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FORM 10-K
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
[x] ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE
SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 1997
OR
[ ] TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE
SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
Commission file number: 1-5885
J.P. MORGAN & CO. INCORPORATED
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware 13-2625764
(State or other jurisdiction of (I.R.S. Employer
incorporation or organization) Identification No.)
60 Wall Street, New York, NY 10260-0060
(Address of principal (Zip Code)
executive offices)
Registrant's telephone number, including area code: (212) 483-2323
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Name of each exchange on
Title of each class which registered
Common Stock, $2.50 Par Value New York Stock Exchange
Adjustable Rate Cumulative Preferred New York Stock Exchange
Stock, Series A, No Par Value,
Stated Value $100
Depositary shares representing a one- New York Stock Exchange
tenth interest in 6 5/8% Cumulative
Preferred Stock, Series H, No Par
Value, Stated Value $500
4 3/4% Convertible Debentures due 1998 New York Stock Exchange
2.5% Commodity-Indexed Preferred American Stock Exchange
Securities (ComPS(SM)), Series A issued
by J.P. Morgan Index Funding Company I
and guaranteed by J.P. Morgan & Co.
Incorporated
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: NONE
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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports
required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of
1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the
registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such
filing requirements for the past 90 days.
Yes X No
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item
405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the
best of registrant's knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements
incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this
Form 10-K. [ ]
The aggregate market value of the voting stock held by nonaffiliates of
J.P. Morgan totaled $21,086,606,481 at February 27, 1998.
The number of shares outstanding of J.P. Morgan's Common Stock, $2.50 Par
Value, at February 27, 1998, totaled 176,456,958 shares.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
J.P. Morgan's Annual report to Stockholders for the year ended December
31, 1997, is incorporated by reference in response to Part I, Items 1, 2, 3, and
4; Part II, Items 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9; and Part IV, Item 14 of Form 10-K.
J.P. Morgan's definitive Proxy Statement dated March 9, 1998, is
incorporated by reference in response to Part III, Items 10, 11, 12, and 13 of
Form 10-K.
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FORM 10-K CROSS-REFERENCE INDEX
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Part I Page No. *
<S> <C> <C>
Item 1. Business
Description of business 6-13, 38-39
Number of employees 92
Financial information about foreign and domestic
operations 11-12, 86-87, 99-101
Distribution of assets, liabilities, and
stockholders' equity; interest rates and
interest differential 94-96
Investment portfolio 56-59
Loan portfolio 50-51, 67-69
Summary of loan loss experience 50-52, 69-70, 97-99
Deposits 94-96, 104
Return on equity and assets 92-93
Short-term borrowings 105
Item 2. Properties 39
Item 3. Legal proceedings (a)
Item 4. Submission of matters to a vote of security holders (a)
Part II
Item 5. Market for registrant's common equity and related
stockholder matters 88, 92-93, 106
Item 6. Selected financial data 92-93
Item 7. Management's discussion and analysis of financial
condition and results of operations 1-39
Item 8. Financial statements and supplementary data
Report of independent accountants 41
J.P. Morgan & Co. Incorporated
Consolidated statement of income 42
Consolidated balance sheet 43
Consolidated statement of changes in
stockholders' equity 44
Consolidated statement of cash flows 45
Morgan Guaranty Trust Company of New York -
Consolidated statement of condition 46
Notes to financial statements 47-91
Selected consolidated quarterly financial data (b)106
Item 9. Changes in and disagreements with accountants
on accounting and financial disclosure (a)
</TABLE>
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<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Part III Page No. *
<S> <C> <C>
Item 10. Directors and executive officers of the registrant (c)
Item 11. Executive compensation (c)
Item 12. Security ownership of certain beneficial owners
and management (c)
Item 13. Certain relationships and related transactions (c)
Part IV
Item 14. Exhibits, financial statement schedules, and reports on Form 8-K
1. Financial statements have been
included in Item 8.
2. Financial statement schedules
Schedule III - Condensed financial information
of J.P. Morgan & Co. Incorporated (parent) 89-91
</TABLE>
Exhibits
3a Restated certificate of incorporation, as amended (incorporated by
reference to Exhibit 3a to J.P. Morgan's post-effective amendment No. 1 to
Form S-3, Registration No. 33-55851)
3b By-laws of J.P. Morgan as amended through April 10, 1996 (incorporated by
reference to Exhibit 3b to J.P. Morgan's report on Form 8-K, dated April
11, 1996)
4 Instruments defining the rights of security holders, including indentures.
J.P. Morgan hereby agrees to furnish to the Commission, upon request, a
copy of any unfiled agreements defining the rights of holders of long-term
debt of J.P. Morgan and of all subsidiaries of J.P. Morgan for which
consolidated or unconsolidated financial statements are required to be
filed.
10a 1992 stock incentive plan, as amended (incorporated by reference to
Exhibit 10a to J.P. Morgan's annual report on Form 10-K for the year
ended December 31, 1994, File No. 1-5885)
10b Director stock plan, as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10b
to J.P. Morgan's annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December
31, 1994, File No. 1-5885)
10c Deferred compensation plan for directors' fees, as amended (incorporated
by reference to Exhibit 10c to J.P. Morgan's annual report on Form 10-K
for the year ended December 31, 1992, File No, 1-5885)
10d 1989 stock incentive plan, as amended (incorporated by reference to
Exhibit 10d to J.P. Morgan's annual report on Form 10-K for the year
ended December 31, 1994, File No. 1-5885)
10e 1987 stock incentive plan, as amended (incorporated by reference to
Exhibit 10e to J.P. Morgan's annual report on Form 10-K for the year
ended December 31, 1994, File No. 1-5885)
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10f Incentive compensation plan, as amended
10g Stock option award (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10h to J.P.
Morgan's quarterly report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31,
1995, File No. 1-5885)
10h 1995 stock incentive plan, as amended (incorporated by reference to
Exhibit 10i to J.P. Morgan's annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended
December 31, 1996, File No. 1-5885)
10i 1995 executive officer performance plan (incorporated by reference to
Exhibit 10j to J.P. Morgan's annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended
December 31, 1995, File No. 1-5885)
12 Statements re computation of ratios
13 Annual report to stockholders. Only those sections of the annual report to
stockholders referenced in the cross-reference index above are
incorporated in the report on Form 10-K.
21 Subsidiaries of J.P. Morgan
23 Consent of independent accountants
24 Powers of attorney
27 Financial data schedule
Other schedules and exhibits are omitted because the required information
either is not applicable or is shown in the consolidated financial
statements or the notes thereto.
Reports on Form 8-K
Report on Form 8-K dated October 13, 1997, was filed with the
Securities and Exchange Commission during the quarter ended December
31, 1997, which reported the issuance by J.P. Morgan of a press
release reporting its earnings for the three- and nine-month periods
ended September 30, 1997. In addition, Form 8-K dated December 10,
1997, was filed announcing a dividend increase, lower results for
the first two months of the fourth quarter, and a stock repurchase
program.
*Refers to pages appearing in the J.P. Morgan & Co. Incorporated annual
report to stockholders for the year ended December 31, 1997. Such annual
report was mailed to stockholders and a copy is attached hereto as Exhibit
13. The aforementioned pages are incorporated herein by reference in
accordance with General Instruction G to Form 10-K. This document shall be
deemed to have been "filed" only to the extent of the material
incorporated herein by reference.
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(a) Nothing to report.
(b) Fourth quarter 1997 results are incorporated by reference to the report on
Form 8-K dated January 15, 1998, filed with the Securities and Exchange
Commission.
(c) Incorporated by reference to the definitive Proxy Statement dated March 9,
1998.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange
Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on March 9,
1998, on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
(Registrant) J.P. MORGAN & CO. INCORPORATED
By (SIGNATURE) /s/RACHEL F. ROBBINS
-----------------------------
(Name and Title) Rachel F. Robbins
Secretary
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report
has been signed below on March 9, 1998, by the following persons on behalf of
the registrant in the capacities indicated.
By (SIGNATURE) /s/JOHN A. MAYER JR.
-----------------------------
(Name and Title) John A. Mayer Jr.
Chief Financial Officer
(Principal financial officer)
By (SIGNATURE) /s/DAVID H. SIDWELL
-----------------------------
(Name and Title) David H. Sidwell
Managing Director and Controller
(Principal accounting officer)
By (SIGNATURE) /s/DOUGLAS A. WARNER III *
-----------------------------
(Name and Title) Douglas A. Warner III
Chairman of the Board and Director
(Principal executive officer)
By (SIGNATURE) /s/PAUL A. ALLAIRE*
-----------------------------
(Name and Title) Paul A. Allaire, Director
By (SIGNATURE) /s/RILEY P. BECHTEL *
-----------------------------
(Name and Title) Riley P. Bechtel, Director
By (SIGNATURE) /s/LAWRENCE A. BOSSIDY *
-----------------------------
(Name and Title) Lawrence A. Bossidy, Director
By (SIGNATURE) /s/MARTIN FELDSTEIN *
-----------------------------
(Name and Title) Martin Feldstein, Director
By (SIGNATURE) /s/ELLEN V. FUTTER *
-----------------------------
(Name and Title) Ellen V. Futter, Director
By (SIGNATURE) /s/HANNA H. GRAY *
-----------------------------
(Name and Title) Hanna H. Gray, Director
By (SIGNATURE) /s/WALTER A. GUBERT
-----------------------------
(Name and Title) Walter A. Gubert
Vice Chairman of the Board and Director
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By (SIGNATURE) /s/JAMES R. HOUGHTON *
-----------------------------
(Name and Title) James R. Houghton, Director
By (SIGNATURE) /s/JAMES L. KETELSEN *
-----------------------------
(Name and Title) James L. Ketelsen, Director
By (SIGNATURE) /s/JOHN A. KROL *
-----------------------------
(Name and Title) John A. Krol, Director
By (SIGNATURE) /s/ROBERTO G. MENDOZA *
-----------------------------
(Name and Title) Roberto G. Mendoza
Vice Chairman of the Board and Director
By (SIGNATURE) /s/MICHAEL E. PATTERSON *
-----------------------------
(Name and Title) Michael E. Patterson
Vice Chairman of the Board and Director
By (SIGNATURE) /s/LEE R. RAYMOND *
-----------------------------
(Name and Title) Lee R. Raymond, Director
By (SIGNATURE) /s/RICHARD D. SIMMONS *
-----------------------------
(Name and Title) Richard D. Simmons, Director
By (SIGNATURE) /s/KURT F. VIERMETZ *
-----------------------------
(Name and Title) Kurt F. Viermetz, Director
By (SIGNATURE) /s/DENNIS WEATHERSTONE *
-----------------------------
(Name and Title) Dennis Weatherstone, Director
By (SIGNATURE) /s/DOUGLAS C. YEARLEY *
-----------------------------
(Name and Title) Douglas C. Yearley, Director
* By /s/JAMES C.P. BERRY
--------------------------
James C.P. Berry
(Attorney-in-fact)
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LIST OF EXHIBITS
3a Restated certificate of incorporation, as amended (incorporated by
reference to Exhibit 3a to J.P. Morgan's post-effective amendment
No. 1 to Form S-3, Registration No. 33-55851)
3b By-laws of J.P. Morgan as amended through April 10, 1996
(incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3b to J.P. Morgan's report on
Form 8-K, dated April 11, 1996)
4 Instruments defining the rights of security holders, including
indentures. J.P. Morgan hereby agrees to furnish to the Commission,
upon request, a copy of any unfiled agreements defining the rights
of holders of long-term debt of J.P. Morgan and of all subsidiaries
of J.P. Morgan for which consolidated or unconsolidated financial
statements are required to be filed.
10a 1992 stock incentive plan, as amended (incorporated by reference to
Exhibit 10a to J.P. Morgan's annual report on Form 10-K for the year
ended December 31, 1994, File No. 1-5885)
10b Director stock plan, as amended (incorporated by reference to
Exhibit 10b to J.P. Morgan's annual report on Form 10-K for the year
ended December 31, 1994, File No. 1-5885)
10c Deferred compensation plan for directors' fees, as amended
(incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10c to J.P. Morgan's annual
report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 1992, File No.
1-5885)
10d 1989 stock incentive plan, as amended (incorporated by reference to
Exhibit 10d to J.P. Morgan's annual report on Form 10-K for the year
ended December 31, 1994, File No. 1-5885)
10e 1987 stock incentive plan, as amended (incorporated by reference to
Exhibit 10e to J.P. Morgan's annual report on Form 10-K for the year
ended December 31, 1994, File No. 1-5885)
10f Incentive compensation plan, as amended
10g Stock option award (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10h to J.P.
Morgan's quarterly report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March
31, 1995, File No. 1-5885)
10h 1995 stock incentive plan, as amended (incorporated by reference to
Exhibit 10i to J.P. Morgan's annual report on Form 10-K for the year
ended December 31, 1996, File No. 1-5885)
10i 1995 executive officer performance plan (incorporated by reference
to Exhibit 10j to J.P. Morgan's annual report on Form 10-K for the
year ended December 31, 1995, File No. 1-5885)
12 Statements re computation of ratios
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10
13 Annual report to stockholders. Only those sections of the annual
report to stockholders referenced in the cross-reference index above
are incorporated in the report on Form 10-K.
21 Subsidiaries of J.P. Morgan
23 Consent of independent accountants
24 Powers of attorney
27 Financial data schedule
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Exhibit 10f
As amended
January 14, 1998
INCENTIVE COMPENSATION PLAN
OF
J.P. MORGAN & CO. INCORPORATED
AND AFFILIATED COMPANIES
-------------------
SECTION 1.
Purpose of Plan
The purpose of the Plan is to promote the success of J.P. Morgan & Co.
Incorporated and certain affiliated companies by providing additional
compensation for services rendered during any Year by certain employees who
have made important contributions during such Year.
SECTION 2.
Definitions
The following words and phrases as used herein shall have the
following meanings unless a different meaning is plainly required by the
context:
2.1. "Adjustment Rate" for any Year shall mean 6% per annum or such
other rate as the Committee may from time to time determine.
2.2. "Annual Interest Rate" for any period shall mean the interest
rate per annum for such period as determined by the Committee from time to
time; provided, however, that the Committee shall not fix an interest rate
which is higher than the most recent U.S. Government bond rate (based on a
yield for a 30-year constant maturity) published by the Board of Governors
of the Federal Reserve System.
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2.3. "Award Value" as used herein with reference to a Deferred Award
shall mean the dollar amount of such award, and as used herein with
reference to the value for award purposes of a share of Common Stock of the
Company to be represented by a Deferred Award of JPM Share Credits shall
mean the value arrived at pursuant to Section 8.1.
2.4. "Board of Directors" shall mean the Board of Directors of the
Company.
2.5. "Committee" shall mean the Committee established to administer
the Plan in accordance with Section 3.1 provided, however, that with
respect to determinations to be made under the Plan with respect to
employees who are members of the Board of Directors, Committee shall mean
all members of the Board of Directors who are not employees of the Company
or any other Participating Company and who are "Non-Employee Directors"
within the meaning of Rule 16b-3 under the Exchange Act and are outside
directors under Section 162(m)(4)(C) of the Internal Revenue Code.
2.6. "Common Stock" shall mean common stock, par value $2.50, of the
Company.
2.7. "Company" shall mean J.P. Morgan & Co. Incorporated or any
successor to it in ownership of all or substantially all of its assets.
2.8. "Deferred Award" shall mean an award under the Plan which the
Employee to whom the award is made shall have elected to defer in
accordance with Section 5.2.
2.9. "Deferred Award of JPM Share Credits" shall mean a Deferred
Award recorded in the form of Share Credits pursuant to Section 5.5.
2.10. "Deferred Cash Award" shall mean a Deferred Award described in
Section 5.3.
2.11. "Deferred Income Benefit Award" shall mean a Deferred Award
payable in installments pursuant to Section 5.6.
2.12. "Deferred Investment Account Award" shall mean a Deferred Award
described in Section 5.4.
2.13. "Employee" shall mean (i) any junior or senior executive
employed
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by one or more Participating Companies and (ii) except for purposes of
Sections 4 and 5.2, any person who has been granted a Deferred Award.
2.14. "Exchange Act" shall mean the Securities and Exchange Act of
1934, as amended from time to time.
2.15. "Final Balance" as used herein in the case of an Employee who
shall have been granted one or more Deferred Awards shall mean the amount
in such Employee's Deferred Award account at his Valuation Date (other
than amounts attributable to Deferred Income Benefit Awards).
2.16. "Final Income Benefit Balance" as used herein in the case of an
Employee who shall have been granted one or more Deferred Income Benefit
Awards shall mean the aggregate amount in such Employee's Deferred Income
Benefit Award account, determined pursuant to Section 6.4, at his
Valuation Date.
2.17. "Immediate Award" shall mean an award under the Plan receivable
pursuant to Section 5.1.
2.18. "Investment Account Award Credit" shall mean the unit used to
record the value of a Deferred Investment Account Award under Section 5.4.
2.19. "Participating Company" shall mean the Company, the Trust
Company, and any subsidiary or other affiliated entity (whether or not
incorporated).
2.20. "Plan" shall mean the Incentive Compensation Plan as amended
from time to time.
2.21. "Share Credit" shall mean the unit used to record the value of
a Deferred Award of JPM Share Credits under Section 5.5 and shall be
equivalent to one share of Common Stock of the Company.
2.22. "Special Employee" shall mean an employee on whose life no life
insurance policy has been purchased by the Company in respect of a
Deferred Income Benefit Award for a particular award Year.
2.23. "Trust Company" shall mean Morgan Guaranty Trust Company of New
York or any successor to it in ownership of all or substantially all of its
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assets.
2.24. "Valuation Date" shall mean as to each Employee the first
business day of the Year following the Year in which the Employee's
employment terminates.
2.25. "Year" shall mean a calendar year.
SECTION 3.
Administration of the Plan
3.1. The Committee. (a) The Plan shall be administered by a Committee
consisting of at least three persons chosen by the Board of Directors from among
those members of the Board of Directors not eligible to participate in the Plan.
With respect to determinations made under the Plan with respect to employees who
are subject to the reporting requirements of Section 16 of the Exchange Act but
are not members of the Board of Directors, the Committee shall be composed of at
least three members of the Board of Directors each of whom is a Non-Employee
Director within the meaning Rule 16b-3 of the Exchange Act. The Committee may
consult with management but shall have the responsibility of determining the
Employees who are to receive awards under the Plan and as to the amount of such
awards and shall otherwise be responsible for the administration of the Plan.
(b) The Committee also shall:
(i) make appropriate adjustments in the number of unpaid awards
represented by Deferred Awards of JPM Share Credits and by dividend
equivalents to reflect any of the events specified in Section 5.5(d);
(ii) determine in accordance with the provisions of the Plan the
Award Value of Common Stock of the Company;
(iii) determine for each Year the amounts of Deferred Income Benefit
Award benefits to be credited to the Deferred Income Benefit Award
accounts of Participants receiving Deferred Income Benefit Awards for such
Year corresponding to the dollar amounts of any Deferred Income Benefit
Awards for such Year;
(iv) determine the Adjustment Rate as provided in Section 2.1;
(v) construe and interpret the Plan and adopt rules and regulations
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governing administration of the Plan;
(vi) delegate to senior officers of the Company or the Trust Company
such authority to act for the Committee as the Committee shall specify;
and
(vii) exercise the remaining duties and powers conferred on it by the
Plan.
SECTION 4.
Awards under the Plan
4.1. Grant of Awards under the Plan. The Committee shall determine
those Employees, if any, who are to be granted awards under the Plan with
respect to a Year and the dollar amount of such awards as soon as practicable
after the close of such Year or at such earlier time as the Committee shall
determine. Deferred Awards shall be granted under the Plan for any Year only to
those Employees who shall have elected to receive a Deferred Award for such
Year pursuant to Section 5.2. All Deferred Awards granted under the Plan shall
be in the form of Deferred Cash Awards, Deferred Investment Account Awards,
Deferred Awards of JPM Share Credits, or Deferred Income Benefit Awards or a
combination thereof.
SECTION 5.
Elections as to Method and Time or Times
of Payment or Delivery of Awards
5.1. Immediate Awards. Except to the extent that Deferred Awards are
elected pursuant to Section 5.2, awards under the Plan for any Year shall be
distributed as promptly as practicable after the granting of such awards
pursuant to Section 4.1.
Any distribution of an Immediate Award shall be in the form of such
property as the Committee may in its discretion determine, which may include,
but not be limited to, cash or shares of common or preferred stock of the
Company. Any reference in the Plan to the amount of any such award shall be
read as defining the quantum of the distribution and as a reference to the
value of the property distributed, as determined by the Committee. The
entitlement of Employees to receive a distribution under the Plan shall be to
such property as the Committee may in its discretion determine on or before the
date on which such distribution is made.
5.2. Deferral Elections for Deferred Awards. (a) Subject to the
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provisions of Section 5.2(b), an Employee shall be eligible to receive a
Deferred Award for any Year only if he is an Employee on the first day of the
following Year, if he shall have elected to receive a Deferred Award for such
Year in the manner provided in this Section 5.2 and only if either he shall
have received an award under this Plan or the Additional Compensation Plan of
J.P. Morgan & Co. Incorporated and Affiliated Companies for any preceding Year
or, if he has not received any such award, he is designated by the Committee to
be eligible to receive a Deferred Award for such Year. Deferral Elections for a
Year shall be made at such time and in such manner as the Committee shall
prescribe. In the event that no additional compensation award is granted to
such Employee for the Year in which such election is made, such election shall
become null and void. Any elections to defer all or a portion of any additional
compensation award which may be granted to an Employee for any Year shall
specify the part of such deferred amount to be in the form of a Deferred Cash
Award, a Deferred Investment Account Award, a Deferred Award of JPM Share
Credits and a Deferred Income Benefit Award. Failure of an eligible Employee to
elect to receive a Deferred Award for any Year shall be deemed to constitute an
election by such Employee to receive an Immediate Cash Award in accordance with
Section 5.1.
(b) The Committee shall have the right to limit or reject all or any
part of a deferral election if the Committee in its sole discretion shall
determine at any time prior to the date of the granting of such awards pursuant
to Section 4.1 that deferral in the form elected has become inadvisable because
of changes in the Federal tax laws or for any other reason and in such event
all amounts subject to such election shall be distributed in the manner
provided in Section 5.1 unless an alternative form of deferral has also been
elected by the Employee and such election is accepted by the Committee. If the
Committee permits an Employee to elect to defer an award to a date prior to
termination of employment, all applicable references in the Plan to termination
of employment shall be deemed to refer to such date.
5.3. Deferred Cash Awards. (a) Subject to the provisions of Section
7, an Employee who has been granted one or more Deferred Cash Awards shall be
entitled to receive as soon as practicable after his Valuation Date (but in no
event later than the February 1 following such Valuation Date) that part of his
Final Balance attributable to all Deferred Cash Awards.
(b) There shall be credited to the Deferred Cash Award account of
each Employee who has been granted one or more Deferred Cash Awards as of the
close of each Year following the Year for which each such award is made an
interest equivalent on the undistributed portion of such Deferred Cash Account
(including any interest equivalents theretofore credited to such account)
computed from the date of the last such credit at the Annual Interest Rate for
such period. In the event a distribution is made pursuant to Section 7.4, an
interest equivalent shall be credited from the date of the last crediting
hereunder to the date of such distribution.
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5.4. Deferred Investment Account Awards. (a) Subject to the
provisions of Section 7, an Employee who has been granted one or more Deferred
Investment Account Awards shall be entitled to receive as soon as practicable
after his Valuation Date (but in no event later than the February 1 following
such Valuation Date) that part of his Final Balance attributable to all
Deferred Investment Account Awards.
(b) The Committee shall determine the number of Investment Account
Award Credits with respect to any Deferred Investment Account Award made to an
Employee receiving a Deferred Investment Account Award under the Plan for any
Year by dividing the dollar amount of such award by the value of the unit used
to represent the value of the applicable investment vehicle, the return on which
such award shall reflect, at the close of trading on the first trading day of
the Year immediately following the Year for which the award is granted, less any
applicable administrative or management fees to the extent deemed appropriate by
the Committee in its sole discretion. The value of such Investment Account Award
Credits shall fluctuate in accordance with changes in the value of the
applicable investment vehicle the return on which such award shall reflect, less
any applicable administrative or management fees to the extent deemed
appropriate by the Committee in its sole discretion.
(c) The Committee shall, in its sole discretion, determine the
number and types of investment vehicles the return on which Deferred Investment
Account Awards shall reflect.
5.5. Deferred Awards of JPM Share Credits. Unless the Committee in
its sole discretion determines otherwise: (a) Subject to the provisions of
Section 7, an Employee who has been granted one or more Deferred Awards of JPM
Share Credits shall be entitled to receive the amount represented by all of such
awards, plus the aggregate amount represented by dividend equivalents
theretofore or then to be credited to such Employee with respect thereto, to and
including the date of termination of his employment, as a distribution of the
entire such amount as soon as practicable after such Employee's Valuation Date
(but in no event later than the February 1 following such Valuation Date).
(b) The Committee shall determine the number of Share Credits to be
represented by any Deferred Award of JPM Share Credits made to each Employee
receiving a Deferred Award of JPM Share Credits under the Plan for any Year by
dividing the dollar amount of that portion of his award under the Plan for such
Year to be made in the form of a Deferred Award of JPM Share Credits by the
Award Value of a share of Common Stock of the Company for such Year as
determined in accordance with Section 8.1.
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(c) An Employee or former Employee who has been granted one or more
Deferred Awards of JPM Share Credits shall be credited, at the close of each
Year until his Deferred Awards of JPM Share Credits shall have been distributed
in full, with an amount (herein referred to as a "dividend equivalent") equal to
the aggregate cash dividends to which he would have been entitled had he been
the owner on the record date for each such dividend declared during such Year or
portion of a Year of a number of shares of Common Stock of the Company equal to
the aggregate number of Share Credits (including Share Credits representing
dividend equivalents with respect to prior record dates during such Year)
credited to his account as of such record date. All amounts credited as dividend
equivalents in respect of any dividends the record date for which is on or prior
to the Valuation Date of an Employee shall be converted as of the date on which
they are so credited into Share Credits representing dividend equivalents on the
same basis as the portions of awards for the same year to be made in the form of
Deferred Awards of JPM Share Credits are converted into Share Credits of Common
Stock of the Company pursuant to Section 5.5(b). In the event a distribution is
made pursuant to Section 7.4, a dividend equivalent for the year of such
distribution may be determined in such manner as is deemed appropriate in the
discretion of the Committee to reflect such distribution. All amounts credited
as dividend equivalents in respect of any dividends the record date for which is
after the Valuation Date of an Employee shall be paid as provided in Section
7.2(b).
(d) In the event of a subdivision or combination of shares of Common
Stock of the Company, the number of Share Credits credited to each Employee who
has received one or more Deferred Awards of JPM Share Credits (including Share
Credits representing dividend equivalents) on the effective date of such
subdivision or combination shall be proportionately subdivided or combined as
the case may be. No adjustment is to be made in the account of any such
Employee in connection with the issuance by the Company of any rights or
options to acquire additional shares of Common Stock of the Company or
securities convertible into such Common Stock. In the event of any stock
dividend or reclassification of the Common Stock of the Company or any merger
or consolidation to which the Company is a party, the Committee shall make
appropriate adjustments in the accounts of such participants to reflect such
stock dividend, reclassification, merger or consolidation.
(e) In making determinations and adjustments pursuant to paragraph
(b), (c) or (d) of this Section 5.5 with respect to Deferred Awards of JPM
Share Credits made to an Employee, whole and fractional Share Credits shall be
credited to an Employee's account. If, after calculating the number of Share
Credits to be credited to an Employee's account pursuant to such paragraphs,
there remains at the time of termination of his employment a balance credited
to such Employee's account which is not translated into a whole Share Credit,
then such balance shall be paid in cash to such Employee (or if he has died, to
his estate or designated beneficiary or beneficiaries, as the case may be) with
the first distribution from his account.
8
<PAGE> 9
5.6. Deferred Income Benefit Awards. Unless the Committee in its sole
discretion determines otherwise: (a) Subject to the provisions of Section 7 and
Section 5.6(c), an Employee who has been granted one or more Deferred Income
Benefit Awards shall be entitled to receive as soon as practicable after his
Valuation Date and anniversaries thereof (but in no event later than February 1
following such Valuation Date or anniversary thereof, as applicable) during each
of the 15 Years following his termination of employment an amount equal to
1/15th of the amount of his Final Income Benefit Balance; provided, however,
that any amount otherwise receivable by an Employee in any Year shall (i) be
reduced on a present value basis by the Adjustment Rate then in effect for each
Year that the commencement of distributions hereunder precedes the Year in which
such Employee would attain age 65 or (ii) be increased on an annually compounded
basis by the Adjustment Rate then in effect for each Year that the commencement
of distributions hereunder succeeds the Year in which such Employee attains age
65. In the event of the death of such employee before receiving fifteen such
distributions, the remaining distributions shall be made to his beneficiary or
beneficiaries designated pursuant to Section 8.2 or, in the absence of such
designation, to his estate.
(b) Subject to the provisions of Section 7 and Section 5.6(c) and in
addition to any amounts otherwise distributable pursuant to Section 5.6(a), the
beneficiary or beneficiaries of a deceased Employee designated by such Employee
pursuant to Section 8.2 or, in the absence of such designation, his estate shall
be entitled to receive as soon as practicable after his Valuation Date and
anniversaries thereof (but in no event later than the February 1 following such
Valuation Date or anniversary thereof, as applicable) during each of the fifteen
Years following the death of such Employee prior to the termination of his
employment, an amount equal to 1/15th of the amount of such Employee's Final
Income Benefit Balance; provided, however, that any amount distributable to such
beneficiary or beneficiaries or estate in any Year shall (i) with respect to the
pro rata portion of the Final Income Benefit Balance attributable to awards made
in years in which the Employee was a Special Employee, be reduced on a present
value basis by the Adjustment Rate then in effect for each Year that the
commencement of distributions hereunder precedes the Year in which such Employee
would have attained age 65 or (ii) be increased on an annually compounded basis
by the Adjustment Rate then in effect for each Year that the commencement of
distributions hereunder succeeds the Year in which such Employee attained age
65.
(c)(i) In addition to the Committee's right to limit or reject
deferral elections in accordance with Section 5.2(b), the Committee shall have
the right to terminate or limit the right of Employees to elect that an
additional compensation award for any Year shall be in the form of a Deferred
Income Benefit Award if the Committee in its sole discretion shall determine at
any time that such deferral has become inadvisable because of changes in the
Federal tax laws or any other circumstances which, in the
9
<PAGE> 10
judgment of the Committee, jeopardize the ability of the Company to adequately
finance the Deferred Income Benefit Awards. In such event, all affected amounts
(including any such amounts theretofore accrued in any Employee's Deferred
Income Benefit Award account) shall be deposited into an existing or new
Deferred Cash Award account for such Employee and shall be deemed for purposes
of Section 5.3(b) to have been so deposited from the dates of the deposit of
such amounts in such Employee's Deferred Income Benefit Award account. All such
amounts shall be paid in accordance with Section 7.
(ii) With respect to Deferred Income Benefit Awards, and except as
otherwise determined by the Committee in its sole discretion:
(A) If the employment of an Employee who has received one or more such
awards is terminated for any reason (other than death, or retirement under
a retirement plan of a Participating Company) prior to completion of 10
years of service then, effective as of the date of such termination all
amounts attributable to such awards accrued in such Employee's Deferred
Income Benefit Award account shall be deposited into a new or existing
Deferred Cash Award account for such Employee, shall be deemed for purposes
of Section 5.3(b) to have been so deposited from the date of deposit of
such amounts in such Employee's Deferred Income Benefit Award account, and
shall be distributed in a single sum as soon as practicable after his
Valuation Date (but in no event later than the February 1 following such
Valuation Date).
(B) Subject to subparagraph (C) below, if an Employee terminates
employment for any reason other than death after completion of 10 years of
service, payment of such Employee's Deferred Income Benefit Award account
shall be distributed in accordance with Section 5.6(a) and (b) except that
the commencement of such payments shall occur as soon as practicable after
the close of the Year following the Year in which the Employee reaches age
65, or the Employee reaches age 50 and the sum of the Employee's age and
years of service equals 70, whichever is earlier (but in no event later
than the February 1 first occurring after the close of such Year).
(C) Notwithstanding subparagraph (B) above, if an Employee terminates
employment for any reason other than retirement at or after age 65 under a
retirement plan of a Participating Company, and if any amount of such
Employee's Deferred Income Benefit Award account is attributable to a
Deferred Income Benefit Award credited to such Employee's account in
respect of the year immediately preceding the year of such date of
termination, such amount, plus interest equivalents that would have been
credited to such amount under Section 5.3(b) if such amount had been a
Deferred Cash Award, shall be distributed in a single sum to such Employee
as soon as practicable after his Valuation Date (but in no event later than
the February 1 following such Valuation Date).
10
<PAGE> 11
SECTION 6.
Accounts of Participants
6.1. Accounts of Participants Receiving Deferred Cash Award.
Whenever a Deferred Cash Award is first granted to an Employee, there shall be
established for such Employee a notional account to which there shall be
credited the amount of all Deferred Cash Awards and the amounts of all interest
equivalents granted or credited to such Employee.
6.2. Accounts of Participants Receiving Deferred Investment Account
Awards. Whenever a Deferred Investment Account Award is first granted to an
Employee, there shall be established for such Employee a notional account to
which there shall be credited all Deferred Investment Account Awards.
6.3. Accounts of Participants Receiving Deferred Awards of JPM Share
Credits. Whenever a Deferred Award of JPM Share Credits is first granted to an
Employee, there shall be established for such Employee a notional account to
which there shall be credited all Deferred Awards of JPM Share Credits and all
dividend equivalents granted or credited to such Employee.
6.4. Accounts of Participants Receiving Deferred Income Benefit
Awards. Whenever a Deferred Income Benefit Award is first granted to an
Employee, there shall be established for such Employee a notional account to
which there shall be credited in each Year the amount set forth in the schedule
of Deferred Income Benefit Award benefits determined by the Committee and in
effect for such Year corresponding to the dollar amount, if any, of such
Employee's Deferred Income Benefit Award for such Year.
6.5. Transfers Between Accounts. In accordance with rules prescribed
by the Committee in its discretion, an Employee shall be permitted to transfer
all or part of one of his Deferred Award accounts to another Deferred Award
account, all such transfers to be effected as of any such date or dates as
determined by the Committee in its sole discretion.
SECTION 7.
Payment or Delivery of Deferred
Awards to Employees or Former Employees
7.1. Method and Times of Distribution of Deferred Awards. Unless
the
11
<PAGE> 12
Committee in its sole discretion determines otherwise: (a) All Deferred Awards
shall be distributed after termination of an Employee's employment for any
reason. Distribution of all Deferred Awards (other than Deferred Income Benefit
Awards which shall be distributed in accordance with Section 5.6) shall be made
in a single distribution unless the Employee elects pursuant to Section 7.1(b)
to have distribution made in installments. The determination of the amount
distributable with respect to Deferred Investment Account Awards shall be made
by multiplying the appropriate number of Investment Account Award Credits by
the value of the unit used to represent the value of the applicable investment
vehicle the return on which such award shall reflect (as determined pursuant to
Section 5.4(b)), at the close of trading on the Employee's Valuation Date.
The amount distributable with respect to Deferred Awards of JPM Share Credits
(and Share Credits representing dividend equivalents) shall be equal to the
appropriate number of Share Credits on the Employee's Valuation Date plus any
fractional shares payable in cash.
(b) At the time an Employee elects to defer an award pursuant to
Section 5.2 or at such other time as the Committee shall permit in its
discretion, an Employee may elect to receive distribution of a Deferred Award
in not more than 15 installments to be distributed as soon as practicable after
the Valuation Date and anniversaries thereof (but in no event later than the
February 1 following such Valuation Date and anniversary thereof, as
applicable). Each such election shall be filed with the Committee in a manner
to be determined by the Committee for such purpose. If any Employee who has
been granted a Deferred Award does not have such an election on file with the
Committee, such Deferred Award shall be distributed as soon as practicable
after his Valuation Date (but in no event later than the February 1 following
such Valuation Date).
(c) Any distribution of a Deferred Award shall be in the form of
such property as the Committee may in its discretion determine, which may
include, but not be limited to, cash or shares of common or preferred stock of
the Company. Any reference in the Plan to the amount of any such award shall be
read as defining the quantum of the distribution and as a reference to the
value of the property distributed, as determined by the Committee. The
entitlement of Employees to receive a distribution under the Plan shall be to
such property as the Committee may in its discretion determine on or before the
date on which such distribution is made.
7.2. Termination of Employment for Any Reason Other Than Death.
Unless the Committee in its sole discretion determines otherwise: (a) Upon
termination of employment for any reason other than death of an Employee who
has received one or more Deferred Awards, the amount of such Employee's Final
Balance shall be distributed to him as provided in Section 5 or in accordance
with the method of distribution elected pursuant to Section 7.1(b).
12
<PAGE> 13
(b) Any former Employee entitled to receive distribution with respect
to a Deferred Award of JPM Share Credits in a single distribution or in
installments pursuant to Section 7.2(a) shall also receive at the time of such
distribution, or each such installment, as the case may be, an amount equal to
all dividend equivalents which have been credited to the account of such former
Employee pursuant to Section 5.5(c) after his Valuation Date and not previously
paid to him.
(c) Upon termination of employment for any reason other than death of
an Employee who has received one or more Deferred Income Benefit Awards, the
amount of such Employee's Final Income Benefit Balance shall be distributed to
him as provided in Section 5.6(a).
(d) Upon termination of employment of an Employee for any reason
(other than death, or retirement under a retirement plan of a Participating
Company) prior to his completion of 10 years of service, all amounts due to
such Employee with respect to any Deferred Awards (other than Deferred Income
Benefit Awards) shall be distributed as soon as practicable after such
Employee's Valuation Date (but in no event later than the February 1 following
such Valuation Date).
(e) For purposes of the Plan (i) a transfer of an Employee from a
Participating Company to an affiliated company (ii) a leave of absence, duly
authorized in writing by the Participating Company, for military service or
sickness, or for any other purpose approved by the Participating Company if the
period of such leave does not exceed 90 days, and (iii) a leave of absence in
excess of 90 days, duly authorized in writing by the Participating Company,
provided the Employee's right to reemployment is guaranteed either by a statute
or by contract, shall not be deemed a termination of employment.
7.3. Distribution of Deferred Awards Upon Death of an Employee or
Former Employee. Upon the death of an Employee or former Employee who has
received one or more Deferred Awards, the undistributed balance of any Deferred
Awards shall be distributed to the estate of such Employee or former Employee
(or if any such deceased Employee or former Employee shall have designated a
beneficiary or beneficiaries pursuant to Section 8.2, to such beneficiary or
beneficiaries) as soon as practicable after the close of the Year in which
occurs the death of such Employee or former Employee or as provided in Section
5.6(a) in the case of Deferred Income Benefit Awards (but in no event later
than the February 1 first occurring after the close of such Year).
Notwithstanding the foregoing, in lieu of the single distribution provided for
above in respect of Deferred Awards (other than Deferred Income Benefit Awards)
upon the death of an Employee, distributions may, as determined by the
Committee in its sole discretion, be made in the amount and at such times as
would have been applicable had the Employee terminated employment for a reason
other than death.
13
<PAGE> 14
7.4 Acceleration of Deferred Awards. (a) At any time before or after
termination of employment of any Employee who shall have elected to receive one
or more Deferred Awards, the Committee may at any time accelerate and
distribute in a lump sum all or any part of the undistributed balance of such
Deferred Award or Deferred Awards (including any amount credited with respect
to any such Deferred Award) in the event of a financial emergency which is
beyond the control of the Employee or beneficiary and only if disallowance of
the accelerated distribution or delivery would result in severe financial
hardship to the Employee or beneficiary. Such accelerated distribution shall be
limited to the amount necessary to satisfy the financial emergency. Solely for
the purposes of this Section 7.4(a), an Employee's Final Income Benefit Balance
in the case of a distribution made in order to assist an Employee in meeting
such an emergency, shall be determined by crediting any Deferred Income Benefit
Awards with the Annual Interest Rate as if such Deferred Income Benefit Awards
had been Deferred Cash Awards.
(b) In special circumstances which do not qualify for a hardship
accelerated distribution under (a) above, the Committee may, in its sole
discretion, accelerate the distribution of all or some Deferred Awards if
because of tax, financial, accounting or other meritorious reasons it is
determined by the Committee that such acceleration is appropriate.
(c)(i) In the event of a Change in Control, the distribution of all
Deferred Awards shall (unless the Committee determines otherwise) be made as
soon as practicable.
(ii) Any determination by the Committee pursuant to this Section
7.4(c) may be made as to all Deferred Awards or only as to certain Deferred
Awards specified by the Committee, may include different distribution schedules
as to certain Deferred Awards, and all such determinations shall be made in
cases covered by Sections 7.4(c)(iii)(A) and 7.4(c)(iii)(B) prior to or as soon
as practicable after the occurrence of such event and in cases covered by
Sections 7.4(c)(iii)(C) and 7.4(c)(iii)(D) prior to the occurrence of such
event.
(iii) For purposes of this Section 7.4(c), a Change of Control shall
have occurred if
(A) any "person" or "group of persons" as such terms are used in
Section 13(d) and 14(d) of the Exchange Act directly or indirectly
purchases or otherwise becomes the "beneficial owner" (as defined in Rule
13d-3 under the Exchange Act) or has the right to acquire such beneficial
ownership (whether or not such right is exercisable immediately, with the
passage of time, or subject to any condition) of voting securities
representing 25% or more of the combined voting power of all outstanding
voting securities of the Company;
(B) during any period of two consecutive years, the individuals who
at the
14
<PAGE> 15
beginning of such period constitute the Board of Directors cease for
any reason to constitute at least a majority of the members thereof, unless
(1) there are seven or more directors then still in office who were
directors at the beginning of the period and (2) the election, or the
nomination for election by the Company's stockholders, of each new director
was approved by at least two-thirds of the directors then still in office
who were directors at the beginning of the period;
(C) the stockholders of the Company shall approve an agreement to
merge or consolidate the Company with or into another corporation as a
result of which less than 50% of the outstanding voting securities of the
surviving or resulting entity are or are to be owned by the former
stockholders of the Company (excluding from former stockholders, a
stockholder who is or, as a result of the transaction in question, becomes
an "affiliate," as defined in Rule 12b-2 under the Exchange Act, of any
party to such consolidation or merger); or
(D) the stockholders of the Company shall approve the sale of all or
substantially all of the Company's business and/or assets to a person or
entity which is not a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company.
7.5. Reemployment of Former Employee. Upon the reemployment by a
Participating Company of any former Employee who has commenced receiving
distributions of one or more Deferred Awards, all distributions of such awards
shall be suspended until the Valuation Date next following the date such
Employee again terminates employment (but in no event later than the February 1
following such Valuation Date). During the period of suspension such Deferred
Awards shall be adjusted pursuant to Section 5.3(b), 5.4(b), 5.5(c), as the
case may be. In the case of Deferred Income Benefit Awards, the Committee shall
take such steps as it shall deem appropriate if a former Employee who is
receiving distributions under Section 5.6 is reemployed by a Participating
Company.
SECTION 8.
General Provisions
8.1. Value of JPM Stock. The value of shares of Common Stock of the
Company for purposes of determining the Award Value to be represented by
Deferred Awards of JPM Share Credits for any Year shall be the average of the
market prices per share of the Common Stock of the Company on the last trading
day of each calendar month during the 12 months ending on the November 30
preceding the date such determination is made. The market price on any day
shall be the average of the highest and lowest price of Common Stock of the
Company as reported on the composite tape for such day, unless the Committee
determines that another procedure for determining market
15
<PAGE> 16
price would be more appropriate.
8.2. Designation of Beneficiary. Subject to such rules and
regulations as the Committee may prescribe, including the right of the
Committee to limit the types of designations which are acceptable for purposes
of the Plan, each Employee who shall be granted a Deferred Award under the Plan
may designate a beneficiary or beneficiaries and may change such designation
from time to time by filing a written designation of beneficiaries with the
Committee on forms to be prescribed by it, provided that no such designation
shall be effective unless so filed prior to the death of such Employee.
8.3. No Right of Continued Employment. Neither the establishment of
the Plan nor the payment of any benefits hereunder nor any action of any
Participating Company or of the Board of Directors or of the Committee shall be
held or construed to confer upon any person any legal right to be continued in
the employ of a Participating Company and each Participating Company expressly
reserves the right to discharge an Employee whenever the interest of any such
company in its sole discretion may so require without liability to such
Participating Company, the Board of Directors or the Committee except as to any
rights which may be expressly conferred upon such Employee under the Plan.
8.4. Discretion of the Company, Board of Directors and Committee. Any
decision made or action taken by the Company or by the Board of Directors or by
the Committee (or such persons acting under a delegation by the Committee
pursuant to Section 3.1(b)) arising out of or in connection with the
construction, administration, interpretation and effect of the Plan shall lie
within the absolute discretion of the Company, the Board of Directors or the
Committee (or such persons acting under a delegation by the Committee pursuant
to Section 3.1(b)), as the case may be, and shall be conclusive and binding upon
all persons.
8.5. Absence of Liability. No member of the Board of Directors or of
the Committee or officer of any Participating Company shall be liable for any
act or action hereunder, whether of commission or omission, taken by any other
member, or by any officer, agent, or employee, or, except in circumstances
involving his bad faith, for any done or omitted to be done by himself.
8.6. No Segregation of Cash or Shares. (a) The Company shall not be
required to segregate any cash or any shares of Common Stock which may at any
time be represented by awards or interest or dividend equivalents credited to
an Employee and the Plan shall constitute an "unfunded" plan of the Company. No
interest at any time shall be allowable or payable with respect to any Deferred
Awards except as expressly provided herein.
(b) No participating Employee shall have voting or other rights with
16
<PAGE> 17
respect to shares of Common Stock of the Company represented by Deferred Awards
of JPM Share Credits or dividend equivalents standing to the credit of such
participant.
(c) The Company shall not, by any provisions of this Plan, be deemed
to be a trustee of any property, and the liabilities of the Company to any
Employee pursuant to the Plan shall be those of a debtor pursuant to such
contract obligations as are created by or pursuant to the Plan, and the rights
of any Employee, former Employee or beneficiary shall be limited to those of
an unsecured creditor of the Company. In its sole discretion, the Board of
Directors may authorize the creation of trusts or other arrangements to meet
the obligations of the Participating Companies under the Plan, provided,
however, that existence of such trusts or arrangements is consistent with the
unfunded status of the Plan.
8.7. Elections. Elections hereunder shall be made by a participating
Employee in such manner prescribed by the Committee for such purpose within the
time limits set forth hereunder with respect to each such election or, if no
time limit is set forth, as may be established by the Committee.
8.8. Inalienability of Benefits and Interests. (a) Except as provided
in Section 8.2 and paragraph (b) of this Section 8.8, no benefit distributable
under or interest in the Plan shall be subject in any manner to anticipation,
alienation, sale, transfer, assignment, pledge, encumbrance or charge, and any
such attempted action shall be void and no such benefit or interest shall be in
any manner liable for or subject to debts, contracts, liabilities, engagements
or torts of any Employee, former Employee or beneficiary. If an Employee,
former Employee or beneficiary shall attempt to anticipate, alienate, sell,
transfer, assign, pledge, encumber or charge any benefit receivable under or
interest in the Plan in contravention of the foregoing sentence, the Committee
will disregard the attempted transfer, assignment, or other alienation, and
will distribute the deferred amounts in accordance with the method or methods
elected by the Employee at the time the Employee elected to defer the award or
awards giving rise to the benefit or interest in question or in accordance with
the terms of Section 7.4.
(b) The provisions of paragraph (a) of this Section 8.8 shall not apply to
an assignment of a distribution due under Section 5.6(a) by a deceased
Employee's legal representative or beneficiary if such assignment is made for
the purposes of settling the affairs of such deceased Employee.
8.9 New York Law to Govern. All questions pertaining to the construction,
regulation, validity and effect of the provisions of the Plan shall be
determined in accordance with the laws of the State of New York.
8.10 Distribution of Awards; Withholding Taxes. (a) Distribution of
Immediate Awards and Deferred Award account balances shall be by or for the
account of
17
<PAGE> 18
the Participating Companies and the Company and the Participating Companies may
make such arrangements as they may deem appropriate with respect thereto.
(b) Delivery of the shares of Common Stock of the Company represented by a
Deferred Award of JPM Share Credits (and any dividend equivalents with respect
thereto) may be withheld until the recipient shall have paid over any amount
required to be withheld for withholding taxes in respect of such delivery or
shall have made satisfactory provision for such payment.
SECTION 9.
Amendment, Suspension or Termination of Plan
(a) The Board of Directors may from time to time amend, suspend or
terminate in whole or in part, and if suspended or terminated, may reinstate
any or all of the provisions of the Plan except that without the consent of the
Employee no amendment, suspension or termination of the Plan shall adversely
affect the rights of any Employee with respect to awards previously made to
such Employee.
(b) The Plan may also be amended by the Committee provided that such
amendment does not materially change the underlying policy reflected by, or the
level of benefits provided by, the Plan.
18
<PAGE> 1
EXHIBIT 12
Computation of Ratio of Earnings to Fixed Charges
J.P. Morgan & Co. Incorporated
Consolidated
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dollars in millions
Twelve months ended December 31
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1997 1996 1995 1994 1993
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Earnings:
Net income $ 1 465 $ 1 574 1 296 $1 215 $1 723
Add: income taxes 689 758 610 610 968
Less: equity in undistributed
income of all affiliates
accounted for by the
equity method 40 25 16 21 50
Add: fixed charges, excluding
interest on deposits 7 756 6 502 5 452 4 483 3 781
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Earnings available for fixed
charges, excluding interest
on deposits 9 870 8 809 7 342 6 287 6 422
Add: interest on deposits 2 753 2 541 2 520 1 946 1 917
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Earnings available for fixed
charges, including interest
on deposits 12 623 11 350 9 862 8 233 8 339
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Fixed charges:
Interest expense, excluding
interest on deposits 7 728 6 470 5 414 4 452 3 753
Interest factor in net
rental expense 28 32 38 31 28
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total fixed charges, excluding
interest on deposits 7 756 6 502 5 452 4 483 3 781
Add: interest on deposits 2 753 2 541 2 520 1 946 1 917
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total fixed charges, including
interest on deposits 10 509 9 043 7 972 6 429 5 698
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ratio of earnings to fixed charges:
Excluding interest on deposits 1.27 1.35 1.35 1.40 1.70(a)
Including interest on deposits 1.20 1.26 1.24 1.28 1.46(a)
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<FN>
(a) For the year ended December 31, 1993, the ratio of earnings to fixed
charges, including the cumulative effect of a change in the method of
accounting for postretirement benefits other than pensions, was 1.64 excluding
interest on deposits and 1.43 including interest on deposits.
</TABLE>
<PAGE> 2
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
EXHIBIT 12
Computation of Ratio of Earnings to Combined Fixed Charges and Preferred Stock Dividends
J.P. Morgan & Co. Incorporated
Consolidated
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dollars in millions
Twelve months ended December 31
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1997 1996 1995 1994 1993
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Earnings:
Net income $ 1 465 $ 1 574 $1 296 $1 215 $1 723
Add: income taxes 689 758 610 610 968
Less: equity in undistributed income
of all affiliates accounted for by
the equity method 40 25 16 21 50
Add: fixed charges, excluding interest
on deposits and preferred stock
dividends 7 756 6 502 5 452 4 483 3 781
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Earnings available for fixed charges,
excluding interest on deposits 9 870 8 809 7 342 6 287 6 422
Add: interest on deposits 2 753 2 541 2 520 1 946 1 917
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Earnings available for fixed charges,
including interest on deposits 12 623 11 350 9 862 8 233 8 339
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Fixed charges:
Interest expense, excluding interest on
deposits 7 728 6 470 5 414 4 452 3 753
Interest factor in net rental expense 28 32 38 31 28
Preferred stock dividends 51 49 35 30 28
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total fixed charges, excluding interest
on deposits 7 807 6 551 5 487 4 513 3 809
Add: interest on deposits 2 753 2 541 2 520 1 946 1 917
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total fixed charges, including interest
on deposits 10 560 9 092 8 007 6 459 5 726
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ratio of earnings to fixed charges:
Excluding interest on deposits 1.26 1.34 1.34 1.39 1.69(a)
Including interest on deposits 1.20 1.25 1.23 1.27 1.46(a)
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<FN>
(a) For the year ended December 31, 1993, the ratio of earnings to combined fixed charges and preferred stock
dividends, including the cumulative effect of a change in the method of accounting for postretirement
benefits other than pensions, was 1.63 excluding interest on deposits and 1.42 including interest on
deposits.
</TABLE>
<PAGE> 1
J.P. Morgan & Co. Incorporated
1997
Annual report Exhibit 13
[J.P. Morgan LOGO]
<PAGE> 2
J.P. Morgan is a leading global financial services firm that meets
critical financial needs for business enterprises, governments, and
individuals worldwide. We advise on corporate strategy and structure;
raise capital; develop, structure, and make markets in financial
instruments; and manage investment assets. We also commit our own capital
to promising enterprises and invest and trade to capture market
opportunities for our own account.
We are committed to offering advice and execution of the highest quality,
conducting our business in a principled way, and maintaining the global
market presence that helps our clients succeed while enhancing returns for
our stockholders.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 Financial highlights
2 To our stockholders
6 Overview of 1997
6 Business sector analysis
14 Financial review
28 Risk management
38 Business environment and other information
40 Responsibility for financial reporting
41 Report of independent accountants
42 Consolidated statement of income - J.P. Morgan & Co. Incorporated
43 Consolidated balance sheet - J.P. Morgan & Co. Incorporated
44 Consolidated statement of changes in stockholders' equity - J.P. Morgan &
Co. Incorporated
45 Consolidated statement of cash flows - J.P. Morgan & Co. Incorporated
46 Consolidated statement of condition - Morgan Guaranty Trust Company of New
York
47 Notes to consolidated financial statements
92 Additional selected data
94 Consolidated average balances and taxable-equivalent net interest earnings
97 Asset-quality analysis
102 Derivatives used for purposes other-than-trading
103 Capital and funding analysis
106 Selected consolidated quarterly financial data
108 Form 10-K cross-reference index
110 Management
114 J.P. Morgan directory
116 Corporate information
<PAGE> 3
FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS
J.P. Morgan & Co. Incorporated
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In millions, except share data 1997 1996
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C>
FOR THE YEAR
Revenues, net of interest expense............................. $ 7 220 $ 6 855
Pretax income................................................. 2 154 2 332
Net income.................................................... 1 465 1 574
Dividends declared on common stock............................ 642 617
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EARNINGS PER SHARE
Basic......................................................... $ 7.71 $ 8.11
Diluted....................................................... 7.17 7.63
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PER COMMON SHARE
Dividends declared............................................ $ 3.59 $ 3.31
Book value.................................................... 55.99 54.43
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
AT YEAR-END
Total stockholders' equity.................................... $ 11 404 $ 11 432
Total assets.................................................. 262 159 222 026
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SELECTED RATIOS
Return on average common stockholders' equity................. 13.4% 14.9%
Common stockholders' equity as % of year-end assets........... 4.1 4.8
Total stockholders' equity as % of year-end assets............ 4.4 5.2
Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio............................... 8.0 (a)
Total risk-based capital ratio................................ 11.9 (a)
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
(a) Ratios at December 31, 1996, have not been restated to reflect the Federal
Reserve Board's new market risk guidelines and exclude the equity, assets, and
off-balance sheet exposures of J.P. Morgan Securities Inc. The tier 1 risk-based
capital and total risk-based capital ratios computed under the former guidelines
were 8.8% and 12.2%, respectively, at December 31, 1996.
In accordance with Securities and Exchange Commission initiatives to simplify
the presentation of complex financial information, we have prepared this report
using "plain English" guidelines.
Financial highlights 1
<PAGE> 4
TO OUR STOCKHOLDERS
[PHOTO OF DOUGLAS A. WARNER III]
Douglas A. Warner III
Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
J.P. Morgan earned net income of $1.465 billion in 1997, seven percent less than
in 1996. Earnings per share were $7.17, compared with $7.63. Strong markets and
market share gains propelled our performance in the first nine months of the
year. However, during the fourth quarter the effects of the financial crisis in
Asia set back our results. The dramatic market moves in late October and
November caused declines in our equities and fixed income trading activities
worldwide. The difficulties faced by a number of our Asian clients also led to a
significant increase in our nonperforming assets.
Asia's financial health remains an important issue for the markets and our firm,
but it should not overshadow J.P. Morgan's excellent long-term prospects. These
again led the Board of Directors to approve in December an increase in our
quarterly dividend on common stock, from $0.88 to $0.95 per share.
Our prospects are rooted in the successful transformation of our firm. Beginning
in the 1980s - especially since receiving our debt and equity underwriting
powers in the United States in 1989 and 1990 - we have single-mindedly recast
J.P. Morgan's core capabilities. With the support of our clients, we created a
new model for a global financial firm by combining commercial banking,
investment banking, and merchant banking capabilities. No other firm in our
industry has effected such dramatic change from within. The process required
large investments - many at the expense of short-term earnings growth. Despite
this, since 1990 our earnings per share advanced at a compounded annual rate of
9 percent and we increased our dividend by 8 percent or more every year.
We have built a business model that we believe will allow us to deliver
outstanding financial results. To move aggressively toward realizing the full
potential of our transformation, we have set three priorities: capturing the
economic returns inherent in market leadership, identifying and aggressively
pursuing growth opportunities, and improving productivity and discipline in
pursuit of those opportunities.
LEADERSHIP
A fundamental economic fact of our business is that over the long term, superior
performance requires market leadership: clients direct as much as two thirds of
their spending on sophisticated financial services to their top two or three
financial firms. This is why J.P. Morgan has been unflagging in its pursuit of
leadership along three dimensions - our client franchise, our market positions,
and our global presence.
Reflecting the strength of our client franchise and our expanding share of
clients' business, in 1997 we again derived the greatest portion of our pretax
earnings from our client-focused activities. We saw significant growth in both
the number and depth of major client relationships. The number of clients
generating at least $1 million in revenues rose by 21 percent. Thirteen percent
of our client revenues came from new clients. And the sources of new client
revenues were diversified across our product range.
2 To our stockholders
<PAGE> 5
Nineteen ninety-seven also saw us further strengthen our market positions. We
expanded market share and reaffirmed our top rankings in fixed income,
derivatives, emerging markets, foreign exchange, and loan syndications. In asset
management we are securely positioned as a global leader, with total assets
under management of $257 billion. We announced our partnership with and purchase
of a 45 percent economic interest in American Century Companies, adding critical
capabilities in defined contribution and personal financial services. The
transaction closed in January 1998. We also added important investment product
expertise through our partnership with AT&T's private equity investment group
and our purchase of O'Connor Realty Advisors.
In our global investment banking franchise, our clients turned to us for advice
in some of the largest and most complex merger and acquisition transactions of
the year, drawing particularly on our leadership in Latin American and European
markets, and on our expertise in the financial services sector. And our track
record in equities now places us firmly among the market leaders in terms of the
key execution skills that matter to issuers and investors. We led three of the
10 largest U.S. initial public offerings of the year, ranking fifth in the
league tables in this important segment of the market. Overall, we nearly
doubled our market share in equity underwritings.
The correlation between market leadership and economic returns is evident in our
results for the year. In 1997 more than two thirds of our revenues and the
largest part of our pretax earnings were derived from activities in which we
have clear leadership positions: underwriting, sales, and trading of fixed
income securities across the developed and emerging markets; derivatives;
foreign exchange trading; syndicated lending; asset management; and operating
the Euroclear system. Investing and trading for our own account - which are
integral to market leadership - accounted for about one sixth of our revenues
and a greater proportion of earnings. The balance of our results came from
activities in which our momentum is strong-equity underwriting and trading,
merger and acquisition advice, and high-yield bond underwriting.
The final dimension of leadership is global. J.P. Morgan's global character does
not reside in our infrastructure of offices. It suffuses the way we think and is
ingrained in our reflexes. From Paris to New York, from Sao Paulo to Tokyo, we
are global business people who manage from a global vantage point. Our roots
have always been global; from trainees to senior management, the firm's
demographics today reflect a multitude of nationalities and backgrounds.
[SIDEBAR - WE ARE PURSUING LEADERSHIP IN OUR CLIENT FRANCHISE, MARKET POSITION,
AND GLOBAL PRESENCE]
GROWTH
Global economic and financial market developments in 1997 validated the choice
of core capabilities around which we have centered our strategy. We see
compelling, even unprecedented, opportunities to provide clients with creative
financial intermediation, objective advice and research, and global execution.
Specifically, the internationalization of capital markets in Europe and
elsewhere, the worldwide growth in private wealth, and the shift of investment
decision making to the individual are fundamental drivers of these
opportunities. In Japan alone, deregulation of the financial sector will make
more than $10 trillion in assets - the majority of which are currently invested
in low-yielding deposits and life insurance policies - eligible for investment
elsewhere. Furthermore, despite the upheaval in Asia, the fundamental shift of
the emerging markets toward market-based economies continues.
To our stockholders 3
<PAGE> 6
This does not mean the trajectory will be linear. Ours continues to be a
cyclical industry, and further volatility is likely in 1998 with the turmoil in
Asia. Spillover effects outside the region cannot be ruled out.
Nor have the opportunities we perceive gone unrecognized elsewhere. A telling
indicator is the continued high level of mergers and acquisitions in the
financial services sector. Many of 1997's largest transactions sought to create
economies of scale, combine retail and wholesale activities, and expand
geographic coverage or product range. The lines between commercial banking,
investment banking, insurance, and other financial services blurred further. At
the same time, a number of global firms exited the investment banking business,
shedding operations in Europe, the U.S., and Asia.
It's too early to gauge the success of these transactions, but they validate
many of our own competitive priorities: a broad range of capabilities and
sufficient scale to serve clients, leadership in chosen activities, and global
reach. We remain convinced that our growth strategy, successfully executed,
will enable us to actualize J.P. Morgan's full potential. Our undiluted
character, focus, and drive are invaluable in a consolidating world.
FOCUS
How do we profitably grasp the opportunities before us and achieve our
leadership and financial goals? We have identified five key initiatives for 1998
and beyond; at the end of last year we distributed responsibility for them among
J.P. Morgan's management team:
Capitalize on our leadership in markets activities: Our leadership in fixed
income, emerging markets, foreign exchange, and proprietary trading continues to
be the earnings engine that will allow us to make firmwide strategic
investments. We intend to aggressively pursue high-profit, rapid payback
opportunities created by the restructuring of financial systems and development
of capital markets globally. This will include the rapid expansion of our
emerging markets franchise, where we will apply our experience and leadership to
an expanded set of markets and products.
Integrate our fixed income and credit activities: We are at the forefront of the
industry-wide transformation of the traditional lending business to a
structuring, origination, and distribution model. By combining capabilities and
reducing the capital-intensity of the business, we will dramatically expand our
capacity to provide clients with cost-effective liquidity and financing.
(LETTER CONTINUES ON FOLLOWING PAGE)
[SIDEBAR - PHOTO]
[TRANSITIONS
MORE THAN 30 YEARS AFTER JOINING J.P. MORGAN IN FRANKFURT, KURT F. VIERMETZ
RETIRED AS VICE CHAIRMAN AT THE END OF THE YEAR. KURT'S CAREER EXEMPLIFIES J.P.
MORGAN'S INTERNATIONALISM. HE HELPED TO BUILD OUR WORLDWIDE SECURITIES
CAPABILITIES AND DEVELOP IMPORTANT CLIENT RELATIONSHIPS IN EUROPE AND THE MIDDLE
EAST, WITH TOURS OF DUTY AS OUR SENIOR REPRESENTATIVE IN PARIS AND FRANKFURT,
AND AS GENERAL MANAGER OF OUR AFFILIATE SAUDI INTERNATIONAL BANK IN LONDON. KURT
REMAINS A DIRECTOR.
WALTER A. GUBERT, WHO HEADS MORGAN'S GLOBAL INVESTMENT BANKING BUSINESS, WAS
RECENTLY NAMED A VICE CHAIRMAN AND DIRECTOR. EARLIER HE LED OUR BUSINESS IN
EUROPE AND PLAYED A SEMINAL ROLE IN OUR CAPITAL MARKETS AND STRATEGIC ADVISORY
ACTIVITIES. AN ITALIAN WHO JOINED MORGAN 25 YEARS AGO IN PARIS, WALTER BRINGS
BROAD INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE TO HIS NEW BOARD ROLE.
DENNIS WEATHERSTONE, FORMER CHAIRMAN AND CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER, WILL RETIRE AS
A DIRECTOR NEXT MONTH. FOR MORE THAN HALF A CENTURY, DENNIS HAS CONTRIBUTED
IMMEASURABLY TO THE FIRM'S GLOBAL STATURE AND SUCCESS. WE ARE DEEPLY GRATEFUL
FOR HIS LEADERSHIP.
WE ALSO WELCOME AS DIRECTORS PAUL A. ALLAIRE, CHAIRMAN OF XEROX; LAWRENCE A.
BOSSIDY, CHAIRMAN OF ALLIEDSIGNAL, WHO FOR SEVERAL YEARS HAS BEEN A MEMBER OF
OUR INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL; AND ELLEN V. FUTTER, PRESIDENT OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM
OF NATURAL HISTORY.]
4 To our stockholders
<PAGE> 7
We are developing an integrated offering of loans and securities, drawing on a
combination of skills and leadership positions that few competitors can match: a
deeply ingrained credit culture; leadership in securitizations and credit
derivatives; and global distribution capabilities in fixed income and syndicated
loans.
Scale our investment bank to a global leadership position: Our capabilities in
advisory services and underwriting are on a par with the best in the industry.
Realizing the economics of leadership in these activities is clearly within
reach and hinges on scaling our efforts and capturing further market share. Our
goal is to match the shares of the industry leaders. We expect the investments
made in our client relationships over the past several years and our
increasingly powerful transaction resume to result in substantially more
business. To maintain the high level of client attention and service that
differentiates our expanding equities capabilities, we expect to make additional
investments.
Realize the full value of our asset management platform: Our partnership with
American Century was a crucial step in building leadership across the principal
channels for gathering investment assets - defined benefit plans, defined
contribution plans, and mutual funds. We expect to grow assets under management
through all these channels. Closely related, our integrated service offering for
private clients positions us to tap the substantial worldwide growth in personal
wealth and growing demand for sophisticated personal financial services.
Improve firmwide productivity of people and capital: We have redefined J.P.
Morgan's core capabilities with speed and efficiency, exceeding our own
expectations. Realizing the full value of our business model will now require a
shift in mindset, specifically a renewed and sharpened focus on productivity.
The initiatives in our markets, credit, investment banking, and asset management
activities aim to maximize revenue generation per employee and capital
efficiency - but they are not enough. We must also realize efficiencies in our
infrastructure. We are pursuing programs across the organization to redeploy
resources, reduce costs, and improve operating margins. Near-term steps are
complemented by a comprehensive plan that will reduce transaction unit costs,
expand the sharing of resources across functions, reduce the degree of
customization in many of our activities, and imbue a mindset of continuous
efficiency improvement throughout the firm.
[SIDEBAR - WE ARE MOVING AGGRESSIVELY TO REALIZE THE FULL ECONOMIC POTENTIAL OF
OUR TRANSFORMATION]
J.P. Morgan today represents a new and evolving business model. However,
preserving the firm's unique qualities is as important as ever. I experience the
power of this firm's consistency and character every day in the loyalty it
engenders among our clients and in the bond it creates among the people of J.P.
Morgan globally. As a shareholder, I also believe that in combination with the
priorities we have set - leadership, growth, and focus - it creates a powerful
formula for long-term value.
/s/ DOUGLAS A. WARNER III
Douglas A. Warner III
Chairman of the Board
Chief Executive Officer
March 2, 1998
To our stockholders 5
<PAGE> 8
OVERVIEW OF 1997
J.P. Morgan's financial performance in 1997 fell short of results in 1996,
mainly because of a weak fourth quarter. Revenues were up for the year, led by
gains in investment banking and asset management; market-making revenues held
roughly even. As in 1996, more than 80% of all revenues came from client-focused
activities. Continued investment in areas targeted for growth, as well as higher
levels of business activity, increased expenses.
- - Revenues were $7,220 million, up 5%.
- - Expenses rose 12%, to $5,066 million.
- - Net income was $1,465 million, down 7%.
- - Earnings per share were $7.17, compared with $7.63 in 1996.
- - Return on common stockholders' equity was 13.4%, compared with 14.9% in
1996.
BUSINESS SECTOR ANALYSIS
For the purposes of reporting our results, we divide our business activities
into five sectors:
- - Finance and Advisory
- - Market Making
- - Asset Management and Servicing
- - Equity Investments
- - Proprietary Investing and Trading
The first three sectors - Finance and Advisory, Market Making, and Asset
Management and Servicing - comprise the services we provide to clients. Equity
Investments and Proprietary Investing and Trading represent the activities we
undertake exclusively for our own account.
6 Overview of 1997
<PAGE> 9
SUMMARY OF SECTOR RESULTS
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Asset TOTAL Proprietary TOTAL
Finance Manage- CLIENT- Equity Investing PROPRI-
and Market ment and FOCUSED Invest- and ETARY Corporate CONSOL-
In millions: Year ended December 31 Advisory Making Servicing ACTIVITIES ments Trading ACTIVITIES Items IDATED
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
1997
Total revenues $1 919 $2 503 $1 610 $6 032 $403 $868 $1 271 ($ 83) $7 220
Total expenses 1 316 2 015 1 331 4 662 41 178 219 185 5 066
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pretax income 603 488 279 1 370 362 690 1 052 (268) 2 154
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1996
Total revenues 1 742 2 550 1 390 5 682 296 898 1 194 (21) 6 855
Total expenses 1 108 1 739 1 140 3 987 34 153 187 349 4 523
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pretax income 634 811 250 1 695 262 745 1 007 (370) 2 332
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1997 VERSUS 1996
Total revenues 177 (47) 220 350 107 (30) 77 (62) 365
Total expenses 208 276 191 675 7 25 32 (164) 543
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pretax income (31) (323) 29 (325) 100 (55) 45 102 (178)
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
Methodology: Our management reporting system and policies were used to determine
the revenues and expenses directly attributable to each business sector.
Earnings on stockholders' equity were allocated based on management's assessment
of the inherent risk of the components of each sector. In addition, certain
overhead expenses not allocated for management reporting purposes were allocated
to each business sector. Overhead expenses were allocated based primarily on
staff levels and represent costs associated with various support functions that
exist for the benefit of the firm as a whole. Certain prior year amounts have
been reclassified to conform with the current year presentation.
SUMMARY OF SECTOR REVENUES BY ACTIVITY
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
- --------------------------------------------------------------
1997
versus
In millions 1997 1996 1996
- --------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
REVENUES
Advisory and underwriting $1 075 $ 814 $ 261
Credit 844 928 (84)
- --------------------------------------------------------------
FINANCE AND ADVISORY 1 919 1 742 177
- --------------------------------------------------------------
Fixed income 1 092 1 305 (213)
Emerging markets 542 547 (5)
Equities 362 366 (4)
Foreign exchange 430 294 136
Commodities 77 38 39
- --------------------------------------------------------------
MARKET MAKING 2 503 2 550 (47)
- --------------------------------------------------------------
Asset management services 1 035 902 133
Securities and futures services 575 488 87
- --------------------------------------------------------------
ASSET MANAGEMENT AND SERVICING 1 610 1 390 220
- --------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL CLIENT-FOCUSED REVENUES 6 032 5 682 350
- --------------------------------------------------------------
EQUITY INVESTMENTS 403 296 107
PROPRIETARY INVESTING AND TRADING 868 898 (30)
- --------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL PROPRIETARY REVENUES 1 271 1 194 77
- --------------------------------------------------------------
Corporate Items (83) (21) (62)
- --------------------------------------------------------------
CONSOLIDATED REVENUES 7 220 6 855 365
- --------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
The activities of our Fixed Income, Emerging Markets, and Equities businesses
are reflected across several sectors. Aggregate revenues for these businesses
for the years ended December 31 follow: Fixed Income - $1,582 million (1997) and
$1,747 million (1996); Emerging Markets - $630 million (1997) and $579 million
(1996); Equities - $700 million (1997) and $579 million (1996).
Business sector analysis 7
<PAGE> 10
CLIENT-FOCUSED ACTIVITIES
FINANCE AND ADVISORY
The scope of this sector's activities: advisory, debt and equity underwriting,
and credit
The Finance and Advisory sector encompasses the sophisticated advisory, capital
raising, and financing work that we do for our broad base of clients around the
world - including corporations, financial institutions, governments,
municipalities, and individuals. Our expertise is based on an in-depth knowledge
of our clients' needs and of the industries and financial markets in which they
operate.
In partnership with our clients, our advisory professionals analyze the risks
and rewards of such strategic alternatives as merger, acquisition, divestiture,
privatization, and recapitalization. We also look for ways to unlock value when
analyzing a client's capital structure. Our debt and equities underwriting
business provides clients with the capability to raise the capital necessary to
execute their strategies. High-quality research is an integral part of this
business.
Our credit activities include meeting clients' financing needs by arranging and
syndicating loans and other credit facilities. They also include the
responsibility for managing the firm's credit risk arising from traditional
credit activities as well as our derivatives trading activities. In connection
with our derivatives activities, credit revenues include fluctuations in the
value of derivative positions related to changes in the credit quality of
counterparties. As compensation for managing the firm's credit risk, credit
revenues reflect fees from other J.P. Morgan businesses.
Expenses incurred by this sector include all of the costs associated with our
global network of client relationship managers who market the full spectrum of
our capabilities and provide the link between our clients' needs and our capital
raising, advisory, asset management, market making, and risk management products
and services.
SUMMARY OF FINANCE AND ADVISORY RESULTS
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
- ------------------------------------------------------------
In millions 1997 1996
- ------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C>
Investment banking revenue $1 119 $ 880
Net interest revenue 487 488
Fees and commissions 245 274
Other sector revenues 68 100
- ------------------------------------------------------------
Total revenues 1 919 1 742
Total expenses 1 316 1 108
- ------------------------------------------------------------
Pretax income 603 634
- ------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
REVENUES BY ACTIVITY
In 1997 total Finance and Advisory revenues increased 10% to $1,919 million.
Advisory and underwriting
Revenues from advisory services and debt and equity underwriting rose 32% to
$1,075 million, reflecting sustained momentum with clients and growing market
share in many key areas.
Advisory revenues advanced nearly 20% on strong growth worldwide and increasing
diversity in our client base. We advised on 176 completed merger and acquisition
transactions with a value of $136 billion. According to Securities Data Company,
for the fourth consecutive year we were the leading merger and acquisition
advisor in Latin America, with market share of almost 20%. In Europe we ranked
fourth, with a market share of 15.7%; we ranked third a year ago. In completed
mergers and acquisitions worldwide, we ranked seventh in 1997, with a 10.5%
market share; we ranked fifth in 1996.
Global debt and equity underwriting revenue grew approximately 45%, mainly on
strong increases in equity underwriting. We ranked fifth in U.S. initial public
offerings, up from 12th in 1996, as market share advanced to 5.4% from 2.0%. In
global equity underwriting, we ranked 10th, versus 16th in 1996; market share
rose to 2.1% from 1.1%. In U.S. debt underwriting, we ranked fourth with a
market share of 10.8%, up from fifth and a market share of 8.9% in 1996. As an
underwriter of U.S. debt and equity securities, we ranked sixth, equal to a year
ago, as our market share increased to 8.0% from 7.1%. In underwriting of
non-U.S. debt and equity securities, we ranked sixth - up from seventh in 1996 -
with a 1997 market share of 4.7%, versus 4.0% in 1996.
Credit
Revenues from our credit activities decreased 9% in 1997 to $844 million,
compared with $928 million in 1996. The lower results primarily reflected fourth
quarter declines in the value of our swaps portfolio associated with a
deterioration in the credit quality of Asian counterparties, particularly in
South Korea and Thailand. Syndication revenues were essentially unchanged as
higher volumes were offset by tighter pricing, reflecting competitive market
conditions. According to Loan Pricing Corporation, we ranked as the
second-largest arranger of syndicated loans in 1997, unchanged from a year ago.
8 Business sector analysis
<PAGE> 11
Expenses
Total Finance and Advisory expenses increased to $1,316 million from $1,108
million in 1996, mainly because of growth in our investment banking
capabilities. Higher employee compensation and benefits caused the increase,
reflecting a 12% rise in staff levels and competitive market pressures.
MARKET MAKING
The scope of this sector's activities: fixed income, emerging markets, equities,
foreign exchange, and commodities
Our market making activities provide clients with around-the-clock access to
global markets. We:
- - make markets in fixed income, equities, foreign exchange, commodity
instruments, and derivatives in both developed and emerging markets
- - develop customized transactions to assist clients in managing risk and
enhancing returns
- - provide research to help clients assess opportunities and track
performance
- - take positions to facilitate client transactions and to benefit from our
role as a market maker
Our clients include banks, other nonbank financial institutions, corporations,
governments and their agencies, leveraged funds, pension funds, mutual funds,
and individuals.
Our fixed income activities include acting as a primary dealer in U.S. and
foreign government securities; making markets in money market instruments, U.S.
government agency securities, corporate debt securities, swaps and other
derivatives; and helping clients manage their exposure to interest rate and
foreign exchange risk.
Our emerging markets activities include acting as a dealer and market maker in
securities and derivatives from non-G10 countries in Latin America, Eastern
Europe, Asia, and Africa. While many of our emerging market activities involve
fixed income securities, we deal in many other markets and instruments.
In our equities market making activities, we act as both agent and principal to
facilitate clients' transactions in exchange-listed and over-the-counter
securities. We also structure equity derivatives for clients.
Our foreign exchange capabilities include making markets in spot, options, and
short-term interest rate products, in order to help clients manage their foreign
currency exposures.
Our commodities activities include advising clients on developing hedging,
investment, and commodity-linked financing strategies. We also provide commodity
services which may include the settlement of physical trades in various metal
and oil markets and metal borrowing and lending services.
SUMMARY OF MARKET MAKING RESULTS
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
- ------------------------------------------------------------
In millions 1997 1996
- ------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C>
Trading revenue $1 799 $2 088
Net interest revenue 575 378
Fees and commissions 110 23
Other sector revenues 19 61
- ------------------------------------------------------------
Total revenues 2 503 2 550
Total expenses 2 015 1 739
- ------------------------------------------------------------
Pretax income 488 811
- ------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
Revenues by activity
In 1997 total Market Making revenues decreased $47 million to $2,503 million.
Fixed income
Fixed income revenues in developed markets fell 16% to $1,092 million, mainly
reflecting lower revenues from swaps and other derivatives. Client demand for
swaps and other derivatives continued to be strong, with volumes up over 10%
from the previous year. Volume increases, however, were more than offset by
lower positioning gains.
Emerging markets
Revenues from our emerging markets activities were $542 million in 1997,
essentially unchanged from 1996. Areas of strategic investment, including local
markets in Eastern Europe and Asia and global derivatives, produced strong
results in 1997. These favorable results were offset by lower revenues from
local market activities in Latin America and external debt trading.
Equities
Equities market-making revenues were $362 million in 1997, compared with $366
million in 1996. Equity commissions doubled, reflecting growth in volume and
market share, mainly on U.S. and European exchanges. Listed market share in the
U.S. increased to 2.3% in 1997 from 1.9% in 1996. Offsetting these gains were
losses in the 1997 fourth quarter from managing equity derivative positions
during a period of significant market volatility.
Business sector analysis 9
<PAGE> 12
Foreign exchange
Foreign exchange revenues rose to $430 million in 1997 from $294 million in
1996. The significant increase reflects a 30% rise in client volume and strong
results across all products.
Commodities
Commodities revenues increased $39 million to $77 million, reflecting strong
client demand.
Expenses
Market Making expenses rose to $2,015 million from $1,739 million in 1996;
investment in our equities business contributed nearly 50% of the increase. We
continued to expand our local presence in emerging markets, as well as to
maintain our leadership position in fixed income. Staff levels increased
approximately 20%. In addition, costs associated with various technology
initiatives to increase transaction processing efficiency and to support our
expansion into new markets and products, as well as higher levels of business
activity, contributed to the expense growth.
ASSET MANAGEMENT AND SERVICING
The scope of this sector's activities: institutional investment management and
mutual funds, services for private clients, and securities and futures services
A recognized leader in the management of pension assets, we provide a wide range
of investment-related services, including:
- - global asset management for pension plans, governments, endowments, and
foundations
- - integrated financial services for high-net worth individuals
- - with American Century, fully bundled services for defined contribution
pension plans
- - mutual fund distribution to intermediaries
Our dedicated global research capabilities support portfolio management across
all asset classes and markets. With the acquisition of O'Connor Realty Advisors,
a real estate investment firm, we have further broadened our expertise and
ability to bring a full range of investment options to our clients. This
spectrum of capabilities is delivered to institutional and individual investors
in both discretionary account and mutual fund form.
In July we agreed to purchase a 45% economic interest in American Century
Companies, the fourth largest U.S. no-load direct mutual fund company. With this
investment, which was concluded in January 1998, we have gained scale expertise
in technology and operations for distribution and servicing, as well as
complementary investment capabilities that broaden our product offerings
significantly. We have formed a business partnership with American Century to
pursue jointly the growing retirement plan market, distribution of mutual funds
to third parties such as financial advisors, and other opportunities in
integrated personal financial services.
We hold a significant market share of the ultra-high-net worth market. We
offer these clients an advice-based integrated array of financial services that
include tax-advantaged asset structures; a wide range of investment options,
including managed portfolios and brokerage; and credit and liquidity services.
These capabilities form the foundation for an expansion of services to investors
that will be pursued selectively.
Our futures and options brokerage group provides institutional clients with
worldwide access to major exchanges by acting as brokers in executing and
clearing contracts. Currently, we are active dealers on 51 exchanges around the
world. We operate, under contract, the Euroclear System, the world's largest
clearance and settlement system for internationally traded securities. We
provide credit and deposit services to Euroclear participants. In addition, we
provide certain operational services such as the administration of American
depository receipt (ADR) programs.
SUMMARY OF ASSET MANAGEMENT AND SERVICING RESULTS
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
- ------------------------------------------------------------
In millions 1997 1996
- ------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C>
Investment management revenue $ 804 $ 681
Fees and commissions 396 382
Net interest revenue 415 312
Other sector revenues (5) 15
- ------------------------------------------------------------
Total revenues 1 610 1 390
Total expenses 1 331 1 140
- ------------------------------------------------------------
Pretax income 279 250
- ------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
10 Business sector analysis
<PAGE> 13
REVENUES BY ACTIVITY
Total Asset Management and Servicing revenues increased 16% in 1997 to $1,610
million.
Asset management services
Revenues generated by asset management services grew 15% in 1997 to $1,035
million. The increase reflects higher assets under management as a result of
significant net new business generated by both institutional and private clients
and market appreciation. Assets under management for both private and
institutional clients grew 24% to approximately $257 billion and are diversified
by asset class and across markets globally as shown below.
ASSETS UNDER MANAGEMENT
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
- --------------------------------------------------
In billions: December 31 1997 1996
- --------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C>
Institutional............... $197 $159
Private..................... 60 49
- --------------------------------------------------
Total....................... 257 208
- --------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
GLOBAL PORTFOLIO ALLOCATION BY ASSET CLASS
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
- -------------------------------------------------------------
Non-U.S.
In billions: December 31 U.S. assets assets Total
- -------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Money market............ $ 21 $12 $ 33
Fixed income............ 70 26 96
Equity.................. 87 34 121
Other................... 6 1 7
- -------------------------------------------------------------
Total................... 184 73 257
- -------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
While most of our private client business revenues are reported in this sector,
some are recorded in the Finance and Advisory and Market Making sectors,
reflecting transactions undertaken for private clients in those business areas.
Firmwide, private clients accounted for approximately $615 million of revenues,
up 28% from the prior year. Of this amount, approximately $180 million are
included in the Finance and Advisory and Market Making sectors. The increase
reflects strong growth in full-service brokerage activities and increases in
assets under management, as well as several large advisory transactions. Assets
under management for private clients were $60 billion, up more than 20% from
1996.
Securities and futures services
Revenues for securities and futures services grew 18%. Euroclear and ADR-related
revenues increased from 1996, reflecting strong results from higher activity in
internationally traded securities. Revenues from futures and options brokerage
rose 9%. Volume was up more than 25%, driven by higher exchange activity in
Europe and Asia. Gains from increased volume were partially offset by
competitive pricing pressures.
Expenses
Asset Management and Servicing expenses increased $191 million in 1997 to $1,331
million, as we continued to invest in people and technology to expand our global
platform, develop additional distribution channels, and broaden our core
investment capabilities. Staff levels grew 13%.
CLIENT ACTIVITIES AROUND THE WORLD
Our clients are an increasingly global and diverse group of growing and
established companies, governments and their agencies, institutions, privately
held firms, entrepreneurs, families, and individuals. We continue to broaden and
deepen client relationships in North America, Latin America, Europe, and
throughout the Asia Pacific region. The following table breaks down our
client-focused sector revenues by the region responsible for managing the client
relationship.
REVENUES
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
- ------------------------------------------------------------
In millions 1997 1996
- ------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C>
North America $3 050 $2 762
Latin America 541 524
Europe, Middle East, and Africa 1 797 1 818
Asia Pacific 644 578
- ------------------------------------------------------------
Total client-focused revenues 6 032 5 682
- ------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
The firm's management reporting system was used to allocate each region's
revenues. For finance and advisory products, this is the location of the
client's head office; for most other products, it is based on the location where
the activity is transacted. Market-making revenues that cannot be attributed
specifically to individual clients (e.g., gains/losses arising from
client-related positions) and earnings on stockholders' equity are generally
allocated based on the proportion of other regional revenues. Certain prior year
amounts have been reclassified to conform with the current year presentation.
Business sector analysis 11
<PAGE> 14
North America
Client-focused revenues in North America rose 10% in 1997, reflecting increases
across most activities. Advisory and underwriting revenues were strong,
particularly equity underwriting, where we continue to capture market share.
Foreign exchange revenues increased significantly because of strong client
demand in active markets. Revenues from asset management and servicing
activities also grew.
Latin America
Revenues from business with Latin American clients were essentially unchanged in
1997. Growth in advisory and underwriting revenues reflected increased activity
in capital markets and our strong leadership position in the region. Revenues
from asset management and servicing also rose. Offsetting these increases were
declines in revenues from our credit and market-making activities, where volume
increases were tempered by tighter pricing.
Europe
European client-focused revenues were essentially flat compared with results a
year ago. Advisory and underwriting revenues increased as our strong regional
presence and expertise in key market sectors allowed us to capitalize on an
active market environment, particularly in mergers and acquisitions and equity
underwriting. Asset management and servicing revenues grew, driven by increased
volumes on a more diversified range of services. Offsetting these advances were
sharp declines in market making revenues, principally reflecting lower revenues
from managing risk positions. Overall client demand for our market making
capabilities continued to grow, especially in our emerging markets business.
Asia Pacific
Asia Pacific client revenues increased 11% from 1996. Increases in market making
activities and, to a lesser extent, asset management activities, more than
offset declines in our credit business.
PROPRIETARY ACTIVITIES
We use our expertise and resources to enter into proprietary transactions for
our own account. Two sectors comprise these activities: Equity Investments and
Proprietary Investing and Trading. These activities complement our
client-focused business.
EQUITY INVESTMENTS
The scope of this sector's activities: equity investment portfolio management
We invest for our own account on a global basis in private equity and
equity-related securities in leveraged and unleveraged acquisitions,
privatizations, recapitalizations, rapidly growing companies, expansion
financings, turnaround situations, and other special equity situations. These
investments are made with the objective of maximizing total return, which is a
measure of both long-term appreciation and net recognized gains.
Our $787 million portfolio, at cost, comprises approximately 100 investments and
is diversified by industry and geographic region. Roughly 58% of our investments
are in the U.S., 23% are in Latin America, 13% are in Europe, and 6% are in
Asia. On average, we hold investments for three to five years and typically exit
through a public offering of securities or a sale of the company.
The Equity Investments group works closely with other areas of J.P. Morgan to
capture the competitive advantage of our global presence and expertise in
sourcing, evaluating, managing, and exiting investments. Opportunities often
develop through relationships with clients. We have also managed initial public
offerings and high-yield debt issues, arranged credit facilities, and provided
mergers and acquisitions advice to portfolio companies at later stages of their
development.
SUMMARY OF EQUITY INVESTMENTS RESULTS
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
- ------------------------------------------------------------
In millions 1997 1996
- ------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C>
Investment securities revenue $407 $293
Other sector revenues (4) 3
- ------------------------------------------------------------
Total revenues 403 296
Total expenses 41 34
- ------------------------------------------------------------
Pretax income 362 262
- ------------------------------------------------------------
Total return revenues 374 363
- ------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
In 1997, we invested $278 million globally in the private equity of 38
companies, mainly in the financial services, telecommunications, retail,
consumer products, and basic industries. Our largest investment was a $46
million investment in Bank Handlowy, Poland's leading commercial bank.
We made 63% of our investments outside the United States, where we have expanded
our Equity Investments group and continue to see more attractive investment
opportunities. In 1997 we also pursued larger investments: the size of our
average commitment more than doubled to approximately $16 million.
12 Business sector analysis
<PAGE> 15
Reported revenues
Reported revenues in 1997 were $403 million - versus $296 million in 1996 - and
consisted primarily of sales of investments in the insurance and
telecommunications industries.
Total return revenues
Total return combines reported revenues with the change in net unrealized
appreciation of the portfolio. Total return was $374 million in 1997,
essentially unchanged from 1996.
PROPRIETARY INVESTING AND TRADING
The scope of this sector's activities: market and credit risk positioning and
capital and liquidity management
We take market and credit risk positions for our own account using both relative
value and directional risk-taking strategies. We use a relative value strategy
when we anticipate changes in relationships between markets and classes of
instruments (e.g., a change in prices between bonds and swaps) or when we
believe certain assets are fundamentally mispriced by the market. We use
directional strategies in an attempt to profit from our anticipation of how we
believe a market will move (e.g., absolute rates or prices will go up or down).
Experienced market professionals manage these strategies and use them over many
currencies and types of instruments, including fixed income securities, foreign
exchange, equity securities, commodity products, and related derivatives.
Positions may be held for long or short periods of time, depending on the
strategy and actual market performance. Certain longer-term strategies are
considered to be investment activities and tend to utilize government,
mortgage-backed, and corporate debt securities.
We also manage the firm's liquidity and capital profile to ensure that we have
access to funding at a reasonable cost, even under adverse circumstances, to
support all the business activities of the firm. A strong capital position is an
integral part of our liquidity management because it enables us to raise funds
as inexpensively as possible in a variety of international markets.
SUMMARY OF PROPRIETARY INVESTING AND TRADING RESULTS
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
- ------------------------------------------------------------
In millions 1997 1996
- ------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C>
Net interest revenue $522 $623
Trading revenue 265 241
Investment securities revenue 2 12
Other sector revenues 79 22
- ------------------------------------------------------------
Total revenues 868 898
Total expenses 178 153
- ------------------------------------------------------------
Pretax income 690 745
- ------------------------------------------------------------
Total return revenues 619 588
- ------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
Reported revenues
Revenues declined 3% in 1997 to $868 million, mainly due to lower net interest
revenue from risk adjusting swaps.
Total return revenues
Total return, which combines reported revenues and the change in net unrealized
appreciation, is the more meaningful measure of performance for this sector.
Total return for 1997 was $619 million, up from $588 million reported in 1996,
as market risk positioning gains were offset by declines in credit risk
positioning, primarily in Asia.
CORPORATE ITEMS
Corporate Items consist of revenues and expenses that have not been allocated to
the five business sectors. They include intercompany eliminations, equity
earnings in affiliates, and the taxable-equivalent adjustment, which is
calculated to gross-up tax-exempt interest to a taxable basis. Corporate Items
also include the results of sold or discontinued businesses.
1997
Revenues reported in Corporate Items in 1997 included approximately $120 million
of gains on hedges of foreign currency revenues and expenses. These gains were
partially offset by the impact of exchange rate movements on reported revenues
and expenses during the year. Expenses include a charge of $28 million incurred
in connection with the renovation of office space in New York.
1996
Revenues in 1996 included a gain of $77 million related to the partial sale of a
minority investment and $37 million of gains on hedges of anticipated foreign
currency revenues and expenses. Expenses included a $71 million
technology-related special charge. Revenues and expenses in 1996 also included
$144 million and $149 million, respectively, related to custody and cash
processing activities that were sold or discontinued.
Business sector analysis 13
<PAGE> 16
FINANCIAL REVIEW
COMPONENTS OF REVENUE
NET INTEREST REVENUE
Net interest revenue combines interest revenues with expenses from both
client-focused and proprietary activities. These activities use a variety of
asset, liability, and off-balance sheet instruments that generate interest
revenue and expense. Net interest revenue is affected by changes in interest
rates, funding strategies, and the relative proportion and composition of our
interest-bearing and non-interest-bearing instruments and capital.
1997 versus 1996
Net interest revenue was $1,872 million in 1997, compared with $1,702 million in
1996. The 10% increase is due primarily to higher net interest revenue from our
market-making activities, particularly in emerging markets from local market
positions in Eastern Europe and Asia. Also contributing to the increase was
higher net interest revenue from our asset management and servicing activities,
reflecting higher Euroclear-related deposits. These increases were partially
offset by declines in net interest revenue from proprietary investing positions.
1996 versus 1995
Net interest revenue was $1,702 million in 1996, compared with $2,003 million in
1995. This 15% decline was due mainly to lower revenue from proprietary
investing positions as a result of the continuing maturity of higher-yielding
financial instruments.
TRADING REVENUE
Trading revenue is generated, for the most part, by activities in the Market
Making and Proprietary Investing and Trading sectors.
1997 versus 1996
Total trading revenue, excluding trading-related net interest revenue, decreased
14% to $2,137 million. Strong increases in foreign exchange were offset by lower
results in most other client-focused activities.
1996 versus 1995
Trading revenue grew 80% to $2,477 million in 1996. The increase was due to
strong client demand for market making activities and higher results from
proprietary trading activities.
The following table presents trading revenue, disaggregated by principal product
grouping across all our activities, and total trading-related net interest
revenue. This revenue reflects only a portion of the total revenues generated by
our activities and excludes other important sources of revenues, including fees
and commissions. As a result, this table does not reflect the integrated nature
of our business.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
- ------------------------------------------------------------
In millions 1997 1996 1995
- ------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Fixed income $1 138 $1 540 $ 668
Equities 190 330 249
Foreign exchange 472 320 253
Commodities 64 34 42
Proprietary trading 273 253 164
- ------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL TRADING REVENUE 2 137 2 477 1 376
Trading-related net interest
revenue 509 250 131
- ------------------------------------------------------------
COMBINED TOTAL 2 646 2 727 1 507
- ------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
Fixed income
Fixed income trading revenue includes the results of making markets in both
developed and emerging countries in:
- - government securities
- - U.S. government agency securities
- - corporate debt securities
- - money market instruments
- - interest rate and currency swaps
- - options and other derivatives
1997 versus 1996
Fixed income trading revenue decreased to $1,138 million in 1997 from $1,540
million in 1996, mainly reflecting lower results from local market activities
and external debt trading in emerging countries.
1996 versus 1995
Fixed income trading revenue increased 131% to $1,540 million in 1996. The
growth was due to a greater demand for swaps and other derivatives, including
more complex, customized transactions, and for government and corporate
securities. We also benefited from gains on client-related positions in 1996,
compared with losses in 1995.
14 Financial review
<PAGE> 17
Equities
Equities trading revenue includes the results of making markets in global equity
securities and equity derivatives such as swaps, options, futures, and forward
contracts.
1997 versus 1996
Equities trading revenue decreased 42% to $190 million in 1997. The decrease is
due mainly to losses incurred from managing equity derivative positions during a
period of significant market volatility in the fourth quarter of 1997.
1996 versus 1995
Equities trading revenue increased 33% in 1996 to $330 million. Strong client
demand for equity derivatives activities fueled this growth.
Foreign exchange
Foreign exchange trading revenue includes making markets in spot, options, and
short-term interest rate products in order to help clients manage their foreign
currency exposure.
1997 versus 1996
Trading revenue increased 48% to $472 million, reflecting strong client demand
across all products.
1996 versus 1995
Foreign exchange trading revenue increased 26% to $320 million in 1996, driven
by increased client demand.
Commodities
Commodities trading revenue includes the results of advising clients on hedging,
investment, and commodity-linked financing strategies.
1997 versus 1996
Trading revenue increased 88% to $64 million, reflecting strong client demand.
1996 versus 1995
Trading revenue decreased 19% to $34 million, due largely to declines in base
metal trading revenues caused by extreme market movements.
Proprietary trading
Proprietary trading revenue reflects results from transactions we enter into for
our own account across all markets and is included in the Proprietary Investing
and Trading sector.
1997 versus 1996
Proprietary trading revenue was $273 million in 1997, compared with $253 million
in 1996.
1996 versus 1995
Trading revenue increased 54% to $253 million in 1996, which reflected an
increase in revenues from relative value trading activities.
INVESTMENT BANKING REVENUE
We earn investment banking revenue by providing clients with strategic and
financial advice as well as by raising capital through loan syndications and
debt and equity underwritings. Virtually all this revenue is reported in the
Finance and Advisory sector.
1997 versus 1996
Investment banking revenue increased 22% in 1997 to a record $1,123 million, as
we continued to capture market share and benefited from increased global
investment banking activity. Advisory and syndication fees rose 12% to $637
million, buoyed by higher merger and acquisition activity. Underwriting revenue
increased 38% to $486 million, as we continued to raise more debt and equity for
a broad range of clients in the global marketplace.
1996 versus 1995
Investment banking revenue increased 58% to $921 million in 1996. Advisory and
syndication fees rose 44% to $568 million. Most of this increase came from
higher advisory fees, reflecting growth in merger and acquisition activity from
a growing and diverse client base. Revenues from the arrangement of syndicated
lending facilities also rose in 1996, due to advances in the U.S. and Latin
American markets. Underwriting revenue increased 87% to $353 million as debt and
equity securities activities grew.
INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT REVENUE
We earn investment management revenue by providing investment services to
institutional and private clients. This revenue also includes fees from
administering trusts and estates. Most investment management revenues are
reported in the Asset Management and Servicing sector.
Financial review 15
<PAGE> 18
1997 versus 1996
In 1997 investment management revenue rose 17% to $792 million. This growth
reflects higher assets under management, an increase we attribute to new
business from institutional and private clients as well as market appreciation.
Assets under management increased 24% to approximately $257 billion.
1996 versus 1995
Investment management revenue in 1996 increased 18% to $675 million, due to
higher assets under management. These assets totaled $208 billion, 16% higher
than in 1995.
FEES AND COMMISSIONS
We earn fees and commissions by providing various operational and credit-related
services to clients. Operational services we provide include:
- - brokerage for futures and options and equity securities
- - securities custody and clearing
- - cash management services
Credit-related services we provide include:
- - commitments to extend credit
- - standby letters of credit and guarantees
- - securities lending activities
Most revenue from operational services is included in the Asset Management and
Servicing and Market Making sectors. Most credit-related fees are included in
the Finance and Advisory sector.
Revenue from fees and commissions was $647 million, $582 million, and $708
million in 1997, 1996, and 1995, respectively. Included in fees and commissions
for 1996 and 1995 was revenue of $45 million and $205 million, respectively,
related to custody and cash processing businesses that had been sold or
discontinued.
1997 versus 1996
Excluding the revenue from the exited custody and cash processing businesses,
fees and commissions increased 20% in 1997. The increase was driven mostly by
higher equity commissions reflecting increased market share and volumes on U.S.
and European exchanges.
1996 versus 1995
Excluding revenue from the exited custody and cash processing businesses, fees
and commissions increased 7% in 1996, due to higher transaction volumes. We
credit the majority of this increase to particularly strong growth in equity and
other brokerage commissions. Futures and options brokerage also rose as higher
transaction levels more than offset lower commission rates.
INVESTMENT SECURITIES REVENUE
Investment securities revenue includes gains and losses on debt and equity
investment securities, other-than-temporary impairments or write-downs in value,
and related dividend income. The majority of investment securities revenue is
recorded in the Equity Investments sector.
1997
Our investment securities revenue was $409 million in 1997 and largely reflected
gains from equity investments activities of $366 million. These equity-related
gains came primarily from sales of certain equity investments in the insurance
and telecommunications industries.
1996
Investment securities revenue was $303 million in 1996. Net gains from equity
investments activities were $269 million, mostly related to an investment in the
healthcare industry.
1995
Investment securities revenue in 1995 was $517 million, related primarily to the
sale of an equity investment in the healthcare industry.
OTHER REVENUE
Other revenue includes gains and losses on hedges of anticipated foreign
currency revenues and expenses. These gains and losses are offset partially by
the impact of exchange rate movements on reported revenues and expenses in the
period. This category also includes earnings from equity in affiliates and other
miscellaneous transactions.
1997
Other revenue of $240 million included approximately $120 million of gains on
hedges of foreign currency revenue and expenses and $40 million of earnings from
equity in affiliates.
1996
Other revenue of $195 million included a gain of $77 million from the partial
sale of a minority investment and $52 million of gains on hedges of foreign
currency revenue and expenses.
1995
Other revenue of $142 million included a net gain of $40 million on the sale of
both our international and domestic custody businesses, as well as our U.S.
commercial paper issuing and paying agency business.
16 Financial review
<PAGE> 19
COMPONENTS OF OPERATING EXPENSES
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
- ------------------------------------------------------------
In millions 1997 1996 1995
- ------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Employee compensation and
benefits $3 027 $2 884 $2 498
Net occupancy 333 296 322
Technology and communications 1 025 785 671
Other expenses 681 558 507
- ------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL OPERATING EXPENSES 5 066 4 523 3 998
- ------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
OPERATING EXPENSES
In 1997 total operating expenses grew 12% to $5,066 million, reflecting targeted
spending to expand our asset management and investment banking capabilities, as
well as to capitalize on our leadership position in fixed income and emerging
markets activities. In asset management, our investments have enabled us to
broaden our core investment capabilities and develop new distribution channels
and, closely related to this, offer our private clients an integrated array of
financial services. We continued to develop our equities capabilities in order
to grow market share and scale in our investment banking business. In fixed
income and emerging markets, spending has been directed at expanding our
leadership into new markets and products while maintaining a strong
infrastructure. Higher levels of activity across our client business also
contributed to the year-on-year expense rise.
Costs associated with efforts to prepare our systems for the year 2000
approximated $95 million in 1997. In 1998, we will continue our efforts to
prepare our systems for the year 2000. The total cost to become year-2000
compliant is estimated at $250 million, for internal systems renovation and
testing, testing equipment, and both internal and external resources working on
the project. Remaining costs will be incurred primarily in 1998. Efforts to
prepare for the economic and monetary union in Europe (EMU) are also well
underway. 1998 costs are expected to be approximately $65 million. Refer to the
Operating risk section of Risk management for more information.
Consistent with our business strategy to create long-term value for
shareholders, we will continue to invest in areas of strategic priority. At the
same time, we intend to maintain sharp focus and discipline in our spending. We
have launched a number of initiatives to increase the efficiency of our
infrastructure and the revenue generation capability of our people - including
accelerating efforts to streamline and share technology applications and
resources across functions in order to reduce transaction processing unit costs;
rationalizing resources in light of priorities; and realigning certain sales and
trading functions in our European and Asian businesses. These initiatives will
result in a 1998 charge, primarily in the first quarter, consisting mainly of
personnel-related and occupancy costs.
In 1996 total operating expenses increased 13% to $4,523 million, primarily
reflecting increases in client-focused areas, which more than offset the
reduction of expenses resulting from the exit of our custody and cash processing
businesses.
EMPLOYEE COMPENSATION AND BENEFITS
Employee compensation and benefits, which represented 60% of total operating
expenses in 1997, includes salaries, incentive compensation, and benefits. To
compete in the marketplace, we must hire and retain the most competent and
skilled professionals in our industry. We compensate employees based on both
their performance and the performance of the firm. A significant component of
their compensation is paid in the form of incentive compensation (the proportion
of which increases for senior officers). Most incentive compensation is awarded
in cash, and, for senior officers, in the form of a stock bonus or restricted
stock, aligning compensation with longer-term shareholder returns.
Our total number of employees was 16,943, 15,527, and 15,613 as of December 31,
1997, 1996, and 1995, respectively. The increase in staff levels since 1995
reflects growth in client-focused areas, particularly investment banking,
equities, emerging markets, and asset management services. Increases in 1996
were offset by the transfer of approximately 700 technology employees to the
Pinnacle Alliance (the Alliance) in 1996. Formed in July 1996, the Alliance is a
consortium of firms contracted to manage parts of our global technology
infrastructure. Related costs for the transferred employees are reflected from
July 1996 in payments to the Alliance and are included in technology and
communications expenses. Previously, these costs were recorded in employee
compensation and benefits.
1997 versus 1996
Employee compensation and benefits expense increased 5% in 1997. The increase
was a result of:
- - increases in salaries related to higher levels of staff in our
client-focused business
- - more competitive market conditions
- - staffing for various technology initiatives, including year 2000
compliance
Financial review 17
<PAGE> 20
1996 versus 1995
Employee compensation and benefits expense increased 15%. Excluding the 1995
severance-related charge of $55 million and expenses associated with our exited
custody and cash processing businesses, employee compensation and benefits
expense increased 21%. The increase was a result of higher incentive
compensation due to:
- - higher earnings
- - an increased proportion of revenue from client-focused businesses, which
represents the majority of our workforce
- - more competitive market conditions
NET OCCUPANCY
This category includes rental expense, real estate taxes, utilities,
depreciation of premises, insurance, and other items.
1997 versus 1996
Net occupancy increased 13% to $333 million, due largely to a $28 million charge
incurred in connection with the renovation of office space in New York.
1996 versus 1995
Net occupancy decreased 8% to $296 million, reflecting a reduction in space
requirements as a result of the sale of our custody and cash processing
businesses.
TECHNOLOGY AND COMMUNICATIONS EXPENSES
Technology and communications expenses include costs associated with operating
and improving our global technology capabilities. This category includes
consulting, equipment, software, market information expenses, fees paid to the
Pinnacle Alliance, which manages parts of our technology infrastructure, and
other sourcing arrangements. This category excludes employee compensation and
benefits. However, compensation expenses associated with employees who
transferred to the Alliance are included in this category.
1997 versus 1996
In 1997, technology and communications expenses were $1,025 million, compared to
$785 million in 1996, which included a $71 million technology-related special
charge. The increase is due to key initiatives as described in Total technology
and communications spending, higher levels of business activity, and a full year
of payments to the Alliance, reflecting the structural change in how we source
parts of our technology infrastructure.
1996 versus 1995
Technology and communications expenses increased 17%. In the third quarter of
1996, in connection with the formation of the Alliance, there was a $71 million
technology-related special charge related to payments for training and other
personnel costs incurred and to the sale of certain technology equipment (at a
loss) to the Alliance.
Excluding the technology-related special charge and expenses associated with our
custody and cash processing businesses, technology and communication expenses
increased 12% in 1996 due to higher levels of business activity, expansion of
client-focused activities, and a partial year of payments to the Alliance.
Total technology and communications spending
Total technology and communications spending, which includes other
technology-related costs, mainly employee compensation and benefits, was $1,370
million in 1997; $1,045 million in 1996, excluding the special charge; and
$1,040 million in 1995. The increase in total technology and communications
spending in 1997 largely reflects our focus on accelerating key initiatives to:
- - support our expansion into new products and markets
- - increase transaction processing efficiency
- - enhance our risk management capability
- - prepare for the year 2000 and EMU
In addition, higher levels of business activity contributed to the increase.
Offsetting these increases were cost efficiencies achieved as a result of
alternative sourcing arrangements, most notably with the Alliance.
OTHER EXPENSES
Other expenses include travel, professional fees, outside services, brokerage
fees, taxes (other than income taxes), and training fees.
1997 versus 1996
Other expenses increased 22% in 1997, reflecting higher:
- - travel-related expenses as a result of higher levels of client-focused
activity
- - professional fees
- - outside service fees, such as employment agency fees
1996 versus 1995
In 1996, other expenses increased 10% in total. Excluding the expenses
associated with the custody and cash processing businesses, other expenses rose
by 22%. The increase primarily reflects higher levels of business activity and
included increases in areas similar to those listed above for 1997.
INCOME TAXES
Income taxes decreased $69 million in 1997 to $689 million, as a result of a
decrease in pretax income and a lower effective tax rate. In 1996, income taxes
rose $148 million to $758 million, as a result of an increase in pretax income
and a higher effective tax rate. The effective tax rate was 32.0% in 1997, 32.5%
in 1996, and 32.0% in 1995.
18 Financial review
<PAGE> 21
BALANCE SHEET AND OFF-BALANCE SHEET ITEMS
TRADING-RELATED ASSETS AND LIABILITIES
Trading-related assets consist of trading account assets, securities purchased
under agreements to resell, and securities borrowed. Trading-related liabilities
include trading account liabilities and securities sold under agreements to
repurchase. The amount of these assets and liabilities held fluctuates daily
depending on client needs and market opportunities. The average balance of
trading-related assets was 72%, 68%, and 64% of average total assets during
1997, 1996, and 1995, respectively.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
- ------------------------------------------------------------
In billions: Average balances 1997 1996 1995
- ------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
TRADING-RELATED ASSETS:
Trading account assets $106.8 $78.2 $68.0
Securities purchased under
agreements to resell 40.2 42.7 31.6
Securities borrowed 36.3 25.3 15.2
TRADING-RELATED LIABILITIES:
Trading account liabilities 65.7 49.1 45.2
Securities sold under
agreements to repurchase 63.2 59.8 40.2
- ------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
Trading account assets and liabilities
Trading account assets and liabilities mainly include:
- - U.S. Treasury, U.S. government agency, and foreign government securities
- - unrealized gains and losses on trading-related derivatives, such as swaps,
forwards, futures, and options
- - corporate debt and equity securities
The growth in average trading account assets and liabilities primarily reflects
increased holdings in government and corporate debt and equity securities. This
increase reflects the growth in our Market Making sector activities.
Other trading-related assets and liabilities
We use securities purchased under agreements to resell (resale agreements) and
securities borrowed as short-term financing tools to provide liquidity for our
trading clients and to facilitate deliveries to customers. We use securities
sold under agreements to repurchase (repurchase agreements) as short-term
financing for our trading-related positions and as one source of financing for
our debt investment securities portfolio. Average balances for resale
agreements, securities borrowed, and repurchase agreements have increased to
meet the needs of clients and to profit from interest rate spreads.
DERIVATIVES
In general, derivatives are contracts or agreements whose values are derived
from changes in interest rates, foreign exchange rates, prices of securities, or
financial or commodity indices. Derivatives are often referred to as off-balance
sheet financial instruments because the notional amounts of their contracts are
not recorded on the balance sheet. Conversely, cash instruments are on-balance
sheet financial instruments whose notional or principal value is recorded on the
balance sheet. Cash instruments include government and corporate debt and equity
securities.
Derivatives are either standardized contracts executed on an exchange or
negotiated over-the-counter contracts. Futures and options contracts are
examples of standard exchange-traded derivatives. Forwards, swaps, and option
contracts are examples of over-the-counter derivatives. Over-the-counter
derivatives are generally not traded like securities. In the normal course of
business, however, they may be terminated or assigned to another counterparty if
the original holder agrees. The timing of cash receipts and payments for
derivatives is generally determined by contractual agreement.
We use derivatives in our trading and investing activities.
Derivatives used for trading
In our trading activities, we act as a dealer in derivative instruments to
satisfy the risk management needs of our clients. We use these products to help
clients structure transactions to manage their exposure to interest rates,
foreign exchange rates, prices of securities, and financial or commodity
indices. We also assume trading positions based on our market expectations and
to benefit from price differentials between instruments and markets. We also use
derivatives to manage risks in our trading portfolio. Our competitive strength
in derivative activities is due to our strong capital base, expertise developed
over many years, global distribution capabilities, long-standing client
relationships, sophisticated research and technological support, and integrated
approach to these activities.
Derivatives used for trading purposes include:
- - interest rate and currency swap contracts
- - interest rate futures, forward rate agreements, and interest rate option
contracts
- - foreign exchange spot, forward, futures and option contracts
- - equity swap, futures and option contracts
- - commodity spot, swap, forward and option contracts
We carry these instruments at fair value and record the unrealized gain or loss
(the positive or negative fair value) on the balance sheet.
Financial review 19
<PAGE> 22
Derivatives used for investing purposes
In our own investing strategies, we use derivative instruments including:
- - interest rate and currency swap contracts
- - foreign exchange forward contracts
- - interest rate futures and debt securities forward contracts
- - option contracts
We use derivatives to hedge our exposure to interest rate and currency
fluctuations, primarily on or related to debt investment securities. We also use
them to modify the characteristics of interest rate-related balance sheet
instruments such as loans, short-term borrowings, and long-term debt. In
addition, we utilize derivatives to adjust our overall interest rate risk
profile, primarily through the use of risk-adjusting swaps.
Risk associated with derivatives
Like cash instruments, derivatives are subject to market and credit risk. We
evaluate derivative risk in much the same way as we assess risks associated with
cash instruments. Unlike cash instruments, however, where the credit exposure is
generally represented by the notional or principal value, the credit exposure
associated with derivatives is generally a fraction of the notional value of the
instrument and is represented by the positive fair value of the derivative
instrument that is reported on the balance sheet. The on-balance sheet credit
exposure of derivatives will fluctuate with market movements and does not
consider the benefit of collateral.
The following table shows the estimated percentages of gross on-balance sheet
credit exposure of our derivatives by counterparty credit rating, based on our
internal credit ratings. Our ratings of AAA, AA, A, and BBB represent investment
grade ratings. Ratings of BB and below represent non-investment grade ratings.
These ratings are analogous to those of public rating agencies in the United
States. The percentages below do not take into consideration master netting
agreements or collateral. Under master netting agreements, gains and losses
associated with qualifying transactions with the same counterparty are offset so
that the on-balance sheet credit exposure is reduced.
GROSS DERIVATIVE CREDIT EXPOSURE BY COUNTERPARTY CREDIT RATING
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
- -------------------------------------------------------------
Percentage at December 31 1997 1996 1995
- -------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
AAA, AA 49% 42% 45%
A 27 37 38
BBB 18 16 12
BB and below 6 5 5
- -------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL 100 100 100
- -------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
The following tables provide the aggregate notional amounts and on-balance sheet
credit exposure for each derivative instrument category. Within each category,
we display the 1997 amounts by contractual maturity date. The on-balance sheet
credit exposure amounts take into consideration the benefit of master netting
agreements. The benefit of master netting agreements as of December 31 was:
- - $63.1 billion in 1997
- - $36.5 billion in 1996
- - $27.7 billion in 1995
The increase reflects growth in our market-making activities and related
increase in fair values, as well as the increased use of master netting
agreements.
INTEREST RATE AND CURRENCY SWAPS
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
- ---------------------------------------------------------------
On-balance
sheet
Notional credit
In billions: December 31 amount exposure
- ---------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C>
Within one year $ 852.0 $ 3.6
After one year but within five 1 224.5 7.4
After five years but within 10 537.6 6.3
After 10 years 91.0 2.7
- ---------------------------------------------------------------
Total 1997 2 705.1 20.0
Total 1996 2 120.9 11.7
Total 1995 1 515.6 12.4
- ---------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
A swap is a contractual agreement in which a series of cash flows are exchanged
at specified intervals. Currency swaps generally involve exchanging principal -
the notional amount - and periodic interest payments in one currency for
principal and periodic interest payments in another currency. Interest rate
swaps involve the exchange of periodic interest payments for a specified time.
The notional amounts of interest rate swaps are not exchanged; they are used
solely to calculate the periodic interest payments. Included in this category
are credit derivatives whose values fluctuate primarily with changes in interest
and currency rates. The notional amounts of our interest rate and currency swaps
have grown since 1995 as a result of an increase in market-making activity. The
growth in the on-balance sheet credit exposure is consistent with our increased
market-making activities and relates primarily to transactions with highly rated
counterparties for existing and new products.
20 Financial review
<PAGE> 23
FOREIGN EXCHANGE SPOT, FORWARD, AND FUTURES CONTRACTS
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
- -----------------------------------------------------------------
On-balance
sheet
Notional credit
In billions: December 31 amount exposure
- -----------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C>
Within one year $685.8 $5.4
After one year but within five 26.9 0.3
After five years but within 10 7.5 -
After 10 years - -
- -----------------------------------------------------------------
Total 1997 720.2 5.7
Total 1996 620.1 2.5
Total 1995 461.8 3.3
- -----------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
Foreign exchange contracts involve an agreement to exchange one country's
currency for another at an agreed-upon price and settlement date. The contracts
reported above primarily include forward contracts. The growth in notional
amounts and on-balance sheet credit exposure primarily reflects increased
activity in foreign exchange forward contracts consistent with higher client
demand.
INTEREST RATE FUTURES, FORWARD RATE AGREEMENTS, AND DEBT SECURITIES FORWARDS
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
- -----------------------------------------------------------------
On-balance
sheet
Notional credit
In billions: December 31 amount exposure
- -----------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C>
Within one year $589.9 $0.2
After one year but within five 295.9 0.1
After five years but within 10 1.7 -
After 10 years - -
- -----------------------------------------------------------------
Total 1997 887.5 0.3
Total 1996 568.2 0.4
Total 1995 415.4 0.5
- -----------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
Interest rate futures, included in the above table, with a notional amount of
$451.8 billion, $270.1 billion, and $180.5 billion, at December 31, 1997, 1996,
and 1995, respectively, are standardized exchange-traded agreements to receive
or deliver a specific financial instrument at a specific future date and price.
The credit risk associated with futures contracts is limited because of the
daily settlement of open contracts with the exchange on which the instrument is
traded. The above table also includes forward rate agreements and debt
securities forwards. Forward rate agreements provide for the payment or receipt
of the difference between a specified interest rate and a reference rate at a
future settlement date. Debt securities forwards include to-be-announced and
when-issued securities contracts. The increase in notional amounts since 1995 is
primarily related to an increase in interest rate futures and is in line with
the growth of our market-making activities.
COMMODITY AND EQUITY SWAPS, FORWARD, AND FUTURES CONTRACTS
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
- -----------------------------------------------------------------
On-balance
sheet
Notional credit
In billions: December 31 amount exposure
- -----------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C>
Within one year $74.3 $1.8
After one year but within five 16.2 1.1
After five years but within 10 1.8 -
After 10 years 0.1 -
- -----------------------------------------------------------------
Total 1997 92.4 2.9
Total 1996 77.2 2.8
Total 1995 65.1 1.4
- -----------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
These contracts primarily include swaps and futures in the commodity and equity
markets and commodity forward agreements. The notional amounts of these
contracts grew in 1997 primarily due to an increase in client demand for equity
contracts. This increase was offset, in part, by a decrease in commodity
notional amounts caused by the continuing unwind of the base metals business and
lower volumes in energy trading. The growth in 1996 notional amounts is due to
an increase in client demand for energy contracts and to the execution of
several large precious metal transactions.
OPTION CONTRACTS: NOTIONAL AMOUNT
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
- ----------------------------------------------------------------
Purchased Written
option option
In billions: December 31 contracts contracts
- ----------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C>
Within one year $462.1 $ 551.6
After one year but within five 235.0 366.8
After five years but within 10 57.4 79.8
After 10 years 15.9 7.7
- ----------------------------------------------------------------
Total 1997 770.4 1 005.9
Total 1996 616.9 713.0
Total 1995 464.8 524.0
- ----------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
An option provides the option purchaser the right - but not the obligation - to
buy or sell a security at a fixed price on or before a specified date. The
option writer is obligated to buy or sell the security if the purchaser chooses
to exercise the option. These options include contracts in the interest rate,
foreign exchange, equity, and commodity markets. Interest rate options include
caps and floors. For caps and floors, the notional amounts are used to calculate
periodic cash flows. The notional amount of options grew in 1997 and 1996,
mainly due to our growth in market-making activities.
Financial review 21
<PAGE> 24
As of December 31, 1997, the notional amount of purchased options executed on an
exchange totaled $149.0 billion, and those negotiated over-the-counter totaled
$621.4 billion. Written options executed on an exchange totaled $92.8 billion,
while those negotiated over-the-counter totaled $913.1 billion at December 31,
1997.
On-balance sheet credit exposure exists for purchased options and is measured as
the positive fair value of the option contract. Our on-balance sheet credit
exposure for purchased options was $12.4 billion on December 31, 1997; $8.5
billion on December 31, 1996; and $5.2 billion on December 31, 1995. The
increase of this exposure is due to our increased market-making activity,
especially in interest rate options. There is no on-balance sheet credit
exposure from written option contracts, since these contracts represent
obligations, not assets, of J.P. Morgan.
CREDIT-RELATED FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
Credit-related financial instruments primarily result from activities engaged in
by our Finance and Advisory sector. They include:
- - loans (on-balance sheet)
- - commitments to extend credit (off-balance sheet)
- - standby letters of credit and guarantees (off-balance sheet)
- - indemnifications in connection with securities lending activities
(off-balance sheet)
The maximum credit risk of these credit-related instruments is measured by their
contractual amounts. For example, the maximum risk of a loan represents the
amount of money lent to the client. For off-balance sheet credit-related
instruments, the maximum risk represents the amount that would be owed should
the contract be drawn upon, the client defaults, and the collateral is
worthless. A significant number of off-balance sheet commitments expire without
being drawn upon. In the event of client default, our commitment obligations are
often protected by financial covenants and/or material adverse clauses - which
allow us to exit from a potential lending situation - in contracts of
credit-related financial instruments.
The following table presents the percentage of credit-related instruments by
counterparty credit rating, based on our internal credit ratings. As of December
31, 1997, 1996, and 1995, more than 85% of our potential credit exposure was
with counterparties of investment grade quality (internal rating of BBB or
higher).
CREDIT-RELATED INSTRUMENTS BY COUNTERPARTY CREDIT RATING
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
- -------------------------------------------------------------
Percentage at December 31 1997 1996 1995
- -------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
AAA, AA 24% 24% 23%
A 40 41 41
BBB 23 22 22
BB and below 13 13 14
- -------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL 100 100 100
- -------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
The following table lists our loans, commitments to extend credit, standby
letters of credit and guarantees, and securities lending indemnifications. It
also lists a profile of these instruments for 1997 by contractual maturity.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
- --------------------------------------------------------------------
Commit- Standby Securities
ments to letters of lending
extend credit and indemnifi-
In billions: December 31 Loans credit guarantees cations(a)
- --------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Within one year $13.1 $32.9 $7.1 $5.3
After one year
but within five 13.7 44.1 7.0 -
More than five years 4.8 3.4 1.7 -
- --------------------------------------------------------------------
Total 1997 31.6 80.4 15.8 5.3
Total 1996 28.1 64.7 13.9 5.5
Total 1995 23.5 55.1 11.7 5.4
- --------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
(a) At December 31, 1997, 1996, and 1995, we held cash and other collateral in
support of securities lending indemnifications.
Loans
We diversify our loan portfolio by borrower, industry, and geographic area. Our
loan portfolio consisted mainly of shorter-term loans for the past three years.
More than 40% of all loans will mature within one year, while 85% will mature
within five years. Approximately two-thirds of our loans are with investment
grade counterparties.
Commitments to extend credit
Commitments to extend credit are conditional contracts to lend money to a client
in the future under specific terms. The increases in our commitments during the
past three years are primarily a result of our continued support of clients'
commercial paper programs as well as growth in syndicated lending activities.
Over 90% of our commitments to extend credit are with investment grade
counterparties.
Standby letters of credit and guarantees
Standby letters of credit and guarantees are unconditional contracts issued to
support clients' obligations to third parties. The third party is the
beneficiary. If a client fails to perform a contractual obligation, we pay the
beneficiary on demand. The client is required to reimburse us for any payments
we make in connection with the standbys or guarantees. More than 90% of our
standby letters of credit and guarantees are with investment grade
counterparties.
22 Financial review
<PAGE> 25
Securities lending indemnifications
Under a securities lending indemnification contract, we guarantee that a
third-party lender of securities will be protected in the event that the
borrower defaults or refuses to meet its obligation. Since we are acting as the
third party's agent, we receive collateral from the borrower - in the form of
cash, securities, or letters of credit - equal to the market value of the
securities borrowed plus a margin. Securities borrowers are mainly nonbank
financial institutions. On average, securities are lent for less than 30 days.
NONPERFORMING ASSETS
Assets are considered nonperforming when:
- - a default occurs or is expected to occur
- - the payment of principal and/or interest or other cash flows is greater
than 30 to 90 days past due, depending upon the terms of the contract
- - management has serious doubts as to the collectibility of future cash
flows, even if the asset is currently performing
The following table presents nonperforming assets - net of charge offs - as of
December 31.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
- ------------------------------------------------------------
In millions: December 31 1997 1996 1995
- ------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Commercial and industrial $ 55 $ 89 $ 67
Banks and other financial
institutions 576 - -
Other 28 31 51
- ------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL NONPERFORMING ASSETS 659 120 118
- ------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
1997 versus 1996
Nonperforming assets increased to $659 million as of December 31, 1997, from
$120 million as of December 31, 1996, substantially reflecting concerns about
our credit exposure to certain Asian counterparties. Events in the region have
raised credit concerns regarding certain counterparties in Indonesia, South
Korea, and Thailand - countries that are subject to International Monetary Fund
support programs. During the fourth quarter of 1997, we designated as
nonperforming approximately $587 million of exposure to Asian counterparties,
primarily swaps, including disputed swap contracts with South Korean
counterparties.
Exposure to certain Asian counterparties
Since the devaluation of the Thai baht in July, the spreading liquidity crisis
and resulting economic corrections in Asia have been a dominant theme in world
financial markets. We continue to actively monitor the effect of evolving events
on our exposures, particularly in Indonesia, South Korea, and Thailand, and the
adequacy of our aggregate allowance for credit losses. In light of this
uncertainty, provisions and additional charge offs may be necessary.
As of December 31, 1997, our outstandings and commitments to counterparties in
Indonesia, South Korea, and Thailand totaled approximately $5.5 billion,
primarily consisting of loans, swaps, and debt investment securities. Exposures
arising from swaps and debt investment securities will fluctuate with market
movements. As of December 31, 1997, approximate outstandings and commitments by
country were: Indonesia, $800 million; South Korea, $3.5 billion; and Thailand,
$1.2 billion. Of the total amount, $0.8 billion of exposure was to governments,
$3.1 billion to banks (including government-sponsored institutions), and $1.6
billion to other corporate entities.
Additional information on cross-border and local outstandings and commitments
appears in the Asset-quality analysis section.
AGGREGATE ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES
We maintain an aggregate allowance for credit losses to absorb losses inherent
in our extensions of credit. Such extensions include:
- - loans and unused loan commitments
- - payments made on behalf of clients (e.g., standby letters of credit and
guarantees)
- - all other credit exposures, including derivatives
Refer to the Credit risk section of Risk management for further details.
The following table is an analysis of the aggregate allowance for credit losses
for the years ended December 31.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
- ------------------------------------------------------------
In millions 1997 1996 1995
- ------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
BALANCE, JANUARY 1 $1 116 $1 130 $1 131
- ------------------------------------------------------------
Recoveries 45 25 54
Charge offs:
Commercial and industrial (60) (30) (39)
Banks and other financial
institutions (17) - -
Other (2) (9) (16)
- ------------------------------------------------------------
Net charge offs (34) (14) (1)
- ------------------------------------------------------------
Translation adjustment (1) - -
- ------------------------------------------------------------
BALANCE, DECEMBER 31 1 081 1 116 1 130
- ------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
Financial review 23
<PAGE> 26
1997 versus 1996
Charge offs in 1997 and 1996 were $79 million and $39 million, respectively. The
increase is related primarily to counterparties in certain Asian countries.
1996 versus 1995
Charge offs in 1996 and 1995 were $39 million and $55 million, respectively.
They were related to relatively few borrowers and diversified by industry.
Each quarter, the Asset Quality Review Committee assesses the adequacy of the
aggregate allowance for credit losses. This group of senior officers recommends
the portion of credit exposure that should be classified as nonperforming, the
portion that should be charged off, and the provision, if any, needed to adjust
the balance of the aggregate allowance to the appropriate level. Many factors
are weighted, including:
- - business and economic conditions
- - regulatory requirements
- - our historical experience
- - concentrations of risk by country, industry, product, and client
- - the relative size of many of our credit exposures, given our wholesale
orientation
- - an estimate of expected losses as well as specific and general allocations
- - the level of charge offs and nonperforming assets
As of December 31, 1997, we considered approximately 60% of the aggregate
allowance for credit losses to relate to exposures to Indonesia, South Korea,
and Thailand. The aggregate allowance, however, remains available to absorb
losses inherent in our extensions of credit. In management's judgment, as of
December 31, 1997, the aggregate allowance for credit losses was at an adequate
level.
SOURCES OF FUNDS
We have developed and cultivated access to a diverse funding base around the
world. This enhances funding flexibility, limits dependence on any one source of
funds, and generally lowers the cost of funds. In making funding decisions,
management considers market conditions, prevailing interest rates, liquidity
needs, and the desired maturity profile.
Our sources of funds include:
- - interest-bearing and non-interest-bearing deposits
- - commercial paper
- - bank notes
- - trading account liabilities
- - repurchase agreements
- - federal funds
- - long-term debt
- - capital securities
SHORT-TERM BORROWINGS
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
- ---------------------------------------------------------------
In billions: Average balances 1997 1996 1995
- ---------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Interest-bearing deposits $55.9 $49.1 $43.8
Noninterest-bearing deposits 1.5 3.0 4.7
Commercial paper 4.9 4.1 2.8
Other liabilities for borrowed money 18.2 16.4 12.1
- ---------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
The above chart presents the average balances of our short-term borrowings.
Interest-bearing deposits include time deposits and certificates of deposit, and
generally have maturities of less than one year. Non-interest bearing deposits
include items in the process of collection and compensating balances from
clients. Other liabilities for borrowed money include bank notes with an
original maturity of less than one year, term federal funds purchased, and other
short-term borrowings.
LONG-TERM DEBT
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
- ------------------------------------------------------------
In billions: December 31 1997 1996 1995
- ------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Long-term debt qualifying as
risk-based capital $ 4.7 $ 3.7 $3.6
Long-term debt not qualifying as
risk-based capital 18.2 9.4 5.7
- ------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL LONG-TERM DEBT 22.9 13.1 9.3
- ------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
In 1997 we established a euro medium-term note program, pursued non-U.S. dollar
funding opportunities, and obtained approval from Japanese regulators to issue
bonds in the domestic Japanese market. Continuing the effort to extend the
maturity of our liabilities, we issued $12.3 billion in long-term debt (debt
with an original maturity greater than one year), of which approximately $1.4
billion qualifies as risk-based capital. Approximately $1.6 billion of
maturities and $458 million of early redemptions offset the additions to
long-term debt.
In 1996 we issued $5.3 billion of long-term debt, of which approximately $260
million qualified as risk-based capital. Offsetting the additions to long-term
debt were approximately $1.2 billion of maturities and early redemptions of $264
million.
24 Financial review
<PAGE> 27
Capital securities
In January 1997 JPM Capital Trust II, a wholly owned subsidiary of J.P. Morgan,
issued $400 million of 7.95% trust preferred securities. This qualified as tier
1 risk-based capital under the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System
guidelines. In November 1996 JPM Capital Trust I, a wholly owned subsidiary of
J.P. Morgan, issued $750 million of 7.54% trust preferred securities qualifying
as tier 1 risk-based capital.
STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
- ----------------------------------------------------------------
In millions: December 31 1997 1996 1995
- ----------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Common stockholders' equity $10 710 $10 738 $ 9 957
Total stockholders' equity 11 404 11 432 10 451
- ----------------------------------------------------------------
Total stockholders' equity to
year-end assets 4.4% 5.2% 5.7%
- ----------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
As of December 31, 1997, common and total stockholders' equity were essentially
unchanged from the prior year. Earnings in excess of common and preferred
dividends and increases related to shares under employee benefit plans were
offset by higher common stock repurchases. Common and total stockholders' equity
increased in 1996 because earnings retained were greater than common and
preferred dividends paid to stockholders.
Total stockholders' equity also increased in 1996 due to our preferred stock
issuance. The 1996 increases were offset in part by lower unrealized gains on
investment securities, net of taxes.
The ratio of total stockholders' equity to year-end assets decreased in 1997 and
1996 primarily as a result of the growth of $40 billion and $37 billion,
respectively, in year-end assets.
During 1997, we purchased 14 million common shares: approximately seven million
shares to lessen the dilutive impact on earnings per share of our employee
benefit plans, and approximately seven million shares pursuant to our Board of
Directors' December 1996 authorization to buy up to $750 million of common
stock, financed principally with the proceeds of a November 1996 issue of trust
preferred securities, as previously discussed in the Sources of funds section.
During 1996 and 1995, we purchased approximately seven million and four million
shares, respectively, of our common stock to reduce the dilutive impact on
earnings per share of the firm's employee benefit plans.
In December 1997 our Board declared an increase in the regular quarterly
dividend to $0.95 per share from $0.88 per share on the company's common stock
for the quarter ended December 31, 1997. Our Board also approved the additional
purchase of up to seven million shares of our common stock to lessen the
dilutive impact on earnings per share of our employee benefit plans. These
purchases may be made in 1998 or beyond in the open market or through privately
negotiated transactions.
In 1996, J.P. Morgan issued $200 million of perpetual 6 5/8% cumulative
preferred stock, series H, with a stated value of $500 per share. These shares
are represented by four million depositary shares with a stated value of $50 per
share. Each depositary share represents one-tenth of a preferred share.
CAPITAL STRENGTH
J.P. Morgan, our subsidiaries, and certain foreign branches of our bank
subsidiary, Morgan Guaranty Trust Company of New York (Morgan Guaranty), are
required to meet the capital adequacy rules of several U.S. and foreign
regulators. Our primary federal banking regulator, the Federal Reserve Board,
establishes minimum capital requirements for J.P. Morgan, the consolidated bank
holding company, and for some of our subsidiaries, including Morgan Guaranty.
The Federal Reserve Board has risk-based capital guidelines for evaluating the
capital adequacy of bank holding companies and banks. In addition, guidelines
for a leverage ratio designed to complement the risk-based capital ratios have
been established. A bank holding company and bank are considered well
capitalized if certain risk-based capital and leverage ratios are maintained.
J.P. Morgan and its principal subsidiaries exceeded the minimum standards set by
each regulator as of December 31, 1997. J.P. Morgan and Morgan Guaranty also
exceeded the minimum standards for a well capitalized bank holding company and
bank, respectively, as of December 31, 1997, and are aware of no conditions or
events since year-end that would change our well capitalized status.
New rules from the federal reserve board
As of September 30, 1997, J.P. Morgan adopted the Federal Reserve Board's new
market risk capital guidelines for calculation of risk-based capital ratios. The
new framework amends the existing guidelines by incorporating a measure of
market risk for trading positions. The new rule is based on an amendment to the
Basle Capital Accord that requires banking institutions with significant trading
activity to measure and hold capital in support of their exposure to market
risk. Under the new standard, our risk-based capital ratios take into account:
- - general market risk and specific issuer risk of our debt and equity
trading portfolios
- - general market risk associated with all trading and nontrading foreign
exchange and commodity positions
Financial review 25
<PAGE> 28
As part of the new rule, we are required to measure our market risk exposure
using internal models to calculate daily value at risk. Our internal model
assumptions have been modified from those used in our day-to-day risk management
process, as discussed in our Risk management section, to conform with the
confidence levels and other assumptions specified by the regulators for the
calculation of risk-based capital ratios. Our participation in the new framework
has been approved by the regulators.
In addition, the new guidelines no longer exclude the capital and assets of J.P.
Morgan Securities Inc. (JPMSI), our Section 20 subsidiary, from risk-based
capital calculations for J.P. Morgan, the bank holding company. The guidelines
also reduce the minimum leverage ratio required for a bank holding company to
retain a well capitalized status from 4% to 3%. The guidelines continue to
exclude the effect of Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) No.
115, Accounting for Certain Investments in Debt and Equity Securities. The
adoption of the new guidelines had a beneficial impact on the ratios of both
J.P. Morgan and Morgan Guaranty.
December 31, 1997 - Our capital ratios under the new rules
Under the new rules, our risk-based capital and leverage ratios as of December
31, 1997, are:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
- -----------------------------------------------------------------
Well
Required capitalized
J.P. Morgan J.P. Morgan minimum minimum
- -----------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Tier 1 capital 8.0% 4.0% 6.0%
Total risk-based capital 11.9 8.0 10.0
- -----------------------------------------------------------------
Leverage 4.4 3.0 3.0
- -----------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
- --------------------------------------------------------------------
Well
Morgan Required capitalized
Morgan Guaranty Guaranty minimum minimum
- --------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Tier 1 capital 7.8% 4.0% 6.0%
Total risk-based capital 10.8 8.0 10.0
- --------------------------------------------------------------------
Leverage 5.2 3.0 5.0
- --------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
December 31, 1996 - Our capital ratios under the former rules
Our prior-period risk-based capital ratios and amounts were not restated for the
new Federal Reserve Board guidelines adopted September 30, 1997, as discussed
above. As a result, for J.P. Morgan, the equity, assets, and off-balance sheet
exposures of JPMSI are excluded from the calculation. For both J.P. Morgan and
Morgan Guaranty, the effect of SFAS No. 115 is also excluded. Our ratios as of
December 31, 1996, are presented in the following table.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
- ------------------------------------------------------------------
Well
Required capitalized
J.P. Morgan J.P. Morgan minimum minimum
- ------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Tier 1 capital 8.8% 4.0% 6.0%
Total risk-based capital 12.2 8.0 10.0
- ------------------------------------------------------------------
Leverage 5.9 3.0 4.0
- ------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
- ------------------------------------------------------------------
Well
Morgan Required capitalized
Morgan Guaranty Guaranty minimum minimum
- ------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Tier 1 capital 8.2% 4.0% 6.0%
Total risk-based capital 11.5 8.0 10.0
- ------------------------------------------------------------------
Leverage 5.3 3.0 5.0
- ------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
Our risk-based capital
The following table shows the components of J.P. Morgan's risk-based capital
under the new and former guidelines at December 31.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------
Includes JPMSI Excludes JPMSI
December 31 December 31
In millions 1997 1996 1995
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Common stockholders' equity $10 281 $10 276 $ 9 393
Adjustable and fixed-rate
cumulative preferred stock 444 444 244
Company-obligated mandatorily
redeemable preferred
securities of subsidiaries 1 150 750 -
Less: investments in certain
subsidiaries and goodwill 21(a) 597(a) 604(a)
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------
TIER 1 CAPITAL 11 854 10 873 9 033
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------
Variable cumulative
preferred stock 248 248 248
Long-term debt qualifying as
risk-based capital 4 743 3 692 3 590
Qualifying aggregate allowance
for credit losses 1 059 1 097 1 130
Less: investments in certain
subsidiaries 224(a) 765(a) 603(a)
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------
TIER 2 CAPITAL 5 826 4 272 4 365
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL RISK-BASED CAPITAL 17 680 15 145 13 398
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
(a) Certain portions of our investments in certain subsidiaries are deducted
from both tier 1 and tier 2 capital.
Our risk-adjusted assets
Risk-adjusted assets represent the total of all assets on the balance sheet
adjusted for risk-based factors as prescribed by the Federal Reserve Board.
J.P. Morgan's risk-adjusted assets as of December 31, 1997, were $148.5 billion.
Our risk-adjusted assets as of December 31, 1996 and 1995, computed under former
Federal Reserve Board guidelines, were $123.9 billion and $103.1 billion,
respectively. These former guidelines exclude the assets and off-balance sheet
exposure of JPMSI. Additional information is provided in the risk-adjusted
assets section of Capital and funding analysis.
26 Financial review
<PAGE> 29
ACCOUNTING CHANGES AND DEVELOPMENTS
Accounting for transfers of assets and servicing of financial assets and
extinguishments of liabilities
In June 1996 the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Statement of
Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) No. 125, Accounting for Transfers of
Assets and Servicing of Financial Assets and Extinguishments of Liabilities,
which provides new accounting and reporting standards for sales,
securitizations, and servicing of receivables and other financial assets, and
extinguishments of liabilities. In December 1996, FASB issued SFAS No. 127,
Deferral of the Effective Date of Certain Provisions of FASB Statement No. 125.
This statement deferred the provisions of SFAS No. 125 for transfers involving
repurchase agreements, securities borrowing/lending transactions, and financial
assets provided as collateral until January 1, 1998. Effective January 1, 1997,
we adopted the provisions of SFAS No. 125 for transfers of assets, servicing
rights, and extinguishments of liabilities. Effective January 1, 1998, we
adopted the provisions of SFAS No. 127. The adoption of these standards did not
have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
Reporting comprehensive income
In 1997, FASB issued SFAS No. 130, Reporting Comprehensive Income, which
establishes the concept of comprehensive income and provides standards for
reporting it. Comprehensive income is defined as the change in equity of an
entity excluding such transactions with stockholders as the issuance of common
or preferred stock, payment of dividends, and purchase of treasury shares.
Comprehensive income has two major components: net income, as reported in the
consolidated statement of income, and other comprehensive income. Other
comprehensive income includes such items as unrealized gains and losses on
available-for-sale securities and foreign currency translation. We are required
to adopt SFAS No. 130 starting with our interim financial statements for the
quarter ended March 31, 1998. This standard is limited to issues of reporting
and presentation, and does not address recognition or measurement. Its adoption,
therefore, will not affect our earnings, liquidity, or capital resources.
Disclosures about segments of an enterprise and related information
In 1997, FASB issued SFAS No. 131, Disclosures about Segments of an Enterprise
and Related Information. This standard establishes the criteria for determining
an operating segment and the required financial information to be disclosed.
SFAS No. 131 also establishes standards for disclosing related information
regarding products and services, geographic areas and major customers. This
standard supersedes SFAS No. 14, Financial Reporting for Segments of a Business
Enterprise. We are required to adopt this standard starting with our financial
statements for the year ended December 31, 1998. This standard is limited to
issues of reporting and presentation and does not address recognition or
measurement. Its adoption, therefore, will not affect our earnings, liquidity,
or capital resources.
Employer's disclosures about pensions and other postretirement benefits
In February 1998, FASB issued SFAS No. 132, Employer's Disclosures about
Pensions and Other Postretirement Benefits, which revises employer's disclosures
about pensions and other postretirement benefits. This standard supersedes the
disclosure requirements for pension and other benefits of SFAS No. 87,
Employer's Accounting for Pensions; SFAS No. 88, Employer's Accounting for
Settlements and Curtailments of Defined Benefit Plans and for Termination
Benefits; and SFAS No. 106, Employer's Accounting for Postretirement Benefits
Other than Pensions. The standard requires additional information on the changes
in the benefit obligations and plan assets and eliminates certain disclosures to
facilitate the financial analysis of these plans. We are required to adopt this
standard starting with our financial statements for the year ended December 31,
1998. This standard is limited to issues of reporting and presentation and does
not address recognition or measurement. Therefore, its adoption will not affect
our earnings, liquidity or capital resources.
Accounting for derivative and similar financial instruments and for hedging
activities
Throughout 1997 FASB has continued its deliberations of its Exposure Draft,
Accounting for Derivative and Similar Financial Instruments and for Hedging
Activities, which provides new accounting and reporting standards for derivative
instruments and hedging activities. FASB is expected to issue a final standard
in the first quarter of 1998 that would take effect for our financial statements
beginning January 1, 2000. The current proposed standard would significantly
change the accounting treatment for derivative instruments and hedging
activities. We are currently in the process of evaluating the potential impact
of the proposed new standard.
Financial review 27
<PAGE> 30
RISK MANAGEMENT
OUR CORPORATE STRATEGY FOR MANAGING RISK
The major risks associated with our businesses are:
- - market risk
- - liquidity risk
- - credit risk
- - operating risk
We have developed comprehensive risk management processes to facilitate,
control, and monitor risk taking. These processes are built on a foundation of
early identification and measurement. They continually evolve as our business
activities change in response to market, credit, product, and other
developments. We constantly seek to strengthen our risk monitoring process,
particularly by investing in technology and training. Periodic reviews by
internal auditors, regulators, and independent accountants subject our practices
to additional scrutiny and further strengthen our process.
HOW WE ARE ORGANIZED TO MANAGE RISK
We have established control mechanisms at various levels within the firm to
ensure high standards of risk management. Business managers are given the
primary responsibility for managing risk. From an oversight perspective, the
Corporate Risk Management group develops and implements a firmwide process for
managing and measuring market, liquidity, and credit risk across all of our
activities. Various risk committees participate in the process as well, by
providing forums for senior management oversight of our risk profile and for
assessing solutions for specific risk issues. In addition, our audit, legal,
financial, and operations groups are involved from a variety of perspectives in
tracking risk by making sure our business is operating within established
corporate policies and limits. Our Board of Directors periodically reviews
changes in our risk profiles and performance as well as any significant
developments relating to risk that need to be managed.
BUSINESS MANAGERS
Our business managers, working within corporate policies and limits, are
responsible for managing risks in the activities and markets in which they do
business. These managers, located in markets around the world, have firsthand
knowledge of changes in market, industry, credit, economic, and political
conditions in their host countries. They are therefore well equipped to use
their experience and insight, along with risk management tools, to adjust their
business strategies in a timely manner. They continually review new activities
and material changes to our existing activities to ensure that significant risks
are identified and appropriate control procedures are in place. We are careful
to mitigate against losses from unexpected events by diversifying our activities
across a variety of instruments, markets, clients, and geographic regions.
CORPORATE RISK MANAGEMENT GROUP
The Corporate Risk Management group (CRMG) acts independently of our business
groups and is managed by the head of the Risk Management Committee, who reports
directly to the chairman and chief executive officer. The primary objective of
CRMG is to develop, communicate, and implement the firm's view of and process
for managing risk across J.P. Morgan. CRMG also supports the firm in efforts to
identify and implement opportunities to optimize risk-based return on capital.
To accomplish these objectives, this group:
- - maintains a common risk management framework throughout the firm
- - establishes and controls market risk limits and concentration limits for
credit risk for products, industries, and geographic regions
- - performs independent reviews of significant risk concentrations and has
the authority to challenge any risk position
- - oversees allocation of balance sheet capacity and adherence to capital
targets
28 Risk management
<PAGE> 31
RISK COMMITTEES
In addition to CRMG, the following committees oversee the firm's various risk
profiles. These committees comprise members of senior management.
The Risk Management Committee provides an oversight role in the management of
all market- and credit-related risks. This committee comprises the firm's most
senior professionals, chaired by the head of CRMG. The committee adds
transparency around principal risks through regular attendance from senior
business managers to discuss, among other matters, significant market and credit
exposures, concentrations of positions, risk strategies, financial strength,
asset quality, position and risk limits exceptions, and special agenda items
such as potential new transactions/products and policy updates.
The Operating Risk Committee is responsible for setting the firm's overall
strategic operating risk agenda and monitoring its progress.
The Liquidity Risk Committee reviews trends in the firm's overall liquidity risk
profile and communicates any significant changes to the Risk Management
Committee.
The Capital Committee manages the firm's overall capital structure, with the
goal of maximizing shareholder value within a strong capital position relative
to risk.
The Investment Committee oversees our proprietary equity investments sector
activities, advises on portfolio strategy, approves all investments made over
defined limits, and monitors portfolio issues.
A detailed discussion of our management of market, liquidity, credit, and
operating risks follows.
MARKET RISK
Market risk refers to the risk of loss due to movements in market prices and
rates. This type of risk arises from trading and investing activities undertaken
by both client-related and proprietary businesses. The exposure to this risk
stems from diverse factors that affect changes in interest and foreign exchange
rates, equity and commodity prices, and the correlations among them and their
levels of volatility.
The portfolio effects of holding diverse instruments across a variety of
businesses and geographic areas help to reduce the potential impact on earnings
from market risk activities.
How we manage market risk
Our ability to estimate potential losses that could arise from adverse changes
in market conditions is a key element of managing market risk. Our primary tool
for measuring and monitoring market risk is referred to as Daily Earnings at
Risk (DEaR), a mathematical methodology that estimates the firm's exposure to
market risk within a given level of confidence, over a defined time period. DEaR
takes into consideration almost all financial instruments which expose the firm
to market risk. Instruments that have market risk but are not included in our
DEaR calculation primarily include investments held in our equity investments
sector as well as investments held as part of our credit investment portfolio
included in our Proprietary Investing and Trading sector. Our equity investments
are monitored separately by the Investment Committee; our credit investment
portfolio is monitored by the Risk Management Committee.
We utilize DEaR as one tool to estimate potential market risk related to our
trading and investing activities. In addition, CRMG sets DEaR limits for:
- - each global trading business
- - firm-wide trading activities combined
- - firm-wide trading and investing activities combined (aggregate DEaR)
Within this overall limit framework, business managers set regional, local,
product, and trader limits or guidelines where appropriate. The level of risk to
be assumed is based on our overall objectives, business manager experience,
client and regulatory requirements, market liquidity, and volatility.
On a daily basis, we estimate DEaR for each global trading business, as well as
for firmwide trading and aggregate market risk. Management reviews daily reports
of profit and loss, aggregate positions, and the firm's market risk profile.
These reports compare estimated DEaR by individual activity and by risk type
with relevant DEaR limits, and include a description of significant positions
and a discussion of market conditions. Risk managers meet daily to discuss the
firm's global market risk profile and trading and investing strategies.
Risk management 29
<PAGE> 32
Our DEaR methodology is a uniform measure to communicate and evaluate the
relative level of market risk within and across business activities and major
markets. Since no single measure, however, can capture all the dimensions of
market risk, we regularly supplement our DEaR calculations with stress testing
at both the firmwide and business-specific levels. Stress testing measures the
impact on the firm's portfolios of abnormal movements in market risk factors.
This provides an analysis to senior management of the potential impact on the
firm's revenue. In selective cases based on the results of our stress tests, we
supplement DEaR limits with "event risk" limits - risk of loss beyond the
expected confidence level - for those portfolios that are particularly
susceptible to extreme market-related valuation losses.
In addition to stress testing, CRMG performs periodic business risk reviews of
the firm's risk-taking units. These reviews include, but are not limited to, a
detailed risk analysis on selected portfolios, including a review of the
liquidity and turnover of trading asset inventories, as well as issues related
to new products and the models and controls used to calculate and monitor market
and credit risk.
Daily Earnings at Risk (DEaR) Methodology
DEaR is an estimate, at a 95% confidence level, of the worst expected loss in
the value of our portfolios over a one-day time horizon. The DEaR measure takes
into account numerous variables that may cause a change in the value of our
portfolios, including interest rates, foreign exchange rates, securities and
commodities prices, and their volatilities, as well as correlations among these
variables (a variance/covariance methodology). DEaR's one-day horizon allows for
a consistent and uniform measure of market risk across all applicable products
and activities. It also facilitates regular comparison of risk estimates to
daily trading results, providing an indication of the quality of these estimates
as well as opportunities to enhance our risk measurement processes. In
estimating DEaR, it is necessary to make assumptions about market behavior. Our
standard forecast assumes a normal distribution and an adverse market movement
of 1.65 standard deviations. Our financial group regularly calculates, reviews,
and updates the empirical volatilities and correlations that serve as the basis
for the DEaR methodology.
Based on this statistical foundation, DEaR provides a summary measure of market
risk. For instance, DEaR for our trading activities on December 31, 1997, was
$28 million at a 95% confidence level. In other words, there is about a 5%
chance that under normal market conditions a loss greater than $28 million will
occur over the course of one day, as a result of our trading positions on
December 31, 1997.
Market risk activities
The following section presents the market risk profiles for the firm as of and
for the years ended December 31, 1997 and 1996. The level of market risk, which
is measured on a diversified basis, will vary with market factors, the level of
client activity, and price and market movements.
Aggregate DEaR
Average aggregate DEaR was $29 million in 1997, down 6% from $31 million in
1996, primarily reflecting a decrease in proprietary investing activities.
Aggregate DEaR ranged from $22 million to $37 million in 1997, and $24 million
to $44 million in 1996. At December 31, 1997 and 1996, aggregate DEaR was $31
million and $36 million, respectively.
30 Risk management
<PAGE> 33
DEaR for trading activities
Average DEaR for trading activities was $23 million in 1997, up 10% from the
prior year average of $21 million. The increase reflects higher levels of
trading activity across the spectrum of our business activities, as well as
higher market volatilities, especially in the fourth quarter.
The market risk profiles, as measured by DEaR, for our trading activities for
each business day in 1997 and 1996 are presented in the graph below.
DEaR FOR TRADING ACTIVITIES
[GRAPH]
Depicted on page 31 of the annual report is a timeline of Daily Earnings at
Risk for our combined trading activities for each business day in 1996 and
1997, as well as the average quarterly DEaR, in millions of dollars, for each
quarter of 1996 and 1997. For 1996, in millions of dollars, the high was $28,
the low was $13, and the average was $21. For 1997, in millions of dollars, the
high was $35, the low was $15, and the average was $23.
The average and period-end DEaR for 1997 and 1996, segregated by type of market
risk exposure associated with our trading activities, is presented in the table
below.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
1997 1996 Dec 31, Dec 31,
In millions Average Average 1997 1996
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Interest rate risk $ 20 $ 16 $ 26 $ 21
Foreign exchange rate risk 7 6 12 9
Equity price risk 8 5 13 7
Commodity price risk 3 4 4 4
Diversification effects (15) (10) (27) (14)
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total 23 21 28 27
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
As of December 31, 1997, our primary risk exposures to interest rates originate
from trading activities in sovereign and corporate bond markets across most
markets, mortgage-backed securities markets in the U.S., and interest rate
derivatives. They also include yield curve, vega, and basis risk primarily
concentrated in our European and American trading activities. With respect to
our foreign exchange risk, our exposure is primarily associated with the
currencies of G7 countries. Our primary risk exposure for equities price risk is
associated with our European equity derivatives portfolios. Given the nature of
our business, we expect frequent changes to our primary risk exposures over the
course of a year. Our approach to managing market risk considers this
expectation.
Risk management 31
<PAGE> 34
DEaR effectiveness:
In 1997, our DEaR estimates remained reasonable. During the year the number of
occurrences where actual daily revenue fell short of average daily revenue by
amounts greater than related DEaR estimates were consistent with statistical
expectations.
The graph below represents the 1997 distribution of worldwide daily revenues
associated with our trading activities, which includes trading revenue,
trading-related net interest revenue, commissions, and other sources of revenue.
As noted in the graph, average daily revenues in 1997 were $12.5 million.
[GRAPH]
Depicted on page 32 of the annual report is a histogram showing the frequency
distribution of 1997 daily combined trading-related revenue generated by our
trading businesses, in millions of dollars. It also shows the upside and
downside confidence bands around which our daily revenue was distributed.
We use this graph of daily revenues to compare the accuracy of what our DEaR
predicts to what actually occurred during the year. The confidence bands, which
represent 1.65 standard deviations around average daily revenue, imply an
average DEaR of $24 million, compared to our actual average DEaR estimate of $23
million. We also evaluate various downside risk indicators. For example, in 1997
daily revenue fell short of the downside confidence band on 12 days, or less
than 5% of the time. Most of these occurrences fell in the fourth quarter,
mainly as a result of increased levels of market volatility.
32 Risk management
<PAGE> 35
DEaR for proprietary investing activities
The primary sources of market risk associated with our proprietary investing
activities relate to interest rate risk associated with fixed income securities
and spread risk associated with our mortgage-backed securities portfolio. In
1997 DEaR for our proprietary investing activities averaged $16 million and
ranged from $10 million to $25 million. This compares with average DEaR of $22
million and a range from $10 million to $37 million in 1996. The decrease in
average DEaR is related primarily to the mortgage-backed securities portfolio.
At December 31, 1997, and 1996, DEaR for our proprietary investing activities
was $15 million and $24 million, respectively.
Due to the longer-term nature of our investing activities, we use a weekly time
horizon to evaluate our risk estimates relative to total return. In 1997 the
number of times weekly total return fell short of expected weekly results by
amounts greater than related weekly risk estimates was consistent with
statistical expectations.
Not included in our proprietary investing DEaR is the impact of our credit
investment portfolio. At December 31, 1997, the estimated impact of this
portfolio on DEaR for our proprietary investing activities was $2 million.
However, we manage the risks associated with the credit investment portfolio
consistent with and as part of our approach to managing other forms of credit
risk, which have a long term horizon for risk evaluation.
LIQUIDITY RISK
Liquidity risk is the risk of being unable to fund our portfolio of assets at
reasonable rates and to appropriate maturities.
How we manage liquidity risk
The Global Liquidity Management group is responsible for identifying, measuring
and monitoring our liquidity profile, and for ensuring that our current and
future funding requirements are met. We raise funds globally from a variety of
instruments, including:
- - deposits
- - commercial paper
- - bank notes
- - repurchase agreements
- - federal funds
- - long-term debt
- - capital securities
Our liquidity policy is to maintain sufficient capital, plus long-term debt and
capital securities, to ensure the capacity to fund the institution on a fully
collateralized basis, if necessary. Further, on a weekly basis, we perform
stress tests on our liquidity profile to evaluate the accuracy of our
projections and our ability to raise funds, even under adverse circumstances.
CREDIT RISK
Credit risk represents the possibility that corporations, non-bank financial
institutions, governments, banks, and individuals (collectively referred to as
counterparties) will default on their obligations to us.
Credit risk arises in many of our business activities. In our lending
activities, it occurs primarily through loans, conditional contracts to lend
money to a client in the future under specific terms (commitments), and
unconditional contracts to support clients' obligations to third parties
(standby letters of credit and guarantees).
In sales and trading activities, credit risk arises because of the possibility
that our counterparty will not be able to fulfill its obligation on a
transaction on or before settlement date.
In derivative activities, credit risk arises when counterparties to derivative
contracts such as interest rate swaps are obligated to pay us the positive fair
value or receivable resulting from the execution of contract terms.
We are subject to credit risk when we act as an intermediary on behalf of our
clients and other third parties. Examples of this include indemnifying third
party lenders on the performance of their borrowers on stock loan transactions,
and advancing payments to third parties on behalf of securities clearance and
settlement activities.
Credit risk also arises from issuers of government and corporate bonds and
equity securities utilized in our market making and proprietary investing
activities. This form of credit risk is measured and managed as part of our
market risk management process.
Risk management 33
<PAGE> 36
How we measure exposure
Credit exposure is measured in terms of both current and potential exposure.
Current credit exposure is generally represented by the notional or principal
value of on-balance sheet financial instruments and off-balance sheet direct
credit substitutes, such as standby letters of credit and guarantees. Current
credit exposure includes the positive fair value of derivative instruments.
Because many of our exposures vary with changes in market prices and the
borrowing needs of our clients, we also estimate the potential credit exposure
over the remaining term of transactions through statistical analyses of market
prices and borrowing patterns.
In determining our exposure, we consider collateral and master netting
agreements which we utilize to reduce individual counterparty risk, primarily in
connection with derivative products. Under master netting agreements, gains and
losses associated with transactions with the same counterparty are offset, so
that exposure is limited to the net of all the gains and losses with such
counterparty.
The framework of polices and practices to measure credit exposure are
established by CRMG.
How we manage credit risk
We actively manage credit risk at the individual transaction, counterparty,
country, and other portfolio levels using a variety of qualitative and
quantitative measures.
The most important step in the management of credit risk is the initial decision
whether or not to extend credit. We do this on a name-by-name basis. Based on an
evaluation of the counterparty's creditworthiness and the type of credit
arrangement desired, credit limits are assigned by experienced credit officers
that govern how much credit we will extend for a given transaction or in total
to that counterparty. The creditworthiness is determined by evaluating the
counterparty's ability to fulfill its obligations and is the basis for assigning
an internal credit rating. The rating is analogous to ratings assigned by public
ratings agencies in the U.S. and considers the counterparty's current and
projected financial condition as well as the covenants, collateral, and
protection available to us in the event of a deterioration in credit quality.
The authority to extend credit is held by credit officers who are located in our
offices around the world. Authority is granted at different levels, with the
largest or riskiest credit extension decisions requiring the approval of a
senior credit manager.
Our credit officers, along with our business managers, are responsible for
continued monitoring of our counterparties. After credit has been extended, the
credit officer is responsible for the ongoing appraisal of the counterparty's
credit quality. Senior credit managers regularly review current and potential
exposure and adherence to limits on both an individual counterparty and
portfolio basis. The Vice Chairman of the Risk Management Committee or the
Senior Credit Officer regularly reviews name-by-name those counterparties to
whom we have a significant amount of credit at risk. In addition, CRMG sets
concentration limits for various industries, countries and products.
The Risk Management Committee regularly reviews the firm's overall credit risk
profile and discusses changes as necessary in light of current market
conditions.
How we estimate potential losses and the aggregate allowance for credit losses
Our credit review procedures are designed to promote early identification of
counterparty, country, industry, and product exposures that require a
higher-than-normal degree of scrutiny. Counterparties whose financial condition
or performance has deteriorated from levels anticipated at the time of the
initial extension of credit may be placed on our special review list. Once
identified, names on the special review list are carefully monitored by the
Asset Quality Review Committee, which meets quarterly. This group of senior
officers recommends the amount of exposures that should be classified as
nonperforming, and the portion of credit exposures that should be charged off,
and may recommend actions to be taken to minimize credit losses.
In managing our credit risk, we estimate potential default losses associated
with our credit exposures using an expected loss methodology which recognizes
that in any portfolio of credit exposures there are inherent losses that have
not yet been identified. The firm's primary measure of potential losses is
referred to as annual expected loss. The annual expected loss is an estimate,
based on historical data, of the amount of money we should expect to lose in an
average year, net of recoveries. This measure incorporates management's
evaluation of several variables, including:
- - the credit quality of our counterparties
- - the amount and duration of credit exposure
- - default probabilities
- - collateral values
- - our ability to reduce exposure in situations of deteriorating
creditworthiness
- - expected recovery rates in the event of default
34 Risk management
<PAGE> 37
The annual expected loss calculation excludes specific allocations to
counterparties and countries once a particular credit concern has been
identified. The annual expected loss is not a forecast of the specific charge
offs we anticipate in the next year or in any particular year, but an average
figure assuming we maintain a constant credit risk portfolio over an extended
period of time. This reflects the nature of the credit business, where for most
of the time losses are low but the chance always exists that losses could be
much higher than expected in any one given year.
We maintain an aggregate allowance for credit losses to absorb losses inherent
in our extensions of credit, including:
- - loans and unused loan commitments
- - payments made on behalf of clients (e.g., standby letters of credit and
guarantees)
- - all other credit exposures, including derivatives
Each quarter, the Asset Quality Review Committee assesses the adequacy of the
aggregate allowance for credit losses and any provision necessary to adjust the
balance of the aggregate allowance to the appropriate level. Many factors are
weighted, including:
- - business and economic conditions
- - regulatory requirements
- - our historical experience
- - concentrations of risk by country, industry, product, and client
- - the relative size of many of our credit exposures given our wholesale
orientation
- - an estimate of expected losses as well as specific and general allocations
- - the level of charge offs and nonperforming assets
Annual expected loss, by definition, does not take into account unexpected
losses. In any given year, there is a chance that losses can exceed the expected
losses. Our strong capital position is available to absorb such losses. We
estimate potential unexpected losses (referred to as capital at risk) by
considering the volatility of corporate defaults and correlation of market moves
with counterparty credit quality, as well as our portfolio's diversification
across counterparties, industries, and geographic regions. Together, the annual
expected loss, allocations of the allowance, and capital at risk give us an
estimate of a potential aggregate credit risk-related loss we could incur based
on desired levels of confidence.
No single measure can capture all dimensions of credit risk. To ensure our
understanding of the potential range of adverse outcomes from the firm's credit
risk, we supplement the measures described above with additional credit risk
information and tools, including stress tests. These sensitivity analyses,
together with management's judgment, are aimed at estimating the potential
exposure and losses resulting from changes to the parameters of our credit risk
models.
At December 31, 1997, the aggregate allowance for credit losses was $1.1
billion. In management's judgment as of December 31, 1997, the aggregate
allowance for credit losses was adequate.
OPERATING RISK
Operating risk is the potential for loss arising from breakdowns in our policies
and controls for ensuring the proper functioning of our people, systems, and
facilities. Operating risk includes:
- - Execution risk is the risk that, at any stage of the transaction
lifecycle, the execution of a transaction is inconsistent with
management's intentions and expectations. Key aspects of execution risk
include failure to detect and manage unauthorized transactions, improper
capture, and processing and recording of transaction details, as well as
inadequate safeguarding of assets.
- - Information risk results from the unavailability of, poor quality of,
improper utilization of, or inappropriate access to information that is
created, received, processed, stored, or transmitted within or outside the
firm. Information risk includes the risks arising from the processes and
technology used to manage information.
- - Relationship risk is the risk to the firm of damaging client relationships
as a result of inappropriate or unsatisfactory delivery of products or
services. This risk also includes the risk of entering into relationships
with clients and counterparties whose character or business practices do
not meet our standards.
- - Legal/regulatory risk is the risk of changes to, or non-compliance with,
federal, state, or local laws and regulations, or lack of conformity with
relevant standards (e.g., accounting standards). It is also the risk that
a transaction is not legally enforceable, or becomes unenforceable over
its life, or that contractual obligations will not be fulfilled.
- - People risk includes the potential for a lack of appropriate skills and
resources and related supervision to meet business requirements, for the
misuse of these resources, and the potential for poor judgment or improper
behavior of staff.
Risk management 35
<PAGE> 38
How we manage operating risk
The Operating Risk Committee is responsible for setting the firm's overall
strategic operating risk agenda and monitoring its progress. The Committee meets
regularly to discuss the most significant operating risks facing the firm, to
monitor the health of the control environment, and to initiate actions as
necessary to offset those risks.
Primary responsibility for managing operating risk rests with business managers.
These individuals, with the support of their staff, are responsible for
establishing and maintaining internal control procedures that are appropriate
for their operating environments. To this end, the objectives of each business
activity are identified and the risks associated with those objectives are
assessed. Considering the nature and magnitude of these risks, the business
managers institute a series of policies, standards, and procedures to manage
these risks. A periodic self-assessment program and monitoring mechanisms help
ensure that established internal controls are effective and are operating in
accordance with the established standards.
Our Internal Audit department is charged with objectively reviewing our business
activities to assess the quality of the control environment and to recommend
actions that need to be taken to address any issues. It supports the Audit and
Examining Committee, which serves as a key independent oversight body composed
of members of the Board of Directors which are independent of management. This
committee is kept abreast of the overall and business level control environment,
as well as the status of important control initiatives.
Our control environment encompasses all of the above elements and is built on
the integrity, competence, and supervision of our professionals, as well as
management's control philosophy and operating style. This comprehensive system
of internal controls is designed to ensure compliance with the policies and
procedures of the firm and the appropriate management of operating risks, all of
which support attaining the firm's strategic objectives.
Preparation for the year 2000 and the formation of the Economic and Monetary
Union in Europe (EMU) represent two unique examples of potential operating risk
facing many companies today. Refer to the Operating expenses section for a
discussion of the expenses associated with the year 2000 and EMU.
The year 2000 initiative
With the new millennium rapidly approaching, organizations are examining their
computer systems to ensure they are year 2000 compliant. The issue, in simple
terms, is that many existing computer systems use only two numbers to identify a
year in the date field with the assumption that the first two digits are always
19. As the century is implied in the date, on January 1, 2000, computers that
are not year 2000 compliant will assume the year is 1900. Systems that
calculate, compare, or sort using the incorrect date will cause erroneous
results, ranging from system malfunctions to incorrect or incomplete transaction
processing. If not remedied, potential risks include business interruption or
shutdown, financial loss, reputation loss, and/or legal liability.
J.P. Morgan has undertaken a firmwide initiative to address the year 2000 issue
and has developed a comprehensive plan to prepare, as appropriate, our computer
systems. Each business line has taken responsibility for identifying and fixing
the problem within its own area of operation and for addressing all
interdependencies. A multidisciplinary team of internal and external experts
supports the business teams by providing direction and firmwide coordination.
Working together, the business and multidisciplinary teams have completed a
thorough education and awareness initiative and a global inventory and
assessment of our technology and application portfolio to understand the scope
of the year 2000 impact at Morgan. We presently are renovating and testing these
technologies and applications in partnership with external consulting and
software development organizations, as well as with year 2000 tool providers. We
are on target with our plan to substantially complete renovation, testing, and
validation of our key systems by year-end 1998 and to participate in
industry-wide testing (or streetwide testing) in 1999. We are also working with
key external parties, including clients, counterparties, vendors, exchanges,
depositories, utilities, suppliers, agents, and regulatory agencies, to stem the
potential risks the year 2000 problem poses to us and to the global financial
community.
36 Risk management
<PAGE> 39
Economic and Monetary Union in Europe (EMU)
EMU refers to the movement toward economic and monetary union in Europe with the
ultimate goal of introducing a single currency called the euro. Monetary union
will have profound financial and political implications. It removes the
existence of different currencies, monetary policies, and, to some degree,
fiscal policies from Europe's financial markets. It effectively brings about a
merger of the capital markets of the countries that join EMU.
Most areas of J.P. Morgan will be affected by EMU. EMU will require many
significant changes for all of banking and commerce including currency
conversion, modifications of payment and settlement systems, and the
redenomination of securities, to name a few. As with the year 2000 issue, EMU
poses various operating risks. We have a comprehensive plan in place to address
changes required for the conversion and expect all areas of the firm to be ready
well in advance of the EMU start date of January 1, 1999. Management anticipates
that the formation of EMU will not materially affect the trend of earnings of
the firm.
Risk management 37
<PAGE> 40
BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT AND OTHER INFORMATION
OUR BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT
We conduct business in an unpredictable global environment. Many variables may
have an impact on the firm's results or operations, including:
- - economic and market conditions (including the liquidity of secondary
markets)
- - volatility of market prices, rates, and indices
- - timing and volume of market activity
- - availability of capital
- - inflation
- - political events (including legislative, regulatory, and other
developments such as the Economic and Monetary Union in Europe)
- - competitive forces (including the ability to attract and retain highly
skilled individuals)
- - the ability to develop and support technology and information systems
- - investor sentiment
As a result of these variables, revenues and net income in any particular period
may:
- - not be indicative of full-year results
- - vary from year to year
- - impact the firm's ability to achieve its strategic objectives
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
Certain sections of our Annual Report contain forward-looking statements. We use
words such as "expects," "believe," and "estimates" or similar expressions to
identify forward-looking statements. Our statements are subject to certain risks
and uncertainties, as discussed in this section and the Risk management section.
These risks and uncertainties could cause actual results to differ materially
from our statements.
OUR COMPETITION
In all areas of business, J.P. Morgan and its subsidiaries operate in an
intensely competitive environment, especially regarding services and pricing. In
the U.S., we face competition from investment banks, money center bank holding
companies, many regional and foreign banks, and a wide range of nonbank
financial institutions. Internationally, our competitors are investment banks,
commercial banks, and universal banks in the money centers of Europe, Asia, and
Latin America.
REGULATIONS
J.P. Morgan is subject to regulation under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956
(the Act). Under the Act, we are required to file reports with the Board of
Governors of the Federal Reserve System (the Board). We are also subject to
examination by the Board. The Act prevents J.P. Morgan and its subsidiaries from
engaging in activities not related to banking and limits the amount of
securities we may acquire of a company engaging in nonbanking activities.
Federal law and Board interpretations limit the extent to which we can engage in
certain aspects of the securities business. The Glass-Steagall Act prohibits
bank affiliates that are members of the Federal Reserve System - including J.P.
Morgan Securities Inc. (JPMSI), a section 20 subsidiary - from being engaged
principally in bank-ineligible underwriting and dealing activities (mainly
corporate debt and equity securities). This prohibition restricts JPMSI's gross
revenues from these activities to a maximum of 25% of total gross revenues.
Our largest subsidiary, Morgan Guaranty Trust Company of New York (Morgan
Guaranty), is a member of the Federal Reserve System and the Federal Deposit
Insurance Corporation (FDIC). Its business is subject to both U.S. federal and
state law. It is examined and regulated by U.S. federal and state banking
authorities. J.P. Morgan and its nonbank subsidiaries are affiliates of Morgan
Guaranty within the meaning of the applicable federal statutes. Morgan Guaranty
is subject to restrictions on loans and extensions of credit to J.P. Morgan and
certain other affiliates. It is also restricted on some other types of
transactions with J.P. Morgan or involving our securities. Among other wholly
owned subsidiaries:
- - JPMSI is a broker-dealer registered with and subject to regulation by the
Securities and Exchange Commission and is a member of the National
Association of Securities Dealers, the New York Stock Exchange, and other
exchanges.
- - J.P. Morgan Futures Inc. is subject to regulation by the Commodity Futures
Trading Commission, the National Futures Association, and the commodity
exchanges and clearinghouses of which it is a member.
- - J.P. Morgan Investment Management Inc. is registered with the Securities
and Exchange Commission as an investment advisor under the Investment
Advisers Act of 1940, as amended.
38 Business environment and other information
<PAGE> 41
J.P. Morgan subsidiaries that conduct business in other countries are also
subject to regulations and restrictions imposed by those jurisdictions,
including capital requirements.
PROPERTIES
J.P. Morgan owns and occupies buildings in New York, including its headquarters
at 60 Wall Street, 23 Wall Street, and 15 Broad Street. We also own property in
Delaware, London and Paris. We lease office space in New York, Delaware,
Brussels, Paris, and London.
J.P. Morgan also owns and leases property in other locations around the world.
J.P. Morgan's financing arrangement for an office building complex in London
involved the sale to the lender of a 52.5% interest in the building complex.
This arrangement excluded the interior office finishing, furniture, and
technology. This transaction is fully described in Long-term debt, a note to the
consolidated financial statements. The building at 60 Wall Street is subject to
a $405 million mortgage as of December 31, 1997.
Business environment and other information 39
<PAGE> 42
RESPONSIBILITY FOR FINANCIAL REPORTING
The consolidated financial statements in this Annual Report were prepared by the
management of J.P. Morgan. In doing so, management applied generally accepted
accounting principles and also exercised its judgment and made estimates
wherever they were deemed appropriate. Other financial information that is
included in the Annual Report is consistent with that of the consolidated
financial statements.
In discharging its responsibility for both the integrity and fairness of these
statements and information, and for the examination of the accounting systems
from which they are derived, management maintains a system of internal control
designed to provide reasonable assurance, weighing the costs with the benefits
sought, that transactions are executed in accordance with its authorization and
in compliance with laws and regulations, assets are safeguarded, and proper
records are maintained. An important element in management's effort to establish
a reliable control environment is the careful selection, training, and
development of professional personnel. Management believes that the system of
internal control, which is subject to close scrutiny by management itself and by
internal auditors and is revised as considered necessary, supports the integrity
and reliability of the consolidated financial statements.
Further, independent accountants perform a study and evaluation of the system of
internal accounting control for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the
consolidated financial statements of J.P. Morgan.
The Board of Directors of J.P. Morgan appoints an Audit and Examining Committee
responsible for monitoring the accounting practices and internal controls of the
firm. The committee, whose membership consists of directors who are not officers
or employees of J.P. Morgan, meets periodically with members of the internal
auditing staff to discuss the nature and scope of their work and to review such
reports and other matters as the committee deems necessary. The committee also
recommends to the Board of Directors the engagement of an independent accounting
firm and meets with representatives of that firm to discuss the examination of
the consolidated financial statements as well as other auditing and financial
reporting matters. Both the internal auditors and the independent accountants
are given access to the Audit and Examining Committee at any time to discuss
privately matters they believe may be of significance.
In addition, J.P. Morgan is examined periodically by examiners from the Federal
Reserve System, the State of New York Banking Department, and other regulatory
agencies. The Board of Directors and management consider reports that arise from
such examinations.
Douglas A. Warner III
Chairman of the Board
John A. Mayer Jr.
Chief Financial Officer
40 Responsibility for financial reporting
<PAGE> 43
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT ACCOUNTANTS
To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of J.P. Morgan & Co. Incorporated
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of J.P. Morgan & Co.
Incorporated ("J.P. Morgan") and its subsidiaries as of December 31, 1997 and
1996, the related consolidated statements of income, of changes in stockholders'
equity, and of cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended
December 31, 1997, and the consolidated statement of condition of Morgan
Guaranty Trust Company of New York and its subsidiaries as of December 31, 1997
and 1996. These financial statements are the responsibility of J.P. Morgan's
management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial
statements based on our audits.
We conducted our audits in accordance with generally accepted auditing
standards. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain
reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material
misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting
the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes
assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by
management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation.
We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements audited by us present
fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of J.P. Morgan and its
subsidiaries at December 31, 1997 and 1996, the results of their operations and
their cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31,
1997, and the financial position of Morgan Guaranty Trust Company of New York
and its subsidiaries at December 31, 1997 and 1996, in conformity with generally
accepted accounting principles.
Price Waterhouse LLP
New York, New York
January 14, 1998
Report of independent accountants 41
<PAGE> 44
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF INCOME
J.P. Morgan & Co. Incorporated
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In millions, except share data 1997 1996 1995
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
NET INTEREST REVENUE
Interest revenue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $12 353 $10 713 $9 937
Interest expense. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 481 9 011 7 934
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Net interest revenue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 872 1 702 2 003
NONINTEREST REVENUES
Trading revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 137 2 477 1 376
Investment banking revenue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 123 921 584
Investment management revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 792 675 574
Fees and commissions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647 582 708
Investment securities revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409 303 517
Other revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 195 142
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total noninterest revenues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 348 5 153 3 901
TOTAL REVENUES, NET OF INTEREST EXPENSE . . . . . . . . . . 7 220 6 855 5 904
OPERATING EXPENSES
Employee compensation and benefits. . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 027 2 884 2 498
Net occupancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 296 322
Technology and communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 025 785 671
Other expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681 558 507
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total operating expenses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 066 4 523 3 998
Income before income taxes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 154 2 332 1 906
Income taxes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689 758 610
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Net income. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 465 1 574 1 296
PER COMMON SHARE
Net income
Basic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 7.71 $ 8.11 $6.70
Diluted. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.17 7.63 6.42
Dividends declared. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.59 3.31 3.06
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial
statements.
42 Consolidated statement of income
<PAGE> 45
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET
J.P. Morgan & Co. Incorporated
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
December 31
Dollars in millions, except share data 1997 1996
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C>
ASSETS
Cash and due from banks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1 758 $ 906
Interest-earning deposits with banks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 132 1 908
Debt investment securities available-for-sale carried at fair value. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 768 24 865
Equity investment securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 085 1 290
Trading account assets, net of allowance for credit losses of $350 at 1997 and 1996. . . . . . . . . . 111 854 90 980
Securities purchased under agreements to resell ($39 002 at 1997
and $32 455 at 1996) and federal funds sold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 002 32 505
Securities borrowed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 375 27 931
Loans, net of allowance for credit losses of $546 at 1997 and $566 at 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 032 27 554
Accrued interest and accounts receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 962 6 766
Premises and equipment, net. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 838 1 865
Other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 353 5 456
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 159 222 026
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LIABILITIES
Noninterest-bearing deposits:
In offices in the U.S.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 482 1 501
In offices outside the U.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 744 708
Interest-bearing deposits:
In offices in the U.S.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 232 7 103
In offices outside the U.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 421 43 412
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 879 52 724
Trading account liabilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 141 50 919
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase ($53 202 at 1997 and
$56 117 at 1996) and federal funds purchased. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 804 61 429
Commercial paper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 622 4 132
Other liabilities for borrowed money . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 176 19 948
Accounts payable and accrued expenses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 865 5 935
Long-term debt not qualifying as risk-based capital. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 246 9 411
Other liabilities, including allowance for credit losses of $185 at 1997 and $200 at 1996. . . . . . . 4 129 1 654
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
244 862 206 152
Liabilities qualifying as risk-based capital:
Long-term debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 743 3 692
Company-obligated mandatorily redeemable preferred securities of subsidiaries. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 150 750
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total liabilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 755 210 594
Commitments and contingencies (Notes 9, 19, 20, and 23)
STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
Preferred stock. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 694 694
Common stock, $2.50 par value (authorized shares: 500 000 000;
issued: 200 692 673 at 1997 and 200 688 123 at 1996). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502 502
Capital surplus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 360 1 446
Retained earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 398 8 635
Net unrealized gains on investment securities, net of taxes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432 464
Other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 163 826
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
13 549 12 567
Less: treasury stock (24 374 944 shares at 1997 and 15 765 455 shares at 1996) at cost . . . . . . . . 2 145 1 135
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total stockholders' equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 404 11 432
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 159 222 026
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial
statements.
Consolidated balance sheet 43
<PAGE> 46
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
J.P. Morgan & Co. Incorporated
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In millions 1997 1996 1995
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
PREFERRED STOCK
Adjustable rate cumulative preferred stock balance, January 1 and December 31. . $ 244 $ 244 $ 244
Variable cumulative preferred stock balance, January 1 and December 31 . . . . . 250 250 250
Fixed cumulative preferred stock:
Balance, January 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 - -
Shares issued . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 200 -
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total preferred stock, December 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 694 694 494
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COMMON STOCK
Balance, January 1 and December 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502 502 502
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CAPITAL SURPLUS
Balance, January 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 446 1 430 1 452
Shares issued or distributed under dividend reinvestment plan, various employee
benefit plans, and conversion of debentures and income tax benefits
associated with stock options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (86) 16 (22)
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Balance, December 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 360 1 446 1 430
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
RETAINED EARNINGS
Balance, January 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 635 7 731 7 044
Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 465 1 574 1 296
Dividends declared on adjustable rate cumulative preferred stock . . . . . . . . (12) (12) (12)
Dividends declared on variable cumulative preferred stock. . . . . . . . . . . . (10) (9) (12)
Dividends declared on fixed cumulative preferred stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . (13) (12) -
Dividends declared on common stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (642) (617) (574)
Dividend equivalents on common stock issuable. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (25) (20) (11)
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Balance, December 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 398 8 635 7 731
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NET UNREALIZED GAINS ON INVESTMENT SECURITIES, NET OF TAXES
Balance, January 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464 566 456
Net change in unrealized gains, net of taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (32) (102) 110
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Balance, December 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432 464 566
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
OTHER
COMMON STOCK ISSUABLE UNDER STOCK AWARD PLANS
Balance, January 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 838 556 369
Deferred stock awards, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 282 187
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Balance, December 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 185 838 556
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FOREIGN CURRENCY TRANSLATION
Balance, January 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (12) (4) (2)
Translation adjustments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (14) (14) (3)
Income tax benefit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 6 1
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Balance, December 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (22) (12) (4)
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total other, December 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 163 826 552
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LESS: TREASURY STOCK
Balance, January 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 135 824 747
Purchases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 500 604 293
Shares distributed under various employee benefit plans. . . . . . . . . . . . . (490) (293) (216)
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Balance, December 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 145 1 135 824
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total stockholders' equity, December 31. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 404 11 432 10 451
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial
statements.
44 Consolidated statement of changes in stockholders' equity
<PAGE> 47
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS
J.P. Morgan & Co. Incorporated
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In millions 1997 1996 1995
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
NET INCOME............................................................................... $ 1 465 $ 1 574 $ 1 296
Adjustments to reconcile to cash used in operating activities:
Noncash items: depreciation, amortization, deferred income taxes, stock award plans,
and write-downs on investment securities........................................... 544 695 452
Net (increase) decrease in assets:
Trading account assets............................................................. (20 993) (21 919) (12 271)
Securities purchased under agreements to resell.................................... (6 564) (297) (10 974)
Securities borrowed................................................................ (10 444) (8 101) (7 703)
Accrued interest and accounts receivable........................................... 1 804 (3 227) 4 817
Net increase (decrease) in liabilities:
Trading account liabilities........................................................ 20 149 5 632 8 937
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase..................................... (2 929) 15 314 10 637
Accounts payable and accrued expenses.............................................. 5 205 (3 699) 3 434
Other changes in operating assets and liabilities, net................................ 1 202 2 412 335
Net investment securities gains included in cash flows from investing activities...... (437) (294) (539)
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CASH USED IN OPERATING ACTIVITIES........................................................ (10 998) (11 910) (1 579)
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Net (increase) decrease in interest-earning deposits with banks.......................... (225) 78 (622)
Debt investment securities:
Proceeds from sales................................................................... 22 655 29 754 42 262
Proceeds from maturities, calls, and mandatory redemptions............................ 4 093 6 831 3 916
Purchases............................................................................. (25 007) (36 923) (46 419)
Net (increase) decrease in federal funds sold............................................ 50 (50) 180
Net increase in loans.................................................................... (3 526) (4 666) (1 375)
Payments for premises and equipment...................................................... (138) (183) (237)
Other changes, net....................................................................... (627) 180 (1 064)
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CASH USED IN INVESTING ACTIVITIES........................................................ (2 725) (4 979) (3 359)
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Net increase (decrease) in noninterest-bearing deposits.................................. 16 (1 822) (428)
Net increase in interest-bearing deposits................................................ 6 106 8 109 3 820
Net increase (decrease) in federal funds purchased....................................... (710) 1 016 (1 293)
Net increase (decrease) in commercial paper.............................................. 2 490 1 331 (706)
Other liabilities for borrowed money proceeds............................................ 22 773 27 736 22 780
Other liabilities for borrowed money payments............................................ (25 797) (26 222) (18 240)
Long-term debt proceeds.................................................................. 12 315 5 288 3 808
Long-term debt payments.................................................................. (2 075) (1 426) (1 399)
Proceeds from issuance of Company-obligated mandatorily redeemable preferred
securities of subsidiaries............................................................ 400 750 --
Capital stock issued or distributed...................................................... 245 424 143
Capital stock purchased.................................................................. (1 500) (604) (293)
Dividends paid........................................................................... (673) (643) (583)
Other changes, net....................................................................... 1 036 2 319 (3 351)
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CASH PROVIDED BY FINANCING ACTIVITIES.................................................... 14 626 16 256 4 258
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and due from banks............................... (51) 4 5
INCREASE (DECREASE) IN CASH AND DUE FROM BANKS........................................... 852 (629) (675)
Cash and due from banks, beginning of year............................................... 906 1 535 2 210
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cash and due from banks, end of year..................................................... 1 758 906 1 535
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cash disbursements made for:
Interest.............................................................................. $ 10 030 $ 8 898 $ 7 568
Income taxes.......................................................................... 1 254 748 560
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial
statements.
Consolidated statement of cash flows 45
<PAGE> 48
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CONDITION
Morgan Guaranty Trust Company of New York
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
December 31
Dollars in millions, except share data 1997 1996
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C>
ASSETS
Cash and due from banks.......................................................................... $ 1 663 $ 920
Interest-earning deposits with banks............................................................. 2 195 1 910
Debt investment securities available-for-sale carried at fair value.............................. 20 539 23 510
Trading account assets, net of allowance for credit losses of $350 at 1997 and 1996.............. 88 995 72 549
Securities purchased under agreements to resell and federal funds sold........................... 28 045 21 081
Securities borrowed.............................................................................. 13 831 6 681
Loans, net of allowance for credit losses of $545 at 1997 and $565 at 1996....................... 30 851 27 378
Accrued interest and accounts receivable......................................................... 4 534 5 858
Premises and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation of $1 208 at 1997 and $1 116 at 1996..... 1 669 1 696
Other assets..................................................................................... 4 096 3 230
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total assets..................................................................................... 196 418 164 813
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LIABILITIES
Noninterest-bearing deposits:
In offices in the U.S. ....................................................................... 1 492 1 495
In offices outside the U.S. .................................................................. 752 749
Interest-bearing deposits:
In offices in the U.S. ....................................................................... 10 156 7 114
In offices outside the U.S. .................................................................. 48 343 43 716
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total deposits................................................................................... 60 743 53 074
Trading account liabilities...................................................................... 61 562 44 039
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase and federal funds purchased....................... 26 017 30 787
Other liabilities for borrowed money............................................................. 10 433 13 215
Accounts payable and accrued expenses............................................................ 7 160 4 203
Long-term debt not qualifying as risk-based capital (including $1 267 at 1997 and $942 at 1996
of notes payable to J.P. Morgan).............................................................. 14 320 5 436
Other liabilities, including allowance for credit losses of $185 at 1997 and $200 at 1996........ 2 713 1 189
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
182 948 151 943
Long-term debt qualifying as risk-based capital (including $2 878 at 1997 and $2 780 at 1996 of
notes payable to J.P. Morgan)................................................................. 3 037 2 979
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total liabilities................................................................................ 185 985 154 922
Commitments and contingencies
STOCKHOLDER'S EQUITY
Preferred stock, $100 par value (authorized shares: 2 500 000)................................... -- --
Common stock, $25 par value (authorized shares: 11 000 000; outstanding: 10 599 027)............. 265 265
Surplus.......................................................................................... 3 155 3 155
Undivided profits................................................................................ 6 927 6 334
Net unrealized gains on investment securities, net of taxes...................................... 108 149
Foreign currency translation..................................................................... (22) (12)
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total stockholder's equity....................................................................... 10 433 9 891
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total liabilities and stockholder's equity....................................................... 196 418 164 813
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
Member of the Federal Reserve System and Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.
The accompanying notes are an integral part of this consolidated financial
statement.
46 Consolidated statement of condition - Morgan Guaranty Trust Company of
New York
<PAGE> 49
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
J.P. Morgan & Co. Incorporated (J.P. Morgan), a global financial
services firm, is the holding company for a group of subsidiaries
that provide a range of financial services, including:
- advisory
- underwriting
- financing
- market making
- asset management
- brokerage
We serve a broad client base that includes corporations, governments,
institutions, and individuals.
J.P. Morgan and our subsidiaries, including Morgan Guaranty Trust
Company of New York (Morgan Guaranty), use accounting and reporting
policies and practices that conform with U.S. generally accepted
accounting principles.
BASIS OF PRESENTATION
Consolidation
Financial information included in the accounts of J.P. Morgan, and the
subsidiaries for which our ownership is more than 50% of the company,
is contained in the consolidated financial statements. All material
intercompany accounts and transactions are eliminated during
consolidation.
For companies in which our voting or economic interest is 20% to 50%,
we use the equity method of accounting to determine our investments'
carrying value. These investments are included in Other assets and our
share of income or loss is included in Other revenue.
Assets that we hold in an agency or fiduciary capacity are not assets
of J.P. Morgan. Therefore, they are not included in our consolidated
balance sheet.
Use of estimates in the preparation of consolidated financial
statements
To conform with generally accepted accounting principles, we are
required to prepare our consolidated financial statements using
estimates and assumptions. These estimates and assumptions affect our
reported assets and liabilities and our disclosure of contingent assets
and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements.
Our revenues and expenses reported during the period are also affected.
Actual results could be different from these estimates.
Foreign currency translation
Assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated
into U.S. dollars using end of the period exchange rates. We translate
revenues and expenses using weighted-average exchange rates.
The impact of translating the financial statements of a foreign
operation where the functional currency is other than the U.S. dollar
is recorded in Stockholders' equity, including the related hedge and
tax effects.
The impact of translating the financial statements of a foreign
operation where the functional currency is the U.S. dollar, including
an operation in a highly inflationary environment, is reported in the
consolidated statement of income.
Notes to consolidated financial statements 47
<PAGE> 50
Fair value
For financial instruments carried at fair value, J.P. Morgan bases fair
value on listed market prices or broker or dealer price quotations. If
listed market prices or quotations are not available, we base fair
value on management estimates using internal valuation techniques such
as pricing models and discounted cash flows. For more information, see
Note 10, Estimating the fair value of financial instruments.
Reclassifications
We have reclassified certain amounts from previous years to conform
with our 1997 presentation.
DEBT INVESTMENT SECURITIES
We hold debt investment securities to maximize total return over a
long-term period. Our debt investment securities portfolio includes:
- U.S. Treasury and other U.S. government agency securities
- U.S. state and political subdivision securities
- Foreign government securities
- U.S. and foreign corporate and bank debt securities
Debt investment securities are classified as available-for-sale and are
carried at fair value on our consolidated balance sheet. Available-for-
sale securities may be sold in response to or in anticipation of
changes in interest rates and prepayment risk, liquidity
considerations, and other factors. Any unrealized gains and losses,
including the effect of hedges, are reported net within the separate
stockholders' equity account, Net unrealized gains on investment
securities, net of taxes, until realized.
Realized gains and losses are included in Investment securities revenue
in the consolidated statement of income. We generally use the specific
identification method to determine our gain or loss when a security is
sold. We record debt investment securities transactions on their
respective trade dates. We reduce the carrying values of individual
debt investment securities through write-downs to reflect any
impairments in value that are other-than-temporary. Such write-downs
are included in Investment securities revenue.
For debt investment securities that we may acquire for which we have
the intent and ability to hold until maturity, we will carry them at
cost after adjusting for any premiums or discounts generated when the
security was purchased.
EQUITY INVESTMENT SECURITIES
We hold equity investment securities of companies for long-term
appreciation. Equity investment securities consist of both marketable
and nonmarketable securities. They are recorded on a trade date basis.
We carry marketable equity investment securities at fair value.
Unrealized gains and losses, including the effect of hedges, are
reported as a net amount within the stockholders' equity account, Net
unrealized gains on investment securities, net of taxes, until
realized. Nonmarketable equity investment securities are carried at
cost. Carrying values of individual equity investment securities are
reduced through write-downs to reflect other-than-temporary impairments
in value.
Securities held in subsidiaries registered as Small Business Investment
Companies (SBICs) are carried at fair value with changes in value
recognized currently in earnings.
Realized gains and losses on equity investment securities, generally
computed by the average cost method, changes in the fair value of
securities held in SBICs, other-than-temporary impairments in value,
and related dividend income are included in Investment securities
revenue.
TRADING ACCOUNT ASSETS AND LIABILITIES
We use trading account assets and liabilities to facilitate client
transactions and to take advantage of market opportunities. Trading
account assets and liabilities include cash instruments, such as
government and corporate debt and equity securities, and derivatives
used for trading purposes.
48 Notes to consolidated financial statements
<PAGE> 51
Trading account assets include securities purchased that we own ("long"
positions). Trading account liabilities include securities that we have
sold to other parties, but do not own ourselves. These securities are
short positions, and we are obligated to purchase them at a future
date.
Trading account assets and Trading account liabilities are carried at
fair value and recorded on a trade date basis. We recognize gains and
losses on trading positions as Trading revenue.
DERIVATIVES USED FOR TRADING PURPOSES
Derivative instruments used for trading purposes or used to manage risk
in our trading portfolios include swaps, futures, forwards and options
contracts in the interest rate, foreign exchange, equity, credit and
commodity markets.
We carry derivatives used for trading purposes at fair value. We
recognize gains and losses from these derivatives in Trading revenue.
We recognize, over the life of the agreement, the portion of a
derivative's fair value that reflects credit considerations adjusted
for changes in counterparty ratings, ongoing servicing, and transaction
hedging costs in Trading revenue.
We report unrealized gains and losses in Trading account assets or
Trading account liabilities after taking into consideration the
offsetting permitted under Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB)
Interpretation No. 39, Offsetting of Amounts Related to Certain
Contracts. This offsetting is achieved through the use of master
netting agreements.
We record the fair values of purchased options on a gross basis in
Trading account assets. The fair values of written options are recorded
on a gross basis in Trading account liabilities.
DERIVATIVES USED FOR PURPOSES OTHER-THAN-TRADING
We use derivatives for purposes other-than-trading to:
- hedge exposures
- modify the interest rate characteristics of related balance sheet
instruments
- meet longer term investment objectives, including maximizing net
interest revenue
We describe the specific criteria required for derivatives used for
such purposes below. Derivatives that do not meet these criteria are
carried at fair value with changes in their value included in the
consolidated statement of income.
Derivatives used as hedges must be effective at reducing the risk
associated with the exposure being hedged. They must be designated as a
hedge at the beginning of the derivative contract. Changes in the
derivative's fair value must be highly correlated with changes in the
fair value of the underlying hedged item for the entire life of the
contract. Derivatives used for hedging purposes include swaps,
forwards, futures and purchased options in interest rate, foreign
exchange and credit markets.
Interest rate swaps are also used to modify the interest rate
characteristics of related balance sheet instruments. Swaps used to
modify the interest rate characteristics of nontrading-related balance
sheet instruments must be linked to the related asset or liability,
whereby the terms of the swap generally equal the terms of the related
asset or liability, at the beginning and over the entire life of the
derivative contract. We generally defer unrealized gains and losses on
all of these derivative contracts.
Derivatives that are either used to hedge or modify the interest rate
characteristics of debt investment securities are carried at fair
value. Unrealized gains and losses on these derivatives are included in
Net unrealized gains on investment securities, net of taxes, a separate
component of stockholders' equity. Margin requirements associated with
futures contracts and option premiums for contracts used as hedges are
recorded in Other assets or Other liabilities. The interest component
associated with derivatives used as hedges or to modify the interest
rate characteristics of assets and liabilities is recognized over the
contract's life in Net interest revenue. When a contract is settled or
terminated, the cumulative change in the fair value is recorded as an
adjustment to the carrying value of the underlying asset or liability
and recognized in Net interest revenue over the asset or liability's
expected remaining life. In cases where the underlying instrument is
sold, we immediately recognize the cumulative change in the
derivative's value in the component of earnings relating to the
underlying instrument.
Notes to consolidated financial statements 49
<PAGE> 52
We use risk-adjusting swaps to meet longer-term investment objectives,
including maximizing net interest revenue. Similarly to debt investment
securities, we use risk adjusting swaps to achieve a desired overall
interest rate profile by increasing or decreasing our overall exposure
to interest rate risk. Risk-adjusting swaps include only interest rate
swaps that replicate the cash flows of nonamortizing cash instruments.
They do not contain leverage or embedded option features. Interest
revenue or expense associated with these swaps is accrued over the life
of the swap agreement in Net interest revenue. We carry risk-adjusting
swaps at whichever amount is lower: the aggregate cost or fair value
with aggregate unrealized net valuation adjustments, if any, recorded
in Other revenue. Risk-adjusting swaps are generally not terminated. In
cases when a risk-adjusting swap is terminated, we recognize losses
immediately and defer and amortize gains over the original remaining
life of the terminated swap in Other revenue.
SECURITIES FINANCING ARRANGEMENTS
Securities purchased under agreements to resell (resale agreements) and
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase (repurchase agreements)
are generally treated as collateralized borrowing and lending
transactions. They are carried at the amounts for which the securities
were initially acquired or sold. Resale and repurchase agreements
conducted with the same counterparty are reported net provided they
meet the requirements of FASB Interpretation No. 41, Offsetting of
Amounts Related to Certain Repurchase and Reverse Repurchase
Agreements. We take possession of securities purchased under resale
agreements. We also monitor the fair value of the underlying
securities, most of which are U.S. government and agency securities. We
compare this to the related receivable plus accrued interest. If
necessary, we request additional collateral.
Securities borrowed for cash collateral are included on the
consolidated balance sheet at the amount of cash advanced in connection
with the transaction. Interest income and Interest expense is accrued
ratably over the life of the agreement.
PREMIUMS AND DISCOUNTS
We generally recognize amortization of premiums and accretion of
discounts as Interest expense or Interest revenue over the life of the
instrument.
LOANS
Loans are generally reported at the principal amount outstanding.
Purchased loans are reported at the remaining unpaid principal net of
any unamortized discount or premium. We report loans held-for-sale at
either cost or fair value, whichever is lower. Loans held for trading
purposes are carried at fair value with gains and losses included in
the consolidated statement of income. Loan origination fees are
deferred and recognized as an adjustment to yield over the life of the
loan. Interest income is accrued on the unpaid principal balance and is
included in Interest revenue.
NONPERFORMING ASSETS
Assets are considered nonperforming when:
- a default occurs or is expected to occur,
- the payment of principal and/or interest or other cash flows is
greater than 30 to 90 days past due, depending upon the terms of the
contract, or
- management has serious doubts as to the collectibility of future cash
flows, even if the asset is currently performing.
In determining if an asset is nonperforming, management considers
several factors including, but not limited to: the amount of expected
future cash flows, the financial ability and willingness of the
borrower to meet its obligations, and business and economic conditions.
For nonperforming loans or drawn commitments, the unpaid principal
balance at the date the asset is designated as nonperforming is
classified in Loans. The accrual of interest is discontinued and any
previously accrued but unpaid interest on the loan is reversed against
the current period's interest revenue.
50 Notes to consolidated financial statements
<PAGE> 53
For nonperforming derivatives used for trading purposes, the fair value
of the derivative at the date the asset is designated as nonperforming
is classified in Trading account assets. Subsequent to classification
as nonperforming, the carrying value is adjusted for non-credit-related
decreases in value which may occur as a result of changes in interest
rates and other factors, and for credit-related decreases which are
evaluated as part of management's assessment of impairment as discussed
below. The non-credit-related decreases are recognized in Trading
revenue.
For all other assets classified as nonperforming, including derivatives
used for purposes other-than-trading, standby letters of credit,
guarantees and other receivables, the unpaid balance at the date the
asset is designated as nonperforming is classified in the appropriate
balance sheet category.
Once any of the above assets are designated as nonperforming,
management regularly assesses impairment. Management's assessment is
based on the present value of expected future cash flows, an observable
market value, or the fair value of the collateral, as applicable. If
the value of the asset is deemed impaired, the amount deemed
uncollectible is charged off against the allowance for credit losses.
Interest on nonperforming loans, where management has judged the
principal to be collectible, is reported as revenue when received. In
all other instances, payments received are applied in the following
order:
- against the recorded nonperforming value of the asset until paid in
full,
- as a recovery up to any amounts charged off related to the
nonperforming asset, and lastly
- as revenue.
Nonperforming assets may be restored to performing status when all
payments of principal and/or interest or other cash flows are current,
or if management's formal assessment of the counterparty's business and
economic condition indicates a revised classification. In the case of
loans where interest was interrupted for a substantial period, a
regular payment performance must be established before the loan is
restored to performing status.
AGGREGATE ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES
We maintain an aggregate allowance for credit losses to absorb losses
inherent in our extensions of credit. Such extensions include:
- loans and unused loan commitments
- payments made on behalf of clients (e.g., standby letters of credit
and guarantees)
- all other credit exposures, including derivatives
For financial statement reporting purposes only, beginning December 31,
1996, in accordance with the American Institute of Certified Public
Accountants Banks and Savings Institutions Audit and Accounting Guide,
the total allowance, although considered in the aggregate, is divided
and displayed as a reduction of Loans, a reduction of Trading account
assets (relating to derivatives), and as Other liabilities (relating to
off-balance sheet items such as standby letters of credit, guarantees,
and commitments). We expect that portions of the aggregate allowance
may be reclassified from time to time among Loans, Trading account
assets, and Other liabilities due to:
- the global and diverse nature of our business
- expected shifts in the relative level of credit risk among
instruments
- necessary changes in estimates and assumptions needed to calculate
the allocated amounts
Each quarter, the Asset Quality Review Committee assesses the adequacy
of the aggregate allowance for credit losses. This group of senior
officers recommends the portion of credit exposure that should be
classified as nonperforming, the portion that should be charged off,
and the provision, if any, needed to adjust the balance of the
aggregate allowance to the appropriate level. Many factors are
collectively weighted including:
- business and economic conditions
- regulatory requirements
Notes to consolidated financial statements 51
<PAGE> 54
- our historical experience
- concentrations of risk by country, industry, product, and client
- the relative size of many of our credit exposures, given our
wholesale banking orientation
- an estimate of expected losses as well as specific and general
allocations
- the level of charge offs and nonperforming assets
Should the aggregate allowance require adjustment because of reductions
from charge offs or from changes in the size or risk characteristics of
the portfolios, we would adjust it through a provision for credit
losses in the quarterly reporting period.
PREMISES AND EQUIPMENT
Premises and equipment, including leasehold improvements, are stated at
cost after subtracting accumulated depreciation and amortization. We
generally compute depreciation using the straight-line method over the
estimated useful life of an asset. For leasehold improvements, we use
the straight-line method over the lesser of the lease term or the
estimated economic useful life of the improvement.
FEE REVENUE
Investment banking revenue includes underwriting revenues as well as
merger and acquisition, private placement, advisory and loan
syndication fees. Underwriting revenues are reflected net of syndicate
expenses and arise from securities offerings in which the firm acts as
an underwriter. Underwriting revenues are recorded on a trade date
basis. All other fees are recognized as revenue when the related
services are performed. In addition, we recognize credit arrangement
and syndication fees as revenue after certain retention, timing, and
yield criteria are satisfied.
Investment management revenue and revenue from Fees and commissions is
recognized when the related service is performed. We recognize
commitment fees as revenue in the period when the unused commitment is
available.
STOCK OPTIONS AND STOCK AWARDS
We account for our stock-based compensation plans in accordance with
Accounting Principles Board (APB) Opinion No. 25, Accounting for Stock
Issued to Employees.
In accordance with APB No. 25, we do not record compensation cost in
conjunction with stock options granted under stock-based compensation
plans. This is because on the day of the grant, the options exercise
price is not less than the market price of the underlying stock. We
record compensation expenses for the following stock awards:
- restricted stock awards
- stock bonus awards
- stock unit awards
- deferred stock payable in stock
The compensation expense is recorded over the period in which the
recipients perform services at J.P. Morgan.
Effective January 1, 1996, J.P. Morgan adopted Statement of Financial
Accounting Standards (SFAS) No. 123, Accounting for Stock-Based
Compensation, which permits either:
- recognizing compensation cost for the estimated fair value of
employee stock-based compensation arrangements on the grant date, or
- disclosing in the notes to the consolidated financial statements the
pro forma effects of stock-based compensation on net income and
earnings per share, as if the fair value-based method of valuing
options and awards had been used to record compensation cost.
We adopted the disclosure option and continue to apply APB Opinion No.
25 in accounting for our stock-based compensation plans.
52 Notes to consolidated financial statements
<PAGE> 55
INCOME TAXES
J.P. Morgan and its eligible subsidiaries file a consolidated U.S.
federal income tax return. We use the asset and liability method
required by SFAS No. 109, Accounting for Income Taxes, to provide
income taxes on all transactions recorded in the consolidated financial
statements. The asset and liability method requires that income taxes
reflect the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences
between the carrying amounts of assets or liabilities for book purposes
versus tax purposes. To do this, a deferred tax liability or asset is
determined for each temporary difference based on the enacted tax rates
which are expected to be in effect when the underlying items of income
and expense are expected to be realized. Our expense for Income taxes
includes the current and deferred portions of our expense. We establish
a valuation allowance to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount we
expect to be realized.
STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS
For J.P. Morgan's consolidated statement of cash flows, we define our
cash and cash equivalents as those amounts included in Cash and due
from banks. We classify cash flows from investment securities,
including securities available-for-sale, as investing activities. Cash
flows from sales of investment securities, with remaining lives of more
than one year when purchased and less than 90 days when sold, mandatory
redemptions, and calls are classified as proceeds from maturities. We
classify cash flows from derivative transactions used as hedges in the
same manner as the items being hedged.
2. ACCOUNTING CHANGES
ACCOUNTING FOR TRANSFERS OF ASSETS AND SERVICING OF FINANCIAL ASSETS
AND EXTINGUISHMENTS OF LIABILITIES
In June 1996, the FASB issued SFAS No. 125, Accounting for Transfers of
Assets and Servicing of Financial Assets and Extinguishments of
Liabilities, which provides new accounting and reporting standards for
sales, securitizations, servicing of receivables and other financial
assets, and extinguishments of liabilities. In December 1996, the FASB
issued SFAS No. 127, Deferral of the Effective Date of Certain
Provisions of FASB Statement No. 125. This statement deferred the
provisions of SFAS No. 125 for transfers involving repurchase
agreements, securities borrowing/lending transactions, and financial
assets provided as collateral until January 1, 1998. Effective January
1, 1997, we adopted the provisions of SFAS No. 125 for transfers of
assets, servicing rights, and extinguishments of liabilities. Effective
January 1, 1998, we adopted SFAS No. 127. The adoption of these
standards did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial
statements.
EARNINGS PER SHARE
Effective December 31, 1997, we adopted SFAS No. 128, Earnings per
Share, which establishes standards for computing and presenting
earnings per share (EPS). SFAS No. 128 supersedes Accounting Principles
Board Opinion No. 15 and related pronouncements, and replaces the
computations of primary and fully diluted EPS with basic and diluted
EPS, respectively. Unlike primary EPS, basic EPS excludes the dilutive
effects of options and convertible securities. Diluted EPS is very
similar to the previously reported fully diluted EPS. All EPS amounts
presented have been restated to conform to the new requirements. See
Note 21, Earnings per Share, for further information.
Notes to consolidated financial statements 53
<PAGE> 56
3. BUSINESS CHANGES
INVESTMENT IN AMERICAN CENTURY
In January 1998, we completed the purchase of a 45% economic interest
in American Century Companies, Inc. (American Century) for $965
million. American Century is a no-load U.S. mutual fund company selling
directly to individuals. The investment will be accounted for under the
equity method of accounting. The excess of our investment over our
share of equity (i.e., goodwill) in American Century is approximately
$795 million. This amount will be amortized on a straight-line basis
over a period of 25 years.
SALE OF GLOBAL TRUST AND AGENCY BUSINESS
In December 1997, we reached an agreement in principle to sell our
global trust and agency services businesses to Citibank. We expect that
the transaction will be completed by the second quarter of 1998 and
will not have a material effect on our ongoing earnings.
DISPOSITION OF CUSTODY AND CASH PROCESSING BUSINESSES
In 1996, we completed the sale of our institutional U.S. cash
processing business. The sale did not have a material effect on
earnings. In 1995, we sold our global and local custody businesses, our
U.S. commercial paper issuing and paying agency business, and
discontinued certain cash services businesses. The transactions were
completed in 1996. Gross proceeds of $260 million from the sales were
recorded in Other revenue. The firm recorded $220 million of
nonrecurring costs, net against proceeds, associated with the exit of
these businesses. The costs included severance and other
personnel-related costs of $35 million, unreimbursed transition costs
of $35 million, and other costs of approximately $40 million. In
addition, a real estate charge of $110 million was recorded as a result
of the rationalization of the firm's space requirements coincident with
the disposition of these businesses and the corresponding reduction in
personnel. The total number of personnel affected by these actions
approximated 1,200.
The transition of client accounts to the buyers of the sold businesses
was completed in 1997, and accordingly, we are no longer legally
obligated to provide services to the clients of the aforementioned
businesses.
Total revenues for the above exited businesses were approximately 2%
and 6% of consolidated total revenues, net of interest expense, in 1996
and 1995, respectively.
54 Notes to consolidated financial statements
<PAGE> 57
4. INTEREST REVENUE AND EXPENSE
The table below presents an analysis of interest revenue and expense
obtained from on- and off-balance sheet financial instruments. Interest
revenue and expense associated with derivative financial instruments is
included with related balance sheet instruments. These derivative
financial instruments are used as hedges or to modify the interest rate
characteristics of assets and liabilities and include swaps, forwards,
futures, options, and debt securities forwards. Net interest revenue
associated with risk-adjusting swaps that are used to meet longer-term
objectives are not attributed to a specific balance sheet instrument.
This revenue is included in the Other sources line item in the table
below.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
================================================================================================================
In millions 1997 1996 1995
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
INTEREST REVENUE
Deposits with banks ...................................................... $ 199 $ 110 $ 168
Debt investment securities(a) ............................................ 1 557 1 601 1 552
Trading account assets ................................................... 4 275 3 275 3 036
Securities purchased under agreements to resell and federal funds sold ... 2 059 2 254 1 942
Securities borrowed ...................................................... 1 784 1 284 876
Loans .................................................................... 2 029 1 776 1 699
Other sources, primarily risk adjusting swaps ............................ 450 413 664
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total interest revenue ................................................... 12 353 10 713 9 937
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
INTEREST EXPENSE
Deposits ................................................................. 2 753 2 541 2 520
Trading account liabilities .............................................. 1 652 1 302 1 361
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase and federal funds
purchased .............................................................. 3 532 3 295 2 568
Other borrowed money ..................................................... 1 447 1 248 935
Long-term debt ........................................................... 1 097 625 550
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total interest expense ................................................... 10 481 9 011 7 934
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Net interest revenue ..................................................... 1 872 1 702 2 003
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
(a) Interest revenue from debt investment securities included taxable
revenue of $1,462 million, $1,484 million, and $1,392 million and
revenue exempt from U.S. income taxes of $95 million, $117 million, and
$160 million in 1997, 1996, and 1995 respectively.
Net interest revenue associated with derivatives used for purposes
other-than-trading was approximately $177 million in 1997, $125 million
in 1996, and $370 million in 1995. At December 31, 1997 and 1996,
approximately $298 million and $225 million, respectively, of net
deferred losses on closed derivative contracts used for purposes
other-than-trading were recorded on the consolidated balance sheet.
These amounts are primarily net deferred losses on closed hedge
contracts, which are included in the amortized cost of the debt
investment portfolio as of December 31, 1997 and 1996. The amount of
net deferred gains or losses on closed derivative contracts changes
from period to period, primarily due to the amortization of such
amounts to Net interest revenue. These changes are also influenced by
the execution of our investing strategies, which may result in the sale
of the underlying hedged instruments and/or termination of hedge
contracts. Net deferred losses on closed derivative contracts as of
December 31, 1997, are expected to amortize into Net interest revenue
as follows: $110 million in 1998; $87 million in 1999; $72 million in
2000; $22 million in 2001; $5 million in 2002; and approximately $2
million thereafter.
Notes to consolidated financial statements 55
<PAGE> 58
5. TRADING REVENUE
Trading Revenue, disaggregated by principal product grouping, is
presented in the following table. For additional information, see the
Trading revenue discussion in Financial review.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
=======================================================================
In millions 1997 1996 1995
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Fixed income ...................... $1 138 $1 540 $ 668
Equities .......................... 190 330 249
Foreign exchange .................. 472 320 253
Commodities ....................... 64 34 42
Proprietary trading ............... 273 253 164
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Total trading revenue ............. 2 137 2 477 1 376
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
6. CASH AND DUE FROM BANKS
J.P. Morgan is required to maintain noninterest-earning reserve
balances with U.S. Federal Reserve banks and various foreign central
banks. Such balances, which are based principally on deposits
outstanding, are included in Cash and due from banks. At December 31,
1997 and 1996, required reserves were $267 million and $259 million,
respectively, compared with average required reserves during the year
of $196 million in 1997 and $306 million in 1996.
7. INVESTMENT SECURITIES
DEBT INVESTMENT SECURITIES
Our debt investment securities portfolio is classified as available-
for-sale. Available-for-sale securities are measured at fair value and
unrealized gains or losses are reported as a net amount within the
stockholders' equity account, Net unrealized gains on investment
securities, net of taxes.
The following table presents the gross unrealized gains and losses and
a comparison of the cost, and the fair and carrying value of our
available-for-sale debt investment securities at December 31, 1997,
1996, and 1995. The gross unrealized gains or losses on each debt
investment security include the effects of any related hedge. See Note
10, Estimating the fair value of financial instruments, for additional
detail of gross unrealized gains and losses associated with open
derivative contracts used to hedge debt investment securities.
56 Notes to consolidated financial statements
<PAGE> 59
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
=======================================================================================================
Gross Gross Fair and
unrealized unrealized carrying
In millions: December 31 Cost gains losses value
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C>
1997
U.S. Treasury ......................................... $ 1 035 $ 142 $ 1 $ 1 176
U.S. government agency, principally mortgage-backed ... 16 779 126 75 16 830
U.S. state and political subdivision .................. 1 440 184 10 1 614
U.S. corporate and bank debt .......................... 428 1 2 427
Foreign government(a) ................................. 784 5 14 775
Foreign corporate and bank debt ....................... 1 929 2 99 1 832
Other ................................................. 112 2 -- 114
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total debt investment securities ...................... 22 507 462 201 22 768
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
=======================================================================================================
Gross Gross Fair and
unrealized unrealized carrying
In millions: December 31 Cost gains losses value
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C>
1996
U.S. Treasury ......................................... $ 1 773 $ 80 $ 13 $ 1 840
U.S. government agency, principally mortgage-backed ... 16 848 109 114 16 843
U.S. state and political subdivision .................. 1 575 164 15 1 724
U.S. corporate and bank debt .......................... 304 1 -- 305
Foreign government(a) ................................. 1 501 39 6 1 534
Foreign corporate and bank debt ....................... 2 499 11 2 2 508
Other ................................................. 110 1 -- 111
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total debt investment securities ...................... 24 610 405 150 24 865
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
=======================================================================================================
Gross Gross Fair and
unrealized unrealized carrying
In millions: December 31 Cost gains losses value
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C>
1995
U.S. Treasury ......................................... $ 1 892 $ 136 $ 2 $ 2 026
U.S. government agency, principally mortgage-backed ... 15 392 200 69 15 523
U.S. state and political subdivision .................. 1 875 214 16 2 073
U.S. corporate and bank debt .......................... 188 5 -- 193
Foreign government(a) ................................. 3 413 33 21 3 425
Foreign corporate and bank debt ....................... 1 295 6 3 1 298
Other ................................................. 99 1 -- 100
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total debt investment securities 24 154 595 111 24 638
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
(a) Primarily includes debt of countries that are members of the
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
At December 31, 1997, there were no securities of a single issuer,
excluding the U.S. Treasury and U.S. government agencies, whose fair
value exceeded 10% of stockholders' equity.
The table below presents net debt investment securities gains during
1997, 1996, and 1995. These amounts are recorded in Investment
securities revenue.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
=============================================================================================
In millions 1997 1996 1995
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Gross realized gains from sales of securities ............... $ 128 $ 231 $ 371
Gross realized losses from sales of securities .............. (102) (214) (363)
Net gains on maturities, calls, and mandatory redemptions ... 5 -- 13
Write-downs for other-than-temporary impairments in value ... (29) -- --
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Net debt investment securities gains ........................ 2 17 21
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 57
<PAGE> 60
The following table displays the maturities and related weighted-
average rates of available-for-sale debt investment securities as of
December 31, 1997. Mortgage-backed securities are included based on
their weighted-average lives, which reflects anticipated future
prepayments based on a consensus of dealers in the market.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
===========================================================================================================================
After one year After five years
Within but within but within After ten
In millions: December 31 one year five years ten years years Total
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
U.S. Treasury ............................... $ 130 $ 118 $ 148 $ 639 $ 1 035
U.S. government agency, principally
mortgage-backed .......................... 111 15 862 806 -- 16 779
U.S. state and political subdivision ........ 313 423 246 458 1 440
U.S. corporate and bank debt ................ 64 228 10 126 428
Foreign government .......................... 433 194 104 53 784
Foreign corporate and bank debt ............. 409 1 055 439 26 1 929
Other ....................................... -- -- -- 112 112
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total debt investment securities, at cost ... 1 460 17 880 1 753 1 414 22 507
Fair value .................................. 1 442 17 878 1 829 1 619 22 768
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Net unrealized gains (losses) ............... (18) (2) 76 205 261
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Average rate on debt investment
securities, at cost(a) .................. 4.56% 7.67% 8.09% 8.36% 7.54%
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
(a) Average rates represent the weighted average at December 31, 1997,
and include the effects of various hedging transactions. Average rates
do not give effect to unrealized gains and losses that are reflected as
a component of stockholders' equity. U.S. state and political
subdivision securities have been adjusted to a taxable-equivalent
basis.
EQUITY INVESTMENT SECURITIES
Equity investment securities include both marketable and nonmarketable
securities and are generally owned by J.P. Morgan Capital Corporation,
a wholly owned nonbank subsidiary of J.P. Morgan. Quoted or estimated
values of equity investment securities do not necessarily represent the
net realizable amounts. This is because factors such as the timing,
size of the position, or the market's liquidity, may not support
realization of these values. Management determines the fair values for
equity investment securities, using financial and other available
information, when the publicly quoted market prices do not accurately
represent the gain or loss that would be realized from a sale, or if
there are no publicly quoted market prices. Most of our equity
investment securities are subject to legal, regulatory, and contractual
restrictions that limit our ability to dispose of them freely.
Marketable available-for-sale equity investment securities
Marketable equity investment securities, which are classified as
available-for-sale, are recorded at fair value. Unrealized gains and
losses are reported as a net amount within the stockholders' equity
account, Net unrealized gains on investment securities, net of taxes.
Gross unrealized gains and losses, as well as a comparison of the cost,
and fair and carrying value of marketable available-for-sale equity
investment securities as of December 31, 1997, 1996, and 1995 are shown
in the following table.
58 Notes to consolidated financial statements
<PAGE> 61
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
=====================================================================
In millions: December 31 1997 1996 1995
---------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Cost ....................... $207 $365 $237
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Gross unrealized gains ..... 436 479 441
Gross unrealized losses .... (9) (2) (1)
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Net unrealized gains ....... 427(a) 477(a) 440(b)
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Fair and carrying value .... 634 842 677
---------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
(a) Primarily relates to investments in the insurance industry.
(b) Primarily relates to investments in the insurance and health care
industries.
Nonmarketable and other equity securities
Nonmarketable equity investment securities are carried at cost on the
balance sheet. Securities held in subsidiaries registered as Small
Business Investment Companies (SBICs) are carried at fair value on the
balance sheet, with changes in fair value recorded currently in
Investment securities revenue. The following table presents the
carrying and fair value, as well as the net unrealized gains, on
nonmarketable and other equity securities.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
========================================================================================
In millions: December 31 1997 1996 1995
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Carrying value ..................................... $451 $448 $424
Net unrealized gains on nonmarketable securities ... 136(a) 115(b) 85(c)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Fair value ......................................... 587 563 509
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
(a) Primarily relates to investments in the telecommunications and
financial services industries.
(b) Primarily relates to investments in the telecommunications and
insurance industries.
(c) Primarily relates to investments in the telecommunications
industry.
Realized gains and write-downs
The following table presents gross realized gains and write-downs for
other-than-temporary impairments in value related to our equity
investments portfolio, excluding securities in SBICs, for the years
ending December 31, 1997, 1996, and 1995. These amounts are recorded in
Investment securities revenue.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
=======================================================================================================
In millions 1997 1996 1995
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Gross realized gains from marketable available-for-sale securities .... $262 $245 $492
Gross realized gains from nonmarketable and other equity securities ... 144 32 26
Write-downs for other-than-temporary impairments in value ............. (37) (30) (33)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Net equity investment securities realized gains ....................... 369 247 485
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
Notes to consolidated financial statements 59
<PAGE> 62
8. TRADING ACCOUNT ASSETS AND LIABILITIES
Trading account assets and liabilities, including derivative
instruments used for trading purposes, are carried at fair value. The
following table presents the carrying value of trading account assets -
before taking into consideration the allowance for credit losses - and
trading account liabilities at December 31, 1997 and 1996. It also
includes the average balance for the years then ended.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
============================================================================================
1997 1996
Carrying Average Carrying Average
In millions: December 31 value balance value balance
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C>
TRADING ACCOUNT ASSETS
U.S. Treasury .......................... $ 10 840 $ 14 783 $13 677 $10 214
U.S. government agency ................. 9 923 7 662 6 163 3 527
Foreign government ..................... 24 755 26 263 24 348 20 784
Corporate debt and equity .............. 18 972 19 233 17 376 14 589
Other securities ....................... 6 439 7 125 3 905 6 315
Interest rate and currency swaps ....... 20 022 16 476 11 663 10 653
Foreign exchange contracts ............. 5 710 4 874 2 507 2 701
Interest rate futures and forwards ..... 308 359 405 341
Commodity and equity contracts ......... 2 859 1 908 2 811 3 035
Purchased option contracts ............. 12 376 8 074 8 475 6 061
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
112 204 106 757 91 330 78 220
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TRADING ACCOUNT LIABILITIES
U.S. Treasury .......................... 10 955 10 971 7 758 8 804
Foreign government ..................... 11 119 12 045 9 343 9 115
Corporate debt and equity .............. 7 662 7 821 5 372 4 393
Other securities ....................... 2 048 2 345 801 2 498
Interest rate and currency swaps ....... 15 072 13 467 12 037 10 252
Foreign exchange contracts ............. 6 852 6 374 4 173 4 323
Interest rate futures and forwards ..... 1 061 849 705 570
Commodity and equity contracts ......... 3 211 2 636 2 400 2 982
Written option contracts ............... 13 161 9 169 8 330 6 165
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
71 141 65 677 50 919 49 102
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
9. OFF-BALANCE SHEET FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
DERIVATIVES
Derivatives may be used for either trading or other-than-trading
purposes. Other-than-trading purposes are primarily related to our
investing activities. Accordingly, the notional amounts presented in
the following table have been identified as relating to either trading
or other-than-trading purposes, based on management's intent and
ongoing usage. A summary of the on-balance sheet credit exposure, which
is represented by the positive fair value associated with derivatives,
is also included in the following table. Our on-balance sheet credit
exposure takes into consideration $63.1 billion and $36.5 billion of
master netting agreements in effect as of December 31, 1997 and 1996,
respectively.
60 Notes to consolidated financial statements
<PAGE> 63
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
================================================================================================================
On-balance sheet
Notional amounts credit exposure
In billions: December 31 1997 1996 1997 1996
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Interest rate and currency swaps
Trading ................................................. $2 496.7 $1 867.9
Other-than-trading(a)(b)(c) ............................. 208.4 253.0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total interest rate and currency swaps .................. 2 705.1 2 120.9 $ 20.0 $ 11.7
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Foreign exchange spot, forward, and futures contracts
Trading ................................................. 670.6 583.3
Other-than-trading(a)(b) ................................ 49.6 36.8
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total foreign exchange spot, forward, and futures
contracts ............................................... 720.2 620.1 5.7 2.5
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Interest rate futures, forward rate agreements,
and debt securities forwards
Trading ................................................. 869.4 524.8
Other-than-trading ...................................... 18.1 43.4
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total interest rate futures, forward rate agreements,
and debt securities forwards ............................ 887.5 568.2 0.3 0.4
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Commodity and equity swaps, forward,
and futures contracts, all trading ...................... 92.4 77.2 2.9 2.8
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Purchased options(d)
Trading ................................................. 768.9 614.8
Other-than-trading(a) ................................... 1.5 2.1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total purchased options ................................. 770.4 616.9 12.4 8.5
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Written options, all trading(e)(f) ......................... 1 005.9 713.0 -- --
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total on-balance sheet credit exposure ..................... 41.3 25.9
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
(a) The majority of J.P. Morgan's derivatives used for purposes
other-than-trading are transacted with independently managed J.P.
Morgan derivatives dealers who function as intermediaries for credit
and administrative purposes.
(b) At December 31, 1997 and 1996, the notional amounts of derivative
contracts used for purposes other-than-trading conducted in the foreign
exchange markets, primarily forward contracts, amounted to $54.0
billion and $40.6 billion, respectively. At December 31, 1997, these
contracts were primarily denominated in the following currencies:
German deutsche mark $10.7 billion, Japanese yen $9.2 billion, Italian
lira $6.9 billion, French franc $6.3 billion, Swiss franc $3.8 billion,
and European Currency Unit $2.7 billion. At December 31, 1996, these
contracts were primarily denominated in the following currencies:
German deutsche mark $5.9 billion, Italian lira $5.9 billion, Japanese
yen $5.2 billion, French franc $4.1 billion, Swiss franc $3.4 billion,
Spanish peseta $3.1 billion, and Belgian franc $3.1 billion.
(c) The notional amounts of risk-adjusting swaps were $162.2 billion
and $214.3 billion at December 31, 1997 and 1996, respectively.
(d) At December 31, 1997 and 1996, purchased options used for trading
purposes included $523.0 billion and $477.5 billion, respectively, of
interest rate options, $193.9 billion and $106.3 billion, respectively,
of foreign exchange options, and $52.0 billion and $31.0 billion,
respectively, of commodity and equity options. Only interest rate
options are used for purposes other-than-trading. Purchased options
executed on an exchange amounted to $149.0 billion and $165.5 billion
and those negotiated over-the-counter amounted to $621.4 billion and
$451.4 billion at December 31, 1997 and 1996, respectively.
(e) At December 31, 1997 and 1996, written options included $729.1
billion and $557.7 billion, respectively, of interest rate options,
$217.0 billion and $118.2 billion, respectively, of foreign exchange
options, and $59.8 billion and $37.1 billion, respectively, of
commodity and equity options. Written options executed on an exchange
amounted to $92.8 billion and $181.8 billion and those negotiated
over-the-counter amounted to $913.1 billion and $531.2 billion at
December 31, 1997 and 1996, respectively.
(f) The total notional amount of written put options includes $13.9
billion and $8.4 billion of written put option contracts on debt
securities at December 31, 1997 and 1996, respectively.
The following table presents on-balance sheet credit exposure
associated with derivatives by the type of counterparty.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
===================================================================================================================
Nonbank
financial Govern-
In billions: December 31 institutions ments Banks All other Total
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
1997
On-balance sheet credit exposure ............ $9.5 $5.0 $22.5 $4.3 $41.3
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1996
On-balance sheet credit exposure ............ 8.8 2.4 9.4 5.3 25.9
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
Notes to consolidated financial statements 61
<PAGE> 64
CREDIT-RELATED FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
Credit-related financial instruments include commitments to extend
credit, standby letters of credit and guarantees, and indemnifications
related to securities lending activities. The contractual amounts of
these instruments represent the amount at risk should the contract be
fully drawn upon, the client defaults, and the value of their
collateral become worthless.
The total contractual amount of credit-related financial instruments
does not represent the future liquidity requirements since we expect a
significant amount of commitments to expire or mature without being
drawn. The credit risk associated with these instruments varies
depending on the client's creditworthiness and the value of any
collateral held. Commitments to extend credit generally require clients
to meet certain credit-related terms and conditions before drawdown. We
require collateral in connection with securities lending
indemnifications. Market risk for commitments to extend credit and
standby letters of credit and guarantees, while not significant, may
exist as availability of and access to credit markets changes.
The following table summarizes the contractual amount of credit-related
instruments as of December 31.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
=========================================================================
In billions: December 31 1997 1996
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C>
Commitments to extend credit .................... $80.4 $64.7
Standby letters of credit and guarantees ........ 15.8 13.9
Securities lending indemnifications(a) .......... 5.3 5.5
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
(a) At December 31, 1997 and 1996, J.P. Morgan held cash and other
collateral in support of securities lending indemnifications.
The following table presents the contractual amount of our commitments
to extend credit and standby letters of credit and guarantees,
separated by type of counterparty.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
=================================================================================================================
Nonbank
financial Govern-
In billions: December 31 institutions ments Banks All other Total
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
1997
Commitments to extend credit ................ $16.4 $5.3 $4.6 $54.1(a) $80.4
Standby letters of credit and guarantees .... 3.8 2.5 2.1 7.4(b) 15.8
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1996
Commitments to extend credit ................ 11.1 3.4 3.9 46.3(a) 64.7
Standby letters of credit and guarantees .... 4.8 2.4 0.3 6.4(b) 13.9
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
(a) At December 31, 1997 and 1996, the utilities industry exceeded 10%
of this amount.
(b) The utilities, petroleum, and health care industries at December
31, 1997 and 1996, each exceeded 10% of this amount.
Included in Fees and commissions are credit-related fees of $165
million, $156 million, and $162 million for the years ended December
31, 1997, 1996, and 1995, respectively. They are primarily earned from
commitments to extend credit, standby letters of credit and guarantees,
and securities lending indemnifications.
OTHER
Amounts receivable and payable for securities that have not reached
their contractual settlement dates are recorded net in the consolidated
balance sheet. This is consistent with industry practice. Amounts
payable for securities purchased of $18.7 billion was netted against
amounts receivable for securities sold of $15.3 billion. This produced
a net trade date payable of $3.4 billion, recorded in Accounts payable
and accrued expenses as of December 31, 1997. In 1996, amounts
receivable for securities sold of $20.1 billion was netted against
amounts payable for securities purchased of $17.1 billion. This
produced a net trade date receivable of $3.0 billion, recorded in
Accrued interest and accounts receivable, as of December 31, 1996.
62 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
<PAGE> 65
10. ESTIMATING THE FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
In accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, our
financial instruments are recorded in our consolidated balance sheet
using several methods, including historical cost and fair value. The
amount at which a financial instrument is recorded in our consolidated
balance sheet is referred to as the carrying value.
HISTORICAL COST METHOD
The historical carrying value generally represents the amount received
when a liability is incurred or the amount paid to purchase an asset
less subsequent amortization and allowances that management estimates
as uncollectible amounts.
FAIR VALUE METHOD
The fair value of a financial instrument is the amount for which the
instrument could be exchanged in a current transaction between willing
parties, other than in a forced or liquidation sale.
In accordance with SFAS No. 107, Disclosures about Fair Value of
Financial Instruments, we estimate and disclose the fair value of all
on- and off-balance sheet financial instruments.
Differences between carrying values under the historical cost method
and fair value estimates can be significant. We can use the example of
our loan portfolio to illustrate such differences. The net carrying
value of our loan portfolio represents management's estimate of the
principal amount we can ultimately recover. This is different from the
fair value that estimates the amount that the loan portfolio could be
exchanged for based on current market conditions that take into account
both principal and interest and the timing of cash flows.
Notes to consolidated financial statements 63
<PAGE> 66
Our balance sheet: Carrying value versus Fair value
The following table presents the carrying value and fair value of J.P.
Morgan's financial instruments at December 31, 1997 and 1996.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
===========================================================================================================================
1997 1996
Appre- Appre-
ciation/ ciation/
Carrying Fair (depre- Carrying Fair (depre-
In billions: December 31 value value ciation) value value ciation)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS USED FOR
TRADING PURPOSES:
FINANCIAL ASSETS:
Trading account assets, net(a) ................. $111.9 $112.2 $ 0.3(b) $91.0 $91.3 $ 0.3(b)
Securities purchased under agreements to
resell and federal funds sold(c) ............ 39.0 39.0 -- 32.5 32.5 --
Securities borrowed(d) ......................... 38.4 38.4 -- 27.9 27.9 --
FINANCIAL LIABILITIES:
Trading account liabilities(a) ................. 71.1 71.1 -- 50.9 50.9 --
Securities sold under agreements to
repurchase and federal funds purchased(c) ... 57.8 57.9 (0.1) 61.4 61.5 (0.1)
FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS USED FOR PURPOSES
OTHER THAN TRADING:
FINANCIAL ASSETS:(e)
Debt investment securities ..................... 22.8 22.8 -- 24.9 24.9 --
Equity investment securities ................... 1.1 1.2 0.1 1.3 1.4 0.1
Loans, net ..................................... 31.0 31.5 0.5(b) 27.6 28.2 0.6(b)
Other financial assets(f) ...................... 15.8 15.8 -- 14.5 14.6 0.1
FINANCIAL LIABILITIES:(e)
Deposits ....................................... 58.9 58.9 -- 52.7 52.8 (0.1)
Related derivatives ......................... -- (0.1) 0.1 -- (0.1) 0.1
Other liabilities for borrowed money ........... 17.2 17.2 -- 19.9 19.9 --
Long-term debt(g) .............................. 22.3 22.9 (0.6) 12.4 12.5 (0.1)
Related derivatives ......................... -- (0.5) 0.5 -- (0.1) 0.1
Company-obligated mandatorily redeemable
preferred securities of subsidiaries ........ 1.2 1.3 (0.1) 0.8 0.7 0.1
Related derivatives ......................... -- (0.1) 0.1 -- -- --
Other financial liabilities(h) ................. 21.6 21.3 0.3(b) 11.7 11.4 0.3(b)
OFF-BALANCE-SHEET FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS:
Risk-adjusting swaps(i) .............................. -- -- -- -- 0.1 0.1
Commitments to extend credit and standby
letters of credit and guarantees .................. -- (0.1) (0.1) -- -- --
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Excess of net fair values over net carrying
values before considering income taxes ............ 1.0 1.5
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
(a) Refer to Note 8, Trading account assets and liabilities, for detail
of financial instruments, including derivatives, used for trading
purposes.
(b) Relates substantially to the allowance for credit losses. Refer to
Note 13, Aggregate allowance for credit losses.
(c) These trading-related financial instruments are generally treated
as collateralized lending and borrowing transactions and are carried at
the amounts at which the securities were initially acquired or sold.
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase are also used as one
source of financing for the debt investment securities portfolio.
(d) These trading-related financial instruments, which are
collateralized by cash, are carried at amounts equal to the cash
advanced.
64 Notes to consolidated financial statements
<PAGE> 67
(e) Derivatives are used to hedge or modify the interest rate
characteristics of debt investment securities, loans, deposits, other
liabilities for borrowed money, long-term debt, and other financial
assets and liabilities. Net unrealized gains and losses associated with
such derivatives contracts amounted to $668 million and $90 million at
December 31, 1997 and 1996, respectively. Gross unrealized gains and
gross unrealized losses associated with open derivative contracts used
for these purposes at December 31, 1997 and 1996, are presented below.
Such amounts primarily relate to interest rate and currency swaps used
to hedge or modify the interest rate characteristics of long-term debt;
debt investment securities, principally mortgage-backed securities;
deposits; and other financial instruments.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
========================================================================================
Gross Gross Net
unrealized unrealized unrealized
In millions: December 31 gains losses gains/(losses)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
1997
Long-term debt ................... $533 $ 59 $474
Debt investment securities ....... 36 104 (68)
Deposits ......................... 109 13 96
Other financial instruments ...... 265 99 166
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total ............................ 943 275 668
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1996
Long-term debt ................... 239 153 86
Debt investment securities ....... 49 126 (77)
Deposits ......................... 75 25 50
Other financial instruments ...... 76 45 31
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total ............................ 439 349 90
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
(f) Includes cash and due from banks, interest-earning deposits with
banks, accrued interest and accounts receivable, and other financial
assets.
(g) Estimating the fair value for J.P. Morgan's convertible mortgage
loan and British pound financing obligation is not practicable due to
the complex terms and conditions associated with the transactions. For
additional information regarding these financing obligations, see Note
15, Long-term debt.
(h) Includes commercial paper, accounts payable and accrued expenses,
and other financial liabilities.
(i) Represents the net unrealized gain associated with risk-adjusting
swaps and their related hedges that are entered into to meet
longer-term investment objectives. The net amount is composed of gross
unrealized gains and gross unrealized losses each of approximately $1.6
billion at December 31, 1997 and $2.8 billion and $2.7 billion,
respectively, at December 31, 1996. The unrealized gains and losses
related to the derivative contracts used to hedge these risk-adjusting
swaps, included above, were not material at December 31, 1997 and 1996.
There were no material terminations of risk-adjusting swaps during 1997
or 1996.
HOW WE ESTIMATE FAIR VALUE
The following summary describes the valuation methods used to determine
the fair value estimates of each class of financial instruments for
which it is practicable to estimate fair value.
Financial instruments carried at fair value
Debt and marketable equity investment securities and trading account
assets and liabilities, including derivatives used for trading
purposes, are carried at fair value. Fair value is based on listed
market prices or broker or dealer price quotations. If listed market
prices or quotations are not available, we base fair value on
management estimates using internal valuation techniques such as
pricing models and discounted cash flows.
Financial instruments carried at cost: Carrying value approximates fair
value due to financial instruments' short-term nature
For short-term balance sheet instruments that do not have publicly
quoted market prices, the carrying value approximates fair value. These
balance sheet instruments include cash and due from banks, certain
securities purchased under agreements to resell and federal funds sold,
securities borrowed, certain loans, accrued interest and accounts
receivable, certain other financial assets, certain securities sold
under agreements to repurchase and federal funds purchased, accounts
payable and accrued expenses, and certain other financial liabilities.
Instruments are generally classified as short-term if they have a
maturity or repricing profile of one year or less.
Financial instruments carried at cost: Fair value based on available
quoted market prices
The fair values of certain loans and other financial assets and certain
other financial liabilities are determined based on quoted market
prices for the instruments or similar issues in their most active
market.
Notes to consolidated financial statements 65
<PAGE> 68
Financial instruments carried at cost: Fair value derived using
estimation techniques
Deposits and other interest-earning assets
The fair values of most financial instruments that do not have publicly
quoted market prices are calculated using discount rates that
management believes are appropriate. We use interest rates derived from
prevailing market yield curves which closely reflect our
interest-earning deposit and borrowing rates. We use these interest
rates to discount interest-earning deposits, other interest-earning
assets, interest-bearing deposits, other borrowings, long-term
repurchase agreements, and risk-adjusting swaps.
Commercial Paper and Long-Term Debt
To estimate fair values for commercial paper, we use J.P. Morgan's
current commercial paper rates. To estimate fair values for most
long-term debt, we use J.P. Morgan's current cost of funds for debt
with similar terms and remaining maturities.
Loans
We discount loans at current market rates that are applicable to loans
of similar type, maturity, and credit standing to estimate their fair
value. The fair value of nonperforming loans is calculated using
discounted expected cash flows, by taking the fair value of any
collateral on the loan or by using observable market values.
Nonmarketable Equity Investment Securities
The fair values of equity investment securities for which there are no
publicly quoted market prices are determined by management based on
financial and other available information.
Commitments to Extend Credit
We determine the fair value of commitments to extend credit, standby
letters of credit, and guarantees by comparing the contractual future
stream of fees with fee streams adjusted to reflect current market
rates that are applicable to instruments of similar type, maturity, and
credit standing.
Securities Lending Indemnifications
Similar to commitments to extend credit, we determine the fair value of
securities lending indemnifications based on fee streams, which are at
market rates since most agreements mature in less than 30 days.
The following table summarizes the fair values of all on- and
off-balance sheet financial instruments according to the valuation
methods used to determine fair value estimates.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
==========================================================================================================================
Off-balance
Financial Assets Financial Liabilities sheet
---------------- --------------------- instruments
In billions: December 31 Carrying value Fair value Carrying value Fair value Fair value
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
1997
Carried at fair value ............................. $135.4 $135.7 $ 71.1 $ 71.1 $ --
Carried at cost:
Carrying value approximates fair value
due to short-term nature .............. 89.0 89.0 78.3 78.3 --
Fair value based on available quoted
market prices ......................... 4.3 4.3 4.7 4.7 --
Fair value derived using estimation
techniques ............................ 31.3 31.9 96.0 95.8 (0.1)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
260.0 260.9 250.1 249.9 (0.1)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1996
Carried at fair value ............................. 116.9 117.2 50.9 50.9 --
Carried at cost:
Carrying value approximates fair value
due to short-term nature .............. 76.0 76.0 72.4 72.4 --
Fair value based on available quoted
market prices ......................... 3.0 3.0 4.1 4.1 --
Fair value derived using estimation
techniques ............................ 23.8 24.6 82.4 82.1 0.1
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
219.7 220.8 209.8 209.5 0.1
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
66 Notes to consolidated financial statements
<PAGE> 69
11. LOANS
INDUSTRY OR TYPE OF BORROWER
The table below provides loan detail by industry of borrower and
location of booking office - not taking into consideration the
allowance for credit losses - at December 31.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
==========================================================================================================================
In millions: December 31 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
LOANS IN OFFICES IN THE U.S.
Commercial and industrial ....................... $ 1 326 $ 1 878 $ 1 990 $ 3 047 $ 3 507
Financial institution:
Banks ........................................ 232 641 729 458 730
Other financial institutions ................. 939 902 527 738 1 457
Collateralized by real estate ................... 1 330 324 365 365 411
Other, primarily individuals and includes
U.S. state and political subdivisions ........ 1 509 1 488 1 666 1 483 1 928
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5 336 5 233 5 277 6 091 8 033
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LOANS IN OFFICES OUTSIDE THE U.S.
Commercial and industrial ....................... 12 576 12 026 10 045 8 451 7 809
Financial institution:
Banks ........................................ 3 419 2 853 1 447 1 940 1 076
Other financial institutions ................. 4 805 4 522 3 013 2 460 3 917
Collateralized by real estate ................... 1 153 364 281 329 313
Foreign governments and official
institutions ................................. 693 811 1 042 846 1 149
Other, primarily individuals and includes
U.S. state and political subdivisions ........ 3 596 2 311 2 348 1 963 2 083
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
26 242 22 887 18 176 15 989 16 347
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL LOANS ..................................... 31 578 28 120 23 453 22 080 24 380
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
LOCATION OF BORROWER
The following table presents the distribution of total loans - not
taking into consideration the allowance for credit losses - as of
December 31, on the basis of the location of the borrower.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
=====================================================================
In millions: December 31 1997 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C>
LOANS TO BORROWERS IN THE U.S.
In offices in the U.S. ................ $ 4 366 $ 4 354
In offices outside the U.S. ........... 9 036 8 275
---------------------------------------------------------------------
13 402 12 629
---------------------------------------------------------------------
LOANS TO BORROWERS OUTSIDE THE U.S.
In offices in the U.S. ................ 970 879
In offices outside the U.S. ........... 17 206 14 612
---------------------------------------------------------------------
18 176 15 491
---------------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL LOANS ........................... 31 578 28 120
---------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
Notes to consolidated financial statements 67
<PAGE> 70
MATURITY PROFILE OF LOAN PORTFOLIO
The following table shows our loan portfolio - not taking into
consideration the allowance for credit losses - by maturity, industry
of borrower, and location of booking office at December 31, 1997.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
===========================================================================================================================
Maturing
----------------------------------------------------------------------
After one After five
Within year but years but After
In millions: December 31 one year within five within ten ten years Total
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
LOANS IN OFFICES IN THE U.S.
Commercial and industrial ................... $ 425 $ 628 $ 207 $ 66 $ 1 326
Financial institution:
Banks .................................... 32 200 -- -- 232
Other financial institutions ............. 352 463 122 2 939
Collateralized by real estate ............... 66 362 343 559 1 330
Other, primarily individuals and includes
U.S. state and political subdivisions .... 942 266 147 154 1 509
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 817 1 919 819 781 5 336
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LOANS IN OFFICES OUTSIDE THE U.S.
Commercial and industrial ................... 3 726 7 176 1 654 20 12 576
Financial institution:
Banks .................................... 2 669 660 90 -- 3 419
Other financial institutions ............. 2 065 2 014 566 160 4 805
Collateralized by real estate ............... 306 542 100 205 1 153
Foreign governments and official
institutions ............................. 113 321 210 49 693
Other, primarily individuals and includes
U.S. state and political subdivisions .... 2 420 1 081 95 -- 3 596
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
11 299 11 794 2 715 434 26 242
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL LOANS ................................. 13 116 13 713 3 534 1 215 31 578
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
INTEREST RATE STRUCTURE OF LOAN PORTFOLIO
The table below shows our loan portfolio based on interest rate
structure and location of booking office at December 31, 1997.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
=======================================================================================================================
Maturing
------------------------------------------------------------------------
After one After five
Within year but years but After
In millions: December 31 one year within five within ten ten years Total
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
LOANS AT FIXED RATES OF INTEREST
Offices in the U.S. ................... $ 104 $ 1 019 $ 463 $ 573 $ 2 159
Offices outside the U.S. .............. 2 637 876 149 32 3 694
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 741 1 895 612 605 5 853
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LOANS AT FLOATING RATES OF INTEREST
Offices in the U.S. ................... 1 713 900 356 208 3 177
Offices outside the U.S. .............. 8 662 10 918 2 566 402 22 548
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10 375 11 818 2 922 610 25 725
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL LOANS ........................... 13 116 13 713 3 534 1 215 31 578
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
68 Notes to consolidated financial statements
<PAGE> 71
LOAN CONCENTRATIONS
We diversify our portfolio of loans by borrower, industry, and
geographic area. At year-end 1997 and 1996, 47% and 45%, respectively,
of loans were in the United States. This proportion is based on the
location of the borrower or, in the case of guaranteed loans, the
location of the guarantor. With the exception of the U.S., no more than
8% and 9% of our loans were in any single country at the end of 1997
and 1996, respectively.
As of December 31, 1997 and 1996, 17% and 14%, respectively, of our
loans were backed by marketable securities or cash collateral. After
the exclusion of these collateralized amounts, the only individual
industry that exceeded 10% of total loans was banks, which accounted
for 14% and 13% of total loans at December 31, 1997 and 1996,
respectively.
12. NONPERFORMING ASSETS
Total nonperforming assets - net of charge offs - at December 31 are
presented in the following table.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
====================================================================================
In millions: December 31 ................................ 1997 1996 1995
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Commercial and industrial ............................... $ 55 $ 89 $ 67
Banks and other financial institutions .................. 30 -- --
Other ................................................... 28 31 50
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total nonperforming loans(a) ............................ 113 120 117
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Other nonperforming assets, primarily
swaps with certain Asian financial institutions(b) ... 546 -- 1
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL NONPERFORMING ASSETS .............................. 659 120 118
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
(a) At December 31, 1997, more than half of the nonperforming loan
balance was measured based upon the present value of expected future
cash flows discounted at each loan's effective interest rate. The
remainder was primarily based on the fair value of the collateral. All
of J.P. Morgan's nonperforming loans as of December 31, 1997, were on
nonaccrual status. This is consistent with prior periods.
An analysis of the effect of nonperforming loans - net of charge offs -
on interest revenue is presented in the following table.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
======================================================================================================
In millions 1997 1996 1995
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Interest revenue that would have been recorded if accruing .............. $ 9 $ 14 $ 17
Net interest revenue recorded:
Related to the current period ........................................ 3 3 1
Related to prior periods ............................................. 2 1 38
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Positive (negative) impact of nonperforming loans on interest revenue ... (4) (10) 22
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
Interest that would have been recorded if accruing, represents $4
million, $12 million, and $13 million from borrowers in the U.S. and $5
million, $2 million, and $4 million from borrowers outside the U.S. in
1997, 1996, and 1995, respectively.
Interest revenue recorded, represents $6 million, $3 million, and $30
million from borrowers in the U.S. and ($1) million, $1 million, and $9
million from borrowers outside the U.S. in 1997, 1996, and 1995,
respectively.
As of December 31, 1997, 1996, and 1995, no reserve was required under
SFAS No. 114, Accounting by Creditors for Impairment of a Loan, for the
recorded investments in nonperforming loans. The recorded investment
values are reduced by charge offs and interest applied to principal to
produce amounts less than the SFAS No. 114 calculated values. For the
twelve months ended December 31, 1997, 1996, and 1995, the average
recorded investments in nonperforming loans were $99 million, $141
million, and $186 million, respectively.
(b) At December 31, 1997, other nonperforming assets, primarily swaps,
were measured using internal valuation techniques.
Notes to consolidated financial statements 69
<PAGE> 72
13. AGGREGATE ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES
This table presents an analysis of the aggregate allowance for credit
losses.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
================================================================================
In millions 1997 1996 1995
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
BALANCE, JANUARY 1 .......................... $1 116 $1 130 $1 131
Recoveries .................................. 45 25 54
Charge offs:
Commercial and industrial ................ (60) (30) (39)
Banks and other financial institutions ... (17) -- --
Other .................................... (2) (9) (16)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Net charge offs ............................. (34) (14) (1)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Translation adjustment ...................... (1) -- --
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BALANCE, DECEMBER 31 ........................ 1 081 1 116 1 130
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
14. PREMISES AND EQUIPMENT
The components of premises and equipment as of December 31 are
presented in the following table.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
=================================================================================
In millions: December 31 1997 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C>
Land ...................................................... $ 112 $ 112
Buildings ................................................. 1 080 1 047
Equipment and furniture ................................... 1 170 1 107
Leasehold improvements .................................... 342 342
Property under financing obligation: land and building .... 486 500
Construction-in-progress .................................. 27 29
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3 217 3 137
Less: accumulated depreciation ............................ 1 379 1 272
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 838 1 865
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
Depreciation expense was $185 million in 1997, $212 million in 1996,
and $247 million in 1995. No interest was capitalized in connection
with various construction projects in 1997 or 1996.
15. LONG-TERM DEBT
The net proceeds from the issuance of J.P. Morgan's long-term debt may
be used for general corporate purposes. This includes investing in
equity and debt securities and advancing funds to our subsidiaries. We
have the option to redeem certain debt before it matures at specified
prices.
LONG-TERM DEBT QUALIFYING AS RISK-BASED CAPITAL
Long-term debt that qualifies as risk-based capital generally must be
unsecured and subordinated with an original weighted-average maturity
of at least five years. Subordinated debt would be junior in right of
payment to all other indebtedness in the event of our liquidation. The
following table presents long-term debt that qualifies as risk-based
capital. It represents all our subordinated issues as of December 31.
70 Notes to consolidated financial statements
<PAGE> 73
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
=====================================================================================================================
J.P. Morgan Morgan Guaranty Total debt
---------------------- ----------------- outstanding
Fixed Floating Fixed Floating ------------------
In millions: December 31 rate rate rate rate 1997 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
CONTRACTUAL MATURITY DATE
1998 ............................................ $ 643(a)(b) $ -- $ -- $-- $ 643 $ 611(a)(b)
2000 ............................................ -- 200 -- -- 200 200
2002 ............................................ 200 447 199 -- 846 845
2003-2007 ....................................... 2 021 294 -- -- 2 315 1 696
Thereafter ...................................... 1 416(c) 255 -- -- 1 671 909
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5 675 4 261
Less: amortization for risk-based capital
purposes(d) .................................. (932) (569)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total long-term debt qualifying as risk-based
capital ...................................... 4 743 3 692
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
(a) Amounts include $1 million and $2 million of outstanding
convertible debentures at December 31, 1997 and 1996, respectively. At
December 31, 1997, these debentures were convertible into 72,100 shares
of J.P. Morgan common stock at $20 per share.
(b) Amounts include $392 million and $360 million of outstanding
zero-coupon notes at December 31, 1997 and 1996, respectively. The
principal amount of these notes is $400 million. The yield to maturity
on the notes, which do not bear interest, is 8.66%. The carrying value
increases as the discount on the notes is accreted to interest expense.
(c) Amounts include $230 million of outstanding zero-coupon notes at
December 31, 1997. The principal amount of these notes is $2,260
million, of which $10 million matures in 2017 and $2,250 million
matures in 2027. The weighted average yield to maturity on the notes,
which do not bear interest, is 7.99%. The carrying value increases as
the discount on the notes is accreted to interest expense.
(d) The balance of debt qualifying as risk-based capital is reduced 20%
per year during each of the last five years prior to maturity.
LONG-TERM DEBT NOT QUALIFYING AS RISK-BASED CAPITAL
The following table presents long-term debt that does not qualify as
risk-based capital. Most of the debt in this table is senior debt as of
December 31. Senior debt has a higher claim on our assets than junior
or subordinated debt.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
=====================================================================================================================
J.P. Morgan Morgan Guaranty Total debt
----------------------- ------------------- outstanding
Fixed Floating Fixed Floating ------------------
In millions: December 31 rate rate rate rate 1997 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Contractual maturity date
1997 ....................................... $ -- $ -- $ -- $ -- $ -- $1 635
1998 ....................................... 191 194 3 150 3 453 6 988 2 359
1999 ....................................... 181 151 1 152 1 770 3 254 868
2000 ....................................... 660(a) 40 253 10 963 511
2001 ....................................... 567 143 955 104 1 769 1 025
2002 ....................................... 153 37 497 -- 687 --
2003-2007 .................................. 510 250 662 185 1 607 990
Thereafter ................................. 1 170(b)(c) 54 310(d) 225 1 759 1 144(b)(c)
British pound financing obligation(e) ...... 287 287 310
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
17 314 8 842
Add: amortization for risk-based capital
purposes(f) ............................. 932 569
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total long-term debt not qualifying as
risk-based capital ...................... 18 246 9 411
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
(a) Amounts include 2.5% cumulative Series A Commodity-Indexed
Preferred Securities (ComPS) with a face value of $50 million, a
carrying value of $50 million at December 31, 1997, and a maturity
date, which may change as defined, of October 16, 2000. J.P. Morgan
Index Funding Company I(JPMIFC), a wholly owned subsidiary of J.P.
Morgan, is the issuer of the ComPS. The ComPS redemption price is
indexed to the JPMCI Crude Oil Total Return Index, and may be more than
or less than the face amount of the ComPS. The proceeds of the sale of
ComPS and JPMIFC's common stock were used by the JPMIFC to purchase $50
million, 2.5% Series A Intercompany Notes (Intercompany Notes) of
Morgan Guaranty. The Intercompany Notes are the sole assets of JPMIFC
and have the same terms as the ComPS. The obligations of J.P. Morgan
under agreements with JPMIFC, as defined, constitute a full and
unconditional guarantee, on a subordinated basis, of payments due on
the ComPS.
(b) Includes notes maturing in 2008 - 2009 for which the interest rates
will be reset during 1998 for the following 10-year term at a rate
based on the interest rate for 10-year U.S. Treasury securities at that
time. The carrying amount of these notes was $425 million at December
31, 1997 and 1996, respectively.
Notes to consolidated financial statements 71
<PAGE> 74
(c) Amounts include a convertible mortgage loan with a carrying value
of $405 million and $406 million at December 31, 1997 and 1996,
respectively. The interest rate on the loan increases 1/2% every four
years from 7%, as set in 1988, to 9% in 2004. After 2008 the rate will
be fixed based upon the interest rate for 10-year U.S. Treasury
securities at that time. Beginning in 2008 the loan may be converted,
at the option of the lender, into a 49% interest in the J.P. Morgan
building at 60 Wall Street. If the loan is converted, J.P. Morgan will
have the option to lease the property for seven 10-year terms. J.P.
Morgan has the right to prepay the debt if the lender does not exercise
the conversion option. The loan is collateralized by the 60 Wall Street
building owned by Morgan Guaranty.
(d) Amount represents $310 million of outstanding zero-coupon notes at
December 31, 1997. The principal amount of these notes is $3,221
million. The weighted-average yield to maturity on the notes, which do
not bear interest, is 6.58%. The carrying value increases as the
discount on the notes is accreted to interest expense.
(e) Represents the sale of a 52.5% interest in J.P. Morgan's office
building complex in London. The transaction is treated as a financing
obligation, which is being amortized over a 25-year period,
corresponding with J.P. Morgan's initial lease term for the entire
complex. J.P. Morgan has renewal options to lease this space for an
additional 50 years. The lease contains escalation clauses under which
rental payments will be redetermined every five years, beginning after
year 15. Interest on the financing obligation is imputed annually at an
effective rate that varies depending on then-current rental rates in
the London real estate market. The aggregate amounts of minimum cash
payments (at the December 31, 1997 exchange rate) to be applied to the
financing obligation for each of the five years subsequent to December
31, 1997, and thereafter are presented in the following table.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
====================================================================
In millions: December 31
--------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C>
1998 ..................................................... $ 25
1999 ..................................................... 25
2000 ..................................................... 25
2001 ..................................................... 27
2002 ..................................................... 27
Thereafter ............................................... 250
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Total cash payments ...................................... 379
Less: interest ........................................... (92)
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Balance outstanding at December 31, 1997 ................. 287
--------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
(f) The balance of debt qualifying as risk-based capital is reduced 20%
per year during each of the last five years prior to maturity.
The long-term debt tables above include non-U.S. dollar denominated
debt totaling $4,318 million and $3,140 million on December 31, 1997
and 1996, respectively. Of this amount, $3,685 million and $2,790
million were fixed rate instruments and $633 million and $350 million
were floating rate instruments as of December 31, 1997 and 1996,
respectively.
Also included in these long-term debt tables are notes issued under
J.P. Morgan's domestic and Euro-medium term notes programs totaling
$2 186 million and $745 million as of December 31, 1997 and 1996,
respectively. Based solely on contractual terms, the weighted-average
interest rate of these issues was 5.98% and 6.09% as of December 31,
1997 and 1996, respectively. Maturities of these issues as of December
31, 1997 range from 1998 to 2027.
The ranges of interest rates associated with long-term debt as of
December 31 are summarized in the following table. They are based on
the yield to maturity for zero-coupon notes and contractual terms for
all other issues.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
=================================================================================
1997 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C>
U.S. dollar fixed rate issues ............... 2.50-10.00% 4.50-10.00%
U.S. dollar floating rate issues(a) ......... 5.00-10.98 5.18-14.00
Non-U.S. dollar fixed rate issues ........... 2.00-22.00 2.52-14.50
Non-U.S. dollar floating rate issues(a) ..... 1.00-14.00 3.39-8.00
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
(a) Floating rates are determined by formulas and may be subject to
certain minimum or maximum rates
The weighted-average interest rate for total long-term debt was 6.19%
and 6.67% as of December 31, 1997 and 1996, respectively. In order to
modify exposure to interest rate and currency exchange rate movements,
J.P. Morgan utilizes derivative instruments, primarily interest rate
and currency swaps, in conjunction with some of its debt issues. The
effect of derivative instruments used to modify our exposure to
interest rate and currency exchange rate movements is included in the
calculation of interest expense on the associated debt. The weighted-
average interest rate for total long-term debt, including the effects
of the related derivative instruments, was 5.88% and 5.75% as of
December 31, 1997 and 1996, respectively.
72 Notes to consolidated financial statements
<PAGE> 75
16. INCOME TAXES
J.P. Morgan and eligible subsidiaries file a consolidated U.S. federal
income tax return. The following table presents the current and
deferred portions of income tax expense included in the consolidated
statement of income. Portions of the 1996 current and deferred U.S.
income tax expense (benefit) have been reclassified to reflect more
closely the tax returns as filed.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
===================================================================================================================================
In millions 1997 1996 1995
--------------------------- --------------------------- ---------------------------
Current Deferred Total Current Deferred Total Current Deferred Total
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
INCOME TAX EXPENSE (BENEFIT)
U.S ..................................... $311 $(241) $ 70 $179 $ (17) $162 $ 43 $ (3) $ 40
Foreign ................................. 539 7 546 586 (74) 512 505 (4) 501
State and local ......................... 106 (33) 73 120 (36) 84 114 (45) 69
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
956 (267) 689 885 (127) 758 662 (52) 610
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
The income tax expense related to net realized gains and write-downs
for other-than-temporary impairments in value on debt and equity
investment securities, excluding securities in SBICs, was $137 million
in 1997, $98 million in 1996, and $187 million in 1995.
The table below presents the components of deferred tax assets and
liabilities as of December 31.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
=====================================================================================================
In millions: December 31 1997 1996 1995
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
DEFERRED TAX ASSETS
Compensation and benefits .............................. $ 981 $ 835 $ 646
Aggregate allowance for credit losses .................. 430 443 444
Foreign operations ..................................... 62 65 82
Write-down of equity investment securities ............. 49 44 54
Other .................................................. 269 165 199
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total deferred tax assets before valuation allowance ... 1 791 1 552 1 425
Less: valuation allowance(a) ........................... 120 120 140
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total deferred tax assets .............................. 1 671 1 432 1 285
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DEFERRED TAX LIABILITIES
Gains on debt and equity investment securities ......... 518 549 564
Lease financing transactions ........................... 141 142 135
Unremitted earnings .................................... 98 101 86
Depreciation ........................................... 14 58 43
Interest rate and currency swaps ....................... 11 31 68
Other .................................................. 111 156 241
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total deferred tax liabilities ......................... 893 1 037 1 137
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
(a) The valuation allowance is primarily related to the ability to
recognize tax benefits associated with foreign operations.
J.P. Morgan recorded a deferred income tax liability of $256 million,
$268 million, and $358 million as of December 31, 1997, 1996, and 1995,
respectively, related to the net unrealized gains on investment
securities classified as available-for-sale.
The following table displays a reconciliation of the difference between
the expected U.S. statutory income tax rate and J.P. Morgan's effective
income tax rate.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
=============================================================================================================
Percentage of pretax income 1997 1996 1995
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
U.S. statutory tax rate .................................... 35.0% 35.0% 35.0%
Increase (decrease) due to:
State and local taxes, net of U.S. income tax effects ... 2.2 2.3 2.4
Tax-exempt income ....................................... (4.9) (2.7) (6.7)
Other ................................................... (0.3) (2.1) 1.3
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Effective tax rate ......................................... 32.0 32.5 32.0
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
Notes to consolidated financial statements 73
<PAGE> 76
17. COMPANY-OBLIGATED MANDATORILY REDEEMABLE PREFERRED SECURITIES OF
SUBSIDIARIES
In November 1996, JPM Capital Trust I (Trust I) issued $750 million of
cumulative capital securities (trust preferred securities) with a fixed rate of
7.54%. In January 1997, JPM Capital Trust II (Trust II) issued $400 million of
trust preferred securities with a fixed rate of 7.95%. Trust I and Trust II are
wholly owned subsidiaries of J.P. Morgan.
The trust preferred securities:
- - have a stated value and liquidation preference of $1,000 per share
- - have no voting rights
- - qualify as tier 1 capital under current Federal Reserve guidelines
Trust I used the proceeds from the sale of its 7.54% trust preferred securities
and the sale of its common stock to J.P. Morgan to purchase $773.2 million of
7.54% junior subordinated debentures (intercompany debentures) of J.P. Morgan.
Trust II used the proceeds from the sale of its 7.95% trust preferred securities
and the sale of its common stock to J.P. Morgan to purchase $412.4 million of
intercompany debentures of J.P. Morgan. The intercompany debentures are
unsecured and rank subordinate and junior in right of payment to all other debt,
liabilities, and obligations of J.P. Morgan. Therefore their claim on J.P.
Morgan's assets comes after all of J.P. Morgan's other obligations are
fulfilled. The intercompany debentures represent the sole assets of Trust I and
Trust II.
Interest on each of the trust preferred securities is cumulative, payable
semiannually, and is fully and unconditionally guaranteed by J.P. Morgan - but
only if, and to the extent that, the semiannual interest payments are made on
the intercompany debentures by J.P. Morgan. The obligations of J.P. Morgan under
the trust agreements, as defined, constitute a full and unconditional guarantee
by J.P. Morgan of the trusts' obligations under the trust preferred securities
issued.
The $773.2 million 7.54% intercompany debentures mature on January 15, 2027.
Upon approval from the Federal Reserve, J.P. Morgan has the right to redeem the
7.54% intercompany debentures, starting on January 15, 2007. They can be
redeemed at 103.77% of the stated liquidation preference amount on or after
January 15, 2007, with this price declining 0.377% per year until January 15,
2017. After January 15, 2017, the price will equal 100% of the stated
liquidation preference amount.
The $412.4 million 7.95% intercompany debentures mature on February 1, 2027.
Upon approval from the Federal Reserve, J.P. Morgan has the right to redeem the
7.95% intercompany debentures, starting on February 1, 2007. They can be
redeemed at 103.975% of the stated liquidation preference amount on or after
February 1, 2007, with this price declining 0.398% per year until February 1,
2017. After February 1, 2017, the price will equal 100% of the stated
liquidation preference amount.
74 Notes to consolidated financial statements
<PAGE> 77
Proceeds from any redemption or maturity of the intercompany debentures held by
Trust I or Trust II would cause a mandatory redemption of the respective trust
preferred securities of Trust I or Trust II, having an aggregate liquidation
amount equal to the principal amount of respective intercompany debentures
redeemed.
In accordance with Securities and Exchange Commission Staff Accounting Bulletin
No. 53, J.P. Morgan is not required to disclose separate financial statements
for Trust I and II because Trust I and II are wholly owned, have no independent
operations, and are issuing securities that contain a full and unconditional
guarantee of its parent, J.P. Morgan.
The proceeds from the issuance of the 7.54% trust preferred securities were used
in 1997 to purchase $750 million of J.P. Morgan common stock in the open market
or through privately negotiated transactions. This action was approved by the
Board of Directors in December 1996.
18. PREFERRED STOCK
We are authorized to issue a total of 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock. At
December 31, 1997 and 1996, we had 3,094,300 of such shares authorized, issued
and outstanding under various series as described below.
With the exception of fixed cumulative preferred stock, series H shares, the
outstanding preferred stock may be currently redeemed, in whole or in part, at
our option, for the stated value plus accrued and unpaid dividends. The series H
shares may not be redeemed before March 31, 2006. All preferred stock has a
dividend preference over our common stock in the paying of dividends, a
preference in the liquidation of assets, and is generally nonvoting. This table
presents preferred stock outstanding and related dividend rates as of December
31.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
===================================================================================================================================
Authorized, issued and
outstanding shares Dividend rate(a)
December 31 1997 1996 1997 1996
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Adjustable rate cumulative preferred stock, series A
(stated value: $100 per share) ............................. 2 444 300 2 444 300 5.00% 5.00%
Variable cumulative preferred stock, series B, C, D, E
and F (50 000 shares each series; stated value:
$1 000 per share) .......................................... 250 000 250 000 4.23-4.38 3.88-4.08
Fixed cumulative preferred stock, series H
(stated value: $500 per share) ............................. 400 000 400 000 6.63 6.63
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
(a) Series A: The quarterly dividend rate is determined by a formula based on
the interest rates of certain actively traded U.S. Treasury obligations. The
quarterly rate in no event will be less than 5.00% or greater than 11.50% per
annum. The Series A preferred stock qualifies as tier 1 capital.
Series B, C, D, E, and F: Dividend rates for each series are determined
periodically either by auction or remarketing. The dividend rates may not exceed
certain maximums that are 110% to 200% of various market interest rates,
depending on the prevailing credit rating of the instrument at the dividend
determination dates and the duration of the then-current dividend periods. The
dividend periods may vary from one day to 30 years, depending on the dividend
determination method used. During 1997 and 1996, J.P. Morgan reset the dividend
rates approximately every 49 days. The dividend rates stated above represent the
range of those in effect at year-end. These series of preferred stock qualify as
tier 2 capital.
Series H: The quarterly dividend rate is paid at the fixed rate of 6.625% per
annum. The Series H preferred stock qualifies as tier 1 capital.
19. EMPLOYEE BENEFITS
PENSION BENEFITS
Defined benefit plans
We have noncontributory defined benefit pension plans covering most of our
regular employees. Pension benefits are generally based on age, years of
employment, and a percentage of qualifying compensation during an employee's
final years of employment.
Notes to consolidated financial statements 75
<PAGE> 78
In general, J.P. Morgan's policy is to contribute currently the accrued costs of
its funded pension plans. The principal U.S. plan continues to meet legal
funding requirements. There were no contributions in 1997. In 1996 contributions
were $20 million. We do not contribute the accrued costs of certain other
pension plans currently, since contributions to these unfunded plans are not tax
deductible. The liability recorded on the consolidated balance sheet for such
unfunded pension plans was $120 million and $116 million at December 31, 1997
and 1996, respectively.
For J.P. Morgan's domestic and foreign funded plans, the value of plan assets
exceeded accumulated benefits at September 30, 1997 and 1996 (the dates of the
actuarial valuations). Plan assets are managed by trustees and are invested
primarily in fixed income securities, listed stocks, and commingled pension
trust funds. The following table presents information related to these plans,
including the amounts recorded on the consolidated balance sheet.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
===================================================================================================================================
In millions 1997 1996
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C>
Actuarial present value of benefit obligation:
Vested ............................................................................. $ 905 $ 787
Nonvested .......................................................................... 150 132
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Accumulated benefit obligation: .............................................................. 1 055 919
Additional benefits based on projected future salary levels .................................. 182 171
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Projected benefit obligation 1 237 1 090
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Plan assets at fair value 1 555 1 309
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Plan assets in excess of projected benefit obligation ........................................ 318 219
Amounts available to increase (reduce) future pension expense:
Unamortized balance of the initial transition amount(a) ............................ (24) (34)
Cumulative net actuarial gain, including deferred investment results(b) ............ (208) (114)
Costs of retroactive benefits granted by plan amendments ........................... 29 32
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Net prepaid pension cost recorded on the consolidated balance sheet 115 103
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
(a) To be recognized ratably as a reduction of pension expense through 1999.
(b) Actuarial gains and losses result from experience that differs from that
assumed or from a change in an actuarial assumption.
The following table presents the components of the 1997, 1996, and 1995 defined
benefit pension expense.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
===================================================================================================================================
In millions 1997 1996 1995
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Cost of benefits earned during the period ............................................. $ 56 $ 60 $ 60
Interest cost on the projected benefit obligation ..................................... 90 88 87
Assumed return on all pension plan assets(a) .......................................... (112) (109) (98)
Amortization, primarily of the initial transition amount .............................. (7) (7) (6)
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pension expense reflected in Employee compensation and benefits 27 32 43
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
(a) For the twelve month periods ended September 30, 1997, 1996, and 1995, the
actual returns were $294 million, $163 million, and $141 million, respectively.
The differences between the actual and assumed amounts have been deferred.
The following table presents the weighted-average actuarial assumptions we used
to calculate the projected benefit obligation. Actuarial assumptions at
September 30 are used to calculate the pension expense for the following fiscal
year.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
===================================================================================================================================
1997 1996 1995 1994
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Assumptions at September 30:
Assumed rate of return ............................................ 8.7% 9.3% 9.3% 9.5%
Future annual compensation increases .............................. 4.7 4.9 5.1 6.0
Discount rate ..................................................... 7.0 7.6 7.4 8.3
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
76 Notes to consolidated financial statements
<PAGE> 79
Defined contribution plans
J.P Morgan maintains several defined contribution pension plans. The most
significant is the Deferred Profit Sharing/401(k) Plan, covering substantially
all U.S. employees. We contribute to this plan based on our financial
performance, and participants may make pre-tax contributions to tax-deferred
investment portfolios. Non-U.S. defined contribution plans are administered in
accordance with local laws. Total expense, which represents J. P. Morgan's
contribution for these plans, was $27 million for 1997, $39 million for 1996 and
$31 million for 1995.
OTHER POSTRETIREMENT BENEFITS
U.S. employees who were hired before February 1, 1989 and who have completed 10
years of continuous service with J.P. Morgan may be eligible for pensioner
health care and pensioner life insurance coverage when they retire. We have no
contractual obligation to provide this coverage. Eligible employees retiring
after July 1, 1992, absorb a greater proportion of their health care expenses
than those who retired on or before July 1, 1992. U.S. employees who were hired
on or after February 1, 1989, are not eligible for pensioner health care
coverage but may be eligible for limited pensioner life insurance coverage when
they retire. Virtually all the postretirement benefit expenses relate to our
U.S. employees.
Effective November 21, 1994, we began to fund our postretirement benefit
obligations through the purchase of corporate-owned life insurance (COLI) on the
lives of eligible employees and retirees. Assets of the COLI policy are held in
a separate account at the insurance company. The insurance company invests the
cash value of the policy in equities, bonds, and other debt securities. While
J.P. Morgan owns the COLI policy, the COLI proceeds (i.e., death benefits,
withdrawals, and other distributions) may be used only to reimburse J.P. Morgan
for its net postretirement claim payments and related administrative expenses.
The following table reconciles the actuarial present value of J.P. Morgan's
accumulated postretirement benefit obligation (APBO) relating to health care and
life insurance at September 30 (the date of the actuarial valuation) to the
amount recorded on the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
===================================================================================================================================
In millions 1997 1996
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C>
Actuarial present value of APBO:
Retirees ...................................................................................... $ 110 $ 104
Fully eligible active participants ............................................................ 22 19
Other active participants ..................................................................... 78 69
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total APBO at September 30 ......................................................................... 210 192
Cumulative net actuarial gain, including deferred investment results(a) ............................ 104 91
Fair value of COLI policy at December 31 ........................................................... (211) (140)
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Net accrued postretirement benefit liability recorded on the consolidated balance sheet 103 143
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
(a) Actuarial gains and losses result from experience that differs from that
assumed or from a change in an actuarial assumption.
The following table presents the components of the 1997, 1996, and 1995
postretirement benefit expense.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
===================================================================================================================================
In millions 1997 1996 1995
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Cost of benefits earned during the period ..................................... $ 4 $ 5 $ 6
Interest cost on APBO ......................................................... 15 15 17
Assumed return on COLI policy(a) .............................................. (11) (7) (3)
Amortization of unrecognized net gains ........................................ (4) (4) (2)
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Expense reflected in Employee compensation and benefits 4 9 18
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
(a) For the twelve month periods ended September 30, 1997, 1996, and 1995, the
actual returns were $35 million, $10 million, and $9 million, respectively. The
differences between the actual and assumed amounts have been deferred.
Notes to consolidated financial statements 77
<PAGE> 80
The following table presents actuarial assumptions used to calculate the APBO.
Actuarial assumptions at September 30 are used to determine the postretirement
benefit expense for the following fiscal year.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
===================================================================================================================================
1997 1996 1995 1994
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Assumptions at September 30:
Assumed rate of return ............................................ 9.0% 9.0% 9.0% 9.0%
Future annual compensation increases, affecting the
APBO for pensioner life insurance only ......................... 4.8 4.8 4.8 5.5
Health-care cost trend rate:
First year ..................................................... 11.0 11.5 12.0 15.0
Rate after gradual decreases until the year 2009 ............... 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5
Discount rate ..................................................... 7.3 7.8 7.5 8.5
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
If the assumed health care cost trend rate were increased by one percentage
point each year, the annual postretirement benefit expense would have increased
by $2 million each year in 1997, 1996, and 1995. In addition, the APBO as of
September 30 would have increased by $14 million, $13 million, and $16 million
for 1997, 1996, and 1995, respectively.
20. STOCK OPTIONS AND STOCK AWARDS
J.P. Morgan's stock option and stock award plans provide for the grant of
stock-related awards to key employees, including:
- - stock options
- - restricted stock awards
- - stock bonus awards
- - stock unit awards
- - deferred stock payable in stock
To satisfy awards granted under stock option and stock award plans, we may make
common stock available from authorized but unissued shares. We also may purchase
shares in the open market at various times during the year. Shares available for
future grants under stock incentive plans totaled 16,355,762 as of December 31,
1997. A portion of these shares may be made available from treasury shares.
Shares authorized for future grants under the Stock Bonus Plan are 2.5% of
outstanding shares. All shares authorized under the Stock Bonus Plan are
required to be settled in treasury shares. We account for our stock-based
compensation plans in accordance with APB Opinion No. 25 and related
Interpretations. Compensation cost recognized for our stock award plans in the
consolidated statement of income for 1997, 1996, and 1995 was $381 million, $272
million, and $227 million, respectively.
If we had determined compensation cost for our stock-based compensation plans
based on fair value at the award grant dates consistent with the method of SFAS
No. 123, the net income and earnings per share for 1997, 1996 and 1995 would
approximate the pro forma amounts in the following table.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
===================================================================================================================================
In millions, except share data 1997 1996 1995
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Net income(a) As reported ............................... $1 465 $1 574 $1 296
Pro forma ................................. 1 418 1 522 1 231
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Basic earnings per share As reported ............................... $7.71 $8.11 $6.70
Pro forma ................................. 7.46 7.84 6.36
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Diluted earnings per share As reported ............................... $7.17 $7.63 $6.42
Pro forma ................................. 6.94 7.37 6.10
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
(a) For pro forma purposes, the fair value of stock option awards is amortized
over the relative vesting periods; the fair value of other stock awards is
generally expensed entirely in the year of performance to which it relates. As
of December 31, 1997, 1996, and 1995, the unamortized expense, net of taxes, of
nonvested options for pro forma purposes was $62 million, $28 million, and $23
million, respectively.
78 Notes to consolidated financial statements
<PAGE> 81
Stock options
Stock options under the Stock Incentive Plans are issued at exercise prices not
less than the market value of the stock on the grant date. In accordance with
APB Opinion No. 25 and related Interpretations, no compensation cost has been
recognized for fixed stock option plans. Stock options are generally exercisable
one to three years following the date of grant, and in no event later than 10
years from the date of grant. Options generally vest ratably over the vesting
period.
J.P. Morgan uses a modified Black-Scholes option-pricing model to estimate the
fair value of each option grant. We use this method because employee stock
options are much different from traded options, and because changes in
subjective assumptions can materially affect the fair value estimate. The
modified Black-Scholes model takes into account the estimated lives of the
options and an expected dividend yield based on historical dividend rate
increases.
The following weighted-average assumptions were used as inputs to the modified
Black-Scholes model for grants in 1997, 1996, and 1995, respectively:
- - dividend yield of 3.26%, 4.24% and 4.83%
- - five year monthly historical volatility of 16.7%, 18.5% and 21.3%
- - risk-free interest rate of 6.35%, 5.98% and 7.61%
- - expected life of seven years
A summary of our stock option activity and related information follows.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
===================================================================================================================================
1997 1996 1995
Weighted- Weighted- Weighted-
average average average
exercise exercise exercise
Shares price Shares price Shares price
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Outstanding at beginning
of year .................. 25 072 115 $ 64.45 24 325 921 $59.75 20 725 020 $56.28
Granted ......................... 4 687 145 107.80 5 208 808 78.44 7 166 952 64.61
Exercised ....................... (4 554 749) 55.88 (4 189 674) 54.33 (3 128 485) 47.17
Forfeited ....................... (125 773) 80.41 (271 958) 68.18 (437 566) 65.07
Expired ......................... -- -- (982) 41.94 -- --
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Outstanding at year-end ......... 25 078 738 74.02 25 072 115 64.45 24 325 921 59.75
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Exercisable at year-end ......... 15 669 676 $ 61.87 15 991 664 $59.13 15 179 860 $55.89
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Weighted-average fair
value of options granted
during the year .......... $22.60 $13.47 $13.41
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
The following table summarizes information about stock options outstanding and
exercisable, as of December 31, 1997.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
===================================================================================================================================
Options outstanding Options exercisable
---------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------
Weighted-
average Weighted- Weighted-
remaining average average
Number contractual exercise Number exercise
Range of exercise prices outstanding life (years) price exercisable price
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
$31-$46 ............................... 2 439 284 2.30 $ 41.75 2 439 284 $41.75
$60-$76 ............................... 16 271 394 6.39 67.42 13 230 392 65.58
$78-$110 .............................. 6 368 060 8.99 103.26 -- --
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
Before 1997, stock options were generally granted in January. Beginning in 1997,
stock options are generally granted in the middle of the year.
Restricted stock awards
Restricted stock awards under the Stock Incentive and Stock Bonus Plans are
provided in the form of share credits. Each share credit is equivalent to one
share of J.P. Morgan common stock. Restricted stock awards generally become
fully vested on the fifth anniversary of the award date.
Notes to consolidated financial statements 79
<PAGE> 82
The participant may receive the award payment as soon as the award has become
vested, but it may be deferred at the discretion of the committee of the Board
of Directors that administers the plan.
As of December 31, 1997, we had 3,585,911 total share credits, representing
previously granted restricted stock awards. In 1996, we had 3,395,355 share
credits, and in 1995 we had 2,968,840 share credits. These share credits include
credits attributable to dividend equivalents. For the 1997 award year, 422,594
share credits were granted at the weighted-average fair value of $102.67 per
share. For the 1996 and 1995 award years, 485,507 and 612,530 share credits were
granted at the weighted-average fair value of $95.34 and $73.37 per share,
respectively.
Stock bonus awards
Stock bonus awards under the Stock Incentive and Stock Bonus Plans are
substantially similar to restricted stock awards, except that stock bonus awards
(excluding those for 1997) generally become vested on the third anniversary of
the award date. 1997 stock bonus awards generally become vested on the second
anniversary of the award date and are subject to an additional three-year
holding period. The participant may receive the award payment as soon as the
award has become vested and the holding period, if applicable, has been
satisfied, but it may be deferred at the discretion of the committee of the
Board of Directors administering the plans.
As of December 31, 1997, 1996, and 1995, total share credits, representing
previously granted stock bonus awards, were 5,890,648 credits, 4,030,763
credits, and 2,603,378 credits, respectively. These share credits include
credits attributable to dividend equivalents. For the 1997 award year, 3,079,353
share credits were granted at the weighted-average fair value of $101.47 per
share. For the 1996 and 1995 award years, 2,126,067 and 1,588,477 share credits
were granted at the weighted-average fair value of $103.14 and $75.53 per share,
respectively.
Stock unit awards
Stock unit awards under the Stock Bonus Plan are similar to restricted stock and
stock bonus awards. However, the value of a stock unit award, not including the
value of dividend equivalents accrued on the awards, will never exceed (but may
be less than) the dollar value of the original award. Stock unit awards
generally become fully vested on the third anniversary of the award date, other
than 1997 stock unit awards, which are generally vested on the second
anniversary of the award date and are subject to an additional three-year
holding period. The participant may receive the award payment as soon as the
award has become vested and the holding period, if applicable, has been
satisfied.
As of December 31, 1997, 1996, and 1995, total share credits, representing
previously granted stock units, were 324,382 credits, 176,481 credits, and
52,533 credits, respectively. These share credits include credits attributable
to dividend equivalents. For the 1997 award year, 172,459 share credits were
granted at the weighted-average fair value of $101.47 per share. For the 1996
and 1995 award years, 145,594 and 123,364 share credits were granted at the
weighted-average fair value of $103.44 and $75.63 per share, respectively.
Deferred stock payable in stock
J.P. Morgan's Incentive Compensation Plans allow eligible employees to defer all
or a portion of their current annual incentive compensation into several types
of accounts - including a J.P. Morgan common stock account. Deferral amounts are
not subject to forfeiture. The amounts that employees defer into the J.P. Morgan
common stock account are converted into share credits. They earn dividend
equivalents during the deferral period. Commencing in the year following
retirement or termination of employment, a participant's balance in the J.P.
Morgan common stock account is distributed in the form of J.P. Morgan common
stock.
As of December 31, 1997 and 1996, total share credits payable in stock -
including share credits attributable to dividend equivalents - were 2,307,228
and 2,100,985 credits, respectively. For the 1997 award year, 259,690 share
credits were granted at the weighted-average fair value of $112.85 per share.
For the 1996 and 1995 award years, 306,284 and 186,155 share credits were
granted at the weighted-average fair value of $97.63 and $80.25 per share,
respectively.
Stock awards, other than options, are generally granted in January following the
award year. In January 1998, 3,825,641 share credits representing stock awards
other than options were granted.
80 Notes to consolidated financial statements
<PAGE> 83
21. EARNINGS PER SHARE
Effective December 31, 1997, we adopted SFAS No. 128, Earnings per Share, which
establishes new standards for computing and presenting earnings per share (EPS).
All EPS amounts have been restated to conform to the new requirements. Refer to
Note 2, Accounting changes, for more information.
Basic EPS is computed by dividing income available to common stockholders by the
weighted-average number of common shares outstanding, which includes
contingently issuable shares where all necessary conditions for issuance have
been satisfied. Diluted EPS includes the determinants of basic EPS and, in
addition, gives effect to dilutive potential common shares that were outstanding
during the period.
The computation of basic and diluted EPS for the years ended December 31 are
presented in the following table.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
===================================================================================================================================
Dollars in millions, except per share data 1997 1996 1995
<S> <C> <C> <C>
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Net Income .................................................................. $1 465 $1 574 $1 296
Preferred stock dividends and other ......................................... (36) (33) (21)
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Numerator for basic and diluted earnings
per share - income available to
common stockholders $1 429 $1 541 $1 275
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Denominator for basic earnings per share -
weighted-average shares ............................................... 185 241 295 189 888 455 190 401 646
Effect of dilutive securities:
Options(a) ............................................................ 6 893 623 5 614 099(b) 3 629 228(c)
Other stock awards(d) ................................................. 7 109 024 6 426 250 4 533 596
4.75% convertible debentures .......................................... 74 373 81 433 90 503
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
14 077 020 12 121 782 8 253 327
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Denominator for diluted earnings per share -
weighted-average number of common
shares and dilutive potential common
shares 199 318 315 202 010 237 198 654 973
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Basic earnings per share .................................................... $7.71 $8.11 $6.70
Diluted earnings per share .................................................. 7.17 7.63 6.42
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
(a) The dilutive effect of stock options was computed using the treasury stock
method. This method computes the number of incremental shares by assuming the
issuance of outstanding stock options, reduced by the number of shares assumed
to be repurchased from the issuance proceeds, using the average market price of
our common stock for the period. The related tax benefits are also considered.
(b) Options to purchase 500,000 shares of our common stock at $104.92 per share
were outstanding at December 31, 1996, but were not included in the computation
of diluted EPS. The inclusion of such options using the treasury stock method
would have an antidilutive effect on the diluted EPS calculation because the
options' exercise price was greater than the average market price of our common
shares for 1996. These options expire on October 13, 2006.
(c) Options to purchase 2,989,399 shares of our common stock at $71.00 per share
were outstanding at December 31, 1995, but were not included in the computation
of diluted EPS. The inclusion of such options using the treasury stock method
would have an antidilutive effect on the diluted EPS calculation because the
options' exercise price was greater than the average market price of our common
shares for 1995. These options expire on January 16, 2004.
(d) Weighted-average incremental shares for other stock awards include
restricted stock and stock bonus awards. See note 20, Stock options and stock
awards, for further information.
Notes to consolidated financial statements 81
<PAGE> 84
22. CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS
J.P. Morgan, our subsidiaries, and certain foreign branches of our bank
subsidiary, Morgan Guaranty Trust Company of New York, are subject to regulatory
capital requirements of U.S. and foreign regulators. Our primary federal banking
regulator, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (Federal Reserve
Board), establishes minimum capital requirements for J.P. Morgan, the
consolidated bank holding company, and some of our subsidiaries, including
Morgan Guaranty. These requirements ensure banks and bank holding companies meet
specific guidelines that involve quantitative measures of assets, liabilities,
and certain off-balance sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting
principles. Failure to meet these requirements can result in actions by
regulators that could have a direct material impact on our financial statements.
The capital of J.P. Morgan and our principal subsidiaries, Morgan Guaranty and
J.P. Morgan Securities Inc. (JPMSI), exceeded the minimum requirements set by
each regulator at December 31, 1997.
NEW RULES FROM THE FEDERAL RESERVE BOARD
As of September 30, 1997, J.P. Morgan adopted the Federal Reserve Board's new
market risk capital guidelines for calculation of risk-based capital ratios. The
new framework amends the existing guidelines by incorporating a measure of
market risk for trading positions. The new rule is based on an amendment to the
Basle Capital Accord that requires banking institutions with significant trading
activity to measure and hold capital in support of their exposure to market
risk. Under the new standard, our risk-based capital ratios take into account:
- - general market risk and specific issuer risk of our debt and equity
trading portfolios
- - general market risk associated with all trading and nontrading foreign
exchange and commodity positions
The new guidelines also no longer exclude the capital and assets of JPMSI, our
Section 20 subsidiary, from risk-based capital calculations for J.P. Morgan, the
bank holding company. They also reduce the minimum leverage ratio required for a
bank holding company to retain a well capitalized status from 4% to 3%. The
guidelines continue to exclude the effect of SFAS No. 115, Accounting for
Certain Investments in Debt and Equity Securities. Adoption of these guidelines
had a beneficial impact on the capital ratios of both J.P. Morgan and Morgan
Guaranty. Prior period ratios and risk-based capital amounts have not been
restated.
CAPITAL RATIOS AND AMOUNTS
The following tables indicate the risk-based capital and leverage ratios and
amounts for J.P. Morgan and Morgan Guaranty under the new guidelines as of
December 31, 1997, and former guidelines as of December 31, 1996. Under the new
capital guidelines established by the Federal Reserve Board, the published
capital ratios of J.P. Morgan are calculated including the equity, assets, and
off-balance sheet exposures of JPMSI. In accordance with Federal Reserve Board
guidelines, the risk-based capital and leverage amounts and ratios exclude the
effect of SFAS No. 115.
82 Notes to consolidated financial statements
<PAGE> 85
1997 CAPITAL RATIOS AND AMOUNTS
(under new Federal Reserve Board Guidelines adopted September 30, 1997)
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
===================================================================================================================================
1997
In millions: December 31 Amounts Ratios(b)
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C>
Tier 1 capital(a)
J.P. Morgan ........................................................... $11 854 8.0%
Morgan Guaranty ....................................................... 10 305 7.8
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total risk-based capital(a)
J.P. Morgan ........................................................... 17 680 11.9
Morgan Guaranty ....................................................... 14 215 10.8
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Leverage
J.P. Morgan ........................................................... 4.4
Morgan Guaranty ....................................................... 5.2
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
(a) For capital adequacy purposes, J.P. Morgan and Morgan Guaranty required
minimum tier 1 capital of $5.9 billion and $5.3 billion, respectively, as of
December 31, 1997. The required minimum total risk-based capital for J.P. Morgan
and Morgan Guaranty was $11.9 billion and $10.6 billion, respectively, at
December 31, 1997.
(b) Pursuant to Federal Reserve Board guidelines, the minimum tier 1 capital,
total risk-based capital, and leverage ratios are 4%, 8%, and 3%, respectively,
for bank holding companies and banks.
1996 CAPITAL RATIOS AND AMOUNTS
(under former Federal Reserve Board guidelines followed prior to September 30,
1997)
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
===================================================================================================================================
1996
In millions: December 31 Amounts Ratios(b)
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C>
Tier 1 capital(a)
J.P. Morgan .................................................................. $10 873 8.8%
Morgan Guaranty .............................................................. 9 665 8.2
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total risk-based capital(a)
J.P. Morgan .................................................................. 15 145 12.2
Morgan Guaranty .............................................................. 13 551 11.5
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Leverage
J.P. Morgan .................................................................. 5.9
Morgan Guaranty .............................................................. 5.3
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
(a) For capital adequacy purposes, J.P. Morgan and Morgan Guaranty required
minimum tier 1 capital of $5.0 billion and $4.7 billion, respectively, as of
December 31, 1996. The required minimum total risk-based capital for J.P. Morgan
and Morgan Guaranty was $9.9 billion and $9.4 billion, respectively, as of
December 31, 1996.
(b) Pursuant to Federal Reserve Board guidelines, the minimum tier 1 capital,
total risk-based capital, and leverage ratios are 4%, 8%, and 3%, respectively,
for bank holding companies and banks.
CAPITAL CATEGORIES
Bank regulators use five capital category definitions for regulatory supervision
purposes. The categories range from well capitalized to critically
undercapitalized. A bank is considered well capitalized if it has minimum tier 1
capital, total capital, and leverage ratios of 6%, 10%, and 5%, respectively,
under standards provided by the regulatory framework for prompt corrective
action and the Federal Reserve Board.
Bank holding companies also have guidelines which determine the capital levels
at which it shall be considered well capitalized. Pursuant to these guidelines,
the Federal Reserve Board considers a bank holding company who has adopted the
new market risk rules to be well capitalized if it has minimum tier 1 capital,
total capital, and leverage ratios of 6%, 10%, and 3%, respectively. Prior to
the adoption of the new market risk rules, the minimum tier 1 capital, total
capital, and leverage ratios for bank holding companies to be considered well
capitalized was 6%, 10%, and 4%, respectively.
At December 31, 1997 and 1996, the ratios of J.P. Morgan and Morgan Guaranty
exceeded the minimum standards required for a well capitalized bank holding
company and bank. Management is aware of no conditions or events that have
occurred since December 31, 1997, that would change J.P. Morgan's and Morgan
Guaranty's well capitalized status.
Notes to consolidated financial statements 83
<PAGE> 86
NET CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS OF JPMSI
JPMSI is subject to the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Uniform Net
Capital Rule, which requires it to maintain a minimum net capital. JPMSI has
elected to compute its net capital requirement in accordance with the
Alternative Method under SEC Rule 15c3-1 (a)(ii), which requires a broker or
dealer to maintain at all times net capital, as defined, at the greater of $1
million or 2% of aggregate debit items arising from customer transactions.
As of December 31, 1997, JPMSI had net capital, as defined under such rules, of
$786 million and a net capital requirement and excess net capital of $110
million and $676 million, respectively. As of December 31, 1996, JPMSI had net
capital of $555 million and a net capital requirement and excess net capital of
$74 million and $481 million, respectively.
23. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENT LIABILITIES
PLEDGED ASSETS
Excluding mortgaged properties, assets on the consolidated balance sheet of
approximately $77.7 billion at December 31, 1997 and approximately $67.0 billion
at December 31, 1996, were pledged as collateral for borrowings, to qualify for
fiduciary powers, to secure public monies as required by law, and for other
purposes.
SEGREGATED ASSETS
In compliance with rules and regulations established by domestic and foreign
regulators, cash of $152 million and $112 million and securities with a market
value of $2,380 million and $2,158 million were segregated in special bank
accounts for the benefit of securities and futures brokerage customers at
December 31, 1997 and 1996, respectively.
RENTAL EXPENSE AND COMMITMENTS
Operating expenses include net rentals of $83 million in 1997, $96 million in
1996, and $115 million in 1995.
Our minimum rental commitments for noncancelable leases of premises and
equipment are $1,134 million as of December 31, 1997 - in the aggregate. Certain
leases contain renewal options and escalation clauses. For each of the five
years after December 31, 1997, our minimum rental commitments for noncancelable
leases of premises and equipment are:
- - $91 million in 1998
- - $76 million in 1999
- - $73 million in 2000
- - $72 million in 2001
- - $68 million in 2002
SUBSIDIARY AND AFFILIATE OBLIGATIONS
In the ordinary course of business, J.P. Morgan guarantees the performance of
certain obligations of certain subsidiaries and affiliates. We do not expect
that these agreements will have a material effect on the results of our
operations.
LEGAL ACTION
Various legal actions and proceedings are pending against or involve J.P. Morgan
and our subsidiaries. After reviewing with counsel all actions and proceedings
pending against or involving us, management considers that the outcome of such
matters will not have a material adverse effect on J.P. Morgan's financial
condition.
84 Notes to consolidated financial statements
<PAGE> 87
24. CONCENTRATIONS OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
The counterparties to our financial instruments operate in diverse industries of
the global economy, most significantly in North America and Europe, and include
nonbank financial institutions, governments, and banks.
For financial reporting purposes only, summarized in the following table are
amounts of credit exposure associated with all on- and off-balance sheet
financial instruments based on the location of the counterparty. It does not
reflect the location of the counterparty ultimately responsible for the
obligation because it does not take into consideration collateral or formal
guarantees which may shift the location of the credit exposure. As a result, the
table is not appropriate for assessing our regional credit exposure. Refer to
Cross-border and local outstandings in the Asset-quality analysis section.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
===================================================================================================================================
Nonbank
financial Govern-
In billions: December 31 institutions(a) ments Banks All other Total
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
1997
On-balance sheet:
North America(b) ............................................... $ 45.6 $ 45.3 $ 24.7 $ 20.1 $ 135.7
Europe(c) ...................................................... 15.7 21.9 40.2 10.6 88.4
Asia Pacific ................................................... 3.5 13.1 3.8 3.6 24.0
Latin America(d) ............................................... 1.0 5.7 1.3 5.1 13.1
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total on-balance sheet credit exposure 65.8 86.0 70.0 39.4 261.2(e)
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Off-balance sheet:
North America(b) ............................................... 19.9 6.1 9.8 49.7 85.5
Europe(c) ...................................................... 8.6 2.0 14.0 10.9 35.5
Asia Pacific ................................................... 2.6 6.9 1.2 1.6 12.3
Latin America(d) ............................................... 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.8
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total off-balance sheet credit exposure 31.3 15.1 25.1 62.6 134.1
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total credit exposure 97.1 101.1 95.1 102.0(f) 395.3
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cash and marketable security collateral 60.2 2.2 44.5 6.8 113.7
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1996
On-balance sheet:
North America(b) ............................................... 30.6 39.5 23.8 18.6 112.5
Europe(c) ...................................................... 22.2 25.0 18.7 9.4 75.3
Asia Pacific ................................................... 4.0 8.2 6.6 3.7 22.5
Latin America(d) ............................................... 0.1 4.0 1.5 5.2 10.8
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total on-balance sheet credit exposure 56.9 76.7 50.6 36.9 221.1(e)
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Off-balance sheet:
North America(b) ............................................... 20.3 5.7 5.1 42.0 73.1
Europe(c) ...................................................... 9.8 1.6 10.0 10.0 31.4
Asia Pacific ................................................... 1.1 2.7 0.9 2.9 7.6
Latin America(d) ............................................... 0.2 -- 0.3 0.6 1.1
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total off-balance sheet credit exposure 31.4 10.0 16.3 55.5 113.2
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total credit exposure 88.3 86.7 66.9 92.4(f) 334.3
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cash and marketable security collateral 51.8 1.6 33.1 10.5 97.0
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
(a) Nonbank financial institutions include securities firms, insurance
companies, and investment companies.
(b) Includes the United States, Canada, and the Caribbean.
(c) Includes the Middle East and Africa.
(d) Includes Mexico, Central America, and South America.
(e) On-balance sheet assets without credit exposure totaled approximately $1.0
billion and $0.9 billion in 1997 and 1996, respectively.
(f) The utilities industry exceeded 10% of this amount at December 31, 1997 and
1996.
Notes to consolidated financial statements 85
<PAGE> 88
25. INTERNATIONAL OPERATIONS
For financial reporting purposes, our operations are divided into domestic and
international components. We believe that the method we have chosen to allocate
our results among domestic and international sources, while inexact, is
appropriate.
Assets
In general, we distribute assets on the basis of the location of the
counterparty, with the exception of premises and equipment, which is distributed
based on the location of the office recording the asset, and the allowance for
credit losses, which is distributed based on the location of the specific
allocations and a portion of the general risk.
Revenues and Expenses
Because our operations are highly integrated, we need to make estimates and
assumptions to identify revenues and expenses by geographic region. The
following is a summary of these assumptions:
- - Client-focused revenues are assigned to the region managing the client
relationship for a particular product. For finance and advisory
products, this is the client's head office; for most other products, it
is the location where the activity is transacted.
- - Market making revenues that cannot be specifically attributed to
individual clients (for example, gains or losses from positions taken
to facilitate client transactions) are generally allocated based on the
proportion of regional revenues.
- - Revenues from proprietary investing and trading activities are based on
the location of the risk-taker.
- - Expenses are allocated based on the estimated cost associated with
servicing the regions' client base.
- - Earnings on stockholders' equity are mainly allocated based on each
region's proportion of regional revenue, and adjustments are made for
differences between domestic and international tax rates.
86 Notes to consolidated financial statements
<PAGE> 89
Assets at December 31 and the results for the years ended December 31, 1997,
1996, and 1995 were distributed among domestic and international operations, as
presented in the following table.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
====================================================================================================================================
Total Total Total Pretax Income tax Net
In millions assets revenues(a) expenses income expense income
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
1997
Europe(b) ....................... $ 88 018 $2 026 $1 578 $ 448 $179 $ 269
Asia Pacific .................... 22 791 798 554 244 98 146
Latin America(c) ................ 12 885 645 262 383 153 230
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total international operations .. 123 694 3 469 2 394 1 075 430 645
Domestic operations(d) .......... 138 465 3 751 2 672 1 079 259 820
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total 262 159 7 220 5 066 2 154 689 1 465
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1996
Europe(b) ....................... 75 738 2 063 1 367 696 278 418
Asia Pacific .................... 21 807 844 458 386 154 232
Latin America(c) ................ 10 037 523 227 296 118 178
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total international operations .. 107 582 3 430 2 052 1 378 550 828
Domestic operations(d)(e) ....... 114 444 3 425 2 471 954 208 746
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total 222 026 6 855 4 523 2 332 758 1 574
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1995
Europe(b) ....................... 57 029 1 684 1 236 448 179 269
Asia Pacific .................... 14 365 786 430 356 143 213
Latin America(c) ................ 8 809 441 189 252 101 151
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total international operations 80 203 2 911 1 855 1 056 423 633
Domestic operations(d)(e) ....... 104 676 2 993 2 143 850 187 663
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total 184 879 5 904 3 998 1 906 610 1 296
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
(a) Includes net interest revenue and noninterest revenues.
(b) Includes the Middle East and Africa.
(c) Includes Mexico, Central America, and South America.
(d) Includes the United States, Canada, and the Caribbean. Total assets include
$123.9 billion, $103.1 billion, and $93.7 billion at December 31, 1997, 1996,
and 1995, respectively, related to United States operations. Total revenue and
expenses relate substantially to United States operations for all years.
(e) Expenses for domestic operations include a technology-related charge of $71
million in 1996, a severance-related charge of $55 million in 1995, and other
unallocated corporate expenses.
The table below presents the composition of international assets at December 31.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
===================================================================================================================================
In millions: December 31 1997 1996 1995
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Interest-earning deposits with banks:
At overseas branches or subsidiaries of U.S. banks ...................... $ 23 $ 290 $ 69
Other ................................................................... 1 832 1 461 1 872
Loans, net(a) ................................................................. 16 309 13 746 11 291
Investment securities ......................................................... 2 580 3 591 4 287
Trading account assets, net(a) ................................................ 73 328 60 629 44 051
Other assets .................................................................. 29 622 27 865 18 633
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL INTERNATIONAL ASSETS 123 694 107 582 80 203
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
(a) For financial statement reporting purposes, beginning December 31, 1996, in
accordance with the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants Banks and
Savings Institutions Audit and Accounting Guide, while we consider it in the
aggregate, the total allowance for credit losses has been apportioned and
allocated against: loans, trading account assets (relating to derivatives), and
other liabilities (relating to undertakings to extend credit not currently
reflected on the consolidated balance sheet). Amounts at December 31, 1995 have
not been reclassified; the entire international aggregate allowance has been
included as a reduction of international loans.
Notes to consolidated financial statements 87
<PAGE> 90
26. CERTAIN RESTRICTIONS: SUBSIDIARIES
Under the Federal Reserve Act and New York State law, there are legal
restrictions limiting the amount of dividends that Morgan Guaranty - a state
member bank - can declare. The most restrictive test requires approval of the
Federal Reserve Board if Morgan Guaranty's declared dividends exceed the net
profits for the current year combined with the preceding two years' net profits.
The calculation of the amount available for payment of dividends is based on net
profits determined in accordance with bank regulatory accounting principles,
reduced by the amount of dividends declared. As of December 31, 1997, the
cumulative retained net profits for the years 1997 and 1996 available for
distribution as dividends in 1998 without approval of the Federal Reserve Board
were approximately $1,679 million.
The Federal Reserve Board may prohibit the payment of dividends if it determines
that circumstances relating to the financial condition of a bank are such that
the payment of dividends would be an unsafe and unsound practice.
U.S. federal law also places restrictions on certain types of transactions
engaged in by insured banks and their subsidiaries with certain affiliates,
including, in the case of Morgan Guaranty, J.P. Morgan and its nonbanking
subsidiaries. "Covered transactions" are limited to 20% of capital and surplus,
as defined, and "covered transactions" with any one such affiliate are limited
to 10% of capital and surplus. "Covered transactions" include:
- - loans and extensions of credit to such an affiliate
- - purchases of assets from such an affiliate
- - any guarantees, acceptances, and letters of credit issued on behalf of
such an affiliate
Such loans, extensions of credit, guarantees, acceptances, and letters of credit
must be collateralized. In addition, a wide variety of transactions engaged in
by insured banks and their subsidiaries with such affiliates are required to be
made on terms and under circumstances that are at least as favorable to the bank
or subsidiary concerned as those prevailing at the time for comparable
transactions with nonaffiliated companies.
Certain other subsidiaries are subject to various restrictions, mainly
regulatory requirements, that may limit cash dividends and advances to J.P.
Morgan and that establish minimum capital requirements.
88 Notes to consolidated financial statements
<PAGE> 91
27. CONDENSED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS OF J.P. MORGAN (PARENT)
Presented below are the condensed statements of income, balance sheet, and cash
flows for J.P. Morgan & Co. Incorporated, the parent company.
STATEMENT OF INCOME
J.P. Morgan (parent)
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
===================================================================================================================================
In millions 1997 1996 1995
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
REVENUES
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Equity in undistributed earnings of subsidiaries ........... $ 855 $ 1 093 $ 588
Dividends from subsidiaries:
Bank .................................................. 404 150 285
Other ................................................. 201 360 420
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total equity in earnings of subsidiaries ................... 1 460 1 603 1 293
Interest from subsidiaries ................................. 739 637 616
Other interest revenue ..................................... 53 37 46
Investment banking revenue allocations from subsidiaries ... 125 103 71
Service fees from subsidiaries ............................. 248 186 134
Investment securities revenue .............................. -- (7) (28)
Other revenue .............................................. 3 (9) 3
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total revenues 2 628 2 550 2 135
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EXPENSES
Interest (includes $101 in 1997, $9 in 1996, and $24 in 1995
to subsidiaries) ...................................... 891 714 665
Employee compensation and benefits ......................... 245 203 159
Other expenses ............................................. 129 103 75
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total expenses 1 265 1 020 899
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Income before income taxes ................................. 1 363 1 530 1 236
Income tax benefit ......................................... (102) (44) (60)
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NET INCOME 1 465 1 574 1 296
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
Notes to consolidated financial statements 89
<PAGE> 92
BALANCE SHEET
J.P. Morgan (parent)
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
===================================================================================================================================
December 31
In millions 1997 1996
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C>
ASSETS
Interest-earning deposits with subsidiary bank .................................................... $ 439 $ 202
Debt investment securities available-for-sale carried at fair value ............................... 941 1 098
Investments in subsidiaries:
Bank ........................................................................................ 10 433 9 891
U.S. broker-dealer .......................................................................... 595 494
Other nonbanks .............................................................................. 1 073 919
Advances to subsidiaries:
Bank ........................................................................................ 4 069 3 545
U.S. broker-dealer .......................................................................... 3 014 1 333
Other nonbanks, primarily securities-related ................................................ 7 303 6 047
Accrued interest and accounts receivable, primarily from subsidiary bank .......................... 287 296
Other assets (includes $2 158 in 1997 and $1 577 in 1996 related to
corporate-owned life insurance contracts; $900 in 1997 and $669 in 1996
related to deferred tax assets) ............................................................. 3 207 2 343
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total assets 31 361 26 168
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase (includes $349 in 1997 and
$87 in 1996 with subsidiary bank) ........................................................... 351 505
Commercial paper .................................................................................. 6 090 3 438
Other liabilities for borrowed money .............................................................. 498 -
Accounts payable and accrued expenses ............................................................. 1 628 1 434
Long-term debt not qualifying as risk-based capital ............................................... 5 143 4 931
Other liabilities ................................................................................. 477 161
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
14 187 10 469
Long-term debt qualifying as risk-based capital ................................................... 4 584 3 494
Intercompany debentures(a) ........................................................................ 1 186 773
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total liabilities 19 957 14 736
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total stockholders' equity 11 404 11 432
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity 31 361 26 168
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
(a) Consists solely of junior subordinated debentures issued to JPM Capital
Trust I and Trust II in 1997 and JPM Capital Trust I in 1996. Refer to Note 17,
Company-obligated mandatorily redeemable preferred securities of subsidiaries.
90 Notes to consolidated financial statements
<PAGE> 93
STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS
J.P. Morgan (parent)
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
===================================================================================================================================
In millions 1997 1996 1995
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
NET INCOME ........................................................................ $ 1 465 $ 1 574 $ 1 296
Adjustments to reconcile to cash provided by operating activities:
Equity in undistributed (earnings) of subsidiaries ............................ (855) (1 093) (588)
Net increase (decrease) due to changes in other balance sheet amounts ......... (54) 116 (223)
Net investment securities (gains) losses included in cash flows from
investing activities .......................................................... -- 7 28
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CASH PROVIDED BY OPERATING ACTIVITIES 556 604 513
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Net (increase) decrease in interest-earning deposits with subsidiary bank ......... (237) 227 1 263
Debt investment securities:
Proceeds from sales ........................................................... 1 394 1 173 5 720
Purchases ..................................................................... (1 161) (1 605) (5 230)
Net increase in advances to subsidiaries .......................................... (3 461) (1 712) (2 479)
Capital to subsidiaries ........................................................... (26) (23) (250)
Payments for insurance contracts .................................................. (453) (717) (367)
Other changes, net ................................................................ (41) (8) (14)
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CASH USED IN INVESTING ACTIVITIES (3 985) (2 665) (1 357)
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Net increase (decrease) in securities sold under agreements
to repurchase ................................................................. (154) 403 (490)
Net increase (decrease) in commercial paper ....................................... 2 660 706 (698)
Net increase (decrease) in other liabilities for borrowed money ................... 515 (1 140) 1 140
Long-term debt:
Proceeds ...................................................................... 3 302 1 792 2 230
Payments ...................................................................... (1 754) -- (833)
Intercompany debentures:
Proceeds ...................................................................... 413 773 --
Capital stock issued or distributed ............................................... 245 424 143
Capital stock purchased ........................................................... (1 500) (604) (293)
Dividends paid .................................................................... (673) (643) (583)
Cash receipts from subsidiary bank for common stock issuable ...................... 370 307 171
Other changes, net ................................................................ 5 41 57
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CASH PROVIDED BY FINANCING ACTIVITIES 3 429 2 059 844
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DECREASE IN CASH AND DUE FROM BANKS ............................................... -- (2) --
Cash and due from banks, beginning of year ........................................ -- 2 2
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cash and due from banks, end of year -- -- 2
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cash disbursements for interest and taxes 827 692 617
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
Notes to consolidated financial statements 91
<PAGE> 94
ADDITIONAL SELECTED DATA
J.P. Morgan & Co. Incorporated
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
==================================================================================================================================
Dollars in millions, except share data 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
Total interest revenue .....................................$ 12 353 $ 10 713 $ 9 937 $ 8 379 $ 7 442
Total noninterest revenues ................................. 5 348 5 153 3 901 3 536 4 499
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total revenues ............................................. 17 701 15 866 13 838 11 915 11 941
Interest expense ........................................... 10 481 9 011 7 934 6 398 5 670
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total revenue, net of interest expense ..................... 7 220 6 855 5 904 5 517 6 271
Total operating expenses ................................... 5 066 4 523 3 998 3 692 3 580
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Net income ................................................. 1 465 1 574 1 296 1 215 1 586(a)
At year-end:
Total assets ........................................... 262 159 222 026 184 879 154 917 133 888
Long-term debt and other capital securities(b) ......... 24 139 13 853 9 327 6 802 5 276
Stockholders' equity ................................... 11 404 11 432 10 451 9 568 9 859
Common stockholders' equity ............................ 10 710 10 738 9 957 9 074 9 365
Tier 1 risk-based capital .............................. 11 854 (c) (c) (c) (c)
Total risk-based capital ............................... 17 680 (c) (c) (c) (c)
Per common share:
Net income:
Basic(d) ........................................... $ 7.71 $ 8.11 $ 6.70 $ 6.20 $ 8.06(a)
Diluted(d) ......................................... 7.17 7.63 6.42 6.02 7.80(a)
Book value ......................................... 55.99(e) 54.43(e) 50.71(e) 46.73(e) 47.25(e)
Dividends declared ..................................... 3.59 3.31 3.06 2.79 2.48
EARNINGS RATIOS
Net income as % of:
Average total assets ................................... 0.58%(e) 0.73%(e) 0.73%(e) 0.70%(e) 1.08%(e)(f)
Average stockholders' equity ........................... 12.9(e) 14.3(e) 13.2(e) 12.5(e) 19.8(e)(f)
Average common stockholders' equity .................... 13.4(e) 14.9(e) 13.6(e) 12.9(e) 20.9(e)(f)
DIVIDEND PAYOUT RATIO
Dividends declared per common share as % of diluted net
income per common share ............................ 50.1% 43.4% 47.7% 46.3% 31.8%(f)
CAPITAL RATIOS
Average stockholders' equity as % of average total assets .. 4.5%(e) 5.1%(e) 5.5%(e) 5.7%(e) 5.5%(e)
Common stockholders' equity as % of:
Average total assets ................................... 4.2(e) 5.0(e) 5.6(e) 5.3(e) 6.4(e)
Total year-end assets .................................. 4.1(e) 4.8(e) 5.4(e) 5.9(e) 7.0(e)
Total stockholders' equity as % of:
Average total assets ................................... 4.5(e) 5.3(e) 5.9(e) 5.5(e) 6.7(e)
Total year-end assets .................................. 4.4(e) 5.2(e) 5.7(e) 6.2(e) 7.4(e)
Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio ............................ 8.0 (c) (c) (c) (c)
Total risk-based capital ratio ............................. 11.9 (c) (c) (c) (c)
Leverage ratio ............................................. 4.4 (c) (c) (c) (c)
OTHER SELECTED DATA
Registered holders of record of common stock at year-end ... 29 186 29 607 29 391 29 596 28 919
Common shares outstanding at year-end (in thousands) ....... 176 318 184 923 187 116 187 701 193 087
Employees at year-end:
In the U.S. ............................................ 8 994 8 579 8 855 9 607 8 983
Outside the U.S. ....................................... 7 949 6 948 6 758 7 448 6 210
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total employees 16 943 15 527 15 613 17 055 15 193
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
92 Additional selected data
<PAGE> 95
(a) Net income in 1993 includes a $137 million charge ($0.70 and $0.68 for basic
and diluted earnings per share, respectively) related to the cumulative effect
of a change in accounting for postretirement benefits adopted January 1, 1993.
(b) Includes $4,743 million, $3,692 million, $3,590 million, $3,197 million, and
$2,459 million of long-term debt qualifying as risk-based capital in 1997, 1996,
1995, 1994, and 1993, respectively, and $1,150 and $750 million of
Company-obligated mandatorily redeemable preferred securities of subsidiaries in
1997 and 1996, qualifying as risk-based capital.
(c) The December 31, 1997 amounts and ratios reflect the adoption of the Federal
Reserve Board's new market risk capital guidelines for calculation of risk-based
capital ratios. The new framework amended the existing guidelines by
incorporating a measure of market risk for trading positions. In addition, the
capital and assets of the Section 20 subsidiary, J.P. Morgan Securities Inc.,
are no longer excluded from the calculations. Prior period amounts and ratios
included in the following table have not been restated and accordingly exclude
the equity, assets and off-balance-sheet exposures of J.P. Morgan Securities
Inc. See Note 22, Capital Requirements, of the consolidated financial
statements.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
====================================================================================================================================
1996 1995 1994 1993
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Tier 1 risk-based capital .................................... $10 873 $ 9 033 $ 8 265 $ 7 773
Total risk-based capital ..................................... 15 145 13 398 12 221 10 850
Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio .............................. 8.8% 8.8% 9.6% 9.3%
Total risk-based capital ratio ............................... 12.2 13.0 14.2 13.0
Leverage ratio ............................................... 5.9 6.1 6.5 7.3
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
(d) Effective December 31, 1997, we adopted the provisions of SFAS No. 128,
Earnings per Share. SFAS No. 128 supercedes APB No. 15 and related
pronouncements and replaces the computations of primary and fully diluted
earnings per share (EPS) with basic and diluted EPS, respectively. Prior period
amounts have been restated. See Note 21, Earnings per share, of the consolidated
financial statements.
(e) The following table presents certain ratios excluding the effect of SFAS No.
115 for the years ended December 31, 1997, 1996, 1995, 1994, and 1993,
respectively:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
===================================================================================================================================
1997 1996 1995 1994 1993
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Book value per common share .................... $53.74 $52.08 $47.83 $44.39 $41.37
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Net income as % of:
Average total assets ...................... 0.58% 0.73% 0.73% 0.71% 1.09%
Average stockholders' equity .............. 13.48 14.89 13.78 13.6 19.8
Average common stockholders' equity ....... 14.0 15.6 14.3 14.2 20.9
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Average stockholders' equity as % of average
total assets .............................. 4.3 4.9 5.3 5.2 5.5
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Common stockholders' equity as % of:
Average total assets ...................... 4.08 4.79 5.29 5.0 5.6
Total year-end assets ..................... 3.93 4.64 5.11 5.6 6.2
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total stockholders' equity as % of:
Average total assets ...................... 4.35 5.12 5.57 5.3 6.0
Total year-end assets ..................... 4.20 4.96 5.37 5.9 6.6
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
(f) Excluding the cumulative effect of the accounting change for postretirement
benefits, 1993 net income would have been 1.18% of average total assets, 21.1%
of average stockholders' equity, and 22.3% of average common stockholders'
equity; dividends declared per common share would have been 29.3% of income per
common share before the accounting change.
Additional selected data 93
<PAGE> 96
CONSOLIDATED AVERAGE BALANCES AND TAXABLE-EQUIVALENT NET INTEREST EARNINGS
J.P. Morgan & Co. Incorporated
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Dollars in millions 1997 1996 1995
-------------------------- ----------------------------- -----------------------------
Interest and average rates on Average Average Average Average Average Average
a taxable-equivalent basis balance Interest rate balance Interest rate balance Interest rate
-------------------------- ---------------------------- ---------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
ASSETS
Interest-earning deposits with banks,
mainly in offices outside the U.S. $ 2 035 $ 199 9.78% $2 022 $ 110 5.44% $1 796 $ 168 9.35%
Debt investment securities in offices
in the U.S.:(a)
U.S. Treasury 1 296 95 7.33 1 581 106 6.70 1 983 130 6.56
U.S. state and political subdivision 1 264 148 11.71 1 591 183 11.50 1 964 236 12.02
Other 17 260 1 095 6.34 17 399 1 109 6.37 13 619 962 7.06
Debt investment securities in offices
outside the U.S.(a) 3 733 273 7.31 4 452 271 6.09 4 433 309 6.97
Trading account assets:
In offices in the U.S. 25 245 1 587 6.29 16 591 994 5.99 12 802 836 6.53
In offices outside the U.S. 39 367 2 693 6.84 29 656 2 285 7.71 25 560 2 205 8.63
Securities purchased under agreements
to resell and federal funds sold
In offices in the U.S. 15 660 895 5.72 24 653 1 269 5.15 15 478 879 5.68
In offices outside the U.S. 24 785 1 164 4.70 18 411 985 5.35 16 291 1 063 6.53
Securities borrowed, mainly in offices
in the U.S. 36 287 1 784 4.92 25 310 1 284 5.07 15 222 876 5.75
Loans:
In offices in the U.S. 5 146 381 7.40 6 227 418 6.71 6 586 479 7.27
In offices outside the U.S. 25 490 1 661 6.52 21 794 1 371 6.29 17 561 1 236 7.04
Other interest-earning assets:(b)
In offices in the U.S. 774 168 * 940 139 * 1 185 252 *
In offices outside the U.S. 707 282 * 1 027 274 * 1 635 412 *
------------------------- --------------------------- --------------------------
Total interest-earning assets 199 049 12 425 6.24 171 654 10 798 6.29 136 115 10 043 7.38
Allowance for credit losses(c) (911) (1 119) (1 130)
Cash and due from banks 797 935 1 796
Other noninterest-earning assets 53 960 43 573 41 729
------------------------- --------------------------- --------------------------
Total assets 252 895 215 043 178 510
------------------------- --------------------------- --------------------------
</TABLE>
The percentage of average interest-earning assets attributable to offices
outside the U.S. was 52% in 1997, 47% in 1996, and 50% in 1995. Average
balances are derived from daily balances except in the case of some
subsidiaries, which are derived from month-end balances. Interest and average
rates applying to the following asset categories have been adjusted to a
taxable-equivalent basis: Debt investment securities in offices in the U.S.,
Trading account assets in offices in the U.S., and Loans in offices in the
U.S. The applicable tax rate used to adjust tax-exempt interest to a
taxable-equivalent basis was approximately 41% in 1997, 1996, and 1995.
Nonperforming loans are included in the determination of average total loans.
(a) For the twelve months ended December 31, 1997, 1996, and 1995, average
debt investment securities are computed based on historical amortized cost,
excluding the effects of SFAS No. 115 adjustments.
(b) Interest revenue includes the effect of certain off-balance sheet
transactions.
(c) Average amount at December 31, 1997 is based on the portions of the
aggregate allowance for credit losses related only to loans and trading
account assets. Average amount at December 31, 1996 is substantially based on
the aggregate allowance for credit losses. Refer to Note 1, Summary of
significant accounting policies. Average amount at December 31, 1995 is based
on the aggregate allowance for credit losses.
*Not meaningful
94 Consolidated average balances and taxable-equivalent net interest
earnings
<PAGE> 97
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Dollars in millions 1997 1996 1995
-------------------------------- ------------------------------ --------------------------
Interest and average rates on Average Average Average Average Average Average
a taxable-equivalent basis balance Interest rate balance Interest rate balance Interest rate
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
Interest-bearing deposits:
In offices in the U.S. $ 9 676 $ 538 5.56% $ 3 962 $ 204 5.15% $ 2 048 $ 98 4.79%
In offices outside the U.S. 46 254 2 215 4.79 45 148 2 337 5.18 41 762 2 422 5.80
Trading account liabilities:
In offices in the U.S. 11 390 785 6.89 8 295 522 6.29 6 596 438 6.64
In offices outside the U.S. 14 291 867 6.07 11 056 780 7.05 12 222 923 7.55
Securities sold under agreements to
repurchase and federal funds
purchased, mainly in offices in
the U.S. 67 121 3 532 5.26 63 424 3 295 5.20 43 658 2 568 5.88
Commercial paper, mainly in offices in
the U.S. 4 858 262 5.39 4 133 225 5.44 2 809 169 6.02
Other interest-bearing liabilities:
In offices in the U.S. 15 590 958 6.14 14 331 819 5.71 10 414 639 6.14
In offices outside the U.S. 4 026 227 5.64 2 258 204 9.03 1 869 127 6.80
Long-term debt, mainly in offices in
the U.S. 18 155 1 097 6.04 10 643 625 5.87 8 761 550 6.28
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total interest-bearing liabilities 191 361 10 481 5.48 163 250 9 011 5.52 130 139 7 934 6.10
Noninterest-bearing deposits:
In offices in the U.S. 1 033 2 298 3 336
In offices outside the U.S. 452 737 1 354
Other noninterest-bearing liabilities 48 696 37 767 33 822
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total liabilities 241 542 204 052 168 651
Stockholders' equity 11 353 10 991 9 859
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity 252 895 215 043 178 510
Net yield on interest-earning assets: 0.98 1.04 1.55
Attributable to offices in the U.S.(a) 0.13 0.76 1.29
Attributable to offices outside the
U.S.(a) 1.78 1.36 1.85
Taxable-equivalent net interest earnings: 1 944 1 787 2 109
Attributable to offices in the U.S.(a) 121 699 883
Attributable to offices outside the
U.S.(a) 1 823 1 088 1 226
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
The percentage of average interest-bearing liabilities attributable to
offices outside the U.S. was 47% in 1997, 47% in 1996, and 53% in 1995.
(a) Funding costs are allocated based on the location of the office
recording the asset. No allocation is made for capital.
Consolidated average balances and taxable-equivalent net interest 95
earnings
<PAGE> 98
ANALYSIS OF YEAR-TO-YEAR CHANGES IN TAXABLE-EQUIVALENT NET INTEREST EARNINGS
J.P. Morgan & Co. Incorporated
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
1997/96 Increase (decrease) due 1996/95 Increase (decrease) due
to change in: to change in:
------------------------------- -------------------------------
Average Average Increase Average Average Increase
In millions balance rate (decrease) balance rate (decrease)
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
INTEREST-EARNING ASSETS
Interest-earning deposits with banks, mainly in offices
outside the U.S. ..................................... $ 1 $ 88 $ 89 $ 19 $ (77) $ (58)
Debt investment securities in offices in the U.S.:
U.S. Treasury ........................................ (20) 9 (11) (27) 3 (24)
U.S. state and political subdivision ................. (38) 3 (35) (43) (10) (53)
Other ................................................ (9) (5) (14) 248 (101) 147
Debt investment securities in offices outside the U.S. .. (48) 50 2 1 (39) (38)
Trading account assets:
In offices in the U.S. ............................... 541 52 593 231 (73) 158
In offices outside the U.S. .......................... 687 (279) 408 330 (250) 80
Securities purchased under agreements to resell and
federal funds sold:
In offices in the U.S. ............................... (503) 129 (374) 479 (89) 390
In offices outside the U.S. .......................... 310 (131) 179 128 (206) (78)
Securities borrowed, mainly in offices in the U.S. ...... 539 (39) 500 522 (114) 408
Loans:
In offices in the U.S. ............................... (78) 41 (37) (25) (36) (61)
In offices outside the U.S. .......................... 239 51 290 277 (142) 135
Other interest-earning assets:
In offices in the U.S. ............................... (28) 57 29 (46) (67) (113)
In offices outside the U.S. .......................... (102) 110 8 (161) 23 (138)
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total interest-earning assets 1 491 136 1 627 1 933 (1 178) 755
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
INTEREST-BEARING LIABILITIES
Interest-bearing deposits:
In offices in the U.S. ............................... 317 17 334 99 7 106
In offices outside the U.S. .......................... 55 (177) (122) 187 (272) (85)
Trading account liabilities:
In offices in the U.S. ............................... 209 54 263 108 (24) 84
In offices outside the U.S. .......................... 206 (119) 87 (84) (59) (143)
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase and
federal funds purchased, mainly in offices in the U.S. 198 39 237 1 052 (325) 727
Commercial paper, mainly in offices in the U.S. ......... 39 (2) 37 73 (17) 56
Other interest-bearing liabilities:
In offices in the U.S. ............................... 75 64 139 228 (48) 180
In offices outside the U.S. .......................... 119 (96) 23 29 48 77
Long-term debt, mainly in offices in the U.S. ........... 454 18 472 108 (33) 75
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total interest-bearing liabilities 1 672 (202) 1 470 1 800 (723) 1 077
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CHANGE IN TAXABLE-EQUIVALENT NET INTEREST EARNINGS (181) 338 157 133 (455) (322)
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
Changes in the average balance/rate are allocated based on the percentage
relationship of the change in average balance or average rate to the total
increase (decrease). Included in the above analysis is approximately $2 million,
$1 million, and $38 million of interest revenue recorded in 1997, 1996, and
1995, respectively, that related to prior years.
TAXABLE-EQUIVALENT NET INTEREST EARNINGS AND THE CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF
INCOME
J.P. Morgan & Co. Incorporated
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
In millions 1997 1996 1995
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Taxable interest revenue .......................................... $12 208 $10 551 $ 9 728
Tax-exempt interest revenue, adjusted to a taxable-equivalent basis 217 247 315
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total interest revenue, adjusted to a taxable-equivalent basis .... 12 425 10 798 10 043
Less: interest expense ............................................ 10 481 9 011 7 934
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Taxable-equivalent net interest earnings .......................... 1 944 1 787 2 109
Less: adjustment of tax-exempt interest revenue ................... 72 85 106
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Net interest revenue, as in the consolidated statement of income 1 872 1 702 2 003
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
96 Consolidated average balances and taxable-equivalent net interest earnings.
<PAGE> 99
ASSET-QUALITY ANALYSIS
NONPERFORMING ASSETS
The following table presents nonperforming assets - net of charge offs -
organized by the location of the counterparty. Approximately $546 million in
banks and other financial institutions in 1997 relate primarily to swaps with
certain Asian counterparties; the remainder of the amounts included in the
table primarily represent nonperforming loans.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
In millions: December 31 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTERPARTIES IN THE U.S.
Commercial and industrial ............ $ 12 $ 83 $ 59 $106 $129
Other ................................ 16 17 31 60 68
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
28 100 90 166 197
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTERPARTIES OUTSIDE THE U.S. ......
Commercial and industrial ............ 43 6 8 30 53
Banks and other financial institutions 576 -- -- -- --
Other ................................ 12 14 20 24 45
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
631 20 28 54 98
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL NONPERFORMING ASSETS 659 120 118 220 295
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
The following table presents an analysis of the changes in nonperforming assets.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
In millions 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
NONPERFORMING ASSETS, JANUARY 1 $120 $118 $220 $295 $558
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Additions to nonperforming assets, net ... 630 98 89 97 133
Less:
Repayments of principal, net of
additional advances ............. 21 57 113 55 98
Nonperforming assets returning to
accrual status .................. 48 -- -- 53 34
Charge offs:
Commercial and industrial ....... 1 8 13 20 24
Other ........................... -- 7 7 9 40
Interest and other credits ...... 7 11 12 11 19
Sales and swaps of loans ........ 14 13 46 24 181
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NONPERFORMING ASSETS, DECEMBER 31 659 120 118 220 295
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
Asset-quality analysis 97
<PAGE> 100
AGGREGATE ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES
We maintain an aggregate allowance for credit losses to absorb losses
inherent in our extensions of credit. Such extensions include loans and
unused loan commitments, payments made on behalf of clients (e.g., standby
letters of credit and guarantees), and all other credit exposures, including
derivatives. Refer to the Credit risk section of Risk management for further
details.
The following table summarizes the activity of the aggregate allowance for
credit losses during the last five years.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
In millions 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
BALANCE, JANUARY 1 $1 116 $1 130 $1 131 $1 157 $1 258
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Recoveries:
Counterparties in the U.S., primarily
commercial and industrial ............. 22 20 37 14 7
Counterparties outside the U.S. ....... 23 5 17 31 53
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
45 25 54 45 60
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Charge offs:
Counterparties in the U.S., primarily
commercial and industrial ............. (4) (36) (45) (51) (78)
Counterparties outside the U.S.:
Commercial and industrial ............. (58) (1) (6) (2) (34)
Banks and other financial
institutions ....................... (17) -- -- -- --
Other(a) .............................. -- (2) (4) (19) (48)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(79) (39) (55) (72) (160)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Net charge offs(b) ................................ (34) (14) (1) (27) (100)
Translation adjustment ............................ (1) -- -- 1 (1)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BALANCE, DECEMBER 31 1 081 1 116 1 130 1 131 1 157
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
(a) Includes $18 million and $37 million related to counterparties in
restructuring countries, including central banks, at December 31, 1994 and
1993, respectively.
(b) Net charge offs as a percentage of loans, and as a percentage of the
aggregate of loans, trading account derivatives, and commitments to extend
credit were less than one-half of one percent in each of the five years ended
December 31.
ALLOCATION OF THE AGGREGATE ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES
Allocation to specific risk
In reaching its judgment as to an adequate aggregate allowance, the Asset
Quality Review Committee estimates what amount is necessary to provide for
losses relating to specific counterparties. Although we currently consider
these outstandings to be collectible, there is a greater-than-normal risk
that some portion of them will become uncollectible if adverse factors
continue to affect these counterparties.
Allocation to general risk
In addition to specific risk, we consider the probability that there are
inherent losses in our existing portfolio of outstandings that cannot yet be
identified. The allocation to general risk addresses these unidentified
inherent losses in our portfolio. The general risk allocation includes the
portion of the aggregate allowance related to outstandings to restructuring
countries and countries subject to International Monetary Fund support
programs. The portion of the aggregate allowance related to these countries
is based on overall concerns about the willingness or ability of certain
countries to make timely payments on their obligations and does not result in
allocations of the allowance being made against specific counterparties.
98 Asset-quality analysis
<PAGE> 101
The following table displays how the aggregate allowance for credit losses is
allocated between specific and general risk categories at December 31.
Amounts allocated to general risk and any unabsorbed portion of the specific
allocations are available to absorb credit losses in our extensions of
credit.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
In millions: December 31 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Specific allocations(a):
To counterparties in the U.S. .... $ 58 $169 $224 $116 $164
To counterparties outside the U.S. 228 80 59 70 119
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total specific allocations .............. 286 249 283 186 283
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
General allocation:
Countries subject to IMF support
programs or restructuring .... 428 129 310 239 310
Other allocation to general risk 367 738 537 706 564
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total allocation to general risk ........ 795 867 847 945 874
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
AGGREGATE ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES ... 1 081 1 116 1 130 1 131 1 157
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
(a) Specific allocations for 1997 primarily related to financial institutions
in countries subject to IMF support programs. Specific allocations for 1996
through 1993, related primarily to commercial and industrial counterparties.
INTERNATIONAL AGGREGATE ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES
In response to regulatory requirements, the following table presents the
international portion of the aggregate allowance for credit losses. When a
specific allocation of the aggregate allowance is made for a counterparty, we
determine the international component based on the counterparty's location.
The international portion of the aggregate allowance also includes general
risk country allocations. The remaining portion of the general allocation is
proportionally divided between domestic and international components based on
the related accounts. The following table summarizes the activity of the
international aggregate allowance for credit losses during the last five
years.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
In millions 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
BALANCE, JANUARY 1 ...................... $ 531 $ 716 $ 647 $ 708 $ 748
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Recoveries .............................. 23 5 17 31 53
Charge offs:
Commercial and industrial ............ (58) (1) (6) (2) (34)
Banks and other financial institutions (17) -- -- -- --
Other(a) ............................. -- (2) (4) (19) (48)
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Net charge offs ......................... (52) 2 7 10 (29)
Provision for credit losses ............. -- -- -- (1) 9
Net transfer from (to) domestic-related
allowance ............................. 382 (187) 62 (71) (19)
Translation adjustment .................. (1) -- -- 1 (1)
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BALANCE, DECEMBER 31 .................... 860 531 716 647 708
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
(a) Includes $18 million and $37 million related to counterparties in
restructuring countries, including central banks, at December 31, 1994 and
1993, respectively.
CROSS-BORDER AND LOCAL OUTSTANDINGS
Effective December 31, 1997, we are presenting our cross-border and local
outstandings under the regulatory basis established by the Federal Financial
Institutions Examination Council (FFIEC). Prior to the current period,
cross-border and local outstandings were disclosed under the rules established
by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Industry Guide 3. The SEC rules
differ significantly from those of the FFIEC because the SEC rules exclude the
impact of derivatives. The 1996 results have been restated on a comparable
basis.
In accordance with regulatory rules, cross-border outstandings include,
regardless of currency:
- - all claims of our U.S. offices against foreign residents
- - all claims of our foreign offices against residents of other foreign
countries
Asset-quality analysis 99
<PAGE> 102
Local outstandings include all claims of our foreign offices with residents of
the same foreign country, net of local funding.
All outstandings are based on the location of the ultimate counterparty, that
is, if collateral or a formal guarantee exists, the country presented is
determined by the location where the collateral is held and realizable, or the
location of the guarantor. Cross-border and local outstandings include the
following: interest-earning deposits with banks; investment securities; trading
account assets including derivatives; securities purchased under agreements to
resell; loans; accrued interest; investments in affiliates; and other monetary
assets. Commitments include all cross-border commitments to extend credit,
standby letters of credit, guarantees, and securities lending indemnifications.
The following tables show each country where cross-border and local outstandings
exceed 0.75% of total assets, as of December 31, 1997 and 1996.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Total out-
standings
Net local Total % of and
In millions Govern- out- out- Total Commit- commit-
December 31, 1997 Banks ments Other(a) standings standings assets ments ments
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
United Kingdom $6 314 $ 643 $ 6 181 $13 138 5.01% $1 185 $14 323
Japan ......... 2 748 5 410 2 876 11 034 4.21 1 866 12 900
France ........ 5 614 1 025 2 072 $ 744 9 455 3.61 1 889 11 344
Germany ....... 4 904 2 855 1 014 24 8 797 3.36 1 230 10 027
Cayman Islands 6 473 6 368 6 847 2.61 160 7 007
The Netherlands 2 751 999 2 082 5 832 2.22 704 6 536
Italy ......... 1 644 3 238 623 5 505 2.10 4 5 509
Belgium ....... 2 104 1 938 1 199 5 241 2.00 4 191 9 432
Switzerland ... 2 742 556 1 028 477 4 803 1.83 1 319 6 122
Canada ........ 1 490 1 840 791 4 121 1.57 1 716 5 837
Spain ......... 1 362 1 783 545 3 690 1.41 170 3 860
Brazil ........ 310 1 061 826 1 393 3 590 1.37 24 3 614
South Korea ... 1 901 190 1 089 3 180 1.21 282 3 462
Hong Kong ..... 620 58 1 769 2 447 0.93 412 2 859
Argentina ..... 129 1 241 903 69 2 342 0.89 5 2 347
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
(a) Includes nonbank financial institutions and commercial and industrial
entities.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Total
out-
standings
Net local Total % of and
In millions Govern- out- out- Total Commit- commit-
December 31, 1997 Banks ments Other(a) standings standings assets ments ments
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
United Kingdom $4 092 $ 303 $3 891 $8 286 3.73% $ 994 $9 280
Germany ....... 3 549 3 188 491 $ 585 7 813 3.52 1 189 9 002
Japan ......... 2 950 2 033 2 477 7 460 3.36 1 110 8 570
France ........ 3 668 1 242 602 5 512 2.48 1 476 6 988
The Netherlands 2 678 1 480 910 5 068 2.28 661 5 729
Italy ......... 1 016 2 287 391 3 694 1.66 172 3 866
Switzerland ... 2 108 320 589 317 3 334 1.50 894 4 228
Cayman Islands 8 -- 2 712 2 720 1.23 91 2 811
Brazil ........ 81 1 273 610 681 2 645 1.19 47 2 692
Spain ......... 1 088 1 215 183 2 486 1.12 177 2 663
Belgium ....... 727 1 059 691 2 477 1.12 3 414 5 891
Canada ........ 758 916 789 2 463 1.11 1 150 3 613
Australia ..... 437 219 282 1 299 2 237 1.01 183 2 420
Mexico ........ 399 473 928 153 1 953 0.88 78 2 031
Russia ........ -- 1 697 -- 1 697 0.76 -- 1 697
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
(a) Includes nonbank financial institutions and commercial and industrial
entities.
100 Asset-quality analysis
<PAGE> 103
CROSS-BORDER AND LOCAL OUTSTANDINGS AND COMMITMENTS TO ASIAN COUNTRIES
Since the devaluation of the Thai baht in July, the spreading liquidity
crisis and resulting economic corrections in Asia have been a dominant theme
in world financial markets. We continue to actively monitor the effect of
evolving events on our exposures, particularly in Indonesia, South Korea,
and Thailand, and the adequacy of our aggregate allowance for credit losses.
In light of this uncertainty, provisions and additional charge offs may be
necessary.
The following table represents our cross-border and local outstandings and
commitments to certain Asian countries, by financial instrument, as of
December 31, 1997.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Total out-
standings
and
In millions Deriva- Other out- Total out- Commit- commit-
December 31, 1997 Loans tives standings standings ments ments
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Japan ...... $ 7 $3 789 $7 238 $11 034 $1 866 $12 900
South Korea 1 230 1 406 544 3 180 282 3 462
Hong Kong .. 1 124 738 585 2 447 412 2 859
Thailand ... 137 761 236 1 134 27 1 161
Indonesia .. 143 406 138 687 126 813
Singapore .. 1 571 42 614 25 639
China ...... 137 203 63 403 3 406
Malaysia ... 83 106 185 374 -- 374
Philippines 100 21 195 316 -- 316
Taiwan ..... 14 -- 4 18 75 93
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
The following table represents our cross-border and local outstandings and
commitments to certain Asian countries, by counterparty, as of December 31,
1997.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Total out-
standings
and
In millions Govern- Total out- Commit- commit-
December 31, 1997 Banks ments Other standings ments ments
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Japan ...... $2 748 $5 410 $2 876 $11 034 $1 866 $12 900
South Korea 1 901 190 1 089 3 180 282 3 462
Hong Kong .. 620 58 1 769 2 447 412 2 859
Thailand ... 554 473 107 1 134 27 1 161
Indonesia .. 377 32 278 687 126 813
Singapore .. 2 436 176 614 25 639
China ...... 96 188 119 403 3 406
Malaysia ... 245 32 97 374 -- 374
Philippines 108 91 117 316 -- 316
Taiwan ..... 11 -- 7 18 75 93
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
Asset-quality analysis 101
<PAGE> 104
DERIVATIVES USED FOR PURPOSES OTHER-THAN-TRADING
The objective of our investing activities is to create longer-term value by
managing the interest rate risk relating to our nontrading assets,
liabilities, and off-balance sheet activities. We use a variety of financial
instruments, including derivatives, in an integrated manner to achieve this
objective.
Additional information on derivatives used for purposes other-than-trading,
primarily interest rate swaps, is provided in the table below. For more
information about our investing activities, see the Proprietary Investing and
Trading section of the Business sector analysis, and Note 9, Off-balance
sheet financial instruments.
The table below summarizes the maturities and weighted-average interest rates
to be received and paid on U.S. dollar and non-U.S. dollar interest rate
swaps used for purposes other-than-trading at December 31, 1997. The majority
of nontrading interest rate swaps, as presented below, are risk-adjusting
swaps. The table also includes swaps that are designated as hedges or used to
modify the interest rate characteristics of assets and liabilities. The
variable rates presented are generally based on the London Interbank Offered
Rate (LIBOR) in effect on the swaps at December 31, 1997, and reset at
predetermined dates. The table was prepared under the assumption that these
variable interest rates will remain constant. The variable interest rates to
be received or paid will change to the extent that rates fluctuate. These
changes may be substantial.
We have excluded other types of derivatives used for purposes other-than-trading
in this table, such as currency and basis swap contracts, foreign exchange
contracts, interest rate futures, forward rate agreements, debt securities
forwards and purchased options, totaling $78.9 billion as of December 31, 1997.
The contractual maturities of these derivative contracts are primarily less than
one year.
By expected maturities
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
After
In billions: December 31 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2002 Total
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
INTEREST RATE SWAPS:
U.S. DOLLAR
Receive fixed swaps
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Notional amount ..... $17.2 $3.6 $8.5 $5.1 $0.3 $7.5 $42.2
Weighted average:
Receive rate 6.0% 6.7% 6.3% 6.4% 6.3% 6.4% 6.2%
Pay rate ... 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.9 5.9 5.8
Pay fixed swaps
Notional amount ..... $17.7 $3.6 $8.4 $5.1 $0.3 $8.3 $43.4
Weighted average:
Receive rate 5.9% 6.0% 5.8% 5.9% 5.8% 5.9% 5.9%
Pay rate ... 5.3 6.8 6.2 6.6 6.7 6.7 6.0
INTEREST RATE SWAPS:
NON-U.S. DOLLAR
Receive fixed swaps
Notional amount ..... $33.1 $9.1 $7.8 $2.8 $1.9 $4.1 $58.8
Weighted average:
Receive rate 6.7% 5.1% 4.8% 5.1% 5.0% 5.7% 6.0%
Pay rate ... 3.9 3.7 4.6 4.1 4.3 4.0 4.0
Pay fixed swaps
Notional amount ..... $30.6 $9.0 $7.3 $2.5 $1.8 $3.1 $54.3
Weighted average:
Receive rate 3.4% 3.6% 4.5% 4.4% 4.0% 4.3% 3.7%
Pay rate ... 6.4 4.8 5.1 4.9 5.3 5.4 5.8
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total notional amount $98.6 $25.3 $32.0 $15.5 $ 4.3 $23.0 $198.7
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
Not included in the table above are $4.4 billion and $5.3 billion of notional
amounts related to currency swaps and basis swaps, respectively.
102 Derivatives used for purposes other-than-trading
<PAGE> 105
CAPITAL AND FUNDING ANALYSIS
Risk-adjusted assets
The following table sets forth the consolidated risk-adjusted assets of J.P.
Morgan. The risk-adjusted assets at December 31, 1996 and 1995 have not been
restated to reflect the Federal Reserve Board's new market risk guidelines.
Refer to Note 22 of the consolidated financial statements, Capital requirements,
for more information.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Under new market risk guidelines Under former guidelines
December 31, December 31,
--------------------------------------------
1997 1996 1995
--------------------- ----------------- ----------------------
Balance Balance Balance
sheet/ Risk- sheet/ Risk- sheet/ Risk-
notional adjusted notional adjusted notional adjusted
In billions amount balance amount balance amount balance
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
ASSETS
Cash and due from banks and interest-
earning deposits with banks $ 3.9 $ 1.2 $ 2.8 $ 0.7 $ 3.5 $ 0.9
Debt investment securities .......................... 22.8 3.1 24.9 4.0 24.6 3.6
Equity investment securities ........................ 1.1 0.7 1.3 0.8 1.1 0.7
Trading account assets, net ......................... 111.9 18.1 91.0 22.4 69.4 18.3
Resale agreements and federal funds sold ............ 39.0 6.6 32.5 5.7 32.2 3.1
Securities borrowed ................................. 38.4 15.0 27.9 7.4 19.8 4.0
Loans, net .......................................... 31.0 25.1 27.6 23.6 22.3 20.7
Premises and equipment, net ......................... 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9
Other assets ........................................ 12.3 9.4 12.1 9.2 10.1 6.8
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total assets ........................................ 262.2 81.0 222.0 75.7 184.9 60.0
Net effect of excluding JPMSI assets
(primarily trading account assets, resale
agreements, and securities borrowed) ....... * * (43.8) (7.2) (37.3) (5.7)
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Assets .............................................. 262.2 81.0 178.2 68.5 147.6 54.3
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
OFF-BALANCE SHEET EXPOSURES
Commitments to extend credit ........................ 80.4 21.6 64.7 22.5 55.1 21.3
Standby letters of credit and guarantees ............ 15.8 6.8 13.9 7.9 11.7 8.6
Securities lending indemnifications ................. 5.3 1.3 5.5 1.4 5.4 0.7
Other credit facilities ............................. 3.4 2.0 0.6 0.6 1.3 0.9
Foreign exchange contracts, including foreign
exchange options ........................... 1 131.1 9.6 844.6 4.4 607.1 3.1
Currency swaps ...................................... 271.2 7.7 205.9 4.3 144.2 3.8
Interest rate swaps ................................. 2 433.9 5.3 1 915.0 7.3 1 371.4 6.1
Interest rate and other contracts ................... 2 345.3 13.2 1 750.8 8.2 1 324.0 4.5
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total off-balance sheet exposures ................... 6 286.4 67.5 4 801.0 56.6 3 520.2 49.0
Net effect of excluding JPMSI off-balance-sheet
exposures .................................. * * (29.1) (1.2) (27.7) (0.2)
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Off-balance-sheet exposures 6 286.4 67.5(a) 4 771.9 55.4(a) 3 492.5 48.8(a)
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Risk-adjusted assets 148.5 123.9 103.1
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
(a) Includes $14.7 billion, $9.9 billion, and $6.8 billion at December 31,
1997, 1996, and 1995, respectively, related to potential future credit
exposure as defined in the risk-based capital framework.
*not applicable
Capital and funding analysis 103
<PAGE> 106
DEPOSITS
Except for time deposits in the current year, no average balance in offices in
the U.S. for any individual deposit category exceeded 10% of the average total
deposits in 1997, 1996, and 1995. In 1997, the average balance and rate paid for
time deposits in offices in the U.S. were $7,350 million and 5.75%,
respectively.
Average deposits in offices outside the U.S. are presented in the following
table.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1997 1996 1995
--------------------- --------------------- --------------------
Average Average Average Average Average Average
In millions balance rate paid balance rate paid balance rate paid
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
INTEREST-BEARING DEPOSITS
From banks in foreign countries .............. $14 777 4.55% $13 753 4.96% $11 703 6.44%
From foreign governments and
official institutions ...................... 13 656 5.15 11 020 4.97 10 374 5.55
Other time ................................... 15 461 5.02 16 830 5.96 15 750 6.10
On demand .................................... 2 360 2.69 3 545 2.96 3 935 3.30
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total interest-bearing deposits in
offices outside the U.S. ................... 46 254 4.79 45 148 5.18 41 762 5.80
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NONINTEREST-BEARING DEPOSITS
From banks in foreign countries .............. 121 29 56
From foreign governments and
official institutions ...................... 2 5 6
Other demand ................................. 329 703 1 292
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total noninterest-bearing deposits in
offices outside the U.S. ................... 452 737 1 354
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
Foreign country-related deposits in offices in the U.S. totaled
approximately $0.6 billion as of December 31, 1997, $0.8 billion as of
December 31, 1996, and $1.2 billion as of December 31, 1995.
A profile of the maturities of time certificates of deposit and other
time deposits in denominations of $100,000 or more as of December 31,
1997, is presented in the following table.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
After six
Within After three months but After
three months but within one
In millions: December 31 months within six one year year Total
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Offices in the U.S.:
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Time certificates of deposit ........... $ 4 104 $1 491 $1 711 $ 4 $ 7 310
Other time deposits .................... 172 -- -- 38 210
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4 276 1 491 1 711 42 7 520
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Offices outside the U.S.:
Time certificates of deposit ........... 3 756 649 379 48 4 832
Other time deposits .................... 28 351 2 215 1 051 1 495 33 112
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
32 107 2 864 1 430 1 543 37 944
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
104 Capital and funding analysis
<PAGE> 107
PURCHASED FUNDS AND OTHER BORROWINGS
Purchased funds and other borrowings are detailed in the following table.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In millions 1997 1996 1995
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SECURITIES SOLD UNDER AGREEMENTS TO REPURCHASE
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Balance at year-end .......................... $53 202 $56 117 $40 803
Average balance .............................. 63 163 59 812 40 245
Maximum month-end balance .................... 73 447 69 548 51 162
Average interest rate:
During year .............................. 5.24% 5.19% 5.87%
At year-end .............................. 5.99 5.98 5.77
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FEDERAL FUNDS PURCHASED (DAY-TO-DAY)
Balance at year-end .......................... $ 4 602 $ 5 312 $ 4 296
Average balance .............................. 3 958 3 612 3 414
Maximum month-end balance .................... 6 186 5 312 6 199
Average interest rate:
During year ............................... 5.56% 5.30% 5.96%
At year-end ............................... 6.43 6.19 5.48
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COMMERCIAL PAPER
Balance at year-end .......................... $ 6 622 $ 4 132 $ 2 801
Average balance .............................. 4 858 4 133 2 809
Maximum month-end balance .................... 6 622 5 102 3 250
Average interest rate:
During year .............................. 5.39% 5.44% 6.02%
At year-end .............................. 5.78 5.50 5.67
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
OTHER LIABILITIES FOR BORROWED MONEY
Federal funds purchased (term):
Balance at year-end ...................... $ 1 465 $ 386 $ 442
Average balance .......................... 435 554 461
Maximum month-end balance ................ 1 465 800 640
Average interest rate:
During year ............................ 5.71% 5.57% 6.27%
At year-end ............................ 5.79 5.51 5.95
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Other:
Balance at year-end ...................... $15 711 $19 562 $14 687
Average balance .......................... 17 813 15 810 11 822
Maximum month-end balance ................ 20 107 20 142 13 762
Average interest rate:
During year ............................ 6.02% 6.20% 6.23%
At year-end ............................ 4.78 5.63 5.96
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
Average interest rates during each year are computed by dividing total
interest expense by the average amount borrowed. Average interest rates at
year-end are average rates for a single day and, as such, may reflect one-day
market distortions that may not be indicative of generally prevailing rates.
Original maturities of securities sold under agreements to repurchase
generally are not more than six months. Original maturities of commercial
paper are generally not more than nine months. Other liabilities for borrowed
money generally have original maturities of one year or less.
Capital and funding analysis 105
<PAGE> 108
SELECTED CONSOLIDATED QUARTERLY FINANCIAL DATA
J.P. Morgan & Co. Incorporated
(Unaudited)
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In millions, except share data 1997 1996
---------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------
Three months ended Dec. 31 Sept. 30 June 30 Mar. 31 Dec. 31 Sept. 30 June 30 Mar. 31
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Interest revenue ............................. $3 271 $3 161 $3 029 $2 892 $2 925 $2 675 $2 559 $2 554
Interest expense ............................. 2 816 2 689 2 534 2 442 2 441 2 250 2 162 2 158
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Net interest revenue ......................... 455 472 495 450 484 425 397 396
Total noninterest revenues ................... 1 225 1 444 1 296 1 383 1 321 1 124 1 364 1 344
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total revenue, net of interest expense ....... 1 680 1 916 1 791 1 833 1 805 1 549 1 761 1 740
Total operating expenses ..................... 1 308 1 326 1 241 1 191 1 197 1 137 1 104 1 085
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Income before income taxes ................... 372 590 550 642 608 412 657 655
Income taxes ................................. 101 194 176 218 189 136 217 216
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NET INCOME ................................... 271 396 374 424 419 276 440 439
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PER COMMON SHARE:
Net income:
Basic(a) .................................. $1.44 $2.10 $1.98 $2.19 $2.17 $1.41 $2.27 $2.26
Diluted(a) ................................ 1.33 1.96 1.85 2.04 2.04 1.32 2.14 2.13
Dividends declared ........................... 0.95 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.81 0.81 0.81
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Price range per common share on the
composite tape:
High ...................................... $125 3/4 $116 13/16 $113 1/8 $109 7/8 $100 1/8 $92 1/2 $89 1/4 $85 3/4
Low ....................................... 105 1/2 104 1/16 93 1/8 96 82 1/4 80 1/4 75 1/2 73 1/2
Closing price per common share at quarter-end 112 7/8 113 5/8 104 3/8 98 1/4 97 5/8 88 7/8 84 5/8 83
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
The principal market on which the company's common stock is traded is the New
York Stock Exchange.
(a) Effective December 31, 1997, we adopted the provisions of SFAS No. 128,
Earnings per share. SFAS No. 128 supercedes Accounting Principles Board Opinion
No. 15 and related pronouncements and replaces the computations of primary and
fully diluted earnings per share with basic and diluted earnings per share,
respectively. Prior period amounts have been restated. See Note 21, Earnings per
share, of the consolidated financial statements.
The 1997 fourth quarter results are discussed in J.P. Morgan's earnings release
dated January 20, 1998, which has been filed with the Securities and Exchange
Commission on Form 8-K.
106 Selected consolidated quarterly financial data
<PAGE> 109
FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT
Pursuant to Section 13 or 15 (d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED
DECEMBER 31, 1997
J.P. MORGAN & CO. INCORPORATED
(Incorporated in the State of Delaware)
60 Wall Street, New York, NY 10260-0060
(212) 483-2323
Filed with:
Securities and Exchange Commission, Washington, D.C. 20549
Commission file number: 1-5885
I.R.S. Employer Identification Number: 13-2625764
The following securities are registered on the New York Stock Exchange
pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Common Stock, $2.50 Par Value
Adjustable Rate Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series A, No Par Value, Stated
Value $100
Depositary shares representing a one-tenth interest in 6 5/8%
Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series II, No Par Value, Stated Value $500
4 3/4% Convertible Debentures Due 1998
The following securities are registered on the American Stock Exchange
pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
2.5% Commodity-Indexed Preferred Securities (ComPS(SM), Series A issued by
J.P. Morgan Index Funding Company I and guaranteed by J.P. Morgan & Co.
Incorporated
No securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act.
The aggregate market value of the voting stock held by nonaffiliates of J.P.
Morgan totaled $21,086,606,481 at February 27, 1998.
The number of shares outstanding of J.P. Morgan's Common Stock, $2.50 Par
Value, at February 27, 1998, totaled 176,456,958 shares.
J.P. Morgan (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or
15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months
and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.
Disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not
contained herein nor in any amendment to this Form 10-K, but is contained in
J.P. Morgan's 1998 Proxy Statement incorporated by reference in Part III of
this Form 10-K.
J.P. Morgan's definitive Proxy Statement dated March 9, 1998, is incorporated
by reference in response to Part III, Items 10, 11, 12, and 13 of Form 10-K.
Form 10-K annual report 107
<PAGE> 110
FORM 10-K CROSS-REFERENCE INDEX
PART I
1. BUSINESS
Description of business, 6-13, 38-39
Number of employees, 92
Financial information about foreign and
domestic operations, 11-12, 86-87, 99-101
Distribution of assets, liabilities, and
stockholders' equity; interest rates and interest
differential, 94-96
Investment portfolio, 56-59
Loan portfolio, 50-51, 67-69
Summary of loan loss experience, 50-52,
69-70, 97-99
Deposits, 94-96, 104
Return on equity and assets, 92-93
Short-term borrowings, 105
2. PROPERTIES, 39
3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS(a)
4. SUBMISSION OF MATTERS TO A VOTE OF
SECURITY HOLDERS(a)
PART II
5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON
EQUITY AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS,
88, 92-93, 106
6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA, 92-93
7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF
OPERATIONS, 1-39
8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Report of independent accountants, 41
J.P. Morgan & Co. Incorporated
Consolidated statement of income, 42
Consolidated balance sheet, 43
Consolidated statement of changes in
stockholders' equity, 44
Consolidated statement of cash flows, 45
Morgan Guaranty Trust Company of
New York - Consolidated statement of
condition, 46
Notes to consolidated financial statements,
47-91
Selected consolidated quarterly
financial data,(b) 106
9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH
ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL
DISCLOSURE(a)
PART III
10. DIRECTORS AND EXECUTIVE OFFICERS OF
THE REGISTRANT(c)
11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION(c)
12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL
OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT(c)
13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED
TRANSACTIONS(c)
PART IV
14. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES,
AND REPORTS ON FORM 8-K
1. Financial statements have been
included in Item 8.
2. Financial statement schedules
Schedule III - Condensed financial
information of J.P. Morgan & Co.
Incorporated (parent), 89-91
EXHIBITS
3a. Restated certificate of incorporation, as
amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit
3a to J.P. Morgan's post-effective amendment
No. 1 to Form S-3, Registration No. 33-55851)
3b. By-laws of J.P. Morgan as amended through
April 10, 1996 (incorporated by reference to
Exhibit 3b to J.P. Morgan's report on
Form 8-K, dated April 11, 1996)
4. Instruments defining the rights of security
holders, including indentures(d)
10a. 1992 stock incentive plan, as amended
(incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10a
to J.P. Morgan's annual report on Form 10-K for
the year ended December 31, 1994,
File No. 1-5885)
10b. Director stock plan, as amended (incorporated
by reference to Exhibit 10b to J.P. Morgan's
annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended
December 31, 1994, File No. 1-5885)
10c. Deferred compensation plan for directors' fees,
as amended (incorporated by reference to
Exhibit 10c to J.P. Morgan's annual report on
Form 10-K for the year ended December 31,
1992, File No. 1-5885)
10d. 1989 stock incentive plan, as amended
(incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10d to
J.P. Morgan's annual report on Form 10-K for
the year ended December 31, 1994,
File No. 1-5885)
10e. 1987 stock incentive plan, as amended
(incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10e
in J.P. Morgan's annual report on Form 10-K for
the year ended December 31, 1994,
File No. 1-5885)
10f. Incentive compensation plan, as amended
10g. Stock option award (incorporated by reference
to Exhibit 10h to J.P. Morgan's quarterly report
on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31,
1995, File No. 1-5885)
10h. 1995 stock incentive plan, as amended
(incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10i to
J.P. Morgan's annual report on Form 10-K
for the year ended December 31, 1996, File
No. 1-5885)
10i. 1995 executive officer performance plan
(incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10j to
J.P. Morgan's annual report on Form 10-K for
the year ended December 31, 1995, File No.
1-5885)
12. Statements re computation of ratios
13. Annual report to stockholders(e)
21. Subsidiaries of J.P. Morgan
23. Consent of independent accountants
24. Powers of attorney
27. Financial data schedule
REPORTS ON FORM 8-K
Report on Form 8-K dated October 13, 1997,
was filed with the Securities and Exchange
Commission during the quarter ended
December 31, 1997, which reported the
issuance by J.P. Morgan of a press release
reporting its earnings for the three-and-nine
month periods ended September 30, 1997.
In addition, Form 8-K dated December 10,
1997, was filed announcing a dividend
increase, lower results for the first two months
of the fourth quarter, and a stock repurchase
program.
This report on Form 10-K has not been
approved or disapproved by the Securities and
Exchange Commission nor has the Commission
passed upon the accuracy or adequacy of this
report. Portions of the annual report to
stockholders are not required for the Form 10-K
report and are not filed as part of J.P. Morgan's
Form 10-K.
(a) Nothing to report.
(b) Fourth quarter 1997 results are incorporated by
reference to the report on Form 8-K dated
January 15, 1998, filed with the Securities and
Exchange Commission.
(c) Incorporated by reference to the definitive Proxy
Statement dated March 9, 1998.
(d) J.P. Morgan hereby agrees to furnish to the
Commission, upon request, a copy of any unfiled
agreements defining the rights of holders of
long-term debt of J.P. Morgan and of all
subsidiaries of J.P. Morgan for which consolidated
or unconsolidated financial statements are
required to be filed.
(e) Only those sections of the annual report to
stockholders referenced in the cross-reference
index above are incorporated in the report on
Form 10-K.
Other schedules and exhibits are omitted because the required information
either is not applicable or is shown in the consolidated financial
statements or the notes thereto.
108 Form 10-K cross-reference index
<PAGE> 111
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed
on March 9, 1998, on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly
authorized.
J.P. Morgan & Co. Incorporated
Registrant
RACHEL F. ROBBINS
------------------------------
Rachel F. Robbins
Secretary
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this
report has been signed below on March 9, 1998, by the following persons on
behalf of the registrant in the capacities indicated.
JOHN A. MAYER JR.
------------------------------
John A. Mayer Jr.
Chief Financial Officer
(Principal financial officer)
DAVID H. SIDWELL
------------------------------
David H. Sidwell
Managing Director and Controller
(Principal accounting officer)
Douglas A. Warner III*
Chairman of the Board and Director
Paul A. Allaire* Director
Riley P. Bechtel* Director
Lawrence A. Bossidy* Director
Martin Feldstein* Director
Ellen V. Futter* Director
Hanna H. Gray* Director
Walter A. Gubert*
Vice Chairman of the Board and Director
James R. Houghton* Director
James L. Ketelsen* Director
John A. Krol* Director
Roberto G. Mendoza*
Vice Chairman of the Board and Director
Michael E. Patterson*
Vice Chairman of the Board and Director
Lee R. Raymond* Director
Richard D. Simmons* Director
Kurt F. Viermetz* Director
Dennis Weatherstone* Director
Douglas C. Yearley* Director
* By: JAMES C.P. BERRY
---------------------------------
James C.P. Berry
Attorney-in-fact
Signatures 109
<PAGE> 112
MANAGEMENT
Douglas A. Warner III
Chairman of the Board
Chief Executive Officer
Walter A. Gubert
Roberto G. Mendoza
Michael E. Patterson
Vice Chairmen of the Board
Thomas B. Ketchum
Chief Administrative Officer
John A. Mayer Jr.
Chief Financial Officer
Strategic Planning
Stephen G. Thieke
Corporate Risk Management
Research
Ramon de Oliveira
Keith M. Schappert
Asset Management Services
Nicolas S. Rohatyn
Emerging Markets
Foreign Exchange
Commodities
Clayton S. Rose
Equities
Equity Investments
Peter D. Hancock
Fixed Income
Credit Portfolio
Walter A. Gubert
Investment Banking
Pilar Conde
Michael R. Corey
Proprietary Positioning
Peter L. Woicke
Asia Pacific
Joseph P. MacHale
Europe, Middle East, Africa
Luc Bomans
Euroclear System
Edward F. Murphy
Auditor
Peter A. Miller
Chief Information Officer
David H. Sidwell
Controller
Laura W. Dillon
Corporate Communication
Ronald H. Menaker
Corporate Services
Rachel F. Robbins
General Counsel
Herbert J. Hefke
Human Resources
Charles M. Trunz III
Operations Management Team
110 Management
<PAGE> 113
BOARD OF DIRECTORS
J.P. MORGAN & CO. INCORPORATED
DOUGLAS A. WARNER III
Chairman of the Board
Chief Executive Officer
PAUL A. ALLAIRE
Chairman of the Board and
Chief Executive Officer
Xerox Corporation
RILEY P. BECHTEL
Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
Bechtel Group, Inc.
LAWRENCE A. BOSSIDY
Chairman of the Board and
Chief Executive Officer
AlliedSignal Inc.
MARTIN FELDSTEIN
President and Chief Executive Officer
National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
ELLEN V. FUTTER
President
American Museum of Natural History
HANNA H. GRAY
President Emeritus and Harry Pratt Judson
Distinguished Service Professor of History
The University of Chicago
WALTER A. GUBERT
Vice Chairman of the Board
JAMES R. HOUGHTON
Retired Chairman of the Board
Corning Incorporated
JAMES L. KETELSEN
Retired Chairman of the Board and
Chief Executive Officer
Tenneco Inc.
JOHN A. KROL
Chairman of the Board
E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company
ROBERTO G. MENDOZA
Vice Chairman of the Board
MICHAEL E. PATTERSON
Vice Chairman of the Board
LEE R. RAYMOND
Chairman of the Board and
Chief Executive Officer
Exxon Corporation
RICHARD D. SIMMONS
Retired President
The Washington Post Company and
International Herald Tribune
KURT F. VIERMETZ
Retired Vice Chairman of the Board
DENNIS WEATHERSTONE
Retired Chairman of the Board
DOUGLAS C. YEARLEY
Chairman of the Board, and
Chief Executive Officer
Phelps Dodge Corporation
COMMITTEES OF THE BOARD
Executive Committee
J.P. Morgan and Morgan Guaranty
Messrs. Warner (Chairman), Gubert,
Houghton, Mendoza, Patterson, Weatherstone
Audit Committee
J.P. Morgan
Examining Committee
Morgan Guaranty
Messrs. Ketelsen (Chairman), Allaire,
Feldstein, Ms. Futter, Mr. Krol
Committee on Fiduciary Matters
J.P. Morgan
Dr. Gray (Chairman), Messrs. Allaire,
Ketelsen, Simmons
Committee on Management
Development and Executive
Compensation
J.P. Morgan
Messrs. Houghton (Chairman), Bechtel,
Raymond, Yearley
Committee on Director Nominations
and Board Affairs
J.P. Morgan
Mr. Raymond (Chairman), Dr. Gray,
Messrs. Krol, Yearley
Committee on Employment Policies
and Benefits
Morgan Guaranty
Messrs. Simmons (Chairman), Feldstein,
Ms. Futter, Mr. Weatherstone
Board of Directors 111
<PAGE> 114
INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL
J.P. MORGAN & CO. INCORPORATED
Formed in 1967 and composed of business leaders and prominent individuals
from public life, the International Council advises the senior management of
J.P. Morgan on matters relating to its global business. It meets
approximately every eight months to discuss relevant issues of international
concern and interest.
In 1997 the Hon. Bill Bradley was named vice chairman of the council and John
T. Chambers, Miguel Etchenique, and Claudio X. Gonzalez became members. Early
in 1998 Lawrence A. Bossidy left the council to join the Board of Directors
of J.P. Morgan, and Carlos March and Helmut O. Maucher retired from the
council.
HON. GEORGE P. SHULTZ
Chairman of the Council
Distinguished Fellow, Hoover Institution
Stanford University
Stanford, California
HON. BILL BRADLEY
Vice Chairman of the Council
Former U.S. Senator
Montclair, New Jersey
MOHAMMED ABALKHAIL
Former Minister of Finance and Economy
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
ROBERT E. ALLEN
Retired Chairman and
Chief Executive Officer
AT&T Corporation
Basking Ridge, New Jersey
BO BERGGREN
Chairman
Stora Kopparbergs Bergslags AB
Stockholm, Sweden
JORGE BORN
President
Bomagra S.A.
Buenos Aires, Argentina
JOHN T. CHAMBERS
President and Chief Executive Officer
Cisco Systems Inc.
San Jose, California
ING. CARLO DE BENEDETTI
Chairman
CIR S.p.A.
Milan, Italy
H. MIGUEL ETCHENIQUE
Chairman of the Board and President
Brasmotor S.A.
Sao Paulo, Brazil
CLAUDIO X. GONZALEZ
Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
Kimberly-Clark de Mexico, S.A. de C.V.
Mexico City, Mexico
SIR CHRISTOPHER HOGG
Chairman
Reuters Holdings plc
London, England
THE RT. HON. THE LORD HOWE OF
ABERAVON, PC, QC
House of Lords
London, England
DURK I. JAGER
President and Chief Operating Officer
The Procter & Gamble Company
Cincinnati, Ohio
ALAIN A. JOLY
Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
L'Air Liquide S.A.
Paris, France
DEREK L. KEYS
Executive Director
Gencor Limited
Johannesburg, South Africa
YOTARO KOBAYASHI
Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd.
Tokyo, Japan
HON. LEE KUAN YEW
Senior Minister
Singapore
KARL OTTO POHL
Partner
Sal. Oppenheim Jr. & Cie.
Frankfurt, Germany
JOHN B. PRESCOTT
Managing Director and
Chief Executive Officer
The Broken Hill Proprietary Company Ltd.
Melbourne, Australia
CONDOLEEZZA RICE
Provost
Stanford University
Stanford, California
JURGEN E. SCHREMPP
Chairman of the Board of Management
Daimler-Benz AG
Stuttgart, Germany
JESS SODERBERG
Partner and Chief Executive Officer
A.P. Moller
Copenhagen, Denmark
DENNIS WEATHERSTONE
Retired Chairman
J.P. Morgan & Co. Incorporated
New York, New York
L.R. WILSON
Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
BCE Inc.
Montreal, Canada
112 International Council
<PAGE> 115
DIRECTORS ADVISORY COUNCIL
MORGAN GUARANTY TRUST COMPANY OF NEW YORK
The Directors Advisory Council of Morgan Guaranty Trust Company, whose
members are retired directors of J.P. Morgan, provides counsel to management
and the Board.
ELLMORE C. PATTERSON
Chairman
Directors Advisory Council
Retired Chairman of the Board
J.P. Morgan & Co. Incorporated
RALPH E. BAILEY
Former Vice Chairman of the Board
E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company
and Retired Chairman of the Board and
Chief Executive Officer
Conoco Inc.
BORIS S. BERKOVITCH
Retired Vice Chairman of the Board
J.P. Morgan & Co. Incorporated
JAMES O. BOISI
Retired Vice Chairman of the Board
J.P. Morgan & Co. Incorporated
CARTER L. BURGESS
FRANK T. CARY
Retired Chairman of the Board
International Business Machines Corporation
CHARLES D. DICKEY JR.
Retired Chairman of the Board
Scott Paper Company
WALTER A. FALLON
Former Chairman of the Board
Eastman Kodak Company
LEWIS W. FOY
Former Chairman of the Board
Bethlehem Steel Corporation
HOWARD GOLDFEDER
Retired Chairman of the Board and
Chief Executive Officer
Federated Department Stores, Inc.
JOHN J. HORAN
Former Chairman of the Board and
Chief Executive Officer
Merck & Co., Inc.
HOWARD W. JOHNSON
President Emeritus and Former
Chairman of the Corporation
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
EDWARD R. KANE
Former President
E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company
RALPH F. LEACH
Retired Chairman of the
Executive Committee
J.P. Morgan & Co. Incorporated
ROBERT V. LINDSAY
Retired President
J.P. Morgan & Co. Incorporated
HOWARD J. MORGENS
Chairman Emeritus
The Procter & Gamble Company
WALTER H. PAGE
Retired Chairman of the Board
J.P. Morgan & Co. Incorporated
DONALD E. PROCKNOW
Former Vice Chairman of the Board and
Chief Operating Officer
AT&T Technologies, Inc.
THOMAS RODD
Retired Vice Chairman of the Board
J.P. Morgan & Co. Incorporated
WARREN M. SHAPLEIGH
Retired Vice Chairman of the Board
Ralston Purina Company
JOHN G. SMALE
Chairman of the Executive
Committee of the Board
General Motors Corporation
and Retired Chairman of the Board and
Chief Executive Officer
The Procter & Gamble Company
OLCOTT D. SMITH
Retired Chairman of the Board
Aetna Life and Casualty Company
Directors Advisory Council 113
<PAGE> 116
J.P. MORGAN DIRECTORY
PRINCIPAL SUBSIDIARIES AND OFFICES - WHOLLY OWNED EXCEPT WHERE NOTED
NORTH AMERICA
NEW YORK
J.P. Morgan & Co. Incorporated
Morgan Guaranty Trust Company of
New York
J.P. Morgan Securities Inc.
J.P. Morgan Investment Management Inc.
J.P. Morgan Futures Inc.
J.P. Morgan Capital Corporation
J.P. Morgan Community Development Corporation
BOSTON
J.P. Morgan Securities - Boston office
CHICAGO
J.P. Morgan & Co. - Chicago office
J.P. Morgan Securities - Chicago office
J.P. Morgan Futures - Chicago office
J.P. Morgan Trust Company of Illinois
Morgan Guaranty - representative office
DALLAS
J.P. Morgan Securities - Dallas office
Morgan Guaranty - representative office
HOUSTON
J.P. Morgan Securities - Houston office
J.P. Morgan Investment Management - Houston office
LOS ANGELES
Morgan Guaranty - representative office
J.P. Morgan - Los Angeles office
J.P. Morgan California
J.P. Morgan Investment Management -
Los Angeles office
NEWARK, DELAWARE
Morgan Guaranty - banking office
J.P. Morgan Services Inc.
J.P. Morgan Overseas Capital Corporation
Morgan Guaranty International Finance Corporation
J.P. Morgan Trust Company of Delaware
PALM BEACH
J.P. Morgan Florida, FSB
J.P. Morgan Securities - Palm Beach office
PHILADELPHIA
Morgan Guaranty - limited purpose
banking office
SAN FRANCISCO
J.P. Morgan & Co. - San Francisco office
Morgan Guaranty - representative office
J.P. Morgan California - San Francisco office
J.P. Morgan Capital - San Francisco office
J.P. Morgan Futures - San Francisco office
J.P. Morgan Securities - San Francisco office
J.P. Morgan Investment Management -
San Francisco office
WASHINGTON, DC
J.P. Morgan Securities - Washington office
MONTREAL
J.P. Morgan Canada
TORONTO
J.P. Morgan Canada
J.P. Morgan Securities Canada Inc.
J.P. Morgan Investment Management -
Toronto office
NASSAU
Morgan Guaranty - banking office
Morgan Trust Company of The Bahamas Limited
J.P. Morgan (Bahamas) Portfolio Co. Ltd.
CAYMAN ISLANDS
Morgan Trust Company of the Cayman Islands Limited
EUROPE
LONDON
Morgan Guaranty - banking and private
banking offices
J.P. Morgan Securities Ltd.
J.P. Morgan Investment Management - London office
J.P. Morgan Whitefriars Inc.
AMSTERDAM
J.P. Morgan Nederland N.V.
BRUSSELS
Morgan Guaranty - banking office
J.P. Morgan Benelux S.A./N.V.
Euroclear Operations Centre+
FRANKFURT
Morgan Guaranty - banking office
J.P. Morgan GmbH
J.P. Morgan Investment GmbH
J.P. Morgan Investment Management Inc.
J.P. Morgan Holding Deutschland GmbH
GENEVA
J.P. Morgan (Suisse) S.A.
MADRID
Morgan Guaranty - banking and private
banking offices
Morgan Gestion, S.A.
Sociedad Gestora de Instituciones de
Inversion Colectiva
J.P. Morgan Espana S.A.
J.P. Morgan Iberica S.L.
J.P. Morgan Sociedad de Valores y Bolsa, S.A.
MILAN
Morgan Guaranty - banking office
J.P. Morgan S.p.A.
J.P. Morgan Fondi Italia S.p.A.
MOSCOW
J.P. Morgan International Ltd. -
representative office
PARIS
Morgan Guaranty - banking and private
banking offices
J.P. Morgan & Cie S.A.
Societe de Bourse J.P. Morgan S.A.
PRAGUE
J.P. Morgan International Ltd.
ROME
Morgan Guaranty - representative office
WARSAW
J.P. Morgan Polska Sp. z o.o.
ZURICH
Morgan Guaranty - banking office
AFRICA
Johannesburg
J.P. Morgan Securities South Africa (Proprietary) Limited
Morgan Guaranty - branch office
* 50% owned
** 40% owned
+ operated by J.P. Morgan
114 J.P. Morgan directory
<PAGE> 117
ASIA PACIFIC
TOKYO
Morgan Guaranty - banking and private banking offices
J.P. Morgan Investment Management -
Tokyo office
J.P. Morgan Trust Bank Ltd.
J.P. Morgan Securities Asia* - Tokyo office
BANGKOK
J.P. Morgan Securities Asia* -
representative office
BEIJING
J.P. Morgan & Co. - representative office
J.P. Morgan Securities Asia* -
representative office
BOMBAY
ICICI Securities and Finance Company Limited**
HONG KONG
Morgan Guaranty - banking and private banking offices
J.P. Morgan Futures Hong Kong Ltd.
J.P. Morgan Securities Hong Kong Ltd.
J.P. Morgan International Capital -
Hong Kong office
J.P. Morgan Securities Asia* -
Hong Kong office
JAKARTA
Morgan Guaranty - representative office
LABUAN
J.P. Morgan Malaysia Ltd.
MANILA
Morgan Guaranty - representative office
MELBOURNE
Morgan Guaranty - representative office
J.P. Morgan Australia - Melbourne office
J.P. Morgan Investment Management
Australia Limited
J.P. Morgan Australia Securities - Melbourne office
OSAKA
J.P. Morgan Securities Asia* - Osaka office
SEOUL
Morgan Guaranty - representative office
J.P. Morgan Securities Asia* -
representative office
SHANGHAI
J.P. Morgan & Co. - representative office
SINGAPORE
Morgan Guaranty - banking and private banking offices
J.P. Morgan Securities Asia Ltd.*
J.P. Morgan Futures - Singapore office
J.P. Morgan International Capital Corporation - Singapore office
J.P. Morgan Investment Management - Singapore office
SYDNEY
Morgan Guaranty - banking office
J.P. Morgan Australia Limited
J.P. Morgan Australia Securities Limited
TAIPEI
Morgan Guaranty - representative office
J.P. Morgan Securities Asia* -
representative office
LATIN AMERICA
BUENOS AIRES
Morgan Guaranty - banking office
J.P. Morgan Argentina Sociedad de Bolsa S.A.
CARACAS
J.P. Morgan Venezuela, S.A.
LIMA
Morgan Guaranty - representative office
MEXICO CITY
Morgan Guaranty - representative office
J.P. Morgan Grupo Financiero, S.A. de C.V.
J.P. Morgan Casa de Bolsa, S.A. de C.V.
Banco J.P. Morgan, S.A.
RIO DE JANEIRO
Morgan Guaranty - banking office
Banco J.P. Morgan, S.A. -
Rio de Janeiro office
JPM Corretora de Cambio, Titulos e Valores
Mobiliarios - Rio de Janeiro office
J.P. Morgan Investimentos e Financas -
Rio de Janeiro office
SANTIAGO
J.P. Morgan Chile Limitada
SAO PAULO
Morgan Guaranty - banking office Banco J.P. Morgan, S.A.
JPM Corretora de Cambio, Titulos e Valores Mobiliarios S.A.
J.P. Morgan Investimentos e Financas Ltda.
* 50% owned
** 40% owned
+ operated by J.P. Morgan
J.P. Morgan directory 115
<PAGE> 118
CORPORATE INFORMATION
CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS
J.P. Morgan & Co. Incorporated
60 Wall Street
New York, NY 10260-0060
1-212-483-2323
ANNUAL MEETING
The annual meeting of stockholders
of J.P. Morgan will be held on
Wednesday, April 8, 1998, at
11:00 a.m. in Morgan Hall West,
46th Floor, 60 Wall Street, New York.
LISTING
The common stock of J.P. Morgan is
listed on the New York, Amsterdam,
London, Paris, Swiss, and Tokyo
stock exchanges. International
Depositary Receipts for the stock
are listed on the Brussels and
London stock exchanges.
NYSE symbol: JPM
The Adjustable Rate Cumulative
Preferred Stock, Series A, of
J.P. Morgan is listed on the New York
Stock Exchange.
NYSE symbol: JPM Pr A
Depositary shares representing a
one-tenth interest in 6 5/8%
Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series
H, of J.P. Morgan are listed on the
New York Stock Exchange.
NYSE symbol: JPM Pr H
TRANSFER AGENT AND REGISTRAR
Common Stock, Adjustable Rate
Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series A,
Depositary shares on 6 5/8%
Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series H:
First Chicago Trust Company of
New York
P.O. Box 2500
Jersey City, NJ 07303-2500
1-800-519-3111
Variable Cumulative Preferred Stock,
Series B through F:
Bankers Trust Company
4 Albany Street, 7th floor
New York, NY 10006-1500
1-212-250-6850
FORM 10-K
J.P. Morgan's annual report on Form
10-K as filed with the Securities
and Exchange Commission is
incorporated in this report.
DIVIDEND REINVESTMENT AND STOCK
PURCHASE PLAN
Stockholders wishing to receive a
prospectus for the dividend reinvestment
and stock purchase plan are invited to
write to or call:
First Chicago Trust Company of New York
J.P. Morgan Dividend Reinvestment Plan
P.O. Box 2500
Jersey City, NJ 07303-2500
1-800-519-3111
1997 ANNUAL REVIEW
1997 REPORT ON CONTRIBUTIONS
For a copy of J.P. Morgan's 1997
Annual Review, the companion
publication to this Annual Report, or for
a report on J.P. Morgan's philanthropic
activities in 1997, write to or call
Corporate Communication -
Publications
J.P. Morgan & Co. Incorporated
60 Wall Street
New York, NY 10260-0060
1-212-648-9607
CONTACTS
Investor Relations: 1-212-648-9446
Media Relations: 1-212-648-9553
Please visit us on the Internet:
www.jpmorgan.com
EQUAL OPPORTUNITY AT J.P. MORGAN
J.P. Morgan is committed to providing
equal opportunity in the workplace.
The firm, through this commitment,
benefits from the full use and
development of its employees.
(C) 1998 J.P. Morgan & Co. Incorporated
116 Corporate information Printed in USA on recycled paper
<PAGE> 1
EXHIBIT 21
Subsidiaries of J.P. Morgan & Co. Incorporated
----------------------------------------------
J.P. Morgan & Co. Incorporated
Delaware
Subsidiaries of J.P. Morgan & Co. Incorporated
- ----------------------------------------------
(all wholly owned, except where noted)
Fund 800 Inc.
Delaware
J.P. Morgan California
California
Morgan Fonciere Cayman Islands Ltd.
Cayman Islands
Morgan Trust Company of the Cayman Islands Ltd.
Cayman Islands
Morgan Trust Company of The Bahamas Limited
Commonwealth of The Bahamas
J.P. Morgan Acceptance Corporation I
Delaware
J.P. Morgan Capital Corporation
Delaware
JPM Capital Trust I
Delaware
JPM Capital Trust II
Delaware
J.P. Morgan Index Funding Company I (11)
Delaware
J.P. Morgan Capital Emerging Markets K Corporation
Delaware
J.P. Morgan Florida Holdings Corp. (1)
Delaware
J.P. Morgan Funding Corp.
United Kingdom
J.P. Morgan Life Assurance Limited
United Kingdom
J.P. Morgan Futures Inc.
Delaware
J.P. Morgan Futures Hong Kong Limited
Crown Colony of Hong Kong
J.P. Morgan GT Corporation
Delaware
<PAGE> 2
J.P. Morgan International Capital Corporation
Delaware
721 Participacoes Limitada (99.99% owned) (7)
Brazil
J.P. Morgan Capital Asia Investments Limited
Mauritius
J.P. Morgan Capital Asia Assets Limited
Mauritius
J.P. Morgan Capital Asia Holdings, LLC (47.50% owned) (10)
Mauritius
J.P. Morgan International Holdings Corp.
Delaware
J.P. Morgan Investment Corporation
Delaware
J.P. Morgan Investment Management Inc.
Delaware
J.P. Morgan Leasefunding Corp.
Delaware
J.P. Morgan (1992-I) Foreign Sales Corporation
Barbados
J.P. Morgan Mortgage Funding Inc.
Delaware
J.P. Morgan Commercial Mortgage Finance Corp.
Delaware
J.P. Morgan Mortgage Pass-Through Corporation
Delaware
J.P. Morgan News Partnership Corporation
Delaware
J.P. Morgan Technology Partnership Corporation
Delaware
JPM Pork Partnership Corporation
Delaware
J.P. Morgan Hotel Partnership Corporation
Delaware
J.P. Morgan Partnership Investment Corporation
Delaware
J.P. Morgan Pine Street Corporation
Delaware
J.P. Morgan Partnership Capital Corporation
Delaware
J.P. Morgan Capital Nassau Limited
Commonwealth of the Bahamas
2
<PAGE> 3
J.P. Morgan Capital Bahamas Limited
Commonwealth of the Bahamas
J.P. Morgan Global Capital Limited (47.50% owned) (9)
Commonwealth of the Bahamas
J.P. Morgan Real Estate Partnership Corporation
Delaware
J.P. Morgan Energy Partnership Corporation
Delaware
J.P. Morgan Ventures Energy Corporation
Delaware
J.P. Morgan Private Investments Inc.
Delaware
J.P. Morgan Private Investments International Inc.
Cayman Islands
J.P. Morgan Securities Holdings Inc.
Delaware
J.P. Morgan Securities Inc.
Delaware
J.P. Morgan Services Inc.
Delaware
J.P. Morgan Structured Finance Corp.
Delaware
J.P. Morgan Structured Obligations Corporation
Delaware
Trading and Finance Management Limited
United Kingdom
J.P. Morgan Trust Company of Delaware
Delaware
J.P. Morgan Trust Company of Illinois
Illinois
J.P. Morgan Ventures Corporation
Delaware
J.P. Morgan Venezuela S.A.
Venezuela
J.P. Morgan Community Development Corporation
Delaware
Corsair, Inc.
Delaware
Sixty Wall Street Corporation
Delaware
3
<PAGE> 4
Sixty Wall Street SBIC Corporation
Delaware
J.P. Morgan Florida, FSB
Florida
J.P. Morgan Trading and Finance Limited
United Kingdom
J.P. Morgan & Co. Limited
United Kingdom
Morgan Guaranty Trust Company of New York
New York
Subsidiaries of Morgan Guaranty Trust Company of New York
- ---------------------------------------------------------
Morgan Guaranty Nominees Bahamas Limited
Commonwealth of The Bahamas
J.P. Morgan Interfunding Corp.
Delaware
Morprop Incorporated
Delaware
MGT North America Corp.
Delaware
J.P. Morgan V.E. 92 Ltd.
New York
Oil Tankers Leasing Corporation
New York
J.P. Morgan Energy Products Inc.
Delaware
Ship Holding Corp.
New York
Whitkath Inc.
New York
EC Nominees Limited
United Kingdom
Guaranty Nominees Limited
United Kingdom
JPM (Eagle Star) Nominees Limited
United Kingdom
JPM Nominees Limited
United Kingdom
MGTB Nominees Limited
United Kingdom
MGT-EOC Nominees Limited
United Kingdom
4
<PAGE> 5
Morgan Guaranty Executor and Trustee Company Limited
United Kingdom
J.P. Morgan Pension Trustees Limited
United Kingdom
J.P. Morgan Trustees Ltd.
United Kingdom
Morgan Guaranty International Finance Corporation
Section 25(a) of the Federal Reserve Act of the United
States
Subsidiaries of Morgan Guaranty International Finance
Corporation
- ------------------------------------------------------------
J.P. Morgan Argentina Sociedad de Bolsa S.A. (99.00% owned) (4)
Argentina
J.P. Morgan Chile Limitada (99.80% owned) (4)
Chile
Morgan Guaranty Finance Limited
Bermuda
J.P. Morgan Funds Bahamas Ltd.
Commonwealth of The Bahamas
J.P. Morgan (Bahamas) Portfolio Co. Ltd.
Commonwealth of The Bahamas
JPM Corretora de Cambio, Titulos e Valores Mobiliarios S.A.
Brazil
Banco J.P. Morgan, S.A. (53.79% owned) (5)
Brazil
J.P. Morgan Fonds (Luxembourg) S.A.
Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
ICICI Securities and Finance Company Limited (39.63% owned)
Bombay, India
ICICI Asset Management Company Limited (40.00% owned)
Bombay, India
ICICI Brokerage Services Limited
Bombay, India
J.P. Morgan Iberica, S.L.
Spain
J.P. Morgan Investimentos e Financas Ltda.
Brazil
J.P. Morgan GmbH (97.00% owned) (6)
Federal Republic of Germany
J.P. Morgan Holding Deutschland GmbH (69.48% owned) (2)
Federal Republic of Germany
J.P. Morgan Investment GmbH
Federal Republic of Germany
5
<PAGE> 6
J.P. Morgan & Cie S.A.
France
Morgan Gestion S.A.
France
Societe de Bourse J.P. Morgan S.A.
France
Morgan Conseil S.A.
France
J.P. Morgan Fund Services S.A. (99.09% owned) (4)
Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
J.P. Morgan S.p.A. (99.99% owned) (4)
Italy
J.P. Morgan Trust Bank Ltd. (70.19% owned) (3)
Japan
J.P. Morgan Japanese Fund Services S.A. (99.98% owned) (4)
Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
J.P. Morgan Japanese Investor Fund Services S.A. (99.98% owned) (4)
Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
J.P. Morgan Jersey Limited
Jersey, The Channel Islands
J.P. Morgan Benelux S.A.
Kingdom of Belgium
J.P. Morgan Securities Asia Ltd. (50.00% owned)
Republic of Singapore
J.P. Morgan Securities South Africia (Proprietary) Limited
South Africa
J.P. Morgan Malaysia Ltd.
Labuan, Malaysia
J.P. Morgan Servicios S.A. de C.V.,
J.P. Morgan Grupo Financiero (99.00% owned) (8)
Mexico City, Mexico
J.P. Morgan (Suisse) S.A.
Switzerland
J.P. Morgan Portfolio Ltd.
United Kingdom
Morgan Property Development Company Limited
United Kingdom
J.P. Morgan Polska Sp. z o.o.
Warsaw, Poland
J.P. Morgan International Ltd.
Delaware
6
<PAGE> 7
J.P. Morgan Grupo Financiero, S.A. de C.V. (99.07% owned) (4)
Mexico City, Mexico
Banco J.P. Morgan, S.A., Institucion de Banca Multiple,
J.P. Morgan Grupo Financiero (8)
Mexico City, Mexico
J.P. Morgan Casa de Bolsa, S.A. de C.V., J.P. Morgan
Grupo Financiero (8)
Mexico City, Mexico
J.P. Morgan Fondi Italia S.p.A. (99.90% owned) (4)
Italy
J.P. Morgan Services Ltd.
Singapore
Franco Financiere Neerlandaise (10.00% owned)
France
Epargne-Interessement (22.97% owned)
France
J.P. Morgan Overseas Capital Corporation
Delaware
Morgan Guaranty International Bank
Delaware
Subsidiaries of J.P. Morgan Overseas Capital Corporation
- ---------------------------------------------------------
J.P. Morgan Nederland N.V.
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
J.P. Morgan Securities Hong Kong Ltd.
Crown Colony of Hong Kong
J.P. Morgan Whitefriars Inc.
Delaware
J.P. Morgan Whitefriars (UK)
United Kingdom
J.P. Morgan Securities Ltd.
United Kingdom
J.P. Morgan Securities Canada Inc.
Ontario, Canada
J.P. Morgan Canada
Ontario, Canada
Morgan Bank of Canada (Receivables Purchase Financing) Ltd.
Ontario, Canada
J.P. Morgan Espana S.A.
Spain
J.P. Morgan Sociedad de Valores y Bolsa S.A.
Spain
Morgan Gestion, S.A. Sociedad Gestora de Instituciones de Inversion Colectiva
Spain
7
<PAGE> 8
J.P. Morgan Societa di Intermediazione Mobiliare S.p.A.
Italy
Morgan Guaranty Trust Company Limited
United Kingdom
CLS Services Ltd. (5.00% owned)
United Kingdom
Sociven S.A.
Venezuela
J.P. Morgan Australia Holdings Limited
Victoria, Australia
J.P. Morgan Australia Limited
Victoria, Australia
J.P. Morgan Australia Securities Limited
Victoria, Australia
J.P. Morgan Investment Management Australia Limited
Victoria, Australia
J.P. Morgan Nominees Pty. Limited
Victoria, Australia
Bank of the Philippine Islands (12.60% owned)
Philippines
BPI Express Remittance Corp.
California
Saudi International Bank Al-Bank Al-Saudi Al-Alami Limited (20.00% owned)
London
- -------------------------------
(1) J.P. MORGAN INTERNATIONAL HOLDINGS CORP. HAS A 50%
OWNERSHIP INTEREST.
(2) J.P. MORGAN & CIE S.A. AND J.P. MORGAN SECURITIES LTD.
HAVE A 7.16% AND 23.36% OWNERSHIP INTEREST RESPECTIVELY.
(3) J.P. MORGAN & CIE S.A. OWNS PREFERRED SHARES CARRYING
29.81% OF THE VOTING POWER.
(4) JPMOCC OWNS A MINORITY INTEREST IN THE COMPANY.
(5) MGIFC HAS A 46.21% OWNERSHIP INTEREST.
(6) MGT HAS A 3% OWNERSHIP INTEREST.
(7) J.P. MORGAN INVESTIMENTOS E FINANCAS LTDA. HAS A .01%
OWNERSHIP INTEREST.
(8) MGIFC OWNS A MINORITY INTEREST IN THE COMPANY.
(9) J.P. MORGAN CAPITAL NASSAU LIMITED HAS A 47.5% OWNERSHIP
INTEREST; SIXTY WALL STREET FUND, L.P. HAS A 5%
OWNERSHIP INTEREST.
(10) J.P. MORGAN CAPITAL ASIA ASSETS LIMITED HAS A 47.5%
OWNERSHIP INTEREST; SIXTY WALL STREET FUND, L.P. HAS A
5% OWNERSHIP INTEREST.
8
<PAGE> 9
(11) J.P. MORGAN VENTURES CORPORATION HAS A 1% OWNERSHIP
INTEREST.
9
<PAGE> 1
Exhibit 23
CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT ACCOUNTANTS
We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in the Prospectuses
constituting part of the Registration Statements on Form S-3 (Nos. 33-44312,
33-45651, 33-49775, 33-55851, 33-64193, 333-01723, 333-01121, 333-01121-01,
333-15079, 333-15079-01 through 04, 333-20427, 333-20427-01 through 03,
333-37315, 333-40447, 333-38633 and 333-38633-01) and in the Registration
Statements on Form S-8, as amended, (Nos. 33-61167, 33-61181, 33-65065,
33-49267, 33-32659, 33-49419 and 33-63659) of our report dated January 14, 1998
appearing on page 41 of the J. P. Morgan & Co. Incorporated Annual Report, which
is included as Exhibit 13 to this Form 10-K for the year ended December 31,
1997.
/s/ PRICE WATERHOUSE LLP
- --------------------------
PRICE WATERHOUSE LLP
New York, New York
March 9, 1998
<PAGE> 1
Page 1
Exhibit 24
POWER OF ATTORNEY
(Form 10-K)
KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, that the undersigned constitutes and
appoints Douglas A. Warner III, Roberto G. Mendoza, Michael E. Patterson, Rachel
F. Robbins, James C. P. Berry and Gene A. Capello and each of them, with full
power to act without the others, as the undersigned's true and lawful
attorney-in-fact and agent, with full and several power of substitution, for the
undersigned and in the undersigned's name, place and stead, in any and all
capacities, to sign any and all Annual Reports of J.P. Morgan & Co. Incorporated
on Form 10-K and any and all amendments thereto pursuant to the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and to file the same with all exhibits
thereto, and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and
Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents, and each
of them, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing
requisite and necessary to be done in and about the premises, as fully to all
intents and purposes as the undersigned might or could do in person, hereby
ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents or any of
them, or their or his or her substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause
to be done by virtue hereof.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned has executed this Power of Attorney
on the 9th day of March, 1998.
/s/ Douglas A. Warner III
<PAGE> 2
Page 2
Exhibit 24
POWER OF ATTORNEY
(Form 10-K)
KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, that the undersigned constitutes and
appoints Douglas A. Warner III, Roberto G. Mendoza, Michael E. Patterson, Rachel
F. Robbins, James C. P. Berry and Gene A. Capello and each of them, with full
power to act without the others, as the undersigned's true and lawful
attorney-in-fact and agent, with full and several power of substitution, for the
undersigned and in the undersigned's name, place and stead, in any and all
capacities, to sign any and all Annual Reports of J.P. Morgan & Co. Incorporated
on Form 10-K and any and all amendments thereto pursuant to the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and to file the same with all exhibits
thereto, and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and
Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents, and each
of them, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing
requisite and necessary to be done in and about the premises, as fully to all
intents and purposes as the undersigned might or could do in person, hereby
ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents or any of
them, or their or his or her substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause
to be done by virtue hereof.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned has executed this Power of Attorney
on the 9th day of March, 1998.
/s/ Paul A. Allaire
<PAGE> 3
Page 3
Exhibit 24
POWER OF ATTORNEY
(Form 10-K)
KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, that the undersigned constitutes and
appoints Douglas A. Warner III, Roberto G. Mendoza, Michael E. Patterson, Rachel
F. Robbins, James C. P. Berry and Gene A. Capello and each of them, with full
power to act without the others, as the undersigned's true and lawful
attorney-in-fact and agent, with full and several power of substitution, for the
undersigned and in the undersigned's name, place and stead, in any and all
capacities, to sign any and all Annual Reports of J.P. Morgan & Co. Incorporated
on Form 10-K and any and all amendments thereto pursuant to the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and to file the same with all exhibits
thereto, and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and
Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents, and each
of them, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing
requisite and necessary to be done in and about the premises, as fully to all
intents and purposes as the undersigned might or could do in person, hereby
ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents or any of
them, or their or his or her substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause
to be done by virtue hereof.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned has executed this Power of Attorney
on the 9th day of March, 1998.
/s/ Riley P. Bechtel
<PAGE> 4
Page 4
Exhibit 24
POWER OF ATTORNEY
(Form 10-K)
KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, that the undersigned constitutes and
appoints Douglas A. Warner III, Roberto G. Mendoza, Michael E. Patterson, Rachel
F. Robbins, James C. P. Berry and Gene A. Capello and each of them, with full
power to act without the others, as the undersigned's true and lawful
attorney-in-fact and agent, with full and several power of substitution, for the
undersigned and in the undersigned's name, place and stead, in any and all
capacities, to sign any and all Annual Reports of J.P. Morgan & Co. Incorporated
on Form 10-K and any and all amendments thereto pursuant to the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and to file the same with all exhibits
thereto, and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and
Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents, and each
of them, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing
requisite and necessary to be done in and about the premises, as fully to all
intents and purposes as the undersigned might or could do in person, hereby
ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents or any of
them, or their or his or her substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause
to be done by virtue hereof.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned has executed this Power of Attorney
on the 9th day of March, 1998.
/s/ Lawrence A. Bossidy
<PAGE> 5
Page 5
Exhibit 24
POWER OF ATTORNEY
(Form 10-K)
KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, that the undersigned constitutes and
appoints Douglas A. Warner III, Roberto G. Mendoza, Michael E. Patterson, Rachel
F. Robbins, James C. P. Berry and Gene A. Capello and each of them, with full
power to act without the others, as the undersigned's true and lawful
attorney-in-fact and agent, with full and several power of substitution, for the
undersigned and in the undersigned's name, place and stead, in any and all
capacities, to sign any and all Annual Reports of J.P. Morgan & Co. Incorporated
on Form 10-K and any and all amendments thereto pursuant to the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and to file the same with all exhibits
thereto, and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and
Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents, and each
of them, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing
requisite and necessary to be done in and about the premises, as fully to all
intents and purposes as the undersigned might or could do in person, hereby
ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents or any of
them, or their or his or her substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause
to be done by virtue hereof.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned has executed this Power of Attorney
on the 9th day of March, 1998.
/s/ Martin Feldstein
<PAGE> 6
Page 6
Exhibit 24
POWER OF ATTORNEY
(Form 10-K)
KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, that the undersigned constitutes and
appoints Douglas A. Warner III, Roberto G. Mendoza, Michael E. Patterson, Rachel
F. Robbins, James C. P. Berry and Gene A. Capello and each of them, with full
power to act without the others, as the undersigned's true and lawful
attorney-in-fact and agent, with full and several power of substitution, for the
undersigned and in the undersigned's name, place and stead, in any and all
capacities, to sign any and all Annual Reports of J.P. Morgan & Co. Incorporated
on Form 10-K and any and all amendments thereto pursuant to the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and to file the same with all exhibits
thereto, and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and
Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents, and each
of them, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing
requisite and necessary to be done in and about the premises, as fully to all
intents and purposes as the undersigned might or could do in person, hereby
ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents or any of
them, or their or his or her substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause
to be done by virtue hereof.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned has executed this Power of Attorney
on the 9th day of March, 1998.
/s/ Ellen V. Futter
<PAGE> 7
Page 7
Exhibit 24
POWER OF ATTORNEY
(Form 10-K)
KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, that the undersigned constitutes and
appoints Douglas A. Warner III, Roberto G. Mendoza, Michael E. Patterson, Rachel
F. Robbins, James C. P. Berry and Gene A. Capello and each of them, with full
power to act without the others, as the undersigned's true and lawful
attorney-in-fact and agent, with full and several power of substitution, for the
undersigned and in the undersigned's name, place and stead, in any and all
capacities, to sign any and all Annual Reports of J.P. Morgan & Co. Incorporated
on Form 10-K and any and all amendments thereto pursuant to the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and to file the same with all exhibits
thereto, and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and
Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents, and each
of them, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing
requisite and necessary to be done in and about the premises, as fully to all
intents and purposes as the undersigned might or could do in person, hereby
ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents or any of
them, or their or his or her substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause
to be done by virtue hereof.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned has executed this Power of Attorney
on the 9th day of March, 1998.
/s/ Hanna H. Gray
<PAGE> 8
Page 8
Exhibit 24
POWER OF ATTORNEY
(Form 10-K)
KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, that the undersigned constitutes and
appoints Douglas A. Warner III, Roberto G. Mendoza, Michael E. Patterson, Rachel
F. Robbins, James C. P. Berry and Gene A. Capello and each of them, with full
power to act without the others, as the undersigned's true and lawful
attorney-in-fact and agent, with full and several power of substitution, for the
undersigned and in the undersigned's name, place and stead, in any and all
capacities, to sign any and all Annual Reports of J.P. Morgan & Co. Incorporated
on Form 10-K and any and all amendments thereto pursuant to the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and to file the same with all exhibits
thereto, and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and
Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents, and each
of them, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing
requisite and necessary to be done in and about the premises, as fully to all
intents and purposes as the undersigned might or could do in person, hereby
ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents or any of
them, or their or his or her substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause
to be done by virtue hereof.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned has executed this Power of Attorney
on the 9th day of March, 1998.
/s/ Walter A. Gubert
<PAGE> 9
Page 9
Exhibit 24
POWER OF ATTORNEY
(Form 10-K)
KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, that the undersigned constitutes and
appoints Douglas A. Warner III, Roberto G. Mendoza, Michael E. Patterson, Rachel
F. Robbins, James C. P. Berry and Gene A. Capello and each of them, with full
power to act without the others, as the undersigned's true and lawful
attorney-in-fact and agent, with full and several power of substitution, for the
undersigned and in the undersigned's name, place and stead, in any and all
capacities, to sign any and all Annual Reports of J.P. Morgan & Co. Incorporated
on Form 10-K and any and all amendments thereto pursuant to the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and to file the same with all exhibits
thereto, and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and
Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents, and each
of them, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing
requisite and necessary to be done in and about the premises, as fully to all
intents and purposes as the undersigned might or could do in person, hereby
ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents or any of
them, or their or his or her substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause
to be done by virtue hereof.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned has executed this Power of Attorney
on the 9th day of March, 1998.
/s/ James R. Houghton
<PAGE> 10
Page 10
Exhibit 24
POWER OF ATTORNEY
(Form 10-K)
KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, that the undersigned constitutes and
appoints Douglas A. Warner III, Roberto G. Mendoza, Michael E. Patterson, Rachel
F. Robbins, James C. P. Berry and Gene A. Capello and each of them, with full
power to act without the others, as the undersigned's true and lawful
attorney-in-fact and agent, with full and several power of substitution, for the
undersigned and in the undersigned's name, place and stead, in any and all
capacities, to sign any and all Annual Reports of J.P. Morgan & Co. Incorporated
on Form 10-K and any and all amendments thereto pursuant to the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and to file the same with all exhibits
thereto, and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and
Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents, and each
of them, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing
requisite and necessary to be done in and about the premises, as fully to all
intents and purposes as the undersigned might or could do in person, hereby
ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents or any of
them, or their or his or her substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause
to be done by virtue hereof.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned has executed this Power of Attorney
on the 9th day of March, 1998.
/s/ James L. Ketelsen
<PAGE> 11
Page 11
Exhibit 24
POWER OF ATTORNEY
(Form 10-K)
KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, that the undersigned constitutes and
appoints Douglas A. Warner III, Roberto G. Mendoza, Michael E. Patterson, Rachel
F. Robbins, James C. P. Berry and Gene A. Capello and each of them, with full
power to act without the others, as the undersigned's true and lawful
attorney-in-fact and agent, with full and several power of substitution, for the
undersigned and in the undersigned's name, place and stead, in any and all
capacities, to sign any and all Annual Reports of J.P. Morgan & Co. Incorporated
on Form 10-K and any and all amendments thereto pursuant to the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and to file the same with all exhibits
thereto, and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and
Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents, and each
of them, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing
requisite and necessary to be done in and about the premises, as fully to all
intents and purposes as the undersigned might or could do in person, hereby
ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents or any of
them, or their or his or her substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause
to be done by virtue hereof.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned has executed this Power of Attorney
on the 9th day of March, 1998.
/s/ John A. Krol
<PAGE> 12
Page 12
Exhibit 24
POWER OF ATTORNEY
(Form 10-K)
KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, that the undersigned constitutes and
appoints Douglas A. Warner III, Roberto G. Mendoza, Michael E. Patterson, Rachel
F. Robbins, James C. P. Berry and Gene A. Capello and each of them, with full
power to act without the others, as the undersigned's true and lawful
attorney-in-fact and agent, with full and several power of substitution, for the
undersigned and in the undersigned's name, place and stead, in any and all
capacities, to sign any and all Annual Reports of J.P. Morgan & Co. Incorporated
on Form 10-K and any and all amendments thereto pursuant to the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and to file the same with all exhibits
thereto, and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and
Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents, and each
of them, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing
requisite and necessary to be done in and about the premises, as fully to all
intents and purposes as the undersigned might or could do in person, hereby
ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents or any of
them, or their or his or her substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause
to be done by virtue hereof.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned has executed this Power of Attorney
on the 9th day of March, 1998.
/s/ Roberto G. Mendoza
<PAGE> 13
Page 13
Exhibit 24
POWER OF ATTORNEY
(Form 10-K)
KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, that the undersigned constitutes and
appoints Douglas A. Warner III, Roberto G. Mendoza, Michael E. Patterson, Rachel
F. Robbins, James C. P. Berry and Gene A. Capello and each of them, with full
power to act without the others, as the undersigned's true and lawful
attorney-in-fact and agent, with full and several power of substitution, for the
undersigned and in the undersigned's name, place and stead, in any and all
capacities, to sign any and all Annual Reports of J.P. Morgan & Co. Incorporated
on Form 10-K and any and all amendments thereto pursuant to the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and to file the same with all exhibits
thereto, and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and
Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents, and each
of them, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing
requisite and necessary to be done in and about the premises, as fully to all
intents and purposes as the undersigned might or could do in person, hereby
ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents or any of
them, or their or his or her substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause
to be done by virtue hereof.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned has executed this Power of Attorney
on the 9th day of March, 1998.
/s/ Michael E. Patterson
<PAGE> 14
Page 14
Exhibit 24
POWER OF ATTORNEY
(Form 10-K)
KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, that the undersigned constitutes and
appoints Douglas A. Warner III, Roberto G. Mendoza, Michael E. Patterson, Rachel
F. Robbins, James C. P. Berry and Gene A. Capello and each of them, with full
power to act without the others, as the undersigned's true and lawful
attorney-in-fact and agent, with full and several power of substitution, for the
undersigned and in the undersigned's name, place and stead, in any and all
capacities, to sign any and all Annual Reports of J.P. Morgan & Co. Incorporated
on Form 10-K and any and all amendments thereto pursuant to the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and to file the same with all exhibits
thereto, and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and
Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents, and each
of them, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing
requisite and necessary to be done in and about the premises, as fully to all
intents and purposes as the undersigned might or could do in person, hereby
ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents or any of
them, or their or his or her substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause
to be done by virtue hereof.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned has executed this Power of Attorney
on the 9th day of March, 1998.
/s/ Lee R. Raymond
<PAGE> 15
Page 15
Exhibit 24
POWER OF ATTORNEY
(Form 10-K)
KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, that the undersigned constitutes and
appoints Douglas A. Warner III, Roberto G. Mendoza, Michael E. Patterson, Rachel
F. Robbins, James C. P. Berry and Gene A. Capello and each of them, with full
power to act without the others, as the undersigned's true and lawful
attorney-in-fact and agent, with full and several power of substitution, for the
undersigned and in the undersigned's name, place and stead, in any and all
capacities, to sign any and all Annual Reports of J.P. Morgan & Co. Incorporated
on Form 10-K and any and all amendments thereto pursuant to the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and to file the same with all exhibits
thereto, and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and
Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents, and each
of them, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing
requisite and necessary to be done in and about the premises, as fully to all
intents and purposes as the undersigned might or could do in person, hereby
ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents or any of
them, or their or his or her substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause
to be done by virtue hereof.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned has executed this Power of Attorney
on the 9th day of March, 1998.
/s/ Richard D. Simmons
<PAGE> 16
Page 16
Exhibit 24
POWER OF ATTORNEY
(Form 10-K)
KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, that the undersigned constitutes and
appoints Douglas A. Warner III, Roberto G. Mendoza, Michael E. Patterson, Rachel
F. Robbins, James C. P. Berry and Gene A. Capello and each of them, with full
power to act without the others, as the undersigned's true and lawful
attorney-in-fact and agent, with full and several power of substitution, for the
undersigned and in the undersigned's name, place and stead, in any and all
capacities, to sign any and all Annual Reports of J.P. Morgan & Co. Incorporated
on Form 10-K and any and all amendments thereto pursuant to the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and to file the same with all exhibits
thereto, and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and
Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents, and each
of them, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing
requisite and necessary to be done in and about the premises, as fully to all
intents and purposes as the undersigned might or could do in person, hereby
ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents or any of
them, or their or his or her substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause
to be done by virtue hereof.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned has executed this Power of Attorney
on the 9th day of March, 1998.
/s/ Kurt F. Viermetz
<PAGE> 17
Page 17
Exhibit 24
POWER OF ATTORNEY
(Form 10-K)
KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, that the undersigned constitutes and
appoints Douglas A. Warner III, Roberto G. Mendoza, Michael E. Patterson, Rachel
F. Robbins, James C. P. Berry and Gene A. Capello and each of them, with full
power to act without the others, as the undersigned's true and lawful
attorney-in-fact and agent, with full and several power of substitution, for the
undersigned and in the undersigned's name, place and stead, in any and all
capacities, to sign any and all Annual Reports of J.P. Morgan & Co. Incorporated
on Form 10-K and any and all amendments thereto pursuant to the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and to file the same with all exhibits
thereto, and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and
Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents, and each
of them, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing
requisite and necessary to be done in and about the premises, as fully to all
intents and purposes as the undersigned might or could do in person, hereby
ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents or any of
them, or their or his or her substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause
to be done by virtue hereof.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned has executed this Power of Attorney
on the 9th day of March, 1998.
/s/ Dennis Weatherstone
<PAGE> 18
Page 18
Exhibit 24
POWER OF ATTORNEY
(Form 10-K)
KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, that the undersigned constitutes and
appoints Douglas A. Warner III, Roberto G. Mendoza, Michael E. Patterson, Rachel
F. Robbins, James C. P. Berry and Gene A. Capello and each of them, with full
power to act without the others, as the undersigned's true and lawful
attorney-in-fact and agent, with full and several power of substitution, for the
undersigned and in the undersigned's name, place and stead, in any and all
capacities, to sign any and all Annual Reports of J.P. Morgan & Co. Incorporated
on Form 10-K and any and all amendments thereto pursuant to the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and to file the same with all exhibits
thereto, and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and
Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents, and each
of them, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing
requisite and necessary to be done in and about the premises, as fully to all
intents and purposes as the undersigned might or could do in person, hereby
ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents or any of
them, or their or his or her substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause
to be done by virtue hereof.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned has executed this Power of Attorney
on the 9th day of March, 1998.
/s/ Douglas C. Yearley
WARNING: THE EDGAR SYSTEM ENCOUNTERED ERROR(S) WHILE PROCESSING THIS SCHEDULE.
<TABLE> <S> <C>
<ARTICLE> 9
<LEGEND>
THIS SCHEDULE CONTAINS SUMMARY FINANCIAL INFORMATION EXTRACTED FROM THE
CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AS OF AND FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31,
1997 INCLUDED IN THE FORM 10-K.
</LEGEND>
<MULTIPLIER> 1,000,000
<CURRENCY> U.S.DOLLARS
<S> <C>
<PERIOD-TYPE> YEAR
<FISCAL-YEAR-END> DEC-31-1997
<PERIOD-START> JAN-01-1997
<PERIOD-END> DEC-31-1997
<EXCHANGE-RATE> 1
<CASH> 1,758
<INT-BEARING-DEPOSITS> 2,132
<FED-FUNDS-SOLD> 39,002
<TRADING-ASSETS> 111,854
<INVESTMENTS-HELD-FOR-SALE> 23,402
<INVESTMENTS-CARRYING> 0
<INVESTMENTS-MARKET> 0
<LOANS> 31,578
<ALLOWANCE> 546
<TOTAL-ASSETS> 262,159
<DEPOSITS> 58,879
<SHORT-TERM> 81,602
<LIABILITIES-OTHER> 87,285
<LONG-TERM> 22,989
0
694
<COMMON> 502
<OTHER-SE> 10,208
<TOTAL-LIABILITIES-AND-EQUITY> 262,159
<INTEREST-LOAN> 2,029
<INTEREST-INVEST> 1,557
<INTEREST-OTHER> 8,767
<INTEREST-TOTAL> 12,353
<INTEREST-DEPOSIT> 2,753
<INTEREST-EXPENSE> 10,481
<INTEREST-INCOME-NET> 1,872
<LOAN-LOSSES> 0
<SECURITIES-GAINS> 383
<EXPENSE-OTHER> 5,066
<INCOME-PRETAX> 2,154
<INCOME-PRE-EXTRAORDINARY> 1,465
<EXTRAORDINARY> 0
<CHANGES> 0
<NET-INCOME> 1,465
<EPS-PRIMARY> 0<F1>
<EPS-DILUTED> 0<F1>
<YIELD-ACTUAL> .98
<LOANS-NON> 113<F2>
<LOANS-PAST> 0
<LOANS-TROUBLED> 0
<LOANS-PROBLEM> 0
<ALLOWANCE-OPEN> 1,116
<CHARGE-OFFS> 79
<RECOVERIES> 45
<ALLOWANCE-CLOSE> 1,081
<ALLOWANCE-DOMESTIC> 58
<ALLOWANCE-FOREIGN> 228
<ALLOWANCE-UNALLOCATED> 795
<F1>On December 31, 1997, J.P. Morgan adopted Statement of Financial Accounting
Standards (SFAS) No. 128, Earnings per Share (EPS). SFAS 128 supersedes
Accounting Principles Board Opinion No. 15 and related pronouncements and
replaces the computations of primary and fully diluted EPS with basic and
diluted EPS, respectively. Basic EPS was $7.71, $8.11, and $6.70 for the
years ended December 31, 1997, 1996, and 1995, respectively. Diluted EPS was
$7.17, $7.63, and $6.42 for the years ended December 31, 1997, 1996, and
1995, respectively.
<F2>Nonperforming assets (which includes nonperforming loans) were $659
at December 31, 1997.
</TABLE>
