Interest (5.6) (5.8) (5.5) (5.3) (4.8) (4.9) (4.7)
Statistical Discrepancy (0.2) (0.0) 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 (0.1)
----- ----- --- --- --- --- -----
Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------
</TABLE>
* Gross domestic product measures the value of original goods and services
produced by a country's domestic economy. It is equal to gross national
product, minus the income that residents receive from abroad for factor
services rendered abroad, plus similar payments made to non-residents who
contribute to the domestic economy.
** Data available in June, 1998.
Source: Economic Planning Agency, Annual Report on National Accounts (1997).
15
<PAGE>
Energy
Japan has historically depended on oil for most of its energy
requirements. Virtually all of its oil is imported, the majority from the Middle
East. Oil price changes used to have a major impact on the domestic economy, but
now their influence is relatively diminished.
Japan has worked to reduce its dependence on oil by encouraging energy
conservation and use of alternative fuels. In addition to conservation efforts,
a restructuring of industry, with emphasis shifting from basic industries to
processing and assembly type industries, has also contributed to the reduction
of oil consumption. Despite Japan's sustained economic growth, crude oil imports
have not increased materially since 1979.
Labor
In 1996 approximately 65 million persons, or approximately 52% of the
Japanese population, were employed, of which approximately 6% were employed in
agriculture, forestry and fisheries, 33% in mining, construction and
manufacturing and 33% in trade, finance, transportation and communication, and
29% in other service-related industries (including the government). Since 1980
an increasing proportion of the paid work force is female and an increasing
number of people have been employed in service industries.
Except for 1992 and 1993, productivity gains over the recent five-year
period have exceeded or been close to the rise in wages with the result that
unit labor costs have declined or risen only slightly. In 1992 and 1993,
however, there were sharp declines in productivity that were due in part to
Japan's labor policies, which tend to result in a decline of productivity when
production falls since labor is not let go as rapidly as in other industrialized
countries. As a result, unit labor costs rose in 1992 and 1993 with the rise in
1992 being very pronounced. With increases in productivity in 1994, 1995 and
1996 that exceeded the rise in wages, unit labor costs declined 0.8% in 1994,
1.3% in 1995 and 2.9% in 1996.
MANUFACTURING
Wages Productivity Unit Labor Costs
(annual percentage change)
1990 5.3 4.0 1.2
1991 3.4 2.5 0.9
1992 1.2 -5.4 6.9
1993 0.1 -1.4 1.6
1994 2.1 2.9 -0.8
1995 3.3 4.7 -1.3
1996 2.5 5.6 -2.9
1997 2.8p. N.A. N.A.
p. = preliminary
Source: Ministry of Labor, Monthly Labor Statistics (Mar. 1998); Productivity
Research Institute, Quarterly Journal of Productivity Statistics (Wages
are for manufacturers who employ 30 or more persons.)
Prices
In 1997 the wholesale price index rose by 1.5% and the consumer price
index rose by 1.7%.
16
<PAGE>
The tables below set forth the wholesale and consumer price indices for
Japan and other selected industrial countries for which comparable statistics
are available:
COMPARATIVE WHOLESALE PRICE INDICES
(1900 = 100)
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Japan 98.7 95.0 93.0 92.2 92.3 93.7
United States 100.8 102.3 103.6 107.3 109.8 109.8
Germany ('91=100) 101.4 101.6 102.2 104.0 103.5 104.8
United Kingdom 108.7 113.0 115.8 120.6 123.9 125.2
France* 97.1 94.4 95.4 101.1 98.5 97.9
Italy 107.4 112.9 117.2 129.3 134.0 134.2**
Canada 99.4 103.0 109.3 117.4 117.9 118.9
* Intermediate Industrial Goods
** January 1997 through November 1997
Source: IMF, Int'l Financial statistics (March 1998) OECD, Main Economic
Indicators (February 1998)
COMPARATIVE CONSUMER PRICE INDICES
(1900 = 100)
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Japan 105.1 106.4 107.1 107.0 107.2 109.0
United States 107.4 110.6 113.4 116.6 120.0 122.9
Germany ('91=100) 105.1 109.7 112.7 114.8 116.5 118.6
United Kingdom 109.8 111.5 114.3 118.2 121.1 124.9
France 105.7 107.9 109.7 111.6 113.9 115.2
Italy 111.7 116.7 121.4 127.8 132.8 135.4*
Canada 107.2 109.2 109.4 111.8 113.5 115.3
* January 1997 through November 1997
Source: IMF, Int'l Financial Statistics (March 1998)
Balance of Payments
During the 1980s, Japan recorded increased trade surpluses and became the
world's major creditor nation. In 1997, Japan registered a surplus of
(Y)11,435.7 ($94.5 billion) in its current account. This surplus was
predominantly due to a surplus of (Y)12,329.1 ($101.98 billion) in its trade
account.
In 1997, Japan registered an outflow of (Y)15,765.1 ($130.3 billion) in
its long-term capital account.
Foreign Trade
Overseas trade is important to Japan's economy even though offshore
production has eroded its importance. Japan has few natural resources and must
export to pay for its imports of these basic requirements. During the year ended
December 31, 1997, exports and imports represented approximately 11.1% and 9.9%,
respectively, of Japan's current gross domestic product. Roughly three quarters
of Japan's exports are machinery and equipment including motor vehicles, machine
tools and electronic equipment. Japan's principal imports consist of raw
materials, foodstuff and fuels, such as oil and coal.
17
<PAGE>
Japan's principal export markets are the United States, Canada, the United
Kingdom, Germany, Australia, Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and the People's Republic
of China. The principal sources of its imports are the United States, South East
Asia, the People's Republic of China and the Middle East.
The following table shows (i) indices in yen terms of the value, volume
and unit value (a measure of average prices) of Japanese exports and imports and
(ii) the Japanese terms of trade (the ratio of export to import prices), which
is an indicator of a country's comparative advantage in trade. During 1994-95,
the terms of trade improved as a result of the higher yen and generally
declining world commodity prices. The terms of trade slightly lowered in 1996
and 1997 as a result of the rise in import prices reflecting lower yen rate.
FOREIGN TRADE OF JAPAN
(1990 = 100)
Value Index Volume Index Unit Value Index
----------- ------------ ---------------- Terms
Exports Imports Exports Imports Exports Imports of Trade
1992 103.8 87.2 104.0 103.6 99.7 84.2 118.4
1993 97.0 79.2 102.3 107.9 94.8 73.5 129.0
1994 97.7 83.0 104.0 122.4 93.9 67.8 138.5
1995 100.2 93.2 108.0 137.7 92.8 67.7 137.1
1996 107.9 112.2 107.2 140.8 100.7 79.7 126.3
1997 122.9 121.0 117.4 144.6 104.6 83.7 125.1
Source: Ministry of Finance, The Summary Report on Trade of Japan (Dec. 1997)
The following table sets forth the composition of Japan's exports and
imports by major commodity groups:
COMPOSITION OF JAPAN'S EXPORTS AND IMPORTS
Japan's Exports 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Textile Products 2.5% 2.5% 2.3% 2.1% 2.0% 2.1% 2.0%
Metals & Metal Products 6.7 6.3 6.4 6.1 6.5 6.2 6.4
Machinery & Equipment:
Ships 2.1 2.3 2.8 2.9 2.4 2.2 2.2
Motor Vehicles 17.4 17.8 16.2 14.4 12.0 12.3 14.0
TV & Radio
Receivers 1.7 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.9 0.8
Motorcycles 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.0 0.9 1.0 0.9
Scientific,
medical & optical
instruments 4.1 4.0 3.9 4.0 4.2 4.2 4.3
Other 49.0 48.8 50.5 52.5 54.2 53.5 51.5
Total 75.2 75.6 76.0 76.0 74.7 74.1 73.7
Chemicals 5.6 5.6 5.6 6.0 6.8 7.0 7.1
Foods & Beverages 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Other Exports 9.4 9.4 9.6 9.3 9.5 10.1 10.3
------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------
Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------
Japan's Imports 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Foods & Beverages 14.6% 16.0% 16.4% 17.0% 15.2% 14.5% 13.6%
Textile Materials 1.0 0.9 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.5
Chemicals 7.4 7.4 7.5 7.4 7.3 6.7 6.9
Mineral Fuels:
Petroleum 12.7 12.9 11.6 10.1 8.9 9.6 10.3
Coal 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.0
Other 7.7 7.1 6.2 5.2 5.0 5.7 6.1
Total 23.1 22.6 20.3 17.4 15.9 17.3 18.4
18
<PAGE>
Japan's Imports 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Metal Ores & Scrap 3.7 3.3 2.4 2.7 2.3 2.0 2.2
Machinery & Equipment 18.1 18.4 19.4 21.7 26.3 27.5 28.0
Other Imports 32.1 31.4 32.9 38.1 33.5 31.7 30.4
------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------
Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------
Source: Ministry of Finance, The Summary Report - Trade of Japan (Dec. 1997).
The following table indicates the geographic distribution of Japan's trade
in recent years.
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF JAPAN'S EXPORTS AND IMPORTS
Japan's Exports 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Developed Areas
U.S.A. 29.1% 28.2% 29.2% 29.7% 27.3% 27.2% 27.8%
EC 18.8 18.4 15.7 14.5 15.9 15.3 15.6
Australia 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.2 1.8 1.8 1.9
Canada 2.3 2.1 1.7 1.5 1.3 1.2 1.4
Others 3.9 3.6 3.0 2.8 1.7 1.8 1.7
--- --- --- --- --- --- ---
Subtotal 56.2 54.4 51.7 50.7 48.0 47.3 48.4
Developing Areas
S.E. Asia 30.6% 30.7% 32.5% 35.0% 38.3% 38.3% 36.5%
Middle East 3.9 4.5 3.7 2.8 2.3 2.7 2.8
Latin America 4.1 4.6 4.7 4.7 4.4 4.4 5.0
Africa 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.0 0.9 0.7 0.6
Others 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6
--- --- --- --- --- --- ---
Subtotal 40.0 41.3 42.5 43.9 46.4 41.6 45.5%
Former Soviet Union 0.7% 0.3% 0.4% 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 0.3%
China 2.7 3.5 4.8 4.7 5.0 5.3 5.2
Others 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.6 0.6
--- --- --- --- --- --- ---
Subtotal 3.8 4.3 5.7 5.4 5.6 6.2 6.1
------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------
Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------
Japan's Exports 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Developed Areas
U.S.A. 22.5% 22.4% 23.0% 22.8% 22.4% 22.7% 22.3%
EC 13.4 13.4 12.5 12.9 14.5 14.1 13.3
Australia 5.5 5.3 5.1 5.0 4.3 4.1 4.3
Canada 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.2 3.2 2.9 2.9
Others 4.7 4.5 4.1 4.3 3.2 2.9 1.8
--- --- --- --- --- --- ---
Subtotal 49.4 48.9 48.1 48.2 47.6 46.7 45.8
Developing Areas
S.E. Asia 24.8% 24.7% 25.2% 24.7% 25.3% 25.1% 23.9%
Middle East 12.4 12.5 11.3 10.2 9.4 10.1 11.4
Latin America 4.2 3.7 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.3 3.4
Africa 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6
Others 0.3 0.4 1.1 1.2 1.7 1.2 1.0
--- --- --- --- --- --- ---
Subtotal 42.5 42.0 41.9 40.2 40.0 40.3 40.3
Former Soviet Union 1.4% 1.0% 1.2% 1.3% 1.4% 1.1% 1.3%
China 6.0 7.3 8.5 10.0 10.7 11.6 12.4
Others 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.3 0.3 0.2
--- --- --- --- --- --- ---
Subtotal 8.1 9.1 10.5 12.2 12.4 13.0 13.9
--- --- --- --- --- --- ---
Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------
Source: Ministry of Finance, The Summary Report--Trade of Japan (December 1997).
19
<PAGE>
SECURITIES MARKETS IN JAPAN
There are eight stock exchanges in Japan. Of these, the Tokyo Stock
Exchange, the Osaka Stock Exchange and the Nagoya Stock Exchange are the
largest. The three main markets have two sections of stocks; generally,
companies with smaller capitalization are listed on the second section. In
addition, The Japan Over-The-Counter Trading Co. acts as the intermediary
between securities companies wishing to trade shares on the over-the-counter
(OTC) market. The primary role of the OTC market is to facilitate the raising of
funds from the investing public by unlisted, small and medium-sized companies.
Equity securities of Japanese companies which are traded in an over-the-counter
market are generally securities of relatively small or little-known companies.
There are two widely followed price indices. The Nikkei Stock Average
(NSA) is an arithmetic average of 225 selected stocks computed by a private
corporation. In addition, the Tokyo Stock Exchange publishes the TOPIX, formerly
the TSE Index, which is an index of all first section stocks. The second section
has its own index. Nihon Keizai Shimbun, Inc., the publisher of a leading
Japanese economic newspaper, publishes the OTC Index.
The following table shows the high, low and close of the Nikkei Stock
Average, TOPIX and the Nikkei OTC Index for the years 1988 through 1997.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Calendar NSA* TSE/TOPIX* OTC**
Year High Low Close High Low Close High Low Close
---- ---- --- ----- ---- --- ----- ---- --- -----
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
1988 30159.00 21217.04 30159.00 2357.03 1690.44 2357.03 1402.61 1099.52 1313.11
1989 38915.87 30183.79 38915.87 2884.80 2364.33 2881.37 2597.52 1315.40 2597.52
1990 38712.88 20221.86 23848.71 2867.70 1523.43 1733.83 4149.20 2154.20 2175.48
1991 27146.91 21456.76 22983.77 2028.85 1638.06 1714.68 3333.78 1918.06 1946.14
1992 23801.18 14309.41 16924.95 1763.43 1102.50 1307.66 2022.41 1099.32 1227.93
1993 21148.11 16078.71 17417.24 1698.67 1250.06 1439.31 1728.13 1200.84 1447.60
1994 21552.81 17369.74 19723.06 1712.73 1445.97 1559.09 2002.73 1445.47 1776.25
1995 20011.96 14485.41 19868.15 1585.87 1193.16 1577.70 1852.13 1194.77 1488.40
1996 22666.80 19161.71 19361.35 1722.13 1448.45 1470.94 1747.17 1316.25 1330.55
1997 20681.07 14775.22 15258.74 1560.28 1130.00 1175.03 1333.11 708.23 721.53
</TABLE>
Sources: *Tokyo Stock Exchange, Annual Securities Statistics (1996); Monthly
Statistics Report (Dec. 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996,
1997).
**Annual Statistics of OTC Stocks (1997), issued by Japan Securities
Dealers Association.
In the five years ending December 1989, the Tokyo Stock Price Index
(TOPIX) more than tripled, rising from 913.37 to 2881.37. The Index then
declined 39.8% in 1990, 1.1% in 1991 and 23.7% in 1992, reaching, at that point,
1307.66. In 1993 the Index rose 10.1% to 1439.31, in 1994, 8.3% to 1559.09 and
in 1995, 12% to 1577.70. In 1996, the Index declined 6.8% to 1470.94 and in
1997, 20.1% to 1175.03. Beginning in 1991, a number of trading improprieties,
including allegations that some of the major brokerage firms engaged in
unauthorized reimbursements to large corporate customers for stock market
losses, have been reported in the press. The decline in stock prices has raised
the cost of capital for industry and has reduced the value of stock holdings by
banks and corporations. These effects have, in turn, contributed to the recent
weakness in Japan's economy and could continue to have an adverse impact in the
future.
20
<PAGE>
The following table presents certain statistics with respect to the
trading of equity securities on the Tokyo Stock Exchange (first and second
sections combined) and the OTC market for the past six years.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
TSE OTC TSE OTC TSE OTC TSE OTC TSE OTC TSE OTC
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Market
Capitalization
(in billions
of yen) 289,483 7,943 324,357 11,228 358,392 14,558 365,716 14,535 347,578 14,904 280,930 9,228
Daily Average
Trading Volume
(000 shares) 268,857 1,767 353,394 4,374 342,163 8,994 369,613 9,763 405,549 9,766 439,049 5,614
Number of
Listed
Companies 1,651 436 1,667 477 1,689 564 1,714 678 1,766 762 1,805 834
</TABLE>
Source: Tokyo Stock Exchange, Monthly Securities Statistics (Jan. 1998).
Compared to the United States, the common stocks of many Japanese
companies trade at a higher price-earnings ratio. Historically, investments in
the OTC market have been more volatile than the TSE.
The proportion of trading by institutional investors had tended to
increase at the expense of individuals, but in the last three years of stock
price declines, the share of trading represented by financial institutions and
business corporations has fallen while the share of trading by foreigners has
risen substantially as can be seen in the following table:
Financial Business
Institutions Corporations Individuals Foreigners Other
1990 37.4% 13.2% 31.2% 14.1% 4.1%
1991 34.6 10.7 31.0 19.8 3.9
1992 31.9 8.5 28.2 27.4 4.0
1993 34.6 8.7 28.0 25.2 3.1
1994 34.2 7.3 23.3 32.2 3.0
1995 30.3 7.3 25.8 33.7 2.9
1996 32.6 5.9 23.3 36.4 2.8
1997 28.6 5.9 24.7 37.1 3.5
Source: Tokyo Stock Exchange, Annual Securities Statistics (1997).
The following table shows the price/earning ratios and rates of return for
TOPIX for each of the past seven years. Because of differences in accounting
methods used in Japan and the United States, the price/earning ratios are not
directly comparable. The Japanese price/earnings ratio declined sharply in 1990,
1991 and 1992 as a result of the decline in stock prices. It rose in the period
from 1993 through 1996 due in part to a recovery in stock prices but also to a
decline in earnings. The rate of return declined 6% in 1996 and 19.2% in 1997
largely as a result in the decline in stock prices. In 1996 and 1997, the return
on the TOPIX registered minus figures, but price/earnings ratio at the end of
1997 became the same.
AVERAGE PRICE/EARNINGS RATIOS AND RATES OF RETURN
Average
Price/Earnings Rate of
Ratio Return*
1991 37.8 -0.5
1992 36.7 -22.9
1993 64.9 10.9
1994 79.5 9.0
1995 86.5 2.0
1996 79.3 -6.0
1997 37.6 -19.2
* Rates of return in yen calculated on basis of closing prices and average
dividends for each year.
21
<PAGE>
Sources: Tokyo Stock Exchange, Annual Securities Statistics (1991, 1992, 1993,
1994, 1995, 1996, 1997); Monthly Statistics Report (Dec. 1989, 1990,
1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997).
Following is a statistical comparison between the Tokyo Stock Exchange
(both sections) and the New York Stock Exchange for the six years ending 1997:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
TSE NYSE TSE NYSE TSE NYSE TSE NYSE TSE NYSE TSE NYSE
--- ---- --- ---- --- ---- --- ---- --- ---- --- ----
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Number of Companies 1651 2063 1667 2362 1689 2570 1714 2675 1766 2907 1805 3047
Aggregate Market Value
in Billions of Dollars* 2331 4035 2898 4545 3590 4448 3557 6000 2996 7300 2162 9413
as Percentage of GDP 61 67 68 72 75 66 76 83 69 96 56 116
Turnover Ratio (%) 20 40 26 50 25 51 27 59 29 63 31 69
</TABLE>
* Calculated on the basis of the yen conversion rate published by the IMF.
Sources: Tokyo Stock Exchange, Annual Securities Statistics (1996).
The following table, compiled by Morgan Stanley Capital International,
sets forth the size of the Japanese equity market in comparison with that of
other major equity markets for the years ending December 31, 1993, 1994, 1995,
1996 and 1997.
EQUITY STOCK MARKETS OF THE WORLD
(dollars in billions)
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
December 1993 December 1994 December 1995 December 1996 December 1997
$ % $ % $ % $ % $ %
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
United States 4467.0 38.4 4626.3 36.6 6338.0 41.9 7,835.9 45.1 8,607.4 47.2
Japan 2885.4 24.8 3624.5 28.7 3582.7 23.7 3,071.0 17.7 2,287.8 12.5
United Kingdom 1189.9 10.2 1145.0 9.1 1354.3 9.0 1,740.1 10.0 2,097.6 11.5
Canada 296.6 2.5 288.0 2.3 333.4 2.2 463.6 2.7 543.3 3.0
Federal Republic
of Germany 442.6 3.8 476.9 3.8 579.5 3.8 648.3 3.7 825.2 4.5
Australia 196.2 1.7 212.4 1.7 245.4 1.6 306.4 1.8 284.7 1.6
Switzerland 243.8 2.1 284.0 2.2 401.6 2.7 406.6 2.3 579.3 3.2
France 453.4 3.9 444.3 3.5 504.5 3.3 600.8 3.5 677.9 3.7
Netherlands 171.2 1.5 224.4 1.8 304.3 2.0 393.4 2.3 358.3 2.0
Hong Kong 383.2 3.3 241.2 1.9 274.4 1.8 393.4 2.3 340.7 1.9
Other 908.6 7.8 1072.8 8.5 1197.2 7.9 1,531.9 8.8 1,630.1 8.9
----- --- ------ --- ------ --- ------- --- ------- ---
Total $11,637.9 100.00% $12,639.8 100.00% $15,115.3 100.00% $17,391.4 100.00% $18,232.3 100.00%
</TABLE>
Source: Morgan Stanley Capital International (Quarterly 1993:1, 1994:1, 1995:1,
1996:1, 1997:1, 1998:1).
PURCHASES AND EXCHANGES
(See "Purchases and redemptions" and "Transaction
information" in the Fund's prospectus.)
Additional Information About Opening An Account
Clients having a regular investment counsel account with the Adviser or
its affiliates and members of their immediate families, officers and employees
of the Adviser or of any affiliated organization and their immediate families,
members of the National Association of Securities Dealers, Inc. ("NASD") and
banks may, if they prefer, subscribe initially for at least $2,500 through
Scudder Investor Services, Inc. by letter, fax, or telephone.
The minimum initial purchase amount is less than $2,500 under certain
special plan accounts.
Additional Information About Making Subsequent Investments
Subsequent purchase orders for $2,500 or more and for an amount not
greater than four times the value of the shareholder's account may be placed by
telephone by established shareholders (except by Scudder Individual Retirement
22
<PAGE>
Account (IRA), Scudder profit sharing, Scudder 401(k) and Scudder 403(b)
planholders), members of the NASD and banks. Orders placed in this manner may be
directed to The Japan Fund Service Center or to any Scudder Funds Center office.
A two-part invoice of the purchase will be mailed out promptly following receipt
of a request to buy. Payment should be attached to a copy of the invoice for
proper identification. Federal regulations require that payment be received
within seven (7) business days. If payment is not received within that time, the
shares may be canceled. In the event of such cancellation or cancellation at the
purchaser's request, the purchaser will be responsible for any loss incurred by
the Fund or the principal underwriter by reason of such cancellation. If the
purchaser is a shareholder, the Fund shall have the authority, as agent of the
shareholder, to redeem shares in the account to reimburse the Fund or the
principal underwriter for the loss incurred. Net losses on such transactions
which are not recovered from the purchaser will be absorbed by the principal
underwriter. Any net profit on the liquidation of unpaid shares will accrue to
the Fund.
Additional Information About Making Subsequent Investments by QuickBuy
Shareholders, whose predesignated bank account of record is a member of
the Automated Clearing House Network (ACH) and who have elected to participate
in the QuickBuy program, may purchase shares of the Fund by telephone. Through
this service shareholders may purchase up to $250,000. To purchase shares by
QuickBuy, shareholders should call before the close of regular trading on the
Exchange, normally 4 p.m. eastern time. Proceeds in the amount of your purchase
will be transferred from your bank checking account two or three business days
following your call. For requests received by the close of regular trading on
the Exchange, shares will be purchased at the net asset value per share
calculated at the close of trading on the day of your call. QuickBuy requests
received after the close of regular trading on the Exchange will begin their
processing and be purchased at the net asset value calculated the following
business day. If you purchase shares by QuickBuy and redeem them within seven
days of the purchase, the Fund may hold the redemption proceeds for a period of
up to seven business days. If you purchase shares and there are insufficient
funds in your bank account the purchase will be canceled and you will be subject
to any losses or fees incurred in the transaction. QuickBuy transactions are not
available for most retirement plan accounts. However, QuickBuy transactions are
available for Scudder IRA accounts.
In order to request purchases by QuickBuy, shareholders must have
completed and returned to the Transfer Agent the application, including the
designation of a bank account from which the purchase payment will be debited.
New investors wishing to establish QuickBuy may so indicate on the application.
Existing shareholders who wish to add QuickBuy to their account may do so by
completing a QuickBuy Enrollment Form. After sending in an enrollment form
shareholders should allow 15 days for this service to be available.
The Fund employs procedures, including recording telephone calls, testing
a caller's identity, and sending written confirmation of telephone transactions,
designed to give reasonable assurance that instructions communicated by
telephone are genuine, and to discourage fraud. To the extent that the Fund does
not follow such procedures, it may be liable for losses due to unauthorized or
fraudulent telephone instructions. The Fund will not be liable for acting upon
instructions communicated by telephone that it reasonably believes to be
genuine.
Checks
A certified check is not necessary, but checks are accepted subject to
collection at full face value in United States funds and must be drawn on, or
payable through, a United States bank.
If shares are purchased by a check which proves to be uncollectible, the
Fund reserves the right to cancel the purchase immediately and the purchaser
will be responsible for any loss incurred by the Fund or the principal
underwriter by reason of such cancellation. If the purchaser is a shareholder,
the Fund shall have the authority, as agent of the shareholder, to redeem shares
in the account to reimburse the Fund or the principal underwriter for the loss
incurred. Investors whose orders have been canceled may be prohibited from or
restricted in placing future orders in the Fund or any of the other funds in the
Scudder Family of Funds.
23
<PAGE>
Wire Transfer of Federal Funds
To obtain the net asset value determined as of the close of regular
trading (normally 4 p.m. eastern time) on the New York Stock Exchange (the
"Exchange") on a selected day, your bank must forward federal funds by wire
transfer and provide the required account information so as to be available to
the Fund prior to such close.
The bank sending an investor's federal funds by bank wire may charge for
the service. Presently Scudder Investor Services, Inc. (the "Distributor") pays
a fee for receipt by the custodian of "wired funds," but the right to charge
investors for this service is reserved.
Boston banks are closed on certain holidays that the Exchange may be open.
These holidays are Martin Luther King, Jr. Day (the 3rd Monday in January),
Columbus Day (the 2nd Monday in October) and Veterans' Day (November 11).
Investors are not able to purchase shares by wiring federal funds on such
holidays because State Street Bank is not open to receive such funds on behalf
of the Fund.
Share Price
Purchases will be filled without sales charge at the net asset value next
computed after receipt of the Application in good order. Purchases made by check
are executed on the next business day after the check is received by the Fund's
transfer agent. Net asset value normally will be computed as of the close of
regular trading on the Exchange on each day during which the Exchange is open
for trading. Orders received after the close of regular trading on the Exchange
will receive the next day's net asset value. If the order has been placed by a
member of the NASD, other than Scudder Investor Services, Inc., it is the
responsibility of the broker, and not the Fund, to place the order by the close
of the Exchange.
Share Certificates
Due to the desire of Fund management to afford ease of redemption,
ownership in the Fund is on a non-certified basis. Share certificates now in a
shareholder's possession may be sent to the Fund's transfer agent for
cancellation and credit to such shareholder's account on a non-certificated
basis.
Other Information
The Fund has authorized certain members of the NASD other than the
Distributor to accept purchase and redemption orders for the Fund's shares.
Those brokers may also designate other parties to accept purchase and redemption
orders on the Fund's behalf. Orders for purchase or redemption will be deemed to
have been received by the Fund when such brokers or their authorized designees
accept the orders. Subject to the terms of the contract between the Fund and the
broker, ordinarily orders will be priced at the Fund's net asset value next
computed after acceptance by such brokers or their authorized designees.
Further, if purchases or redemptions of the Fund's shares are arranged and
settlement is made at an investor's election through any other authorized NASD
member, that member may, at its discretion, charge a fee for that service. The
Board of Trustees and the Distributor, also the Fund's principal underwriter,
each has the right to limit the amount of purchases by, and to refuse to sell
to, any person. The Trustees and the Distributor may suspend or terminate the
offering of shares of the Fund at any time for any reason.
If transactions are arranged and settlement is made through a member of
the NASD, other than the Distributor that member may, at its discretion, charge
a fee for that service. The Board of Directors and the Distributor, the Fund's
principal underwriter, each has the right to limit the amount of purchases by,
and to refuse to sell to, any person. The Board of Directors and Scudder
Investor Services, Inc. each may suspend or terminate the offering of shares of
a Fund at any time.
The Tax Identification Number section of the Fund's application must be
completed when opening an account. Applications and purchase orders without a
certified tax identification number and certain other certified information,
except those from exempt organizations, may be returned to the investor.
24
<PAGE>
The Fund may issue shares at net asset value in connection with any merger
or consolidation with, or acquisition of the assets of, any investment company
or personal holding company, subject to the requirements of the 1940 Act.
Exchanges
The procedure for exchanging shares from The Japan Fund, Inc. into shares
of another Scudder fund, when the new account is established with the same
registration, telephone option, dividend option and address as the present
account, is set forth under "Purchases and Redemptions -- Opening An Account" in
the Fund's prospectus. If an exchange involves establishing a new account, at
least $1000 must be exchanged. If the exchange is made into an existing account,
at least $100 must be exchanged. If the account receiving the exchange proceeds
is to be different in any respect, the exchange request must be in writing and
must contain a signature guarantee as described under "Purchases and Redemption
- -- Selling Fund Shares -- Signature guarantees" in the Fund's prospectus.
Exchange orders received before the close of regular trading on the
Exchange on any business day will ordinarily be executed at respective net asset
values determined on that day. Exchange orders received after the close of
regular trading will be executed on the following business day. Notwithstanding
the foregoing, if a shareholder requests to exchange his or her Japan Fund
shares for shares in another fund in the Scudder Family of Funds, and in
connection therewith receives Fund portfolio securities in payment for those
Fund shares (see "REDEMPTIONS" below), there will be a delay in repurchasing
shares in such other fund owing to the time required to liquidate such
securities on the shareholder's behalf and to remit the proceeds of such
liquidation to the Fund's transfer agent. Accordingly, an exchange order in
those instances (1) may not be executed for up to seven business days after the
exchange request is received in good order and (2) will be executed at the net
asset value next determined after the transfer agent's receipt of such
liquidation proceeds.
Investors may also request, at no extra charge, to have exchanges
automatically executed on a predetermined schedule from the Fund or another
Scudder Fund to an existing account in the Fund or another Scudder Fund at
current net asset value through Scudder's Automatic Exchange Program. Exchanges
must be for a minimum of $50. Shareholders may add this free feature over the
phone or in writing. Automatic Exchanges will continue until the shareholder
requests by phone or in writing to have the feature removed, or until the
originating account is depleted. The Trust and the Transfer Agent each reserves
the right to suspend or terminate the privilege of the Automatic Exchange
Program at any time.
There is no charge to the shareholder for any exchange described above. An
exchange into another fund in the Scudder Family of Funds is a redemption of
shares, and therefore may result in tax consequences (gain or loss) to the
shareholder and the proceeds of such an exchange may be subject to backup
withholding. (See "Taxes.")
Investors currently receive the exchange privilege, including exchange by
telephone, automatically without having to elect it. The Fund employs
procedures, including recording telephone calls, testing a caller's identity,
and sending written confirmation of telephone transactions, designed to give
reasonable assurance that instructions communicated by telephone are genuine,
and to discourage fraud. To the extent that the Fund does not follow such
procedures, it may be liable for losses due to unauthorized or fraudulent
telephone instructions. The Fund will not be liable for acting upon instructions
communicated by telephone that it reasonably believes to be genuine. The Funds
and the Transfer Agent each reserves the right to suspend or terminate the
privilege of exchanging by telephone or fax at any time.
The Scudder funds into which investors may make an exchange are listed
under "THE SCUDDER FAMILY OF FUNDS" herein. Before making an exchange,
shareholders should obtain from the Distributor a prospectus of the Scudder fund
into which the exchange is being contemplated. The exchange privilege may not be
available for certain Scudder funds. For more information, please call
1-800-225-5163.
25
<PAGE>
REDEMPTIONS
(See "Purchases and Redemptions" and "Transaction Information"
in the Fund's prospectus.)
Redemption by Telephone
Shareholders currently receive the right automatically, without having to
elect it, to redeem by telephone up to $100,000 to their address of record. In
order to request redemptions by telephone, shareholders must have completed and
returned to the Transfer Agent the application, including the designation of a
bank account to which the redemption proceeds are to be sent.
(a) NEW INVESTORS wishing to establish telephone redemption to a
predesignated bank account must complete the appropriate section on
the application.
(b) EXISTING SHAREHOLDERS (except those who are Scudder IRA, Scudder
Pension and Profit-Sharing, Scudder 401(k) and Scudder 403(b)
Planholders) who wish to establish telephone redemption to a
predesignated bank account or who want to change the bank account
previously designated to receive redemption proceeds should either
return a Telephone Redemption Option Form (available upon request)
or send a letter identifying the account and specifying the exact
information to be changed. The letter must be signed exactly as the
shareholder's name(s) appears on the account. A signature and a
signature guarantee are required for each person in whose name the
account is registered.
Telephone redemption is not available with respect to shares represented
by share certificates.
If a request for redemption to a shareholder's bank account is made by
telephone or fax, payment will be made by Federal Reserve bank wire to the bank
account designated on the application, unless a request is made that the
redemption check be mailed to the designated bank account. There will be a $5.00
charge for all wire redemptions.
Note: Investors designating a savings bank to receive their telephone redemption
proceeds are advised that if the savings bank is not a participant in the
Federal Reserve System, redemption proceeds must be wired through a
commercial bank which is a correspondent of the savings bank. As this may
delay receipt by the shareholder's account, it is suggested that investors
wishing to use a savings bank discuss wire procedures with their bank and
submit any special wire transfer information with the telephone redemption
authorization. If appropriate wire information is not supplied, redemption
proceeds will be mailed to the designated bank.
The Fund employs procedures, including recording telephone calls, testing
a caller's identity, and sending written confirmation of telephone transactions,
designed to give reasonable assurance that instructions communicated by
telephone are genuine, and to discourage fraud. To the extent that the Fund does
not follow such procedures, it may be liable for losses due to unauthorized or
fraudulent telephone instructions. The Fund will not be liable for acting upon
instructions communicated by telephone that it reasonably believes to be
genuine.
Redemption requests by telephone (technically a repurchase by agreement
between the Fund and the shareholder) of shares purchased by check will not be
accepted for seven (7) business days following their purchase.
Redemption By QuickSell
Shareholders, whose predesignated bank account of record is a member of the
Automated Clearing House Network (ACH) and who have elected to participate in
the QuickSell program may sell shares of the Fund by telephone. To sell shares
by QuickSell, shareholders should call before the close of regular trading on
the Exchange normally 4 p.m. eastern time. Redemptions must be for at least
$250. Proceeds in the amount of your redemption will be transferred to your bank
checking account two or three business days following your call. For requests
received by the close of regular trading on the Exchange, shares will be
redeemed at the net asset value per share calculated at the close of trading on
the day of your call. QuickSell requests received after the close of regular
trading on the Exchange will begin their processing and be redeemed at the net
asset value calculated the following business day. QuickSell transactions are
not available for Scudder IRA accounts and most other retirement plan accounts.
26
<PAGE>
In order to request redemptions by QuickSell, shareholders must have
completed and returned to the Transfer Agent the application, including the
designation of a bank account from which the purchase payment will be debited.
New investors wishing to establish QuickSell may so indicate on the application.
Existing shareholders who wish to add QuickSell to their account may do so by
completing an QuickSell Enrollment Form. After sending in an enrollment form,
shareholders should allow for 15 days for this service to be available.
The Fund employs procedures, including recording telephone calls, testing
a caller's identity, and sending written confirmation of telephone transactions,
designed to give reasonable assurance that instructions communicated by
telephone are genuine, and to discourage fraud. To the extent that the Fund does
not follow such procedures, it may be liable for losses due to unauthorized or
fraudulent telephone instructions. The Fund will not be liable for acting upon
instructions communicated by telephone that it reasonably believes to be
genuine.
Redemption by Mail or Fax
Any existing share certificates representing shares being redeemed must
accompany a request for redemption and be duly endorsed or accompanied by a
proper stock assignment form with signature(s) guaranteed as explained in the
Fund's prospectus.
In order to ensure proper authorization before redeeming shares, the
transfer agent may request additional documents such as, but not restricted to,
stock powers, trust instruments, certificates of death, appointments as
executor, certificates of corporate authority and waivers of tax required in
some states when settling estates.
It is suggested that shareholders holding certificated shares or shares
registered in other than individual names contact the Fund's transfer agent
prior to redemptions to ensure that all necessary documents accompany the
request. When shares are held in the name of a corporation, trust, fiduciary or
partnership, the transfer agent requires, in addition to the stock power,
certified evidence of authority to sign. These procedures are for the protection
of shareholders and should be followed to ensure prompt payment. Redemption
requests must not be conditional as to date or price of the redemption. Proceeds
of a redemption will be sent within seven (7) days after receipt of a request
for redemption that complies with the above requirements. Delays of more than
seven (7) days of payment for shares tendered for repurchase or redemption may
result but only until the purchase check has cleared.
The requirements for the IRA redemptions are different from those for
regular accounts. For more information call 1-800-53-JAPAN.
Redemption-in-Kind
In the event the Fund's management determines that substantial
distributions of cash would have an adverse effect on the Fund's remaining
shareholders, the Fund reserves the right to honor any request for redemption or
repurchase order by making payment in whole or in part in readily marketable
securities chosen by the Fund and valued as they are for purposes of computing
the Fund's net asset value. The Fund has elected, however, to be governed by
Rule 18f-1 under the Investment Company Act of 1940 as a result of which the
Fund is obligated to redeem shares, with respect to any one shareholder during
any 90-day period, solely in cash up to the lesser of $250,000 or 1% of the net
asset value of the Fund at the beginning of the period. The tax consequences to
a redeeming shareholder are the same whether the shareholder receives cash or
securities in payment for his shares.
If redemption payment is made in portfolio securities, the redeeming
shareholder will incur brokerage commissions and Japanese sales taxes in
converting those securities into cash. In addition, the conversion of securities
into cash may expose the shareholder to stock-market risk and currency exchange
risk.
If a shareholder receives portfolio securities upon redemption of his Fund
shares, he may request that such securities either (1) be delivered to him or
his designated agent or (2) be liquidated on his behalf and the proceeds of such
liquidation (net of any brokerage commissions and Japanese sales taxes) remitted
to him.
27
<PAGE>
Other Information
All redemption requests must be directed to the Fund's transfer agent.
Redemption requests that are delivered to the Fund rather than to the Fund's
transfer agent will be forwarded to the transfer agent, and processed at the
next calculated NAV after receipt by the transfer agent.
The value of shares redeemed or repurchased may be more or less than the
shareholder's cost depending on the net asset value at the time of redemption or
repurchase. The Fund does not impose a redemption or repurchase charge.
Redemption of shares, including an exchange into another fund in the Scudder
Family of Funds, may result in tax consequences (gain or loss) to the
shareholder and the proceeds of such redemptions may be subject to backup
withholding. (See "TAXES.")
Shareholders who wish to redeem shares from Special Plan Accounts should
contact the employer, trustee or custodian of the Plan for the requirements.
Shareholders should maintain a share balance worth at least $2,500 ($1,000
for IRAs, Uniform Gift to Minors Act, and Uniform Trust to Minors Act accounts),
which amount may be changed by the Board of Trustees. Scudder retirement plans
have similar or lower minimum balance requirements. A shareholder may open an
account with at least $1,000 ($500 for an UGMA, UTMA, IRA and other retirement
accounts), if an automatic investment plan (AIP) of $100/month ($50/month for an
UGMA, UTMA, IRA and other retirement accounts) is established.
Shareholders who maintain a non-fiduciary account balance of less than
$2,500 in the Fund, without establishing an AIP, will be assessed an annual
$10.00 per fund charge with the fee to be reinvested in the Fund. The $10.00
charge will not apply to shareholders with a combined household account balance
in any of the Scudder Funds of $25,000 or more. The Fund reserves the right,
following 60 days' written notice to shareholders, to redeem all shares in
accounts below $250, including accounts of new investors, where a reduction in
value has occurred due to a redemption or exchange out of the account. The Fund
will mail the proceeds of the redeemed account to the shareholder at the address
of record. Reductions in value that result solely from market activity will not
trigger an involuntary redemption. UGMA, UTMA, IRA and other retirement accounts
will not be assessed the $10.00 charge or be subject to automatic liquidation.
FEATURES AND SERVICES OFFERED BY THE FUND
(See "Shareholder benefits" in the Fund's prospectus.)
The Pure No-Load(TM) Concept
Investors are encouraged to be aware of the full ramifications of mutual
fund fee structures, and of how Scudder distinguishes its funds from the vast
majority of mutual funds available today. The primary distinction is between
load and no-load funds.
Load funds generally are defined as mutual funds that charge a fee for the
sale and distribution of fund shares. There are three types of loads: front-end
loads, back-end loads, and asset-based 12b-1 fees. 12b-1 fees are
distribution-related fees charged against fund assets and are distinct from
service fees, which are charged for personal services and/or maintenance of
shareholder accounts. Asset-based sales charges and service fees are typically
paid pursuant to distribution plans adopted under 12b-1 under the 1940 Act.
A front-end load is a sales charge, which can be as high as 8.50% of the
amount invested. A back-end load is a contingent deferred sales charge, which
can be as high as 8.50% of either the amount invested or redeemed. The maximum
front-end or back-end load varies, and depends upon whether or not a fund also
charges a 12b-1 fee and/or a service fee or offers investors various
sales-related services such as dividend reinvestment. The maximum charge for a
12b-1 fee is 0.75% of a fund's average annual net assets, and the maximum charge
for a service fee is 0.25% of a fund's average annual net assets.
A no-load fund does not charge a front-end or back-end load, but can
charge a small 12b-1 fee and/or service fee against fund assets. Under the
National Association of Securities Dealers Rules of Fair Practice, a mutual fund
can
28
<PAGE>
call itself a "no-load" fund only if the 12b-1 fee and/or service fee does not
exceed 0.25% of a fund's average annual net assets.
Because Scudder funds do not pay any asset-based sales charges or service
fees, Scudder developed and trademarked the phrase pure no-load(TM) to
distinguish Scudder funds from other no-load mutual funds. Scudder pioneered the
no-load concept when it created the nation's first no-load fund in 1928, and
later developed the nation's first family of no-load mutual funds.
The following chart shows the potential long-term advantage of investing
$10,000 in a Scudder pure no-load fund over investing the same amount in a load
fund that collects an 8.50% front-end load, a load fund that collects only a
0.75% 12b-1 and/or service fee, and a no-load fund charging only a 0.25% 12b-1
and/or service fee. The hypothetical figures in the chart show the value of an
account assuming a constant 10% rate of return over the time periods indicated
and reinvestment of dividends and distributions.
===============================================================================
Scudder No-Load Fund
Pure No-Load(TM) 8.50% Load Load Fund with with 0.25%
YEARS Fund Fund 0.75% 12b-1 Fee 12b-1 Fee
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10 $ 25,937 $ 23,733 $ 24,222 $ 25,354
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
15 41,772 38,222 37,698 40,371
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
20 67,275 61,557 58,672 64,282
===============================================================================
Investors are encouraged to review the fee tables on page 2 of the Fund's
prospectus for more specific information about the rates at which management
fees and other expenses are assessed.
Internet access
World Wide Web Site -- The address of the Scudder Funds site is
http://funds.scudder.com. The site offers guidance on global investing and
developing strategies to help meet financial goals and provides access to the
Scudder investor relations department via e-mail. The site also enables users to
access or view fund prospectuses and profiles with links between summary
information in Profiles and details in the Prospectus. Users can fill out new
account forms on-line, order free software, and request literature on funds.
The site is designed for interactivity, simplicity and maneuverability. A
section entitled "Planning Resources" provides information on asset allocation,
tuition, and retirement planning to users who fill out interactive "worksheets."
Investors can easily establish a "Personal Page," that presents price
information, updated daily, on funds they're interested in following. The
"Personal Page" also offers easy navigation to other parts of the site. Fund
performance data from both Scudder and Lipper Analytical Services, Inc. are
available on the site. Also offered on the site is a news feature, which
provides timely and topical material on the Scudder Funds.
Scudder has communicated with shareholders and other interested parties on
Prodigy since 1988 and has participated since 1994 in GALT's Networth "financial
marketplace" site on the Internet. The firm made Scudder Funds information
available on America Online in early 1996.
Account Access -- Scudder is among the first mutual fund families to allow
shareholders to manage their fund accounts through the World Wide Web. Scudder
Fund shareholders can view a snapshot of current holdings, review account
activity and move assets between Scudder Fund accounts.
Scudder's personal portfolio capabilities -- known as SEAS (Scudder
Electronic Account Services) -- are accessible only by current Scudder Fund
shareholders who have set up a Personal Page on Scudder's Web site. Using a
secure Web browser, shareholders sign on to their account with their Social
Security number and their SAIL password.
29
<PAGE>
As an additional security measure, users can change their current password or
disable access to their portfolio through the World Wide Web.
An Account Activity option reveals a financial history of transactions for
an account, with trade dates, type and amount of transaction, share price and
number of shares traded. For users who wish to trade shares between Scudder
Funds, the Fund Exchange option provides a step-by-step procedure to exchange
shares among existing fund accounts or to new Scudder Fund accounts.
A Call Me(TM) feature enables users to speak with a Scudder Investor
Relations telephone representative while viewing their account on the Web site.
In order to use the Call Me(TM) feature, an individual must have two phone lines
and enter on the screen the phone number that is not being used to connect to
the Internet. They are connected to the next available Scudder Investor
Relations representative from 8 a.m. to 8 p.m. eastern time.
Dividends and Capital Gains Distribution Options
Investors have freedom to choose whether to receive cash or to reinvest
any dividends from net investment income or distributions from realized capital
gains in additional shares of a Fund. A change of instructions for the method of
payment must be received by the Transfer Agent at least five days prior to a
dividend record date. Shareholders also may change their dividend option either
by calling 1-800-225-5163 or by sending written instructions to the Transfer
Agent. Please include your account number with your written request. See "How to
contact Scudder" in the Funds' prospectuses for the address.
Reinvestment is usually made at the closing net asset value determined on
the business day following the record date. Investors may leave standing
instructions with the Transfer Agent designating their option for either
reinvestment or cash distribution of any income dividends or capital gains
distributions. If no election is made, dividends and distributions will be
invested in additional shares of a Fund.
Investors may also have dividends and distributions automatically
deposited in their predesignated bank account through Scudder's
DistributionsDirect Program. Shareholders who elect to participate in the
DistributionsDirect Program, and whose predesignated checking account of record
is with a member bank of the Automated Clearing House Network (ACH) can have
income and capital gain distributions automatically deposited to their personal
bank account usually within three business days after the Fund pays its
distribution. A DistributionsDirect request form can be obtained by calling
1-800-225-5163. Confirmation statements will be mailed to shareholders as
notification that distributions have been deposited.
Investors choosing to participate in Scudder's Automatic Withdrawal Plan
must reinvest any dividends or capital gains. For most retirement plan accounts,
the reinvestment of dividends and capital gains is also required.
Scudder Investor Centers
Investors may visit any of the Investor Centers maintained by the
Distributor listed in the Funds' prospectuses. The Centers are designed to
provide individuals with services during any business day. Investors may pick up
literature or obtain assistance with opening an account, adding monies or
special options to existing accounts, making exchanges within the Scudder Family
of Funds, redeeming shares or opening retirement plans. Checks should not be
mailed to the Centers but should be mailed to "The Scudder Funds" at the address
listed under "How to contact Scudder" in the prospectuses.
Reports to Shareholders
The Trust issues shareholders unaudited semiannual financial statements
and annual financial statements audited by independent accountants, including a
list of investments held and statements of assets and liabilities, operations,
changes in net assets and financial highlights. The Trust presently intends to
distribute to shareholders informal quarterly reports during the intervening
quarters, containing a statement of the investments of the Funds.
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Transaction Summaries
Annual summaries of all transactions in each Fund account are available to
shareholders. The summaries may be obtained by calling 1-800-225-5163.
THE SCUDDER FAMILY OF FUNDS
(See "Investment products and services" in the Funds' prospectuses.)
The Scudder Family of Funds is America's first family of mutual funds and
the nation's oldest family of no-load mutual funds. To assist investors in
choosing a Scudder fund, descriptions of the Scudder funds' objectives follow.
MONEY MARKET
Scudder U.S. Treasury Money Fund seeks to provide safety, liquidity and
stability of capital and, consistent therewith, to provide current income.
The Fund seeks to maintain a constant net asset value of $1.00 per share,
although in certain circumstances this may not be possible, and declares
dividends daily.
Scudder Cash Investment Trust ("SCIT") seeks to maintain the stability of
capital and, consistent therewith, to maintain the liquidity of capital
and to provide current income. SCIT seeks to maintain a constant net asset
value of $1.00 per share, although in certain circumstances this may not
be possible, and declares dividends daily.
Scudder Money Market Series seeks to provide investors with as high a
level of current income as is consistent with its investment polices and
with preservation of capital and liquidity. The Fund seeks to maintain a
constant net asset value of $1.00 per share, but there is no assurance
that it will be able to do so. The institutional class of shares of this
Fund is not within the Scudder Family of Funds.
Scudder Government Money Market Series seeks to provide investors with as
high a level of current income as is consistent with its investment
polices and with preservation of capital and liquidity. The Fund seeks to
maintain a constant net asset value of $1.00 per share, but there is no
assurance that it will be able to do so. The institutional class of shares
of this Fund is not within the Scudder Family of Funds.
TAX FREE MONEY MARKET
Scudder Tax Free Money Fund ("STFMF") seeks to provide income exempt from
regular federal income tax and stability of principal through investments
primarily in municipal securities. STFMF seeks to maintain a constant net
asset value of $1.00 per share, although in extreme circumstances this may
not be possible.
Scudder Tax Free Money Market Series seeks to provide investors with as
high a level of current income that cannot be subjected to federal income
tax by reason of federal law as is consistent with its investment policies
and with preservation of capital and liquidity. The Fund seeks to maintain
a constant net asset value of $1.00 per share, but there is no assurance
that it will be able to do so. The institutional class of shares of this
Fund is not within the Scudder Family of Funds.
Scudder California Tax Free Money Fund* seeks stability of capital and the
maintenance of a constant net asset value of $1.00 per share while
providing California taxpayers income exempt from both California State
personal and regular federal income taxes. The Fund is a professionally
managed portfolio of high quality, short-term California municipal
securities. There can be no assurance that the stable net asset value will
be maintained.
Scudder New York Tax Free Money Fund* seeks stability of capital and the
maintenance of a constant net asset value of $1.00 per share, while
providing New York taxpayers income exempt from New York State and
- ----------
* These funds are not available for sale in all states. For information,
contact Scudder Investor Services, Inc.
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New York City personal income taxes and regular federal income tax. There
can be no assurance that the stable net asset value will be maintained.
TAX FREE
Scudder Limited Term Tax Free Fund seeks to provide as high a level of
income exempt from regular federal income tax as is consistent with a high
degree of principal stability.
Scudder Medium Term Tax Free Fund seeks to provide a high level of income
free from regular federal income taxes and to limit principal fluctuation.
The Fund will invest primarily in high-grade, intermediate-term bonds.
Scudder Managed Municipal Bonds seeks to provide income exempt from
regular federal income tax primarily through investments in high-grade,
long-term municipal securities.
Scudder High Yield Tax Free Fund seeks to provide a high level of interest
income, exempt from regular federal income tax, from an actively managed
portfolio consisting primarily of investment-grade municipal securities.
Scudder California Tax Free Fund* seeks to provide California taxpayers
with income exempt from both California State personal income and regular
federal income tax. The Fund is a professionally managed portfolio
consisting primarily of California municipal securities.
Scudder Massachusetts Limited Term Tax Free Fund* seeks to provide
Massachusetts taxpayers with as high a level of income exempt from
Massachusetts personal income tax and regular federal income tax, as is
consistent with a high degree of price stability, through a professionally
managed portfolio consisting primarily of investment-grade municipal
securities.
Scudder Massachusetts Tax Free Fund* seeks to provide Massachusetts
taxpayers with income exempt from both Massachusetts personal income tax
and regular federal income tax. The Fund is a professionally managed
portfolio consisting primarily of investment-grade municipal securities.
Scudder New York Tax Free Fund* seeks to provide New York taxpayers with
income exempt from New York State and New York City personal income taxes
and regular federal income tax. The Fund is a professionally managed
portfolio consisting primarily of New York municipal securities.
Scudder Ohio Tax Free Fund* seeks to provide Ohio taxpayers with income
exempt from both Ohio personal income tax and regular federal income tax.
The Fund is a professionally managed portfolio consisting primarily of
investment-grade municipal securities.
Scudder Pennsylvania Tax Free Fund seeks to provide Pennsylvania taxpayers
with income exempt from both Pennsylvania personal income tax and regular
federal income tax. The Fund is a professionally managed portfolio
consisting primarily of investment-grade municipal securities.
U.S. INCOME
Scudder Short Term Bond Fund seeks to provide a high level of income
consistent with a high degree of principal stability by investing
primarily in high quality short-term bonds.
Scudder Zero Coupon 2000 Fund seeks to provide as high an investment
return over a selected period as is consistent with investment in U.S.
Government securities and the minimization of reinvestment risk.
Scudder GNMA Fund seeks to provide high current income primarily from U.S.
Government guaranteed mortgage-backed (Ginnie Mae) securities.
- ----------
* These funds are not available for sale in all states. For information,
contact Scudder Investor Services, Inc.
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<PAGE>
Scudder Income Fund seeks a high level of income, consistent with the
prudent investment of capital, through a flexible investment program
emphasizing high-grade bonds.
Scudder High Yield Bond Fund seeks a high level of current income and,
secondarily, capital appreciation through investment primarily in below
investment-grade domestic debt securities.
GLOBAL INCOME
Scudder Global Bond Fund seeks to provide total return with an emphasis on
current income by investing primarily in high-grade bonds denominated in
foreign currencies and the U.S. dollar. As a secondary objective, the Fund
will seek capital appreciation.
Scudder International Bond Fund seeks to provide income primarily by
investing in a managed portfolio of high-grade international bonds. As a
secondary objective, the Fund seeks protection and possible enhancement of
principal value by actively managing currency, bond market and maturity
exposure and by security selection.
Scudder Emerging Markets Income Fund seeks to provide high current income
and, secondarily, long-term capital appreciation through investments
primarily in high-yielding debt securities issued by governments and
corporations in emerging markets.
ASSET ALLOCATION
Scudder Pathway Series: Conservative Portfolio seeks primarily current
income and secondarily long-term growth of capital. In pursuing these
objectives, the Portfolio, under normal market conditions, will invest
substantially in a select mix of Scudder bond mutual funds, but will have
some exposure to Scudder equity mutual funds.
Scudder Pathway Series: Balanced Portfolio seeks to provide investors with
a balance of growth and income by investing in a select mix of Scudder
money market, bond and equity mutual funds.
Scudder Pathway Series: Growth Portfolio seeks to provide investors with
long-term growth of capital. In pursuing this objective, the Portfolio
will, under normal market conditions, invest predominantly in a select mix
of Scudder equity mutual funds designed to provide long-term growth.
Scudder Pathway Series: International Portfolio seeks maximum total return
for investors. Total return consists of any capital appreciation plus
dividend income and interest. To achieve this objective, the Portfolio
invests in a select mix of established international and global Scudder
funds.
U.S. GROWTH AND INCOME
Scudder Balanced Fund seeks a balance of growth and income from a
diversified portfolio of equity and fixed-income securities. The Fund also
seeks long-term preservation of capital through a quality-oriented
approach that is designed to reduce risk.
Scudder Growth and Income Fund seeks long-term growth of capital, current
income, and growth of income.
Scudder S&P 500 Index Fund seeks to provide investment results that,
before expenses, correspond to the total return of common stocks publicly
traded in the United States, as represented by the Standard & Poor's 500
Composite Stock Price Index.
Scudder Real Estate Investment Fund seeks long-term capital growth and
current income by investing primarily in equity securities of companies in
the real estate industry.
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<PAGE>
U.S. GROWTH
Value
Scudder Large Company Value Fund seeks to maximize long-term capital
appreciation through a value-driven investment program.
Scudder Value Fund seeks long-term growth of capital through investment in
undervalued equity securities.
Scudder Small Company Value Fund invests for long-term growth of capital
by seeking out undervalued stocks of small U.S. companies.
Scudder Micro Cap Fund seeks long-term growth of capital by investing
primarily in a diversified portfolio of U.S. micro-capitalization
("micro-cap") common stocks.
Growth
Scudder Classic Growth Fund seeks to provide long-term growth of capital
with reduced share price volatility compared to other growth mutual funds.
Scudder Large Company Growth Fund seeks to provide long-term growth of
capital through investment primarily in the equity securities of seasoned,
financially strong U.S. growth companies.
Scudder Development Fund seeks long-term growth of capital by investing
primarily in securities of small and medium-size growth companies.
Scudder 21st Century Growth Fund seeks long-term growth of capital by
investing primarily in the securities of emerging growth companies poised
to be leaders in the 21st century.
SCUDDER CHOICE SERIES
Scudder Financial Services Fund seeks long-term growth of capital
primarily through investment in equity securities of financial services
companies.
Scudder Health Care Fund seeks long-term growth of capital primarily
through investment in securities of companies that are engaged in the
development, production or distribution of products or services related to
the treatment or prevention of diseases and other medical problems.
Scudder Technology Fund seeks long-term growth of capital primarily
through investment in securities of companies engaged in the development,
production or distribution of technology-related products or services.
GLOBAL GROWTH
Worldwide
Scudder Global Fund seeks long-term growth of capital through a
diversified portfolio of marketable securities, primarily equity
securities, including common stocks, preferred stocks and debt securities
convertible into common stocks.
Scudder International Growth and Income Fund seeks long-term growth of
capital and current income primarily from foreign equity securities.
Scudder International Fund seeks long-term growth of capital primarily
through a diversified portfolio of marketable foreign equity securities.
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<PAGE>
Scudder Global Discovery Fund seeks above-average capital appreciation
over the long term by investing primarily in the equity securities of
small companies located throughout the world.
Scudder Emerging Markets Growth Fund seeks long-term growth of capital
primarily through equity investment in emerging markets around the globe.
Scudder Gold Fund seeks maximum return (principal change and income)
consistent with investing in a portfolio of gold-related equity securities
and gold.
Regional
Scudder Greater Europe Growth Fund seeks long-term growth of capital
through investments primarily in the equity securities of European
companies.
Scudder Pacific Opportunities Fund seeks long-term growth of capital
through investment primarily in the equity securities of Pacific Basin
companies, excluding Japan.
Scudder Latin America Fund seeks to provide long-term capital appreciation
through investment primarily in the securities of Latin American issuers.
The Japan Fund, Inc. seeks long-term capital appreciation by investing
primarily in equity securities (including American Depository Receipts) of
Japanese companies.
The net asset values of most Scudder funds can be found daily in the
"Mutual Funds" section of The Wall Street Journal under "Scudder Funds," and in
other leading newspapers throughout the country. Investors will notice the net
asset value and offering price are the same, reflecting the fact that no sales
commission or "load" is charged on the sale of shares of the Scudder funds. The
latest seven-day yields for the money-market funds can be found every Monday and
Thursday in the "Money-Market Funds" section of The Wall Street Journal. This
information also may be obtained by calling the Scudder Automated Information
Line (SAIL) at 1-800-343-2890.
The Scudder Family of Funds offers many conveniences and services,
including: active professional investment management; broad and diversified
investment portfolios; pure no-load funds with no commissions to purchase or
redeem shares or Rule 12b-1 distribution fees; individual attention from a
service representative of Scudder Investor Relations; and easy telephone
exchanges into other Scudder funds. Certain Scudder funds or classes thereof may
not be available for purchase or exchange. For more information, please call
1-800-225-5163.
SPECIAL PLAN ACCOUNTS
(See "Scudder tax-advantaged retirement plans," "Purchases--By
Automatic Investment Plan" and "Exchanges and redemptions--By
Automatic Withdrawal Plan" in the Fund's prospectus.)
Detailed information on any Scudder investment plan, including the
applicable charges, minimum investment requirements and disclosures made
pursuant to Internal Revenue Service (the "IRS") requirements, may be obtained
by contacting Scudder Investor Services, Inc., Two International Place, Boston,
Massachusetts 02110-4103 or by calling toll free, 1-800-225-2470. It is
advisable for an investor considering the funding of the investment plans
described below to consult with an attorney or other investment or tax adviser
with respect to the suitability requirements and tax aspects thereof.
Shares of the Fund may also be a permitted investment under profit sharing
and pension plans and IRA's other than those offered by the Fund's distributor
depending on the provisions of the relevant plan or IRA.
None of the plans assures a profit or guarantees protection against
depreciation, especially in declining markets.
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<PAGE>
Scudder Retirement Plans: Profit-Sharing and Money Purchase Pension Plans for
Corporations and Self-Employed Individuals
Shares of the Fund may be purchased as the investment medium under a plan
in the form of a Scudder Profit-Sharing Plan (including a version of the Plan
which includes a cash-or-deferred feature) or a Scudder Money Purchase Pension
Plan (jointly referred to as the Scudder Retirement Plans) adopted by a
corporation, a self-employed individual or a group of self-employed individuals
(including sole proprietorships and partnerships), or other qualifying
organization. Each of these forms was approved by the IRS as a prototype. The
IRS's approval of an employer's plan under Section 401(a) of the Internal
Revenue Code will be greatly facilitated if it is in such approved form. Under
certain circumstances, the IRS will assume that a plan, adopted in this form,
after special notice to any employees, meets the requirements of Section 401(a)
of the Internal Revenue Code.
Scudder 401(k): Cash or Deferred Profit-Sharing Plan for Corporations and
Self-Employed Individuals
Shares of the Fund may be purchased as the investment medium under a plan
in the form of a Scudder 401(k) Plan adopted by a corporation, a self-employed
individual or a group of self-employed individuals (including sole proprietors
and partnerships), or other qualifying organization. This plan has been approved
as a prototype by the IRS.
Scudder IRA: Individual Retirement Account
Shares of the Fund may be purchased as the underlying investment for an
Individual Retirement Account which meets the requirements of Section 408(a) of
the Internal Revenue Code.
A single individual who is not an active participant in an
employer-maintained retirement plan, a simplified employee pension plan, or a
tax-deferred annuity program (a "qualified plan"), and a married individual who
is not an active participant in a qualified plan and whose spouse is also not an
active participant in a qualified plan, are eligible to make tax deductible
contributions of up to $2,000 to an IRA prior to the year such individual
attains age 70 1/2. In addition, certain individuals who are active participants
in qualified plans (or who have spouses who are active participants) are also
eligible to make tax-deductible contributions to an IRA; the annual amount, if
any, of the contribution which such an individual will be eligible to deduct
will be determined by the amount of his, her, or their adjusted gross income for
the year. Whenever the adjusted gross income limitation prohibits an individual
from contributing what would otherwise be the maximum tax-deductible
contribution he or she could make, the individual will be eligible to contribute
the difference to an IRA in the form of nondeductible contributions.
An eligible individual may contribute as much as $2,000 of qualified
income (earned income or, under certain circumstances, alimony) to an IRA each
year (up to $2,000 per individual for married couples if only one spouse has
earned income). All income and capital gains derived from IRA investments are
reinvested and compound tax-deferred until distributed. Such tax-deferred
compounding can lead to substantial retirement savings.
The table below shows how much individuals would accumulate in a fully
tax-deductible IRA by age 65 (before any distributions) if they contribute
$2,000 at the beginning of each year, assuming average annual returns of 5, 10,
and 15%. (At withdrawal, accumulations in this table will be taxable.)
Value of IRA at Age 65
Assuming $2,000 Deductible Annual Contribution
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------
Starting Annual Rate of Return
Age of ------------------------------------------------------
Contributions 5% 10% 15%
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------
25 $253,680 $973,704 $4,091,908
35 139,522 361,887 999,914
45 69,439 126,005 235,620
55 26,414 35,062 46,699
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This next table shows how much individuals would accumulate in non-IRA
accounts by age 65 if they start with $2,000 in pretax earned income at the
beginning of each year (which is $1,380 after taxes are paid), assuming average
annual returns of 5, 10 and 15%. (At withdrawal, a portion of the accumulation
in this table will be taxable.)
Value of a Non-IRA Account at
Age 65 Assuming $1,380 Annual Contributions
(post tax, $2,000 pretax) and a 31% Tax Bracket
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------
Starting Annual Rate of Return
Age of ------------------------------------------------------
Contributions 5% 10% 15%
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------
25 $119,318 $287,021 $741,431
35 73,094 136,868 267,697
45 40,166 59,821 90,764
55 16,709 20,286 24,681
Scudder Roth IRA: Individual Retirement Account
Shares of the Fund(s) may be purchased as the underlying investment for an
individual Retirement Account which meets the requirements of Section 408A of
the Internal Revenue Code.
A single individual earning below $95,000 can contribute up to $2,000 per
year to a Roth IRA. The maximum contribution amount diminishes and gradually
falls to zero for single filers with adjusted gross incomes ranging from $95,000
to $110,000. Married couples earning less than $150,000 combined, and filing
jointly, can contribute a full $4,000 per year ($2,000 per IRA). The maximum
contribution amount for married couples filing jointly phases out from $150,000
to $160,000.
An eligible individual can contribute money to a traditional IRA and a
Roth IRA as long as the total contribution to all IRAs does not exceed $2,000.
No tax deduction is allowed under Section 219 of the Internal Revenue Code for
contributions to a Roth IRA. Contributions to a Roth IRA may be made even after
the individual for whom the account is maintained has attained age 70 1/2.
All income and capital gains derived from Roth IRA investments are
reinvested and compounded tax-free. Such tax-free compounding can lead to
substantial retirement savings. No distributions are required to be taken prior
to the death of the original account holder. If a Roth IRA has been established
for a minimum of five years, distributions can be taken tax-free after reaching
age 59 1/2, for a first-time home purchase ($10,000 maximum, one-time use) or
upon death or disability. All other distributions from a Roth IRA are taxable
and subject to a 10% tax penalty unless an exception applies. Exceptions to the
10% penalty include: disability, excess medical expenses, the purchase of health
insurance for an unemployed individual and education expenses.
An individual with an income of less than $100,000 (who is not married
filing separately) can roll his or her existing IRA into a Roth IRA. However,
the individual must pay taxes on the taxable amount in his or her traditional
IRA. Individuals who complete the rollover in 1998 will be allowed to spread the
tax payments over a four-year period. After 1998, all taxes on such a rollover
will have to be paid in the tax year in which the rollover is made.
Scudder 403(b) Plan
Shares of the Fund may also be purchased as the underlying investment for
tax sheltered annuity plans under the provisions of Section 403(b)(7) of the
Internal Revenue Code. In general, employees of tax-exempt organizations
described in Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code (such as hospitals,
churches, religious, scientific, or literary organizations and educational
institutions) or a public school system are eligible to participate in a 403(b)
plan.
Automatic Withdrawal Plan
Non-retirement plan shareholders may establish an Automatic Withdrawal
Plan to receive monthly, quarterly or periodic redemptions from his or her
account for any designated amount of $50 or more. Payments are mailed at the
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end of each month. The check amounts may be based on the redemption of a fixed
dollar amount, fixed share amount, percent of account value or declining
balance. The Plan provides for income dividends and capital gains distributions,
if any, to be reinvested in additional shares. Shares are then liquidated as
necessary to provide for withdrawal payments. Since the withdrawals are in
amounts selected by the investor and have no relationship to yield or income,
payments received cannot be considered as yield or income on the investment and
the resulting liquidations may deplete or possibly extinguish the initial
investment. Requests for increases in withdrawal amounts or to change payee must
be submitted in writing, signed exactly as the account is registered and contain
signature guarantee(s) as described under "Transaction information--Redeeming
shares--Signature guarantees" in the Fund's prospectus. Any such requests must
be received by the Fund's transfer agent by the 15th of the month in which such
change is to take effect. An Automatic Withdrawal Plan may be terminated at any
time by the shareholder, the Corporation or its agent on written notice, and
will be terminated when all shares of the Fund under the Plan have been
liquidated or upon receipt by the Corporation of notice of death of the
shareholder.
An Automatic Withdrawal Plan request form can be obtained by calling
1-800-225-5163.
Group or Salary Deduction Plan
An investor may join a Group or Salary Deduction Plan where satisfactory
arrangements have been made with Scudder Investor Services, Inc. for forwarding
regular investments through a single source. The minimum annual investment is
$240 per investor which may be made in monthly, quarterly, semiannual or annual
payments. The minimum monthly deposit per investor is $20. Except for trustees
or custodian fees for certain retirement plans, at present there is no separate
charge for maintaining group or salary deduction plans; however, the Corporation
and its agents reserve the right to establish a maintenance charge in the future
depending on the services required by the investor.
The Corporation reserves the right, after notice has been given to the
shareholder, to redeem and close a shareholder's account in the event that the
shareholder ceases participating in the group plan prior to investment of $1,000
per individual or in the event of a redemption which occurs prior to the
accumulation of that amount or which reduces the account value to less than
$1,000 and the account value is not increased to $1,000 within a reasonable time
after notification. An investor in a plan who has not purchased shares for six
months shall be presumed to have stopped making payments under the plan.
Automatic Investment Plan
Shareholders may arrange to make periodic investments through automatic
deductions from checking accounts by completing the appropriate form and
providing the necessary documentation to establish this service. The minimum
investment is $50.
The Automatic Investment Plan involves an investment strategy called
dollar cost averaging. Dollar cost averaging is a method of investing whereby a
specific dollar amount is invested at regular intervals. By investing the same
dollar amount each period, when shares are priced low the investor will purchase
more shares than when the share price is higher. Over a period of time this
investment approach may allow the investor to reduce the average price of the
shares purchased. However, this investment approach does not assure a profit or
protect against loss. This type of regular investment program may be suitable
for various investment goals such as, but not limited to, college planning or
saving for a home.
Uniform Transfers/Gifts to Minors Act
Grandparents, parents or other donors may set up custodian accounts for
minors. The minimum initial investment is $1,000 unless the donor agrees to
continue to make regular share purchases for the account through Scudder's
Automatic Investment Plan (AIP). In this case, the minimum initial investment is
$500.
The Corporation reserves the right, after notice has been given to the
shareholder and custodian, to redeem and close a shareholder's account in the
event that regular investments to the account cease before the $1,000 minimum is
reached.
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DIVIDENDS AND CAPITAL GAINS DISTRIBUTIONS
(See "Distribution and Performance Information--Dividends and Capital
Gains Distributions" in the Fund's prospectus.)
The Fund intends to follow the practice of distributing substantially all
of net investment company taxable income as well as the entire excess of net
realized long-term capital gains over net realized short-term capital losses.
The Fund intends to distribute any dividends from its net investment
income and net realized capital gains after utilization of capital loss
carryforwards, if any, in December to prevent application of a federal excise
tax. An additional distribution may be made within three months of the Fund's
fiscal year end, if necessary. Any dividends or capital gains distributions
declared in October, November or December with a record date in such a month and
paid during the following January will be treated by shareholders for federal
income tax purposes as if received on December 31 of the calendar year declared.
If a shareholder has elected to reinvest any dividends and/or other
distributions, such distributions will be made in additional shares of the Fund
and confirmations will be mailed to each shareholder. If a shareholder has
chosen to receive cash, a check will be sent.
PERFORMANCE AND OTHER INFORMATION
(See "Distribution and performance information--Performance
information" in the Fund's prospectus.)
From time to time, quotations of the Fund's performance may be included in
advertisements, sales literature or reports to shareholders or prospective
investors. These performance figures may be calculated in the following manner:
Average Annual Total Return is the average annual compound rate of return for,
where applicable, the periods of one year, five years, and ten years, all ended
on the last day of a recent calendar quarter. Average annual total return
quotations reflect changes in the price of the Fund's shares and assume that all
dividends and capital gains distributions during the respective periods were
reinvested in Fund shares. Average annual total return is calculated by finding
the average annual compound rates of return of a hypothetical investment over
such periods, that would compare the initial amount to the ending redeemable
value of such investment according to the following formula and (average annual
total return is then expressed as a percentage):
T = (ERV/P)^1/n - 1
Where:
P = a hypothetical initial payment of $1,000
T = average annual total return
n = number of years
ERV = ending redeemable value: ERV is the value, at the end of
the applicable period, of a hypothetical $1,000 payment
made at the beginning of the applicable period.
Average Annual Total Return for periods ended 12/31/97
One Year Five Years Ten Years
-------- ---------- ---------
-14.40% -1.16% -1.02%
Cumulative Total Return is the compound rate of return on a hypothetical initial
investment of $1000 for a specified period. Cumulative total return quotations
reflect the change in the price of the Fund's shares and assume that all
dividends and capital gains distributions were reinvested in Fund shares.
Cumulative total return is calculated by finding the compound rates of return of
hypothetical investment over such period, according to the following formula
(cumulative total return is then expressed as a percentage):
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<PAGE>
C = (ERV/P) - 1
Where:
C = cumulative total return
P = a hypothetical initial investment of $1,000
ERV = ending redeemable value: ERV is the value, at the end of
the applicable period, of a hypothetical $1,000
investment made at the beginning of the applicable
period.
Cumulative Total Return for periods ended 12/31/97
One Year Five Years Ten Years
-------- ---------- ---------
-14.40% -5.66% -9.72%
Total Return is the rate of return on an investment for a specified period of
time calculated in the same manner as cumulative total return.
Capital Change measures the return from invested capital including reinvested
capital gains distributions. Capital change does not include the reinvestment of
income dividends.
The investment results of the Fund will tend to fluctuate over time, so
that current distributions, total returns and capital change should not be
considered representations of what an investment may earn in any future period.
Actual distributions will tend to reflect changes in market yields, and will
also depend upon the level of the Fund's expenses, realized investment gains and
losses, and the results of the Fund's investment policies. Thus, at any point in
time, current distributions or total returns may be either higher or lower than
past results, and there is no assurance that any historical performance record
will continue.
Quotations of the Fund's performance are based on historical earnings and
are not intended to indicate future performance of the Fund. An investor's
shares when redeemed may be worth more or less than their original cost.
Performance of the Fund will vary based on changes in market conditions and the
level of the Fund's expenses.
Comparison of non-standard performance data of various investments is
valid only if such performance is calculated in the same manner. Since there are
different methods of calculating performance, investors should consider the
effect of the methods used to calculate performance when comparing performance
of the Fund with performance quoted with respect to other investment companies
or types of investments.
Comparison of Fund Performance
A comparison of the quoted non-standard performance offered for various
investments is valid only if performance is calculated in the same manner. Since
there are different methods of calculating performance, investors should
consider the effects of the methods used to calculate performance when comparing
performance of the Fund with performance quoted with respect to other investment
companies or types of investments.
In connection with communicating its performance to current or prospective
shareholders, the Fund also may compare these figures to the performance of
unmanaged indices which may assume reinvestment of dividends or interest but
generally do not reflect deductions for administrative and management costs.
Examples include, but are not limited to the Dow Jones Industrial Average, the
Consumer Price Index, Standard & Poor's 500 Composite Stock Price Index (S&P
500), the Nasdaq OTC Composite Index, the Nasdaq Industrials Index, the Russell
2000 Index, and statistics published by the Small Business Administration.
Because some or all of the Fund's investments are denominated in foreign
currencies, the strength or weakness of the U.S. dollar as against these
currencies may account for part of the Fund's investment performance. Historical
information on the value of the dollar versus foreign currencies may be used
from time to time in advertisements concerning the Fund. Such historical
information is not indicative of future fluctuations in the value of the U.S.
dollar
40
<PAGE>
against these currencies. In addition, marketing materials may cite country and
economic statistics and historical stock market performance for any of the
countries in which the Fund invests, including, but not limited to, the
following: population growth, gross domestic product, inflation rate, average
stock market price-earnings ratios and the total value of stock markets. Sources
for such statistics may include official publications of various foreign
governments and exchanges.
From time to time, in advertising and marketing literature, this Fund's
performance may be compared to the performance of broad groups of mutual funds
with similar investment goals, as tracked by independent organizations such as,
Investment Company Data, Inc. ("ICD"), Lipper Analytical Services, Inc.
("Lipper"), CDA Investment Technologies, Inc. ("CDA"), Morningstar, Inc., Value
Line Mutual Fund Survey and other independent organizations. When these
organizations' tracking results are used, the Fund will be compared to the
appropriate fund category, that is, by fund objective and portfolio holdings, or
to the appropriate volatility grouping, where volatility is a measure of a
fund's risk. For instance, a Scudder growth fund will be compared to funds in
the growth fund category; a Scudder income fund will be compared to funds in the
income fund category; and so on. Scudder funds (except for money market funds)
may also be compared to funds with similar volatility, as measured statistically
by independent organizations. In addition, the Fund's performance may also be
compared to the performance of broad groups of comparable mutual funds.
Unmanaged indices with which the Fund's performance may be compared include, but
are not limited to, the following:
The Europe/Australia/Far East (EAFE) Index
International Finance Corporation's Latin America Investable Total
Return Index
Morgan Stanley Capital International World Index
J.P. Morgan Global Traded Bond Index
Salomon Brothers World Government Bond Index
Nasdaq Composite Index
Wilshire 5000 Stock Index
From time to time, in marketing and other Fund literature,
(Trustees)(Directors) and officers of the Fund, the Fund's portfolio manager, or
members of the portfolio management team may be depicted and quoted to give
prospective and current shareholders a better sense of the outlook and approach
of those who manage the Fund. In addition, the amount of assets that the Adviser
has under management in various geographical areas may be quoted in advertising
and marketing materials.
The Fund may be advertised as an investment choice in Scudder's college
planning program. The description may contain illustrations of projected future
college costs based on assumed rates of inflation and examples of hypothetical
fund performance, calculated as described above.
Statistical and other information, as provided by the Social Security
Administration, may be used in marketing materials pertaining to retirement
planning in order to estimate future payouts of social security benefits.
Estimates may be used on demographic and economic data.
Marketing and other Fund literature may include a description of the
potential risks and rewards associated with an investment in the Fund. The
description may include a "risk/return spectrum" which compares the Fund to
other Scudder funds or broad categories of funds, such as money market, bond or
equity funds, in terms of potential risks and returns. Money market funds are
designed to maintain a constant $1.00 share price and have a fluctuating yield.
Share price, yield and total return of a bond fund will fluctuate. The share
price and return of an equity fund also will fluctuate. The description may also
compare the Fund to bank products, such as certificates of deposit. Unlike
mutual funds, certificates of deposit are insured up to $100,000 by the U.S.
government and offer a fixed rate of return.
Because bank products guarantee the principal value of an investment and
money market funds seek stability of principal, these investments are considered
to be less risky than investments in either bond or equity funds, which may
involve the loss of principal. However, all long-term investments, including
investments in bank products, may be subject to inflation risk, which is the
risk of erosion of the value of an investment as prices increase over a long
time period. The risks/returns associated with an investment in bond or equity
funds depend upon many factors. For bond funds these factors include, but are
not limited to, a fund's overall
41
<PAGE>
investment objective, the average portfolio maturity, credit quality of the
securities held, and interest rate movements. For equity funds, factors include
a fund's overall investment objective, the types of equity securities held and
the financial position of the issuers of the securities. The risks/returns
associated with an investment in international bond or equity funds also will
depend upon currency exchange rate fluctuation.
A risk/return spectrum generally will position the various investment
categories in the following order: bank products, money market funds, bond funds
and equity funds. Shorter-term bond funds generally are considered less risky
and offer the potential for less return than longer-term bond funds. The same is
true of domestic bond funds relative to international bond funds, and bond funds
that purchase higher quality securities relative to bond funds that purchase
lower quality securities. Growth and income equity funds are generally
considered to be less risky and offer the potential for less return than growth
funds. In addition, international equity funds usually are considered more risky
than domestic equity funds but generally offer the potential for greater return.
Risk/return spectrums also may depict funds that invest in both domestic
and foreign securities or a combination of bond and equity securities.
Evaluation of Fund performance or other relevant statistical information
made by independent sources may also be used in advertisements concerning the
Fund, including reprints of, or selections from, editorials or articles about
this Fund. Sources for Fund performance information and articles about the Fund
include the following:
American Association of Individual Investors' Journal, a monthly publication of
the AAII that includes articles on investment analysis techniques.
Asian Wall Street Journal, a weekly Asian newspaper that often reviews U.S.
mutual funds investing internationally.
Banxquote, an on-line source of national averages for leading money market and
bank CD interest rates, published on a weekly basis by Masterfund, Inc. of
Wilmington, Delaware.
Barron's, a Dow Jones and Company, Inc. business and financial weekly that
periodically reviews mutual fund performance data.
Business Week, a national business weekly that periodically reports the
performance rankings and ratings of a variety of mutual funds investing abroad.
CDA Investment Technologies, Inc., an organization which provides performance
and ranking information through examining the dollar results of hypothetical
mutual fund investments and comparing these results against appropriate market
indices.
Consumer Digest, a monthly business/financial magazine that includes a "Money
Watch" section featuring financial news.
Financial Times, Europe's business newspaper, which features from time to time
articles on international or country-specific funds.
Financial World, a general business/financial magazine that includes a "Market
Watch" department reporting on activities in the mutual fund industry.
Forbes, a national business publication that from time to time reports the
performance of specific investment companies in the mutual fund industry.
Fortune, a national business publication that periodically rates the performance
of a variety of mutual funds.
The Frank Russell Company, a West-Coast investment management firm that
periodically evaluates international stock markets and compares foreign equity
market performance to U.S. stock market performance.
Global Investor, a European publication that periodically reviews the
performance of U.S. mutual funds investing internationally.
42
<PAGE>
IBC Money Fund Report, a weekly publication of IBC Financial Data, Inc.,
reporting on the performance of the nation's money market funds, summarizing
money market fund activity and including certain averages as performance
benchmarks, specifically "IBC's Money Fund Average," and "IBC's Government Money
Fund Average."
Ibbotson Associates, Inc., a company specializing in investment research and
data.
Investment Company Data, Inc., an independent organization which provides
performance ranking information for broad classes of mutual funds.
Investor's Business Daily, a daily newspaper that features financial, economic,
and business news.
Kiplinger's Personal Finance Magazine, a monthly investment advisory publication
that periodically features the performance of a variety of securities.
Lipper Analytical Services, Inc.'s Mutual Fund Performance Analysis, a weekly
publication of industry-wide mutual fund averages by type of fund.
Money, a monthly magazine that from time to time features both specific funds
and the mutual fund industry as a whole.
Morgan Stanley International, an integrated investment banking firm that
compiles statistical information.
Mutual Fund Values, a biweekly Morningstar, Inc. publication that provides
ratings of mutual funds based on fund performance, risk and portfolio
characteristics.
The New York Times, a nationally distributed newspaper which regularly covers
financial news.
The No-Load Fund Investor, a monthly newsletter, published by Sheldon Jacobs,
that includes mutual fund performance data and recommendations for the mutual
fund investor.
No-Load Fund*X, a monthly newsletter, published by DAL Investment Company, Inc.,
that reports on mutual fund performance, rates funds and discusses investment
strategies for the mutual fund investor.
Personal Investing News, a monthly news publication that often reports on
investment opportunities and market conditions.
Personal Investor, a monthly investment advisory publication that includes a
"Mutual Funds Outlook" section reporting on mutual fund performance measures,
yields, indices and portfolio holdings.
SmartMoney, a national personal finance magazine published monthly by Dow Jones
and Company, Inc. and The Hearst Corporation. Focus is placed on ideas for
investing, spending and saving.
Success, a monthly magazine targeted to the world of entrepreneurs and growing
business, often featuring mutual fund performance data.
United Mutual Fund Selector, a semi-monthly investment newsletter, published by
Babson United Investment Advisors, that includes mutual fund performance data
and reviews of mutual fund portfolios and investment strategies.
USA Today, a leading national daily newspaper.
U.S. News and World Report, a national news weekly that periodically reports
mutual fund performance data.
Value Line Mutual Fund Survey, an independent organization that provides
biweekly performance and other information on mutual funds.
43
<PAGE>
The Wall Street Journal, a Dow Jones and Company, Inc. newspaper which regularly
covers financial news.
Wiesenberger Investment Companies Services, an annual compendium of information
about mutual funds and other investment companies, including comparative data on
funds' backgrounds, management policies, salient features, management results,
income and dividend records and price ranges.
Working Woman, a monthly publication that features a "Financial Workshop"
section reporting on the mutual fund/financial industry.
Worth, a national publication issued 10 times per year by Capital Publishing
Company, a subsidiary of Fidelity Investments. Focus is placed on personal
financial journalism.
Taking a Global Approach
Many U.S. investors limit their holdings to U.S. securities because they
assume that international or global investing is too risky. While there are
risks connected with investing overseas, it's important to remember that no
investment -- even in blue-chip domestic securities -- is entirely risk free.
Looking outside U.S. borders, an investor today can find opportunities that
mirror domestic investments -- everything from large, stable multinational
companies to start-ups in emerging markets. To determine the level of risk with
which you are comfortable, and the potential for reward you're seeking over the
long term, you need to review the type of investment, the world markets, and
your time horizon.
The U.S. is unusual in that it has a very broad economy that is well
represented in the stock market. However, many countries around the world are
not only undergoing a revolution in how their economies operate, but also in
terms of the role their stock markets play in financing activities. There is
vibrant change throughout the global economy and all of this represents
potential investment opportunity.
Investing beyond the United States can open this world of opportunity, due
partly to the dramatic shift in the balance of world markets. In 1970, the
United States alone accounted for two-thirds of the value of the world's stock
markets. Now, the situation is reversed -- only 35% of global stock market
capitalization resides here. There are companies in Southeast Asia that are
starting to dominate regional activity; there are companies in Europe that are
expanding outside of their traditional markets and taking advantage of faster
growth in Asia and Latin America; other companies throughout the world are
getting out from under state control and restructuring; developing countries
continue to open their doors to foreign investment.
Stocks in many foreign markets can be attractively priced. The global
stock markets do not move in lock step. When the valuations in one market rise,
there are other markets that are less expensive. There is also volatility within
markets in that some sectors may be more expensive while others are depressed in
valuation. A wider set of opportunities can help make it possible to find the
best values available.
International or global investing offers diversification because the
investment is not limited to a single country or economy. In fact, many experts
agree that investment strategies that include both U.S. and non-U.S. investments
strike the best balance between risk and reward.
FUND ORGANIZATION
(See "Fund organization" in the Fund's prospectus.)
The Fund was incorporated under the laws of the State of Maryland in
1961.
The authorized capital stock of the Fund consists of 600,000,000 shares of
a par value of $.33 1/3 each--all of one class and all having equal rights as to
voting, redemption, dividends and liquidation. All shares issued and outstanding
are fully paid and non-assessable, transferable, and redeemable at net asset
value at the option of the shareholder. Shares have no preemptive or conversion
rights.
44
<PAGE>
The shares of the Fund have non-cumulative voting rights, which means that
the holders of more than 50% of the shares voting for the election of directors
can elect 100% of the directors if they choose to do so, and, in such event, the
holders of the remaining less than 50% of the shares voting for the election of
directors will not be able to elect any person or persons to the Board of
Directors.
To the knowledge of the Fund, no person is a control person of the Fund
within the meaning ascribed to such term under the Securities Act of 1933, as
amended.
As of March 31, 1998, all Directors and officers of the Fund as a group
owned beneficially (as that term is defined in Section 13(d) of the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934) 484,446 shares or 1.16% of the shares of the Fund.
As of March 31, 1998, 5,352,016 shares in the aggregate, 12.85% of the
outstanding shares of the Fund, were held in the name of Charles Schwab & Co.,
101 Montgomery Street, San Francisco, CA 94104 who may be deemed to be the
beneficial owner of certain of these shares, but disclaims any beneficial
ownership therein.
To the best of the Fund's knowledge, as of March 31, 1998, no person owned
beneficially more than 5% of the Fund's outstanding shares except as stated
above.
INVESTMENT ADVISORY ARRANGEMENTS
(See "Fund organization" in the Fund's prospectus.)
At a special meeting held on December 21, 1993, shareholders of the Fund
approved an Investment Management Agreement with Scudder, Stevens & Clark, Inc.,
succeeding Asia Management as the Fund's investment adviser. This agreement has
the effect of reducing the total advisory fees paid by the Fund. The
shareholders' approval of this agreement was ratified at a special meeting held
on July 22, 1994.
Scudder Kemper Investments, Inc. (the "Adviser"), an investment counsel
firm, acts as investment adviser to the Fund. This organization, the predecessor
of which is Scudder, Stevens & Clark, Inc., is one of the most experienced
investment counsel firms in the U. S. It was established as a partnership in
1919 and pioneered the practice of providing investment counsel to individual
clients on a fee basis. In 1928 it introduced the first no-load mutual fund to
the public. In 1953 the Adviser introduced Scudder International Fund, Inc., the
first mutual fund available in the U.S. investing internationally in securities
of issuers in several foreign countries. The predecessor firm reorganized from a
partnership to a corporation on June 28, 1985. On June 26, 1997, Scudder,
Stevens & Clark, Inc. ("Scudder") entered into an agreement with Zurich
Insurance Company ("Zurich") pursuant to which Scudder and Zurich agreed to form
an alliance. On December 31, 1997, Zurich acquired a majority interest in
Scudder, and Zurich Kemper Investments, Inc., a Zurich subsidiary, became part
of Scudder. Scudder's name has been changed to Scudder Kemper Investments, Inc.
Founded in 1872, Zurich is a multinational, public corporation organized
under the laws of Switzerland. Its home office is located at Mythenquai 2, 8002
Zurich, Switzerland. Historically, Zurich's earnings have resulted from its
operations as an insurer as well as from its ownership of its subsidiaries and
affiliated companies (the "Zurich Insurance Group"). Zurich and the Zurich
Insurance Group provide an extensive range of insurance products and services
and have branch offices and subsidiaries in more than 40 countries throughout
the world.
The principal source of the Adviser's income is professional fees received
from providing continuous investment advice, and the firm derives no income from
brokerage or underwriting of securities. Today, it provides investment counsel
for many individuals and institutions, including insurance companies, colleges,
industrial corporations, and financial and banking organizations. In addition,
it manages Montgomery Street Income Securities, Inc., Scudder California Tax
Free Trust, Scudder Cash Investment Trust, Scudder Equity Trust, Scudder Fund,
Inc., Scudder Funds Trust, Scudder Global Fund, Inc.,Scudder High Income,
Scudder GNMA Fund, Scudder Portfolio Trust, Scudder Institutional Fund, Inc.,
Scudder International Fund, Inc., Scudder Investment Trust, Scudder Municipal
Trust, Scudder Mutual Funds, Inc., Scudder New Asia Fund, Inc., Scudder New
Europe Fund, Inc., Scudder Pathway Series, Scudder Securities Trust, Scudder
State Tax Free Trust, Scudder Tax Free Money Fund, Scudder Tax Free Trust,
Scudder U.S. Treasury Money Fund, Scudder Variable Life Investment Fund, The
45
<PAGE>
Argentina Fund, Inc., The Brazil Fund, Inc., The Korea Fund, Inc., The Japan
Fund, Inc., and Scudder Spain and Portugal Fund, Inc. Some of the foregoing
companies or trusts have two or more series.
The Adviser also provides investment advisory services to the mutual funds
which comprise the AARP Investment Program from Scudder. The AARP Investment
Program from Scudder has assets over $13 billion and includes the AARP Growth
Trust, AARP Income Trust, AARP Tax Free Income Trust, AARP Managed Investment
Portfolios Trust and AARP Cash Investment Funds.
Pursuant to an Agreement between Scudder, Stevens & Clark, Inc. and AMA
Solutions, Inc., a subsidiary of the American Medical Association (the "AMA"),
dated May 9, 1997, Scudder has agreed, subject to applicable state regulations,
to pay AMA Solutions, Inc. royalties in an amount equal to 5% of the management
fee received by Scudder with respect to assets invested by AMA members in
Scudder funds in connection with the AMA InvestmentLinkSM Program. Scudder will
also pay AMA Solutions, Inc. a general monthly fee, currently in the amount of
$833. The AMA and AMA Solutions, Inc. are not engaged in the business of
providing investment advice and neither is registered as an investment adviser
or broker/dealer under federal securities laws. Any person who participates in
the AMA InvestmentLinkSM Program will be a customer of Scudder (or of a
subsidiary thereof) and not the AMA or AMA Solutions, Inc. AMA InvestmentLinkSM
is a service mark of AMA Solutions, Inc.
The Adviser maintains a large research department, which conducts
continuous studies of the factors that affect the position of various
industries, companies and individual securities. The Adviser receives published
reports and statistical compilations from issuers and other sources, as well as
analyses from brokers and dealers who may execute portfolio transactions for the
Adviser's clients. However, the Adviser regards this information and material as
an adjunct to its own research activities. Scudder's international investment
management team travels the world, researching hundreds of companies. In
selecting the securities in which the Fund may invest, the conclusions and
investment decisions of the Adviser with respect to the Fund are based primarily
on the analyses of its own research department.
Certain investments may be appropriate for the Fund and also for other
clients advised by the Adviser. Investment decisions for the Fund and other
clients are made with a view to achieving their respective investment objectives
and after consideration of such factors as their current holdings, availability
of cash for investment and the size of their investments generally. Frequently,
a particular security may be bought or sold for only one client or in different
amounts and at different times for more than one but less than all clients.
Likewise, a particular security may be bought for one or more clients when one
or more other clients are selling the security. In addition, purchases or sales
of the same security may be made for two or more clients on the same day. In
such event, such transactions will be allocated among the clients in a manner
believed by the Adviser to be equitable to each. In some cases, this procedure
could have an adverse effect on the price or amount of the securities purchased
or sold by the Fund. Purchase and sale orders for the Fund may be combined with
those of other clients of the Adviser in the interest of achieving the most
favorable net results to the Fund.
The Investment Management Agreement between the Fund and the Adviser dated
and effective January 1, 1994, (the "Agreement"), was last approved by the
Directors on December 31, 1997 and will continue in effect until October 31,
1998 and from year to year thereafter only if its continuance is approved
annually by the vote of a majority of those Directors who are not parties to
such Agreement or interested persons of the Adviser or the Fund, cast in person
at a meeting called for the purpose of voting on such approval, and either by a
vote of the Fund's Directors or of a majority of the outstanding voting
securities of the Fund. The Agreement may be terminated at any time without
payment of penalty by either party on sixty days' written notice, and
automatically terminates in the event of its assignment.
Under the Agreement, the Adviser regularly provides the Fund with
continuing investment management for the Fund's portfolio consistent with the
Fund's investment objectives, policies and restrictions and determines what
securities shall be purchased, held or sold and what portion of the Fund's
assets shall be held uninvested, subject to the Fund's Articles, By-Laws, the
1940 Act, the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 and to the Fund's investment
objective, policies and restrictions, and subject, further, to such policies and
instructions as the Board of Directors of the Fund may from time to time
establish.
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<PAGE>
Under the Agreement, the Adviser renders significant administrative
services (not otherwise provided by third parties) necessary for the Fund's
operations as an open-end investment company including, but not limited to,
preparing reports and notices to the Directors and shareholders; supervising,
negotiating contractual arrangements with, and monitoring various third-party
service providers to the Fund (such as the Fund's transfer agent, pricing
agents, custodian, accountants and others); preparing and making filings with
the Commission and other regulatory agencies; assisting in the preparation and
filing of the Fund's federal, state and local tax returns; preparing and filing
the Fund's federal excise tax returns; assisting with investor and public
relations matters; monitoring the valuation of securities and the calculation of
net asset value; monitoring the registration of shares of the Fund under
applicable federal and state securities laws; maintaining the Fund's books and
records to the extent not otherwise maintained by a third party; assisting in
establishing accounting policies of the Fund; assisting in the resolution of
accounting and legal issues; establishing and monitoring the Fund's operating
budget; processing the payment of the Fund's bills; assisting the Fund in, and
otherwise arranging for, the payment of distributions and dividends and
otherwise assisting the Fund in the conduct of its business, subject to the
direction and control of the Directors.
The Adviser pays the compensation and expenses of all Directors, officers
and executive employees (except expenses incurred attending Board and committee
meetings outside New York, New York or Boston, Massachusetts) of the Fund
affiliated with the Adviser and makes available, without expense to the Fund,
the services of such Directors, officers and employees of the Adviser as may
duly be elected officers of the Fund, subject to their individual consent to
serve and to any limitations imposed by law, and provides the Fund's office
space and facilities.
For its services under the Agreement, the Adviser receives a monthly fee,
payable in dollars, equal on an annual basis to 0.85 of 1% of the first $100
million of average daily net assets, 0.75 of 1% on assets in excess of $100
million up to and including $300 million, 0.70 of 1% on assets in excess of $300
million up to and including $600 million, and 0.65 of 1% of assets in excess of
$600 million. For purposes of computing the monthly fee, the average daily net
assets of the Fund is determined as of the close of business on each business
day of each month throughout the year.
Under the Agreement the Fund is responsible for all of its other expenses
including: organizational costs, fees and expenses incurred in connection with
membership in investment company organizations; brokers' commissions; legal,
auditing and accounting expenses; taxes and governmental fees; the fees and
expenses of the Transfer Agent; the cost of preparing share certificates or any
other expenses of issue, sale, underwriting, distribution, redemption or
repurchase of shares; the expenses of and the fees for registering or qualifying
securities for sale; the fees and expenses of Directors, officers and employees
of the Fund who are not affiliated with the Adviser; the cost of printing and
distributing reports and notices to stockholders; and the fees and disbursements
of custodians. The Fund may arrange to have third parties assume all or part of
the expenses of sale, underwriting and distribution of shares of the Fund. The
Fund is also responsible for its expenses of shareholders' meetings, the cost of
responding to shareholders' inquiries, and its expenses incurred in connection
with litigation, proceedings and claims and the legal obligation it may have to
indemnify its officers and Directors of the Fund with respect thereto. The
custodian agreement provides that the custodian shall compute the net asset
value.
The Agreement expressly provides that the Adviser shall not be required to
pay a pricing agent of any Fund for portfolio pricing services, if any.
The Adviser may serve as adviser to other funds with investment objectives
and policies similar to those of the Funds that may have different distribution
arrangements or expenses, which may affect performance.
Personal Investments by Employees of the Adviser
Employees of the Adviser are permitted to make personal securities
transactions, subject to requirements and restrictions set forth in the
Adviser's Code of Ethics. The Code of Ethics contains provisions and
requirements designed to identify and address certain conflicts of interest
between personal investment activities and the interests of investment advisory
clients such as the Fund. Among other things, the Code of Ethics, which
generally complies with standards recommended by the Investment Company
Institute's Advisory Group on Personal Investing, prohibits certain types of
transactions absent prior approval, imposes time periods during which personal
transactions may not be made in certain securities, and requires the submission
of duplicate broker confirmations and monthly reporting of securities
transactions. Additional restrictions apply to portfolio managers, traders,
research analysts and others involved in the
47
<PAGE>
investment advisory process. Exceptions to these and other provisions of the
Code of Ethics may be granted in particular circumstances after review by
appropriate personnel.
DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Name, Age and Address Position with Fund Principal Occupation***
- --------------------- ------------------ -----------------------
<S> <C> <C>
Henry Rosovsky (70)* Chairman of the Board Professor,
Harvard University and Director Harvard University
17 Quincy Street
Cambridge, MA 02138
Lynn Birdsong (51)# President Managing Director,
Scudder Kemper Investments,
Inc.
William L. Givens (68) Director President,
Twain Associates, Inc. Twain Associates
553 Boylston Street
Brookline, MA 02146
William H. Gleysteen, Jr. (71) Director Consultant
4937 Crescent Street
Bethesda, MD 20816
John F. Loughran (66) Director Retired Senior Adviser for
711 Silvergate Avenue Asia Pacific to J.P. Morgan
Point Loma & Co., Inc.
San Diego, CA 92106
Yoshihiko Miyauchi (62) Director President and Chief
World Trade Center Executive Officer of ORIX
Building 2-4-1 Corporation
Hamamatsu-cho, Minato-ku
Tokyo, Japan
William V. Rapp (59) Director Managing Director,
131 Begbie Rue Associates;
University of Victoria Professor, University of
Victoria, BC Canada Victoria; Senior Research
Fellow, Columbia University
Center on Japan Economy
and Business
O. Robert Theurkauf (70)@# Director Advisory Managing Director,
Scudder Kemper Investments,
Inc.
Hiroshi Yamanaka (85) Director Adviser to the Board,
Meiji Mutual Life The Meiji Mutual Life
Insurance Company Insurance Company
2-1-1, Marunouchi, Chiyoda-ku
Tokyo, Japan
Allan Comrie (78) Honorary Director Director,
40 Sheridan Drive Petroleum & Resources
New Canaan, CT 06840 Corp., The Adams Express Co.
</TABLE>
48
<PAGE>
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Name, Age and Address Position with Fund Principal Occupation***
- --------------------- ------------------ -----------------------
<S> <C> <C>
Jonathan Mason (82) Honorary Director Retired First Vice President
12092 Longwood Green Drive Prudential-Bache Securities,
West Palm Beach, FL 33414 Inc.
James W. Morley (76) Honorary Director Professor of Political
145 Piermont Road Science Emeritus
Closter, NJ 07624 Columbia University
Robert G. Stone, Jr. (75) Honorary Director Chairman of the Board
Kirby Corporation and Director,
405 Lexington Ave - 39th Fl. Kirby Corporation
New York, NY 10174
Shoji Umemura (78)* Honorary Director Board Counselor,
The Nikko Securities Co., Ltd. The Nikko Securities Co.,
3-1-1, Marunouchi, Chiyoda-ku Ltd.
Tokyo, Japan
Elizabeth J. Allan (44)# Vice President Senior Vice President,
Scudder Kemper Investments,
Inc.
William E. Holzer (48)# Vice President Managing Director,
Scudder Kemper Investments,
Inc.
Thomas W. Joseph (58)**+ Vice President Senior Vice President,
Scudder Kemper Investments,
Inc.
Seung K. Kwak (36)# Vice President Managing Director,
Scudder Kemper Investments,
Inc.
Miyuki Wakatsuki (61) Vice President General Manager,
17-9, Nihonbashi-Hakozakicho Japan Fund Office,
Chuo-Ku Nikko International Capital
Tokyo 103, Japan Management Co., Ltd.
Gina Provenzano (55)# Vice President and Vice President,
Treasurer Scudder Kemper Investments,
Inc.
Kathryn L. Quirk (44)# Vice President and Managing Director,
Secretary Scudder Kemper Investments,
Inc.
Thomas F. McDonough (50)+ Assistant Secretary Senior Vice President,
Scudder Kemper Investments,
Inc.
John R. Hebble (39)+ Assistant Treasurer Senior Vice President,
Scudder Kemper Investments,
Inc.
</TABLE>
49
<PAGE>
* Director considered by the Fund and its counsel to be an "interested
person" (as defined in the 1940 Act) of the Fund or its investment manager
because of his affiliation with a broker-dealer.
** Mr. Joseph is a vice president, director, treasurer and assistant clerk of
Scudder Investor Services, Inc., the Fund's principal underwriter.
*** Unless otherwise stated, all the directors and officers of the Fund have
been associated with their respective companies for more than five years,
but not necessarily in the same capacity.
@ Director considered by the Fund and its counsel to be an "interested
person" (as defined in the 1940 Act) of the Fund or of its investment
manager because of his employment by Scudder Kemper.
# Address = 345 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10154-0010.
+ Address = Two International Place, Boston, Massachusetts 02110-4103
The Executive Committee of the Fund's Board of Directors, which currently
consists of Messrs. Loughran, Theurkauf and Rosovsky, has and may exercise any
or all of the powers of the Board of Directors in the management of the business
and affairs of the Fund when the Board is not in session, except as provided by
law and except the power to increase or decrease, or fill vacancies on, the
Board.
REMUNERATION
Several of the officers and Directors of the Fund may be officers of
Scudder Kemper Investments, Inc. or of The Nikko Securities Co., Ltd. The Fund
pays direct remuneration only to those officers of the Fund who are not
affiliated with Scudder or their affiliates. Each of the Directors who is not
affiliated with Scudder Kemper Investments, Inc. or The Nikko Securities Co.,
Ltd. will be paid by the Fund. Each of these unaffiliated Directors receives an
annual Director's fee of $6,000 with the exception of the Chairman of the Board,
who receives $16,000 annually. Each Director also receives fees of $1,000 for
attending each meeting of the Board and $750 for attending each committee
meeting, or meeting held for the purpose of considering arrangements between the
Fund and Scudder Kemper Investments, Inc., or any of its other affiliates. Each
unaffiliated Director also receives $750 per committee meeting attended. As of
July 30, 1992, Honorary Directors of the Fund received $1,000 for each Board
meeting attended. For the year ended December 31, 1997, total expenses were
$183,937 of which $134,763 were fee related and $53,527 was pension plan
related.
Under the Fund's Directors' Retirement Plan (the "Retirement Plan"),
Non-Interested Directors retiring at or after age 72 with five or more years of
service are entitled to receive, each year for ten years, a payment equal to 50
to 100 percent (depending on the number of years of service) of the basic
annnual Directors' retainer on the retirement date. Non-interested Directors who
retire after age 62 but before age 72 are entitled to the same annual payments,
reduced by 3 percent for each year by which their retirement precedes age 72.
The obligations of the Fund to pay benefits and expenses under the Retirement
Plan will not be secured or funded in any manner and such obligations will not
have preference over the lawful claims of the Fund's creditors or stockholders.
Upon the retirement of a Non-interested Director, the Fund, at its option, may
purchase an annuity contract to meet its obligation to the Non-interested
Director.
Scudder supervises the Fund's investments, pays the compensation and
certain expenses of its personnel who serve as Directors and officers of the
Fund and receives a management fee for its services. Several of the Fund's
officers and Directors are also officers, Directors, employees or stockholders
of Scudder, The Nikko Securities Co., Ltd. Or Nikko International Capital
Management Co., Ltd., and participate in the fees paid to those firms, although
the Fund makes no direct payments to them other than for reimbursement of travel
expenses in connection with their attendance at Directors' and committee
meetings. The Investment Management Agreement dated December 31, 1997 omitted
the provision referencing the Fund's ability to obtain services from Nikko
International Capital Management Co., Ltd. pursuant to a separate Agreement.
That agreement was terminated effective December 31, 1995.
50
<PAGE>
The following table shows the aggregate compensation received by each
unaffiliated director during 1997 from The Japan Fund and from all Scudder funds
as a group.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pension or Estimated Total
Retirement Annual Compensation From
Aggregate Benefits Accrued Benefits the Fund and Fund
Name of Director Compensation* As Part of Fund Upon Complex **
Expenses Retirement
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
William L. Givens $21,317 $4,372 $6,000 $25,689 (1 Fund)
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
William H. $14,750 $5,498 $3,000 $141,648 (14 Funds)
Gleysteen, Jr.
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
John F. Loughran $11,750 $4,724 $6,000 $16,474 (1 Fund)
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Yoshihiko $12,250 $2,149 $6,000 $14,399 (1 Fund)
Miyauchi
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
William V. Rapp $15,500 $2,499 $6,000 $17,999 (1 Fund)
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Henry Rosovsky $26,250 $2,776 $6,000 $29,026 (1 Fund)
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hiroshi Yamanaka $7,750 $7,803 $6,000 $15,553 (1 Fund)
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tristan E. Beplat $0 $200 N/A $200 (1 Fund)
Honorary Director
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Allan Comrie $5,196 $4,789 $5,196 $9,985 (1 Fund)
Honorary Director
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Jonathan Mason $6,000 $6,703 $6,000 $12,703 (1 Fund)
Honorary Director
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
James W. Morley $6,000 $5,988 $6,000 $11,988 (1 Fund)
Honorary Director
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Robert G. Stone, Jr. $8,000 $6,026 $6,000 $14,026 (2 Funds)
Honorary Director
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
* Includes pension or retirement benefits.
** Includes pension or retirement benefits accrued.
DISTRIBUTOR
Under the terms of the Underwriting Agreement dated and effective August
14, 1987, between the Fund and the Distributor, a Massachusetts corporation,
which is a subsidiary of Scudder, Stevens & Clark, Inc., the Fund is responsible
for: the payment of all fees and expenses in connection with the preparation and
filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission of its registration statement
and prospectus and any amendments and supplements thereto; the registration and
qualification of shares for sale in the various states, including registering
the Fund as a broker or dealer; the fees and expenses of preparing, printing and
mailing prospectuses (see below for expenses relating to prospectuses paid by
the Distributor), notices, proxy statements, reports or other communications
(including newsletters) to shareholders of the Fund; the cost of printing and
mailing confirmations of purchases of shares and the prospectuses accompanying
such confirmations; any issue taxes or any initial transfer taxes; a portion of
shareholder toll-free telephone charges and expenses of service representatives,
the cost of wiring funds for share purchases and redemptions (unless paid by the
shareholder who initiates the transaction); the cost of printing and postage of
business reply envelopes; and a portion of the cost of computer terminals used
by both the Fund and the Distributor.
The Distributor will pay for printing and distributing prospectuses or
reports prepared for its use in connection with the offering of the shares to
the public and preparing, printing and mailing any other literature or
advertising in connection with the offering of shares of the Fund to the public.
The Distributor will pay all fees and expenses in connection with its
qualification and registration as a broker or dealer under federal and state
laws, a portion of the cost of toll-free telephone service and expenses of
service representatives, a portion of the cost of computer terminals, and of any
activity which is primarily intended to result in the sale of the Fund's shares.
Scudder Investor Services, Inc. also acts as distributor for Scudder
California Tax Free Fund, Scudder California Tax Free Money Fund, Scudder
Capital Growth Fund, Scudder Cash Investment Trust, Scudder Fund, Inc., Scudder
Funds Trust, Scudder Global Fund, Inc., Scudder GNMA Fund, Scudder Institutional
Fund, Inc., Scudder International Fund, Inc., Scudder Investment Trust, Scudder
Municipal Trust, Scudder Massachusetts Tax Free Fund, Scudder New York Tax Free
Money Fund, Scudder Ohio Tax Free Fund, Scudder Pennsylvania Tax Free Fund,
Scudder Portfolio Trust, Scudder Securities Trust, Scudder Tax Free Money Fund,
Scudder Tax Free Target Fund,
51
<PAGE>
Scudder U.S. Treasury Money Fund, Scudder Variable Life Investment Fund, AARP
Growth Trust, AARP Income Trust, AARP Tax Free Income Trust, AARP Managed
Investment Portfolios Trust and AARP Cash Investment Funds. Scudder Kemper
Investments, Inc., pays the expenses of the operations of Scudder Investor
Services, Inc., with which it is affiliated.
NOTE: Although the Fund does not currently have a 12b-1 Plan and shareholder
approval would be required in order to adopt one, the underwriting agreement
provides that the Fund will also pay those fees and expenses permitted to be
paid or assumed by the Fund pursuant to a 12b-1 Plan, if any, adopted by the
Fund, notwithstanding any other provision to the contrary in the underwriting
agreement, and the Fund or a third party will pay those fees and expenses not
specifically allocated to the Distributor in the underwriting agreement.
As agent, the Distributor currently offers the Fund's shares on a
continuous basis to investors in all states. The underwriting agreement provides
that the Distributor accepts orders for shares at net asset value as no sales
commission or load is charged the investor. The Distributor has made no firm
commitment to acquire shares of the Fund.
TAXES
(See "Distribution and performance information--Dividends and Capital Gains
Distributions" and "Transaction Information -- Tax Information, Tax
Identification Number" in the Fund's prospectus.)
United States Federal Income Taxation
The following is a general discussion of certain U.S. federal income tax
consequences relating to the status of the Fund and to the tax treatment of
distributions by the Fund to shareholders. This discussion is based on the
Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code"), Treasury Regulations,
Revenue Rulings and judicial decisions as of the date hereof, all of which may
be changed either retroactively or prospectively. This discussion does not
address all aspects of U.S. federal income taxation that may be relevant to
shareholders in light of their particular circumstances or to shareholders
subject to special treatment under U.S. federal income tax laws (e.g., certain
financial institutions, insurance companies, dealers in stock or securities,
tax-exempt organizations, persons who have entered into hedging transactions
with respect to shares of the Fund, persons who borrow in order to acquire
shares, and certain foreign taxpayers).
Prospective shareholders should consult their own tax advisers with
respect to the particular tax consequences to them of an investment in the Fund.
The Fund and its Investments. The Fund intends to qualify for and elect the
special tax treatment applicable to "regulated investment companies" under
Sections 851-855 of the Code.
To so qualify, the Fund must, among other things: (a) derive at least 90%
of its gross income in each taxable year from dividends, interest, payments with
respect to securities loans and gains from the sale or other disposition of
stock, securities or foreign currencies, or other income (including, but not
limited to, gains from options, futures or forward contracts) derived with
respect to its business of investing in such stock, securities or currencies;
and (b) diversify its holdings so that, at the end of each quarter of the Fund's
taxable year, (i) at least 50% of the value of the Fund's total assets is
represented by cash and cash items, securities of other regulated investment
companies, United States Government securities and other securities, with such
other securities limited, in respect of any one issuer, to an amount not greater
than 5% of the value of the Fund's total assets and not greater than 10% of the
outstanding voting securities of such issuer, and (ii) not more than 25% of the
value of the Fund's total assets is invested in the securities of any one issuer
(other than United States Government securities or securities of other regulated
investment companies) or in any issuers of the same industry that are controlled
by the Fund. The Fund anticipates that, in general, its foreign currency gains
will be directly related to its principal business of investing in stock and
securities.
Qualification and election as a "regulated investment company" involve no
supervision of investment policy or management by any government agency. As a
regulated investment company, the Fund generally will not be subject to U.S.
federal income tax on its net investment income and net long-term and short-term
capital gains, if any, that it distributes to its shareholders, provided that at
least 90% of its "investment company taxable income" (determined without regard
to the deduction for dividends paid) is distributed or deemed distributed. The
Fund will generally be
52
<PAGE>
subject to tax at regular U.S. federal corporate income tax rates on any income
or gains which are not treated as distributed and, under certain circumstances,
in respect of investments in passive foreign investment companies as described
below. Furthermore, the Fund will also be subject to a U.S. federal corporate
income tax with respect to distributed amounts in any year that it fails to
qualify as a regulated investment company or fails to meet the applicable
distribution requirement. Although all or a portion of the Fund's taxable income
(including any net capital gains) for a calendar year may be distributed in
January of the following year, such a distribution may be treated for U.S.
federal income tax purposes as having been received by shareholders during the
calendar year. In addition, the Fund intends to make sufficient distributions in
a timely manner in order to ensure that it will not be subject to the 4% U.S.
federal excise tax on certain undistributed income of regulated investment
companies.
The Fund generally intends to distribute all of its net investment income,
net short-term capital gains and net long-term capital gains (which consist of
net long-term capital gains in excess of net short-term capital losses) in a
timely manner. If any net capital gains are retained by the Fund for
reinvestment, requiring Federal income taxes to be paid thereon by the Fund, the
Fund will elect to treat such capital gains as having been distributed to
shareholders. As a result, each shareholder will report such capital gains as
long-term capital gains, will be able to claim his share of U.S. federal income
taxes paid by the Fund on such gains as a credit or refund against his own U.S.
federal income tax liability and will be entitled to increase the adjusted tax
basis of his Fund shares by the difference between his pro rata share of such
gains and the related credit or refund.
The Fund may invest in shares of certain foreign corporations which may be
classified under the Code as passive foreign investment companies ("PFICs"). If
the Fund received a so-called "excess distribution" with respect to PFIC stock,
the Fund itself might be subject to a tax on a portion of the excess
distribution. Certain distributions from a PFIC as well as gains from the sale
of the PFIC shares are treated as "excess distributions." In general, under the
PFIC rules, an excess distribution is treated as having been realized ratably
over the period during which the Fund held the PFIC shares. The Fund would be
subject to tax on the portion, if any, of an excess distribution that is
allocated to prior Fund taxable years and an interest factor would be added to
the tax, as if the tax had been payable in such prior taxable years. Excess
distributions allocated to the current taxable year would be characterized as
ordinary income even though, absent application of the PFIC rules, certain
excess distributions might have been classified as capital gain.
Recently enacted legislation will allow the Fund to make an election to
mark to market its shares of PFICs in lieu of being subject to U.S. federal
income taxation. At the end of each taxable year to which the election applies,
the Fund would report as ordinary income the amount by which the fair market
value of the foreign company's stock exceeds the Fund's adjusted basis in these
shares. If the Fund's adjusted basis in the shares of a PFIC exceeds the shares'
fair market value at the end of a taxable year, the Fund would be entitled to a
deduction equal to the lesser of (a) this excess and (b) its previous income
inclusions in respect of such stock under the mark-to-market rules that have not
been offset by such deductions. The effect of the election would be to treat
excess distributions and gain on dispositions as ordinary income which is not
subject to a fund level tax when distributed by the Fund as a dividend.
Alternatively, the Fund may elect to include as income and gain its share of the
ordinary earnings and net capital gain of certain foreign investment companies
in lieu of being taxed in the manner described above.
Exchange control regulations may restrict repatriations of investment
income and capital or the proceeds of securities sales by foreign investors such
as the Fund and may limit the Fund's ability to make sufficient distributions to
satisfy the 90% and excise tax distribution requirements.
The Fund's transactions in foreign currencies, forward contracts, options,
and futures contracts (including options and futures contracts on foreign
currencies) will be subject to special provisions of the Code that, among other
things, may affect the character of gains and losses realized by the Fund (i.e.,
may affect whether gains or losses are ordinary or capital), accelerate
recognition of income to the Fund or defer Fund losses. These rules could
therefore affect the character, amount and timing of distributions to
shareholders. These provisions also (a) will require the Fund to
"mark-to-market" certain types of the positions in its portfolio (i.e., treat
them as if they were sold), and (b) may cause the Fund to recognize income
without receiving cash with which to pay dividends or make distributions in
amounts necessary to satisfy the distribution requirements for avoiding income
and excise taxes. The Fund intends to monitor these transactions and to make the
appropriate tax elections and will make the appropriate entries in its books and
records when it acquires any foreign currency, forward contract, option, futures
contract, or hedged investment and will generally attempt to mitigate any
adverse effects of these rules in order to minimize or eliminate its tax
liabilities and to prevent disqualification of the Fund as a regulated
investment company.
53
<PAGE>
Distributions. Distributions to shareholders of the Fund's net investment income
and distributions of net short-term capital gains will be taxable as ordinary
income to shareholders. Generally, dividends paid by the Fund will not qualify
for the dividends-received deduction available to corporations, because the
Fund's income generally will not consist of dividends paid by U.S. corporations.
Distributions of the Fund's net capital gains (designated as capital gain
dividends by the Fund) will be taxable to shareholders as long-term capital
gains, regardless of the length of time the shares have been held by a
shareholder and are not eligible for the dividends-received deduction. The Fund
will designate the portions of any capital gains dividend that are taxable at a
rate of 28% and 25% in the hands of individuals and other non-corporate
shareholders. Distributions in excess of the Fund's current and accumulated
earnings and profits will, as to each shareholder, be treated as a tax-free
return of capital, to the extent of a shareholder's adjusted basis in his shares
of the Fund, and as a capital gain thereafter (if the shareholder held his
shares of the Fund as capital assets).
Shareholders electing to receive distributions in the form of additional
shares will be treated for U.S. federal income tax purposes as receiving a
distribution in an amount equal to the fair market value, determined as of the
distribution date, of the shares received and will have a cost basis in each
share received equal to the fair market value of a share of the Fund on the
distribution date.
All distributions of net investment income and net capital gains, whether
received in shares or in cash, must be reported by each shareholder on his U.S.
federal income tax return. A distribution will be treated as paid during a
calendar year if it is declared by the Fund in October, November or December of
the year to holders of record in such a month and paid by January 31 of the
following year. Such distributions will be taxable to shareholders as if
received on December 31 of such prior year, rather than in the year in which the
distributions are actually received.
Distributions by the Fund result in a reduction in the net asset value of
the Fund's shares. Should a distribution reduce the net asset value below a
shareholder's cost basis, such distribution would nevertheless be taxable to the
shareholder as ordinary income or capital gain as described above, even though,
from an investment standpoint, it may constitute a partial return of capital. In
particular, investors should consider the tax implications of buying shares just
prior to a distribution. Although the price of shares purchased at the time
includes the amount of the forthcoming distribution, the distribution will
nevertheless be taxable to them.
Sale or Redemption of Shares. A shareholder may recognize a taxable gain or loss
if the shareholder sells or redeems his shares (which includes exchanging his
shares for shares of another Scudder Fund). A shareholder will generally be
subject to taxation based on the difference between his adjusted tax basis in
the shares sold or redeemed and the value of the cash or other property received
by him in payment therefor.
A shareholder who receives securities upon redeeming his shares will have
a tax basis in such securities equal to their fair market value on the
redemption date. A shareholder who subsequently sells any securities received
pursuant to a redemption will recognize taxable gain or loss to the extent that
the proceeds from such sale are greater or less than his tax basis in such
securities.
Any gain or loss arising from the sale or redemption of shares will be
treated as capital gain or loss if the shares are capital assets in the
shareholder's hands and will generally be long-term capital gain or loss if the
shares are held for more than one year and short-term capital gain or loss if
the shares are held for one year or less. Long-term capital gains recognized by
individuals and other non-corporate shareholders on a sale or redemption of
shares will be taxed at the rate of 28% if the shareholder's period for the
shares is not more that 18 months and at the rate of 20% if the shareholder's
period for the shares is more than 18 months. Any loss realized on a sale or
redemption will be disallowed to the extent the shares disposed of are replaced
with substantially identical shares within a period beginning 30 days before and
ending 30 days after the disposition of the shares. In such a case, the basis of
the shares acquired will be adjusted to reflect the disallowed loss. Any loss
arising from the sale or redemption of shares held for six months or less will
be treated for U.S. federal tax purposes as a long-term capital loss to the
extent of any amount of capital gain dividends received by the shareholder with
respect to such shares. For purposed of determining whether shares have been
held for six months or less, a shareholder's holding period is suspended for any
periods during which the shareholder's risk of loss is diminished as a result of
holding one or more other positions in substantially similar or related property
or through certain options or short sales. It is unclear how capital losses that
are treated as long-term under this rule offset gains taxable at the rate of 28%
and 20%, respectively, in the hands of individuals and other non-corporate
shareholders.
54
<PAGE>
Foreign Taxes. As set forth below under "Japanese Taxation," it is expected that
certain income of the Fund will be subject to Japanese withholding taxes. If the
Fund is liable for foreign income taxes, including such Japanese withholding
taxes, the Fund expects to meet the requirements of the Code for
"passing-through" to its shareholders the foreign taxes paid, but there can be
no assurance that the Fund will be able to do so. Under the Code, if more than
50% of the value of the Fund's total assets at the close of the taxable year
consists of stock or securities of foreign corporations, the Fund may file an
election with the Internal Revenue Service to "pass-through" to the Fund's
shareholders the amount of foreign income taxes paid by the Fund. Pursuant to
this election a shareholder will: (a) include in gross income (in addition to
taxable dividends actually received) the shareholder's pro rata share of the
foreign income taxes paid by the Fund; (b) treat the shareholder's pro rata
share of such foreign income taxes as having been paid by the shareholder; and
(c) subject to certain limitations, be entitled either to deduct the
shareholder's pro rata share of such foreign income taxes in computing the
shareholder's taxable income or to use it as a foreign tax credit against U.S.
income taxes. No deduction for foreign taxes may be claimed by a shareholder who
does not itemize deductions. A shareholder's election to deduct rather than
credit such foreign taxes may increase the shareholder's alternative minimum tax
liability, if applicable. Shortly after any year for which it makes such an
election, the Fund will report to its shareholders, in writing, the amount per
share of such foreign tax that must be included in each shareholder's gross
income and the amount which will be available for deduction or credit.
Generally, a credit for foreign income taxes is subject to the limitation
that it may not exceed the shareholder's U.S. tax (before the credit)
attributable to the shareholder's total foreign source taxable income. For this
purpose, the portion of dividends and distributions paid by the Fund from its
foreign source income will be treated as foreign source income. The Fund's gains
and losses from the sale of securities, and currency gains and losses, will
generally be treated as derived from U.S. sources. The limitation on the foreign
tax credit is applied separately to foreign source "passive income," such as the
portion of dividends received from the Fund which qualifies as foreign source
income. Because of these limitations, a shareholder may be unable to claim a
credit for the full amount of the shareholder's proportionate share of the
foreign income taxes paid by the Fund. A shareholder's ability to claim a credit
for foreign taxes paid by the Fund may also be limited by applicable period
requirements.
If the Fund does not make the election, any foreign taxes paid or accrued
will represent an expense to the Fund which will reduce its net investment
income. Absent this election, shareholders will not be able to claim either a
credit or deduction for their pro rata portion of such taxes paid by the Fund,
nor will shareholders be required to treat as part of the amounts distributed to
them their pro rata portion of such taxes paid.
Backup Withholding. The Fund will be required to withhold U.S. federal income
tax at the rate of 31% of all taxable distributions payable to shareholders who
fail to provide the Fund with their correct taxpayer identification number or to
make required certifications, or who have been notified by the Internal Revenue
Service that they are subject to backup withholding. Corporate shareholders and
other shareholders specified in the Code are exempt from such backup
withholding. Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Any amounts withheld
may be credited against a shareholder's U.S. federal income tax liability.
Foreign Shareholders. A "Foreign Shareholder" is a person or entity that, for
U.S. federal income tax purposes, is a nonresident alien individual, a foreign
corporation, a foreign partnership, or a nonresident fiduciary of a foreign
estate or trust. If a distribution of the Fund's net investment income and net
short-term capital gains to a Foreign Shareholder is not effectively connected
with a U.S. trade or business carried on by the investor, such distribution will
be subject to withholding tax at a 30% rate or such lower rate as may be
specified by an applicable income tax treaty.
Foreign Shareholders may be subject to an increased U.S. federal income
tax on their income resulting from the Fund's election (described above) to
"pass-through" amounts of foreign taxes paid by the Fund, but may not be able to
claim a credit or deduction with respect to the withholding tax for the foreign
taxes treated as having been paid by them.
A Foreign Shareholder generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income
tax with respect to gain on the sale or redemption of shares of the Fund,
distributions from the Fund of net long-term capital gains, or amounts retained
by the Fund which are designated as undistributed capital gains unless the gain
is effectively connected with a trade or business of such shareholder in the
United States. In the case of a Foreign Shareholder who is a nonresident alien
individual, however, gain arising from the sale or redemption of shares of the
Fund, distributions of net long-term
55
<PAGE>
capital gains and amounts retained by the Fund which are designated as
undistributed capital gains ordinarily will be subject to U.S. income tax at a
rate of 30% if such individual is physically present in the U.S. for 183 days or
more during the taxable year and, in the case of gain arising from the sale or
redemption of Fund shares, either the gain is attributable to an office or other
fixed place of business maintained by the shareholder in the United States or
the shareholder has a "tax home" in the United States.
The tax consequences to a Foreign Shareholder entitled to claim the
benefits of an applicable tax treaty may be different from those described
herein. Foreign Shareholders are advised to consult their own tax advisers with
respect to the particular tax consequences to them of investment in the Fund.
Notices. Shareholders will be notified annually by the Fund as to the U.S.
federal income tax status of the dividends, distributions, and deemed
distributions made by the Fund to its shareholder. Furthermore, shareholders
will also receive, if appropriate, various written notices after the close of
the Fund's taxable year regarding the U.S. federal income tax status of certain
dividends, distributions and deemed distributions that were paid (or that are
treated as having been paid) by the Fund to its shareholders during the
preceding taxable year.
Japanese Taxation
The operations of the Fund as described herein do not, in the opinion
of Nagashima & Ohno, Japanese counsel for the Fund, involve the creation in
Japan of a "permanent establishment" of the Fund by reason only of dealing in
Japanese securities (whether or not such dealings are effected through
securities firms or banks licensed in Japan) provided such dealings are
conducted by the Fund from outside of Japan or by the Fund's independent agent
acting in the ordinary course of its business in Japan, pursuant to the tax
convention between the United States and Japan (the "Convention") as currently
in force. Pursuant to the Convention, a Japanese withholding tax at the maximum
rate of 15% is, with certain exceptions, imposed upon dividends paid by a
Japanese corporation to the Fund. Pursuant to the present terms of the
Convention, interest received by the Fund from sources within Japan is subject
to a Japanese withholding tax at a maximum rate of 10%. In the opinion of
Nagashima & Ohno, pursuant to the Convention, capital gains of the Fund arising
from its investments as described herein are not taxable in Japan.
Generally, the Fund will be subject to the Japan securities transaction
tax on its sale of certain securities in Japan. The current rates of such tax
range from 0.03% to 0.30% depending upon the particular type of securities
involved. Transactions involving equity securities are currently taxed at the
highest rate.
PORTFOLIO TRANSACTIONS
Brokerage Commissions
Allocation of brokerage is supervised by the Adviser.
The primary objective of the Adviser in placing orders for the purchase
and sale of securities for a Fund is to obtain the most favorable net results,
taking into account such factors as price, commission where applicable, size of
order, difficulty of execution and skill required of the executing
broker/dealer. The Adviser seeks to evaluate the overall reasonableness of
brokerage commissions paid (to the extent applicable) through the familiarity of
the Distributor with commissions charged on comparable transactions, as well as
by comparing commissions paid by the Fund to reported commissions paid by
others. The Adviser reviews on a routine basis commission rates, execution and
settlement services performed, making internal and external comparisons.
The Fund's purchases and sales of fixed-income securities are generally
placed by the Adviser with primary market makers for these securities on a net
basis, without any brokerage commission being paid by the Fund. Trading does,
however, involve transaction costs. Transactions with dealers serving as primary
market makers reflect the spread between the bid and asked prices. Purchases of
underwritten issues may be made, which will include an underwriting fee paid to
the underwriter.
When it can be done consistently with the policy of obtaining the most
favorable net results, it is the Adviser's practice to place such orders with
broker/dealers who supply research, market and statistical information to the
Fund. The term "research, market and statistical information" includes advice as
to the value of securities; the advisability of investing in, purchasing or
selling securities; the availability of securities or purchasers or sellers of
securities; and
56
<PAGE>
analyses and reports concerning issuers, industries, securities, economic
factors and trends, portfolio strategy and the performance of accounts. The
Adviser is authorized when placing portfolio transactions for the Fund to pay a
brokerage commission in excess of that which another broker might charge for
executing the same transaction on account of execution services and the receipt
of research, market or statistical information. The Adviser will not place
orders with broker/dealers on the basis that the broker/dealer has or has not
sold shares of the Fund. In effecting transactions in over-the-counter
securities, orders are placed with the principal market makers for the security
being traded unless, after exercising care, it appears that more favorable
results are available elsewhere.
To the maximum extent feasible, it is expected that the Adviser will place
orders for portfolio transactions through the Distributor, which is a
corporation registered as a broker-dealer and a subsidiary of the Adviser; the
Distributor will place orders on behalf of the Fund with issuers, underwriters
or other brokers and dealers. The Distributor will not receive any commission,
fee or other remuneration from the Fund for this service.
Although certain research, market and statistical information from
broker/dealers may be useful to the Fund and to the Adviser, it is the opinion
of the Adviser that such information only supplements the Adviser's own research
effort since the information must still be analyzed, weighed, and reviewed by
the Adviser's staff. Such information may be useful to the Adviser in providing
services to clients other than the Fund, and not all such information is used by
the Adviser in connection with the Fund. Conversely, such information provided
to the Adviser by broker/dealers through whom other clients of the Adviser
effect securities transactions may be useful to the Adviser in providing
services to the Fund.
The Directors review from time to time whether the recapture for the
benefit of the Fund of some portion of the brokerage commissions or similar fees
paid by the Fund on portfolio transactions is legally permissible and advisable.
Total brokerage commissions paid by the Fund amounted to $1,764,425 for
1997, $2,268,924 for 1996 and $2,438,600 for 1995. Of such amounts, commissions
were paid by the Fund for brokerage services rendered by The Nikko Securities
Co., Ltd. ("Nikko Securities") in respect of portfolio transactions by the Fund
in the amounts of $68,159 for 1997, $303,671 for 1996 and $186,917 for 1995.
Such amounts represented 3.86%, 13.38% and 7.7% of the total brokerage
commissions paid by the Fund in such years, respectively. The advisory fee paid
to NICAM was not reduced because of such brokerage commissions. During the years
ended December 31, 1997, 1996 and 1995, there were no commissions paid or
accrued by the Fund to J.P. Morgan Securities Asia, Ltd. The rate of total
portfolio turnover of the Fund for the years 1997, 1996 and 1995 was 96.4%,
72.6%, and 69.9%, respectively.
NET ASSET VALUE
The net asset value of shares of the Fund is computed as of the close of
regular trading on the New York Stock Exchange (the "Exchange") on each day the
Exchange is open for trading. The Exchange is scheduled to be closed on the
following holidays: New Year's Day, Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, Presidents Day,
Good Friday, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Thanksgiving and
Christmas. Net asset value per share is determined by dividing the value of the
total assets of the Fund, less all liabilities, by the total number of shares
outstanding.
An exchange-traded equity security is valued at its most recent sale
price. Lacking any sales, the security is valued at the calculated mean between
the most recent bid quotation and the most recent asked quotation (the
"Calculated Mean"). Lacking a Calculated Mean, the security is valued at the
most recent bid quotation. An equity security which is traded on the National
Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation ("NASDAQ") system is
valued at its most recent sale price. Lacking any sales, the security is valued
at the high or "inside" bid quotation. The value of an equity security not
quoted on the NASDAQ System, but traded in another over-the-counter market, is
its most recent sale price. Lacking any sales, the security is valued at the
Calculated Mean. Lacking a Calculated Mean, the security is valued at the most
recent bid quotation.
Debt securities, other than short-term securities, are valued at prices
supplied by the Fund's pricing agent(s) which reflect broker/dealer supplied
valuations and electronic data processing techniques. Short-term securities with
remaining maturities of sixty days or less are valued by the amortized cost
method, which the Board believes approximates market value. If it is not
possible to
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value a particular debt security pursuant to these valuation methods, the value
of such security is the most recent bid quotation supplied by a bona fide
marketmaker. If it is not possible to value a particular debt security pursuant
to the above methods, the Adviser may calculate the price of that debt security,
subject to limitations established by the Board.
An exchange traded options contract on securities, currencies, futures and
other financial instruments is valued at its most recent sale price on such
exchange. Lacking any sales, the options contract is valued at the Calculated
Mean. Lacking any Calculated Mean, the options contract is valued at the most
recent bid quotation in the case of a purchased options contract, or the most
recent asked quotation in the case of a written options contract. An options
contract on securities, currencies and other financial instruments traded
over-the-counter is valued at the most recent bid quotation in the case of a
purchased options contract and at the most recent asked quotation in the case of
a written options contract. Futures contracts are valued at the most recent
settlement price. Foreign currency exchange forward contracts are valued at the
value of the underlying currency at the prevailing exchange rate.
If a security is traded on more than one exchange, or upon one or more
exchanges and in the over-the-counter market, quotations are taken from the
market in which the security is traded most extensively.
If, in the opinion of the Fund's Valuation Committee, the value of a
portfolio asset as determined in accordance with these procedures does not
represent the fair market value of the portfolio asset, the value of the
portfolio asset is taken to be an amount which, in the opinion of the Valuation
Committee, represents fair market value on the basis of all available
information. The value of other portfolio holdings owned by the Fund is
determined in a manner which, in the discretion of the Valuation Committee most
fairly reflects fair market value of the property on the valuation date.
Following the valuations of securities or other portfolio assets in terms
of the currency in which the market quotation used is expressed ("Local
Currency"), the value of these portfolio assets in terms of U.S. dollars is
calculated by converting the Local Currency into U.S. dollars at the prevailing
currency exchange rate on the valuation date.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Experts
The financial statements of the Fund included in the Annual Report to
shareholders dated December 31, 1997, attached to this Statement of Additional
Information, have been examined by Price Waterhouse LLP, independent
accountants, in reliance upon the accompanying report of said firm, which report
is given upon their authority as experts in accounting and auditing.
Public Official Documents
The documents referred to after the tabular and textual information
appearing herein under the caption "JAPAN AND THE JAPANESE ECONOMY" and
"SECURITIES MARKETS IN JAPAN" as being the source of the statistical or other
information contained in such tables or text are in all cases public official
documents of Japan, its agencies, The Bank of Japan or the Japanese Stock
Exchange, with the exception of the public official documents of the United
Nations and of the International Monetary Fund.
Other Information
Many of the investment changes in the Fund will be made at prices
different from those market prices prevailing at the time they may be reflected
in a regular report to shareholders of the Fund. These transactions will reflect
investment decisions made by the Fund's investment adviser in light of the
objectives and policies of the Fund, and such factors as its other portfolio
holdings and tax considerations and should not be construed as recommendations
for similar action by other investors.
The CUSIP number of The Japan Fund, Inc. is 471070-10-2.
The Fund employs Davis Polk and Wardwell as the Fund's counsel.
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The Fund employs Brown Brothers Harriman & Co., 40 Water Street, Boston,
Massachusetts 02109, as Custodian and Fund Accounting Agent. Sumitomo Trust and
Banking Co. (Tokyo Office) is employed as Sub-Custodian.
Scudder Service Corporation ("Service Corporation"), P.O. Box 2291,
Boston, Massachusetts 02205-2291, a subsidiary of the Adviser, is the transfer,
dividend-paying and shareholder service agent for the Fund. For the year ended
December 31, 1997, the Fund was charged by Scudder Service Corporation $516,112,
of which $37,442 was unpaid at December 31, 1997.
The Funds, or the Adviser (including any affiliate of the Adviser), or
both, may pay unaffiliated third parties for providing recordkeeping and other
administrative services with respect to accounts of participants in retirement
plans or other beneficial owners of Fund shares whose interests are held in an
omnibus account.
The Fund's prospectus and this Statement of Additional Information omit
certain information contained in the Registration Statement which the Fund has
filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission under the Securities Act of
1933, as amended, and reference is hereby made to the Registration Statement for
further information with respect to the Fund and the securities offered hereby.
This Registration Statement is available for inspection by the public at the
Securities and Exchange Commission in Washington, D.C.
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The financial statements of The Japan Fund, Inc., are attached hereto on
pages 10 through 23, inclusive, in the Annual Report to the shareholders of the
Fund dated December 31, 1997, and are deemed to be a part of this Statement of
Additional Information.
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APPENDIX
The following is a description of the ratings given by Moody's, S&P and
Fitch to corporate and municipal bonds, corporate and municipal commercial paper
and municipal notes.
Corporate and Municipal Bonds
Moody's: The four highest ratings for corporate and municipal bonds are
"Aaa," "Aa," "A" and "Baa". Bonds rated "Aaa" are judged to be of the "best
quality" and carry the smallest degree of investment risk. Bonds rated "Aa" are
of "high quality by all standards," but margins of protection or other elements
make long-term risks appear somewhat greater than "Aaa" rated bonds. Bonds rated
"A" possess many favorable investment attributes and are considered to be upper
medium grade obligations. Bonds rated "Baa" are considered to be medium grade
obligations, neither highly protected nor poorly secured. Moody's applies
numerical modifiers 1, 2 and 3 in each rating category from "Aa" through "Baa"
in its rating system. The modifier 1 indicates that the security ranks in the
higher end of the category; the modifier 2 indicates a mid-range ranking; and
the modifier 3 indicates that the issue ranks in the lower end.
S&P: The four highest ratings for corporate and municipal bonds are
"AAA," "AA," "A" and "BBB". Bonds rated "AAA" have the highest ratings assigned
by S&P and have an extremely strong capacity to pay interest and repay
principal. Bonds rated "AA" have a "very strong capacity to pay interest and
repay principal" and differ "from the higher rated issues only in small degree".
Bonds rated "A" have a "strong capacity" to pay interest and repay principal,
but are "somewhat more susceptible to" adverse effects of changes in economic
conditions or other circumstances than bonds in higher rated categories. Bonds
rated "BBB" are regarded as having an "adequate capacity" to pay interest and
repay principal, but changes in economic conditions or other circumstances are
more likely to lead a "weakened capacity" to make such payments. The ratings
from "AA" to "BBB" may be modified by the addition of a plus or minus sign to
show relative standing within the category.
Fitch: The four highest ratings of Fitch for corporate and municipal
bonds are "AAA," "AA," "A" and "BBB". Bonds rated "AAA" are considered to be
investment-grade and of the highest credit quality. The obligor has an
exceptionally strong ability to pay interest and repay principal, which is
unlikely to be affected by reasonably foreseeable events. Bonds rated "AA" are
considered to be investment grade and of very high credit quality. The obligor's
ability to pay interest and repay principal is very strong, although not quite
as strong as bonds rated "AAA". Because bonds rated in the "AAA" and "AA"
categories are not significantly vulnerable to foreseeable future developments,
short-term debt of these issuers is generally rated "F1+". Bonds rated "A" are
considered to be investment grade and of high credit quality. The obligor's
ability to pay interest and repay principal is considered to be strong, but may
be more vulnerable to adverse changes in economic conditions and circumstances
than bonds with higher rates. Bonds rated "BBB" are considered to be investment
grade and of satisfactory credit quality. The obligor's ability to pay interest
and repay principal is considered to be adequate. Adverse changes in economic
conditions and circumstances, however, are more likely to have adverse effects
on these bonds, and therefore impair timely payment. The likelihood that the
ratings of these bonds will fall below investment grade is higher than for bonds
with greater ratings.
Corporate and Municipal Commercial Paper
Moody's: The highest rating for corporate and municipal commercial paper is
"P-1" (Prime-1). Issuers rated "P-1" have a "superior ability for repayment of
senior short-term obligations".
S&P: The "A-1" rating for corporate and municipal commercial paper
indicates that the "degree of safety regarding timely payment is strong".
Commercial paper with "overwhelming safety characteristics" will be rated
"A-1+".
Fitch: The rating "F-1" is the highest rating assigned by Fitch. Among
the factors considered by Fitch in assigning this rating are: (1) the issuer's
liquidity; (2) its standing in the industry; (3) the size of its debt; (4) its
ability to service its debt; (5) its profitability; (6) its return on equity;
(7) its alternative sources of financing; and (8) its ability to access the
capital markets. Analysis of the relative strength or weakness of these factors
and others determines whether an issuer's commercial paper is rated "F-1".
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Municipal Notes
Moody's: The highest ratings for state and municipal short-term
obligations are "MIG 1," "MIG 2," and "MIG 3" (or "VMIG 1," "VMIG 2" and "VMIG
3" in the case of an issue having a variable rate demand feature). Notes rated
"MIG 1" or "VMIG 1" are judged to be of the "best quality". Notes rated "MIG 2"
or "VMIG 2" are of "high quality," with margins or protection "ample although
not as large as in the preceding group". Notes rated "MIG 3" or "VMIG 3" are of
"favorable quality," with all security elements accounted for but lacking the
strength of the preceding grades.
S&P: The "SP-1" rating reflects a "very strong or strong capacity to pay
principal and interest". Notes issued with "overwhelming safety characteristics"
will be rated "SP-1+". The "SP-2" rating reflects a "satisfactory capacity" to
pay principal and interest.
Fitch: The highest ratings for state and municipal short-term obligations
are "F-1+," "F-1," and "F-2".
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