As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on
January 30, 1996
- -----------------------------------------------------------------
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
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FORM N-1A
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REGISTRATION STATEMENT UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933 / X /
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Pre-Effective Amendment No. / /
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Post-Effective Amendment No. 18 / X /
and ----
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REGISTRATION STATEMENT UNDER THE INVESTMENT COMPANY / X /
ACT OF 1940 ----
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Amendment No. 19 / X /
(Check appropriate box or boxes) ----
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PUTNAM CALIFORNIA TAX EXEMPT Registration No. 2-81011
INCOME TRUST 811-3630
(Exact name of registrant as specified in charter)
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REGISTRATION STATEMENT UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933 / X /
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Pre-Effective Amendment No. / /
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Post-Effective Amendment No. 11 / X /
and ----
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REGISTRATION STATEMENT UNDER THE INVESTMENT COMPANY / X /
ACT OF 1940 ----
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Amendment No. 11 / X /
(Check appropriate box or boxes) ----
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PUTNAM CALIFORNIA TAX EXEMPT Registration No. 33-17211
MONEY MARKET FUND 811-5333
(Exact name of registrant as specified in charter)
One Post Office Square, Boston, Massachusetts 02109
(Address of principal executive offices)
Registrants' Telephone Number, including Area Code
(617) 292-1000
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It is proposed that this filing will become effective
(check appropriate box)
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/ / immediately upon filing pursuant to paragraph (b)
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/ X / on February 1, 1996 pursuant to paragraph (b)
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/ / 60 days after filing pursuant to paragraph (a)(1)
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/ / on (date) pursuant to paragraph (a)(1)
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/ / 75 days after filing pursuant to paragraph (a)(2)
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/ / on (date) pursuant to paragraph (a)(2) of rule 485.
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If appropriate, check the following box:
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/ / this post-effective amendment designates a new
- ---- effective date for a previously filed
post-effective
amendment.
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JOHN R. VERANI, Vice President
PUTNAM CALIFORNIA TAX EXEMPT INCOME TRUST
PUTNAM CALIFORNIA TAX EXEMPT MONEY MARKET FUND
One Post Office Square
Boston, Massachusetts 02109
(Name and address of agent for service)
---------------
Copy to:
JOHN W. GERSTMAYR, Esquire
ROPES & GRAY
One International Place
Boston, Massachusetts 02110
Each Registrant has registered an indefinite number or
amount of securities under the Securities Act of 1933 pursuant to
Rule 24f-2. Rule 24f-2 notices for Putnam California Tax Exempt
Income Trust and Putnam California Tax Exempt Money Market Fund
for the fiscal year ended September 30, 1995 were filed on
November 21, 1995 and November 29, 1995, respectively .<PAGE>
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
PUTNAM CALIFORNIA TAX EXEMPT INCOME FUND
CALCULATION OF REGISTRATION FEE
- -----------------------------------------------------------------
- ------------------------
- -----------------------------------------------------------------
- ------------------------
Proposed Proposed
maximum maximum
Amount offering aggregate
Amount of
Title of securities being price per
offering registration
being registeredregistered unit* price**
fee
- -----------------------------------------------------------------
- ------------------------
<C> <C> <C>
<C> <C>
Shares of Beneficial
Interest 29,345,893 shs. $9.17
$290,000 $100.00
- -----------------------------------------------------------------
- ------------------------
- -----------------------------------------------------------------
- ------------------------
* Based on offering price per share on January 19, 1996.
** Calculated pursuant to Rule 24e-2 under the Investment
Company Act of 1940.
The total amount of securities redeemed or repurchased
during the Registrant's previous fiscal year was 75,571,717
shares, 46,257,448 of which have been used for reductions
pursuant to Rule 24e-2(a) or Rule 24f-2(c) under said Act in the
current fiscal year, and 29,314,269 of which are being used
for such reduction in this Amendment.
</TABLE>
<PAGE>
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
PUTNAM CALIFORNIA TAX EXEMPT MONEY MARKET FUND
CALCULATION OF REGISTRATION FEE
- -----------------------------------------------------------------
- ------------------------
- -----------------------------------------------------------------
- ------------------------
Proposed Proposed
maximum maximum
Amount offering aggregate
Amount of
Title of securities being price per
offering registration
being registeredregistered unit price*
fee
- -----------------------------------------------------------------
- ------------------------
<C> <C> <C>
<C> <C>
Shares of Beneficial
Interest 12,869,139 shs. $1.00
$290,000 $100.00
- -----------------------------------------------------------------
- ------------------------
- -----------------------------------------------------------------
- ------------------------
* Calculated pursuant to Rule 24e-2 under the Investment
Company Act of 1940. The total amount of securities redeemed or
repurchased during the Registrant's previous fiscal year was
125,190,490 shares, 112,611,351 of which have been
used for reductions pursuant to Rule 24e-2(a) or Rule 24f-2(c)
under said Act in the current fiscal year, and 12,579,139
of which are being used for such reduction in this Amendment.
</TABLE>
<PAGE>
PUTNAM CALIFORNIA TAX EXEMPT INCOME TRUST
PUTNAM CALIFORNIA TAX EXEMPT MONEY MARKET FUND
CROSS REFERENCE SHEET
(as required by Rule 481(a))
Part A
N-1A Item No. Location
1. Cover Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cover page
2. Synopsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expenses summary
3. Condensed Financial Information. . . . Financial highlights;
How performance is
shown
4. General Description of Registrant. . . Objectives; How
the
funds pursue
their objectives
; Organization
and history
5. Management of the Fund . . . . . . . . Expenses summary;
How the funds
are managed; About
Putnam Investments,
Inc.
5A. Management's Discussion of Fund
Performance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Contained in the
annual reports
of the Registrants)
6. Capital Stock and Other Securities . . Cover page ;
Organization and
history; How each
fund makes
distributions to
shareholders ; tax
information
7. Purchase of Securities Being Offered . How to buy shares;
Distribution
plans ; How to
sell shares; How to
exchange shares; How
each fund
values its shares
<PAGE>
8. Redemption or Repurchase . . . . . . . How to buy shares;
How to sell shares;
How to exchange
shares; Organization
and history
9. Pending Legal Proceedings. . . . . . . Not applicable
<PAGE>
Part B
N-1A Item No. Location
10. Cover Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cover page
11. Table of Contents. . . . . . . . . . . Cover page
12. General Information and History. . . . Organization and
history (Part A)
13. Investment Objectives and Policies . . How the funds
pursue their objectives
(Part A);
Investment
restrictions;
Miscellaneous
investment
practices
14. Management of the Registrant . . . . . Management
(Trustees; Officers); Additional
officers
15. Control Persons and Principal. . . . . Management
(Trustees;
Holders of Securities Officers);
Charges and
expenses (Share
ownership)
16. Investment Advisory and Other. . . . . Management
(Trustees;
Services Officers; The
management
contract;
Principal
underwriter;
Investor servicing
agent and
custodian);
Charges and
expenses;
Distribution
plans;
Independent
accountants and
financial
statements
17. Brokerage Allocation . . . . . . . . . Management
(Portfolio transactions);
Charges and
expenses
18. Capital Stock and Other Securities . . Organization and
history (Part A); How
each fund
makes
distributions to
shareholders ; tax
information (Part A);
Suspension of
redemptions
19. Purchase, Redemption, and Pricing. . . How to buy shares
of Securities Being Offered (Part A); How to sell
shares (Part A); How
to exchange shares
(Part A); How to
buy shares;
Determination of
net asset
value; Suspension
of redemptions
20. Tax Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . How each fund
makes
distributions to
shareholders ; tax
information (Part A);
Taxes
21. Underwriters . . . . . . . . . . . . . Management
(Principal
underwriter);
Charges and
expenses
22. Calculation of Performance Data. . . . How performance is
shown (Part A);
Investment
performance;
Standard performance
measures
23. Financial Statements . . . . . . . . . Independent
accountants and
financial
statements
Part C
Information required to be included in Part C is set forth
under the appropriate Item, so numbered, in Part C of the
Registration Statement.
<PAGE>
FEBRUARY 1, 1996
Putnam California Tax Exempt Income Fund
Class A, B and M shares
Putnam California Tax Exempt Money Market Fund
INVESTMENT STRATEGY: TAX-FREE
This prospectus explains concisely what you should know
before investing in Putnam California Tax Exempt Income Fund (the
"Income Fund") or Putnam California Tax Exempt Money
Market Fund (the "Money Market Fund") (collectively, the
"funds"). The Income Fund is a portfolio of Putnam California
Tax Exempt Income Trust (the "Trust"). Please read it
carefully and keep it for future reference. You can find more
detailed information in the February 1, 1996 statement
of additional information (the "SAI") , as amended from time
to time. For a free copy of the SAI or other information ,
call Putnam Investor Services at 1-800-225-1581. The SAI
has been filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and is
incorporated into this prospectus by reference.
An investment in the Money Market Fund is neither insured nor
guaranteed by the U.S. government . There can be no
assurance that the Money Market Fund will be able to maintain a
stable net asset value of $1.00 per share.
The fund invests primarily in a portfolio of California tax-
exempt securities, which may include securities of issuers other
than California and its political subdivisions.
THESE SECURITIES HAVE NOT BEEN APPROVED OR DISAPPROVED BY THE
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION OR ANY STATE SECURITIES
COMMISSION NOR HAS THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION OR ANY
STATE SECURITIES COMMISSION PASSED UPON THE ACCURACY OR ADEQUACY
OF THIS PROSPECTUS. ANY REPRESENTATION TO THE CONTRARY IS A
CRIMINAL OFFENSE.
SHARES OF THE FUNDS ARE NOT DEPOSITS OR OBLIGATIONS OF, OR
GUARANTEED OR ENDORSED BY, ANY FINANCIAL INSTITUTION, ARE NOT
INSURED BY THE FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE CORPORATION, THE FEDERAL
RESERVE BOARD OR ANY OTHER AGENCY, AND INVOLVE RISK, INCLUDING
THE POSSIBLE LOSS OF PRINCIPAL AMOUNT INVESTED .
BOSTON * LONDON * TOKYO<PAGE>
ABOUT THE FUNDS
Expenses summary
This section describes the sales charges, management fees, and
annual operating expenses that apply to a fund's various classes
of shares. Use it to help you estimate the impact of transaction
costs on your investment over time.
Financial highlights
Study this table to see, among other things, how a fund
performed each year for the past 10 years or since it began
investment operations if it has been in operation for less than
10 years.
Objectives
Read this section to make sure a fund's objectives are
consistent with your own.
How the funds pursue their objectives
This section explains in detail how a fund seeks its
investment objectives. Risk factors. All investments entail
some risk. Read this section to make sure you understand certain
risks that may be involved when investing in a fund.
How performance is shown
This section describes and defines the measures used to assess
a fund's performance. All data are based on the fund's past
investment results and do not predict future performance.
How the funds are managed
Consult this section for information about a fund's
management, allocation of a fund's expenses, and how purchases
and sales of securities are made for the fund.
Organization and history
In this section, you will learn when a fund was introduced,
how it is organized, how it may offer shares, and who its
Trustees are.
ABOUT YOUR INVESTMENT
Alternative sales arrangements (Income Fund only)
Read this section for descriptions of the classes of shares
this prospectus offers and for points you should consider when
making your choice.
How to buy shares
This section describes the ways you may purchase shares and
tells you the minimum amounts required to open various types of
accounts. It explains how sales charges are determined and how
you may become eligible for reduced sales charges on each class
of shares.
Distribution plans
This section tells you what distribution fees are charged
against each class of shares .
How to sell shares
In this section you can learn how to sell shares of a fund,
either directly to the fund or through an investment dealer.
How to exchange shares
Find out in this section how you may exchange shares of a fund
for shares of other Putnam funds. The section also explains how
exchanges can be made without sales charges and the conditions
under which sales charges may be required.
How a fund values its shares
This section explains how a fund determines the value of its
shares.
How a fund makes distributions to shareholders; tax
information
This section describes the various options you have in
choosing how to receive dividends from a fund. It also discusses
the federal tax status of the payments and counsels shareholders
to seek specific advice about their own situation.
ABOUT PUTNAM INVESTMENTS, INC.
Read this section to learn more about the companies that
provide the marketing, investment management, and shareholder
account services to Putnam funds and their shareholders.
APPENDIX
Securities ratings
<PAGE>
About the funds
EXPENSES SUMMARY
Expenses are one of several factors to consider when investing
. The following tables summarize your maximum transaction
costs from investing in a fund and expenses incurred in
the most recent fiscal year . The examples show the
cumulative expenses attributable to a hypothetical $1,000
investment over specified periods.
Income Fund
Class A Class B Class M
shares shares shares
Shareholder transaction
expenses
Maximum sales charge
imposed on purchases
(as a percentage of
offering price) 4.75% NONE* 3.25%*
Deferred sales charge 5.0% in the
first
(as a percentage year, declining
of the lower of to 1.0% in the
original purchase sixth year, and
price or redemption eliminated
proceeds) NONE** thereafter NONE
Money Market Fund
Shareholder transaction expenses
Maximum sales charge imposed on
purchases (as a percentage of
offering price) NONE
Deferred sales charge (as a
percentage of the lower
of original
purchase price or
redemption proceeds) NONE
<PAGE>
Annual fund operating expenses
(as a percentage of average net assets)
Total fund
Management 12b-1 Other operating
fees fees expenses expenses
- ---------- ----- -------------------
Income Fund
Class A 0.45% 0.20% 0.09% 0.74%
Class B 0.45% 0.85% 0.09% 1.39%
Class M 0.45% 0.50% 0.09% 1.04%
Money Market Fund 0.45% NONE 0.55% 1.00%
The table is provided to help you understand the expenses
of investing in a fund and your share of the operating
expenses that each fund incurs. The expenses shown in the
table do not reflect the application of credits related to
brokerage service, if any, and expense offset arrangements that
reduce certain fund expenses. The 12b-1 fees for
class M shares of the Income Fund reflect amounts
currently payable under the class M distribution plan. For
Income Fund class M shares, management fees and "Other
expenses" are based on the corresponding expenses for class A
shares.
Examples
Your investment of $1,000 would incur the following expenses,
assuming 5% annual return and , except as indicated,
redemption at the end of each period:
1 3 5 10
year years years years
Income Fund
Class A $55 $70 $87 $135
Class B $64 $74 $96 $149***
Class B (no redemption) $14 $44 $76
$149***
Class M $43 $65 $88 $156
Money Market Fund $10 $32 $55 $123
The examples do not represent past or future expense
levels. Actual expenses may be greater or less than those shown.
Federal regulations require the examples to assume a 5%
annual return, but actual annual return varies .
* The higher 12b-1 fees borne by class B and
class M shares of the Income Fund may cause
long-term shareholders to pay more than the economic
equivalent of the maximum permitted front-end sales charge
on class A shares.
** A deferred sales charge of up to 1.00% is assessed on
certain redemptions of class A shares that were
purchased without an initial sales charge as part of an
investment of $1 million or more. See "How to buy shares
-- The Income Fund -- Class A shares."
*** Reflects conversion of class B shares to
class A shares (which pay lower ongoing expenses)
approximately eight years after purchase. See
"Alternative sales arrangements -- The Income
Fund."
FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS
The following tables present per share financial
information for class A, B and M shares of the Income Fund
and shares of the Money Market Fund . This information has
been audited and reported on by the funds' independent
accountants. The " Report of independent
accountants" and financial statements included in each
fund's annual report to shareholders for the 1995
fiscal year are incorporated by reference into this
prospectus. Each fund's annual report , which
contains additional unaudited performance information, is
available without charge upon request.
<PAGE>
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
PUTNAM CALIFORNIA TAX EXEMPT INCOME FUND
FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS*
(For a share outstanding throughout the period)
For the period
For the period
February 14, 1995
January 4, 1993
(commencement
(commencement of
of operations) to
Year ended operations)to
September 30
September 30 September 30 Year
ended September 30
1995 1995 1994
1993 1995 1994 1993 1992
Class M Class B
Class A
<S> <C> <C> <C>
<C> <C> <C> <C>
Net Asset Value, Beginning
of Period $8.13 $8.08 $8.91
$8.37 $8.09 $8.92 $8.39 $8.11
Investment Operations
Net Investment Income .29 .42 .45
.32 .48 .50 .53 .54
Net Realized and Unrealized
Gain (Loss) on Investments .24 .32 (.81)
.55 .31 (.81) .57 .27
Total from Investment
Operations .53 .74 (.36)
.87 .79 (.31) 1.10 .81
Distributions to Shareholders:
From Net Investment Income (.30)** (.42)** (.45)
(.33) (.48)** (.50) (.53) (.53)
From Net Realized Gain or Loss
on Investments -- -- (.02)
-- -- -- -- --
In excess of net realized gain
or loss on investments -- (.03) --
-- (.03) (.02) (.04) --
Total Distributions (.30) (.45) (.47)
(.33) (.51) (.52) (.57) (.53)
Net Asset Value, End of Period $8.36 $8.37 $8.08
$8.91 $8.37 $8.09 $8.92 $8.39
Total Investment Return at
Net Asset Value (%) (a) 6.56(b) 9.47 (4.15)
10.51(b) 10.07 (3.53) 13.63 10.34
Net Assets, End of Period
(in thousands) $4,108 $416,367 $349,609
$209,657$3,168,277 $3,260,769 $3,600,182 $2,854,165
Ratio of Expenses to
Average Net Assets (%)(c) .69(b) 1.39 1.32
1.00(b) .74 .68 .69 .60
Ratio of Net Investment
Income to Average Net Assets (%) 3.52(b) 5.17
5.16 3.68(b) 5.86 5.86 6.16 6.53
Portfolio Turnover (%) 47.73 47.73 21.06
22.95 47.73 21.06 22.95 31.25
</TABLE>
<PAGE>
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Year ended September 30
1991 1990 1989
1988 1987 1986
<S> <C> <C> <C>
<C> <C> <C>
Net Asset Value, Beginning
of Period $7.70 $7.83 $7.67
$7.14 $7.80 $6.97
Investment Operations
Net Investment Income .54 .54 .56
.57 .57 .61
Net Realized and Unrealized
Gain (Loss) on Investments .41 (.10) .16
.52 (.66) .83
Total from Investment Operations .95 .44 .72
1.09 (.09) 1.44
Distributions to Shareholders:
From Net Investment Income (.54) (.54) (.56)
(.56) (.57) (.61)
From Net Realized Gain or Loss
on Investments -- (.03) --
-- -- --
In excess of net realized gain
or loss on investments -- -- --
-- -- --
Total Distributions (.54) (.57) (.56)
(.56) (.57) (.61)
Net Asset Value, End of Period $8.11 $7.70 $7.83
$7.67 $7.14 $7.80
Total Investment Return at
Net Asset Value (%) (a) 12.71 5.75 9.63
15.69 (1.52) 21.36
Net Assets, End of Period
(in thousands) $2,295,154 $1,807,931 $1,541,563
$1,228,401$1,088,122 $811,399
Ratio of Expenses to
Average Net Assets (%)(c) .56 .52 .52
.51 .52 .53
Ratio of Net Investment
Income to Average Net Assets (%) 6.79 6.90 7.09
7.51 7.22 7.91
Portfolio Turnover (%) 35.76 33.42 60.77
95.05 93.46 65.88
<FN>
* Table has been restated to reflect a 2-for-1 share split
declared by the fund to shareholders of record on October
27, 1989, effective October 28, 1989.
** Distributions in excess of net investment income amounted to
less than $0.01 per share for each class.
(a) Total investment return assumes dividend reinvestment and
does not reflect the effect of sales charges.
(b) Not annualized.
(c) The ratio of expenses to average net assets for the year
ended September 30, 1995 includes amounts paid through
brokerage service and expense offset arrangements. Prior period
ratios exclude these amounts.
/TABLE
<PAGE>
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
PUTNAM CALIFORNIA TAX EXEMPT MONEY MARKET FUND
Financial Highlights
(For a share outstanding throughout the period)
For the period
October 26,1987
(commencement
of operations) to
Year ended
Year ended
September 30
September 30
1995 1994 1993 1992
1991 1990 1989 1988
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C>
<C> <C> <C> <C>
Net Investment
Income $0.0288 $.0192 $.0175 $.0262(a)
$.0407(a) $.0513(a) $.0566(a) $.0416(a)
Net Realized Gain
on Investments -- -- -- .0001
- -- -- .0001 .0001
Total from Investment
Operations $0.0288 $0.0192 $0.0175 $0.0263
$0.0407 $0.0513 $0.0567 $0.0417
Total
Distributions: ($0.0288) ($0.0192) ($0.0175) ($0.0263)
($0.0407) ($0.0513) ($0.0567) ($0.0417)
Total Investment
Return at Net
Asset Value (%)(b) 2.92 1.94 1.77 2.67
4.15 5.26 5.82 4.25(c)
Net Assets, End of
Period
(in thousands) $35,140 $44,799 $45,364 $ 58,858
$ 69,184 $ 87,095 $ 73,136 $ 43,436
Ratio of Expenses to
Average Net
Assets (%) (d) 1.00 .67 .89 .85(a)
.80(a) .69(a) .69(a) .58(a)(c)
Ratio of Net
Investment
Income to Average
Net Assets (%) 2.84 1.84 1.78 2.70(a)
4.03(a) 5.12(a) 5.65(a) 4.21(a)(c)
<FN>
(a)Reflects an expense limitation and, during the period ended
September 30, 1988, a waiver of a portion of distribution
fees in effect during the period. As a result of such expense
limitation and waiver, expenses of the
fund for the years ended September 30, 1992, 1991, 1990, 1989 and
for the period ended September 30, 1988, reflect per
share reductions of $0.0026, $0.0033, $0.0033, $0.0043 and
$0.0051, respectively.
(b)Total investment return assumes dividend reinvestment and does
not reflect the effect of sales charges.
(c)Not annualized.
(d) The ratio of expenses to average net assets for the year
ended September 30, 1995 includes amounts paid through
expense offset arrangements. Prior period ratios exclude these
amounts.
/TABLE
<PAGE>
OBJECTIVES
Putnam California Tax Exempt Income Fund and Putnam California
Tax Exempt Money Market Fund seek as high a level of current
income exempt from federal income tax and California personal
income tax as Putnam Investment Management , Inc., the
funds' investment manager ("Putnam Management"), believes is
consistent with preservation of capital and, in the case of the
Money Market Fund, maintenance of liquidity and stability
of principal. Under current law, to the extent distributions by
the funds are derived from interest on California tax-
exempt securities (which are described below) and are
designated as such, they are exempt from federal income
tax and California state income tax. Neither
fund is intended to be a complete investment program, and
there is no assurance that either fund will achieve its
objective.
HOW THE FUNDS PURSUE THEIR OBJECTIVES
Basic investment strategy
Putnam California Tax Exempt Income Fund and Putnam California
Tax Exempt Money Market Fund seek their objectives by
investing primarily in a portfolio of California tax-exempt
securities (as defined below). The funds have
separate investment policies involving different levels of
yield and risk.
The Income Fund
Putnam California Tax Exempt Income Fund seeks its objective by
investing primarily in longer-term California tax-exempt
securities . It is a fundamental policy of the Income Fund
that at least 90% of the Income Fund's income distributions will
be exempt from both federal income tax and California personal
income tax, except during times of adverse market conditions when
more than 10% of the Income Fund's income distributions could be
subject to federal income tax and/or California personal income
tax. For temporary defensive purposes and for purposes of
maintaining liquidity , the Income Fund may also invest in
taxable obligations, provided that not more than 10% of the
Income Fund's income distributions are subject to federal income
tax and/or California personal income tax.
The Income Fund may also invest in taxable obligations to
the extent permitted by its investment policies, or hold its
assets in money market instruments or in cash. Putnam Management
expects that the fund will generally invest in California tax-
exempt securities of longer maturities (10 years or more), but
the fund may invest in California tax-exempt securities having a
broad range of maturities .
<PAGE>
The Income Fund's investments in California tax-exempt
securities and taxable obligations will be limited to
securities rated at the time of purchase not lower than
the five highest grades assigned by Moody's Investors Service,
Inc. ("Moody's") (Aaa, Aa, A, Baa or Ba) or Standard &
Poor's ("S&P") (AAA, AA, A, BBB or BB), or unrated
securities that Putnam Management determines are of
comparable quality.
The Income Fund will not purchase a California tax-exempt
security rated at the time of purchase Ba by
Moody's, BB by S&P or, if unrated, determined to be of comparable
quality, if, as a result, more than 25% of its total assets would
be of that quality. The rating services' descriptions of the
five highest grades of debt securities and other rating
information are included in the appendix to this prospectus.
California tax-exempt securities rated Ba or BB (and comparable
unrated securities), commonly known as "junk bonds," are
considered to have speculative elements, with large uncertainties
or major exposures to adverse conditions.
The Money Market Fund
Putnam California Tax Exempt Money Market Fund follows the
fundamental policy that at least 90% of the fund's income
distributions normally will be exempt from both federal income
tax and California personal income tax. Subject to this
limitation, the Money Market Fund may also invest in high quality
taxable money market instruments of the type described under
"Alternative investment strategies" below.
The Money Market Fund will invest only in the
following short-term, high quality California tax-exempt
securities : (i) municipal notes; (ii) municipal bonds;
(iii) municipal securities backed by the U.S. government; (iv)
short-term discount notes (tax-exempt commercial paper); (v)
participation interests in any of the foregoing; and (vi) unrated
securities or new types of tax-exempt instruments which become
available in the future if Putnam Management determines they are
of comparable quality . In connection with the
purchase of California tax-exempt securities , the Money
Market Fund may acquire stand-by commitments, which give the
Money Market Fund the right to resell the security to the dealer
at a specified price. Stand-by commitments may provide
additional liquidity for the Money Market Fund but are subject to
the risk that the dealer may fail to meet its obligations. The
Money Market Fund does not generally expect to pay additional
consideration for stand-by commitments nor to assign any value to
them.
The Money Market Fund will invest only in high-quality California
tax-exempt securities or other money market instruments
that Putnam Management believes present minimal credit risk.
High-quality securities are securities rated in one of the two
highest categories by at least two nationally recognized rating
services (or, if only one rating service has rated the security,
by that service) or if the security is unrated, judged to be of
equivalent quality by Putnam Management. The Money Market Fund
will maintain a dollar-weighted average maturity of 90 days or
less and will not invest in securities with remaining maturities
of more than 397 days. The Money Market Fund may invest in
variable or floating-rate California tax-exempt securities
which bear interest at rates subject to periodic adjustment or
which provide for periodic recovery of principal on demand.
Under certain conditions, these securities may be deemed to have
remaining maturities equal to the time remaining until the next
interest adjustment date or the date on which principal can be
recovered on demand.
Considerations of liquidity and preservation of capital mean that
the Money Market Fund may not necessarily invest in California
tax-exempt securities paying the highest available yield
at a particular time. Consistent with its investment objective,
the Money Market Fund will attempt to maximize yields by
portfolio trading and by buying and selling portfolio investments
in anticipation of or in response to changing economic and money
market conditions and trends. The Money Market Fund will also
invest to take advantage of what Putnam Management believes to be
temporary disparities in yields of different segments of the
market for California tax-exempt securities or among
particular instruments within the same segment of the market.
These policies, as well as the relatively short maturity of
obligations purchased by the fund , may result in frequent
changes in the fund's portfolio. Such portfolio turnover
may give rise to taxable gains.
The value of the securities in the Money Market Fund's
Portfolio can be expected to vary inversely with changes in
prevailing interest rates . Although the Money Market
Fund's investment policies are designed to minimize these changes
and to maintain a net asset value of $1.00 per share, there is no
assurance that these policies will be successful. Withdrawals by
shareholders could require the sale of portfolio investments at a
time when such a sale might not otherwise be desirable.
Alternative minimum tax
Interest income from certain types of California tax-exempt
securities may be subject to federal alternative minimum tax
for individuals and corporations.
Neither of the funds treats interest which may be subject
to federal alternative minimum tax for individuals as income
that is exempt from federal income tax for purposes of
determining compliance with its 90% test . To the
extent that a fund earns such interest income,
individual and corporate shareholders, depending on their own tax
status, may be subject to federal (but not California)
alternative minimum tax on that part of the fund's
distributions attributable to such income. More generally, an
investment in either fund may subject corporate shareholders to
federal alternative minimum tax, because a portion of tax-exempt
income is generally included in the federal alternative minimum
taxable income of corporations.
Alternative investment strategies
At times Putnam Management may judge that conditions in the
markets for California tax-exempt securities make pursuing
a fund's basic investment strategy inconsistent with the
best interests of its shareholders. At such times Putnam
Management may temporarily use alternative strategies
primarily designed to reduce fluctuations in the value of the
fund's assets .
In implementing these defensive strategies, the Income
Fund may invest without limit in taxable
obligations, including: obligations of the U.S.
government, its agencies or instrumentalities; obligations
issued by governmental issuers in other states, the interest on
which would be exempt from federal (but not California) income
tax; other debt securities rated within the four highest
grades by either Moody's or S&P ; commercial paper
rated in the highest grade by either rating service
(Prime-1 or A-1+, respectively); certificates of deposit and
bankers' acceptances; repurchase agreements ; or any other
securities that Putnam Management considers consistent
with such defensive strategies.
Similarly , when implementing these defensive
strategies, the Money Market Fund may invest in high quality
taxable money market instruments, including : bank
certificates of deposit, bankers' acceptances, prime commercial
paper, high-grade short-term corporate obligations, short-term
U.S. government securities or repurchase agreements, or
any other securities Putnam Management considers
consistent with such defensive strategies.
It is impossible to predict when, or for how long, a
fund will use these alternative strategies.
Shareholders would be subject to federal income tax and/or
California state income tax, on distributions of the interest
income from these instruments.
California tax-exempt securities
California tax-exempt securities include obligations of
the State of California, its political subdivisions, and
their agencies, instrumentalities or other governmental units,
the interest on which, in the opinion of bond counsel,
is exempt from federal income tax and California personal
income tax.
<PAGE>
These securities are issued to obtain funds for various public
purposes, such as the construction of public facilities, the
payment of general operating expenses or the refunding of
outstanding debts.
They may also be issued to finance various private
activities, including the lending of funds to public or private
institutions for the construction of housing, educational or
medical facilities , or to fund short-term cash requirements.
They may also include certain types of industrial development
bonds, private activity bonds or notes issued by public
authorities to finance privately owned or operated facilities
.
Short-term California tax-exempt securities may be
issued as interim financing in anticipation of tax collections,
revenue receipts or bond sales to finance various public
purposes. California tax-exempt securities may also include
obligations issued by certain other governmental entities, such
as U.S. territories or possessions, if these debt obligations
generate interest income that is exempt from federal income tax
and California personal income tax.
The two principal classifications of California tax-exempt
securities are general obligation and special obligation (or
special revenue obligation) securities.
General obligation securities involve a pledge of the
credit of an issuer possessing taxing power and are payable from
the issuer's general unrestricted revenues. Their payment may
depend on an appropriation by the issuer's legislative body. The
characteristics and methods of enforcement of general obligation
securities vary according to the law applicable to the particular
issuer.
Special obligation (or special revenue obligation) securities
are payable only from the revenues derived from a particular
facility or class of facilities, or a specific revenue source,
and generally are not payable from the unrestricted revenues of
the issuer. Industrial development bonds and private activity
bonds are in most cases special obligation securities, whose
credit quality is tied to the private user of the facilities.
The Income Fund may also invest in securities representing
interests in California tax-exempt securities, known as
"inverse floating obligations" or "residual interest bonds ."
These obligations pay interest rates that vary inversely
with changes in the interest rates of specified short-term
tax - exempt securities or an index of short-term tax -
exempt securities. The interest rates on inverse floating
obligations or residual interest bonds will typically decline as
short-term market interest rates increase and increase as short-
term market rates decline.
These securities have the effect of providing a degree of
investment leverage . They will generally respond to
changes in market interest rates more rapidly than fixed-
rate long-term securities (typically twice as fast). As a
result, the market values of inverse floating obligations and
residual interest bonds will generally be more volatile than the
market values of fixed-rate California tax-exempt
securities.
Risk factors
The Income Fund
The values of California tax-exempt securities in
which the Income Fund may invest will fluctuate in
response to changes in interest rates. A decrease in
interest rates will generally result in an increase in the value
of the fund's assets. Conversely, during periods of
rising interest rates, the value of the fund's assets will
generally decline. The magnitude of these fluctuations generally
is greater for securities with longer maturities.
However, the yields on such securities are generally
higher. In addition, the values of fixed-income
securities are affected by changes in general economic conditions
and business conditions affecting the specific industries of
their issuers.
Changes by recognized rating services in their ratings of
a fixed-income security and changes in the ability of an
issuer to make payments of interest and principal may also
affect the value of these investments. Changes in the value of
portfolio securities generally will not affect income
derived from these securities, but will affect the
fund's net asset value.
The Income Fund may invest in both higher-rated and lower-
rated California tax-exempt securities. Lower-rated
securities are securities rated below Baa by Moody's or BBB by
S&P, and are commonly known as "junk bonds." The values of
lower-rated securities generally fluctuate more than those of
higher-rated securities. In addition, the lower rating reflects
a greater possibility that the financial condition of the issuer,
or adverse changes in general economic conditions, or both, may
impair the ability of the issuer to make payments of income and
principal.
The table below shows the percentages of the Income Fund's
net assets invested during fiscal 1995 in
securities assigned to the various rating categories by S&P,
or, if unrated by S&P, assigned to comparable rating categories
by Moody's, and in unrated securities determined by Putnam
Management to be of comparable quality :
<PAGE>
Unrated securities
Rated securities, of comparable quality,
as percentage of as percentage of
Rating net assets net assets
"AAA" 62.06% --
"AA" 12.09% --
"A" 9.69% --
"BBB" 7.52% 1.76%
"BB" 0.96% 5.39%
"B" 0.53% --
------ -----
92.85% 7.15%
====== =====
Putnam Management seeks to minimize the risks of investing in
lower-rated securities through careful investment analysis.
However, the amount of information available about the
financial condition of an issuer of California tax-exempt
securities may not be as extensive as that which is made
available by corporations whose securities are publicly
traded. When the fund invests in California tax-exempt
securities in the lower rating categories, the achievement of
the fund's goals is more dependent on Putnam Management's
ability than would be the case if the fund were
investing in California tax-exempt securities in the
higher rating categories. Investors should consider carefully
their ability to assume the risks of owning shares of a mutual
fund that may invest in securities in certain of
the lower rating categories.
The fund will not necessarily dispose of a security when its
rating is reduced below its rating at the time of purchase.
However, Putnam Management will monitor the investment to
determine whether continued investment in the security will
assist in meeting the fund's investment objective.
The Income Fund may invest in so-called "zero-coupon" bonds whose
values are subject to greater fluctuation in response to changes
in market interest rates than bonds that pay interest currently.
Zero-coupon bonds are issued at a significant discount from face
value and pay interest only at maturity rather than at intervals
during the life of the security.
Zero-coupon bonds allow an issuer to avoid the need to generate
cash to meet current interest payments. Accordingly, such bonds
may involve greater credit risks than bonds paying interest
currently. The fund is required to accrue and distribute income
from zero-coupon bonds on a current basis, even though it does
not receive that income currently in cash. Thus, the fund may
have to sell other investments to obtain cash needed to make
income distributions.
The secondary market for California tax-exempt securities is
generally less liquid than that for taxable fixed-income
securities, particularly in the lower rating categories. Thus it
may be more difficult from time to time to value or buy and sell
certain securities.
Certain investment grade securities in which the fund may invest
share some of the risk factors discussed above with respect to
lower-rated securities.
For additional information concerning the risks associated with
investing in securities in the lower rating categories, see the
SAI.
Both funds
At times, a substantial portion of a fund's assets may be
invested in securities as to which the fund, by itself or
together with other funds and accounts managed by Putnam
Management and its affiliates, holds all or a major
portion . Under adverse market or economic conditions or
in the event of adverse changes in the financial condition of the
issuer, a fund could find it more difficult to sell
these securities when Putnam Management believes it
advisable to do so or may be able to sell such securities only at
prices lower than if they were more widely held. Under
these circumstances, it may also be more difficult to
determine the fair value of such securities for purposes of
computing that fund's net asset value.
In order to enforce its rights in the event of a default
of these securities, a fund may be required to
participate in various legal proceedings or take
possession of and manage assets securing the issuer's obligations
on the securities. This could increase a fund's operating
expenses and adversely affect the fund's net asset value.
Any income derived from a fund's ownership or operation of
such assets would not be tax-exempt. The ability of a holder
of a tax-exempt security to enforce the terms of that security in
a bankruptcy proceeding may be more limited than would be the
case with respect to a privately-issued security.
Certain securities held by a fund may permit the issuer at
its option to "call," or redeem, such securities. If an issuer
were to redeem securities held by the fund during a time
of declining interest rates, the fund may not be able to
reinvest the proceeds in securities providing the same investment
return as the securities redeemed.
Since each fund invests primarily in California tax-
exempt securities, the performance of each fund may be
especially affected by factors pertaining to the California
economy and other factors affecting the ability of
issuers of California tax-exempt securities to meet their
obligations.
As a result, the value of the Income Fund's shares may
fluctuate more widely than the value of shares of a portfolio
investing in securities relating to a number of different states.
The ability of state, county or local governments to meet
their obligations will depend primarily on the availability of
tax and other revenues to those governments and on their fiscal
conditions generally.
The amounts of tax and other revenues available to
governmental issuers of California tax-exempt securities
may be affected from time to time by economic, political
and demographic conditions within or outside of
California . The State of California has experienced
significant financial difficulties as a result of the ongoing
recession in California. In addition, constitutional or
statutory restrictions may limit a government's power to raise
revenues or increase taxes. The availability of federal, state,
and local aid to issuers of California tax-exempt
securities may also affect their ability to meet their
obligations.
Payments of principal and interest on special obligation
securities will depend on the economic condition of the facility
or specific revenue source from whose revenues the payments will
be made . The facility's economic status, in turn, could
be affected by economic, political and demographic
conditions affecting California.
Any reduction in the actual or perceived ability of an issuer
of California tax-exempt securities to meet its
obligations would likely have an adverse effect on the
market value and marketability of its obligations . A
reduction in the rating of the issuer's outstanding securities
would be included among these factors. Doubts surrounding an
issuer's ability to meet its obligations could adversely
affect the values of other California tax-exempt
securities as well.
Diversification and concentration policies
Each fund is a "diversified" investment company . This
means that, under the Investment Company Act of 1940 and
other applicable law, each fund may, with respect to 25% of its
total assets, invest without limit in the securities of one or
more issuers of California tax-exempt securities. Each fund is
limited with respect to the remaining portion of its assets to
investing 5% or less of its total assets in the
securities of any one issuer (other than the U.S. government).
As a result of this policy and because of the relatively small
number of issuers of California tax-exempt securities, each fund
is more likely to invest a higher percentage of its assets in
the securities of a single issuer than an investment
company that invests in a broad range of tax-exempt
securities. This practice involves an increased risk of loss to
a fund if the issuer were unable to make interest
or principal payments or if the market value of these
securities were to decline.
Each fund will not invest more than 25% of its total
assets in any one industry. Governmental issuers of California
tax-exempt securities are not considered part of any
"industry." However, for this purpose California tax-exempt
securities backed only by the assets and revenues of
nongovernmental users may be deemed to be issued by
nongovernmental users. Thus, the 25% limitation would
apply to these obligations.
It is possible that a fund may invest more than
25% of its assets in a broader segment of the market for
California tax-exempt securities, such as revenue obligations
of hospitals and other health care facilities, housing
revenue obligations, or airport revenue obligations. This would
be the case only if Putnam Management determined that the yields
available from obligations in a particular segment of the market
justified the additional risks associated with such
concentration.
Although these obligations could be supported by the
credit of governmental issuers or by the credit of
nongovernmental issuers engaged in a number of industries,
economic, business, political and other developments generally
affecting the revenues of these issuers may have a general
adverse effect on all California tax-exempt securities in a
particular market segment. (Examples would include proposed
legislation or pending court decisions affecting the financing of
such projects and market factors affecting the demand for their
services or products.)
Each fund reserves the right to invest more than 25% of
its assets in industrial development bonds and private
activity securities consistent with its concentration and
diversification policies.
Investments in premium securities
During a period of declining interest rates, many of the Income
Fund's portfolio investments will likely bear coupon rates that
are higher than current market rates, regardless of whether these
securities were originally purchased at a premium. These
securities would generally carry market values greater than the
principal amounts payable on maturity, which would be reflected
in the net asset value of the fund's shares.
The values of these "premium" securities tend to approach the
principal amount as the securities approach maturity (or call
price in the case of securities approaching their first call
date). As a result, an investor who purchases shares of the fund
during these periods would initially receive higher monthly
distributions (derived from the higher coupon rates payable on
the fund's investments) than might be available from alternative
investments bearing current market interest rates. But the
investor may face an increased risk of capital loss as these
higher coupon securities approach maturity (or first call date).
In evaluating the potential performance of an investment in the
fund, investors may find it useful to compare the fund's current
dividend rate with the fund's "yield," which is computed on a
yield-to-maturity basis in accordance with SEC regulations and
which reflects amortization of market premiums. See "How
performance is shown."
Portfolio turnover
The length of time a fund has held a particular security
is not generally a consideration in investment decisions. A
change in the securities held by a fund is known as
"portfolio turnover." As a result of the funds'
investment policies, under certain market conditions the
funds' portfolio turnover rates may be higher than that of
other mutual funds.
Portfolio turnover generally involves some expense to a
fund, including brokerage commissions or dealer
markups and other transaction costs on the sale of
securities and reinvestment in other securities. These
transactions may result in realization of taxable capital gains.
Portfolio turnover rates for the 10 most recent fiscal
years of the Income Fund are shown in the section
"Financial highlights."
Financial futures and options
Income Fund only
The Income Fund may purchase and sell financial
futures contracts and related options for hedging purposes.
Futures contracts on the Municipal Bond Index are
traded on the Chicago Board of Trade. This index is
intended to represent a numerical measure of market performance
for long-term tax-exempt bonds. An "index future" is a contract
to buy or sell units of a particular securities index at an
agreed price on a specified future date. Depending on the change
in value of the index between the time the fund enters
into and terminates an index futures contract, the fund
realizes a gain or loss. The fund may purchase and sell
futures contracts on the index (or any other tax-exempt
bond index approved for trading by the Commodity Futures Trading
Commission) to hedge against general changes in market values of
California tax-exempt securities that the fund owns or
expects to purchase. The fund may also purchase and sell
put and call options on index futures or on the indexes
directly, in addition to or as an alternative to purchasing and
selling index futures.
For hedging purposes, the fund may also purchase
and sell futures contracts and related options on U.S.
Treasury securities, including U.S. Treasury bills, notes and
bonds ("U.S. government securities") and options directly
on U.S. government securities. U.S. government securities
futures and options would be used for purposes similar to
index futures and options.
In addition, the fund may purchase put and call options
on, or warrants to purchase, California tax-exempt
securities, either directly or through custodial arrangements
in which the fund and other investors own an interest in
one or more options on California tax-exempt securities.
The use of futures and options involves certain special risks and
may result in realization of taxable income or capital gains.
Futures and options transactions involve costs and may result in
losses.
Certain risks arise from the possibility of imperfect
correlations between movements in the prices of financial futures
and options and movements in the prices of the underlying bond
index or U.S. government securities or of the California
tax-exempt securities that are the subject of the hedge.
The successful use of futures and options further depends on
Putnam Management's ability to forecast interest rate movements
correctly.
Other risks arise from the fund's potential inability
to close out futures or options positions. There can be
no assurance that a liquid secondary market will exist for any
futures contract or option at a particular time. Certain
provisions of the Internal Revenue Code and certain regulatory
requirements may limit the use of futures and options
transactions.
A more detailed explanation of financial futures and options
transactions and the risks associated with them is included in
the SAI.
Other investment practices
Each of the funds may engage in the
following investment practices, each of which may result in
taxable income or capital gains and involves certain special
risks. The SAI contains more detailed information about
these practices, including limitations designed to reduce these
risks.
Repurchase agreements and forward commitments. Each fund
may enter into repurchase agreements on up to 25% of its assets.
These transactions must be fully collateralized at all times.
Each fund may also purchase securities for future
delivery, which may increase its overall investment exposure and
involves a risk of loss if the value of the securities declines
prior to the settlement date. These transactions involve some
risk to a fund if the other party should default on its
obligation and that fund is delayed or prevented from
recovering the collateral or completing the transaction.
Derivatives
Certain of the instruments in which the Income Fund will invest,
such as futures contracts, options, forward contracts and inverse
floating obligations, are considered to be "derivatives."
Derivatives are financial instruments whose value depends upon,
or is derived from, the value of an underlying asset, such as a
security or an index. Further information about these
instruments and the risks involved in their use is included
elsewhere in this prospectus and in the SAI.
Limiting investment risk
Specific investment restrictions help each fund limit
investment risks for their shareholders. These restrictions
prohibit a fund from investing more than:
(a) 5% of its total assets in securities of any one
issuer (other than securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S.
government or its agencies or instrumentalities, or by the State
of California or its political subdivisions);*
(b) 5% of its net assets in securities of any issuers if the
party responsible for payment, together with any predecessor, has
been in operation less than three years (except U.S. government
and agency obligations and obligations backed by the full
faith, credit and taxing power of any person authorized to issue
California tax-exempt securities);
(c) 15% of its net assets in securities restricted as to
resale (excluding restricted securities that have been determined
by the Trustees (or the person designated by the Trustees
to make such determinations) to be readily marketable)*; or
(d) 15% of its net assets in any combination of
securities that are not readily marketable, in securities
restricted as to resale (excluding restricted securities
determined by the Trustees (or the person designated by the
Trustees to make such determinations) to be readily
marketable) and in repurchase agreements maturing in more than
seven days.
The Money Market Fund has not invested more than 10% of its
net assets in the types of securities listed in item (d) and has
no current intention of doing so.
Restrictions marked with an asterisk (*) above are summaries of
fundamental investment policies. See the SAI for the full
text of these policies and the funds' other fundamental
investment policies. Except for investment policies designated
as fundamental in this prospectus or the SAI , the
investment policies described in this prospectus and in
the SAI are not fundamental investment policies. The
Trustees may change any non-fundamental investment policies
without shareholder approval. As a matter of policy, the
Trustees would not materially change a fund's investment
objective without shareholder approval.
HOW PERFORMANCE IS SHOWN
The Income Fund
The Income Fund's investment performance may from time to
time be included in advertisements about the fund.
"Yield" for each class of shares is calculated by dividing the
annualized net investment income per share during a recent 30-day
period by the maximum public offering price per share of
the class on the last day of that period.
For purposes of calculating yield, net investment
income is calculated in accordance with SEC regulations and may
differ from net investment income as determined for financial
reporting purposes. SEC regulations require that net investment
income be calculated on a "yield-to-maturity" basis, which has
the effect of amortizing any premiums or discounts in the current
market value of fixed-income securities. The current dividend
rate is based on net investment income as determined for tax
purposes, which may not reflect amortization in the same manner.
See "How objectives are pursued -- Investments in premium
securities."
Yield is based on the price of the shares, including
the maximum initial sales charge in the case of class A and
class M shares, but does not reflect the deduction of any
contingent deferred sales charge in the case of class B
shares. "Tax-equivalent yield" for each class of shares shows
the effect on performance of the tax-exempt status of
distributions received from the fund. It reflects the
approximate yield that a taxable investment must earn for
shareholders at stated income levels to produce an after-tax
yield equivalent to that class' tax-exempt yield.
"Total return" for the one-, five- and ten-year periods (or for
the life of a class, if shorter) through the most recent calendar
quarter represents the average annual compounded rate of return
on an investment of $1,000 in the Income Fund invested at
the maximum public offering price (in the case of class A
and class M shares) or reflecting the deduction of any
applicable contingent deferred sales charge (in the case of
class B shares). Total return may also be presented for
other periods or based on investment at reduced sales charge
levels . Any quotation of investment performance not
reflecting the maximum initial sales charge or contingent
deferred sales charge would be reduced if the sales
charges were used.
The Money Market Fund
The Money Market Fund's investment performance may from time to
time be included in advertisements about the fund .
"Yield" represents an annualization of the change in value of a
shareholder account (excluding any capital changes) for a
specific seven-day period. "Effective yield" compounds the Money
Market Fund's yield for a year and is, for that reason, greater
than the Money Market Fund's yield. "Tax-equivalent yield" shows
the effect on performance of the tax-exempt status of
distributions received from the Money Market Fund. It reflects
the approximate yield that a taxable investment must earn for
shareholders at stated income levels to produce an after-tax
yield equivalent to the Money Market Fund's tax-exempt yield or
tax-exempt effective yield.
Both funds
All data are based on past investment results and
do not predict future performance.
Investment performance, which will vary, is based on many
factors, including market conditions, the composition of each
fund's portfolio, each fund's operating expenses
and which class of shares the investor purchases.
Investment performance also often reflects the risks associated
with each fund's investment objective and policies. These
factors should be considered when comparing each fund's
investment results with those of other mutual funds and other
investment vehicles.
Quotations of investment performance for any period when an
expense limitation was in effect will be greater than if the
limitation had not been in effect. Each fund's
performance may be compared to that of various indexes. See
the SAI.
HOW THE FUNDS ARE MANAGED
The Trustees of the Trust and the Money Market Fund are
responsible for generally overseeing the conduct of each
fund's business. Subject to such policies as the Trustees
may determine, Putnam Management furnishes a continuing
investment program for each fund and makes investment
decisions on its behalf. Subject to the control of the Trustees,
Putnam Management also manages the funds' other affairs
and business.
Each fund pays Putnam Management a quarterly fee for these
services based on its average net assets. See "Expenses summary"
and the SAI.
The following officer of Putnam Management has had
primary responsibility for the day-to-day management of the
Income Fund's portfolio since the year stated below:
Business experience
Year (at least 5 years)
---- -------------------------
William H. Reeves 1986 Employed as an investment
Senior Vice President professional by Putnam
Management since 1986.
Each fund pays all expenses not assumed by Putnam
Management, including Trustees' fees, auditing, legal, custodial,
investor servicing and shareholder reporting expenses, and
payments under its distribution plans (in the case of the
Income Fund , payments are in turn allocated to the
relevant class of shares). Expenses of the Trust directly
charged or attributable to the Income Fund will be paid
from the assets of the fund . General expenses of the
Trust will be allocated among the Trust's series and
charged to the assets of the Income Fund on a basis that
the Trustees deem fair and equitable, which may be based on the
relative assets of the fund or the nature of the services
performed and relative applicability to the fund. Each of
the funds reimburses Putnam Management for the
compensation and related expenses of certain officers and their
staff who provide administrative services to the Funds .
The total reimbursement is determined annually by the Trustees.
Putnam Management places all orders for purchases and sales of
each fund's portfolio securities. In selecting broker-
dealers, Putnam Management may consider research and brokerage
services furnished to it and its affiliates. Subject to seeking
the most favorable price and execution available, Putnam
Management may consider sales of shares of each fund (and,
if permitted by law, of the other Putnam funds) as a factor in
the selection of broker-dealers.
ORGANIZATION AND HISTORY
Each of the Trust and the Money Market Fund is a Massachusetts
business trust organized on December 17, 1982 and September 2,
1987, respectively. Copies of their Agreements and Declarations
of Trust, which are governed by Massachusetts law, are on file
with the Secretary of State of The Commonwealth of Massachusetts.
Prior to June 1, 1994, the Trust was known as Putnam California
Tax Exempt Income Fund.
The Trust is an open-end , diversified management
investment company with an unlimited number of authorized shares
of beneficial interest. Shares of the Trust may be divided
without shareholder approval into two or more series of
shares representing separate investment portfolios. Shares of
the Trust are currently divided into two series of shares:
Putnam California Tax Exempt Income Fund and Putnam California
Intermediate Tax Exempt Fund. Any such series of shares
may be divided without shareholder approval into
two or more classes of shares having such preferences and special
or relative rights and privileges as the Trustees
determine. The Income Fund's shares are currently divided into
three classes . The Income Fund may also offer other classes
of shares with different sales charges and expenses. Because of
these different sales charges and expenses, the investment
performance of the classes will vary. For more information,
contact your investment dealer or Putnam Mutual Funds (at 1-800-
225-1581).
The Money Market Fund is an open-end , diversified
management investment company with an unlimited number of
authorized shares of beneficial interest. Shares of the fund
may be divided without shareholder approval into two
or more series of shares representing separate investment
portfolios. Any such series of shares may be divided without
shareholder approval into two or more classes of shares
having such preferences and special or relative rights and
privileges as the Trustees determine. The fund's
shares are not currently divided into series or classes.
For both funds, each share has one vote, with fractional
shares voting proportionally. Shares of the Trust vote by
individual series on all matters except when required by
the Investment Company Act of 1940, or when the Trustees
have determined that the matter affects only the interests of one
series . Shares of each class will vote together
as a single class except when otherwise required by law or as
determined by the Trustees. Shares are freely
transferable, are entitled to dividends as declared by the
Trustees, and, if a fund were liquidated, would receive
the net assets of that fund. A fund may suspend the sale
of shares at any time and may refuse any order to purchase
shares. Although the Trust and the Money Market Fund are not
required to hold annual meetings of their shareholders,
shareholders holding at least 10% of the Trust's or the Money
Market Fund's outstanding shares entitled to vote have the right
to call a meeting to elect or remove Trustees, or to take other
actions as provided in the relevant Agreement and Declaration of
Trust.
If you own fewer shares than a minimum amount set by the Trustees
(presently 20 shares for the Income Fund and 500 shares
for the Money Market Fund), the funds may choose to redeem
your shares . You will receive at least 30 days' written
notice before a fund redeems your shares, and you may
purchase additional shares at any time to avoid a redemption.
Each fund may also redeem shares if you own shares
above a maximum amount set by the Trustees. There is presently
no maximum , but the Trustees may establish one at any
time, which could apply to both present and future shareholders.
The Trustees of the Trust and the Money Market Fund: George
Putnam,* Chairman. President of the Putnam funds. Chairman and
Director of Putnam Management and Putnam Mutual Funds Corp.
("Putnam Mutual Funds"). Director, Marsh & McLennan Companies,
Inc.; William F. Pounds, Vice Chairman. Professor of Management,
Alfred P. Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology ; Jameson Adkins Baxter, President, Baxter
Associates, Inc.; Hans H. Estin, Vice Chairman, North American
Management Corp.; John A. Hill, Principal and Managing Director,
First Reserve Corporation; Elizabeth T. Kennan, President
Emeritus and Professor , Mount Holyoke College; Lawrence J.
Lasser,* Vice President of the Putnam funds. President, Chief
Executive Officer and Director of Putnam Investments, Inc. and
Putnam Management. Director, Marsh & McLennan Companies, Inc.;
Robert E. Patterson, Executive Vice President, Cabot Partners
Limited Partnership; Donald S. Perkins, * Director of
various corporations, including AT&T, Kmart Corporation
and Time Warner Inc.; George Putnam, III,* President, New
Generation Research, Inc. ; Eli Shapiro, Alfred P. Sloan
Professor of Management, Emeritus, Alfred P. Sloan School of
Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology ; A.J.C.
Smith,* Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and Director, Marsh &
McLennan Companies, Inc.; and W. Nicholas Thorndike, Director of
various corporations and charitable organizations, including Data
General Corporation, Bradley Real Estate, Inc. and Providence
Journal Co. Also, Trustee of Massachusetts General Hospital and
Eastern Utilities Associates. The Trust's and the Money
Market Fund's Trustees are also Trustees of the other
Putnam funds. Those marked with an asterisk (*) are or may be
deemed to be "interested persons" of the Trust or the
Money Market Fund , Putnam Management or Putnam Mutual Funds.
About Your Investment
ALTERNATIVE SALES ARRANGEMENTS
(Income Fund only)
The Income Fund offers investors three classes of shares that
bear sales charges in different forms and amounts and that
bear different levels of expenses :
Class A shares. An investor who purchases class A shares
pays a sales charge at the time of purchase. As a result,
class A shares are not subject to any charges when they
are redeemed , except for certain sales at net asset value
in excess of $1 million that are subject to a contingent
deferred sales charge ("CDSC"). Certain purchases of
class A shares qualify for reduced sales charges. Class A
shares bear a lower 12b-1 fee than class B and class M
shares. See "How to buy shares -- Class A shares " and
"Distribution plans."
Class B shares. Class B shares are sold without an
initial sales charge, but are subject to a CDSC if
redeemed within a specified period after purchase. Class B
shares also bear a higher 12b-1 fee than class A and class
M shares. Class B shares automatically convert into
class A shares, based on relative net asset value,
approximately eight years after purchase. For more
information about the conversion of class B shares, see the SAI.
This discussion will include information about how shares
acquired through reinvestment of distributions are treated for
conversion purposes. The discussion will also note certain
circumstances under which a conversion may not occur. Class
B shares provide an investor the benefit of putting all of the
investor's dollars to work from the time the investment is
made . Until conversion, class B shares will have a higher
expense ratio and pay lower dividends than class A and class M
shares because of the higher 12b-1 fee. See "How to buy
shares -- Class B shares " and "Distribution
plans."
Class M shares . An investor who purchases class M
shares pays a sales charge at the time of purchase
that is lower than the sales charge applicable to class
A shares. Certain purchases of class M shares qualify
for reduced sales charges. Class M shares bear a 12b-1 fee
that is lower than class B shares but higher than class A shares.
Class M shares are not subject to any CDSC and do not convert
into any other class of shares. See "How to buy shares --
Class M shares " and "Distribution plans."
Which arrangement is best for you? The decision as to
which class of shares provides a more suitable investment for an
investor depends on a number of factors, including the amount and
intended length of the investment. Investors making investments
that qualify for reduced sales charges might consider
class A or class M shares. Investors who prefer
not to pay an initial sales charge might consider class B
shares. Orders for class B shares for $250,000 or more
and orders for class M shares for $1 million or more will
be treated as orders for class A shares or declined. For
more information about these sales arrangements, consult your
investment dealer or Putnam Investor Services. Shares
may only be exchanged for shares of the same class of another
Putnam fund. See "How to exchange shares."
HOW TO BUY SHARES
The Income Fund
You can open a fund account with as little as $500 and
make additional investments at any time with as little as $50.
You can buy fund shares three ways - through most
investment dealers, through Putnam Mutual Funds (at 1-800-225-
1581), or through a systematic investment plan. If you do not
have a dealer, Putnam Mutual Funds can refer you to one.
Buying shares through Putnam Mutual Funds. Complete an order
form and write a check for the amount you wish to invest,
payable to the fund. Return the completed form and check to
Putnam Mutual Funds, which will act as your agent in purchasing
shares through your designated investment dealer.
Buying shares through systematic investing. You can make regular
investments of $25 or more per month through automatic deductions
from your bank checking or savings account. Application
forms are available from your investment dealer or through Putnam
Investor Services.
Shares are sold at the public offering price based on the net
asset value next determined after Putnam Investor Services
receives your order. In most cases, in order to receive that
day's public offering price, Putnam Investor Services must
receive your order before the close of regular trading on the New
York Stock Exchange. If you buy shares through your investment
dealer, the dealer must receive your order before the close of
regular trading on the New York Stock Exchange to receive that
day's public offering price.
Class A shares
The public offering price of class A shares is the net
asset value plus a sales charge that varies depending on
the size of your purchase . The fund receives the net asset
value. The sales charge is allocated between your investment
dealer and Putnam Mutual Funds as shown in the following table,
except when Putnam Mutual Funds, in its discretion, allocates the
entire amount to your investment dealer.
Sales charge Amount of
as a percentage of: sales charge
------------------- reallowed to
Net dealers as a
Amount of transaction amount Offering percentage of
at offering price ($) invested price offering price
- -----------------------------------------------------------------
Under 25,000 4.99% 4.75% 4.50%
25,000 but under 100,000 4.71 4.50 4.25
100,000 but under 250,000 3.90 3.75 3.50
250,000 but under 500,000 3.09 3.00 2.75
500,000 but under 1,000,000 2.04 2.00 1.85
- ------------------------ ----------------------------------
- -------
<PAGE>
There is no initial sales charge on purchases of class A
shares of $1 million or more. However, a CDSC of 1.00% or 0.50%,
respectively, will be imposed if you redeem these shares within
the first or second year after purchase, based on the lower of
the shares' cost and current net asset value. Any shares
acquired by reinvestment of distributions will be redeemed
without a CDSC.
Shares purchased by certain investors investing $1 million or
more who have made arrangements with Putnam Mutual Funds and
whose dealer of record waived the commission as described below
are not subject to the CDSC. In determining whether a CDSC is
payable, the fund will first redeem shares not subject to any
charge. Putnam Mutual Funds receives the entire amount of any
CDSC you pay. See the SAI for more information about the CDSC.
Putnam Mutual Funds pays investment dealers of record commissions
on sales of class A shares of $1 million or more based on an
investor's cumulative purchases during the one-year period
beginning with the date of the initial purchase at net asset
value. Each subsequent one-year measuring period for these
purposes will begin with the first net asset value purchase
following the end of the prior period. Such commissions are paid
at the rate of 1.00% of the amount under $3 million, 0.50% of the
next $47 million and 0.25% thereafter.
Class B shares
Class B shares are sold without an initial sales charge, although
a CDSC will be imposed if you redeem shares within a specified
period after purchase, as shown in the table below. The
following types of shares may be redeemed without charge at any
time: (i) shares acquired by reinvestment of distributions and
(ii) shares otherwise exempt from the CDSC, as described in "How
to buy shares -- The Income Fund -- General" below. For other
shares, the amount of the charge is determined as a percentage of
the lesser of the current market value or the cost of the shares
being redeemed.
Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7+
- ---------------------------------------------- ---------------
Charge 5% 4% 3% 3% 2% 1% 0%
In determining whether a CDSC is payable on any redemption, a
fund will first redeem shares not subject to any charge, and then
shares held longest during the CDSC period. For this purpose,
the amount of any increase in a share's value above its initial
purchase price is not regarded as a share exempt from the CDSC.
Thus, when a share that has appreciated in value is redeemed
during the CDSC period, a CDSC is assessed only on its initial
purchase price. For information on how sales charges are
calculated if you exchange your shares, see "How to exchange
shares." Putnam Mutual Funds receives the entire amount of any
CDSC you pay.
Class M shares
The public offering price of class M shares is the net asset
value plus a sales charge that varies depending on the size of
your purchase. The fund receives the net asset value. The sales
charge is allocated between your investment dealer and Putnam
Mutual Funds as shown in the following table, except when Putnam
Mutual Funds, at its discretion, allocates the entire amount to
your investment dealer.
Sales charge Amount of
as a percentage of: sales charge
------------------- reallowed to
Net dealers as a
Amount of transaction amount Offering percentage of
at offering price ($) invested price offering price
- -----------------------------------------------------------------
Under 50,000 3.36% 3.25% 3.00%
50,000 but under 100,000 2.30 2.25 2.00
100,000 but under 250,000 1.52 1.50 1.25
250,000 but under 500,000 1.01 1.00 1.00
500,000 and above NONE NONE NONE
General
You may be eligible to buy class A shares and class M
shares at reduced sales charges.
Consult your investment dealer or Putnam Mutual Funds for
details about Putnam's combined purchase privilege, cumulative
quantity discount, statement of intention, group sales plan,
employee benefit plans, and other plans. Descriptions are
also included in the order form and in the SAI.
Sales charges will not apply to class M shares
purchased with redemption proceeds received within the prior
90 days from non-Putnam mutual funds on which the investor
paid a front-end or a contingent deferred sales charge.
The fund may sell class A, class B and class M shares at
net asset value without an initial sales charge or a CDSC to the
Trust's current and retired Trustees (and their families),
current and retired employees (and their families) of Putnam
Management and affiliates, registered representatives and other
employees (and their families) of broker-dealers having sales
agreements with Putnam Mutual Funds, employees (and their
families) of financial institutions having sales agreements with
Putnam Mutual Funds (or otherwise having an arrangement with a
broker-dealer or financial institution with respect to sales of
fund shares), financial institution trust departments
investing an aggregate of $1 million or more in Putnam funds,
clients of certain administrators of tax-qualified plans,
tax-qualified plans when proceeds from repayments of loans to
participants are invested (or reinvested) in Putnam funds, "wrap
accounts" for the benefit of clients of broker-dealers, financial
institutions or financial planners adhering to certain standards
established by Putnam Mutual Funds, and investors meeting certain
requirements who sold shares of certain Putnam closed-end funds
pursuant to a tender offer by the closed-end fund.
In addition, the fund may sell shares at net asset
value without an initial sales charge or a CDSC in connection
with the acquisition by the fund of assets of an
investment company or personal holding company . The CDSC
will be waived on redemptions of shares arising out of
the death or post-purchase disability of a shareholder or
settlor of a living trust account, and on redemptions in
connection with certain withdrawals from IRA or other retirement
plans. Up to 12% of the value of shares subject to a
systematic withdrawal plan may also be redeemed each year
without a CDSC. The SAI contains additional information about
purchasing the Income Fund's shares at reduced sales charges.
Shareholders of other Putnam funds may be entitled to exchange
their shares for, or reinvest distributions from their funds in,
shares of the fund at net asset value.
If you are considering redeeming or exchanging shares or
transferring shares to another person shortly after purchase, you
should pay for those shares with a certified check to avoid any
delay in redemption, exchange or transfer. Otherwise the Trust
may delay payment until the purchase price of those shares has
been collected or, if you redeem by telephone, until 15 calendar
days after the purchase date. To eliminate the need for
safekeeping, the Trust will not issue certificates for your
shares unless you request them.
The Money Market Fund
The Money Market Fund continuously offers its shares at a price
of $1.00 per share. You can open an account for $1,000 or more
and make additional investments at any time for as little as
$100. You can buy fund shares three ways - - by
mail, by wire, or through most investment dealers. There are no
sales charges on the sales of shares although the
fund pays certain distribution expenses described below.
Because the fund seeks to be fully invested at all times,
investments must be in Same Day Funds to be accepted. Same Day
Funds are monies credited to the account of the fund's
designated bank by the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston. When
payment in Same Day Funds is available to the fund prior
to the close of regular trading on the New York Stock Exchange,
the fund will accept the order to purchase shares that
day.
If you are considering redeeming shares or transferring shares to
another person shortly after purchase, you should pay for those
shares with wired Same Day Funds or a certified check to avoid
any delay in redemption or transfer. Otherwise, the fund
may delay payment for shares until the purchase price of those
shares has been collected or, if you redeem by check, telephone
or Telex, until 15 calendar days after the purchase date.
After you make your initial investment in the fund, Putnam
Investor Services will establish an Investing Account for you on
the fund's records. This account is a complete record of
all transactions between you and the fund, which at all
times shows the balance of shares you own. The fund will
not issue share certificates.
Buying shares by mail. Complete the order form and send it to
Putnam Investor Services with your check, Federal Reserve Draft
or other negotiable bank draft drawn on a U.S. bank and payable
in U.S. dollars to the order of Putnam California Tax Exempt
Money Market Fund. If you pay by check or draft, the
fund's designated bank will make Same Day Funds available
to the fund, and the fund will accept the order on
the first business day after receipt of your check or draft. If
you pay by Federal Reserve Draft, the fund will accept the
order the day it is received provided it is received before the
close of regular trading on the New York Stock Exchange.
Buying shares by wire. You may invest in the fund by bank
wire transfer of Same Day Funds to the fund's designated
bank. For wiring instructions, see the order form.
Any commercial bank can transfer Same Day Funds by wire. Wired
funds received by the fund's designated bank by 3:00 p.m.
Boston time are normally accepted for investment on the day
received. To be sure that a bank wire order is accepted on the
same day it is sent, your bank should wire funds as early in the
day as possible. Your bank may charge for sending Same Day Funds
on your behalf. The fund's designated bank presently does
not charge you for receipt of wired Same Day Funds, but reserves
the right to charge for this service.
Buying shares through investment dealers. You may, if you wish,
purchase shares of the fund through investment dealers,
which may charge a fee for their services. Most investment
dealers have a sales agreement with Putnam Mutual Funds and will
be glad to accept your order. If you do not have a dealer,
Putnam Mutual Funds can refer you to one. Investment dealers
must follow the instructions in the order form.
Both funds
Putnam Mutual Funds will from time to time, at its expense,
provide additional promotional incentives or payments to dealers
that sell shares of the Putnam funds. These incentives or
payments may include payments for travel expenses, including
lodging, incurred in connection with trips taken by invited
registered representatives and their guests to locations within
and outside the United States for meetings or seminars of a
business nature. In some instances, these incentives or payments
may be offered only to certain dealers who have sold or may sell
significant amounts of shares. Certain dealers may not sell all
classes of shares.
DISTRIBUTION PLANS
The Income Fund
Class A distribution plan. The class A plan provides for
payments by the fund to Putnam Mutual Funds at the annual
rate of up to 0.35% of average net assets attributable to
class A shares. The Trustees currently limit
payments under the class A plan to the annual rate of
0.20% of such assets .
Putnam Mutual Funds makes quarterly payments to qualifying
dealers (including, for this purpose, certain financial
institutions) to compensate them for services provided in
connection with sales of class A shares and the
maintenance of shareholder accounts . The payments are
based on the average net asset value of class A shares
attributable to shareholders for whom the dealers are designated
as the dealer of record.
This calculation excludes until one year after purchase
shares purchased at net asset value , known as "NAV
shares," by shareholders investing $1 million or more .
NAV shares are not subject to the one-year exclusion provisions
in cases where certain shareholders who invested $1 million
or more have made arrangements with Putnam Mutual Funds
and the dealer of record waived the sales commission.
Putnam Mutual Funds makes the quarterly payments
at the annual rate of 0.15% of such average net asset value for
class A shares outstanding as of December 31, 1992 and
0.20% of such average net asset value of shares acquired after
that date (including shares acquired through reinvestment of
distributions).
Class B and class M distribution plans. The class B and class
M plans provide for payments by the fund to Putnam Mutual
Funds at the annual rate of up to 1.00% of
average net assets attributable to class B shares
and class M shares, as the case may be. The
Trustees currently limit payments under the class B and
class M plans to the annual rate of 0.85% and 0.50% of
such assets, respectively.
Although class B shares are sold without an initial sales
charge, Putnam Mutual Funds pays a sales commission equal to
4.00% of the amount invested (including a prepaid service fee of
0.20% of the amount invested) to dealers who sell class B
shares. These commissions are not paid on exchanges from
other Putnam funds or on sales to investors exempt from
the CDSC.
The amount paid to dealers at the time of the sale of
class M shares is set forth above under "How to buy shares
- -- Class M shares." In addition, to further
compensate dealers (including qualifying financial
institutions) for services provided in connection with sales of
class B shares and class M shares and the maintenance of
shareholder accounts, Putnam Mutual Funds makes quarterly
payments to qualifying dealers .
The payments are based on the average net asset value of
class B shares and class M shares attributable to
shareholders for whom the dealers are designated as the dealer of
record, except for the first year's service fees in respect of
class B shares, which are prepaid as described above.
Putnam Mutual Funds makes the payments at an annual rate
of 0.20% of such average net asset value of class B shares and
class M shares, as the case may be .
Putnam Mutual Funds also pays to dealers, as additional
compensation with respect to the sale of class M shares,
0.20% of such average net asset value of class M shares.
For class M shares, the total annual payment to dealers
equals 0.40% of such average net asset value.
The Money Market Fund
The purpose of this plan is to permit the Money
Market Fund to compensate Putnam Mutual Funds for services
provided and expenses incurred by it in promoting the
sales of shares of the Money Market Fund, reducing
redemptions, or maintaining or improving services provided to
shareholders by Putnam Mutual Funds or dealers. The plan
provides for payments by the Money Market Fund to Putnam Mutual
Funds at the annual rate of up to 0.35% of the Money Market
Fund's average net assets. No payments under the plan
are currently authorized . Should the Money Market Fund's
Trustees decide in the future to approve payments, shareholders
will be notified and this prospectus will be revised.
General (both funds). Payments under the
plans are intended to compensate Putnam Mutual Funds for
services provided and expenses incurred by it as principal
underwriter of each fund's shares, including the payments
to dealers mentioned above. Putnam Mutual Funds may suspend or
modify such payments to dealers.
The payments are also subject to the continuation of the
relevant distribution plan, the terms of service
agreements between dealers and Putnam Mutual Funds, and any
applicable limits imposed by the National Association of
Securities Dealers, Inc.
HOW TO SELL SHARES
The Income Fund
You can sell your shares to the fund any day the New York
Stock Exchange is open, either directly to the fund or
through your investment dealer. The fund will only redeem
shares for which it has received payment.
Selling shares directly to the fund. Send a signed letter
of instruction or stock power form to Putnam Investor Services,
along with any certificates that represent shares you want to
sell. The price you will receive is the next net asset value
calculated after the fund receives your request in proper
form less any applicable CDSC. In order to receive that day's
net asset value, Putnam Investor Services must receive your
request before the close of regular trading on the New York Stock
Exchange.
If you sell shares having a net asset value of $100,000 or
more, the signatures of registered owners or their legal
representatives must be guaranteed by a bank, broker-dealer or
certain other financial institutions. See the SAI for
more information about where to obtain a signature guarantee.
Stock power forms are available from your investment dealer,
Putnam Investor Services and many commercial banks.
If you want your redemption proceeds sent to an address other
than your address as it appears on Putnam's records, a signature
guarantee is required. Putnam Investor Services usually requires
additional documentation for the sale of shares by a corporation,
partnership, agent or fiduciary, or a surviving joint owner.
Contact Putnam Investor Services for details.
The fund generally sends you payment for your
shares the business day after your request is received. Under
unusual circumstances, the fund may suspend redemptions,
or postpone payment for more than seven days, as permitted by
federal securities law.
You may use Putnam's Telephone Redemption Privilege to redeem
shares valued up to $100,000 from your account unless you have
notified Putnam Investor Services of an address change within the
preceding 15 days. Unless an investor indicates otherwise on the
account application, Putnam Investor Services will be
authorized to act upon redemption and transfer instructions
received by telephone from a shareholder, or any person claiming
to act as his or her representative, who can provide Putnam
Investor Services with his or her account registration and
address as it appears on Putnam Investor Services' records.
Putnam Investor Services will employ these and other
reasonable procedures to confirm that instructions communicated
by telephone are genuine; if it fails to employ reasonable
procedures, Putnam Investor Services may be liable for any losses
due to unauthorized or fraudulent instructions. For information,
consult Putnam Investor Services.
During periods of unusual market changes and shareholder
activity, you may experience delays in contacting Putnam Investor
Services by telephone . In this event, you may wish to
submit a written redemption request, as described above, or
contact your investment dealer, as described below. The
Telephone Redemption Privilege is not available if you were
issued certificates for shares that remain
outstanding. The Telephone Redemption Privilege may be modified
or terminated without notice.
Selling shares through your investment dealer. Your dealer must
receive your request before the close of regular trading on the
New York Stock Exchange to receive that day's net asset value.
Your dealer will be responsible for furnishing all necessary
documentation to Putnam Investor Services, and may charge
you for its services.
The Money Market Fund
You can sell your shares to the fund any day the New York
Stock Exchange is open, by check, by telephone or Telex, by mail
or through your investment dealer. The fund must receive
your properly completed application before you may sell shares;
certain methods require additional documentation (see below). To
enable shareholders to earn daily dividends as long as possible,
the fund has arranged the following methods of selling
shares:
Selling shares by check. If you would like to use the
fund's check - writing service, mark the proper box
on the order form and complete the signature card and, if
applicable, the resolution. Upon receiving the properly
completed order form, signature card , and
resolution, the fund will send you checks which may be
made payable to the order of any person in the amount of $500 or
more. You will continue to earn dividends until the check
clears. When a check is presented to the fund's designated
bank for payment, a sufficient number of full and fractional
shares in your account will be redeemed to cover the amount of
the check.
Shareholders utilizing fund checks are subject to the
bank's rules governing checking accounts. There is
currently no charge to the shareholder for the use of checks.
You should make sure that there are sufficient shares in your
account to cover the amount of the check drawn. If there is an
insufficient number of shares in the account, the check will be
returned and no shares will be redeemed. Because
dividends declared on shares held in your account or prior
withdrawals may cause the value of your account to change, it is
impossible to determine in advance your account's total value.
Accordingly, you should not write a check for the entire value of
your account or close your account by writing a check.
Redemptions by check will be confirmed at least monthly.
Selling shares by telephone . If you would like to sell
fund shares by telephone with proceeds directed to
your bank account, please mark the proper box on the order form.
You may call toll-free 1-800-225-1581 . On the following
business day, the amounts withdrawn from your account will either
be mailed by check or wired in Same Day Funds to the bank account
designated on your application. (To wire proceeds, the amount
must be $1,000 or more and the designated bank must be a
commercial bank within the United States.) You may change a
designated bank account by sending a written request to Putnam
Investor Services with your signature guaranteed by a bank,
broker-dealer or certain other financial institutions. See the
SAI for more information about how to obtain a signature
guarantee.
You may also use Putnam's Telephone Redemption Privilege to
redeem shares valued up to $100,000 from your account unless you
have notified Putnam Investor Services of an address change
within the preceding 15 days. Unless an investor indicates
otherwise on the account application , Putnam Investor
Services will be authorized to act upon redemption and transfer
instructions received by telephone from a shareholder, or any
person claiming to act as his or her representative, who can
provide Putnam Investor Services with his or her account
registration and address as it appears on Putnam Investor
Services' records. Putnam Investor Services will employ these
and other reasonable procedures to confirm that instructions
communicated by telephone are genuine; if it fails to employ
reasonable procedures, Putnam Investor Services may be liable for
any losses due to unauthorized or fraudulent instructions. For
information, consult Putnam Investor Services. During periods of
unusual market changes and shareholder activity, you may
experience delays in contacting Putnam Investor Services by
telephone in which case you may wish to submit a written
redemption request, as described below, or contact your
investment dealer. The Telephone Redemption Privilege may be
modified or terminated without notice.
<PAGE>
Selling shares by mail. You may also sell shares of the
fund by sending a written withdrawal request to: Putnam
Investor Services, Mailing address: P.O. Box 41203, Providence,
RI 02940-1203. If you sell shares having a net asset value of
$100,000 or more, the signatures of registered owners or their
legal representatives must be guaranteed by a bank, broker-dealer
or certain other financial institutions. See the SAI for
more information about where to obtain a signature guarantee.
Putnam Investor Services may require additional documentation
from shareholders which are corporations, partnerships, agents,
fiduciaries or surviving joint owners. Corporations,
partnerships, agents, trusts and fiduciary accounts must submit a
completed resolution in proper form before selling shares by
telephone or check. Resolution forms are available from Putnam
Investor Services. If you are currently a shareholder and did
not request the check writing service or telephone/Telex
redemption privilege on your initial order form, you must first
complete and return an authorization form, available from Putnam
Investor Services. A shareholder may revoke authorization for
the check writing service or telephone/Telex redemption by
written notice at any time, effective when Putnam Investor
Services receives such notice.
The fund reserves the right to terminate or modify the
terms of the check writing service or telephone/Telex redemption
privilege, or to charge shareholders for the use of these
services at any time.
The fund generally sends you payment for your shares the
business day after your request is received. Under unusual
circumstances, the fund may suspend repurchases, or
postpone payment for more than seven days, as permitted by
federal securities law.
HOW TO EXCHANGE SHARES
Shareholders of the Money Market Fund who received their shares
in exchange for shares of another Putnam fund with a sales
charge, and shareholders of the Income Fund , can exchange
their shares for shares of other Putnam funds at net asset value
beginning 15 days after purchase. Other shareholders of the
Money Market Fund may need to pay a sales charge, which varies
depending on the fund in which they exchange and the amount
exchanged. Shareholders of the Money Market Fund exchanging into
funds with more than one class of shares may exchange their
shares only for class A shares of the other fund .
Shareholders of the Income Fund may exchange their shares
only for shares of the same class. Not all Putnam funds offer
all classes of shares. If you exchange shares subject to
a CDSC, the transaction will not be subject to the CDSC.
However, when you redeem the shares acquired through the
exchange, the redemption may be subject to the CDSC, depending
upon when you originally purchased the shares . The CDSC will
be computed using the schedule of any fund into or from which
you have exchanged your shares that would result in your paying
the highest CDSC applicable to your class of shares. For
purposes of computing the CDSC, the length of time you have owned
your shares will be measured from the date of original purchase
and will not be affected by any exchange.
To exchange your shares, simply complete an Exchange
Authorization Form and send it to Putnam Investor Services.
The form is available from Putnam Investor
Services. For federal income tax purposes, an exchange is
treated as a sale of shares and generally results in a capital
gain or loss. A Telephone Exchange Privilege is currently
available for amounts up to $500,000. Putnam Investor Services'
procedures for telephonic transactions are described above under
"How to sell shares." The Telephone Exchange Privilege is not
available if you were issued certificates for shares
that remain outstanding. Ask your investment dealer or
Putnam Investor Services for prospectuses of other Putnam funds.
Shares of certain Putnam funds are not available to residents of
all states.
The exchange privilege is not intended as a vehicle for short-
term trading. Excessive exchange activity may interfere with
portfolio management and have an adverse effect on all
shareholders. In order to limit excessive exchange activity and
in other circumstances where Putnam Management or the Trustees
believe doing so would be in the best interests of a fund,
each fund reserves the right to revise or terminate the
exchange privilege, limit the amount or number of exchanges or
reject any exchange. Shareholders would be notified of any such
action to the extent required by law. Consult Putnam Investor
Services before requesting an exchange. See the SAI to
find out more about the exchange privilege.
HOW A FUND VALUES ITS SHARES
General. The Money Market Fund calculates the net asset value of
a share, and the Income Fund calculates the net
asset value of a share of each class, by dividing the
total value of its assets, less liabilities, by the number of
shares outstanding. Shares are valued as of the close of regular
trading on the New York Stock Exchange each day the Exchange is
open.
The Income Fund. California tax-exempt securities are
valued on the basis of valuations provided by a pricing
service approved by the Trustees, which uses information with
respect to transactions in bonds, quotations from bond dealers,
market transactions in comparable securities and various
relationships between securities in determining value.
The fund believes that reliable market quotations are
generally not readily available for purposes of valuing its
portfolio securities. As a result, it is likely that most of the
valuations provided by a pricing service will be based
upon fair value determined on the basis of the factors listed
above.
Non-tax - exempt securities for which market quotations
are readily available are valued at market value. Short-term
investments that will mature in 60 days or less are valued at
amortized cost, which approximates market value. All other
securities and assets are valued at their fair value following
procedures approved by the Trustees.
The Money Market Fund. The Money Market Fund values its
portfolio investments at amortized cost according to Rule 2a-7
of the 1940 Act. The amortized cost of an instrument is
determined by valuing it at cost originally and thereafter
amortizing any discount or premium from its face value at a
constant rate until maturity.
HOW A FUND MAKES DISTRIBUTIONS TO SHAREHOLDERS ; TAX
INFORMATION
The Income Fund . The fund declares all of its net
interest income as a distribution on each day it is open for
business. Net interest income consists of interest accrued on
portfolio investments of the fund , less accrued expenses,
computed in each case since the most recent determination of net
asset value. Normally, the fund pays distributions of net
interest income monthly. The fund will distribute at
least annually all net realized capital gains, if any, after
applying any available capital loss carryovers. Distributions
paid by the fund with respect to class A shares
will generally be greater than those paid with respect to
class B and class M shares because expenses
attributable to class B and class M shares will
generally be higher.
You begin earning distributions on the business day after
Putnam Mutual Funds receives payment for your shares. It is your
responsibility to see that your dealer forwards payment promptly.
The Money Market Fund. The fund determines its net income
once each day the New York Stock Exchange is open, as of the
close of regular trading on the Exchange. Each determination of
the fund's net income includes (i) all accrued interest on
portfolio investments of the fund , (ii) plus or minus all
realized and unrealized gains and losses on the fund's
investments, (iii) less all accrued expenses of the fund.
(The fund will not have unrealized gains or losses so long
as it values its investments by the amortized cost method.)
All of the net income of the fund is declared each
day that the fund is open for business as a dividend to
shareholders of record at the time of each declaration.
Shareholders begin earning dividends on the day after the
fund accepts their orders. Each month's dividends will be
paid and reinvested on the fifth business day of the next month.
Since the net income of the fund is declared as a dividend
each time it is determined, the net asset value per share of the
fund remains at $1.00 immediately after each determination
and dividend declaration.
You can choose from these distribution options:
- (Both funds) Reinvest all distributions in additional
shares of your fund without a sales charge;
- (Income Fund only) Receive distributions
from net investment income in cash while reinvesting
capital gains distributions in additional shares without
a sales charge; or
- (Both funds) Receive all distributions in cash.
You can change your distribution option by notifying Putnam
Investor Services in writing. If you do not select an option
when you open your account, all distributions will be reinvested.
All distributions not paid in cash will be reinvested in
shares of the class on which the distributions are paid.
You will receive a statement confirming reinvestment of
distributions in additional shares (or in shares of other
Putnam funds for Dividends Plus accounts) promptly following the
quarter in which the reinvestment occurs.
If a check representing a fund distribution is not cashed
within a specified period, Putnam Investor Services will notify
you that you have the option of requesting another check or
reinvesting the distribution in the fund or in another
Putnam fund. If Putnam Investor Services does not receive your
election, the distribution will be reinvested in the fund .
Similarly, if correspondence sent by a fund or Putnam
Investor Services is returned as "undeliverable," fund
distributions will automatically be reinvested in that
fund or in another Putnam fund.
Each fund intends to qualify as a "regulated investment
company" for federal income tax purposes and to meet all other
requirements necessary for it to be relieved of federal
taxes on income and gains it distributes to shareholders.
Each fund will distribute substantially all of its
ordinary income and capital gain net income on a current basis.
Fund distributions designated as "exempt-interest
dividends" are not generally subject to federal income tax. In
addition, to the extent that distributions are derived from
interest on California tax-exempt securities , such
distributions will be exempt from California personal income tax
(but not from California franchise and corporate income tax).
However, if you receive social security or railroad
retirement benefits, you should consult your tax adviser to
determine what effect, if any, an investment in a fund may
have on the federal taxation of your benefits. California does
not tax any portion of social security or railroad
retirement benefits. In addition, an investment in a fund
may result in liability for federal alternative minimum tax, both
for individual and corporate shareholders.
The Income Fund may at times purchase California tax-exempt
securities at a discount from the price at which they were
originally issued, especially during periods of rising interest
rates. For federal income tax and California personal income tax
purposes, some or all of this market discount will be included in
the fund's ordinary income and will be taxable to shareholders as
such when it is distributed to them.
All distributions from either other than exempt-
interest dividends will be taxable to you as ordinary income
except that any distributions of net long-term capital gains will
be taxable to you as such, regardless of how long you have held
your shares. Distributions will be taxable as described above
whether received in cash or in shares through the reinvestment of
distributions.
Early in each year Putnam Investor Services will notify you of
the amount and tax status of distributions paid to you for the
preceding year.
For California tax purposes, distributions derived from
investments in other than (i) California tax-exempt
securities and (ii) obligations of the United States (or
other obligations) which pay interest exempt from California
personal income taxation under the Constitution or laws of the
United States will be taxable as ordinary income, whether paid in
cash or reinvested in additional shares.
The foregoing is a summary of certain federal and California
income tax consequences of investing in the funds .
You should consult your tax adviser to determine the precise
effect of an investment in the fund on your particular tax
situation (including possible liability for federal
alternative minimum tax and state and local taxes).
<PAGE>
About Putnam Investments, Inc.
Putnam Management has been managing mutual funds since 1937.
Putnam Mutual Funds is the principal underwriter of each
fund and of other Putnam funds. Putnam Fiduciary Trust
Company is the funds' custodian . Putnam Investor
Services, a division of Putnam Fiduciary Trust Company, is the
funds' investor servicing and transfer agent.
Putnam Management, Putnam Mutual Funds and Putnam Fiduciary Trust
Company are subsidiaries of Putnam Investments, Inc., which is
wholly owned by Marsh & McLennan Companies, Inc., a publicly-
owned holding company whose principal businesses are
international insurance and reinsurance brokerage, employee
benefit consulting and investment management.
<PAGE>
SECURITIES RATINGS
The following rating services describe rated securities as
follows:
Moody's Investors Service, Inc.
Bonds
Aaa -- Bonds which are rated Aaa are judged to be of the best
quality. They carry the smallest degree of investment risk and
are generally referred to as "gilt-edged". Interest payments are
protected by a large or by an exceptionally stable margin and
principal is secure. While the various protective elements are
likely to change, such changes as can be visualized are most
unlikely to impair the fundamentally strong position of such
issues.
Aa -- Bonds which are rated Aa are judged to be of high quality
by all standards. Together with the Aaa group they comprise what
are generally known as high-grade bonds. They are rated lower
than the best bonds because margins of protection may not be as
large as in Aaa securities or fluctuation of protective elements
may be of greater amplitude or there may be other elements
present which make the long-term risk appear somewhat larger than
the Aaa securities.
A -- Bonds which are rated A possess many favorable investment
attributes and are to be considered as upper-medium-grade
obligations. Factors giving security to principal and interest
are considered adequate, but elements may be present which
suggest a susceptibility to impairment sometime in the future.
Baa -- Bonds which are rated Baa are considered as medium grade
obligations (i.e., they are neither highly protected nor poorly
secured). Interest payments and principal security appear
adequate for the present but certain protective elements may be
lacking or may be characteristically unreliable over any great
length of time. Such bonds lack outstanding investment
characteristics and in fact have speculative characteristics as
well.
Ba -- Bonds which are rated Ba are judged to have speculative
elements; their future cannot be considered as well-assured.
Often the protection of interest and principal payments may be
very moderate and thereby not well safeguarded during both good
and bad times over the future. Uncertainty of position
characterizes bonds in this class.
<PAGE>
Notes
MIG 1/VMIG 1 -- This designation denotes best quality. There is
present strong protection by established cash flows, superior
liquidity support or demonstrated broad-based access to the
market for refinancing.
MIG 2/VMIG 2 -- This designation denotes high quality. Margins
of protection are ample although not so large as in the preceding
group.
Commercial paper
Issuers rated Prime-1 (or supporting institutions) have a
superior ability for repayment of senior short-term debt
obligations. Prime-1 repayment ability will often be evidenced
by the following characteristics:
- -- Leading market positions in well established industries.
- -- High rates of return on funds employed.
- -- Conservative capitalization structures with moderate reliance
on debt and ample asset protection.
- -- Broad margins in earnings coverage of fixed financial charges
and high internal cash generation.
- -- Well established access to a range of financial markets and
assured sources of alternate liquidity.
Issuers rated Prime-2 (or supporting institutions) have a strong
ability for repayment of senior short-term debt obligations.
This will normally be evidenced by many of the characteristics
cited above to a lesser degree. Earnings trends and coverage
ratios, while sound, will be more subject to variation.
Capitalization characteristics, while still appropriate, may be
more affected by external conditions. Ample alternate liquidity
is maintained.
Standard & Poor's
Bonds
AAA -- Debt rated 'AAA' has the highest rating assigned by
Standard & Poor's. Capacity to pay interest and repay principal
is extremely strong.
AA -- Debt rated 'AA' has a very strong capacity to pay interest
and repay principal and differs from the higher rated issues only
in small degree.
A -- Debt rated 'A' has a strong capacity to pay interest and
repay principal although it is somewhat more susceptible to the
adverse effects of changes in circumstances and economic
conditions than debt in higher rated categories.
BBB -- Debt rated 'BBB' is regarded as having an adequate
capacity to pay interest and repay principal. Whereas it
normally exhibits adequate protection parameters, adverse
economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to
lead to a weakened capacity to pay interest and repay principal
for debt in this category than in higher rated categories.
BB -- Debt rated `BB' has less near-term vulnerability to default
than other speculative issues. However, it faces major ongoing
uncertainties or exposure to adverse business, financial, or
economic conditions which could lead to inadequate capacity to
meet timely interest and principal payments. The `BB' rating
category is also used for debt subordinated to senior debt that
is assigned an actual or implied `BBB-' rating.
Notes
SP-1 -- Strong capacity to pay principal and interest. Issues
determined to possess very strong characteristics are given a
plus sign (+) designation.
SP-2 -- Satisfactory capacity to pay principal and interest, with
some vulnerability to adverse financial and economic changes over
the term of the notes.
Commercial paper
A-1 -- This highest category indicates that the degree of safety
regarding timely payment is strong. Those issues determined to
possess extremely strong safety characteristics are denoted with
a plus sign (+) designation.
A-2 -- Capacity for timely payment on issues with this
designation is satisfactory. However, the relative degree of
safety is not as high as for issues designated`A-1'.
<PAGE>
Make the most of your Putnam privileges
The following services are available to you as a Putnam
mutual fund shareholder .
SYSTEMATIC INVESTMENT PLAN Invest as much as you wish
($25 or more) on any business day of the month except for
the 29th, 30th, or 31st. The amount will be automatically
transferred from your checking or savings account.
SYSTEMATIC WITHDRAWAL Make regular withdrawals of $50 or
more monthly, quarterly, or semiannually from an account valued
at $10,000 or more. You may establish your withdrawal on any
business day of the month except for the 29th, 30th, or
31st.
SYSTEMATIC EXCHANGE Transfer assets automatically from
one Putnam account to another on a regular, prearranged basis.
There is no additional charge for this service.
FREE EXCHANGE PRIVILEGE Exchange money between Putnam
funds in the same class of shares without charge. The exchange
privilege allows you to adjust your investments as your
objectives change. A signature guarantee is required for
exchanges of more than $500,000.
Investors may not maintain, within the same fund, simultaneous
plans for systematic investment or exchange and systematic
withdrawal or exchange. These privileges are subject to change
or termination.
For more information about any of these services and
privileges, call your investment advisor or a Putnam customer
service representative toll free at
1 - 800 - 225 - 1581.
<PAGE>
Putnam Family of Funds
PUTNAM GROWTH FUNDS
Putnam Asia Pacific Growth Fund
Putnam Capital Appreciation Fund
Putnam Diversified Equity Trust
Putnam Europe Growth Fund
Putnam Global Growth Fund
Putnam Health Sciences Trust
Putnam International New Opportunities Fund
Putnam Investors Fund
Putnam Natural Resources Fund
Putnam New Opportunities Fund
Putnam OTC Emerging Growth Fund
Putnam Overseas Growth Fund
Putnam Vista Fund
Putnam Voyager Fund
Putnam Voyager Fund II
PUTNAM GROWTH AND INCOME FUNDS
Putnam Balanced Retirement Fund
Putnam Convertible Income-Growth Trust
Putnam Equity Income Fund
The George Putnam Fund of Boston
The Putnam Fund for Growth and Income
Putnam Growth and Income Fund II
Putnam Utilities Growth and Income Fund
PUTNAM INCOME FUNDS
Putnam Adjustable Rate U.S. Government Fund
Putnam American Government Income Fund
Putnam Diversified Income Trust
Putnam Federal Income Trust
Putnam Global Governmental Income Trust
Putnam High Yield Advantage Fund
Putnam High Yield Trust
Putnam Income Fund
Putnam Intermediate U.S. Government Income Fund
Putnam Preferred Income Fund
Putnam U.S. Government Income Trust
<PAGE>
PUTNAM TAX-FREE INCOME FUNDS
Putnam Municipal Income Fund
Putnam Tax Exempt Income Fund
Putnam Tax-Free High Yield Fund
Putnam Tax-Free Insured Fund
Putnam State tax-free income funds+
Arizona, California, Florida, Massachusetts, Michigan,
Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, and Pennsylvania
LIFESTAGE(SM) FUNDS
Putnam Asset Allocation Funds -- three investment portfolios that
spread your money across a variety of stocks, bonds, and money
market investments seeking to help maximize your return and
reduce your risk.
The three portfolios:
Balanced Portfolio
Conservative Portfolio
Growth Portfolio
PUTNAM MONEY MARKET FUNDS:
Putnam Money Market Fund
Putnam California Tax Exempt Money Market Fund
Putnam New York Tax Exempt Money Market Fund
Putnam Tax Exempt Money Market Fund
+Not available in all states.
Please call your financial advisor or Putnam to obtain a
prospectus for any Putnam fund. It contains more complete
information, including charges and expenses. Read it carefully
before you invest or send money.
<PAGE>
Putnam California Tax Exempt Income Fund
Putnam California Tax Exempt Money Market Fund
One Post Office Square
Boston, MA 02109
FUND INFORMATION:
INVESTMENT MANAGER
Putnam Investment Management, Inc.
One Post Office Square
Boston, MA 02109
MARKETING SERVICES
Putnam Mutual Funds Corp.
One Post Office Square
Boston, MA 02109
INVESTOR SERVICING AGENT
Putnam Investor Services
Mailing address:
P.O. Box 41203
Providence, RI 02940-1203
CUSTODIAN
Putnam Fiduciary Trust Company
One Post Office Square
Boston, MA 02109
LEGAL COUNSEL
Ropes & Gray
One International Place
Boston, MA 02110
INDEPENDENT ACCOUNTANTS
Price Waterhouse LLP
160 Federal Street
Boston, MA 02110
PUTNAMINVESTMENTS
One Post Office Square
Boston, Massachusetts 02109
Toll-free 1-800-225-1581
<PAGE>
PROSPECTUS
FEBRUARY 1,
1996
Putnam California Intermediate Tax Exempt Fund
Class A and B shares
INVESTMENT STRATEGY: TAX-FREE
This prospectus explains concisely what you should know
before investing in Putnam California Intermediate Tax
Exempt Fund (the "fund"). Please read it carefully and
keep it for future reference. You can find more detailed
information in the February 1, 1996 statement of
additional information (the "SAI") , as amended from time to
time. For a free copy of the SAI or other information ,
call Putnam Investor Services at 1-800-225-1581. The SAI
has been filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and is
incorporated into this prospectus by reference.
The fund is a separate portfolio of Putnam California Tax
Exempt Income Trust (the "Trust").
THESE SECURITIES HAVE NOT BEEN APPROVED OR DISAPPROVED BY THE
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION OR ANY STATE SECURITIES
COMMISSION NOR HAS THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION OR ANY
STATE SECURITIES COMMISSION PASSED UPON THE ACCURACY OR ADEQUACY
OF THIS PROSPECTUS. ANY REPRESENTATION TO THE CONTRARY IS A
CRIMINAL OFFENSE.
SHARES OF THE FUND ARE NOT DEPOSITS OR OBLIGATIONS OF, OR
GUARANTEED OR ENDORSED BY, ANY FINANCIAL INSTITUTION, ARE NOT
INSURED BY THE FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE CORPORATION, THE FEDERAL
RESERVE BOARD OR ANY OTHER AGENCY, AND INVOLVE RISK, INCLUDING
THE POSSIBLE LOSS OF PRINCIPAL AMOUNT INVESTED .
BOSTON * LONDON * TOKYO<PAGE>
ABOUT THE FUND
Expenses summary
This section describes the sales charges, management fees, and
annual operating expenses that apply to the fund's various
classes of shares. Use it to help you estimate the impact of
transaction costs on your investment over time.
Financial highlights
Study this table to see, among other things, how the fund
performed each year for the past 10 years or since it began
investment operations if it has been in operation for less than
10 years.
Objective
Read this section to make sure the fund's objective is
consistent with your own.
How the fund pursues its objective
This section explains in detail how the fund seeks its
investment objective. Risk factors. All investments entail some
risk. Read this section to make sure you understand certain
risks that may be involved when investing in the fund.
How performance is shown
This section describes and defines the measures used to assess
the fund's performance. All data are based on the fund's past
investment results and do not predict future performance.
How the fund is managed
Consult this section for information about the fund's
management, allocation of the fund's expenses, and how purchases
and sales of securities are made for the fund.
Organization and history
In this section, you will learn when the fund was introduced,
how it is organized, how it may offer shares, and who its
Trustees are.
ABOUT YOUR INVESTMENT
Alternative sales arrangements
Read this section for descriptions of the classes of shares
this prospectus offers and for points you should consider when
making your choice.
How to buy shares
This section describes the ways you may purchase shares and
tells you the minimum amounts required to open various types of
accounts. It explains how sales charges are determined and how
you may become eligible for reduced sales charges on each class
of shares.
Distribution plans
This section tells you what distribution fees are charged
against each class of shares .
How to sell shares
In this section you can learn how to sell shares of the fund,
either directly to the fund or through an investment dealer.
How to exchange shares
Find out in this section how you may exchange shares of the
fund for shares of other Putnam funds. The section also explains
how exchanges can be made without sales charges and the
conditions under which sales charges may be required.
How the fund values its shares
This section explains how the fund determines the value of its
shares.
How the fund makes distributions to shareholders;
tax information
This section describes the various options you have in
choosing how to receive dividends from the fund. It also
discusses the federal tax status of the payments and counsels
shareholders to seek specific advice about their own
situation.
ABOUT PUTNAM INVESTMENTS, INC.
Read this section to learn more about the companies that
provide the marketing, investment management, and shareholder
account services to Putnam funds and their shareholders.
<PAGE>
About the fund
EXPENSES SUMMARY
Expenses are one of several factors to consider when investing
. The following table summarizes your maximum
transaction costs from investing in the fund and expenses
incurred in the most recent fiscal year . The
examples show the cumulative expenses attributable to a
hypothetical $1,000 investment over specified periods.
Class A Class B
shares shares
Shareholder transaction expenses
Maximum sales charge imposed
on purchases (as a percentage
of offering price) 3.25% NONE*
3.0% in the
first year,
declining to
Deferred sales charge (as a 1.0% in
the
percentage of the lower fourth year, and
of original purchase eliminated
price or redemption proceeds) NONE** thereafter
Annual fund operating expenses
(as a percentage of average net assets)
Total fund
Management 12b-1 Other operating
fees fees expenses expenses
- ---------- ----- -------------------
Class A 0.60% 0.15% 1.13% 1.88%
Class B 0.60% 0.75% 1.13% 2.48%
The table is provided to help you understand the expenses
of investing in the fund and your share of the operating
expenses that the fund incurs. The expenses shown in the
table do not reflect the application of credits related to
brokerage service and expense offset arrangements that reduce
certain fund expenses. The management fees and "Other
expenses" in the table reflect the termination of an
expense limitation currently in effect . Actual management
fees, "Other expenses" and total fund operating expenses were 0%,
0.70% and 0.85%, respectively for class A shares and 0%, 0.70%
and 1.45%, respectively, for class B shares.
<PAGE>
Examples
Your investment of $1,000 would incur the following expenses,
assuming 5% annual return and , except as indicated,
redemption at the end of each period:
1 3 5 10
year years years years
Class A $51 $91 $132 $249
Class B $55 $88 $134 $270***
Class B (no redemption)$25 $78 $134
$270***
The examples do not represent past or future expense
levels. Actual expenses may be greater or less than those shown.
Federal regulations require the examples to assume a 5%
annual return, but actual annual return varies .
* The higher 12b-1 fees borne by class B
shares may cause long-term shareholders to pay more than
the economic equivalent of the maximum permitted front-end
sales charge on class A shares.
** A deferred sales charge of up to 1.00% is assessed on
certain redemptions of class A shares that were
purchased without an initial sales charge as part of an
investment of $1 million or more. See "How to buy shares
-- Class A shares."
*** Reflects conversion of class B shares to
class A shares (which pay lower ongoing expenses)
approximately eight years after purchase. See
"Alternative sales arrangements."
FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS
The following table presents per share financial
information for class A and B shares . This information
has been audited and reported on by the fund's independent
accountants. The " Report of independent
accountants" and financial statements included in the
fund's annual report to shareholders for the 1995
fiscal year are incorporated by reference into this
prospectus. The fund's annual report , which contains
additional unaudited performance information, is available
without charge upon request.
<PAGE>
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS
(For a share outstanding throughout the period)
FOR THE PERIOD
FOR THE PERIOD
JUNE 1, 1994
JUNE 1, 1994
(COMMENCE-
(COMMENCE-
MENT OF
MENT OF
YEAR ENDED OPERATIONS) TO YEAR ENDED
OPERATIONS) TO
SEPTEMBER 30 SEPTEMBER 30 SEPTEMBER 30
SEPTEMBER 30
1995 1994 1995
1994
CLASS A CLASS B
<S> <C> <C> <C>
<C>
NET ASSET VALUE,
BEGINNING OF PERIOD $8.35 $8.50 $8.34
$8.50
INVESTMENT OPERATIONS
Net investment income (a) .42 .14 .37
.12
Net realized and unrealized
loss on investments (.01) (.15) --
(.16)
TOTAL FROM
INVESTMENT OPERATIONS .41 (.01) .37
(.04)
LESS DISTRIBUTIONS:
From net investment income (.42) (.14) (.37)
(.12)
In excess of net investment
income (.01) -- (.01)
--
TOTAL DISTRIBUTIONS (.43) (.14) (.38)
(.12)
NET ASSET VALUE, END
OF PERIOD $8.33 $8.35 $8.33
$8.34
TOTAL INVESTMENT RETURN AT
NET ASSET VALUE (%) (b)(c) 5.17 (.09) 4.66
(.42)
NET ASSETS, END OF PERIOD
(in thousands) $6,476 $5,797 $4,015
$1,519
Ratio of expenses to average
net assets (%)(a) 0.85(d) 0.00(c) 1.45(d)
0.12(c)
Ratio of net investment income to
average net assets (%)(a) 5.06 1.75(c) 4.45
1.39(c)
Portfolio turnover (%) 132.62 73.18 132.62
73.18
(a) Reflects an absorption of expenses incurred by the fund. As a
result of this
limitation, expenses for the period ended September 30, 1994,
reflect a reduction of $0.04
and $0.05 for class A and class B shares, respectively. Expenses
for the year ended
September 30, 1995 reflect a reduction of $0.08 and $0.10 for
class A and class B shares,
respectively.
(b) Total investment return assumes dividend reinvestment and
does not reflect the effect
of sales charges.
(c) Not annualized.
(d) The ratio of expenses to average net assets for the year
ended September 30, 1995
includes amounts paid through brokerage service and expense
offset arrangements. Prior
period ratios exclude these amounts (Note 2).
/TABLE
<PAGE>
OBJECTIVE
Putnam California Intermediate Tax Exempt Fund seeks as high
a level of current income exempt from federal income tax and
California personal income tax as Putnam Investment
Management , Inc., the fund's investment manager ("Putnam
Management"), believes is consistent with preservation of
capital . The fund is not intended to be a complete
investment program, and there is no assurance that the
fund will achieve its objective.
HOW THE FUND PURSUES ITS OBJECTIVE
Basic investment strategy
Putnam California Intermediate Tax Exempt Fund seeks its
objective by following the fundamental investment policy of
investing at least 80% of its net assets in California tax-exempt
securities (which are described below), except when investing for
defensive purposes during times of adverse market
conditions .
Under current law, to the extent distributions by the fund are
derived from interest on California tax-exempt securities (which
are described below) and are designated as such, they are exempt
from federal and California personal income taxes.
The fund may also invest in taxable obligations, as
described below, to the extent permitted by its investment
policies, or hold its assets in money market instruments or
in cash. Under normal market conditions, the fund
expects to maintain a portfolio of California tax-exempt
securities with an intermediate-term dollar-weighted average
maturity (i.e., six to ten years). Subject to the foregoing
limitations, Putnam will adjust the average maturity of the
investments held in the portfolio from time to time, depending on
its assessment of relative yields and risks of securities of
different maturities and its expectations of future changes in
interest rates.
The fund's investments in California tax-exempt
securities and taxable obligations will be limited to
securities rated at the time of purchase not lower than the five
highest grades assigned by Moody's Investors Service, Inc.
("Moody's") (Aaa, Aa, A, Baa, or Ba) , Standard & Poor's
("S&P") (AAA, AA, A, BBB or BB) or Fitch Investors
Service, Inc. ("Fitch") (AAA, AA, A, BBB or BB), or unrated
securities that Putnam Management determines are of
comparable quality.
The fund will not purchase a California tax-exempt security
rated Ba by Moody's or BB by S&P and Fitch at the time of
purchase, or, if unrated, determined by Putnam Management to be
of comparable quality if, as a result, more than 25% of the
fund's total assets would be of that quality. The rating
services' descriptions of the five highest grades of debt
securities are included in the appendix of the SAI. Securities
rated Ba or BB (and comparable unrated securities) are considered
to have speculative elements, with large uncertainties or major
exposures to adverse conditions.
Alternative minimum tax
Interest income from certain types of California tax-exempt
securities may be subject to federal alternative minimum tax
for individuals and corporations.
In determining compliance with the 80% test described above,
it is a fundamental policy of the fund to exclude from California
tax-exempt securities any securities the interest from which may
be subject to the federal alternative minimum tax for
individuals . An investment in the fund may subject
corporate shareholders to the federal (but not
California) alternative minimum tax , because a portion of
tax-exempt income is generally included in the federal
alternative minimum taxable income of corporations.
Alternative investment strategies
At times Putnam Management may judge that conditions in the
markets for California tax-exempt securities make pursuing
the fund's basic investment strategy inconsistent with the
best interests of its shareholders. At such times Putnam
Management may temporarily use alternative strategies
primarily designed to reduce fluctuations in the value of the
fund's assets .
In implementing these defensive strategies, the
fund may invest without limit in taxable
obligations, including: obligations of the U.S.
government, its agencies or instrumentalities; obligations
issued by governmental issuers in other states the interest on
which would be exempt from federal (but not California) income
tax; other debt securities rated within the four highest
grades by either Moody's, S&P or Fitch; commercial paper rated in
the highest grade by Moody's or S&P rating service (Prime-1 or A-
1+, respectively); certificates of deposit and bankers'
acceptances; repurchase agreements with respect to any of the
foregoing investments; or any other fixed-income securities that
Putnam Management considers consistent with such defensive
strategies. Shareholders would be subject to federal income
tax and/or California personal income tax, on distributions of
the interest income from these instruments
.
It is impossible to predict when, or for how long, the
fund will use these alternative strategies.
As indicated above, under current market conditions the
fund expects to maintain a portfolio of securities with an
intermediate-term dollar-weighted average maturity, because an
intermediate-term portfolio of securities generally provides a
higher yield than a short-term portfolio of securities of
comparable quality. The fund may, however, be primarily
invested in short-term securities for temporary defensive
purposes. When the fund invests in short-term securities
for defensive purposes, the fund's dollar-weighted average
maturity may be less than six years.
California tax-exempt securities
California tax-exempt securities include obligations
of the State of California, its political subdivisions,
and their agencies, instrumentalities or other governmental
units, the interest on which , in the opinion of
bond counsel, is exempt from federal income tax and
California personal income tax.
These securities are issued to obtain funds for various
public purposes, such as the construction of public facilities,
the payment of general operating expenses or the refunding of
outstanding debts.
They may also be issued to finance various private
activities, including the lending of funds to public or private
institutions for the construction of housing, educational or
medical facilities , or to fund short-term cash requirements.
They may also include certain types of industrial development
bonds, private activity bonds or notes issued by public
authorities to finance privately owned or operated facilities
.
Short-term California tax-exempt securities may be
issued as interim financing in anticipation of tax collections,
revenue receipts or bond sales to finance various public
purposes. California tax-exempt securities may also include
obligations issued by certain other governmental entities, such
as U.S. territories, if these debt obligations generate interest
income that is exempt from federal income tax and California
personal income tax.
The two principal classifications of California tax-exempt
securities are general obligation and special obligation (or
special revenue obligation) securities.
General obligation securities involve a pledge of the
credit of an issuer possessing taxing power and are payable from
the issuer's general unrestricted revenues. Their payment may
depend on an appropriation by the issuer's legislative body. The
characteristics and methods of enforcement of general obligation
securities vary according to the law applicable to the particular
issuer.
Special obligation (or special revenue obligation) securities
are payable only from the revenues derived from a particular
facility or class of facilities, or a specific revenue source,
and generally are not payable from the unrestricted revenues of
the issuer. Industrial development bonds and private activity
bonds are in most cases special obligation securities,
whose credit quality is tied to the private user of
the facilities.
The fund may also invest in securities representing
interests in California tax-exempt securities , known as
"inverse floating obligations" or "residual interest bonds ."
These obligations pay interest rates that vary inversely
with changes in the interest rates of specified short-term
tax - exempt securities or an index of short-term tax -
exempt securities. The interest rates on inverse floating
obligations or residual interest bonds will typically decline as
short-term market interest rates increase and increase as short-
term market rates decline.
These securities have the effect of providing a degree of
investment leverage . They will generally respond
to changes in market interest rates more rapidly than
fixed-rate long-term securities (typically twice as fast) .
As a result, the market values of inverse floating obligations
and residual interest bonds will generally be more volatile than
the market values of fixed-rate California tax-exempt
securities.
Risk factors
The values of California tax-exempt securities
fluctuate in response to changes in interest rates. A
decrease in interest rates will generally result in an increase
in the value of the fund's assets. Conversely, during
periods of rising interest rates, the value of the
fund's assets will generally decline. The magnitude of these
fluctuations generally has been smaller for intermediate-term
securities than for securities with longer maturities.
Although the volatility associated with intermediate-term
securities may be lower than that for longer-term securities, the
yields on such securities are also generally lower. In addition,
the values of fixed-income securities are affected by
changes in general economic conditions and business conditions
affecting the specific industries of their issuers.
Changes by recognized rating services in their ratings of
a fixed-income security and changes in the ability of an
issuer to make payments of interest and principal may also
affect the value of these investments. Changes in the value of
portfolio securities generally will not affect income
derived from these securities, but will affect the
fund's net asset value.
The fund may invest in both higher-rated and lower-rated
California tax-exempt securities. Lower-rated securities are
securities rated below Baa by Moody's or BBB by S&P or Fitch (and
unrated securities of comparable quality), and are commonly known
as "junk bonds." The values of lower-rated securities
generally fluctuate more than those of higher-rated securities.
In addition, the lower rating reflects a greater possibility that
the financial condition of the issuer, or adverse changes in
general economic conditions, or both, may impair the ability of
the issuer to make payments of income and principal.
Putnam Management seeks to minimize the risks of investing in
lower-rated securities through careful investment analysis.
However, the amount of information available about the
financial condition of an issuer of California tax-exempt
securities may not be as extensive as that which is made
available by corporations whose securities are publicly
traded. When the fund invests in California tax-exempt
securities in the lower rating categories, the achievement of
the fund's goals is more dependent on Putnam Management's
ability than would be the case if the fund were
investing in California tax-exempt securities in the
higher rating categories. Investors should consider carefully
their ability to assume the risks of owning shares of a mutual
fund that may invest in securities in certain of
the lower rating categories.
The fund will not necessarily dispose of a security when its
rating is reduced below its rating at the time of purchase.
However, Putnam Management will monitor the investment to
determine whether continued investment in the security will
assist in meeting the fund's investment objective.
At times, a substantial portion of fund assets may be
invested in securities as to which the fund , by itself or
together with other funds and accounts managed by Putnam
Management and its affiliates, holds all or a major
portion . Under adverse market or economic conditions or
in the event of adverse changes in the financial condition of the
issuer, the fund could find it more difficult to sell
these securities when Putnam Management believes it
advisable to do so or may be able to sell the securities
only at prices lower than if they were more widely held.
Under these circumstances, it may also be more difficult
to determine the fair value of such securities for purposes of
computing the fund's net asset value.
In order to enforce its rights in the event of a default
of these securities, the fund may be required to
participate in various legal proceedings or take
possession of and manage assets securing the issuer's obligations
on the securities . This could increase the
fund's operating expenses and adversely affect the
fund's net asset value. Any income derived from the
fund's ownership or operation of such assets would not be
tax-exempt. The ability of a holder of a tax-exempt security
to enforce the terms of that security in a bankruptcy proceeding
may be more limited than would be the case with respect to a
privately-issued security.
<PAGE>
Certain securities held by the fund may permit the issuer
at its option to "call," or redeem, its securities. If an
issuer were to redeem securities held by the fund during a
time of declining interest rates, the fund may not be able
to reinvest the proceeds in securities providing the same
investment return as the securities redeemed.
The fund may invest in so-called "zero-coupon" bonds whose
values are subject to greater fluctuation in response to changes
in market interest rates than bonds that pay interest
currently. Zero-coupon bonds are issued at a significant
discount from face value and pay interest only at maturity rather
than at intervals during the life of the security.
Zero-coupon bonds allow an issuer to avoid the need to
generate cash to meet current interest payments. Accordingly,
such bonds may involve greater credit risks than bonds paying
interest currently. The fund is required to accrue and
distribute income from zero-coupon bonds on a current basis, even
though it does not receive that income currently in cash.
Thus the fund may have to sell other investments to obtain
cash needed to make income distributions.
The secondary market for California tax-exempt securities
is generally less liquid than that for taxable fixed-income
securities, particularly in the lower rating categories.
Thus it may be more difficult from time to time to value or
buy and sell certain securities .
Certain investment grade securities in which the fund may invest
share some of the risk factors discussed above with respect to
lower-rated securities.
For additional information concerning the risks associated with
investing in securities in the lower rating categories,
see the SAI.
Since the fund invests primarily in California tax-
exempt securities, the value of its shares may be especially
affected by factors pertaining to the California economy and
other factors affecting the ability of issuers of
California tax-exempt securities to meet their
obligations.
As a result, the value of fund shares may fluctuate
more widely than the value of shares of a portfolio investing in
securities relating to a number of different states. The ability
of state, county or local governments to meet their
obligations will depend primarily on the availability of tax and
other revenues to those governments and on their fiscal
conditions generally.
The amounts of tax and other revenues available to
governmental issuers of California tax-exempt securities
may be affected from time to time by economic, political
and demographic conditions within or outside of
California . The State of California has experienced
significant financial difficulties as a result of the ongoing
recession in California. In addition, constitutional or statutory
restrictions may limit a government's power to raise revenues or
increase taxes. The availability of federal, state and
local aid to issuers of California tax-exempt securities
may also affect their ability to meet their obligations.
Payments of principal and interest on special obligation
securities will depend on the economic condition of the facility
or specific revenue source from whose revenues the payments will
be made . The facility's economic status, in turn, could
be affected by economic, political and demographic
conditions affecting the state .
Any reduction in the actual or perceived ability of an issuer
of California tax-exempt securities to meet its
obligations would likely have an adverse effect on the
market value and marketability of its obligations . A
reduction in the rating of the issuer's outstanding securities
would be included among these factors. Doubts surrounding an
issuer's ability to meet its obligations could adversely
affect the values of other California tax-exempt
securities as well.
Diversification and concentration policies
The fund is a "non-diversified " investment company under
the Investment Company Act of 1940 . This means it may invest
its assets in a limited number of issuers.
Under the Internal Revenue Code, the fund generally
may not invest more than 25% of its total assets in
securities of any one issuer other than U.S. government
securities. However, as to 50% of its total assets , the
fund must limit its investments to 5% or less of its total
assets in the securities of any one issuer (except U.S.
government securities). Thus the fund may invest up to
25% of its total assets in the securities of each of any
two issuers. The remainder must be invested in the securities
of at least 10 issuers (unless they are U.S. government
securities).
Because of the relatively small number of issuers of California
tax-exempt securities, the fund is more likely to invest a
higher percentage of its assets in the securities of a single
issuer than an investment company that invests in a broad
range of tax-exempt securities. This practice involves an
increased risk of loss to the fund if the issuer
were unable to make interest or principal payments or if
the market value of these securities were to
decline.
The fund will not invest more than 25% of its total assets
in any one industry. Governmental issuers of California tax-
exempt securities are not considered part of any "industry."
However, for this purpose (and for diversification purposes
discussed above) California tax-exempt securities backed only
by the assets and revenues of nongovernmental users may
be deemed to be issued by such nongovernmental users. Thus, the
25% limitation would apply to these obligations.
It is possible that the fund may invest more than
25% of its assets in a broader segment of the market for
California tax-exempt securities , such as revenue
obligations of hospitals and other health care facilities,
housing revenue obligations, or airport revenue
obligations. This would be the case only if Putnam Management
determined that the yields available from obligations in a
particular segment of the market justified the additional risks
associated with such concentration.
Although these obligations could be supported by the
credit of governmental issuers or by the credit of
nongovernmental issuers engaged in a number of industries,
economic, business, political and other developments generally
affecting the revenues of these issuers may have a general
adverse effect on all California tax-exempt securities in a
particular market segment. (Examples would include proposed
legislation or pending court decisions affecting the financing of
such projects and market factors affecting the demand for their
services or products.)
The fund reserves the right to invest more than 25% of its
assets in industrial development bonds and private
activity securities.
Investments in premium securities
During a period of declining interest rates, many of the fund's
portfolio investments will likely bear coupon rates that are
higher than current market rates, regardless of whether these
securities were originally purchased at a premium. These
securities would generally carry market values greater than the
principal amounts payable on maturity, which would be reflected
in the net asset value of the fund's shares.
The values of these "premium" securities tend to approach the
principal amount as the securities approach maturity (or call
price in the case of securities approaching their first call
date). As a result, an investor who purchases shares of the fund
during these periods would initially receive higher monthly
distributions (derived from the higher coupon rates payable on
the fund's investments) than might be available from alternative
investments bearing current market interest rates. But the
investor may face an increased risk of capital loss as these
higher coupon securities approach maturity (or first call date).
In evaluating the potential performance of an investment in the
fund, investors may find it useful to compare the fund's current
dividend rate with the fund's "yield," which is computed on a
yield-to-maturity basis in accordance with SEC regulations and
which reflects amortization of market premiums. See "How
performance is shown."
Portfolio turnover
The length of time each fund has held a particular
security is not generally a consideration in investment
decisions. A change in the securities held by a fund is
known as "portfolio turnover." As a result of the fund's
investment policies, under certain market conditions the
fund's portfolio turnover rates may be higher than that of
other mutual funds.
Portfolio turnover generally involves some expense to the
fund , including brokerage commissions or dealer
markups and other transaction costs on the sale of
securities and reinvestment in other securities. These
transactions may result in realization of taxable capital gains.
Portfolio turnover rates for the life of the fund are
shown in the section "Financial highlights."
Financial futures and options
The fund may purchase and sell financial futures contracts
and related options for hedging purposes.
Futures contracts on the Municipal Bond Index are
traded on the Chicago Board of Trade. This index is
intended to represent a numerical measure of market performance
for long-term tax-exempt bonds. An "index future" is a contract
to buy or sell units of a particular securities index at an
agreed price on a specified future date. Depending on the change
in value of the index between the time the fund enters
into and terminates an index futures contract, the fund
realizes a gain or loss. The fund may purchase and sell
futures contracts on the index (or any other tax-exempt
bond index approved for trading by the Commodity Futures Trading
Commission) to hedge against general changes in market values of
California tax-exempt securities that the fund owns or
expects to purchase. The fund may also purchase and sell
put and call options on index futures or on the indexes
directly, in addition to or as an alternative to purchasing and
selling index futures.
For hedging purposes, the fund may also purchase
and sell futures contracts and related options on U.S.
Treasury securities, including U.S. Treasury bills, notes and
bonds ("U.S. government securities") and options directly
on U.S. government securities. U.S. government securities
futures and options would be used for purposes similar to
index futures and options.
In addition, the fund may purchase put and call options
on, or warrants to purchase, California tax-exempt
securities , either directly or through custodial arrangements
in which the fund and other investors own an interest in
one or more options on California tax-exempt securities .
The use of futures and options involves certain special risks and
may result in realization of taxable income or capital gains.
Futures and options transactions involve costs and may result in
losses.
Certain risks arise from the possibility of imperfect
correlations between movements in the prices of financial futures
and options and movements in the prices of the underlying bond
index or U.S. government securities or of the California
tax-exempt securities that are the subject of the hedge.
The successful use of futures and options further depends on
Putnam Management's ability to forecast interest rate movements
correctly.
Other risks arise from the potential inability to
close out futures or options positions .
There can be no assurance that a liquid secondary market will
exist for any futures contract or option at a particular time.
Certain provisions of the Internal Revenue Code and certain
regulatory requirements may limit the use of futures and
options transactions.
A more detailed explanation of financial futures and options
transactions , including the risks associated with
them , is included in the SAI .
Other investment practices
The fund may also engage in the following
investment practices, each of which may result in taxable income
or capital gains and involves certain special risks. The
SAI contains more detailed information about these
practices, including limitations designed to reduce these risks.
Repurchase agreements and forward commitments. The fund
may enter into repurchase agreements on up to 25% of its assets.
These transactions must be fully collateralized at all times.
The fund may also purchase securities for future delivery,
which may increase its overall investment exposure and involves a
risk of loss if the value of the securities declines prior to the
settlement date. These transactions involve some risk to the
fund if the other party should default on its obligation and
the fund is delayed or prevented from recovering the
collateral or completing the transaction.
<PAGE>
Derivatives
Certain of the instruments in which the fund will invest, such as
futures contracts, options, forward contracts and inverse
floating obligations, are considered to be "derivatives."
Derivatives are financial instruments whose value depends upon,
or is derived from, the value of an underlying asset, such as a
security or an index. Further information about these
instruments and the risks involved in their use is included
elsewhere in this prospectus and in the SAI.
Limiting investment risk
Specific investment restrictions help the fund limit
investment risks for their shareholders. These restrictions
prohibit the fund from investing more than 15% of
its net assets in any combination of securities that are not
readily marketable, in securities restricted as to resale
(excluding restricted securities determined by the
Trustees (or the person designated by the Trustees to make
such determinations) to be readily marketable) ,
and in repurchase agreements maturing in more than seven days.
See the SAI for the full text of these policies and the
fund's other fundamental investment policies. Except for
investment policies designated as fundamental in this
prospectus or the SAI , the investment policies
described in this prospectus and in the SAI are not
fundamental investment policies. The Trustees may change any
non-fundamental investment policies without shareholder approval.
As a matter of policy, the Trustees would not materially change
the fund's investment objective without shareholder
approval.
HOW PERFORMANCE IS SHOWN
The fund's investment performance may from
time to time be included in advertisements about the fund .
"Yield" for each class of shares is calculated by dividing the
annualized net investment income per share during a recent 30-day
period by the maximum public offering price per share of
the class on the last day of that period.
For purposes of calculating yield , net investment
income is calculated in accordance with SEC regulations and may
differ from net investment income as determined for financial
reporting purposes. SEC regulations require that net investment
income be calculated on a "yield-to-maturity" basis, which has
the effect of amortizing any premiums or discounts in the current
market value of fixed income securities. The current
dividend rate is based on net investment income as determined for
tax purposes, which may not reflect amortization in the same
manner. See "How objectives are pursued -- Investments in
premium securities."
Yield is based on the price of shares, including the
maximum initial sales charge in the case of class A
shares, but does not reflect any contingent
deferred sales charge in the case of class B shares.
"Tax-equivalent yield" for each class of shares shows the effect
on performance of the tax-exempt status of distributions received
from the fund . It reflects the approximate yield that a
taxable investment must earn for shareholders at stated income
levels to produce an after-tax yield equivalent to a
class's tax-exempt yield.
"Total return" for the one-, five- and ten-year periods (or for
the life of a class, if shorter) through the most recent calendar
quarter represents the average annual compounded rate of return
on an investment of $1,000 in the fund invested at the
maximum public offering price (in the case of class A
shares) or reflecting the deduction of any applicable
contingent deferred sales charge (in the case of class B
shares). Total return may also be presented for other periods or
based on investment at reduced sales charge levels . Any
quotation of investment performance not reflecting the maximum
initial sales charge or contingent deferred sales charge would be
reduced if the sales charges were used.
All data are based on past investment results and
do not predict future performance.
Investment performance, which will vary, is based on many
factors, including market conditions, the composition of the
fund's portfolio, the fund's operating expenses and
which class of shares the investor purchases . Investment
performance also often reflects the risks associated with the
fund's investment objective and policies. These factors
should be considered when comparing the fund's investment
results with those of other mutual funds and other
investment vehicles.
Quotations of investment performance for any period when an
expense limitation was in effect will be greater than if the
limitation had not been in effect. The fund's performance
may be compared to that of various indexes. See the SAI.
HOW THE FUND IS MANAGED
The Trustees of the fund are responsible for generally
overseeing the conduct of the fund's business. Subject to
such policies as the Trustees may determine, Putnam Management
furnishes a continuing investment program for the fund and
makes investment decisions on its behalf. Subject to the control
of the Trustees, Putnam Management also manages the fund's
other affairs and business.
<PAGE>
The fund pays Putnam Management a quarterly fee for these
services based on the fund's average net assets. See "Expenses
summary" and the SAI.
The following officer of Putnam Management has had
primary responsibility for the day-to-day management of the
fund's portfolio since the year stated below:
Business experience
Year (at least 5 years)
---- --------------------------
James M. Prusko 1995 Employed as an investment
Assistant Vice President professional by Putnam
Management since 1992.
Prior to 1992, Mr. Prusko
was a Sales and Trading
Associate at Salomon
Brothers.
The fund pays all expenses not assumed by Putnam
Management, including Trustees' fees, auditing, legal, custodial,
investor servicing and shareholder reporting expenses, and
payments under its distribution plans (which are in turn
allocated to the relevant class of shares). Expenses of the
Trust directly charged or attributable to the fund will be
paid from the assets of the fund . General expenses of the
Trust will be allocated among and charged to the assets of the
fund on a basis that the Trustees deem fair and equitable,
which may be based on the relative assets of the fund or
the nature of the services performed and relative applicability
to the fund. The fund also reimburses Putnam Management
for the compensation and related expenses of certain officers
of the fund and their staff who provide administrative
services to the Trust . The total reimbursement is
determined annually by the Trustees.
Putnam Management places all orders for purchases and sales of
the fund's securities. In selecting broker-dealers,
Putnam Management may consider research and brokerage services
furnished to it and its affiliates. Subject to seeking the most
favorable price and execution available, Putnam Management may
consider sales of shares of the fund (and, if permitted by
law, of the other Putnam funds) as a factor in the selection of
broker-dealers.
ORGANIZATION AND HISTORY
Putnam California Tax Exempt Income Trust is a
Massachusetts business trust organized on December 17, 1982 .
A copy of the Agreement and Declaration of Trust, which is
governed by Massachusetts law, is on file with the
Secretary of State of The Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Prior
to June 1, 1994, the Trust was known as Putnam California Tax
Exempt Income Fund.
The fund is an open-end , non-diversified management
investment company with an unlimited number of authorized shares
of beneficial interest. Shares of the Trust may be divided
without shareholder approval into two or more series of
shares representing separate investment portfolios. Shares of
the Trust are currently divided into two series of shares:
Putnam California Tax Exempt Income Fund and Putnam California
Intermediate Tax Exempt Fund.
Any such series of shares may be divided without
shareholder approval into two or more classes of shares
having such preferences and special or relative rights and
privileges as the Trustees determine. The fund's
shares are currently divided into two classes. The fund may
also offer other classes of shares with different sales charges
and expenses. Because of these different sales charges and
expenses, the investment performance of the classes will vary.
For more information, contact your investment dealer or Putnam
Mutual Funds (at 1-800-225-1581) .
Each share has one vote, with fractional shares voting
proportionally. Shares of the Trust vote by individual series on
all matters except when required by the Investment
Company Act of 1940, shares of both series shall be voted in the
aggregate and when the Trustees have determined that the
matter affects only the interests of one series, in which case
only shareholders of such series shall be entitled to vote.
Shares of each class of the fund will vote together as a
single class except when otherwise required by law or as
determined by the Trustees.
If you own fewer shares than a minimum amount set by the Trustees
(presently 20 shares ), the fund may choose to redeem your
shares . You will receive at least 30 days' written
notice before the fund redeems your shares, and you may
purchase additional shares at any time to avoid a redemption.
The fund may also redeem shares if you own shares
above a maximum amount set by the Trustees. There is presently
no maximum , but the Trustees may establish one at any
time, which could apply to both present and future shareholders.
The Trust's Trustees : George Putnam,* Chairman.
President of the Putnam funds. Chairman and Director of Putnam
Management and Putnam Mutual Funds Corp. ("Putnam Mutual Funds").
Director, Marsh & McLennan Companies, Inc.; William F. Pounds,
Vice Chairman. Professor of Management, Alfred P. Sloan School
of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology ;
Jameson Adkins Baxter, President, Baxter Associates, Inc.; Hans
H. Estin, Vice Chairman, North American Management Corp.; John A.
Hill, Principal and Managing Director, First Reserve Corporation;
Elizabeth T. Kennan, President Emeritus and Professor ,
Mount Holyoke College; Lawrence J. Lasser,* Vice President of the
Putnam funds. President, Chief Executive Officer and Director of
Putnam Investments, Inc. and Putnam Management. Director, Marsh
& McLennan Companies, Inc.; Robert E. Patterson, Executive Vice
President, Cabot Partners Limited Partnership; Donald S.
Perkins, * Director of various corporations, including
AT&T, Kmart Corporation and Time Warner Inc.; George
Putnam, III,* President, New Generation Research, Inc. ; Eli
Shapiro, Alfred P. Sloan Professor of Management, Emeritus,
Alfred P. Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology ; A.J.C. Smith,* Chairman, Chief Executive Officer
and Director, Marsh & McLennan Companies, Inc.; and W. Nicholas
Thorndike, Director of various corporations and charitable
organizations, including Data General Corporation, Bradley Real
Estate, Inc. and Providence Journal Co. Also, Trustee of
Massachusetts General Hospital and Eastern Utilities Associates.
The Trust's Trustees are also Trustees of the
other Putnam funds. Those marked with an asterisk (*) are or
may be deemed to be "interested persons" of the Trust, the
fund, Putnam Management or Putnam Mutual Funds.
About Your Investment
ALTERNATIVE SALES ARRANGEMENTS
This prospectus offers investors two classes of
shares that bear sales charges in different forms and
amounts and that bear different levels of expenses :
Class A shares. An investor who purchases class A shares
pays a sales charge at the time of purchase. As a result,
class A shares are not subject to any charges when they
are redeemed , except for certain sales at net asset
value that are subject to a contingent deferred sales
charge ("CDSC") . Certain purchases of class A
shares qualify for reduced sales charges. Class A shares bear
a lower 12b-1 fee than class B shares. See "How to buy
shares -- Class A shares " and "Distribution
plans."
Class B shares. Class B shares are sold without an
initial sales charge, but are subject to a CDSC if
redeemed within a specified period after purchase. Class B
shares also bear a higher 12b-1 fee than class A
shares. Class B shares automatically convert into
class A shares , based on relative net asset value,
approximately eight years after purchase. For more
information about the conversion of class B shares, see the SAI.
This discussion will include information about how shares
acquired through reinvestment of distributions are treated for
conversion purposes. The discussion will also note certain
circumstances under which a conversion may not occur. Class
B shares provide an investor the benefit of putting all of the
investor's dollars to work from the time the investment is
made . Until conversion, class B shares will have a higher
expense ratio and pay lower dividends than class A shares
because of the higher 12b-1 fee. See "How to buy shares -
- - Class B shares " and "Distribution plans."
Which arrangement is best for you? The decision as to
which class of shares provides a more suitable investment for an
investor depends on a number of factors, including the amount and
intended length of the investment. Investors making investments
that qualify for reduced sales charges might consider
class A shares. Investors who prefer not to pay
an initial sales charge might consider class B shares.
Orders for class B shares for $250,000 or more
will be treated as orders for class A shares or declined.
For more information about these sales arrangements, consult your
investment dealer or Putnam Investor Services. Shares
may only be exchanged for shares of the same class of another
Putnam fund. See "How to exchange shares."
HOW TO BUY SHARES
You can open a fund account with as little as $500 and
make additional investments at any time with as little as $50.
You can buy fund shares three ways - through most
investment dealers, through Putnam Mutual Funds (at 1-800-225-
1581), or through a systematic investment plan. If you do not
have a dealer, Putnam Mutual Funds can refer you to one.
Buying shares through Putnam Mutual Funds. Complete an order
form and write a check for the amount you wish to invest,
payable to the fund. Return the completed form and check to
Putnam Mutual Funds, which will act as your agent in purchasing
shares through your designated investment dealer.
Buying shares through systematic investing. You can make regular
investments of $25 or more per month through automatic deductions
from your bank checking or savings account. Application
forms are available from your investment dealer or through Putnam
Investor Services.
Shares are sold at the public offering price based on the net
asset value next determined after Putnam Investor Services
receives your order. In most cases, in order to receive that
day's public offering price, Putnam Investor Services must
receive your order before the close of regular trading on the New
York Stock Exchange. If you buy shares through your investment
dealer, the dealer must receive your order before the close of
regular trading on the New York Stock Exchange to receive that
day's public offering price.
<PAGE>
Class A shares
The public offering price of Class A shares is the net asset
value plus a sales charge that varies depending on the size
of your purchase . The fund receives the net asset value.
The sales charge is allocated between your investment dealer
and Putnam Mutual Funds as shown in the following table, except
when Putnam Mutual Funds, in its discretion, allocates the entire
amount to your investment dealer.
Sales charge Amount of
as a percentage of: sales charge
-------------------
reallowed to
Net dealers
as a
Amount of transaction amount Offering
percentage of
at offering price ($) invested price offering
price
- -----------------------------------------------------------------
Under 100,000 3.36% 3.25% 3.00%
100,000 but under 250,000 2.56 2.50 2.25
250,000 but under 500,000 2.04 2.00 1.75
500,000 but under 1,000,000 1.52 1.50 1.25
- -----------------------------------------------------------------
There is no initial sales charge on purchases of class A
shares of $1 million or more. However, a CDSC of 1.00% or
0.50%, respectively, will be imposed if you redeem
these shares within the first or second year after purchase,
based on the lower of the shares' cost and current net asset
value. Any shares acquired by reinvestment of distributions will
be redeemed without a CDSC.
Shares purchased by certain investors investing $1 million
or more who have made arrangements with Putnam Mutual
Funds and whose dealer of record waived the commission as
described below are not subject to the CDSC. In
determining whether a CDSC is payable, the fund will first
redeem shares not subject to any charge. Putnam Mutual Funds
receives the entire amount of any CDSC you pay. See the
SAI for more information about the CDSC.
Putnam Mutual Funds pays investment dealers of record
commissions on sales of class A shares of $1 million or
more based on an investor's cumulative purchases during the one-
year period beginning with the date of the initial purchase at
net asset value. Each subsequent one-year measuring period for
these purposes will begin with the first net asset value
purchase following the end of the prior period. Such commissions
are paid at the rate of 1.00% of the amount under $3 million,
0.50% of the next $47 million and 0.25% thereafter.
Class B shares
Class B shares are sold without an initial sales charge, although
a CDSC will be imposed if you redeem shares within a specified
period after purchase, as shown in the table below . The
following types of shares may be redeemed without charge at any
time: (i) shares acquired by reinvestment of distributions and
(ii) shares otherwise exempt from the CDSC, as described in "How
to buy shares -- General" below. For other shares, the
amount of the charge is determined as a percentage of the lesser
of the current market value or the cost of the shares being
redeemed.
Year 1 2 3 4 5+
- ----------------------------------------------------------
Charge 3% 3% 2% 1% 0%
In determining whether a CDSC is payable on any redemption,
the fund will first redeem shares not subject to any
charge, and then shares held longest during the CDSC
period. For this purpose, the amount of any increase in a
share's value above its initial purchase price is not regarded as
a share exempt from the CDSC. Thus, when a share that has
appreciated in value is redeemed during the CDSC period, a
CDSC is assessed only on its initial purchase price. For
information on how sales charges are calculated if you exchange
your shares, see "How to exchange shares." Putnam Mutual Funds
receives the entire amount of any CDSC you pay.
General
You may be eligible to buy class A shares at reduced sales
charges.
Consult your investment dealer or Putnam Mutual Funds for
details about Putnam's combined purchase privilege, cumulative
quantity discount, statement of intention, group sales plan,
employee benefit plans, and other plans. Descriptions are
also included in the order form and in the SAI.
The fund may sell class A and class B shares at net asset
value without an initial sales charge or a CDSC to the Trust's
current and retired Trustees (and their families), current and
retired employees (and their families) of Putnam Management and
affiliates, registered representatives and other employees (and
their families) of broker-dealers having sales agreements with
Putnam Mutual Funds, employees (and their families) of financial
institutions having sales agreements with Putnam Mutual Funds (or
otherwise having an arrangement with a broker-dealer or financial
institution with respect to sales of fund shares),
financial institution trust departments investing an aggregate of
$1 million or more in Putnam funds, clients of certain
administrators of tax-qualified plans, tax-qualified
plans when proceeds from repayments of loans to participants are
invested (or reinvested) in Putnam funds, "wrap accounts" for the
benefit of clients of broker-dealers, financial institutions or
financial planners adhering to certain standards established by
Putnam Mutual Funds, and investors meeting certain requirements
who sold shares of certain Putnam closed-end funds pursuant to a
tender offer by the closed-end fund.
In addition, the fund may sell shares at net asset
value without an initial sales charge or a CDSC in connection
with the acquisition by the fund of assets of an
investment company or personal holding company . The CDSC
will be waived on redemptions of shares arising out of
the death or post-purchase disability of a
shareholder or settlor of a living trust account, and on
redemptions or in connection with certain withdrawals from
IRA or other retirement plans. Up to 12% of the value of
shares subject to a systematic withdrawal plan may also be
redeemed each year without a CDSC. The SAI contains
additional information about purchasing the fund's shares at
reduced sales charges.
Shareholders of other Putnam funds may be entitled to exchange
their shares for, or reinvest distributions from their funds in,
shares of the fund at net asset value.
If you are considering redeeming or exchanging shares or
transferring shares to another person shortly after purchase, you
should pay for those shares with a certified check to avoid any
delay in redemption, exchange or transfer. Otherwise the
fund may delay payment until the purchase price of those
shares has been collected or, if you redeem by telephone, until
15 calendar days after the purchase date. To eliminate
the need for safekeeping, the fund will not issue
certificates for your shares unless you request them.
Putnam Mutual Funds will from time to time , at its
expense, provide additional promotional incentives or payments to
dealers that sell shares of the Putnam funds. These
incentives or payments may include payments for travel expenses,
including lodging, incurred in connection with trips taken by
invited registered representatives and their guests to locations
within and outside the United States for meetings or seminars of
a business nature. In some instances, these incentives or
payments may be offered only to certain dealers who have sold or
may sell significant amounts of shares. Certain dealers may not
sell all classes of shares.
DISTRIBUTION PLANS
Class A distribution plan. The class A plan provides for
payments by the fund to Putnam Mutual Funds at the annual
rate of up to 0.35% of average net assets attributable to
class A shares. The Trustees currently limit
payments under the class A plan to the annual rate of
0.15% of such assets.
Putnam Mutual Funds makes quarterly payments to qualifying
dealers (including, for this purpose, certain financial
institutions) to compensate them for services provided in
connection with sales of class A shares and the
maintenance of shareholder accounts . The payments are
based on the average net asset value of class A shares
attributable to shareholders for whom the dealers are
designated as the dealer of record.
This calculation excludes until one year after purchase
shares purchased at net asset value , known as "NAV
shares," by shareholders investing $1 million or more .
NAV shares are not subject to the one-year exclusion provision in
cases where certain shareholders who invested $1 million or
more have made arrangements with Putnam Mutual Funds and
the dealer of record waived the sales commission.
Putnam Mutual Funds makes the quarterly payments
at the annual rate of 0.15% of such average net asset value for
class A shares.
Class B distribution plan. The class B plan provides for
payments by the fund to Putnam Mutual Funds at the
annual rate of up to 1.00% of average net assets attributable
to class B shares. The Trustees currently limit payments under
the class B plan to the annual rate 0.75% of such assets.
Although class B shares are sold without an initial sales charge,
Putnam Mutual Funds pays a sales commission equal to 2.75% of the
amount invested to dealers who sell class B shares. These
commissions are not paid on exchanges from other Putnam funds or
on sales to investors exempt from the CDSC.
In addition, to further compensate dealers (including qualifying
financial institutions) for services provided in connection with
sales of class B shares and the maintenance of shareholder
accounts , Putnam Mutual Funds makes quarterly payments to
qualifying dealers .
The payments are based on the average net asset value of
class B shares attributable to shareholders for
whom the dealers are designated as the dealer of record, except
for the first year's service fees for class B shares ,
which are prepaid as described above. Putnam Mutual Funds makes
the payments at an annual rate of 0.15% of such
average net asset value of class B shares.
General. Payments under the plans are intended to
compensate Putnam Mutual Funds for services provided and expenses
incurred by it as principal underwriter of fund
shares, including the payments to dealers mentioned above.
Putnam Mutual Funds may suspend or modify such payments to
dealers.
The payments are also subject to the continuation of the
relevant distribution plan , the terms of service
agreements between dealers and Putnam Mutual Funds, and any
applicable limits imposed by the National Association of
Securities Dealers, Inc.
HOW TO SELL SHARES
You can sell your shares to the fund any day the New York
Stock Exchange is open, either directly to the fund or
through your investment dealer. The fund will only redeem
shares for which it has received payment.
Selling shares directly to the fund . Send a signed letter
of instruction or stock power form to Putnam Investor Services,
along with any certificates that represent shares you want to
sell. The price you will receive is the next net asset value
calculated after the fund receives your request in proper
form less any applicable CDSC. In order to receive that day's
net asset value, Putnam Investor Services must receive your
request before the close of regular trading on the New York Stock
Exchange.
If you sell shares having a net asset value of $100,000 or
more, the signatures of registered owners or their legal
representatives must be guaranteed by a bank, broker-dealer or
certain other financial institutions. See the SAI for
more information about where to obtain a signature guarantee.
Stock power forms are available from your investment dealer,
Putnam Investor Services and many commercial banks.
If you want your redemption proceeds sent to an address other
than your address as it appears on Putnam's records, a signature
guarantee is required. Putnam Investor Services usually requires
additional documentation for the sale of shares by a corporation,
partnership, agent or fiduciary, or a surviving joint owner.
Contact Putnam Investor Services for details.
The fund generally sends you payment for your
shares the business day after your request is received. Under
unusual circumstances, the fund may suspend redemptions,
or postpone payment for more than seven days, as permitted by
federal securities law.
You may use Putnam's Telephone Redemption Privilege to redeem
shares valued up to $100,000 from your account unless you have
notified Putnam Investor Services of an address change within the
preceding 15 days. Unless an investor indicates otherwise on the
account application , Putnam Investor Services will be
authorized to act upon redemption and transfer instructions
received by telephone from a shareholder, or any person claiming
to act as his or her representative, who can provide Putnam
Investor Services with his or her account registration and
address as it appears on Putnam Investor Services' records.
Putnam Investor Services will employ these and other
reasonable procedures to confirm that instructions communicated
by telephone are genuine; if it fails to employ reasonable
procedures, Putnam Investor Services may be liable for any losses
due to unauthorized or fraudulent instructions. For information,
consult Putnam Investor Services.
During periods of unusual market changes and shareholder
activity, you may experience delays in contacting Putnam Investor
Services by telephone . In this event, you may wish to
submit a written redemption request, as described above, or
contact your investment dealer, as described below. The
Telephone Redemption Privilege is not available if you were
issued certificates for shares that remain
outstanding. The Telephone Redemption Privilege may be modified
or terminated without notice.
Selling shares through your investment dealer. Your dealer must
receive your request before the close of regular trading on the
New York Stock Exchange to receive that day's net asset value.
Your dealer will be responsible for furnishing all necessary
documentation to Putnam Investor Services, and may charge
you for its services.
HOW TO EXCHANGE SHARES
You can exchange their shares for shares of other Putnam
funds at net asset value beginning 15 days after purchase.
Not all Putnam funds offer all classes of shares. If the
other Putnam fund offers only one class of shares, only
class A shares may be exchanged for such class. If you
exchange shares subject to a CDSC, the transaction will not be
subject to the CDSC. However, when you redeem the shares
acquired through the exchange, the redemption may be subject to
the CDSC, depending upon when you originally purchased the shares
. The CDSC will be computed using the schedule of any
fund into or from which you have exchanged your shares that would
result in your paying the highest CDSC applicable to your class
of shares. Class B shares of most other Putnam funds have a
higher CDSC than the fund . For purposes of computing the
CDSC, the length of time you have owned your shares will be
measured from the date of original purchase and will not be
affected by any exchange.
To exchange your shares, simply complete an Exchange
Authorization Form and send it to Putnam Investor Services.
The form is available from Putnam Investor
Services. For federal income tax purposes, an exchange is
treated as a sale of shares and generally results in a capital
gain or loss. A Telephone Exchange Privilege is currently
available for amounts up to $500,000. Putnam Investor Services'
procedures for telephonic transactions are described above under
"How to sell shares." The Telephone Exchange Privilege is not
available if you were issued certificates of the fund for
shares that remain outstanding. Ask your investment
dealer or Putnam Investor Services for prospectuses of other
Putnam funds. Shares of certain Putnam funds are not available
to residents of all states.
The exchange privilege is not intended as a vehicle for short-
term trading. Excessive exchange activity may interfere with
portfolio management and have an adverse effect on all
shareholders. In order to limit excessive exchange activity and
in other circumstances where Putnam Management or the Trustees
believe doing so would be in the best interests of the
fund, the fund reserves the right to revise or
terminate the exchange privilege, limit the amount or number of
exchanges or reject any exchange. Shareholders would be notified
of any such action to the extent required by law. Consult Putnam
Investor Services before requesting an exchange. See the
SAI to find out more about the exchange privilege.
HOW THE FUND VALUES ITS SHARES
General . The values of tax-exempt securities (including
California tax-exempt securities ) are determined on the
basis of valuations provided by a pricing service approved by the
Trustees, which uses information with respect to transactions in
bonds, quotations from bond dealers, market transactions in
comparable securities and various relationships between
securities in determining value. The fund believes that
reliable market quotations are generally not readily available
for purposes of valuing its portfolio securities. As a result,
it is likely that most of the valuations provided by such pricing
service will be based upon fair value determined on the basis of
the factors listed above. Non-tax exempt securities for which
market quotations are readily available are valued at market
value. Short-term investments that will mature in 60 days or
less are valued at amortized cost, which approximates market
value. All other securities and assets are valued at their fair
value following procedures approved by the Trustees.
HOW THE FUND MAKES DISTRIBUTIONS TO SHAREHOLDERS ;
TAX INFORMATION
The fund declares all of its net interest income as a
distribution on each day it is open for business. Net interest
income consists of interest accrued on portfolio investments of
the fund , less accrued expenses, computed in each case
since the most recent determination of net asset value.
Normally, the fund pays distributions of net interest
income monthly. The fund will distribute at least
annually all net realized capital gains, if any, after applying
any available capital loss carryovers. Distributions paid by
the fund with respect to class A shares will
generally be greater than those paid with respect to class
B shares because expenses attributable to class B
shares will generally be higher.
You begin earning distributions on the business day after
Putnam Mutual Funds receives payment for your shares. It is your
responsibility to see that your dealer forwards payment promptly.
You can choose from three distribution options:
- Reinvest all distributions in additional shares </ R>
without a
sales charge;
- Receive distributions from net investment income
in cash while reinvesting capital gains distributions in
additional shares without a sales charge; or
- Receive all distributions in cash.
You can change your distribution option by notifying Putnam
Investor Services in writing. If you do not select an option
when you open your account, all distributions will be reinvested.
All distributions not paid in cash will be reinvested in
shares of the class on which the distributions are paid.
You will receive a statement confirming reinvestment of
distributions in additional shares (or in shares of other
Putnam funds for Dividends Plus accounts) promptly following the
quarter in which the reinvestment occurs.
If a check representing a fund distribution is not cashed
within a specified period, Putnam Investor Services will notify
you that you have the option of requesting another check or
reinvesting the distribution in the fund or in another
Putnam fund. If Putnam Investor Services does not receive your
election, the distribution will be reinvested in the fund .
Similarly, if correspondence sent by the fund or Putnam
Investor Services is returned as "undeliverable," fund
distributions will automatically be reinvested in the fund
or in another Putnam fund.
The fund intends to qualify as a "regulated investment
company" for federal income tax purposes and to meet all other
requirements necessary for it to be relieved of federal
taxes on income and gains it distributes to shareholders. The
fund will distribute substantially all of its
ordinary income and capital gain net income on a current basis.
Fund distributions designated as "exempt-interest
dividends" are not generally subject to federal income tax. In
addition, to the extent that distributions are derived from
interest on California tax-exempt securities , such
distributions will be exempt from California personal income tax
(but not from California franchise and corporate income tax).
However, if you receive social security or railroad
retirement benefits, you should consult your tax adviser to
determine what effect, if any, an investment in the fund
may have on the federal taxation of your benefits. California
does not tax any portion of social security or railroad
retirement benefits. In addition, an investment in the
fund may result in liability for federal alternative minimum
tax, both for individual and corporate shareholders.
The fund may at times purchase California tax-exempt
securities at a discount from the price at which they were
initially issued, especially during periods of rising interest
rates. For federal income tax and California personal income tax
purposes, some or all of this market discount will be included in
the fund's ordinary income and will be taxable to shareholders as
such when it is distributed to them.
All fund distributions other than exempt-interest
dividends will be taxable to you as ordinary income except that
any distributions of net long-term capital gains will be taxable
to you as such, regardless of how long you have held your shares.
Distributions will be taxable as described above whether received
in cash or in shares through the reinvestment of distributions.
For California tax purposes, distributions derived from
investments in other than (i) California tax-exempt
securities and (ii) obligations of the United States (or
other obligations) which pay interest exempt from California
personal income taxation under the Constitution or laws of the
United States will be taxable as ordinary income, whether paid in
cash or reinvested in additional shares.
Early in each year Putnam Investor Services will notify
you of the amount and tax status of distributions paid to you
for the preceding year.
The foregoing is a summary of certain federal and California tax
consequences of investing in the fund . You should consult
your tax adviser to determine the precise effect of an investment
in the fund on your particular tax situation (including
possible liability for federal alternative minimum tax and
state and local taxes).
About Putnam Investments, Inc.
Putnam Management has been managing mutual funds since 1937.
Putnam Mutual Funds is the principal underwriter of the
fund and of other Putnam funds. Putnam Fiduciary Trust
Company is the fund's custodian . Putnam Investor
Services, a division of Putnam Fiduciary Trust Company, is the
fund's investor servicing and transfer agent.
Putnam Management, Putnam Mutual Funds and Putnam Fiduciary Trust
Company are subsidiaries of Putnam Investments, Inc., which is
wholly owned by Marsh & McLennan Companies, Inc., a publicly-
owned holding company whose principal businesses are
international insurance and reinsurance brokerage, employee
benefit consulting and investment management.
<PAGE>
Putnam California Intermediate Tax Exempt Fund
One Post Office Square
Boston, MA 02109
FUND INFORMATION:
INVESTMENT MANAGER
Putnam Investment Management, Inc.
One Post Office Square
Boston, MA 02109
MARKETING SERVICES
Putnam Mutual Funds Corp.
One Post Office Square
Boston, MA 02109
INVESTOR SERVICING AGENT
Putnam Investor Services
Mailing address:
P.O. Box 41203
Providence, RI 02940-1203
CUSTODIAN
Putnam Fiduciary Trust Company
One Post Office Square
Boston, MA 02109
LEGAL COUNSEL
Ropes & Gray
One International Place
Boston, MA 02110
INDEPENDENT ACCOUNTANTS
Price Waterhouse LLP
160 Federal Street
Boston, MA 02110
PUTNAMINVESTMENTS
One Post Office Square
Boston, Massachusetts 02109
Toll-free 1-800-225-1581
<PAGE>
PUTNAM CALIFORNIA TAX EXEMPT INCOME
FUND
PUTNAM CALIFORNIA TAX EXEMPT MONEY MARKET FUND
FORM N-1A
PART B
STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ("SAI")
February 1, 1996
This SAI is not a prospectus and is only authorized
for distribution when accompanied or preceded by the
prospectus of Putnam California Tax Exempt Income Fund
(the "Income Fund"), a series of Putnam California Tax Exempt
Income Trust (the "Trust") , and Putnam California Tax
Exempt Money Market Fund (the "Money Market Fund") dated February
1, 1996 , as revised from time to time. This SAI
contains information which may be useful to investors but which
is not included in the prospectus. The Income Fund and
the Money Market Fund are referred to in this SAI as
the "funds." If a fund has more than one current
prospectus , each reference to the prospectus in
this SAI shall include all of the fund's
prospectuses , unless otherwise noted. The SAI should
be read together with the applicable prospectus . Investors
may obtain a free copy of the applicable prospectus from
Putnam Investor Services, Mailing address: P.O. Box 41203,
Providence, RI 02940-1203.
Part I of this SAI contains specific information about the
funds. Part II includes information about the
funds and the other Putnam funds.
<PAGE>
Table of Contents
Part I Page
CALIFORNIA TAX - EXEMPT SECURITIES. . . . . . . . . . . .I-3
INVESTMENT RESTRICTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I-6
CHARGES AND EXPENSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I-
9
AMORTIZED COST VALUATION AND DAILY DIVIDENDS (THE MONEY MARKET
FUND) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I- 14
INVESTMENT PERFORMANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-15
ADDITIONAL OFFICERS. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . I-18
INDEPENDENT ACCOUNTANTS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENTS . .I- 18
Part II
MISCELLANEOUS INVESTMENT PRACTICES . . . . . . . . . . . . II-1
TAXES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .II- 25
MANAGEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II- 31
DETERMINATION OF NET ASSET VALUE . . . . . . . . . .II- 40
HOW TO BUY SHARES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II- 42
DISTRIBUTION PLAN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II- 54
INVESTOR SERVICES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II- 55
SIGNATURE GUARANTEES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II- 61
SUSPENSION OF REDEMPTIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . .II- 61
SHAREHOLDER LIABILITY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .II- 61
STANDARD PERFORMANCE MEASURES. . . . . . . . . . . .II- 62
COMPARISON OF PORTFOLIO PERFORMANCE. . . . . . . . . II- 63
DEFINITIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II- 67
<PAGE>
SAI
PART I
CALIFORNIA TAX - EXEMPT SECURITIES
General description. As used in the prospectus and in
this SAI , the term "California tax-exempt
securities " includes debt obligations issued by California,
its political subdivisions (for example, counties, cities, towns,
villages, districts and authorities) and their agencies,
instrumentalities or other governmental units, the interest from
which is, in the opinion of bond counsel, exempt from federal
income tax and California personal income tax. Such obligations
are issued to obtain funds for various public purposes, including
the construction of a wide range of public facilities, such as
airports, bridges, highways, housing, hospitals, mass
transportation, schools, streets, and water and sewer works.
Other public purposes for which California tax-exempt
securities may be issued include the refunding of outstanding
obligations or the payment of general operating expenses.
Short-term California tax-exempt securities are generally
issued by state and local governments and public authorities as
interim financing in anticipation of tax collections, revenue
receipts, or bond sales to finance such public purposes. In
addition, certain types of "private activity" bonds may be issued
by public authorities to finance such projects as privately
operated housing facilities and certain local facilities for
water supply, gas, electricity or sewage or solid waste disposal,
student loans, or the obtaining of funds to lend to public or
private institutions for the construction of facilities such as
educational, hospital and housing facilities. Such obligations
are included within the term California tax-exempt
securities if the interest paid thereon is, in the opinion of
bond counsel, exempt from federal income tax and California
personal income tax (such interest may, however, be
subject to federal alternative minimum tax). Other types of
private activity bonds, the proceeds of which are used for the
construction, repair or improvement of, or to obtain equipment
for, privately operated industrial or commercial facilities, may
constitute California tax-exempt securities , although the
current federal tax laws place substantial limitations on the
size of such issues. California tax-exempt securities
also include short-term discount notes (tax-exempt commercial
paper), which are promissory notes issued by municipalities to
enhance their cash flows.
Participation interests. The Money Market Fund may invest in
California tax-exempt securities either by purchasing them
directly or by purchasing certificates of accrual or similar
instruments evidencing direct ownership of interest payments or
principal payments, or both, on California tax-exempt securities,
provided that, in the opinion of counsel to the initial seller of
each such certificate or instrument, any discount accruing on a
certificate or instrument that is purchased at a yield not
greater than the coupon rate of interest on the related
California tax-exempt securities will be exempt from federal
income tax to the same extent as interest on such securities.
The Money Market Fund may also invest in California tax-exempt
securities by purchasing from banks participation interests in
all or part of specific holdings of California tax-exempt
securities. These participations may be backed in whole or in
part by an irrevocable letter of credit or guarantee of the
selling bank. The selling bank may receive a fee from the Money
Market Fund in connection with the arrangement. The Money Market
Fund will not purchase such participation interests unless it
receives an opinion of counsel or a ruling of the Internal
Revenue Service that interest earned by it on California tax-
exempt securities in which it holds such participation interests
is exempt from federal income tax. The Money Market Fund does
not expect to invest more than 5% of its assets in participation
interests.
Stand-by commitments. When a fund purchases California
tax-exempt securities , it has the authority to acquire
stand-by commitments from banks and broker-dealers with respect
to those California tax-exempt securities . A stand-by
commitment may be considered a security independent of the
California tax-exempt security to which it relates. The
amount payable by a bank or dealer during the time a stand-by
commitment is exercisable, absent unusual circumstances, would be
substantially the same as the market value of the underlying
California tax-exempt security to a third party at any
time. Each fund expects that stand-by commitments
generally will be available without the payment of direct or
indirect consideration. The funds do not expect to assign
any value to stand-by commitments.
Yields. The yields on California tax-exempt securities
depend on a variety of factors, including general money market
conditions, effective marginal tax rates, the financial condition
of the issuer, general conditions of the California tax-exempt
security market, the size of a particular offering, the
maturity of the obligation and the rating of the issue. The
ratings of Moody's Investors Service, Inc. ("Moody's") and
Standard & Poor's ("S&P") represent their opinions as to the
quality of the California tax-exempt securities which they
undertake to rate. It should be emphasized, however, that
ratings are general and are not absolute standards of quality.
Consequently, California tax-exempt securities with the
same maturity and interest rate but with different ratings may
have the same yield. Yield disparities may occur for reasons not
directly related to the investment quality of particular issues
or the general movement of interest rates, due to such factors as
changes in the overall demand or supply of various types of
California tax-exempt securities or changes in the
investment objectives of investors. Subsequent to purchase by a
fund , an issue of California tax-exempt securities
or other investments may cease to be rated or its rating may be
reduced below the minimum rating required for purchase by such
fund . Neither event will require the elimination of an
investment from the fund's portfolio, but Putnam
Management will consider such an event in its determination of
whether the fund should continue to hold an investment in
its portfolio.
"Moral obligation" bonds. The funds do not currently
intend to invest in so-called "moral obligation" bonds,
where repayment is backed by a moral commitment of an entity
other than the issuer, unless the credit of the issuer itself,
without regard to the "moral obligation," meets the investment
criteria established for investments by such fund .
Additional risks. Securities in which the funds may
invest, including California tax-exempt securities , are
subject to the provisions of bankruptcy, insolvency and other
laws affecting the rights and remedies of creditors, such as the
federal Bankruptcy Code (including special provisions related
to municipalities and other public entities) , and laws, if
any, which may be enacted by Congress or state legislatures
extending the time for payment of principal or interest, or both,
or imposing other constraints upon enforcement of such
obligations. There is also the possibility that as a result of
litigation or other conditions the power , ability or
willingness of issuers to meet their obligations for the
payment of interest and principal on their California tax-
exempt securities may be materially affected.
From time to time, proposals have been introduced before Congress
for the purpose of restricting or eliminating the federal income
tax exemption for interest on debt obligations issued by states
and their political subdivisions. Federal tax laws limit the
types and amounts of tax-exempt bonds issuable for certain
purposes, especially for industrial development bonds and private
activity bonds. Such limits may affect the future supply and
yields of these types of California tax-exempt securities .
Further proposals limiting the issuance of tax-exempt bonds may
well be introduced in the future. If it appeared that the
availability of California tax-exempt securities for
investment by a fund and the value of that fund's
portfolio could be materially affected by such changes in law,
the Trustees of the fund would reevaluate its investment
objectives and policies and consider changes in the structure of
the fund or its dissolution.
<PAGE>
INVESTMENT RESTRICTIONS
As fundamental investment restrictions, which may not be changed
without a vote of a majority of its outstanding voting
securities, each of the funds may not and will not:
(1) Borrow money in excess of 10% of the value (taken at the
lower of cost or current value) of its total assets (not
including the amount borrowed) at the time the borrowing is made,
and then only from banks as a temporary measure to facilitate the
meeting of redemption requests (not for leverage) which might
otherwise require the untimely disposition of portfolio
investments or for extraordinary or emergency purposes. Such
borrowings will be repaid before any additional investments are
purchased.
(2) Pledge, hypothecate, mortgage, or otherwise encumber its
assets in excess of 10% of its total assets (taken at the lower
of cost or current value) in connection with borrowings permitted
by restriction 1 above (relating to permitted bank borrowings).
(3) Purchase securities on margin, except such short-term
credits as may be necessary for the clearance of purchases and
sales of securities, but it may make margin payments in
connection with financial futures contracts or related options.
(4) Make short sales of securities or maintain a short position
for the account of the fund unless at all times when a
short position is open it owns an equal amount of such securities
or owns securities which, without payment of any further
consideration, are convertible into or exchangeable for
securities of the same issue as, and equal in amount to, the
securities sold short.
(5) Underwrite securities issued by other persons except to the
extent that, in connection with the disposition of its portfolio
investments, it may be deemed to be an underwriter under certain
federal securities laws.
(6) Purchase or sell real estate, although it may purchase
securities which are secured by or represent interests in real
estate.
(7) Purchase or sell commodities or commodity contracts except
financial futures contracts and related options.
(8) Make loans, except by purchase of debt obligations in which
the fund may invest consistent with its investment
policies, and through repurchase agreements.
<PAGE>
(9) Invest in securities of any issuer if, to the knowledge of
the fund , officers and Trustees of the fund and
officers and directors of Putnam Management who beneficially own
more than 0.5% of the securities of that issuer together own more
than 5%.
(10) Invest in securities of any issuer if, immediately after
such investment, more than 5% of the total assets of the
fund taken at current value would be invested in the
securities of such issuer; provided that this limitation does not
apply to obligations issued or guaranteed as to interest and
principal by the U.S. government or its agencies or
instrumentalities or by the State of California or its political
subdivisions.
(11) Purchase securities which are restricted as to resale, if,
as a result, such investments would exceed 15% of the value of
the fund's net assets, excluding restricted securities
that have been determined by the Trustees of the fund (or
the person designated by them to make such determinations) to be
readily marketable.
(12) Purchase securities (other than securities of the U.S.
government, its agencies or instrumentalities or the State of
California or its political subdivisions) if as a result of such
purchase more than 25% of the fund's total assets would be
invested in any one industry.
(13) Acquire more than 10% of the voting securities of any
issuer.
(14) Issue any class of securities which is senior to the
fund's shares of beneficial interest.
<PAGE>
It is contrary to the present policy of each of the funds ,
which policy may be changed without shareholder approval, to:
(1) Invest in securities of registered open-end investment
companies, except as they may be acquired as part of a merger,
consolidation or acquisition of assets or by purchases in the
open market involving only customary brokers' commissions.
(2) Engage in puts, calls, straddles, spreads or any combination
thereof, except that the fund may buy and sell call and
put options (and any combination) thereof on securities, on
financial futures contracts and on securities indices and may, in
connection with the purchase of fixed-income securities, acquire
attached warrants or other rights to subscribe for securities of
companies issuing such fixed-income securities or securities of
parents or subsidiaries of such companies. (The fund's
investment policies do not currently permit them to exercise
warrants or rights with respect to equity securities.)
(3) Invest in securities of any issuer if the party responsible
for payment, together with any predecessor, has been in operation
for less than three years, and, as a result of the investment,
the aggregate of such investments would exceed 5% of the value of
the fund's net assets; provided, however, that this
restriction shall not apply to any obligation of the United
States or its agencies or for the payment of which is pledged the
faith, credit and taxing power of any person authorized to issue
California tax-exempt securities .
(4) Buy or sell oil, gas or other mineral leases, rights or
royalty contracts.
(5) Invest in (a) securities which at the time of such
investment are not readily marketable, (b) securities restricted
as to resale (excluding securities determined by the Trustees of
the fund (or the person designated by the Trustees
of the Trust to make such determinations) to be readily
marketable), and (c) repurchase agreements maturing in more than
seven days, if, as a result, more than 15% of the fund's
net assets (taken at current value) would be invested in
securities described in (a), (b) and (c) above.
Although certain of the funds' fundamental investment
restrictions permit the funds to borrow money to a limited
extent, neither fund currently intends to do so and neither fund
did do so last year.
-----------------------
<PAGE>
All percentage limitations on investments will apply at
the time of the making of an investment and shall not be
considered violated unless an excess or deficiency occurs or
exists immediately after and as a result of such investment.
The Investment Company Act of 1940 provides that a "vote of a
majority of the outstanding voting securities" of a fund
means the affirmative vote of the lesser of (1) more than 50% of
the outstanding shares of such fund or (2) 67% or more of
the shares present at a meeting if more than 50% of the
outstanding shares are represented at the meeting in person or by
proxy.
CHARGES AND EXPENSES
Management fees
Under a Management Contract (dated as set forth below), each
fund pays a quarterly fee to Putnam Management based on the
average net assets of that fund, as determined at the close of
each business day during the quarter, at the following rates
(expressed as a percentage of each fund's average net assets):
Fund name Contract date Rates
Income Fund 7/11/91 0.60% of the first $500 million
0.50% of the next $500 million
0.45% of the next $500 million
0.40% of any amount over $1.5
billion
Money Market Fund 7/9/92 0.45% of the first $500 million
0.35% of the next $500 million
0.30% of the next $500 million
0.25% of any amount over $1.5
billion
For the past three fiscal years, pursuant to its Management
Contract, each fund incurred the following fees:
Fiscal Management
year fee paid
------ ----------
Income Fund 1995 $15,817,546
1994 $16,608,364
1993 $14,851,520
Money Market Fund 1995 $214,060
1994 $217,108
1993 $241,375
<PAGE>
Brokerage commissions
The following table shows brokerage commissions paid during the
fiscal periods indicated. It is anticipated that most purchases
and sales of portfolio investments will be with the issuer or
with major dealers acting as principal. Accordingly, it is not
anticipated that either fund will pay significant brokerage
commissions. During fiscal 1993, 1994 and 1995, the Money Market
Fund paid no brokerage commissions.
Fiscal Brokerage
year commissions
------ ------------
Income Fund 1995 $226,174
1994 $0
1993 $0
The following table shows transactions placed with brokers and
dealers during the most recent fiscal year to recognize research,
statistical and quotation services Putnam Management considered
to be particularly useful to it and its affiliates.
Dollar
value Percent of
of these total Amount of
transactions transactions commissions
------------ ------------ -----------
Income Fund $18,871,848 1.45% $128,688
Administrative expense reimbursement
Each fund reimbursed Putnam Management in the following amounts
for administrative services during fiscal 1995, including the
following amounts for compensation of certain officers of the
Funds and contributions to the Putnam Investments, Inc. Profit
Sharing Retirement Plan for their benefit:
Portion of total
reimbursement for
compensation
Total and
reimbursement contributions
------------- ----------------
Income Fund $51,342 $50,043
Money Market Fund $5,100 $4,971
<PAGE>
Trustee fees
Each Trustee receives a fee for his or her
services. Each Trustee also receives fees for serving as Trustee
of other Putnam funds. The Trustees periodically review their
fees to assure that such fees continue to be appropriate in light
of their responsibilities as well as in relation to fees paid to
trustees of other mutual fund complexes. The Trustees meet
monthly over a two-day period, except in August. The
Compensation Committee, which consists solely of Trustees not
affiliated with Putnam Management and is responsible for
recommending Trustee compensation, estimates that
Committee and Trustee meeting time together with the appropriate
preparation requires the equivalent of at least three business
days per Trustee meeting. The following table shows the year
each Trustee was first elected a Trustee of the Putnam funds,
the fees paid to each Trustee by each fund for fiscal 1995
and the fees paid to each Trustee by all of the Putnam funds
during calendar year 1995 :
COMPENSATION TABLE
Total
Aggregate compensation *
from: compensation
from
Income Money Market all
Putnam
Trustee/Year Fund Fund
funds**
Jameson A. Baxter/1994 $5,029 $425
$150,854
Hans H. Estin/1972 5,028 424
150,854
John A. Hill/1985*** 5,004 423
149,854
Elizabeth T. Kennan/1992 4,965 421
148,854
Lawrence J. Lasser/1992 5,028 424
150,854
Robert E. Patterson/1984 5,090 427
152,854
Donald S. Perkins/1982 5,028 424
150,854
William F. Pounds/1971 5,006 423
149,854
George Putnam/1957 5,028 424
150,854
George Putnam, III/1984 5,028 424 150,854
Eli Shapiro/1995**** 2,036 174
95,372
A.J.C. Smith/1986 4,999 423
149,854
W. Nicholas Thorndike/1992 5,090 427
152,854
* Includes an annual retainer and an attendance fee for
each meeting attended.
** Reflects total payments received from all Putnam funds in
the most recent calendar year. As of December 31,
1995, there were 99 funds in the Putnam
family.
*** Includes amounts of compensation deferred pursuant to a
Trustee Compensation Deferral Plan. The total amount
of deferred compensation payable to Mr. Hill by all
Putnam funds as of September 30, 1995 was $26,395,
including income earned on such amounts.
**** Elected as a Trustee in April 1995.
<PAGE>
The Trustees have approved Retirement Guidelines
for Trustees of the Putnam funds. These Guidelines
provide generally that a Trustee who retires after reaching age
72 and who has at least 10 years of continuous service will be
eligible to receive a retirement benefit from each Putnam fund
for which he or she served as a Trustee. The amount and form of
such benefit is subject to determination annually by the Trustees
and, unless otherwise determined by the Trustees, will be an
annual cash benefit payable for life equal to one-half of the
Trustee retainer fees paid by each fund at the time of
retirement. Several retired Trustees are currently receiving
benefits pursuant to the Guidelines and it is anticipated that
the current Trustees will receive similar benefits upon
their retirement. A Trustee who retired in calendar
1995 and was eligible to receive benefits under these
Guidelines would have received an annual benefit of
$66,749 , based upon the aggregate retainer fees paid by
the Putnam funds for such year. The Trustees reserve the
right to amend or terminate such Guidelines and the related
payments at any time, and may modify or waive the foregoing
eligibility requirements when deemed appropriate.
For additional information concerning the Trustees, see
"Management " in Part II of this SAI.
Share ownership
At December 31, 1995, the officers and Trustees of each
fund as a group owned less than 1% of the outstanding shares
of that fund, (or, in the case of the Income Fund, any
class of that fund), and , except as noted below, to
the knowledge of each fund no person owned of record or
beneficially 5% or more of the shares of that fund, (or in the
case of the Income Fund, any class of that fund.)
Shareholder name Percentage
Fund name Class and address owned
----------- ----- ----------------------------- --------
Income Fund A Merrill Lynch Pierce Fenner & 10.10%
Smith Inc.
250 Vesey Street
World Financial Center
North Tower
NYC, NY 10281
B Merrill Lynch Pierce Fenner & 8.90%
Smith Inc
250 Vesey Street
World Financial Center
North Tower
NYC, NY 10281
M R C Dudek & Co Inc. 9.20%
ATTN. Liz Perell
800 Del Norte Blvd.
Oxnard, CA 93030-8971
M Scott T. Jacks 8.10%
Marsh A. Jacks, TTEEs
Jacks Living Trust
116 Mast Mall
Marina Del Ray, CA 90292-5986
M William L. Rosenberg 6.20%
Ruth Rosenberg TTEEs
Rosenberg Family Trust
3875 Vista Linda Drive
Encino, CA 91316-4455
Distribution fees
During fiscal 1995, the Income Fund paid the following 12b-1
fees to Putnam Mutual Funds :
Class A Class BClass M
- - ------ ------- -------
$6,284,039 $3,170,121 $6,750
Class A sales charges and contingent deferred sales charges
Putnam Mutual Funds received sales charges with respect to
class A shares of the Income Fund in the following amounts
during the periods indicated:
Sales charges
retained by Putnam Contingent
Total Mutual Funds deferred
front-end after sales
sales chargesdealer concessionscharges
- --------------------------------------
Fiscal year
- -----------
1995$4,813,579 $342,059 $91,127
1994$10,267,664 $673,215 $0
1993$21,381,778$1,027,363 $0
Class B contingent deferred sales charges
Putnam Mutual Funds received contingent deferred sales charges
upon redemptions of class B shares of the Income Fund in the
following amounts during the periods indicated:
<PAGE>
Contingent deferred
sales charges
-------------------
Fiscal year
- -----------
1995 $984,761
1994 $777,478
1993 $97,829
Class M sales charges
Putnam Mutual Funds received sales charges with respect to class
M shares of the Income Fund in the following amount during the
1995 fiscal year:
Sales charges
retained by Putnam
Mutual Funds
Total after
sales charges dealer concessions
- ------------- ------------------
$22,103 $1,781
Investor servicing and custody fees and expenses
During the 1995 fiscal year, each fund incurred
the following fees and out-of-pocket expenses for investor
servicing and custody services provided by Putnam Fiduciary Trust
Company :
Income Fund $2,408,741
Money Market Fund $110,238
AMORTIZED COST VALUATION AND DAILY DIVIDENDS (THE MONEY MARKET
FUND)
The valuation of the Money Market Fund's portfolio instruments at
amortized cost is permitted in accordance with Securities and
Exchange Commission Rule 2a-7 and certain procedures adopted by
the Trustees. The amortized cost of an instrument is determined
by valuing it at cost originally and thereafter amortizing any
discount or premium from its face value at a constant rate until
maturity, regardless of the effect of fluctuating interest rates
on the market value of the instrument. Although the amortized
cost method provides certainty in valuation, it may result at
times in determinations of value that are higher or lower than
the price the Money Market Fund would receive if the instruments
were sold. Consequently, in the absence of circumstances
described below, changes in the market value of portfolio
instruments during periods of rising or falling interest rates
will not be reflected either in the computation of net asset
value of the Money Market Fund's portfolio or in the daily
computation of net income. Under procedures adopted by the
Trustees, the Money Market Fund must maintain a dollar-weighted
average portfolio maturity of 90 days or less, purchase only
instruments having remaining maturities of 397 days or less and
invest in securities determined to be of high quality with
minimal credit risks. The Trustees have also established
procedures designed to stabilize, to the extent reasonably
possible, the Money Market Fund's price per share as computed for
the purpose of distribution, redemption and repurchase at $1.00.
Such procedures will include review of the Money Market Fund's
portfolio holdings by the Trustees, at such intervals as they may
deem appropriate, to determine whether the Money Market Fund's
net asset value calculated by using readily available market
quotations deviates from $1.00 per share, and, if so, whether
such deviation may result in material dilution or is otherwise
unfair to existing shareholders. In the event the Trustees
determine that such a deviation exists, they will take such
corrective action as they regard as necessary and appropriate,
including the sale of portfolio instruments prior to maturity to
realize capital gains or losses or to shorten average portfolio
maturity; withholding dividends; redemption of shares in kind; or
establishing a net asset value per share by using readily
available market quotations.
Since the net income of the Money Market Fund is declared as a
dividend each time it is determined, the net asset value per
share of the Money Market Fund remains at $1.00 per share
immediately after such determination and dividend declaration.
Any increase in the value of a shareholder's investment in the
Money Market Fund representing the reinvestment of dividend
income is reflected by an increase in the number of shares of the
Money Market Fund in the shareholder's account on the fifth day
of the next month (or, if that day is not a business day, on the
next business day). It is expected that the Money Market Fund's
net income will be positive each time it is determined. However,
if because of realized losses on sales of portfolio investments,
a sudden rise in interest rates, or for any other reason the net
income of the Money Market Fund determined at any time is a
negative amount, the Money Market Fund will offset such amount
allocable to each shareholder's account from dividends accrued
during the month with respect to such account. If at the time of
payment of a dividend (either at the regular monthly dividend
payment date, or, in the case of a shareholder who is withdrawing
all or substantially all of the shares in an account, at the time
of withdrawal), such negative amount exceeds a shareholder's
accrued dividends, the Money Market Fund will reduce the number
of outstanding shares by treating the shareholder as having
contributed to the capital of the Money Market Fund that number
of full and fractional shares which represent the amount of the
excess. Each shareholder is deemed to have agreed to such
contribution in these circumstances by his or her investment in
the Money Market Fund.
INVESTMENT PERFORMANCE
Standard performance measures
(for periods ended 9/30/95)
Income Fund
Class A Class B Class M***
Inception date: 4/29/83 1/4/93 2/14/95
Total
return NAV* POP** NAV CDSC NAV POP
- -----------------------------------------------------------------
1 year 10.07% 4.88% 9.47% 4.47%
5 years 8.46 7.42
10 years 9.18 8.65
Life of class 8.99 8.56 5.55 4.21 6.56% 3.13%
Class A Class B Class M
Yield POP NAV POP
30-day
Yield 5.14% 4.65% 4.78%
Tax-equivalent
yield**** 9.56 8.65 8.89
Money Market Fund
Yield NAV
7-day
Yield 3.05%
Tax-exempt
effective yield 3.10%
Tax-equivalent
yield**** 5.67
*net asset value
**public offering price
***Period represents cumulative, rather than average annual total
return.
**** Assumes the maximum combined 46.24% federal and state tax
rate. Results for investors subject to lower tax rates would not
be as advantageous.
Data represent past performance and are not indicative of future
results. Total return and yield at POP for class A and class M
shares of the Income Fund reflect the deduction of the
maximum sales charge of 4.75% and 3.25%, respectively. Total
return at CDSC for class B shares of the Income Fund reflects
the deduction of the applicable contingent deferred sales
charge (CDSC). The maximum class B CDSC is 5.0%. See
"Standard performance measures " in Part II of this SAI
for information on how performance is calculated.
Past performance is no guarantee of future results.
EQUIVALENT YIELDS: TAX-EXEMPT VERSUS TAXABLE SECURITIES
The table below shows the effect of the tax status of
California tax-exempt securities on the effective yield received
by their individual holders under the federal income tax and
California personal income tax laws currently in effect for 1996.
It gives the approximate yield a taxable security must earn at
various income levels to produce after-tax yields equivalent to
those of California tax-exempt securities yielding from 2.0% to
9.0%.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
- -----------------------------------------------------------------
- -------------------------------------------------------
Combined
Taxable Income* California
Tax-exempt yield
------------------------ and
- -----------------------------------------------------------------
- -
federal
Joint*** Single*** rate** 2% 3%
4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9%
- -----------------------------------------------------------------
- -------------------------------------------------------
Equivalent
taxable yield
- -----------------------------------------------------------------
- -------------------------------------------------------
<C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
<C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
0 - 9,662 0 - 4,831 15.85% 2.38% 3.57%
4.75% 5.94% 7.13% 8.32% 9.51% 10.70%
9,663 - 22,8984,832 - 11,449 16.70%
2.40% 3.60% 4.80% 6.00% 7.20% 8.40%9.60% 10.80%
22,899 - 36,13611,450 - 18,068 18.40%
2.45% 3.68% 4.90% 6.13% 7.35% 8.58%9.80% 11.03%
36,137 - 40,10018,069 - 24,000 20.10%
2.50% 3.75% 5.01% 6.26% 7.51% 8.76% 10.01%
11.26%
40,101 - 50,16624,001 - 25,083 32.32%
2.96% 4.43% 5.91% 7.39% 8.87% 10.34% 11.82%
13.30%
50,167 - 63,40025,084 - 31,700 33.76%
3.02% 4.53% 6.04% 7.55% 9.06% 10.57% 12.08%
13.59%
63,401 - 96,90031,701 - 58,150 34.70%
3.06% 4.59% 6.13% 7.66% 9.19% 10.72% 12.25%
13.78%
96,901 -147,70058,151 -109,936 37.42%
3.20% 4.79% 6.39% 7.99% 9.59% 11.19% 12.78%
14.38%
--- 109,937 -121,300 37.90% 3.22%
4.83% 6.44% 8.05% 9.66% 11.27% 12.86% 14.49%
147,701 - 219,872 --- 41.95%
3.45% 5.17% 6.89% 8.61% 10.34% 12.06% 13.78%
15.50%
219,873 - 263,750121,301 - 219,872 42.40%
3.47% 5.21% 6.94% 8.68% 10.42% 12.15% 13.89%
15.63%
--- 219,873 - 263,750 43.04% 3.51%
5.27% 7.02% 8.78% 10.53% 12.29% 14.04% 15.80%
263,751 - 439,744 --- 45.64%
3.68% 5.52% 7.36% 9.20% 11.04% 12.88% 14.72%
16.56%
over 439,744 over 263,750 46.24%
3.72% 5.58% 7.44% 9.30% 11.16% 13.02% 14.88%
16.74%
- -----------------------------------------------------------------
- -------------------------------------------------------
* This amount represents taxable income as defined in the
Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code"). It
assumed that taxable income as defined in the Code is the
same as under the California Revenue and Taxation
Code ; however , California taxable income may differ
due to differences in exemptions, itemized deductions,
and other items.
** For federal tax purposes, these combined rates reflect the
marginal rates on taxable income currently in effect for
1996 . For California personal income tax purposes,
the table reflects the tax rates currently in effect
for 1995; the brackets for 1996 may change due to the
indexing provisions of California law , and the 1996
California personal income tax rates have not yet been
released. (These combined rated include the effect of
deducting state income taxes on your federal return.)
*** The amount of taxable income in certain brackets may
be affected by the phase-out of personal exemptions and
the limitation on itemized deductions based upon adjusted
gross income under the Code, and under the California
Revenue and Taxation Code.
</TABLE> Of course, there is no assurance that the
funds will
achieve any specific tax - exempt yield. While it is
expected that the funds will invest principally in
obligations which pay interest exempt from federal income tax and
California personal income tax, other income received by the
funds may be taxable. The table does not take into
account any state or local taxes payable on fund
distributions except for California personal income tax.
ADDITIONAL OFFICERS
The Trust
In addition to the persons listed as officers of the Trust or
the Money Market Fund in Part II of this SAI, each of
the following persons is also a Vice President of the Trust or
the Money Market Fund and Vice President of certain of the Putnam
funds . Officers of Putnam Management hold the same offices
in Putnam Management's parent company, Putnam Investments, Inc.
Gary N. Coburn, Senior Managing Director of Putnam
Management.
James E. Erickson, Managing Director of Putnam
Management.
Blake E. Anderson, Senior Vice President of Putnam
Management .
William H. Reeves, Senior Vice President of Putnam
Management.
INDEPENDENT ACCOUNTANTS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Price Waterhouse LLP , 160 Federal Street, Boston, MA 02110,
are the funds' independent accountants, providing audit
services, tax return review and other tax consulting services and
assistance and consultation in connection with the review of
various Securities and Exchange Commission filings. The Reports
of Independent Accountants , financial highlights and
financial statements included in the funds' Annual Reports
for the fiscal year ended September 30, 1994, filed
electronically on November 30, 1995 and December 1, 1995 (811-
3630 for the Income Fund and 811-5333 for the Money Market
Fund , respectively) , are incorporated by reference into
this SAI . The financial highlights included in the
prospectus are incorporated by reference into this SAI and
the financial statements incorporated by reference into the
prospectus and this SAI have been so included and
incorporated in reliance upon the report of the independent
accountants, given on their authority as experts in auditing and
accounting.
<PAGE>
<PAGE>
TABLE OF CONTENTS
MISCELLANEOUS INVESTMENT PRACTICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-1
TAXES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .II-25
MANAGEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .II-31
DETERMINATION OF NET ASSET VALUE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .II-40
HOW TO BUY SHARES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .II-42
DISTRIBUTION PLANS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .II-54
INVESTOR SERVICES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .II-55
SIGNATURE GUARANTEES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .II-61
SUSPENSION OF REDEMPTIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .II-61
SHAREHOLDER LIABILITY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .II-61
STANDARD PERFORMANCE MEASURES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .II-62
COMPARISON OF PORTFOLIO PERFORMANCE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .II-63
DEFINITIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .II-67
<PAGE>
THE PUTNAM FUNDS
STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ("SAI")
PART II
The following information applies generally to your fund and to
the other Putnam funds. In certain cases the discussion applies
to some but not all of the funds or their shareholders, and you
should refer to your prospectus to determine whether the matter
is applicable to you or your fund. You will also be referred to
Part I for certain information applicable to your particular
fund. Shareholders who purchase shares at net asset value
through employer-sponsored defined contribution plans should also
consult their employer for information about the extent to which
the matters described below apply to them.
MISCELLANEOUS INVESTMENT PRACTICES
Your fund's prospectus states which of the following investment
practices are available to your fund. The fact that your fund is
authorized to engage in a particular practice does not
necessarily mean that it will actually do so. You should
disregard any practice described below which is not mentioned in
the prospectus.
Short-term Trading
In seeking the fund's objectives(s), Putnam Management will buy
or sell portfolio securities whenever Putnam Management believes
it appropriate to do so. In deciding whether to sell a portfolio
security, Putnam Management does not consider how long the fund
has owned the security. From time to time the fund will buy
securities intending to seek short-term trading profits. A
change in the securities held by the fund is known as "portfolio
turnover" and generally involves some expense to the fund. This
expense may include brokerage commissions or dealer markups and
other transaction costs on both the sale of securities and the
reinvestment of the proceeds in other securities. If sales of
portfolio securities cause the fund to realize net short-term
capital gains, such gains will be taxable as ordinary income. As
a result of the fund's investment policies, under certain market
conditions the fund's portfolio turnover rate may be higher than
that of other mutual funds. Portfolio turnover rate for a fiscal
year is the ratio of the lesser of purchases or sales of
portfolio securities to the monthly average of the value of
portfolio securities -- excluding securities whose maturities at
acquisition were one year or less. The fund's portfolio turnover
rate is not a limiting factor when Putnam Management considers a
change in the fund's portfolio.
<PAGE>
Lower-rated Securities
The fund may invest in lower-rated fixed-income securities
(commonly known as "junk bonds"), to the extent described in the
prospectus. The lower ratings of certain securities held by the
fund reflect a greater possibility that adverse changes in the
financial condition of the issuer or in general economic
conditions, or both, or an unanticipated rise in interest rates,
may impair the ability of the issuer to make payments of interest
and principal. The inability (or perceived inability) of issuers
to make timely payment of interest and principal would likely
make the values of securities held by the fund more volatile and
could limit the fund's ability to sell its securities at prices
approximating the values the fund had placed on such securities.
In the absence of a liquid trading market for securities held by
it, the fund at times may be unable to establish the fair value
of such securities.
Securities ratings are based largely on the issuer's historical
financial condition and the rating agencies' analysis at the time
of rating. Consequently, the rating assigned to any particular
security is not necessarily a reflection of the issuer's current
financial condition, which may be better or worse than the rating
would indicate. In addition, the rating assigned to a security
by Moody's Investors Service, Inc. or Standard & Poor's (or by
any other nationally recognized securities rating organization)
does not reflect an assessment of the volatility of the
security's market value or the liquidity of an investment in the
security. See the prospectus or Part I of this SAI for a
description of security ratings.
Like those of other fixed-income securities, the values of
lower-rated securities fluctuate in response to changes in
interest rates. A decrease in interest rates will generally
result in an increase in the value of the fund's assets.
Conversely, during periods of rising interest rates, the value of
the fund's assets will generally decline. The values of lower-
rated securities may often be affected to a greater extent by
changes in general economic conditions and business conditions
affecting the issuers of such securities and their industries.
Negative publicity or investor perceptions may also adversely
affect the values of lower-rated securities. Changes by
recognized rating services in their ratings of any fixed-income
security and changes in the ability of an issuer to make payments
of interest and principal may also affect the value of these
investments. Changes in the value of portfolio securities
generally will not affect income derived from these securities,
but will affect the fund's net asset value. The fund will not
necessarily dispose of a security when its rating is reduced
below its rating at the time of purchase. However, Putnam
Management will monitor the investment to determine whether its
retention will assist in meeting the fund's investment
objective(s).
Issuers of lower-rated securities are often highly leveraged, so
that their ability to service their debt obligations during an
economic downturn or during sustained periods of rising interest
rates may be impaired. Such issuers may not have more
traditional methods of financing available to them and may be
unable to repay outstanding obligations at maturity by
refinancing. The risk of loss due to default in payment of
interest or repayment of principal by such issuers is
significantly greater because such securities frequently are
unsecured and subordinated to the prior payment of senior
indebtedness.
At times, a substantial portion of the fund's assets may be
invested in securities as to which the fund, by itself or
together with other funds and accounts managed by Putnam
Management and its affiliates, holds all or a major portion.
Although Putnam Management generally considers such securities to
be liquid because of the availability of an institutional market
for such securities, it is possible that, under adverse market or
economic conditions or in the event of adverse changes in the
financial condition of the issuer, the fund could find it more
difficult to sell these securities when Putnam Management
believes it advisable to do so or may be able to sell the
securities only at prices lower than if they were more widely
held. Under these circumstances, it may also be more difficult
to determine the fair value of such securities for purposes of
computing the fund's net asset value. In order to enforce its
rights in the event of a default under such securities, the fund
may be required to participate in various legal proceedings or
take possession of and manage assets securing the issuer's
obligations on such securities. This could increase the fund's
operating expenses and adversely affect the fund's net asset
value. In the case of tax-exempt funds, any income derived from
the fund's ownership or operation of such assets would not be
tax-exempt. The ability of a holder of a tax-exempt security to
enforce the terms of that security in a bankruptcy proceeding may
be more limited than would be the case with respect to privately-
issued securities. In addition, the fund's intention to qualify
as a "regulated investment company" under the Internal Revenue
Code may limit the extent to which the fund may exercise its
rights by taking possession of such assets.
Certain securities held by the fund may permit the issuer at its
option to "call," or redeem, its securities. If an issuer were
to redeem securities held by the fund during a time of declining
interest rates, the fund may not be able to reinvest the proceeds
in securities providing the same investment return as the
securities redeemed.
If the fund's prospectus describes so-called "zero-coupon" bonds
and "payment-in-kind" bonds as possible investments, the fund may
invest without limit in such bonds unless otherwise specified in
the prospectus. Zero-coupon bonds are issued at a significant
discount from their principal amount in lieu of paying interest
periodically. Payment-in-kind bonds allow the issuer, at its
option, to make current interest payments on the bonds either in
cash or in additional bonds. Because zero-coupon and payment-in-
kind bonds do not pay current interest in cash, their value is
subject to greater fluctuation in response to changes in market
interest rates than bonds that pay interest currently. Both
zero-coupon and payment-in-kind bonds allow an issuer to avoid
the need to generate cash to meet current interest payments.
Accordingly, such bonds may involve greater credit risks than
bonds paying interest currently in cash. The fund is required to
accrue interest income on such investments and to distribute such
amounts at least annually to shareholders even though such bonds
do not pay current interest in cash. Thus, the fund could be
required at times to liquidate investments in order to satisfy
its dividend requirements.
To the extent the fund invests in securities in the lower rating
categories, the achievement of the fund's goals is more dependent
on Putnam Management's investment analysis than would be the case
if the fund were investing in securities in the higher rating
categories. This may be particularly true with respect to tax-
exempt securities, as the amount of information about the
financial condition of an issuer of tax-exempt securities may not
be as extensive as that which is made available by corporations
whose securities are publicly traded.
Investments in Miscellaneous Fixed Income Securities
Unless otherwise specified in the prospectus or elsewhere in this
SAI, if the fund may invest in inverse floating obligations,
premium securities, or interest-only or principal-only classes of
mortgage-backed securities, it may do so without limit. The
fund, however, currently does not intend to invest more than 15%
of its assets in inverse floating obligations under normal market
conditions.
Private Placements
The fund may invest in securities that are purchased in private
placements and, accordingly, are subject to restrictions on
resale as a matter of contract or under federal securities laws.
Because there may be relatively few potential purchasers for such
investments, especially under adverse market or economic
conditions or in the event of adverse changes in the financial
condition of the issuer, the fund could find it more difficult to
sell such securities when Putnam Management believes it advisable
to do so or may be able to sell such securities only at prices
lower than if such securities were more widely held. At times,
it may also be more difficult to determine the fair value of such
securities for purposes of computing the fund's net assets value.
Mortgage Related Securities
The fund may invest in mortgage-backed securities, including
collateralized mortgage obligations ("CMOs") and certain stripped
mortgage-backed securities. CMOs and other mortgage-backed
securities represent a participation in, or are secured by,
mortgage loans.
Mortgage-backed securities have yield and maturity
characteristics corresponding to the underlying assets. Unlike
traditional debt securities, which may pay a fixed rate of
interest until maturity, when the entire principal amount comes
due, payments on certain mortgage-backed securities include both
interest and a partial repayment of principal. Besides the
scheduled repayment of principal, repayments of principal may
result from the voluntary prepayment, refinancing, or foreclosure
of the underlying mortgage loans. If property owners make
unscheduled prepayments of their mortgage loans, these
prepayments will result in early payment of the applicable
mortgage-related securities. In that event the fund may be
unable to invest the proceeds from the early payment of the
mortgage-related securities in an investment that provides as
high a yield as the mortgage-related securities. Consequently,
early payment associated with mortgage-related securities may
cause these securities to experience significantly greater price
and yield volatility than that experienced by traditional fixed-
income securities. The occurrence of mortgage prepayments is
affected by factors including the level of interest rates,
general economic conditions, the location and age of the mortgage
and other social and demographic conditions. During periods of
falling interest rates, the rate of mortgage prepayments tends to
increase, thereby tending to decrease the life of mortgage-
related securities. During periods of rising interest rates, the
rate of mortgage prepayments usually decreases, thereby tending
to increase the life of mortgage-related securities. If the life
of a mortgage-related security is inaccurately predicted, the
fund may not be able to realize the rate of return it expected.
Mortgage-backed securities are less effective than other types of
securities as a means of "locking in" attractive long-term
interest rates. One reason is the need to reinvest prepayments
of principal; another is the possibility of significant
unscheduled prepayments resulting from declines in interest
rates. These prepayments would have to be reinvested at lower
rates. As a result, these securities may have less potential for
capital appreciation during periods of declining interest rates
than other securities of comparable maturities, although they may
have a similar risk of decline in market value during periods of
rising interest rates.
Prepayments may cause losses in securities purchased at a
premium. At times, some of the mortgage-backed securities in
which the fund may invest will have higher than market interest
rates and therefore will be purchased at a premium above their
par value. Unscheduled prepayments, which are made at par, will
cause the fund to experience a loss equal to any unamortized
premium.
CMOs may be issued by a U.S. government agency or instrumentality
or by a private issuer. Although payment of the principal of,
and interest on, the underlying collateral securing privately
issued CMOs may be guaranteed by the U.S. government or its
agencies or instrumentalities, these CMOs represent obligations
solely of the private issuer and are not insured or guaranteed by
the U.S. government, its agencies or instrumentalities or any
other person or entity.
Prepayments could cause early retirement of CMOs. CMOs are
designed to reduce the risk of prepayment for investors by
issuing multiple classes of securities, each having different
maturities, interest rates and payment schedules, and with the
principal and interest on the underlying mortgages allocated
among the several classes in various ways. Payment of interest
or principal on some classes or series of CMOs may be subject to
contingencies or some classes or series may bear some or all of
the risk of default on the underlying mortgages. CMOS of
different classes or series are generally retired in sequence as
the underlying mortgage loans in the mortgage pool are repaid.
If enough mortgages are repaid ahead of schedule, the classes or
series of a CMO with the earliest maturities generally will be
retired prior to their maturities. Thus, the early retirement of
particular classes or series of a CMO held by the fund would have
the same effect as the prepayment of mortgages underlying other
mortgage-backed securities.
Prepayments could result in losses on stripped mortgage-backed
securities. Stripped mortgage-backed securities are usually
structured with two classes that receive different portions of
the interest and principal distributions on a pool of mortgage
loans. The fund may invest in both the interest-only or "IO"
class and the principal-only or "PO" class. The yield to
maturity on an IO class of stripped mortgage-backed securities is
extremely sensitive not only to changes in prevailing interest
rates but also to the rate of principal payments (including
prepayments) on the underlying assets. A rapid rate of principal
prepayments may have a measurable adverse effect on the fund's
yield to maturity to the extent it invests in IOs. If the assets
underlying the IO experience greater than anticipated prepayments
of principal, the fund may fail to recoup fully its initial
investment in these securities. Conversely, POs tend to increase
in value if prepayments are greater than anticipated and decline
if prepayments are slower than anticipated.
The secondary market for stripped mortgage-backed securities may
be more volatile and less liquid than that for other mortgage-
backed securities, potentially limiting the fund's ability to buy
or sell those securities at any particular time.
Securities Loans
The fund may make secured loans of its portfolio securities, on
either a short-term or long-term basis, amounting to not more
than 25% of its total assets, thereby realizing additional
income. The risks in lending portfolio securities, as with other
extensions of credit, consist of possible delay in recovery of
the securities or possible loss of rights in the collateral
should the borrower fail financially. As a matter of policy,
securities loans are made to broker-dealers pursuant to
agreements requiring that the loans be continuously secured by
collateral consisting of cash or short-term debt obligations at
least equal at all times to the value of the securities on loan,
"marked-to-market" daily. The borrower pays to the fund an
amount equal to any dividends or interest received on securities
lent. The fund retains all or a portion of the interest received
on investment of the cash collateral or receives a fee from the
borrower. Although voting rights, or rights to consent, with
respect to the loaned securities may pass to the borrower, the
fund retains the right to call the loans at any time on
reasonable notice, and it will do so to enable the fund to
exercise voting rights on any matters materially affecting the
investment. The fund may also call such loans in order to sell
the securities.
Forward Commitments
The fund may enter into contracts to purchase securities for a
fixed price at a future date beyond customary settlement time
("forward commitments") if the fund holds, and maintains until
the settlement date in a segregated account, cash or high-grade
debt obligations in an amount sufficient to meet the purchase
price, or if the fund enters into offsetting contracts for the
forward sale of other securities it owns. In the case of to-be-
announced ("TBA") purchase commitments, the unit price and the
estimated principal amount are established when the fund enters
into a contract, with the actual principal amount being within a
specified range of the estimate. Forward commitments may be
considered securities in themselves, and involve a risk of loss
if the value of the security to be purchased declines prior to
the settlement date, which risk is in addition to the risk of
decline in the value of the fund's other assets. Where such
purchases are made through dealers, the fund relies on the dealer
to consummate the sale. The dealer's failure to do so may result
in the loss to the fund of an advantageous yield or price.
Although the fund will generally enter into forward commitments
with the intention of acquiring securities for its portfolio or
for delivery pursuant to options contracts it has entered into,
the fund may dispose of a commitment prior to settlement if
Putnam Management deems it appropriate to do so. The fund may
realize short-term profits or losses upon the sale of forward
commitments.
The fund may enter into TBA sale commitments to hedge its
portfolio positions or to sell securities it owns under delayed
delivery arrangements. Proceeds of TBA sale commitments are not
received until the contractual settlement date. During the time
a TBA sale commitment is outstanding, equivalent deliverable
securities, or an offsetting TBA purchase commitment deliverable
on or before the sale commitment date, are held as "cover" for
the transaction. Unsettled TBA sale commitments are valued at
current market value of the underlying securities. If the TBA
sale commitment is closed through the acquisition of an
offsetting purchase commitment, the fund realizes a gain or loss
on the commitment without regard to any unrealized gain or loss
on the underlying security. If the fund delivers securities
under the commitment, the fund realizes a gain or loss from the
sale of the securities based upon the unit price established at
the date the commitment was entered into.
Repurchase Agreements
The fund may enter into repurchase agreements up to the limit
specified in the prospectus. A repurchase agreement is a
contract under which the fund acquires a security for a
relatively short period (usually not more than one week) subject
to the obligation of the seller to repurchase and the fund to
resell such security at a fixed time and price (representing the
fund's cost plus interest). It is the fund's present intention
to enter into repurchase agreements only with commercial banks
and registered broker-dealers and only with respect to
obligations of the U.S. government or its agencies or
instrumentalities. Repurchase agreements may also be viewed as
loans made by the fund which are collateralized by the securities
subject to repurchase. Putnam Management will monitor such
transactions to ensure that the value of the underlying
securities will be at least equal at all times to the total
amount of the repurchase obligation, including the interest
factor. If the seller defaults, the fund could realize a loss on
the sale of the underlying security to the extent that the
proceeds of sale including accrued interest are less than the
resale price provided in the agreement including interest. In
addition, if the seller should be involved in bankruptcy or
insolvency proceedings, the fund may incur delay and costs in
selling the underlying security or may suffer a loss of principal
and interest if the fund is treated as an unsecured creditor and
required to return the underlying collateral to the seller's
estate.
Pursuant to an exemptive order issued by the Securities and
Exchange Commission, the fund may transfer uninvested cash
balances into a joint account, along with cash of other Putnam
funds and certain other accounts. These balances may be invested
in one or more repurchase agreements and/or short-term money
market instruments.
Options on Securities
Writing covered options. The fund may write covered call options
and covered put options on optionable securities held in its
portfolio, when in the opinion of Putnam Management such
transactions are consistent with the fund's investment
objective(s) and policies. Call options written by the fund give
the purchaser the right to buy the underlying securities from the
fund at a stated exercise price; put options give the purchaser
the right to sell the underlying securities to the fund at a
stated price.
The fund may write only covered options, which means that, so
long as the fund is obligated as the writer of a call option, it
will own the underlying securities subject to the option (or
comparable securities satisfying the cover requirements of
securities exchanges). In the case of put options, the fund will
hold cash and/or high-grade short-term debt obligations equal to
the price to be paid if the option is exercised. In addition,
the fund will be considered to have covered a put or call option
if and to the extent that it holds an option that offsets some or
all of the risk of the option it has written. The fund may write
combinations of covered puts and calls on the same underlying
security.
The fund will receive a premium from writing a put or call
option, which increases the fund's return on the underlying
security in the event the option expires unexercised or is closed
out at a profit. The amount of the premium reflects, among other
things, the relationship between the exercise price and the
current market value of the underlying security, the volatility
of the underlying security, the amount of time remaining until
expiration, current interest rates, and the effect of supply and
demand in the options market and in the market for the underlying
security. By writing a call option, the fund limits its
opportunity to profit from any increase in the market value of
the underlying security above the exercise price of the option
but continues to bear the risk of a decline in the value of the
underlying security. By writing a put option, the fund assumes
the risk that it may be required to purchase the underlying
security for an exercise price higher than its then-current
market value, resulting in a potential capital loss unless the
security subsequently appreciates in value.
The fund may terminate an option that it has written prior to its
expiration by entering into a closing purchase transaction, in
which it purchases an offsetting option. The fund realizes a
profit or loss from a closing transaction if the cost of the
transaction (option premium plus transaction costs) is less or
more than the premium received from writing the option. If the
fund writes a call option but does not own the underlying
security, and when it writes a put option, the fund may be
required to deposit cash or securities with its broker as
"margin," or collateral, for its obligation to buy or sell the
underlying security. As the value of the underlying security
varies, the fund may have to deposit additional margin with the
broker. Margin requirements are complex and are fixed by
individual brokers, subject to minimum requirements currently
imposed by the Federal Reserve Board and by stock exchanges and
other self-regulatory organizations.
Purchasing put options. The fund may purchase put options to
protect its portfolio holdings in an underlying security against
a decline in market value. Such protection is provided during
the life of the put option since the fund, as holder of the
option, is able to sell the underlying security at the put
exercise price regardless of any decline in the underlying
security's market price. In order for a put option to be
profitable, the market price of the underlying security must
decline sufficiently below the exercise price to cover the
premium and transaction costs. By using put options in this
manner, the fund will reduce any profit it might otherwise have
realized from appreciation of the underlying security by the
premium paid for the put option and by transaction costs.
Purchasing call options. The fund may purchase call options to
hedge against an increase in the price of securities that the
fund wants ultimately to buy. Such hedge protection is provided
during the life of the call option since the fund, as holder of
the call option, is able to buy the underlying security at the
exercise price regardless of any increase in the underlying
security's market price. In order for a call option to be
profitable, the market price of the underlying security must rise
sufficiently above the exercise price to cover the premium and
transaction costs.
Risk Factors in Options Transactions
The successful use of the fund's options strategies depends on
the ability of Putnam Management to forecast correctly interest
rate and market movements. For example, if the fund were to
write a call option based on Putnam Management's expectation that
the price of the underlying security would fall, but the price
were to rise instead, the fund could be required to sell the
security upon exercise at a price below the current market price.
Similarly, if the fund were to write a put option based on Putnam
Management's expectation that the price of the underlying
security would rise, but the price were to fall instead, the fund
could be required to purchase the security upon exercise at a
price higher than the current market price.
When the fund purchases an option, it runs the risk that it will
lose its entire investment in the option in a relatively short
period of time, unless the fund exercises the option or enters
into a closing sale transaction before the option's expiration.
If the price of the underlying security does not rise (in the
case of a call) or fall (in the case of a put) to an extent
sufficient to cover the option premium and transaction costs, the
fund will lose part or all of its investment in the option. This
contrasts with an investment by the fund in the underlying
security, since the fund will not realize a loss if the
security's price does not change.
The effective use of options also depends on the fund's ability
to terminate option positions at times when Putnam Management
deems it desirable to do so. There is no assurance that the fund
will be able to effect closing transactions at any particular
time or at an acceptable price.
If a secondary market in options were to become unavailable, the
fund could no longer engage in closing transactions. Lack of
investor interest might adversely affect the liquidity of the
market for particular options or series of options. A market may
discontinue trading of a particular option or options generally.
In addition, a market could become temporarily unavailable if
unusual events -- such as volume in excess of trading or clearing
capability -- were to interrupt its normal operations.
A market may at times find it necessary to impose restrictions on
particular types of options transactions, such as opening
transactions. For example, if an underlying security ceases to
meet qualifications imposed by the market or the Options Clearing
Corporation, new series of options on that security will no
longer be opened to replace expiring series, and opening
transactions in existing series may be prohibited. If an options
market were to become unavailable, the fund as a holder of an
option would be able to realize profits or limit losses only by
exercising the option, and the fund, as option writer, would
remain obligated under the option until expiration or exercise.
Disruptions in the markets for the securities underlying options
purchased or sold by the fund could result in losses on the
options. If trading is interrupted in an underlying security,
the trading of options on that security is normally halted as
well. As a result, the fund as purchaser or writer of an option
will be unable to close out its positions until options trading
resumes, and it may be faced with considerable losses if trading
in the security reopens at a substantially different price. In
addition, the Options Clearing Corporation or other options
markets may impose exercise restrictions. If a prohibition on
exercise is imposed at the time when trading in the option has
also been halted, the fund as purchaser or writer of an option
will be locked into its position until one of the two
restrictions has been lifted. If the Options Clearing
Corporation were to determine that the available supply of an
underlying security appears insufficient to permit delivery by
the writers of all outstanding calls in the event of exercise, it
may prohibit indefinitely the exercise of put options. The fund,
as holder of such a put option, could lose its entire investment
if the prohibition remained in effect until the put option's
expiration.
Foreign-traded options are subject to many of the same risks
presented by internationally-traded securities. In addition,
because of time differences between the United States and various
foreign countries, and because different holidays are observed in
different countries, foreign options markets may be open for
trading during hours or on days when U.S. markets are closed. As
a result, option premiums may not reflect the current prices of
the underlying interest in the United States.
Over-the-counter ("OTC") options purchased by the fund and assets
held to cover OTC options written by the fund may, under certain
circumstances, be considered illiquid securities for purposes of
any limitation on the fund's ability to invest in illiquid
securities.
Futures Contracts and Related Options
Subject to applicable law, and unless otherwise specified in the
prospectus, the fund may invest without limit in the types of
futures contracts and related options identified in the
prospectus for hedging and non-hedging purposes. The use of
futures and options transactions for purposes other than hedging
entails greater risks. A financial futures contract sale creates
an obligation by the seller to deliver the type of financial
instrument called for in the contract in a specified delivery
month for a stated price. A financial futures contract purchase
creates an obligation by the purchaser to take delivery of the
type of financial instrument called for in the contract in a
specified delivery month at a stated price. The specific
instruments delivered or taken, respectively, at settlement date
are not determined until on or near that date. The determination
is made in accordance with the rules of the exchange on which the
futures contract sale or purchase was made. Futures contracts
are traded in the United States only on commodity exchanges or
boards of trade -- known as "contract markets" -- approved for
such trading by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (the
"CFTC"), and must be executed through a futures commission
merchant or brokerage firm which is a member of the relevant
contract market.
Although futures contracts (other than index futures) by their
terms call for actual delivery or acceptance of commodities or
securities, in most cases the contracts are closed out before the
settlement date without the making or taking of delivery.
Closing out a futures contract sale is effected by purchasing a
futures contract for the same aggregate amount of the specific
type of financial instrument or commodity with the same delivery
date. If the price of the initial sale of the futures contract
exceeds the price of the offsetting purchase, the seller is paid
the difference and realizes a gain. Conversely, if the price of
the offsetting purchase exceeds the price of the initial sale,
the seller realizes a loss. If the fund is unable to enter into
a closing transaction, the amount of the fund's potential loss is
unlimited. The closing out of a futures contract purchase is
effected by the purchaser's entering into a futures contract
sale. If the offsetting sale price exceeds the purchase price,
the purchaser realizes a gain, and if the purchase price exceeds
the offsetting sale price, he realizes a loss. In general 40% of
the gain or loss arising from the closing out of a futures
contract traded on an exchange approved by the CFTC is treated as
short-term gain or loss, and 60% is treated as long-term gain or
loss.
Unlike when the fund purchases or sells a security, no price is
paid or received by the fund upon the purchase or sale of a
futures contract. Upon entering into a contract, the fund is
required to deposit with its custodian in a segregated account in
the name of the futures broker an amount of cash and/or U.S.
government securities. This amount is known as "initial margin."
The nature of initial margin in futures transactions is different
from that of margin in security transactions in that futures
contract margin does not involve the borrowing of funds to
finance the transactions. Rather, initial margin is similar to a
performance bond or good faith deposit which is returned to the
fund upon termination of the futures contract, assuming all
contractual obligations have been satisfied. Futures contracts
also involve brokerage costs.
Subsequent payments, called "variation margin" or "maintenance
margin," to and from the broker (or the custodian) are made on a
daily basis as the price of the underlying security or commodity
fluctuates, making the long and short positions in the futures
contract more or less valuable, a process known as "marking to
the market." For example, when the fund has purchased a futures
contract on a security and the price of the underlying security
has risen, that position will have increased in value and the
fund will receive from the broker a variation margin payment
based on that increase in value. Conversely, when the fund has
purchased a security futures contract and the price of the
underlying security has declined, the position would be less
valuable and the fund would be required to make a variation
margin payment to the broker.
The fund may elect to close some or all of its futures positions
at any time prior to their expiration in order to reduce or
eliminate a hedge position then currently held by the fund. The
fund may close its positions by taking opposite positions which
will operate to terminate the fund's position in the futures
contracts. Final determinations of variation margin are then
made, additional cash is required to be paid by or released to
the fund, and the fund realizes a loss or a gain. Such closing
transactions involve additional commission costs.
Options on futures contracts. The fund may purchase and write
call and put options on futures contracts it may buy or sell and
enter into closing transactions with respect to such options to
terminate existing positions. Options on future contracts give
the purchaser the right in return for the premium paid to assume
a position in a futures contract at the specified option exercise
price at any time during the period of the option. The fund may
use options on futures contracts in lieu of writing or buying
options directly on the underlying securities or purchasing and
selling the underlying futures contracts. For example, to hedge
against a possible decrease in the value of its portfolio
securities, the fund may purchase put options or write call
options on futures contracts rather than selling futures
contracts. Similarly, the fund may purchase call options or
write put options on futures contracts as a substitute for the
purchase of futures contracts to hedge against a possible
increase in the price of securities which the fund expects to
purchase. Such options generally operate in the same manner as
options purchased or written directly on the underlying
investments.
As with options on securities, the holder or writer of an option
may terminate his position by selling or purchasing an offsetting
option. There is no guarantee that such closing transactions can
be effected.
The fund will be required to deposit initial margin and
maintenance margin with respect to put and call options on
futures contracts written by it pursuant to brokers' requirements
similar to those described above in connection with the
discussion of futures contracts.
Risks of transactions in futures contracts and related options.
Successful use of futures contracts by the fund is subject to
Putnam Management's ability to predict movements in various
factors affecting securities markets, including interest rates.
Compared to the purchase or sale of futures contracts, the
purchase of call or put options on futures contracts involves
less potential risk to the fund because the maximum amount at
risk is the premium paid for the options (plus transaction
costs). However, there may be circumstances when the purchase of
a call or put option on a futures contract would result in a loss
to the fund when the purchase or sale of a futures contract would
not, such as when there is no movement in the prices of the
hedged investments. The writing of an option on a futures
contract involves risks similar to those risks relating to the
sale of futures contracts.
There is no assurance that higher than anticipated trading
activity or other unforeseen events might not, at times, render
certain market clearing facilities inadequate, and thereby result
in the institution by exchanges of special procedures which may
interfere with the timely execution of customer orders.
To reduce or eliminate a position held by the fund, the fund may
seek to close out such position. The ability to establish and
close out positions will be subject to the development and
maintenance of a liquid secondary market. It is not certain that
this market will develop or continue to exist for a particular
futures contract or option. Reasons for the absence of a liquid
secondary market on an exchange include the following: (i) there
may be insufficient trading interest in certain contracts or
options; (ii) restrictions may be imposed by an exchange on
opening transactions or closing transactions or both; (iii)
trading halts, suspensions or other restrictions may be imposed
with respect to particular classes or series of contracts or
options, or underlying securities; (iv) unusual or unforeseen
circumstances may interrupt normal operations on an exchange; (v)
the facilities of an exchange or a clearing corporation may not
at all times be adequate to handle current trading volume; or
(vi) one or more exchanges could, for economic or other reasons,
decide or be compelled at some future date to discontinue the
trading of contracts or options (or a particular class or series
of contracts or options), in which event the secondary market on
that exchange for such contracts or options (or in the class or
series of contracts or options) would cease to exist, although
outstanding contracts or options on the exchange that had been
issued by a clearing corporation as a result of trades on that
exchange would continue to be exercisable in accordance with
their terms.
U.S. Treasury security futures contracts and options. U.S.
Treasury security futures contracts require the seller to
deliver, or the purchaser to take delivery of, the type of U.S.
Treasury security called for in the contract at a specified date
and price. Options on U.S. Treasury security futures contracts
give the purchaser the right in return for the premium paid to
assume a position in a U.S. Treasury security futures contract at
the specified option exercise price at any time during the period
of the option.
Successful use of U.S. Treasury security futures contracts by the
fund is subject to Putnam Management's ability to predict
movements in the direction of interest rates and other factors
affecting markets for debt securities. For example, if the fund
has sold U.S. Treasury security futures contracts in order to
hedge against the possibility of an increase in interest rates
which would adversely affect securities held in its portfolio,
and the prices of the fund's securities increase instead as a
result of a decline in interest rates, the fund will lose part or
all of the benefit of the increased value of its securities which
it has hedged because it will have offsetting losses in its
futures positions. In addition, in such situations, if the fund
has insufficient cash, it may have to sell securities to meet
daily maintenance margin requirements at a time when it may be
disadvantageous to do so.
There is also a risk that price movements in U.S. Treasury
security futures contracts and related options will not correlate
closely with price movements in markets for particular
securities. For example, if the fund has hedged against a
decline in the values of tax-exempt securities held by it by
selling Treasury security futures and the values of Treasury
securities subsequently increase while the values of its
tax-exempt securities decrease, the fund would incur losses on
both the Treasury security futures contracts written by it and
the tax-exempt securities held in its portfolio.
Index futures contracts. An index futures contract is a contract
to buy or sell units of an index at a specified future date at a
price agreed upon when the contract is made. Entering into a
contract to buy units of an index is commonly referred to as
buying or purchasing a contract or holding a long position in
the index. Entering into a contract to sell units of an index is
commonly referred to as selling a contract or holding a short
position. A unit is the current value of the index. The fund
may enter into stock index futures contracts, debt index futures
contracts, or other index futures contracts appropriate to its
objective(s). The fund may also purchase and sell options on
index futures contracts.
For example, the Standard & Poor's Composite 500 Stock Price
Index ("S&P 500") is composed of 500 selected common stocks, most
of which are listed on the New York Stock Exchange. The S&P 500
assigns relative weightings to the common stocks included in the
Index, and the value fluctuates with changes in the market values
of those common stocks. In the case of the S&P 500, contracts
are to buy or sell 500 units. Thus, if the value of the S&P 500
were $150, one contract would be worth $75,000 (500 units x
$150). The stock index futures contract specifies that no
delivery of the actual stocks making up the index will take
place. Instead, settlement in cash must occur upon the
termination of the contract, with the settlement being the
difference between the contract price and the actual level of the
stock index at the expiration of the contract. For example, if
the fund enters into a futures contract to buy 500 units of the
S&P 500 at a specified future date at a contract price of $150
and the S&P 500 is at $154 on that future date, the fund will
gain $2,000 (500 units x gain of $4). If the fund enters into a
futures contract to sell 500 units of the stock index at a
specified future date at a contract price of $150 and the S&P 500
is at $152 on that future date, the fund will lose $1,000 (500
units x loss of $2).
There are several risks in connection with the use by the fund of
index futures. One risk arises because of the imperfect
correlation between movements in the prices of the index futures
and movements in the prices of securities which are the subject
of the hedge. Putnam Management will, however, attempt to reduce
this risk by buying or selling, to the extent possible, futures
on indices the movements of which will, in its judgment, have a
significant correlation with movements in the prices of the
securities sought to be hedged.
Successful use of index futures by the fund is also subject to
Putnam Management's ability to predict movements in the direction
of the market. For example, it is possible that, where the fund
has sold futures to hedge its portfolio against a decline in the
market, the index on which the futures are written may advance
and the value of securities held in the fund's portfolio may
decline. If this occurred, the fund would lose money on the
futures and also experience a decline in value in its portfolio
securities. It is also possible that, if the fund has hedged
against the possibility of a decline in the market adversely
affecting securities held in its portfolio and securities prices
increase instead, the fund will lose part or all of the benefit
of the increased value of those securities it has hedged because
it will have offsetting losses in its futures positions. In
addition, in such situations, if the fund has insufficient cash,
it may have to sell securities to meet daily variation margin
requirements at a time when it is disadvantageous to do so.
In addition to the possibility that there may be an imperfect
correlation, or no correlation at all, between movements in the
index futures and the portion of the portfolio being hedged, the
prices of index futures may not correlate perfectly with
movements in the underlying index due to certain market
distortions. First, all participants in the futures market are
subject to margin deposit and maintenance requirements. Rather
than meeting additional margin deposit requirements, investors
may close futures contracts through offsetting transactions which
could distort the normal relationship between the index and
futures markets. Second, margin requirements in the futures
market are less onerous than margin requirements in the
securities market, and as a result the futures market may attract
more speculators than the securities market does. Increased
participation by speculators in the futures market may also cause
temporary price distortions. Due to the possibility of price
distortions in the futures market and also because of the
imperfect correlation between movements in the index and
movements in the prices of index futures, even a correct forecast
of general market trends by Putnam Management may still not
result in a profitable position over a short time period.
Options on stock index futures. Options on index futures are
similar to options on securities except that options on index
futures give the purchaser the right, in return for the premium
paid, to assume a position in an index futures contract (a long
position if the option is a call and a short position if the
option is a put) at a specified exercise price at any time during
the period of the option. Upon exercise of the option, the
delivery of the futures position by the writer of the option to
the holder of the option will be accompanied by delivery of the
accumulated balance in the writer's futures margin account which
represents the amount by which the market price of the index
futures contract, at exercise, exceeds (in the case of a call) or
is less than (in the case of a put) the exercise price of the
option on the index future. If an option is exercised on the
last trading day prior to its expiration date, the settlement
will be made entirely in cash equal to the difference between the
exercise price of the option and the closing level of the index
on which the future is based on the expiration date. Purchasers
of options who fail to exercise their options prior to the
exercise date suffer a loss of the premium paid.
Options on Indices
As an alternative to purchasing call and put options on index
futures, the fund may purchase and sell call and put options on
the underlying indices themselves. Such options would be used in
a manner identical to the use of options on index futures.
Index Warrants
The fund may purchase put warrants and call warrants whose values
vary depending on the change in the value of one or more
specified securities indices ("index warrants"). Index warrants
are generally issued by banks or other financial institutions and
give the holder the right, at any time during the term of the
warrant, to receive upon exercise of the warrant a cash payment
from the issuer based on the value of the underlying index at the
time of exercise. In general, if the value of the underlying
index rises above the exercise price of the index warrant, the
holder of a call warrant will be entitled to receive a cash
payment from the issuer upon exercise based on the difference
between the value of the index and the exercise price of the
warrant; if the value of the underlying index falls, the holder
of a put warrant will be entitled to receive a cash payment from
the issuer upon exercise based on the difference between the
exercise price of the warrant and the value of the index. The
holder of a warrant would not be entitled to any payments from
the issuer at any time when, in the case of a call warrant, the
exercise price is greater than the value of the underlying index,
or, in the case of a put warrant, the exercise price is less than
the value of the underlying index. If the fund were not to
exercise an index warrant prior to its expiration, then the fund
would lose the amount of the purchase price paid by it for the
warrant.
The fund will normally use index warrants in a manner similar to
its use of options on securities indices. The risks of the
fund's use of index warrants are generally similar to those
relating to its use of index options. Unlike most index options,
however, index warrants are issued in limited amounts and are not
obligations of a regulated clearing agency, but are backed only
by the credit of the bank or other institution which issues the
warrant. Also, index warrants generally have longer terms than
index options. Although the fund will normally invest only in
exchange-listed warrants, index warrants are not likely to be as
liquid as certain index options backed by a recognized clearing
agency. In addition, the terms of index warrants may limit the
fund's ability to exercise the warrants at such time, or in such
quantities, as the fund would otherwise wish to do.
Foreign Securities
Under its current policy, which may be changed without
shareholder approval, the fund may invest up to the limit of its
total assets specified in its prospectus in securities
principally traded in markets outside the United States.
Eurodollar certificates of deposit are excluded for purposes of
this limitation. Since foreign securities are normally
denominated and traded in foreign currencies, the value of the
fund's assets may be affected favorably or unfavorably by changes
in currency exchange rates, exchange control regulations and
restrictions or prohibitions on the repatriation of foreign
currencies. There may be less information publicly available
about a foreign company than about a U.S. company, and foreign
companies are not generally subject to accounting, auditing and
financial reporting standards and practices comparable to those
in the United States. The securities of some foreign companies
are less liquid and at times more volatile than securities of
comparable U.S. companies. Foreign brokerage commissions and
other fees are also generally higher than in the United States.
Foreign settlement procedures and trade regulations may involve
certain risks (such as delay in payment or delivery of securities
or in the recovery of the fund's assets held abroad) and expenses
not present in the settlement of domestic investments.
In addition, there may be a possibility of nationalization or
expropriation of assets, imposition of currency exchange
controls, confiscatory taxation, political or financial
instability and diplomatic developments which could affect the
value of the fund's investments in certain foreign countries.
Legal remedies available to investors in certain foreign
countries may be more limited than those available with respect
to investments in the United States or in other foreign
countries. The laws of some foreign countries may limit the
fund's ability to invest in securities of certain issuers located
in those foreign countries. Special tax considerations apply to
foreign securities.
The risks described above, including the risks of nationalization
or expropriation of assets, are typically increased to the extent
that the fund invests in issuers located in less developed and
developing nations, whose securities markets are sometimes
referred to as "emerging securities markets." Investments in
securities located in such countries are speculative and subject
to certain special risks. Political and economic structures in
many of these countries may be in their infancy and developing
rapidly, and such countries may lack the social, political and
economic stability characteristic of more developed countries.
Certain of these countries have in the past failed to recognize
private property rights and have at times nationalized and
expropriated the assets of private companies.
In addition, unanticipated political or social developments may
affect the values of the fund's investments in these countries
and the availability to the fund of additional investments in
these countries. The small size, limited trading volume and
relative inexperience of the securities markets in these
countries may make the fund's investments in such countries
illiquid and more volatile than investments in more developed
countries, and the fund may be required to establish special
custodial or other arrangements before making investments in
these countries. There may be little financial or accounting
information available with respect to issuers located in these
countries, and it may be difficult as a result to assess the
value or prospects of an investment in such issuers.
Foreign Currency Transactions
Unless otherwise specified in the prospectus or Part I of this
SAI, the fund may engage without limit in currency exchange
transactions, including purchasing and selling foreign currency,
foreign currency options, foreign currency forward contracts and
foreign currency futures contracts and related options, to
protect against uncertainty in the level of future currency
exchange rates. In addition, the fund may write covered call and
put options on foreign currencies for the purpose of increasing
its current return.
Generally, the fund may engage in both "transaction hedging" and
"position hedging." When it engages in transaction hedging, the
fund enters into foreign currency transactions with respect to
specific receivables or payables, generally arising in connection
with the purchase or sale of portfolio securities. The fund will
engage in transaction hedging when it desires to "lock in" the
U.S. dollar price of a security it has agreed to purchase or
sell, or the U.S. dollar equivalent of a dividend or interest
payment in a foreign currency. By transaction hedging the fund
will attempt to protect itself against a possible loss resulting
from an adverse change in the relationship between the U.S.
dollar and the applicable foreign currency during the period
between the date on which the security is purchased or sold, or
on which the dividend or interest payment is earned, and the date
on which such payments are made or received.
The fund may purchase or sell a foreign currency on a spot (or
cash) basis at the prevailing spot rate in connection with the
settlement of transactions in portfolio securities denominated in
that foreign currency. The fund may also enter into contracts to
purchase or sell foreign currencies at a future date ("forward
contracts") and purchase and sell foreign currency futures
contracts.
For transaction hedging purposes the fund may also purchase
exchange-listed and over-the-counter call and put options on
foreign currency futures contracts and on foreign currencies. A
put option on a futures contract gives the fund the right to
assume a short position in the futures contract until the
expiration of the option. A put option on a currency gives the
fund the right to sell the currency at an exercise price until
the expiration of the option. A call option on a futures
contract gives the fund the right to assume a long position in
the futures contract until the expiration of the option. A call
option on a currency gives the fund the right to purchase the
currency at the exercise price until the expiration of the
option.
When it engages in position hedging, the fund enters into foreign
currency exchange transactions to protect against a decline in
the values of the foreign currencies in which its portfolio
securities are denominated (or an increase in the value of
currency for securities which the fund expects to purchase). In
connection with position hedging, the fund may purchase put or
call options on foreign currency and on foreign currency futures
contracts and buy or sell forward contracts and foreign currency
futures contracts. The fund may also purchase or sell foreign
currency on a spot basis.
It is impossible to forecast with precision the market value of
portfolio securities at the expiration or maturity of a forward
or futures contract. Accordingly, it may be necessary for the
fund to purchase additional foreign currency on the spot market
(and bear the expense of such purchase) if the market value of
the security or securities being hedged is less than the amount
of foreign currency the fund is obligated to deliver and a
decision is made to sell the security or securities and make
delivery of the foreign currency. Conversely, it may be
necessary to sell on the spot market some of the foreign currency
received upon the sale of the portfolio security or securities if
the market value of such security or securities exceeds the
amount of foreign currency the fund is obligated to deliver.
Transaction and position hedging do not eliminate fluctuations in
the underlying prices of the securities which the fund owns or
intends to purchase or sell. They simply establish a rate of
exchange which one can achieve at some future point in time.
Additionally, although these techniques tend to minimize the risk
of loss due to a decline in the value of the hedged currency,
they tend to limit any potential gain which might result from the
increase in value of such currency. See "Risk factors in options
transactions" above.
The fund may seek to increase its current return or to offset
some of the costs of hedging against fluctuations in current
exchange rates by writing covered call options and covered put
options on foreign currencies. The fund receives a premium from
writing a call or put option, which increases the fund's current
return if the option expires unexercised or is closed out at a
net profit. The fund may terminate an option that it has written
prior to its expiration by entering into a closing purchase
transaction in which it purchases an option having the same terms
as the option written.
The fund's currency hedging transactions may call for the
delivery of one foreign currency in exchange for another foreign
currency and may at times not involve currencies in which its
portfolio securities are then denominated. Putnam Management
will engage in such "cross hedging" activities when it believes
that such transactions provide significant hedging opportunities
for the fund. Cross hedging transactions by the fund involve the
risk of imperfect correlation between changes in the values of
the currencies to which such transactions relate and changes in
the value of the currency or other asset or liability which is
the subject of the hedge.
The value of any currency, including U.S. dollars and foreign
currencies, may be affected by complex political and economic
factors applicable to the issuing country. In addition, the
exchange rates of foreign currencies (and therefore the values of
foreign currency options, forward contracts and futures
contracts) may be affected significantly, fixed, or supported
directly or indirectly by U.S. and foreign government actions.
Government intervention may increase risks involved in purchasing
or selling foreign currency options, forward contracts and
futures contracts, since exchange rates may not be free to
fluctuate in response to other market forces.
The value of a foreign currency option, forward contract or
futures contract reflects the value of an exchange rate, which in
turn reflects relative values of two currencies, the U.S. dollar
and the foreign currency in question. Because foreign currency
transactions occurring in the interbank market involve
substantially larger amounts than those that may be involved in
the exercise of foreign currency options, forward contracts and
futures contracts, investors may be disadvantaged by having to
deal in an odd-lot market for the underlying foreign currencies
in connection with options at prices that are less favorable than
for round lots. Foreign governmental restrictions or taxes could
result in adverse changes in the cost of acquiring or disposing
of foreign currencies.
There is no systematic reporting of last sale information for
foreign currencies and there is no regulatory requirement that
quotations available through dealers or other market sources be
firm or revised on a timely basis. Available quotation
information is generally representative of very large round-lot
transactions in the interbank market and thus may not reflect
exchange rates for smaller odd-lot transactions (less than $1
million) where rates may be less favorable. The interbank market
in foreign currencies is a global, around-the-clock market. To
the extent that options markets are closed while the markets for
the underlying currencies remain open, significant price and rate
movements may take place in the underlying markets that cannot be
reflected in the options markets.
Currency forward and futures contracts. A forward foreign
currency contract involves an obligation to purchase or sell a
specific currency at a future date, which may be any fixed number
of days from the date of the contract as agreed by the parties,
at a price set at the time of the contract. In the case of a
cancelable forward contract, the holder has the unilateral right
to cancel the contract at maturity by paying a specified fee.
The contracts are traded in the interbank market conducted
directly between currency traders (usually large commercial
banks) and their customers. A forward contract generally has no
deposit requirement, and no commissions are charged at any stage
for trades. A foreign currency futures contract is a
standardized contract for the future delivery of a specified
amount of a foreign currency at a price set at the time of the
contract. Foreign currency futures contracts traded in the
United States are designed by and traded on exchanges regulated
by the CFTC, such as the New York Mercantile Exchange.
Forward foreign currency exchange contracts differ from foreign
currency futures contracts in certain respects. For example, the
maturity date of a forward contract may be any fixed number of
days from the date of the contract agreed upon by the parties,
rather than a predetermined date in a given month. Forward
contracts may be in any amounts agreed upon by the parties rather
than predetermined amounts. Also, forward foreign exchange
contracts are traded directly between currency traders so that no
intermediary is required. A forward contract generally requires
no margin or other deposit.
At the maturity of a forward or futures contract, the fund either
may accept or make delivery of the currency specified in the
contract, or at or prior to maturity enter into a closing
transaction involving the purchase or sale of an offsetting
contract. Closing transactions with respect to forward contracts
are usually effected with the currency trader who is a party to
the original forward contract. Closing transactions with respect
to futures contracts are effected on a commodities exchange; a
clearing corporation associated with the exchange assumes
responsibility for closing out such contracts.
Positions in the foreign currency futures contracts may be closed
out only on an exchange or board of trade which provides a
secondary market in such contracts. Although the fund intends to
purchase or sell foreign currency futures contracts only on
exchanges or boards of trade where there appears to be an active
secondary market, there is no assurance that a secondary market
on an exchange or board of trade will exist for any particular
contract or at any particular time. In such event, it may not be
possible to close a futures position and, in the event of adverse
price movements, the fund would continue to be required to make
daily cash payments of variation margin.
Foreign currency options. In general, options on foreign
currencies operate similarly to options on securities and are
subject to many of the risks described above. Foreign currency
options are traded primarily in the over-the-counter market,
although options on foreign currencies are also listed on several
exchanges. Options are traded not only on the currencies of
individual nations, but also on the European Currency Unit
("ECU"). The ECU is composed of amounts of a number of
currencies, and is the official medium of exchange of the
European Community's European Monetary System.
The fund will only purchase or write foreign currency options
when Putnam Management believes that a liquid secondary market
exists for such options. There can be no assurance that a liquid
secondary market will exist for a particular option at any
specific time. Options on foreign currencies are affected by all
of those factors which influence foreign exchange rates and
investments generally.
Settlement procedures. Settlement procedures relating to the
fund's investments in foreign securities and to the fund's
foreign currency exchange transactions may be more complex than
settlements with respect to investments in debt or equity
securities of U.S. issuers, and may involve certain risks not
present in the fund's domestic investments. For example,
settlement of transactions involving foreign securities or
foreign currencies may occur within a foreign country, and the
fund may be required to accept or make delivery of the underlying
securities or currency in conformity with any applicable U.S. or
foreign restrictions or regulations, and may be required to pay
any fees, taxes or charges associated with such delivery. Such
investments may also involve the risk that an entity involved in
the settlement may not meet its obligations.
Foreign currency conversion. Although foreign exchange dealers
do not charge a fee for currency conversion, they do realize a
profit based on the difference (the "spread") between prices at
which they are buying and selling various currencies. Thus, a
dealer may offer to sell a foreign currency to the fund at one
rate, while offering a lesser rate of exchange should the fund
desire to resell that currency to the dealer.
Restricted Securities
The SEC Staff currently takes the view that any delegation by the
Trustees of the authority to determine that a restricted security
is readily marketable (as described in the investment
restrictions of the funds) must be pursuant to written procedures
established by the Trustees. It is the present intention of the
funds' Trustees that, if the Trustees decide to delegate such
determinations to Putnam Management or another person, they would
do so pursuant to written procedures, consistent with the Staff's
position. Should the Staff modify its position in the future,
the Trustees would consider what action would be appropriate in
light of the Staff's position at that time.
TAXES
Taxation of the fund. The fund intends to qualify each year as a
regulated investment company under Subchapter M of the Internal
Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code"). In order so to
qualify and to qualify for the special tax treatment accorded
regulated investment companies and their shareholders, the fund
must, among other things:
(a) Derive at least 90% of its gross income from dividends,
interest, payments with respect to certain securities loans, and
gains from the sale of stock, securities and foreign currencies,
or other income (including but not limited to gains from options,
futures, or forward contracts) derived with respect to its
business of investing in such stock, securities, or currencies;
(b) derive less than 30% of its gross income from the sale or
other disposition of certain assets (including stock or
securities and certain options, futures contracts, forward
contracts and foreign currencies) held for less than three
months;
(c) distribute with respect to each taxable year at least 90% of
the sum of its taxable net investment income, its net tax-exempt
income, and the excess, if any, of net short-term capital gains
over net long-term capital losses for such year; and
(d) diversify its holdings so that, at the end of each fiscal
quarter, (i) at least 50% of the market value of the fund's
assets is represented by cash and cash items, U.S. government
securities, securities of other regulated investment companies,
and other securities limited in respect of any one issuer to a
value not greater than 5% of the value of the fund's total assets
and to not more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of
such issuer, and (ii) not more than 25% of the value of its
assets is invested in the securities (other than those of the
U.S. Government or other regulated investment companies) of any
one issuer or of two or more issuers which the fund controls and
which are engaged in the same, similar, or related trades or
businesses.
If the fund qualifies as a regulated investment company that is
accorded special tax treatment, the fund will not be subject to
federal income tax on income paid to its shareholders in the form
of dividends (including capital gain dividends).
If the fund failed to qualify as a regulated investment company
accorded special tax treatment in any taxable year, the fund
would be subject to tax on its taxable income at corporate rates,
and all distributions from earnings and profits, including any
distributions of net tax-exempt income and net long-term capital
gains, would be taxable to shareholders as ordinary income. In
addition, the fund could be required to recognize unrealized
gains, pay substantial taxes and interest and make substantial
distributions before requalifying as a regulated investment
company that is accorded special tax treatment.
If the fund fails to distribute in a calendar year substantially
all of its ordinary income for such year and substantially all of
its capital gain net income for the one-year period ending
October 31 (or later if the fund is permitted so to elect and so
elects), plus any retained amount from the prior year, the fund
will be subject to a 4% excise tax on the undistributed amounts.
A dividend paid to shareholders by the fund in January of a year
generally is deemed to have been paid by the fund on December 31
of the preceding year, if the dividend was declared and payable
to shareholders of record on a date in October, November or
December of that preceding year. The fund intends generally to
make distributions sufficient to avoid imposition of the 4%
excise tax.
Exempt-interest dividends. The fund will be qualified to pay
exempt-interest dividends to its shareholders only if, at the
close of each quarter of the fund's taxable year, at least 50% of
the total value of the fund's assets consists of obligations the
interest on which is exempt from federal income tax.
Distributions that the fund properly designates as exempt-
interest dividends are treated as interest excludable from
shareholders' gross income for federal income tax purposes but
may be taxable for federal alternative minimum tax purposes and
for state and local purposes. If the fund intends to be
qualified to pay exempt-interest dividends, the fund may be
limited in its ability to enter into taxable transactions
involving forward commitments, repurchase agreements, financial
futures and options contracts on financial futures, tax-exempt
bond indices and other assets.
Part or all of the interest on indebtedness, if any, incurred or
continued by a shareholder to purchase or carry shares of a fund
paying exempt-interest dividends is not deductible. The portion
of interest that is not deductible is equal to the total interest
paid or accrued on the indebtedness, multiplied by the percentage
of the fund's total distributions (not including distributions
from net long-term capital gains) paid to the shareholder that
are exempt-interest dividends. Under rules used by the Internal
Revenue Service for determining when borrowed funds are
considered used for the purpose of purchasing or carrying
particular assets, the purchase of shares may be considered to
have been made with borrowed funds even though such funds are not
directly traceable to the purchase of shares.
In general, exempt-interest dividends, if any, attributable to
interest received on certain private activity obligations and
certain industrial development bonds will not be tax-exempt to
any shareholders who are "substantial users" of the facilities
financed by such obligations or bonds or who are "related
persons" of such substantial users.
A fund which is qualified to pay exempt-interest dividends will
inform investors within 60 days of the fund's fiscal year-end of
the percentage of its income distributions designated as
tax-exempt. The percentage is applied uniformly to all
distributions made during the year. The percentage of income
designated as tax-exempt for any particular distribution may be
substantially different from the percentage of the fund's income
that was tax-exempt during the period covered by the
distribution.
<PAGE>
Hedging transactions. If the fund engages in hedging
transactions, including hedging transactions in options, futures
contracts, and straddles, or other similar transactions, it will
be subject to special tax rules (including mark-to-market,
straddle, wash sale, and short sale rules), the effect of which
may be to accelerate income to the fund, defer losses to the
fund, cause adjustments in the holding periods of the fund's
securities, or convert short-term capital losses into long-term
capital losses. These rules could therefore affect the amount,
timing and character of distributions to shareholders. The fund
will endeavor to make any available elections pertaining to such
transactions in a manner believed to be in the best interests of
the fund.
Under the 30% of gross income test described above (see "Taxation
of the fund"), the fund will be restricted in selling assets held
or considered under Code rules to have been held for less than
three months, and in engaging in certain hedging transactions
(including hedging transactions in options and futures) that in
some circumstances could cause certain fund assets to be treated
as held for less than three months.
Certain of the fund's hedging activities (including its
transactions, if any, in foreign currencies or foreign
currency-denominated instruments) are likely to produce a
difference between its book income and its taxable income. If
the fund's book income exceeds its taxable income, the
distribution (if any) of such excess will be treated as (i) a
dividend to the extent of the fund's remaining earnings and
profits (including earnings and profits arising from tax-exempt
income), (ii) thereafter as a return of capital to the extent of
the recipient's basis in the shares, and (iii) thereafter as gain
from the sale or exchange of a capital asset. If the fund's book
income is less than its taxable income, the fund could be
required to make distributions exceeding book income to qualify
as a regulated investment company that is accorded special tax
treatment.
Return of capital distributions. If the fund makes a
distribution to you in excess of its current and accumulated
"earnings and profits" in any taxable year, the excess
distribution will be treated as a return of capital to the extent
of your tax basis in your shares, and thereafter as capital gain.
A return of capital is not taxable, but it reduces your tax basis
in your shares, thus reducing any loss or increasing any gain on
a subsequent taxable disposition by you of your shares.
Securities issued or purchased at a discount. The fund's
investment in securities issued at a discount and certain other
obligations will (and investments in securities purchased at a
discount may) require the fund to accrue and distribute income
not yet received. In order to generate sufficient cash to make
the requisite distributions, the fund may be required to sell
securities in its portfolio that it otherwise would have
continued to hold.
Capital loss carryover. Distributions from capital gains are
made after applying any available capital loss carryovers. The
amounts and expiration dates of any capital loss carryovers
available to the fund are shown in Note 1 (Federal income taxes)
to the financial statements included in Part I of this SAI or
incorporated by reference into this SAI.
Foreign currency-denominated securities and related hedging
transactions. The fund's transactions in foreign currencies,
foreign currency-denominated debt securities and certain foreign
currency options, futures contracts and forward contracts (and
similar instruments) may give rise to ordinary income or loss to
the extent such income or loss results from fluctuations in the
value of the foreign currency concerned.
If more than 50% of the fund's assets at year end consists of the
debt and equity securities of foreign corporations, the fund may
elect to permit shareholders to claim a credit or deduction on
their income tax returns for their pro rata portion of qualified
taxes paid by the fund to foreign countries. In such a case,
shareholders will include in gross income from foreign sources
their pro rata shares of such taxes. A shareholder's ability to
claim a foreign tax credit or deduction in respect of foreign
taxes paid by the fund may be subject to certain limitations
imposed by the Code, as a result of which a shareholder may not
get a full credit or deduction for the amount of such taxes.
Shareholders who do not itemize on their federal income tax
returns may claim a credit (but no deduction) for such foreign
taxes.
Investment by the fund in "passive foreign investment companies"
could subject the fund to a U.S. federal income tax or other
charge on the proceeds from the sale of its investment in such a
company; however, this tax can be avoided by making an election
to mark such investments to market annually or to treat the
passive foreign investment company as a "qualified electing
fund."
A "passive foreign investment company" is any foreign
corporation: (i) 75 percent of more of the income of which for
the taxable year is passive income, or (ii) the average
percentage of the assets of which (generally by value, but by
adjusted tax basis in certain cases) that produce or are held for
the production of passive income is at least 50 percent.
Generally, passive income for this purpose means dividends,
interest (including income equivalent to interest), royalties,
rents, annuities, the excess of gains over losses from certain
property transactions and commodities transactions, and foreign
currency gains. Passive income for this purpose does not include
rents and royalties received by the foreign corporation from
active business and certain income received from related persons.
Sale or redemption of shares. The sale, exchange or redemption
of fund shares may give rise to a gain or loss. In general, any
gain or loss realized upon a taxable disposition of shares will
be treated as long-term capital gain or loss if the shares have
been held for more than 12 months, and otherwise as short-term
capital gain or loss. However, if a shareholder sells shares at
a loss within six months of purchase, any loss will be disallowed
for Federal income tax purposes to the extent of any exempt-
interest dividends received on such shares. In addition, any
loss (not already disallowed as provided in the preceding
sentence) realized upon a taxable disposition of shares held for
six months or less will be treated as long-term, rather than
short-term, to the extent of any long-term capital gain
distributions received by the shareholder with respect to the
shares. All or a portion of any loss realized upon a taxable
disposition of fund shares will be disallowed if other shares of
the same fund are purchased within 30 days before or after the
disposition. In such a case, the basis of the newly purchased
shares will be adjusted to reflect the disallowed loss.
Shares purchased through tax-qualified plans. Special tax rules
apply to investments though defined contribution plans and other
tax-qualified plans. Shareholders should consult their tax
adviser to determine the suitability of shares of a fund as an
investment through such plans and the precise effect of an
investment on their particular tax situation.
Backup withholding. The fund generally is required to withhold
and remit to the U.S. Treasury 31% of the taxable dividends and
other distributions paid to any individual shareholder who fails
to furnish the fund with a correct taxpayer identification number
(TIN), who has under-reported dividends or interest income, or
who fails to certify to the fund that he or she is not subject to
such withholding. Shareholders who fail to furnish their correct
TIN are subject to a penalty of $50 for each such failure unless
the failure is due to reasonable cause and not wilful neglect.
An individual's taxpayer identification number is his or her
social security number.
<PAGE>
MANAGEMENT
Trustees Name (Age)
*+George Putnam (69), Chairman and President. Chairman and
Director of Putnam Management and Putnam Mutual Funds. Director,
The Boston Company, Inc., Boston Safe Deposit and Trust Company,
Freeport-McMoRan, Inc., General Mills, Inc., Houghton Mifflin
Company, Marsh & McLennan Companies, Inc. and Rockefeller Group,
Inc.
+William F. Pounds (67), Vice Chairman. Professor of Management,
Alfred P. Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology. Director of EG&G, Inc., Fisher Price, Inc., IDEXX,
M/A-COM, Inc., and Sun Company, Inc.
Jameson A. Baxter (52), Trustee. President, Baxter Associates,
Inc. (consultants to management). Director of Avondale Federal
Savings Bank, ASHTA Chemicals, Inc. and Banta Corporation.
Chairman Emeritus of the Board of Trustees, Mount Holyoke
College.
+Hans H. Estin (67), Trustee. Vice Chairman, North American
Management Corp. (a registered investment adviser). Director of
The Boston Company, Inc. and Boston Safe Deposit and Trust
Company.
Elizabeth T. Kennan (57), Trustee. President Emeritus and
Professor, Mount Holyoke College. Director, the Kentucky Home
Life Insurance Companies, NYNEX Corporation, Northeast Utilities
and Talbots. Trustee of the University of Notre Dame.
*Lawrence J. Lasser (52), Trustee and Vice President. President,
Chief Executive Officer and Director of Putnam Investments, Inc.
and Putnam Investment Management, Inc. Director of Marsh &
McLennan Companies, Inc.
John A. Hill (53), Trustee. Chairman and Managing Director,
First Reserve Corporation (a registered investment adviser).
Director, Lantana Corporation, Maverick Tube Corporation, Snyder
Oil Corporation and various First Reserve Funds.
+Robert E. Patterson (50), Trustee. Executive Vice President,
Cabot Partners Limited Partnership (a registered investment
adviser).
<PAGE>
*Donald S. Perkins (68), Trustee. Director of various
corporations, including American Telephone & Telegraph Company,
AON Corp., Cummins Engine Company, Inc., Illinois Power Company,
Inland Steel Industries, Inc., Kmart Corporation, LaSalle Street
Fund, Inc., Springs Industries, Inc., TBG, Inc. and Time Warner
Inc.
*#George Putnam III (44), Trustee. President, New Generation
Research, Inc. (publisher of bankruptcy information). Director,
World Environment Center.
Eli Shapiro (79), Trustee. Alfred P. Sloan Professor of
Management, Emeritus, Alfred P. Sloan School of Management,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Director of Nomura
Dividend Fund, Inc. (a privately held registered investment
company managed by Putnam Management) and former Trustee of the
Putnam funds (1984-1990).
*A.J.C. Smith (61), Trustee. Chairman, Chief Executive Officer
and Director, Marsh & McLennan Companies, Inc.
W. Nicholas Thorndike (62), Trustee. Director of various
corporations and charitable organizations, including Courier
Corporation and Providence Journal Co. Also, Trustee and
President of Massachusetts General Hospital and Trustee of
Bradley Real Estate Trust and Eastern Utilities Associates.
Officers Name (Age)
Charles E. Porter (57), Executive Vice President. Managing
Director of Putnam Investments, Inc. and Putnam Management.
Patricia C. Flaherty (48), Senior Vice President. Senior Vice
President of Putnam Investments, Inc. and Putnam Management.
William N. Shiebler (53), Vice President. Director and Senior
Managing Director of Putnam Investments, Inc. President and
Director of Putnam Mutual Funds.
Gordon H. Silver (48), Vice President. Director and Senior
Managing Director of Putnam Investments, Inc. and Putnam
Management.
John R. Verani (56), Vice President. Senior Vice President of
Putnam Investments, Inc. and Putnam Management.
Paul M. O'Neil (42), Vice President. Vice President of Putnam
Investments, Inc. and Putnam Management.
John D. Hughes (60), Vice President and Treasurer.
Beverly Marcus (51), Clerk and Assistant Treasurer.
*Trustees who are or may be deemed to be "interested persons" (as
defined in the Investment Company Act of 1940) of the fund,
Putnam Management or Putnam Mutual Funds.
+Members of the Executive Committee of the Trustees. The
Executive Committee meets between regular meetings of the
Trustees as may be required to review investment matters and
other affairs of the fund and may exercise all of the powers of
the Trustees.
#George Putnam, III is the son of George Putnam.
-----------------
Certain other officers of Putnam Management are officers of the
fund. See "Additional officers" in Part I of this SAI. The
mailing address of each of the officers and Trustees is One Post
Office Square, Boston, Massachusetts 02109.
Except as stated below, the principal occupations of the officers
and Trustees for the last five years have been with the employers
as shown above, although in some cases they have held different
positions with such employers. Prior to January, 1992, Ms.
Baxter was Vice President and Principal, Regency Group, Inc. and
Consultant, The First Boston Corporation. Prior to May, 1991,
Dr. Pounds was Senior Advisor to the Rockefeller Family and
Associates, Chairman of Rockefeller Trust Company and Director of
Rockefeller Group, Inc. During the past five years Dr. Shapiro
has provided economic and financial consulting services to
various clients. Prior to November, 1990, Mr. Shiebler was
President and Chief Operating Officer of the Intercapital
Division of Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc., Vice President of the
Dean Witter funds and Director of Dean Witter Trust Company.
Each Trustee of the fund receives an annual fee and an additional
fee for each Trustees' meeting attended. Trustees who are not
interested persons of Putnam Management and who serve on
committees of the Trustees receive additional fees for attendance
at certain committee meetings and for special services rendered
in that connection. All of the Trustees are Trustees of all the
Putnam funds and each receives fees for his or her services. For
details of Trustees' fees paid by the fund and information
concerning retirement guidelines for the Trustees, see "Charges
and expenses" in Part I of this SAI.
The Agreement and Declaration of Trust of the fund provides that
the fund will indemnify its Trustees and officers against
liabilities and expenses incurred in connection with litigation
in which they may be involved because of their offices with the
fund, except if it is determined in the manner specified in the
Agreement and Declaration of Trust that they have not acted in
good faith in the reasonable belief that their actions were in
the best interests of the fund or that such indemnification would
relieve any officer or Trustee of any liability to the fund or
its shareholders by reason of willful misfeasance, bad faith,
gross negligence or reckless disregard of his or her duties. The
fund, at its expense, provides liability insurance for the
benefit of its Trustees and officers.
Putnam Management and its affiliates
Putnam Management is one of America's oldest and largest money
management firms. Putnam Management's staff of experienced
portfolio managers and research analysts selects securities and
constantly supervises the fund's portfolio. By pooling an
investor's money with that of other investors, a greater variety
of securities can be purchased than would be the case
individually; the resulting diversification helps reduce
investment risk. Putnam Management has been managing mutual funds
since 1937. Today, the firm serves as the investment manager for
the funds in the Putnam Family, with over $93 billion in assets
in nearly 5 million shareholder accounts at December 31, 1995.
An affiliate, The Putnam Advisory Company, Inc., manages domestic
and foreign institutional accounts and mutual funds, including
the accounts of many Fortune 500 companies. Another affiliate,
Putnam Fiduciary Trust Company, provides investment advice to
institutional clients under its banking and fiduciary powers. At
December 31, 1995, Putnam Management and its affiliates managed
over $125 billion in assets, including over $17 billion in tax-
exempt securities and over $55 billion in retirement plan assets.
Putnam Management, Putnam Mutual Funds and Putnam Fiduciary Trust
Company are subsidiaries of Putnam Investments, Inc., a holding
company which is in turn wholly owned by Marsh & McLennan
Companies, Inc., a publicly-owned holding company whose principal
operating subsidiaries are international insurance and
reinsurance brokers, investment managers and management
consultants.
Trustees and officers of the fund who are also officers of Putnam
Management or its affiliates or who are stockholders of Marsh &
McLennan Companies, Inc. will benefit from the advisory fees,
sales commissions, distribution fees, custodian fees and transfer
agency fees paid or allowed by the fund.
The Management Contract
Under a Management Contract between the fund and Putnam
Management, subject to such policies as the Trustees may
determine, Putnam Management, at its expense, furnishes
continuously an investment program for the fund and makes
investment decisions on behalf of the fund. Subject to the
control of the Trustees, Putnam Management also manages,
supervises and conducts the other affairs and business of the
fund, furnishes office space and equipment, provides bookkeeping
and clerical services (including determination of the fund's net
asset value, but excluding shareholder accounting services) and
places all orders for the purchase and sale of the fund's
portfolio securities. Putnam Management may place fund portfolio
transactions with broker-dealers which furnish Putnam Management,
without cost to it, certain research, statistical and quotation
services of value to Putnam Management and its affiliates in
advising the fund and other clients. In so doing, Putnam
Management may cause the fund to pay greater brokerage
commissions than it might otherwise pay.
For details of Putnam Management's compensation under the
Management Contract, see "Charges and expenses" in Part I of this
SAI. Putnam Management's compensation under the Management
Contract may be reduced in any year if the fund's expenses exceed
the limits on investment company expenses imposed by any statute
or regulatory authority of any jurisdiction in which shares of
the fund are qualified for offer or sale. The term "expenses" is
defined in the statutes or regulations of such jurisdictions, and
generally excludes brokerage commissions, taxes, interest,
extraordinary expenses and, if the fund has a distribution plan,
payments made under such plan. The only such limitation as of
the date of this SAI (applicable to any fund registered for sale
in California) was 2.5% of the first $30 million of average net
assets, 2% of the next $70 million and 1.5% of any excess over
$100 million.
Under the Management Contract, Putnam Management may reduce its
compensation to the extent that the fund's expenses exceed such
lower expense limitation as Putnam Management may, by notice to
the fund, declare to be effective. The expenses subject to this
limitation are exclusive of brokerage commissions, interest,
taxes, deferred organizational and extraordinary expenses and,
if the fund has a distribution plan, payments required under such
plan. For the purpose of determining any such limitation on
Putnam Management's compensation, expenses of the fund shall not
reflect the application of commissions or cash management credits
that may reduce designated fund expenses. The terms of any
expense limitation from time to time in effect are described in
either the prospectus or Part I of this SAI.
In addition to the fee paid to Putnam Management, the fund
reimburses Putnam Management for the compensation and related
expenses of certain officers of the fund and their assistants who
provide certain administrative services for the fund and the
other Putnam funds, each of which bears an allocated share of the
foregoing costs. The aggregate amount of all such payments and
reimbursements is determined annually by the Trustees.
<PAGE>
The amount of this reimbursement for the fund's most recent
fiscal year is included in "Charges and Expenses" in Part I of
this SAI. Putnam Management pays all other salaries of officers
of the fund. The fund pays all expenses not assumed by Putnam
Management including, without limitation, auditing, legal,
custodial, investor servicing and shareholder reporting expenses.
The fund pays the cost of typesetting for its prospectuses and
the cost of printing and mailing any prospectuses sent to its
shareholders. Putnam Mutual Funds pays the cost of printing and
distributing all other prospectuses.
The Management Contract provides that Putnam Management shall not
be subject to any liability to the fund or to any shareholder of
the fund for any act or omission in the course of or connected
with rendering services to the fund in the absence of willful
misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of
its duties on the part of Putnam Management.
The Management Contract may be terminated without penalty by vote
of the Trustees or the shareholders of the fund, or by Putnam
Management, on 30 days' written notice. It may be amended only
by a vote of the shareholders of the fund. The Management
Contract also terminates without payment of any penalty in the
event of its assignment. The Management Contract provides that
it will continue in effect only so long as such continuance is
approved at least annually by vote of either the Trustees or the
shareholders, and, in either case, by a majority of the Trustees
who are not "interested persons" of Putnam Management or the
fund. In each of the foregoing cases, the vote of the
shareholders is the affirmative vote of a "majority of the
outstanding voting securities" as defined in the Investment
Company Act of 1940.
Personal Investments by Employees of Putnam Management
Employees of Putnam Management are permitted to engage in
personal securities transactions, subject to requirements and
restrictions set forth in Putnam Management's Code of Ethics.
The Code of Ethics contains provisions and requirements designed
to identify and address certain conflicts of interest between
personal investment activities and the interests of investment
advisory clients such as the funds. Among other things, the Code
of Ethics, consistent with standards recommended by the
Investment Company Institute's Advisory Group on Personal
Investing, prohibits certain types of transactions absent prior
approval, imposes time periods during which personal transactions
may not be made in certain securities, and requires the
submission of duplicate broker confirmations and quarterly
reporting of securities transactions. Additional restrictions
apply to portfolio managers, traders, research analysts and
others involved in the investment advisory process. Exceptions
to these and other provisions of the Code of Ethics may be
granted in particular circumstances after review by appropriate
personnel.
Portfolio Transactions
Investment decisions. Investment decisions for the fund and for
the other investment advisory clients of Putnam Management and
its affiliates are made with a view to achieving their respective
investment objectives. Investment decisions are the product of
many factors in addition to basic suitability for the particular
client involved. Thus, a particular security may be bought or
sold for certain clients even though it could have been bought or
sold for other clients at the same time. Likewise, a particular
security may be bought for one or more clients when one or more
other clients are selling the security. In some instances, one
client may sell a particular security to another client. It also
sometimes happens that two or more clients simultaneously
purchase or sell the same security, in which event each day's
transactions in such security are, insofar as possible, averaged
as to price and allocated between such clients in a manner which
in Putnam Management's opinion is equitable to each and in
accordance with the amount being purchased or sold by each.
There may be circumstances when purchases or sales of portfolio
securities for one or more clients will have an adverse effect on
other clients.
Brokerage and research services. Transactions on U.S. stock
exchanges, commodities markets and futures markets and other
agency transactions involve the payment by the fund of negotiated
brokerage commissions. Such commissions vary among different
brokers. A particular broker may charge different commissions
according to such factors as the difficulty and size of the
transaction. Transactions in foreign investments often involve
the payment of fixed brokerage commissions, which may be higher
than those in the United States. There is generally no stated
commission in the case of securities traded in the
over-the-counter markets, but the price paid by the fund usually
includes an undisclosed dealer commission or mark-up. In
underwritten offerings, the price paid by the fund includes a
disclosed, fixed commission or discount retained by the
underwriter or dealer. It is anticipated that most purchases and
sales of securities by funds investing primarily in tax-exempt
securities and certain other fixed-income securities will be with
the issuer or with underwriters of or dealers in those
securities, acting as principal. Accordingly, those funds would
not ordinarily pay significant brokerage commissions with respect
to securities transactions. See "Charges and expenses" in Part I
of this SAI for information concerning commissions paid by the
fund.
<PAGE>
It has for many years been a common practice in the investment
advisory business for advisers of investment companies and other
institutional investors to receive brokerage and research
services (as defined in the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as
amended (the "1934 Act")) from broker-dealers that execute
portfolio transactions for the clients of such advisers and from
third parties with which such broker-dealers have arrangements.
Consistent with this practice, Putnam Management receives
brokerage and research services and other similar services from
many broker-dealers with which Putnam Management places the
fund's portfolio transactions and from third parties with which
these broker-dealers have arrangements. These services include
such matters as general economic and market reviews, industry and
company reviews, evaluations of investments, recommendations as
to the purchase and sale of investments, newspapers, magazines,
pricing services, quotation services, news services and personal
computers utilized by Putnam Management's managers and analysts.
Where the services referred to above are not used exclusively by
Putnam Management for research purposes, Putnam Management, based
upon its own allocations of expected use, bears that portion of
the cost of these services which directly relates to their
non-research use. Some of these services are of value to Putnam
Management and its affiliates in advising various of their
clients (including the fund), although not all of these services
are necessarily useful and of value in managing the fund. The
management fee paid by the fund is not reduced because Putnam
Management and its affiliates receive these services even though
Putnam Management might otherwise be required to purchase some of
these services for cash.
Putnam Management places all orders for the purchase and sale of
portfolio investments for the fund and buys and sells investments
for the fund through a substantial number of brokers and dealers.
In so doing, Putnam Management uses its best efforts to obtain
for the fund the most favorable price and execution available,
except to the extent it may be permitted to pay higher brokerage
commissions as described below. In seeking the most favorable
price and execution, Putnam Management, having in mind the fund's
best interests, considers all factors it deems relevant,
including, by way of illustration, price, the size of the
transaction, the nature of the market for the security or other
investment, the amount of the commission, the timing of the
transaction taking into account market prices and trends, the
reputation, experience and financial stability of the
broker-dealer involved and the quality of service rendered by the
broker-dealer in other transactions.
As permitted by Section 28(e) of the 1934 Act, and by the
Management Contract, Putnam Management may cause the fund to pay
a broker-dealer which provides "brokerage and research services"
(as defined in the 1934 Act) to Putnam Management an amount of
disclosed commission for effecting securities transactions on
stock exchanges and other transactions for the fund on an agency
basis in excess of the commission which another broker-dealer
would have charged for effecting that transaction. Putnam
Management's authority to cause the fund to pay any such greater
commissions is also subject to such policies as the Trustees may
adopt from time to time. Putnam Management does not currently
intend to cause the fund to make such payments. It is the
position of the staff of the Securities and Exchange Commission
that Section 28(e) does not apply to the payment of such greater
commissions in "principal" transactions. Accordingly Putnam
Management will use its best effort to obtain the most favorable
price and execution available with respect to such transactions,
as described above.
The Management Contract provides that commissions, fees,
brokerage or similar payments received by Putnam Management or an
affiliate in connection with the purchase and sale of portfolio
investments of the fund, less any direct expenses approved by the
Trustees, shall be recaptured by the fund through a reduction of
the fee payable by the fund under the Management Contract.
Putnam Management seeks to recapture for the fund soliciting
dealer fees on the tender of the fund's portfolio securities in
tender or exchange offers. Any such fees which may be recaptured
are likely to be minor in amount.
Consistent with the Rules of Fair Practice of the National
Association of Securities Dealers, Inc. and subject to seeking
the most favorable price and execution available and such other
policies as the Trustees may determine, Putnam Management may
consider sales of shares of the fund (and, if permitted by law,
of the other Putnam funds) as a factor in the selection of
broker-dealers to execute portfolio transactions for the fund.
Principal Underwriter
Putnam Mutual Funds is the principal underwriter of shares of the
fund and the other continuously offered Putnam funds. Putnam
Mutual Funds is not obligated to sell any specific amount of
shares of the fund and will purchase shares for resale only
against orders for shares. See "Charges and expenses" in Part I
of this SAI for information on sales charges and other payments
received by Putnam Mutual Funds.
Investor Servicing Agent and Custodian
Putnam Investor Services, a division of Putnam Fiduciary Trust
Company ("PFTC"), is the fund's investor servicing agent
(transfer, plan and dividend disbursing agent), for which it
receives fees which are paid monthly by the fund as an expense of
all its shareholders. The fee paid to Putnam Investor Services
is determined on the basis of the number of shareholder accounts,
the number of transactions and the assets of the fund. Putnam
Investor Services has won the DALBAR Quality Tested Service Seal
every year since the award's 1990 inception. Over 10,000 tests
of 38 separate shareholder service components demonstrated that
Putnam Investor Services tied for highest scores, with two other
mutual fund companies, in all categories.
PFTC is the custodian of the fund's assets. In carrying out its
duties under its custodian contract, PFTC may employ one or more
subcustodians whose responsibilities include safeguarding and
controlling the fund's cash and securities, handling the receipt
and delivery of securities and collecting interest and dividends
on the fund's investments. PFTC and any subcustodians employed
by it have a lien on the securities of the fund (to the extent
permitted by the fund's investment restrictions) to secure
charges and any advances made by such subcustodians at the end of
any day for the purpose of paying for securities purchased by the
fund. The fund expects that such advances will exist only in
unusual circumstances. Neither PFTC nor any subcustodian
determines the investment policies of the fund or decides which
securities the fund will buy or sell. PFTC pays the fees and
other charges of any subcustodians employed by it. The fund may
from time to time pay custodial expenses in full or in part
through the placement by Putnam Management of the fund's
portfolio transactions with the subcustodians or with a third-
party broker having an agreement with the subcustodians. The
fund pays PFTC an annual fee based on the fund's assets,
securities transactions and securities holdings and reimburses
PFTC for certain out-of-pocket expenses incurred by it or any
subcustodian employed by it in performing custodial services.
See "Charges and expenses" in Part I of this SAI for information
on fees and reimbursements for investor servicing and custody
received by PFTC. The fees may be reduced by credits allowed by
PFTC.
DETERMINATION OF NET ASSET VALUE
The fund determines the net asset value per share of each class
of shares once each day the New York Stock Exchange (the
"Exchange") is open. Currently, the Exchange is closed
Saturdays, Sundays and the following holidays: New Year's Day,
Presidents' Day, Good Friday, Memorial Day, the Fourth of July,
Labor Day, Thanksgiving and Christmas. The fund determines net
asset value as of the close of regular trading on the Exchange,
currently 4:00 p.m. However, equity options held by the fund are
priced as of the close of trading at 4:10 p.m., and futures
contracts on U.S. government and other fixed-income securities
and index options held by the fund are priced as of their close
of trading at 4:15 p.m.
Securities for which market quotations are readily available are
valued at prices which, in the opinion of Putnam Management, most
nearly represent the market values of such securities.
Currently, such prices are determined using the last reported
sale price or, if no sales are reported (as in the case of some
securities traded over-the-counter), the last reported bid price,
except that certain securities are valued at the mean between the
last reported bid and asked prices. Short-term investments
having remaining maturities of 60 days or less are valued at
amortized cost, which approximates market value. All other
securities and assets are valued at their fair value following
procedures approved by the Trustees. Liabilities are deducted
from the total, and the resulting amount is divided by the number
of shares of the class outstanding.
Reliable market quotations are not considered to be readily
available for long-term corporate bonds and notes, certain
preferred stocks, tax-exempt securities, and certain foreign
securities. These investments are valued at fair value on the
basis of valuations furnished by pricing services, which
determine valuations for normal, institutional-size trading units
of such securities using methods based on market transactions for
comparable securities and various relationships between
securities which are generally recognized by institutional
traders.
If any securities held by the fund are restricted as to resale,
Putnam Management determines their fair value following
procedures approved by the Trustees. The fair value of such
securities is generally determined as the amount which the fund
could reasonably expect to realize from an orderly disposition of
such securities over a reasonable period of time. The valuation
procedures applied in any specific instance are likely to vary
from case to case. However, consideration is generally given to
the financial position of the issuer and other fundamental
analytical data relating to the investment and to the nature of
the restrictions on disposition of the securities (including any
registration expenses that might be borne by the fund in
connection with such disposition). In addition, specific factors
are also generally considered, such as the cost of the
investment, the market value of any unrestricted securities of
the same class, the size of the holding, the prices of any recent
transactions or offers with respect to such securities and any
available analysts' reports regarding the issuer.
Generally, trading in certain securities (such as foreign
securities) is substantially completed each day at various times
prior to the close of the Exchange. The values of these
securities used in determining the net asset value of the fund's
shares are computed as of such times. Also, because of the
amount of time required to collect and process trading
information as to large numbers of securities issues, the values
of certain securities (such as convertible bonds, U.S. government
securities, and tax-exempt securities) are determined based on
market quotations collected earlier in the day at the latest
practicable time prior to the close of the Exchange.
Occasionally, events affecting the value of such securities may
occur between such times and the close of the Exchange which will
not be reflected in the computation of the fund's net asset
value. If events materially affecting the value of such
securities occur during such period, then these securities will
be valued at their fair value following procedures approved by
the Trustees.
Money market funds generally value their portfolio securities at
amortized cost according to Rule 2a-7 under the Investment
Company Act of 1940.
HOW TO BUY SHARES
General
The prospectus contains a general description of how investors
may buy shares of the fund and states whether the fund offers
more than one class of shares. This SAI contains additional
information which may be of interest to investors.
Class A shares and class M shares are generally sold with a sales
charge payable at the time of purchase (except for class A shares
and class M shares of money market funds). As used in this SAI
and unless the context requires otherwise, the term "class A
shares" includes shares of funds that offer only one class of
shares. The prospectus contains a table of applicable sales
charges. For information about how to purchase class A or class
M shares of a Putnam fund at net asset value through an
employer's defined contribution plan, please consult your
employer. Certain purchases of class A shares and class M shares
may be exempt from a sales charge or, in the case of class A
shares, may be subject to a contingent deferred sales charge
("CDSC"). See "General--Sales without sales charges or
contingent deferred sales charges," "Additional Information About
Class A and Class M shares," and "Contingent Deferred Sales
Charges--Class A shares."
Class B shares and class C shares are sold subject to a CDSC
payable upon redemption within a specified period after purchase.
The prospectus contains a table of applicable CDSCs.
Class B shares will automatically convert into class A shares at
the end of the month eight years after the purchase date. Class
B shares acquired by exchanging class B shares of another Putnam
fund will convert into class A shares based on the time of the
initial purchase. Class B shares acquired through reinvestment
of distributions will convert into Class A shares based on the
date of the initial purchase to which such shares relate. For
this purpose, class B shares acquired through reinvestment of
distributions will be attributed to particular purchases of class
B shares in accordance with such procedures as the Trustees may
determine from time to time. The conversion of class B shares to
class A shares is subject to the condition that such conversions
will not constitute taxable events for Federal tax purposes.
Class Y shares, which are not subject to sales charges or a CDSC,
are available only to certain defined contribution plans. See
the prospectus that offers class Y shares for more information.
Certain purchase programs described below are not available to
defined contribution plans. Consult your employer for
information on how to purchase shares through your plan.
The fund is currently making a continuous offering of its shares.
The fund receives the entire net asset value of shares sold. The
fund will accept unconditional orders for shares to be executed
at the public offering price based on the net asset value per
share next determined after the order is placed. In the case of
class A shares and class M shares, the public offering price is
the net asset value plus the applicable sales charge, if any. No
sales charge is included in the public offering price of other
classes of shares. In the case of orders for purchase of shares
placed through dealers, the public offering price will be based
on the net asset value determined on the day the order is placed,
but only if the dealer receives the order before the close of
regular trading on the Exchange. If the dealer receives the
order after the close of the Exchange, the price will be based on
the net asset value next determined. If funds for the purchase
of shares are sent directly to Putnam Investor Services, they
will be invested at the public offering price based on the net
asset value next determined after receipt. Payment for shares of
the fund must be in U.S. dollars; if made by check, the check
must be drawn on a U.S. bank.
Initial and subsequent purchases must satisfy the minimums stated
in the prospectus, except that (i) individual investments under
certain employee benefit plans or Tax Qualified Retirement Plans
may be lower, (ii) persons who are already shareholders may make
additional purchases of $50 or more by sending funds directly to
Putnam Investor Services (see "Your investing account" below),
and (iii) for investors participating in systematic investment
plans and military allotment plans, the initial and subsequent
purchases must be $25 or more. Information about these plans is
available from investment dealers or from Putnam Mutual Funds.
As a convenience to investors, shares may be purchased through a
systematic investment plan. Pre-authorized monthly bank drafts
for a fixed amount (at least $25) are used to purchase fund
shares at the applicable public offering price next determined
after Putnam Mutual Funds receives the proceeds from the draft
(normally the 20th of each month, or the next business day
thereafter). Further information and application forms are
available from investment dealers or from Putnam Mutual Funds.
Except for funds that declare a distribution daily, distributions
to be reinvested are reinvested without a sales charge in shares
of the same class as of the ex-dividend date using the net asset
value determined on that date, and are credited to a
shareholder's account on the payment date. Dividends for Putnam
money market funds are credited to a shareholder's account on the
payment date. Distributions for all other funds that declare a
distribution daily are reinvested without a sales charge as of
the next day following the period for which distributions are
paid using the net asset value determined on that date, and are
credited to a shareholder's account on the payment date.
Payment in securities. In addition to cash, the fund may accept
securities as payment for fund shares at the applicable net asset
value. Generally, the fund will only consider accepting
securities to increase its holdings in a portfolio security, or
if Putnam Management determines that the offered securities are a
suitable investment for the fund and in a sufficient amount for
efficient management.
While no minimum has been established, it is expected that the
fund would not accept securities with a value of less than
$100,000 per issue as payment for shares. The fund may reject in
whole or in part any or all offers to pay for purchases of fund
shares with securities, may require partial payment in cash for
such purchases to provide funds for applicable sales charges, and
may discontinue accepting securities as payment for fund shares
at any time without notice. The fund will value accepted
securities in the manner described in the section "Determination
of Net Asset Value" for valuing shares of the fund. The fund
will only accept securities which are delivered in proper form.
The fund will not accept options or restricted securities as
payment for shares. The acceptance of securities by certain
funds in exchange for fund shares is subject to additional
requirements. In the case of Putnam American Government Income
Fund, Putnam Asia Pacific Growth Fund, Putnam Asset Allocation
Funds, Putnam Capital Appreciation Fund, Putnam Diversified
Equity Trust, Putnam Equity Income Fund, Putnam Europe Growth
Fund, The Putnam Fund for Growth & Income, Putnam Global
Governmental Income Trust, Putnam Growth and Income Fund II,
Putnam High Yield Advantage Fund, Putnam Investment Funds, Putnam
Intermediate Tax Exempt Fund, Putnam Intermediate U.S. Government
Income Fund, Putnam Investment-Grade Bond Fund, Putnam Municipal
Income Fund, Putnam Natural Resources Fund, Putnam OTC Emerging
Growth Fund, Putnam Overseas Growth Fund, Putnam Preferred Income
Fund, Putnam Tax Exempt Income Fund and Putnam Tax-Free Income
Trust, transactions involving the issuance of fund shares for
securities or assets other than cash will be limited to a bona-
fide re-organization or statutory merger and to other
acquisitions of portfolio securities that meet all the following
conditions: (a) such securities meet the investment objective(s)
and policies of the fund; (b) such securities are acquired for
investment and not for resale; (c) such securities are liquid
securities which are not restricted as to transfer either by law
or liquidity of market; and (d) such securities have a value
which is readily ascertainable, as evidenced by a listing on the
American Stock Exchange, the New York Stock Exchange or The
Nasdaq Stock Market, Inc. In addition, Putnam Global
Governmental Income Trust may accept only investment grade bonds
with prices regularly stated in publications generally accepted
by investors, such as the London Financial Times and the
Association of International Bond Dealers manual, or securities
listed on the New York or American Stock Exchanges or on The
Nasdaq Stock Market, Inc. Putnam Diversified Income Trust may
accept only bonds with prices regularly stated in publications
generally accepted by investors. For federal income tax
purposes, a purchase of fund shares with securities will be
treated as a sale or exchange of such securities on which the
investor will realize a taxable gain or loss. The processing of
a purchase of fund shares with securities involves certain delays
while the fund considers the suitability of such securities and
while other requirements are satisfied. For information
regarding procedures for payment in securities, contact Putnam
Mutual Funds. Investors should not send securities to the fund
except when authorized to do so and in accordance with specific
instructions received from Putnam Mutual Funds.
Sales without sales charges or contingent deferred sales charges.
The fund may sell shares without a sales charge or CDSC to:
(i) current and retired Trustees of the fund; officers of
the fund; directors and current and retired U.S. full-time
employees of Putnam Management, Putnam Mutual Funds, their
parent corporations and certain corporate affiliates;
family members of and employee benefit plans for the
foregoing; and partnerships, trusts or other entities in
which any of the foregoing has a substantial interest;
(ii) employee benefit plans, for the repurchase of shares
in connection with repayment of plan loans made to plan
participants (if the sum loaned was obtained by redeeming
shares of a Putnam fund sold with a sales charge) (not
offered by tax-exempt funds);
(iii) clients of administrators of tax-qualified employee
benefit plans which have entered into agreements with
Putnam Mutual Funds (not offered by tax-exempt funds);
(iv) registered representatives and other employees of
broker-dealers having sales agreements with Putnam Mutual
Funds; employees of financial institutions having sales
agreements with Putnam Mutual Funds or otherwise having an
arrangement with any such broker-dealer or financial
institution with respect to sales of fund shares; and
their spouses and children under age 21 (Putnam Mutual
Funds is regarded as the dealer of record for all such
accounts);
(v) investors meeting certain requirements who sold shares
of certain Putnam closed-end funds pursuant to a tender
offer by such closed-end fund;
(vi) a trust department of any financial institution
purchasing shares of the fund in its capacity as trustee
of any trust, if the value of the shares of the fund and
other Putnam funds purchased or held by all such trusts
exceeds $1 million in the aggregate; and
(vii) "wrap accounts" maintained for clients of broker-
dealers, financial institutions or financial planners who
have entered into agreements with Putnam Mutual Funds with
respect to such accounts.
In addition, the fund may issue its shares at net asset value
without an initial sales charge or a CDSC in connection with the
acquisition of substantially all of the securities owned by other
investment companies or personal holding companies, and the CDSC
will be waived on redemptions of shares arising out of death or
disability or in connection with certain withdrawals from IRA or
other retirement plans. Up to 12% of the value of class B shares
subject to a systematic withdrawal plan may also be redeemed each
year without a CDSC. The fund may sell class M shares at net
asset value to members of qualified groups. See "Group
purchases of class A and class M shares" below.
Payments to dealers. Putnam Mutual Funds may, at its expense,
pay concessions in addition to the payments disclosed in the
prospectus to dealers which satisfy certain criteria established
from time to time by Putnam Mutual Funds relating to increasing
net sales of shares of the Putnam funds over prior periods, and
certain other factors.
Additional Information About Class A and Class M Shares
The underwriter's commission is the sales charge shown in the
prospectus less any applicable dealer discount. Putnam Mutual
Funds will give dealers ten days' notice of any changes in the
dealer discount. Putnam Mutual Funds retains the entire sales
charge on any retail sales made by it.
Putnam Mutual Funds offers several plans by which an investor may
obtain reduced sales charges on purchases of class A shares and
class M shares. The variations in sales charges reflect the
varying efforts required to sell shares to separate categories of
purchasers. These plans may be altered or discontinued at any
time.
Combined purchase privilege. The following persons may qualify
for the sales charge reductions or eliminations shown in the
prospectus by combining into a single transaction the purchase of
class A shares or class M shares with other purchases of any
class of shares:
(i) an individual, or a "company" as defined in Section
2(a)(8) of the Investment Company Act of 1940 (which
includes corporations which are corporate affiliates of
each other);
(ii) an individual, his or her spouse and their children
under twenty-one, purchasing for his, her or their own
account;
(iii) a trustee or other fiduciary purchasing for a single
trust estate or single fiduciary account (including a
pension, profit-sharing, or other employee benefit trust
created pursuant to a plan qualified under Section 401 of
the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the
"Code"));
(iv) tax-exempt organizations qualifying under Section
501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code (not including tax-
exempt organizations qualifying under Section 403(b)(7) (a
"403(b) plan") of the Code; and
(v) employee benefit plans of a single employer or of
affiliated employers, other than 403(b) plans.
A combined purchase currently may also include shares of any
class of other continuously offered Putnam funds (other than
money market funds) purchased at the same time through a single
investment dealer, if the dealer places the order for such shares
directly with Putnam Mutual Funds.
Cumulative quantity discount (right of accumulation). A
purchaser of class A shares or class M shares may qualify for a
cumulative quantity discount by combining a current purchase (or
combined purchases as described above) with certain other shares
of any class of Putnam funds already owned. The applicable sales
charge is based on the total of:
<PAGE>
(i) the investor's current purchase; and
(ii) the maximum public offering price (at the close of
business on the previous day) of:
(a) all shares held by the investor in all of the
Putnam funds (except money market funds); and
(b) any shares of money market funds acquired by
exchange from other Putnam funds; and
(iii) the maximum public offering price of all shares
described in paragraph (ii) owned by another shareholder
eligible to participate with the investor in a "combined
purchase" (see above).
To qualify for the combined purchase privilege or to obtain the
cumulative quantity discount on a purchase through an investment
dealer, when each purchase is made the investor or dealer must
provide Putnam Mutual Funds with sufficient information to verify
that the purchase qualifies for the privilege or discount. The
shareholder must furnish this information to Putnam Investor
Services when making direct cash investments.
Statement of Intention. Investors may also obtain the reduced
sales charges for class A shares or class M shares shown in the
prospectus for investments of a particular amount by means of a
written Statement of Intention, which expresses the investor's
intention to invest that amount (including certain "credits," as
described below) within a period of 13 months in shares of any
class of the fund or any other continuously offered Putnam fund
(excluding money market funds). Each purchase of class A shares
or class M shares under a Statement of Intention will be made at
the public offering price applicable at the time of such purchase
to a single transaction of the total dollar amount indicated in
the Statement of Intention. A Statement of Intention may include
purchases of shares made not more than 90 days prior to the date
that an investor signs a Statement; however, the 13-month period
during which the Statement of Intention is in effect will begin
on the date of the earliest purchase to be included.
An investor may receive a credit toward the amount indicated in
the Statement of Intention equal to the maximum public offering
price as of the close of business on the previous day of all
shares he or she owns on the date of the Statement of Intention
which are eligible for purchase under a Statement of Intention
(plus any shares of money market funds acquired by exchange of
such eligible shares). Investors do not receive credit for
shares purchased by the reinvestment of distributions. Investors
qualifying for the "combined purchase privilege" (see above) may
purchase shares under a single Statement of Intention.
The Statement of Intention is not a binding obligation upon the
investor to purchase the full amount indicated. The minimum
initial investment under a Statement of Intention is 5% of such
amount, and must be invested immediately. Class A shares or
class M shares purchased with the first 5% of such amount will be
held in escrow to secure payment of the higher sales charge
applicable to the shares actually purchased if the full amount
indicated is not purchased. When the full amount indicated has
been purchased, the escrow will be released. If an investor
desires to redeem escrowed shares before the full amount has been
purchased, the shares will be released from escrow only if the
investor pays the sales charge that, without regard to the
Statement of Intention, would apply to the total investment made
to date.
To the extent that an investor purchases more than the dollar
amount indicated on the Statement of Intention and qualifies for
a further reduced sales charge, the sales charge will be adjusted
for the entire amount purchased at the end of the 13-month
period, upon recovery from the investor's dealer of its portion
of the sales charge adjustment. Once received from the dealer,
which may take a period of time or may never occur, the sales
charge adjustment will be used to purchase additional shares at
the then current offering price applicable to the actual amount
of the aggregate purchases. These additional shares will not be
considered as part of the total investment for the purpose of
determining the applicable sales charge pursuant to the Statement
of Intention. No sales charge adjustment will be made unless and
until the investor's dealer returns any excess commissions
previously received.
To the extent that an investor purchases less than the dollar
amount indicated on the Statement of Intention within the 13-
month period, the sales charge will be adjusted upward for the
entire amount purchased at the end of the 13-month period. This
adjustment will be made by redeeming shares from the account to
cover the additional sales charge, the proceeds of which will be
paid to the investor's dealer and Putnam Mutual Funds in
accordance with the prospectus. If the account exceeds an amount
that would otherwise qualify for a reduced sales charge, that
reduced sales charge will be applied.
Statements of Intention are not available for certain employee
benefit plans.
Statement of Intention forms may be obtained from Putnam Mutual
Funds or from investment dealers. Interested investors should
read the Statement of Intention carefully.
<PAGE>
Group purchases of class A and class M shares. Members of
qualified groups may purchase class A shares of the fund at a
group sales charge rate of 4.50% of the public offering price
(4.71% of the net amount invested). The dealer discount on such
sales is 3.75% of the offering price. Members of qualified
groups may also purchase class M shares at net asset value.
To receive the class A or class M group rate, group members must
purchase shares through a single investment dealer designated by
the group. The designated dealer must transmit each member's
initial purchase to Putnam Mutual Funds, together with payment
and completed application forms. After the initial purchase, a
member may send funds for the purchase of shares directly to
Putnam Investor Services. Purchases of shares are made at the
public offering price based on the net asset value next
determined after Putnam Mutual Funds or Putnam Investor Services
receives payment for the shares. The minimum investment
requirements described above apply to purchases by any group
member. Only shares purchased under the class A group discount
are included in calculating the purchased amount for the purposes
of these requirements.
Qualified groups include the employees of a corporation or a sole
proprietorship, members and employees of a partnership or
association, or other organized groups of persons (the members of
which may include other qualified groups) provided that: (i) the
group has at least 25 members of which, with respect to the class
A discount only, at least 10 members participate in the initial
purchase; (ii) the group has been in existence for at least six
months; (iii) the group has some purpose in addition to the
purchase of investment company shares at a reduced sales charge;
(iv) the group's sole organizational nexus or connection is not
that the members are credit card holders of a company, policy
holders of an insurance company, customers of a bank or
broker-dealer, clients of an investment adviser or security
holders of a company; (v) with respect to the class A discount
only, the group agrees to provide its designated investment
dealer access to the group's membership by means of written
communication or direct presentation to the membership at a
meeting on not less frequently than an annual basis; (vi) the
group or its investment dealer will provide annual certification
in form satisfactory to Putnam Investor Services that the group
then has at least 25 members and, with respect to the class A
discount only, that at least ten members participated in group
purchases during the immediately preceding 12 calendar months;
and (vii) the group or its investment dealer will provide
periodic certification in form satisfactory to Putnam Investor
Services as to the eligibility of the purchasing members of the
group.
Members of a qualified group include: (i) any group which meets
the requirements stated above and which is a constituent member
of a qualified group; (ii) any individual purchasing for his or
her own account who is carried on the records of the group or on
the records of any constituent member of the group as being a
good standing employee, partner, member or person of like status
of the group or constituent member; or (iii) any fiduciary
purchasing shares for the account of a member of a qualified
group or a member's beneficiary. For example, a qualified group
could consist of a trade association which would have as its
members individuals, sole proprietors, partnerships and
corporations. The members of the group would then consist of the
individuals, the sole proprietors and their employees, the
members of the partnerships and their employees, and the
corporations and their employees, as well as the trustees of
employee benefit trusts acquiring class A shares for the benefit
of any of the foregoing.
A member of a qualified group may, depending upon the value of
class A shares of the fund owned or proposed to be purchased by
the member, be entitled to purchase class A shares of the fund at
non-group sales charge rates shown in the prospectus which may be
lower than the group sales charge rate, if the member qualifies
as a person entitled to reduced non-group sales charges. Such a
group member will be entitled to purchase at the lower rate if,
at the time of purchase, the member or his or her investment
dealer furnishes sufficient information for Putnam Mutual Funds
or Putnam Investor Services to verify that the purchase qualifies
for the lower rate.
Interested groups should contact their investment dealer or
Putnam Mutual Funds. The fund reserves the right to revise the
terms of or to suspend or discontinue group sales at any time.
Employee benefit plans; Individual account plans. The term
"employee benefit plan" means any plan or arrangement, whether or
not tax-qualified, which provides for the purchase of class A
shares. The term "affiliated employer" means employers who are
affiliated with each other within the meaning of Section
2(a)(3)(C) of the Investment Company Act of 1940. The term
"individual account plan" means any employee benefit plan whereby
(i) class A shares are purchased through payroll deductions or
otherwise by a fiduciary or other person for the account of
participants who are employees (or their spouses) of an employer,
or of affiliated employers, and (ii) a separate investing account
is maintained in the name of such fiduciary or other person for
the account of each participant in the plan.
The table of sales charges in the prospectus applies to sales to
employee benefit plans, except that the fund may sell class A
shares at net asset value to employee benefit plans, including
individual account plans, of employers or of affiliated employers
which have at least 750 employees to whom such plan is made
available, in connection with a payroll deduction system of plan
funding (or other system acceptable to Putnam Investor Services)
by which contributions or account information for plan
participation are transmitted to Putnam Investor Services by
methods acceptable to Putnam Investor Services. The fund may
also sell class A shares at net asset value to participant-
directed qualified retirement plans with at least 200 eligible
employees, or prior to December 1, 1995, a plan sponsored by an
employer or by affiliated employers which have at least 750
employees and, beginning December 1, 1995, the fund may sell
class M shares at net asset value to participant-directed
qualified retirement plans with at least 50 eligible employees.
A participant-directed qualified retirement plan participating in
a "multi-fund" program approved by Putnam Mutual Funds may
include amounts invested in the other mutual funds participating
in such program for purposes of determining whether the plan may
purchase class A shares at net asset value based on the size of
the purchase as described in the prospectus. These investments
will also be included for purposes of the discount privileges and
programs described above.
Additional information about participant-directed qualified
retirement plans and individual account plans is available from
investment dealers or from Putnam Mutual Funds.
Contingent Deferred Sales Charges
Class A shares. Class A shares purchased at net asset value by
shareholders investing $1 million or more, including purchases
pursuant to any Combined Purchase Privilege, Right of
Accumulation or Statement of Intention, are subject to a CDSC of
1.00% or 0.50%, respectively, if redeemed within the first or
second year after purchase. The class A CDSC is imposed on the
lower of the cost and the current net asset value of the shares
redeemed. The CDSC does not apply to shares sold without a sales
charge through participant-directed qualified retirement plans
and shares purchased by certain investors investing $1 million or
more that have made arrangements with Putnam Mutual Funds and
whose dealer of record waived the commission described in the
next paragraph.
Except as stated below, Putnam Mutual Funds pays investment
dealers of record commissions on sales of class A shares of $1
million or more based on an investor's cumulative purchases of
such shares, including purchases pursuant to any Combined
Purchase Privilege, Right of Accumulation or Statement of
Intention, during the one-year period beginning with the date of
the initial purchase at net asset value and each subsequent one-
year period beginning with the first net asset value purchase
following the end of the prior period. Such commissions are paid
at the rate of 1.00% of the amount under $3 million, 0.50% of the
next $47 million and 0.25% thereafter. On sales at net asset
value to a participant-directed qualified retirement plan
initially investing less than $20 million in Putnam funds and
other investments managed by Putnam Management or its affiliates
(including a plan with at least 200 eligible employees, or prior
to December 1, 1995, a plan sponsored by an employer with more
than 750 employees), Putnam Mutual Funds pays commissions during
each one-year measuring period, determined as described above, at
the rate of 1.00% of the first $2 million, 0.80% of the next $1
million and 0.50% thereafter, except that commissions on sales
prior to December 1, 1995 are based on cumulative purchases
during the life of the account and are paid at the rate of 1.00%
of the amount under $3 million and 0.50% thereafter. On sales at
net asset value to all other participant-directed qualified
retirement plans, Putnam Mutual Funds pays commissions on the
initial investment and on subsequent net quarterly sales (gross
sales minus gross redemptions during the quarter) at the rate of
0.15%. Money market fund shares are excluded from all commission
calculations, except for determining the amount initially
invested by a participant-directed qualified retirement plan.
Commissions on sales at net asset value to such plans are subject
to Putnam Mutual Funds' right to reclaim such commissions if the
shares are redeemed within two years.
Different CDSC and commission rates may apply to shares purchased
before April 1, 1994.
Class B and class C shares. Investors who set up an Automatic
Cash Withdrawal Plan ("ACWP") for a class B and class C share
account (see "Plans available to shareholders -- Automatic Cash
Withdrawal Plan") may withdraw through the ACWP up to 12% of the
net asset value of the account (calculated as set forth below)
each year without incurring any CDSC. Shares not subject to a
CDSC (such as shares representing reinvestment of distributions)
will be redeemed first and will count toward the 12% limitation.
If there are insufficient shares not subject to a CDSC, shares
subject to the lowest CDSC liability will be redeemed next until
the 12% limit is reached. The 12% figure is calculated on a pro
rata basis at the time of the first payment made pursuant to an
ACWP and recalculated thereafter on a pro rata basis at the time
of each ACWP payment. Therefore, shareholders who have chosen an
ACWP based on a percentage of the net asset value of their
account of up to 12% will be able to receive ACWP payments
without incurring a CDSC. However, shareholders who have chosen
a specific dollar amount (for example, $100 per month from a fund
that pays income distributions monthly) for their periodic ACWP
payment should be aware that the amount of that payment not
subject to a CDSC may vary over time depending on the net asset
value of their account. For example, if the net asset value of
the account is $10,000 at the time of payment, the shareholder
will receive $100 free of the CDSC (12% of $10,000 divided by 12
monthly payments). However, if at the time of the next payment
the net asset value of the account has fallen to $9,400, the
shareholder will receive $94 free of any CDSC (12% of $9,400
divided by 12 monthly payments) and $6 subject to the lowest
applicable CDSC. This ACWP privilege may be revised or
terminated at any time.
All shares. No CDSC is imposed on shares of any class subject to
a CDSC ("CDSC Shares") to the extent that the CDSC Shares
redeemed (i) are no longer subject to the holding period
therefor, (ii) resulted from reinvestment of distributions on
CDSC Shares, or (iii) were exchanged for shares of another Putnam
fund, provided that the shares acquired in such exchange or
subsequent exchanges (including shares of a Putnam money market
fund) will continue to remain subject to the CDSC, if applicable,
until the applicable holding period expires. In determining
whether the CDSC applies to each redemption of CDSC Shares, CDSC
Shares not subject to a CDSC are redeemed first.
The fund will waive any CDSC on redemptions, in the case of
individual, joint or Uniform Transfers to Minors Act accounts, in
the event of death or post-purchase disability of a shareholder,
for the purpose of paying benefits pursuant to tax-qualified
retirement plans ("Benefit Payments"), or, in the case of living
trust accounts, in the event of the death or post-purchase
disability of the settlor of the trust). Benefit payments
currently include, without limitation, (1) distributions from an
IRA due to death or disability, (2) a return of excess
contributions to an IRA or 401(k) plan, and (3) distributions
from retirement plans qualified under Section 401(a) of the Code
or from a 403(b) plan due to death, disability, retirement or
separation from service. These waivers may be changed at any
time. Additional waivers may apply to IRA accounts opened prior
to February 1, 1994.
DISTRIBUTION PLANS
If the fund or a class of shares of the fund has adopted a
distribution plan, the prospectus describes the principal
features of the plan. This SAI contains additional information
which may be of interest to investors.
Continuance of a plan is subject to annual approval by a vote of
the Trustees, including a majority of the Trustees who are not
interested persons of the fund and who have no direct or indirect
interest in the plan or related arrangements (the "Qualified
Trustees"), cast in person at a meeting called for that purpose.
All material amendments to a plan must be likewise approved by
the Trustees and the Qualified Trustees. No plan may be amended
in order to increase materially the costs which the fund may bear
for distribution pursuant to such plan without also being
approved by a majority of the outstanding voting securities of
the fund or the relevant class of the fund, as the case may be.
A plan terminates automatically in the event of its assignment
and may be terminated without penalty, at any time, by a vote of
a majority of the Qualified Trustees or by a vote of a majority
of the outstanding voting securities of the fund or the relevant
class of the fund, as the case may be.
If plan payments are made to reimburse Putnam Mutual Funds for
payments to dealers based on the average net asset value of fund
shares attributable to shareholders for whom the dealers are
designated as the dealer of record, "average net asset value"
attributable to a shareholder account means the product of (i)
the fund's average daily share balance of the account and (ii)
the fund's average daily net asset value per share (or the
average daily net asset value per share of the class, if
applicable). For administrative reasons, Putnam Mutual Funds may
enter into agreements with certain dealers providing for the
calculation of "average net asset value" on the basis of assets
of the accounts of the dealer's customers on an established day
in each quarter.
Financial institutions receiving payments from Putnam Mutual
Funds as described above may be required to comply with various
state and federal regulatory requirements, including among others
those regulating the activities of securities brokers or dealers.
INVESTOR SERVICES
Shareholder Information
Each time shareholders buy or sell shares, they will receive a
statement confirming the transaction and listing their current
share balance. (Under certain investment plans, a statement may
only be sent quarterly.) Shareholders will receive a statement
confirming reinvestment of distributions in additional fund
shares (or in shares of other Putnam funds for Dividends Plus
accounts) promptly following the quarter in which the
reinvestment occurs. To help shareholders take full advantage of
their Putnam investment, they will receive a Welcome Kit and a
periodic publication covering many topics of interest to
investors. The fund also sends annual and semiannual reports
that keep shareholders informed about its portfolio and
performance, and year-end tax information to simplify their
recordkeeping. Easy-to-read, free booklets on special subjects
such as the Exchange Privilege and IRAs are available from Putnam
Investor Services. Shareholders may call Putnam Investor
Services toll-free weekdays at 1-800-225-1581 between 8:30 a.m.
and 7:00 p.m. Boston time for more information, including account
balances.
<PAGE>
Your Investing Account
The following information provides more detail concerning the
operation of a Putnam Investing Account. For further information
or assistance, investors should consult Putnam Investor Services.
Shareholders who purchase shares through a defined contribution
plan should note that not all of the services or features
described below may be available to them, and they should contact
their employer for details.
A shareholder may reinvest a cash distribution without a
front-end sales charge or without the reinvested shares being
subject to a CDSC, as the case may be, by delivering to Putnam
Investor Services the uncashed distribution check, endorsed to
the order of the fund. Putnam Investor Services must receive the
properly endorsed check within 1 year after the date of the
check.
The Investing Account also provides a way to accumulate shares of
the fund. In most cases, after an initial investment of $500, a
shareholder may send checks to Putnam Investor Services for $50
or more, made payable to the fund, to purchase additional shares
at the applicable public offering price next determined after
Putnam Investor Services receives the check. Checks must be
drawn on a U.S. bank and must be payable in U.S. dollars.
Putnam Investor Services acts as the shareholder's agent whenever
it receives instructions to carry out a transaction on the
shareholder's account. Upon receipt of instructions that shares
are to be purchased for a shareholder's account, shares will be
purchased through the investment dealer designated by the
shareholder. Shareholders may change investment dealers at any
time by written notice to Putnam Investor Services, provided the
new dealer has a sales agreement with Putnam Mutual Funds.
Shares credited to an account are transferable upon written
instructions in good order to Putnam Investor Services and may be
sold to the fund as described under "How to sell shares" in the
prospectus. Money market funds and certain other funds will not
issue share certificates. A shareholder may send to Putnam
Investor Services any certificates which have been previously
issued for safekeeping at no charge to the shareholder.
Putnam Mutual Funds, at its expense, may provide certain
additional reports and administrative material to qualifying
institutional investors with fiduciary responsibilities to assist
these investors in discharging their responsibilities.
Institutions seeking further information about this service
should contact Putnam Mutual Funds, which may modify or terminate
this service at any time.
Putnam Investor Services may make special services available to
shareholders with investments exceeding $1,000,000. Contact
Putnam Investor Services for details.
The fund pays Putnam Investor Services' fees for maintaining
Investing Accounts.
Reinstatement Privilege
An investor who has redeemed shares of the fund may reinvest
(within 1 year) the proceeds of such sale in shares of the same
class of the fund, or may be able to reinvest (within 1 year) the
proceeds in shares of the same class of one of the other
continuously offered Putnam funds (through the Exchange Privilege
described in the prospectus), including, in the case of shares
subject to a CDSC, the amount of CDSC charged on the redemption.
Any such reinvestment would be at the net asset value of the
shares of the fund(s) the investor selects, next determined after
Putnam Mutual Funds receives a Reinstatement Authorization. The
time that the previous investment was held will be included in
determining any applicable CDSC due upon redemptions and, in the
case of class B shares, the eight-year period for conversion to
class A shares. Shareholders will receive from Putnam Mutual
Funds the amount of any CDSC paid at the time of redemption as
part of the reinstated investment, which may be treated as
capital gains to the shareholder for tax purposes. Exercise of
the Reinstatement Privilege does not alter the federal income tax
treatment of any capital gains realized on a sale of fund shares,
but to the extent that any shares are sold at a loss and the
proceeds are reinvested in shares of the fund, some or all of the
loss may be disallowed as a deduction. Consult your tax adviser.
Investors who desire to exercise the Reinstatement Privilege
should contact their investment dealer or Putnam Investor
Services.
Exchange Privilege
Except as otherwise set forth in this section, by calling Putnam
Investor Services, investors may exchange shares valued up to
$500,000 between accounts with identical registrations, provided
that no certificates are outstanding for such shares and no
address change has been made within the preceding 15 days.
During periods of unusual market changes and shareholder
activity, shareholders may experience delays in contacting Putnam
Investor Services by telephone to exercise the Telephone Exchange
Privilege.
Putnam Investor Services also makes exchanges promptly after
receiving a properly completed Exchange Authorization Form and,
if issued, share certificates. If the shareholder is a
corporation, partnership, agent, or surviving joint owner, Putnam
Investor Services will require additional documentation of a
customary nature. Because an exchange of shares involves the
redemption of fund shares and reinvestment of the proceeds in
shares of another Putnam fund, completion of an exchange may be
delayed under unusual circumstances if the fund were to suspend
redemptions or postpone payment for the fund shares being
exchanged, in accordance with federal securities laws. Exchange
Authorization Forms and prospectuses of the other Putnam funds
are available from Putnam Mutual Funds or investment dealers
having sales contracts with Putnam Mutual Funds. The prospectus
of each fund describes its investment objective(s) and policies,
and shareholders should obtain a prospectus and consider these
objectives and policies carefully before requesting an exchange.
Shares of certain Putnam funds are not available to residents of
all states. The fund reserves the right to change or suspend the
Exchange Privilege at any time. Shareholders would be notified
of any change or suspension. Additional information is available
from Putnam Investor Services.
Shares of the fund must be held at least 15 days by the
shareholder requesting an exchange. There is no holding period
if the shareholder acquired the shares to be exchanged through
reinvestment of distributions, transfer from another shareholder,
prior exchange or certain employer-sponsored defined contribution
plans. In all cases, the shares to be exchanged must be
registered on the records of the fund in the name of the
shareholder requesting the exchange.
Shareholders of other Putnam funds may also exchange their shares
at net asset value for shares of the fund, as set forth in the
current prospectus of each fund.
For federal income tax purposes, an exchange is a sale on which
the investor generally will realize a capital gain or loss
depending on whether the net asset value at the time of the
exchange is more or less than the investor's basis. The Exchange
Privilege may be revised or terminated at any time. Shareholders
would be notified of any such change or suspension.
Dividends PLUS
Shareholders may invest the fund's distributions of net
investment income or distributions combining net investment
income and short-term capital gains in shares of the same class
of another continuously offered Putnam fund (the "receiving
fund") using the net asset value per share of the receiving fund
determined on the date the fund's distribution is payable. No
sales charge or CDSC will apply to the purchased shares unless
the fund paying the distribution is a money market fund. The
prospectus of each fund describes its investment objective(s) and
policies, and shareholders should obtain a prospectus and
consider these objective(s) and policies carefully before
investing their distributions in the receiving fund. Shares of
certain Putnam funds are not available to residents of all
states.
The minimum account size requirement for the receiving fund will
not apply if the current value of your account in the fund paying
the distribution is more than $5,000.
Shareholders of other Putnam funds (except for money market
funds, whose shareholders must pay a sales charge or become
subject to a CDSC) may also use their distributions to purchase
shares of the fund at net asset value.
For federal tax purposes, distributions from the fund which are
reinvested in another fund are treated as paid by the fund to the
shareholder and invested by the shareholder in the receiving fund
and thus, to the extent comprised of taxable income and deemed
paid to a taxable shareholder, are taxable.
The Dividends PLUS program may be revised or terminated at any
time.
Plans Available To Shareholders
The plans described below are fully voluntary and may be
terminated at any time without the imposition by the fund or
Putnam Investor Services of any penalty. All plans provide for
automatic reinvestment of all distributions in additional shares
of the fund at net asset value. The fund, Putnam Mutual Funds or
Putnam Investor Services may modify or cease offering these plans
at any time.
Automatic cash withdrawal plan ("ACWP"). An investor who owns or
buys shares of the fund valued at $10,000 or more at the current
public offering price may open an ACWP plan and have a designated
sum of money ($50 or more) paid monthly, quarterly, semi-annually
or annually to the investor or another person. (Payments from
the fund can be combined with payments from other Putnam funds
into a single check through a designated payment plan.) Shares
are deposited in a plan account, and all distributions are
reinvested in additional shares of the fund at net asset value
(except where the plan is utilized in connection with a
charitable remainder trust). Shares in a plan account are then
redeemed at net asset value to make each withdrawal payment.
Payment will be made to any person the investor designates;
however, if shares are registered in the name of a trustee or
other fiduciary, payment will be made only to the fiduciary,
except in the case of a profit-sharing or pension plan where
payment will be made to a designee. As withdrawal payments may
include a return of principal, they cannot be considered a
guaranteed annuity or actual yield of income to the investor.
The redemption of shares in connection with a plan generally will
result in a gain or loss for tax purposes. Some or all of the
losses realized upon redemption may be disallowed pursuant to the
so-called wash sale rules if shares of the same fund from which
shares were redeemed are purchased (including through the
reinvestment of fund distributions) within a period beginning 30
days before, and ending 30 days after, such redemption. In such
a case, the basis of the replacement shares will be increased to
reflect the disallowed loss. Continued withdrawals in excess of
income will reduce and possibly exhaust invested principal,
especially in the event of a market decline. The maintenance of
a plan concurrently with purchases of additional shares of the
fund would be disadvantageous to the investor because of the
sales charge payable on such purchases. For this reason, the
minimum investment accepted while a plan is in effect is $1,000,
and an investor may not maintain a plan for the accumulation of
shares of the fund (other than through reinvestment of
distributions) and a plan at the same time. The cost of
administering these plans for the benefit of those shareholders
participating in them is borne by the fund as an expense of all
shareholders. The fund, Putnam Mutual Funds or Putnam Investor
Services may terminate or change the terms of the plan at any
time. A plan will be terminated if communications mailed to the
shareholder are returned as undeliverable.
Investors should consider carefully with their own financial
advisers whether the plan and the specified amounts to be
withdrawn are appropriate in their circumstances. The fund and
Putnam Investor Services make no recommendations or
representations in this regard.
Tax Qualified Retirement Plans; 403(b) and SEP Plans. (Not
offered by funds investing primarily in tax-exempt securities.)
Investors may purchase shares of the fund through the following
Tax Qualified Retirement Plans, available to qualified
individuals or organizations:
Standard and variable profit-sharing (including 401(k))
and money purchase pension plans; and
Individual Retirement Account Plans (IRAs).
Each of these Plans has been qualified as a prototype plan by the
Internal Revenue Service. Putnam Investor Services will furnish
services under each plan at a specified annual cost. Putnam
Fiduciary Trust Company serves as trustee under each of these
Plans.
Forms and further information on these Plans are available from
investment dealers or from Putnam Mutual Funds. In addition,
specialized professional plan administration services are
available on an optional basis; contact Putnam Defined
Contribution Plan Services at 1-800-225-2465, extension 8600.
A 403(b) Retirement Plan is available for employees of public
school systems and organizations which meet the requirements of
Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. Forms and
further information on the 403(b) Plan are also available from
investment dealers or from Putnam Mutual Funds. Shares of the
fund may also be used in simplified employee pension (SEP) plans.
For further information on the Putnam prototype SEP plan, contact
an investment dealer or Putnam Mutual Funds.
Consultation with a competent financial and tax adviser regarding
these Plans and consideration of the suitability of fund shares
as an investment under the Employee Retirement Income Security
Act of 1974, or otherwise, is recommended.
SIGNATURE GUARANTEES
Redemption requests for shares having a net asset value of
$100,000 or more must be signed by the registered owners or their
legal representatives and must be guaranteed by a bank,
broker/dealer, municipal securities dealer or broker, government
securities dealer or broker, credit union, national securities
exchange, registered securities association, clearing agency,
savings association or trust company, provided such institution
is acceptable under and conforms with Putnam Fiduciary Trust
Company's signature guarantee procedures. A copy of such
procedures is available upon request. If you want your
redemption proceeds sent to an address other than your address as
it appears on Putnam's records, you must provide a signature
guarantee. Putnam Investor Services usually requires additional
documentation for the sale of shares by a corporation,
partnership, agent or fiduciary, or a surviving joint owner.
Contact Putnam Investor Services for details.
SUSPENSION OF REDEMPTIONS
The fund may not suspend shareholders' right of redemption, or
postpone payment for more than seven days, unless the New York
Stock Exchange is closed for other than customary weekends or
holidays, or if permitted by the rules of the Securities and
Exchange Commission during periods when trading on the Exchange
is restricted or during any emergency which makes it
impracticable for the fund to dispose of its securities or to
determine fairly the value of its net assets, or during any other
period permitted by order of the Commission for protection of
investors.
SHAREHOLDER LIABILITY
Under Massachusetts law, shareholders could, under certain
circumstances, be held personally liable for the obligations of
the fund. However, the Agreement and Declaration of Trust
disclaims shareholder liability for acts or obligations of the
fund and requires that notice of such disclaimer be given in each
agreement, obligation, or instrument entered into or executed by
the fund or the Trustees. The Agreement and Declaration of Trust
provides for indemnification out of fund property for all loss
and expense of any shareholder held personally liable for the
obligations of the fund. Thus, the risk of a shareholder
incurring financial loss on account of shareholder liability is
limited to circumstances in which the fund would be unable to
meet its obligations. The likelihood of such circumstances is
remote.
STANDARD PERFORMANCE MEASURES
Yield and total return data for the fund may from time to time be
presented in Part I of this SAI and in advertisements. In the
case of funds with more than one class of shares, all performance
information is calculated separately for each class. The data is
calculated as follows.
Total return for one-, five- and ten-year periods (or for such
shorter periods as the fund has been in operation or shares of
the relevant class have been outstanding) is determined by
calculating the actual dollar amount of investment return on a
$1,000 investment in the fund made at the beginning of the
period, at the maximum public offering price for class A shares
and class M shares and net asset value for other classes of
shares, and then calculating the annual compounded rate of return
which would produce that amount. Total return for a period of
one year is equal to the actual return of the fund during that
period. Total return calculations assume deduction of the fund's
maximum sales charge or CDSC, if applicable, and reinvestment of
all fund distributions at net asset value on their respective
reinvestment dates.
The fund's yield is presented for a specified thirty-day period
(the "base period"). Yield is based on the amount determined by
(i) calculating the aggregate amount of dividends and interest
earned by the fund during the base period less expenses for that
period, and (ii) dividing that amount by the product of (A) the
average daily number of shares of the fund outstanding during the
base period and entitled to receive dividends and (B) the per
share maximum public offering price for class A shares or class M
shares, as appropriate, and net asset value for other classes of
shares on the last day of the base period. The result is
annualized on a compounding basis to determine the yield. For
this calculation, interest earned on debt obligations held by the
fund is generally calculated using the yield to maturity (or
first expected call date) of such obligations based on their
market values (or, in the case of receivables-backed securities
such as the Government National Mortgage Association ("GNMAs"),
based on cost). Dividends on equity securities are accrued daily
at their stated dividend rates. The amount of expenses used in
determining the fund's yield includes, in addition to expenses
actually accrued by the fund, an estimate of the amount of
expenses that the fund would have incurred if brokerage
commissions had not been used to reduce such expenses.
If the fund is a money market fund, yield is computed by
determining the percentage net change, excluding capital changes,
in the value of an investment in one share over the seven-day
period for which yield is presented (the "base period"), and
multiplying the net change by 365/7 (or approximately 52 weeks).
Effective yield represents a compounding of the yield by adding 1
to the number representing the percentage change in value of the
investment during the base period, raising that sum to a power
equal to 365/7, and subtracting 1 from the result.
If the fund is a tax-exempt fund, the tax-equivalent yield during
the base period may be presented for shareholders in one or more
stated tax brackets. Tax-equivalent yield is calculated by
adjusting the tax-exempt yield by a factor designed to show the
approximate yield that a taxable investment would have to earn to
produce an after-tax yield equal, for that shareholder, to the
tax-exempt yield. The tax-equivalent yield will differ for
shareholders in other tax brackets.
At times, Putnam Management may reduce its compensation or assume
expenses of the fund in order to reduce the fund's expenses. The
per share amount of any such fee reduction or assumption of
expenses during the fund's past ten fiscal years (or for the life
of the fund, if shorter) is reflected in the table in the section
entitled "Financial highlights" in the prospectus. Any such fee
reduction or assumption of expenses would increase the fund's
yield and total return during the period of the fee reduction or
assumption of expenses.
All data are based on past performance and do not predict future
results.
COMPARISON OF PORTFOLIO PERFORMANCE
Independent statistical agencies measure the fund's investment
performance and publish comparative information showing how the
fund, and other investment companies, performed in specified time
periods. Three agencies whose reports are commonly used for such
comparisons are set forth below. From time to time, the fund may
distribute these comparisons to its shareholders or to potential
investors. The agencies listed below measure performance based
on their own criteria rather than on the standardized performance
measures described in the preceding section.
Lipper Analytical Services, Inc. distributes mutual fund
rankings monthly. The rankings are based on total return
performance calculated by Lipper, generally reflecting
changes in net asset value adjusted for reinvestment of
capital gains and income dividends. They do not reflect
deduction of any sales charges. Lipper rankings cover a
variety of performance periods, including year-to-date,
1-year, 5-year, and 10-year performance. Lipper
classifies mutual funds by investment objective and asset
category.
Morningstar, Inc. distributes mutual fund ratings twice a
month. The ratings are divided into five groups:
highest, above average, neutral, below average and lowest.
They represent a fund's historical risk/reward ratio
relative to other funds in its broad investment class as
determined by Morningstar, Inc. Morningstar ratings cover
a variety of performance periods, including 3-year, 5-
year, 10-year and overall performance. The performance
factor for the overall rating is a weighted-average
assessment of the fund's 3-year, 5-year, and 10-year total
return performance (if available) reflecting deduction of
expenses and sales charges. Performance is adjusted using
quantitative techniques to reflect the risk profile of the
fund. The ratings are derived from a purely quantitative
system that does not utilize the subjective criteria
customarily employed by rating agencies such as Standard &
Poor's and Moody's Investor Service, Inc.
CDA/Wiesenberger's Management Results publishes mutual
fund rankings and is distributed monthly. The rankings
are based entirely on total return calculated by
Weisenberger for periods such as year-to-date, 1-year,
3-year, 5-year and 10-year. Mutual funds are ranked in
general categories (e.g., international bond,
international equity, municipal bond, and maximum capital
gain). Weisenberger rankings do not reflect deduction of
sales charges or fees.
Independent publications may also evaluate the fund's
performance. The fund may from time to time refer to results
published in various periodicals, including Barrons, Financial
World, Forbes, Fortune, Investor's Business Daily, Kiplinger's
Personal Finance Magazine, Money, U.S. News and World Report and
The Wall Street Journal.
Independent, unmanaged indexes, such as those listed below, may
be used to present a comparative benchmark of fund performance.
The performance figures of an index reflect changes in market
prices, reinvestment of all dividend and interest payments and,
where applicable, deduction of foreign withholding taxes, and do
not take into account brokerage commissions or other costs.
Because the fund is a managed portfolio, the securities it owns
will not match those in an index. Securities in an index may
change from time to time.
The Consumer Price Index, prepared by the U.S. Bureau of
Labor Statistics, is a commonly used measure of the rate
of inflation. The index shows the average change in the
cost of selected consumer goods and services and does not
represent a return on an investment vehicle.
The Dow Jones Industrial Average is an index of 30 common
stocks frequently used as a general measure of stock
market performance.
The Dow Jones Utilities Average is an index of 15 utility
stocks frequently used as a general measure of stock
market performance.
CS First Boston High Yield Index is a market-weighted
index including publicly traded bonds having a rating
below BBB by Standard & Poor's and Baa by Moody's.
The Lehman Brothers Corporate Bond Index is an index of
publicly issued, fixed-rate, non-convertible
investment-grade domestic corporate debt securities
frequently used as a general measure of the performance of
fixed-income securities.
The Lehman Brothers Government/Corporate Bond Index is an
index of publicly issued U.S. Treasury obligations, debt
obligations of U.S. government agencies (excluding
mortgage-backed securities), fixed-rate, non-convertible,
investment-grade corporate debt securities and U.S.
dollar-denominated, SEC-registered non-convertible debt
issued by foreign governmental entities or international
agencies used as a general measure of the performance of
fixed-income securities.
The Lehman Brothers Intermediate Treasury Bond Index is an
index of publicly issued U.S. Treasury obligations with
maturities of up to ten years and is used as a general
gauge of the market for intermediate-term fixed-income
securities.
The Lehman Brothers Long-Term Treasury Bond Index is an
index of publicly issued U.S. Treasury obligations
(excluding flower bonds and foreign-targeted issues) that
are U.S. dollar-denominated and have maturities of 10
years or greater.
The Lehman Brothers Mortgage-Backed Securities Index
includes 15- and 30-year fixed rate securities backed by
mortgage pools of the Government National Mortgage
Association, Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation, and
Federal National Mortgage Association.
The Lehman Brothers Municipal Bond Index is an index of
approximately 20,000 investment-grade, fixed-rate
tax-exempt bonds.
The Lehman Brothers Treasury Bond Index is an index of
publicly issued U.S. Treasury obligations (excluding
flower bonds and foreign-targeted issues) that are U.S.
dollar denominated, have a minimum of one year to
maturity, and are issued in amounts over $100 million.
The Morgan Stanley Capital International World Index is an
index of approximately 1,482 equity securities listed on
the stock exchanges of the United States, Europe, Canada,
Australia, New Zealand and the Far East, with all values
expressed in U.S. dollars.
The Morgan Stanley Capital International EAFE Index is an
index of approximately 1,045 equity securities issued by
companies located in 18 countries and listed on the stock
exchanges of Europe, Australia, and the Far East. All
values are expressed in U.S. dollars.
The Morgan Stanley Capital International Europe Index is
an index of approximately 627 equity securities issued by
companies located in one of 13 European countries, with
all values expressed in U.S. dollars.
The Morgan Stanley Capital International Pacific Index is
an index of approximately 418 equity securities issued by
companies located in 5 countries and listed on the
exchanges of Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Hong Kong,
Singapore/Malaysia. All values are expressed in U.S.
dollars.
The NASDAQ Industrial Average is an index of stocks traded
in The Nasdaq Stock Market, Inc. National Market System.
The Salomon Brothers Long-Term High-Grade Corporate Bond
Index is an index of publicly traded corporate bonds
having a rating of at least AA by Standard & Poor's or Aa
by Moody's and is frequently used as a general measure of
the performance of fixed-income securities.
The Salomon Brothers Long-Term Treasury Index is an index
of U.S. government securities with maturities greater than
10 years.
The Salomon Brothers World Government Bond Index is an
index that tracks the performance of the 14 government
bond markets of Australia, Austria, Belgium Canada,
Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Netherlands,
Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom and the United States.
Country eligibility is determined by market capitalization
and investability criteria.
The Salomon Brothers World Government Bond Index (non
$U.S.) is an index of foreign government bonds calculated
to provide a measure of performance in the government bond
markets outside of the United States.
Standard & Poor's 500 Composite Stock Price Index is an
index of common stocks frequently used as a general
measure of stock market performance.
Standard & Poor's 40 Utilities Index is an index of 40
utility stocks.
In addition, Putnam Mutual Funds may distribute to shareholders
or prospective investors illustrations of the benefits of
reinvesting tax-exempt or tax-deferred distributions over
specified time periods, which may include comparisons to fully
taxable distributions. These illustrations use hypothetical
rates of tax-advantaged and taxable returns and are not intended
to indicate the past or future performance of any fund.
DEFINITIONS
"Putnam Management" -- Putnam Investment Management,
Inc., the fund's investment
manager.
"Putnam Mutual Funds" -- Putnam Mutual Funds Corp., the
fund's principal underwriter.
"Putnam Fiduciary Trust -- Putnam Fiduciary Trust Company,
Company" the fund's custodian.
"Putnam Investor Services" -- Putnam Investor Services, a
division of Putnam Fiduciary
Trust Company, the fund's
investor servicing agent.
<PAGE>
PUTNAM CALIFORNIA INTERMEDIATE TAX EXEMPT FUND
FORM N-1A
PART B
STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ("SAI")
February 1, 1996
This SAI is not a prospectus and is only authorized
for distribution when accompanied or preceded by the
prospectus of Putnam California Intermediate Tax Exempt Fund
(the "fund"), a series of Putnam California Tax Exempt Income
Trust (the "Trust") dated February 1, 1996 , as revised
from time to time. This SAI contains information which
may be useful to investors but which is not included in the
prospectus. If the fund has more than one current
prospectus , each reference to the prospectus in
this SAI shall include all of the fund's
prospectuses , unless otherwise noted. The SAI should
be read together with the applicable prospectus . Investors
may obtain a free copy of the applicable prospectus from
Putnam Investor Services, Mailing address: P.O. Box 41203,
Providence, RI 02940-1203.
Part I of this SAI contains specific information about the
fund. Part II includes information about the
fund and the other Putnam funds.
<PAGE>
Table of Contents
Part I Page
CALIFORNIA TAX - EXEMPT SECURITIES. . . . . . . . .. . .I-3
SECURITIES RATINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I-5
INVESTMENT RESTRICTIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. I-7
CHARGES AND EXPENSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. I- 9
INVESTMENT PERFORMANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-14
ADDITIONAL OFFICERS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. I-17
INDEPENDENT ACCOUNTANTS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENTS . .I- 17
Part II
MISCELLANEOUS INVESTMENT PRACTICES . . . . . . . . . . . .. II-1
TAXES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .II- 25
MANAGEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II- 31
DETERMINATION OF NET ASSET VALUE . . . . . . . . . .II- 40
HOW TO BUY SHARES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .II- 42
DISTRIBUTION PLAN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II- 54
INVESTOR SERVICES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .II- 55
SIGNATURE GUARANTEES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II- 61
SUSPENSION OF REDEMPTIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . II- 61
SHAREHOLDER LIABILITY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II- 61
STANDARD PERFORMANCE MEASURES. . . . . . . . . . . . II- 62
COMPARISON OF PORTFOLIO PERFORMANCE. . . . . . . . .II- 63
DEFINITIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II- 67
<PAGE>
SAI
PART I
CALIFORNIA TAX - EXEMPT SECURITIES
General description. As used in the prospectus and in
this SAI , the term "California tax-exempt
securities " includes debt obligations issued by California,
its political subdivisions (for example, counties, cities, towns,
villages, districts and authorities) and their agencies,
instrumentalities or other governmental units, the interest from
which is, in the opinion of bond counsel, exempt from federal
income tax and California personal income tax. Such obligations
are issued to obtain funds for various public purposes, including
the construction of a wide range of public facilities, such as
airports, bridges, highways, housing, hospitals, mass
transportation, schools, streets, and water and sewer works.
Other public purposes for which California tax-exempt
securities may be issued include the refunding of outstanding
obligations or the payment of general operating expenses.
Short-term California tax-exempt securities are generally
issued by state and local governments and public authorities as
interim financing in anticipation of tax collections, revenue
receipts, or bond sales to finance such public purposes. In
addition, certain types of "private activity" bonds may be issued
by public authorities to finance such projects as privately
operated housing facilities and certain local facilities for
water supply, gas, electricity or sewage or solid waste disposal,
student loans, or the obtaining of funds to lend to public or
private institutions for the construction of facilities such as
educational, hospital and housing facilities. Such obligations
are included within the term California tax-exempt
securities if the interest paid thereon is, in the opinion of
bond counsel, exempt from federal income tax and California
personal income tax (such interest may, however, be
subject to federal alternative minimum tax). Other types of
private activity bonds, the proceeds of which are used for the
construction, repair or improvement of, or to obtain equipment
for, privately operated industrial or commercial facilities, may
constitute California tax-exempt securities , although the
current federal tax laws place substantial limitations on the
size of such issues. California tax-exempt securities
also include short-term discount notes (tax-exempt commercial
paper), which are promissory notes issued by municipalities to
enhance their cash flows.
Stand-by commitments. When the fund purchases California
tax-exempt securities , it has the authority to acquire
stand-by commitments from banks and broker-dealers with respect
to those California tax-exempt securities . A stand-by
commitment may be considered a security independent of the
California tax-exempt security to which it relates. The
amount payable by a bank or dealer during the time a stand-by
commitment is exercisable, absent unusual circumstances, would be
substantially the same as the market value of the underlying
California tax-exempt security to a third party at any
time. The fund expects that stand-by commitments
generally will be available without the payment of direct or
indirect consideration. The funds do not expect to assign
any value to stand-by commitments.
Yields. The yields on California tax-exempt securities
depend on a variety of factors, including general money market
conditions, effective marginal tax rates, the financial condition
of the issuer, general conditions of the California tax-exempt
security market, the size of a particular offering, the
maturity of the obligation and the rating of the issue. The
ratings of Moody's Investors Service, Inc. ("Moody's"), Standard
& Poor's Corporation ("Standard & Poor's") and Fitch Investors
Service, Inc. ("Fitch") represent their opinions as to the
quality of the California tax-exempt securities which they
undertake to rate. It should be emphasized, however, that
ratings are general and are not absolute standards of quality.
Consequently, California tax-exempt securities with the
same maturity and interest rate but with different ratings may
have the same yield. Yield disparities may occur for reasons not
directly related to the investment quality of particular issues
or the general movement of interest rates, due to such factors as
changes in the overall demand or supply of various types of
California tax-exempt securities or changes in the
investment objectives of investors. Subsequent to purchase by
the fund , an issue of California tax-exempt
securities or other investments may cease to be rated or its
rating may be reduced below the minimum rating required for
purchase by the fund . Neither event will require the
elimination of an investment from the fund's portfolio,
but Putnam Management will consider such an event in its
determination of whether the fund should continue to hold
an investment in its portfolio.
"Moral obligation" bonds. The fund does not currently
intend to invest in so-called "moral obligation" bonds,
where repayment is backed by a moral commitment of an entity
other than the issuer, unless the credit of the issuer itself,
without regard to the "moral obligation," meets the investment
criteria established for investments by the fund .
Additional risks. Securities in which the fund may
invest, including California tax-exempt securities , are
subject to the provisions of bankruptcy, insolvency and other
laws affecting the rights and remedies of creditors, such as the
federal Bankruptcy Code (including special provisions related
to municipalities and other public entities) , and laws, if
any, which may be enacted by Congress or state legislatures
extending the time for payment of principal or interest, or both,
or imposing other constraints upon enforcement of such
obligations. There is also the possibility that as a result of
litigation or other conditions the power , ability or
willingness of issuers to meet their obligations for the
payment of interest and principal on their California tax-
exempt securities may be materially affected.
From time to time, proposals have been introduced before Congress
for the purpose of restricting or eliminating the federal income
tax - exemption for interest on debt obligations issued by
states and their political subdivisions. Federal tax laws limit
the types and amounts of tax-exempt bonds issuable for certain
purposes, especially for industrial development bonds and private
activity bonds. Such limits may affect the future supply and
yields of these types of California tax-exempt securities .
Further proposals limiting the issuance of tax-exempt bonds may
well be introduced in the future. If it appeared that the
availability of California tax-exempt securities for
investment by the fund and the value of the fund's
portfolio could be materially affected by such changes in law,
the Trustees of the fund would reevaluate its investment
objectives and policies and consider changes in the structure of
the fund or its dissolution.
SECURITIES RATINGS
The following rating services describe rated securities as
follows:
Moody's Investors Service, Inc.
Aaa -- Bonds which are rated Aaa are judged to be of the best
quality. They carry the smallest degree of investment risk and
are generally referred to as "gilt- edged" . Interest
payments are protected by a large or by an exceptionally stable
margin and principal is secure. While the various protective
elements are likely to change, such changes as can be visualized
are most unlikely to impair the fundamentally strong position of
such issues.
Aa -- Bonds which are rated Aa are judged to be of high quality
by all standards. Together with the Aaa group they comprise what
are generally known as high-grade bonds. They are rated lower
than the best bonds because margins of protection may not be as
large as in Aaa securities or fluctuation of protective elements
may be of greater amplitude or there may be other elements
present which make the long-term risk appear somewhat
larger than the Aaa securities.
A -- Bonds which are rated A possess many favorable investment
attributes and are to be considered as upper - medium -
grade obligations. Factors giving security to principal and
interest
are considered adequate , but elements may be present which
suggest a susceptibility to impairment sometime in the future.
Baa -- Bonds which are rated Baa are considered as medium grade
obligations ( i.e., they are neither highly protected nor
poorly secured ) . Interest payments and principal security
appear adequate for the present but certain protective elements
may be lacking or may be characteristically unreliable over any
great length of time. Such bonds lack outstanding investment
characteristics and in fact have speculative characteristics as
well.
Ba -- Bonds which are rated Ba are judged to have speculative
elements; their future cannot be considered as well -
assured. Often the protection of interest and principal
payments may be very moderate and thereby not well safeguarded
during both good and bad times over the future. Uncertainty of
position characterizes bonds in this class.
Standard & Poor's
Bonds
AAA -- Debt rated 'AAA' has the highest rating assigned by
Standard & Poor's. Capacity to pay interest and repay principal
is extremely strong.
AA -- Debt rated 'AA' has a very strong capacity to pay
interest and repay principal and differs from the higher rated
issues only in small degree.
A -- Debt rated 'A' has a strong capacity to pay interest
and repay principal although it is somewhat more susceptible to
the adverse effects of changes in circumstances and economic
conditions than debt in higher rated categories.
BBB -- Debt rated 'BBB' is regarded as having an adequate
capacity to pay interest and repay principal. Whereas it
normally exhibits adequate protection parameters, adverse
economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to
lead to a weakened capacity to pay interest and repay principal
for debt in this category than in higher rated categories.
BB -- Debt rated `BB' has less near-term vulnerability to
default than other speculative issues. However, it faces major
ongoing uncertainties or exposure to adverse business, financial,
or economic conditions which could lead to inadequate capacity to
meet timely interest and principal payments. The `BB' rating
category is also used for debt subordinated to senior debt that
is assigned an actual or implied `BBB-' rating.
<PAGE>
Fitch Investors Service, Inc.
AAA - Bonds considered to be investment grade and of the highest
credit quality. The obligor has an exceptionally strong ability
to pay interest and repay principal, which is unlikely to be
affected by reasonably foreseeable events.
AA - Bonds considered to be investment grade and of very high
credit quality. The obligor's ability to pay interest and repay
principal is very strong, although not quite as strong as bonds
rated AAA.
A - Bonds considered to be investment grade and of high credit
quality. The obligor's ability to pay interest and repay
principal is considered to be strong, but may be more vulnerable
to adverse changes in economic conditions and circumstances than
bonds with higher ratings.
BBB - Bonds considered to be investment grade and of satisfactory
credit quality. The obligor's ability to pay interest and repay
principal is considered to be adequate. Adverse changes in
economic conditions and circumstances, however, are more likely
to have adverse impact on these bonds, and therefore impair
timely payment. The likelihood that the ratings of these bonds
will fall below investment grade is higher than for bonds with
higher ratings.
BB - Bonds considered to be speculative. The obligor's ability
to pay interest and repay principal may be affected over time by
adverse economic changes. However, business and financial
alternatives can be identified which could assist the obligor in
satisfying its debt service requirements.
INVESTMENT RESTRICTIONS
As fundamental investment restrictions, which may not be changed
without a vote of a majority of its outstanding voting
securities, the fund may not and will not:
(1) Borrow money in excess of 10% of the value (taken at the
lower of cost or current value) of its total assets (not
including the amount borrowed) at the time the borrowing is made,
and then only from banks as a temporary measure to facilitate the
meeting of redemption requests (not for leverage) which might
otherwise require the untimely disposition of portfolio
investments or for extraordinary or emergency purposes. Such
borrowings will be repaid before any additional investments are
purchased.
<PAGE>
(2) Underwrite securities issued by other persons except to the
extent that, in connection with the disposition of its portfolio
investments, it may be deemed to be an underwriter under certain
federal securities laws.
(3) Purchase or sell real estate, although it may purchase
securities of issuers which deal in real estate, securities which
are secured by interests in real estate, and securities which
represent interests in real estate, and it may acquire and
dispose of real estate or interests in real estate acquired
through the exercise of its rights as a holder of debt
obligations secured by real estate or interests therein.
(4) Purchase or sell commodities or commodity contracts, except
that the fund may purchase and sell financial futures
contracts and options.
(5) Make loans, except by purchase of debt obligations in which
the fund may invest consistent with its investment
policies, by entering into repurchase agreements with respect to
not more than 25% of its total assets (taken at current value) or
through the lending of its portfolio securities with respect to
not more than 25% of its total assets (taken at current value).
(6) Purchase securities (other than securities of the U.S.
government, its agencies or instrumentalities or California
tax-exempt securities , except obligations backed only by
the assets and revenues of nongovernmental issuers) if, as a
result of such purchase, more than 25% of the fund's total
assets would be invested in any one industry.
(7) Issue any class of securities which is senior to the
fund's shares of beneficial interest.
It is contrary to the fund's present policy, which may be
changed without shareholder approval, to:
(1) Invest in (a) securities which at the time of such
investment are not readily marketable, (b) securities restricted
as to resale (excluding securities determined by the Trustees of
the Trust (or the person designated by the Trustees of the Trust
to make such determinations) to be readily marketable), and (c)
repurchase agreements maturing in more than seven days, if, as a
result, more than 15% of the fund's net assets (taken at
current value) would be invested in securities described in (a),
(b) and (c) above.
(2) Invest in securities of registered open-end investment
companies, except as they may be acquired as part of a merger,
consolidation or acquisition of assets or by purchases in the
open market involving only customary brokers' commissions.
(3) Invest in securities of any issuer if the party responsible
for payment, together with any predecessor, has been in operation
for less than three years, and, as a result of the investment,
the aggregate of such investments would exceed 5% of the value of
the fund's net assets; provided, however, that this
restriction shall not apply to any obligation of the United
States or its agencies or for the payment of which is pledged the
faith, credit and taxing power of any person authorized to issue
California tax-exempt securities .
Although certain of the fund's fundamental investment
restrictions permit it to borrow money to a limited extent, it
does not currently intend to do so and did not do so last
year.
-----------------------
All percentage limitations on investments will apply at the time
of the making of an investment and shall not be considered
violated unless an excess or deficiency occurs or exists
immediately after and as a result of such investment.
The Investment Company Act of 1940 provides that a "vote of a
majority of the outstanding voting securities" of the fund
means the affirmative vote of the lesser of (1) more than 50% of
the outstanding shares of the fund or (2) 67% or more of
the shares present at a meeting if more than 50% of the
outstanding shares are represented at the meeting in person or by
proxy.
CHARGES AND EXPENSES
Management fees
Under a Management Contract dated May 6, 1994, the fund pays a
quarterly fee to Putnam Management based on the average net
assets of the fund, as determined at the close of each business
day during the quarter at the annual rates of 0.60% of the first
$500 million, 0.50% of the next $500 million, 0.45% of the next
$500 million and 0.40% of any amount over $1.5 billion. For the
past two fiscal years, pursuant to the Management Contract the
fund incurred the following fees:
Reflecting a
reduction in the
following amounts
pursuant to an
Fiscal Management expense
year fee paid limitation
- ------ ---------- ----------------
1995 $0 $49,759
1994 $0 $16,410
Expense limitation. In order to limit the fund's expenses during
its start-up period, Putnam Management has agreed to limit its
compensation (and, to the extent necessary, bear other expenses
of the fund) until the earlier of the date the net assets of the
fund exceed $100,000,000 or March 7, 1996, to the extent that
expenses of the fund (exclusive of brokerage, interest, taxes,
deferred organizational and extraordinary expenses, and payments
under the fund's distribution plans) exceed an annual rate of
0.65% of the fund's average net assets. For the purpose of
determining any such limitation on Putnam Management's
compensation, expenses of the fund shall not reflect the
application of commissions or cash management credits that may
reduce designated fund expenses. With Trustee approval, this
expense limitation may be terminated earlier, in which event
shareholders would be notified and this SAI would be revised.
Brokerage commissions
The following table shows brokerage commissions paid during the
fiscal periods indicated.
Fiscal Brokerage
year commissions
- ------ ------------
1995 $845
1994 $0
The following table shows transactions placed with brokers and
dealers during the most recent fiscal year to recognize research,
statistical and quotation services Putnam Management considered
to be particularly useful to it and its affiliates.
Dollar
value Percent of
of these total Amount of
transactions transactions commissions
- ------------ ------------ -----------
$186,452 1.81% $1,605
Administrative expense reimbursement
The fund reimbursed Putnam Management in the following amounts
for administrative services during fiscal 1995, including the
following amount for compensation of certain officers of the
Trust and contributions to the Putnam Investments, Inc. Profit
Sharing Retirement Plan for their benefit:
<PAGE>
Portion of total
reimbursement for
compensation
Total and
reimbursement contributions
- ------------- ----------------
$29 $28
Trustee fees
Each Trustee receives a fee for his or her
services. Each Trustee also receives fees for serving as Trustee
of other Putnam funds. The Trustees periodically review their
fees to assure that such fees continue to be appropriate in light
of their responsibilities as well as in relation to fees paid to
trustees of other mutual fund complexes. The Trustees meet
monthly over a two-day period, except in August. The
Compensation Committee, which consists solely of Trustees not
affiliated with Putnam Management and is responsible for
recommending Trustee compensation, estimates that
Committee and Trustee meeting time together with the appropriate
preparation requires the equivalent of at least three business
days per Trustee meeting. The following table shows the year
each Trustee was first elected a Trustee of the Putnam funds,
the fees paid to each Trustee by the fund for fiscal 1995
and the fees paid to each Trustee by all of the Putnam funds
during calendar year 1995 :
COMPENSATION TABLE
Total
Aggregate compensation
compensation from all
Trustees from the fund* Putnam funds**
- --------------------------------------------------------------
Jameson A. Baxter/1994 $122 $150,854
Hans H. Estin/1972 122 150,854
John A. Hill/1985*** 121 149,854
Elizabeth T. Kennan/1992 120 148,854
Lawrence J. Lasser/1992 122 150,854
Robert E. Patterson/1984 124 152,854
Donald S. Perkins/1982 122 150,854
William F. Pounds/1971 121 149,854
George Putnam/1957 122 150,854
George Putnam, III/1984 122 150,854
Eli Shapiro/1995**** 50 95,372
A.J.C. Smith/1986 121 149,854
W. Nicholas Thorndike/1992 124 152,854
*
Includes an annual retainer and an attendance fee for each
meeting attended.
<PAGE>
** Reflects total payments received from all Putnam funds in
the most recent calendar year. As of December 31,
1995, there were 99 funds in the Putnam
family.
**
* Includes amounts of compensation deferred pursuant to a
Trustee Compensation Deferral Plan. The total amount of
deferred compensation payable to Mr. Hill by all Putnam
funds as of September 30, 1995 was $26,395, including income
earned on such amounts.
**** Elected as a Trustee in April 1995.
The Trustees have approved Retirement Guidelines
for Trustees of the Putnam funds. These Guidelines
provide generally that a Trustee who retires after reaching age
72 and who has at least 10 years of continuous service will be
eligible to receive a retirement benefit from each Putnam fund
for which he or she served as a Trustee. The amount and form of
such benefit is subject to determination annually by the Trustees
and, unless otherwise determined by the Trustees, will be an
annual cash benefit payable for life equal to one-half of the
Trustee retainer fees paid by each fund at the time of
retirement. Several retired Trustees are currently receiving
benefits pursuant to the Guidelines and it is anticipated that
the current Trustees will receive similar benefits upon
their retirement. A Trustee who retired in calendar
1994 and was eligible to receive benefits under these
Guidelines would have received an annual benefit of
$66,749 , based upon the aggregate retainer fees paid by
the Putnam funds for such year. The Trustees reserve the
right to amend or terminate such Guidelines and the related
payments at any time, and may modify or waive the foregoing
eligibility requirements when deemed appropriate.
For additional information concerning the Trustees, see
"Management " in Part II of this SAI.
Share ownership (WILL INSERT)
At December 31, 1995, the officers and Trustees of the
Trust as a group owned less than 1% of the outstanding shares of
each class of the fund, and, except as noted below,
to the knowledge of the Trust no person owned of record or
beneficially 5% or more of the shares of any class of the
fund.
Shareholder name
Percentage
Class and address owned
----- ----------------------------- --------
A Edward D. Jones & Co. 26.60
201 Progress Parkway
St. Louis, MO 63043
A Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette 9.00%
Securities Corp.
140 Broadway
NYC, NY 10005
A Painewebber Inc. 5.30%
1285 Avenue of the Americas
NYC, NY 10019
B William M. Raymond 7.30%
Clifford Willis Trust
2001 Financial Way
Glendora, CA 91741-4602
B Prudential Securities Inc. 6.00%
One Seaport Plaza
NYC, NY 10292
B Merrill Lynch Pierce Fenner & 5.40%
Smith Inc
250 Vesey Street
World Financial Center
North Tower
NYC, NY 10281
Distribution fees
During fiscal 1995, the fund paid the following 12b-1 fees to
Putnam Mutual Funds :
Class A Class B
------- -------
$8,108 $22,199
Class A sales charges and contingent deferred sales charges
Putnam Mutual Funds received sales charges with respect to
class A shares in the following amounts during the periods
indicated:
Sales charges
retained by Putnam Contingent
Total Mutual Funds deferred
front-end after sales
Fiscal year sales charges dealer concessions charges
- ----------- ------------- ------------------ --------
1995 $44,017 $9,765 $0
1994 $34,853 $3,205 $0
<PAGE>
Class B contingent deferred sales charges
Putnam Mutual Funds received contingent deferred sales
charges upon redemptions of class B shares in the following
amounts during the periods indicated:
Contingent deferred
Fiscal year sales charges
- - ---------- -------------------
1995 $4,783
1994 $1,822
Investor servicing and custody fees and expenses
During the 1995 fiscal year, the fund incurred
$10,716 in fees and out-of-pocket expenses for investor
servicing and custody services provided by Putnam Fiduciary Trust
Company.
INVESTMENT PERFORMANCE
Standard performance measures
(for periods ended 9/30/95)
Class A Class B
Inception date: 6/1/94 6/1/94
Total
return NAV* POP** NAV CDSC
- ---------------------------------------------------
1 year 5.17% 1.76% 4.66% 1.67%
Life of class 3.80 1.21 3.16 0.96
Class A Class B
Yield POP NAV
30-day
Yield 4.44% 3.94%
Tax-equivalent
yield*** 8.26 7.33
*net asset value
**public offering price
*** Assumes the maximum combined 46.24% federal and state tax
rate. Results for investors subject to lower tax rates would not
be as advantageous.
Data represent past performance and are not indicative of future
results. Total return and yield at POP for class A shares
reflect the deduction of the maximum sales charge of 3.25%.
Total return at CDSC for class B shares reflects the deduction of
the applicable contingent deferred sales charge (CDSC). The
maximum class B CDSC is 3.0%. See "Standard performance
measures" in Part II of this SAI for information on how
performance is calculated. Past performance is no guarantee of
future results.
EQUIVALENT YIELDS: TAX-EXEMPT VERSUS TAXABLE SECURITIES
The table below shows the effect of the tax status of California
tax-exempt securities on the effective yield received by
their individual holders under the federal income tax and
California personal income tax laws currently in effect for
1996 . It gives the approximate yield a taxable security
must earn at various income levels to produce after-tax yields
equivalent to those of California tax-exempt securities
yielding from 2.0% to 9.0%.
<PAGE>
<TABLE><CAPTION>
- -----------------------------------------------------------------
- -------------------------------------------------------
Taxable Income* Combined
Tax-exempt yield
------------------------ California
- ------------------------------------------------------
- ------------
and federal
Joint*** Single*** rate** 2% 3%
4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9%
- -----------------------------------------------------------------
- -------------------------------------------------------
Equivalent
taxable yield
- -----------------------------------------------------------------
- -------------------------------------------------------
<C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
<C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
0 - 9,662 0 - 4,831 15.85% 2.38% 3.57%
4.75% 5.94% 7.13% 8.32% 9.51% 10.70%
9,663 - 22,8984,832 - 11,449 16.70%
2.40% 3.60% 4.80% 6.00% 7.20% 8.40%9.60% 10.80%
22,899 - 36,13611,450 - 18,068 18.40%
2.45% 3.68% 4.90% 6.13% 7.35% 8.58%9.80% 11.03%
36,137 - 40,10018,069 - 24,000 20.10%
2.50% 3.75% 5.01% 6.26% 7.51% 8.76% 10.01%
11.26%
40,101 - 50,16624,001 - 25,083 32.32%
2.96% 4.43% 5.91% 7.39% 8.87% 10.34% 11.82%
13.30%
50,167 - 63,40025,084 - 31,700 33.76%
3.02% 4.53% 6.04% 7.55% 9.06% 10.57% 12.08%
13.59%
63,401 - 96,90031,701 - 58,150 34.70%
3.06% 4.59% 6.13% 7.66% 9.19% 10.72% 12.25%
13.78%
96,901 -147,70058,151 -109,936 37.42%
3.20% 4.79% 6.39% 7.99% 9.59% 11.19% 12.78%
14.38%
--- 109,937 -121,300 37.90% 3.22%
4.83% 6.44% 8.05% 9.66% 11.27% 12.86% 14.49%
147,701 - 219,872 --- 41.95%
3.45% 5.17% 6.89% 8.61% 10.34% 12.06% 13.78%
15.50%
219,873 - 263,750121,301 - 219,872 42.40%
3.47% 5.21% 6.94% 8.68% 10.42% 12.15% 13.89%
15.63%
--- 219,873 - 263,750 43.04% 3.51%
5.27% 7.02% 8.78% 10.53% 12.29% 14.04% 15.80%
263,751 - 439,744 --- 45.64%
3.68% 5.52% 7.36% 9.20% 11.04% 12.88% 14.72%
16.56%
over 439,744 over 263,750 46.24%
3.72% 5.58% 7.44% 9.30% 11.16% 13.02% 14.88%
16.74%
- -----------------------------------------------------------------
- -------------------------------------------------------
* This amount represents taxable income as defined in the
Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code"). It
assumed that taxable income as defined in the Code is the
same as under the California Revenue and Taxation
Code ; however , California taxable income may differ
due to differences in exemptions, itemized deductions,
and other items.
** For federal tax purposes, these combined rates reflect the
marginal rates on taxable income currently in effect for
1996 . For California personal income tax purposes,
the table reflects the tax rates currently in effect
for 1995; the brackets for 1996 may change due to the
indexing provisions of California law , and the 1996
California personal income tax rates have not yet been
released. (These combined rated include the effect of
deducting state income taxes on your federal return.)
*** The amount of taxable income in certain brackets may
be affected by the phase-out of personal exemptions and
the limitation on itemized deductions based upon adjusted
gross income under the Code, and under the California
Revenue and Taxation Code. </TABLE>
Of course, there is no assurance that the fund will
achieve any specific tax - exempt yield. While it is
expected that the fund will invest principally in
obligations which pay interest exempt from federal income tax and
California personal income tax, other income received by the
fund may be taxable. The table does not take into account
any state or local taxes payable on fund distributions
except for California personal income tax.
ADDITIONAL OFFICERS
The Trust
In addition to the persons listed as officers of the Trust in
Part II of this SAI, each of the following persons
is also a Vice President of the Trust and Vice
President of certain of the Putnam funds . Officers of Putnam
Management hold the same offices in Putnam Management's parent
company, Putnam Investments, Inc.
Gary N. Coburn, Senior Managing Director of Putnam
Management.
James E. Erickson, Managing Director of Putnam
Management.
Blake E. Anderson, Senior Vice President of Putnam
Management.
James M. Prusko, Assistant Vice President of Putnam
Management. Prior, to August, 1992, Mr. Prusko was a Sales
and Trading Associate at Salomon Brothers.
INDEPENDENT ACCOUNTANTS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Price Waterhouse LLP , 160 Federal Street, Boston, MA 02110,
are the fund's independent accountants, providing audit
services, tax return review and other tax consulting services and
assistance and consultation in connection with the review of
various Securities and Exchange Commission filings. The
Report of Independent Accountants , financial
highlights and financial statements included in the
fund's Annual Report for the fiscal year
ended September 30, 1995 , filed electronically on
November 28, 1995 (File No. 811-3630) , are incorporated by
reference into this SAI . The financial highlights
included in the prospectus and incorporated by reference into
this SAI and the financial statements incorporated by
reference into the prospectus and this SAI have been so
included and incorporated in reliance upon the report of the
independent accountants, given on their authority as experts in
auditing and accounting.
<PAGE>
TABLE OF CONTENTS
MISCELLANEOUS INVESTMENT PRACTICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-1
TAXES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .II-25
MANAGEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .II-31
DETERMINATION OF NET ASSET VALUE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .II-40
HOW TO BUY SHARES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .II-42
DISTRIBUTION PLANS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .II-54
INVESTOR SERVICES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .II-55
SIGNATURE GUARANTEES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .II-61
SUSPENSION OF REDEMPTIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .II-61
SHAREHOLDER LIABILITY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .II-61
STANDARD PERFORMANCE MEASURES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .II-62
COMPARISON OF PORTFOLIO PERFORMANCE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .II-63
DEFINITIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .II-67
<PAGE>
THE PUTNAM FUNDS
STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ("SAI")
PART II
The following information applies generally to your fund and to
the other Putnam funds. In certain cases the discussion applies
to some but not all of the funds or their shareholders, and you
should refer to your prospectus to determine whether the matter
is applicable to you or your fund. You will also be referred to
Part I for certain information applicable to your particular
fund. Shareholders who purchase shares at net asset value
through employer-sponsored defined contribution plans should also
consult their employer for information about the extent to which
the matters described below apply to them.
MISCELLANEOUS INVESTMENT PRACTICES
Your fund's prospectus states which of the following investment
practices are available to your fund. The fact that your fund is
authorized to engage in a particular practice does not
necessarily mean that it will actually do so. You should
disregard any practice described below which is not mentioned in
the prospectus.
Short-term Trading
In seeking the fund's objectives(s), Putnam Management will buy
or sell portfolio securities whenever Putnam Management believes
it appropriate to do so. In deciding whether to sell a portfolio
security, Putnam Management does not consider how long the fund
has owned the security. From time to time the fund will buy
securities intending to seek short-term trading profits. A
change in the securities held by the fund is known as "portfolio
turnover" and generally involves some expense to the fund. This
expense may include brokerage commissions or dealer markups and
other transaction costs on both the sale of securities and the
reinvestment of the proceeds in other securities. If sales of
portfolio securities cause the fund to realize net short-term
capital gains, such gains will be taxable as ordinary income. As
a result of the fund's investment policies, under certain market
conditions the fund's portfolio turnover rate may be higher than
that of other mutual funds. Portfolio turnover rate for a fiscal
year is the ratio of the lesser of purchases or sales of
portfolio securities to the monthly average of the value of
portfolio securities -- excluding securities whose maturities at
acquisition were one year or less. The fund's portfolio turnover
rate is not a limiting factor when Putnam Management considers a
change in the fund's portfolio.
<PAGE>
Lower-rated Securities
The fund may invest in lower-rated fixed-income securities
(commonly known as "junk bonds"), to the extent described in the
prospectus. The lower ratings of certain securities held by the
fund reflect a greater possibility that adverse changes in the
financial condition of the issuer or in general economic
conditions, or both, or an unanticipated rise in interest rates,
may impair the ability of the issuer to make payments of interest
and principal. The inability (or perceived inability) of issuers
to make timely payment of interest and principal would likely
make the values of securities held by the fund more volatile and
could limit the fund's ability to sell its securities at prices
approximating the values the fund had placed on such securities.
In the absence of a liquid trading market for securities held by
it, the fund at times may be unable to establish the fair value
of such securities.
Securities ratings are based largely on the issuer's historical
financial condition and the rating agencies' analysis at the time
of rating. Consequently, the rating assigned to any particular
security is not necessarily a reflection of the issuer's current
financial condition, which may be better or worse than the rating
would indicate. In addition, the rating assigned to a security
by Moody's Investors Service, Inc. or Standard & Poor's (or by
any other nationally recognized securities rating organization)
does not reflect an assessment of the volatility of the
security's market value or the liquidity of an investment in the
security. See the prospectus or Part I of this SAI for a
description of security ratings.
Like those of other fixed-income securities, the values of
lower-rated securities fluctuate in response to changes in
interest rates. A decrease in interest rates will generally
result in an increase in the value of the fund's assets.
Conversely, during periods of rising interest rates, the value of
the fund's assets will generally decline. The values of lower-
rated securities may often be affected to a greater extent by
changes in general economic conditions and business conditions
affecting the issuers of such securities and their industries.
Negative publicity or investor perceptions may also adversely
affect the values of lower-rated securities. Changes by
recognized rating services in their ratings of any fixed-income
security and changes in the ability of an issuer to make payments
of interest and principal may also affect the value of these
investments. Changes in the value of portfolio securities
generally will not affect income derived from these securities,
but will affect the fund's net asset value. The fund will not
necessarily dispose of a security when its rating is reduced
below its rating at the time of purchase. However, Putnam
Management will monitor the investment to determine whether its
retention will assist in meeting the fund's investment
objective(s).
Issuers of lower-rated securities are often highly leveraged, so
that their ability to service their debt obligations during an
economic downturn or during sustained periods of rising interest
rates may be impaired. Such issuers may not have more
traditional methods of financing available to them and may be
unable to repay outstanding obligations at maturity by
refinancing. The risk of loss due to default in payment of
interest or repayment of principal by such issuers is
significantly greater because such securities frequently are
unsecured and subordinated to the prior payment of senior
indebtedness.
At times, a substantial portion of the fund's assets may be
invested in securities as to which the fund, by itself or
together with other funds and accounts managed by Putnam
Management and its affiliates, holds all or a major portion.
Although Putnam Management generally considers such securities to
be liquid because of the availability of an institutional market
for such securities, it is possible that, under adverse market or
economic conditions or in the event of adverse changes in the
financial condition of the issuer, the fund could find it more
difficult to sell these securities when Putnam Management
believes it advisable to do so or may be able to sell the
securities only at prices lower than if they were more widely
held. Under these circumstances, it may also be more difficult
to determine the fair value of such securities for purposes of
computing the fund's net asset value. In order to enforce its
rights in the event of a default under such securities, the fund
may be required to participate in various legal proceedings or
take possession of and manage assets securing the issuer's
obligations on such securities. This could increase the fund's
operating expenses and adversely affect the fund's net asset
value. In the case of tax-exempt funds, any income derived from
the fund's ownership or operation of such assets would not be
tax-exempt. The ability of a holder of a tax-exempt security to
enforce the terms of that security in a bankruptcy proceeding may
be more limited than would be the case with respect to privately-
issued securities. In addition, the fund's intention to qualify
as a "regulated investment company" under the Internal Revenue
Code may limit the extent to which the fund may exercise its
rights by taking possession of such assets.
Certain securities held by the fund may permit the issuer at its
option to "call," or redeem, its securities. If an issuer were
to redeem securities held by the fund during a time of declining
interest rates, the fund may not be able to reinvest the proceeds
in securities providing the same investment return as the
securities redeemed.
If the fund's prospectus describes so-called "zero-coupon" bonds
and "payment-in-kind" bonds as possible investments, the fund may
invest without limit in such bonds unless otherwise specified in
the prospectus. Zero-coupon bonds are issued at a significant
discount from their principal amount in lieu of paying interest
periodically. Payment-in-kind bonds allow the issuer, at its
option, to make current interest payments on the bonds either in
cash or in additional bonds. Because zero-coupon and payment-in-
kind bonds do not pay current interest in cash, their value is
subject to greater fluctuation in response to changes in market
interest rates than bonds that pay interest currently. Both
zero-coupon and payment-in-kind bonds allow an issuer to avoid
the need to generate cash to meet current interest payments.
Accordingly, such bonds may involve greater credit risks than
bonds paying interest currently in cash. The fund is required to
accrue interest income on such investments and to distribute such
amounts at least annually to shareholders even though such bonds
do not pay current interest in cash. Thus, the fund could be
required at times to liquidate investments in order to satisfy
its dividend requirements.
To the extent the fund invests in securities in the lower rating
categories, the achievement of the fund's goals is more dependent
on Putnam Management's investment analysis than would be the case
if the fund were investing in securities in the higher rating
categories. This may be particularly true with respect to tax-
exempt securities, as the amount of information about the
financial condition of an issuer of tax-exempt securities may not
be as extensive as that which is made available by corporations
whose securities are publicly traded.
Investments in Miscellaneous Fixed Income Securities
Unless otherwise specified in the prospectus or elsewhere in this
SAI, if the fund may invest in inverse floating obligations,
premium securities, or interest-only or principal-only classes of
mortgage-backed securities, it may do so without limit. The
fund, however, currently does not intend to invest more than 15%
of its assets in inverse floating obligations under normal market
conditions.
Private Placements
The fund may invest in securities that are purchased in private
placements and, accordingly, are subject to restrictions on
resale as a matter of contract or under federal securities laws.
Because there may be relatively few potential purchasers for such
investments, especially under adverse market or economic
conditions or in the event of adverse changes in the financial
condition of the issuer, the fund could find it more difficult to
sell such securities when Putnam Management believes it advisable
to do so or may be able to sell such securities only at prices
lower than if such securities were more widely held. At times,
it may also be more difficult to determine the fair value of such
securities for purposes of computing the fund's net assets value.
Mortgage Related Securities
The fund may invest in mortgage-backed securities, including
collateralized mortgage obligations ("CMOs") and certain stripped
mortgage-backed securities. CMOs and other mortgage-backed
securities represent a participation in, or are secured by,
mortgage loans.
Mortgage-backed securities have yield and maturity
characteristics corresponding to the underlying assets. Unlike
traditional debt securities, which may pay a fixed rate of
interest until maturity, when the entire principal amount comes
due, payments on certain mortgage-backed securities include both
interest and a partial repayment of principal. Besides the
scheduled repayment of principal, repayments of principal may
result from the voluntary prepayment, refinancing, or foreclosure
of the underlying mortgage loans. If property owners make
unscheduled prepayments of their mortgage loans, these
prepayments will result in early payment of the applicable
mortgage-related securities. In that event the fund may be
unable to invest the proceeds from the early payment of the
mortgage-related securities in an investment that provides as
high a yield as the mortgage-related securities. Consequently,
early payment associated with mortgage-related securities may
cause these securities to experience significantly greater price
and yield volatility than that experienced by traditional fixed-
income securities. The occurrence of mortgage prepayments is
affected by factors including the level of interest rates,
general economic conditions, the location and age of the mortgage
and other social and demographic conditions. During periods of
falling interest rates, the rate of mortgage prepayments tends to
increase, thereby tending to decrease the life of mortgage-
related securities. During periods of rising interest rates, the
rate of mortgage prepayments usually decreases, thereby tending
to increase the life of mortgage-related securities. If the life
of a mortgage-related security is inaccurately predicted, the
fund may not be able to realize the rate of return it expected.
Mortgage-backed securities are less effective than other types of
securities as a means of "locking in" attractive long-term
interest rates. One reason is the need to reinvest prepayments
of principal; another is the possibility of significant
unscheduled prepayments resulting from declines in interest
rates. These prepayments would have to be reinvested at lower
rates. As a result, these securities may have less potential for
capital appreciation during periods of declining interest rates
than other securities of comparable maturities, although they may
have a similar risk of decline in market value during periods of
rising interest rates.
Prepayments may cause losses in securities purchased at a
premium. At times, some of the mortgage-backed securities in
which the fund may invest will have higher than market interest
rates and therefore will be purchased at a premium above their
par value. Unscheduled prepayments, which are made at par, will
cause the fund to experience a loss equal to any unamortized
premium.
CMOs may be issued by a U.S. government agency or instrumentality
or by a private issuer. Although payment of the principal of,
and interest on, the underlying collateral securing privately
issued CMOs may be guaranteed by the U.S. government or its
agencies or instrumentalities, these CMOs represent obligations
solely of the private issuer and are not insured or guaranteed by
the U.S. government, its agencies or instrumentalities or any
other person or entity.
Prepayments could cause early retirement of CMOs. CMOs are
designed to reduce the risk of prepayment for investors by
issuing multiple classes of securities, each having different
maturities, interest rates and payment schedules, and with the
principal and interest on the underlying mortgages allocated
among the several classes in various ways. Payment of interest
or principal on some classes or series of CMOs may be subject to
contingencies or some classes or series may bear some or all of
the risk of default on the underlying mortgages. CMOS of
different classes or series are generally retired in sequence as
the underlying mortgage loans in the mortgage pool are repaid.
If enough mortgages are repaid ahead of schedule, the classes or
series of a CMO with the earliest maturities generally will be
retired prior to their maturities. Thus, the early retirement of
particular classes or series of a CMO held by the fund would have
the same effect as the prepayment of mortgages underlying other
mortgage-backed securities.
Prepayments could result in losses on stripped mortgage-backed
securities. Stripped mortgage-backed securities are usually
structured with two classes that receive different portions of
the interest and principal distributions on a pool of mortgage
loans. The fund may invest in both the interest-only or "IO"
class and the principal-only or "PO" class. The yield to
maturity on an IO class of stripped mortgage-backed securities is
extremely sensitive not only to changes in prevailing interest
rates but also to the rate of principal payments (including
prepayments) on the underlying assets. A rapid rate of principal
prepayments may have a measurable adverse effect on the fund's
yield to maturity to the extent it invests in IOs. If the assets
underlying the IO experience greater than anticipated prepayments
of principal, the fund may fail to recoup fully its initial
investment in these securities. Conversely, POs tend to increase
in value if prepayments are greater than anticipated and decline
if prepayments are slower than anticipated.
The secondary market for stripped mortgage-backed securities may
be more volatile and less liquid than that for other mortgage-
backed securities, potentially limiting the fund's ability to buy
or sell those securities at any particular time.
Securities Loans
The fund may make secured loans of its portfolio securities, on
either a short-term or long-term basis, amounting to not more
than 25% of its total assets, thereby realizing additional
income. The risks in lending portfolio securities, as with other
extensions of credit, consist of possible delay in recovery of
the securities or possible loss of rights in the collateral
should the borrower fail financially. As a matter of policy,
securities loans are made to broker-dealers pursuant to
agreements requiring that the loans be continuously secured by
collateral consisting of cash or short-term debt obligations at
least equal at all times to the value of the securities on loan,
"marked-to-market" daily. The borrower pays to the fund an
amount equal to any dividends or interest received on securities
lent. The fund retains all or a portion of the interest received
on investment of the cash collateral or receives a fee from the
borrower. Although voting rights, or rights to consent, with
respect to the loaned securities may pass to the borrower, the
fund retains the right to call the loans at any time on
reasonable notice, and it will do so to enable the fund to
exercise voting rights on any matters materially affecting the
investment. The fund may also call such loans in order to sell
the securities.
Forward Commitments
The fund may enter into contracts to purchase securities for a
fixed price at a future date beyond customary settlement time
("forward commitments") if the fund holds, and maintains until
the settlement date in a segregated account, cash or high-grade
debt obligations in an amount sufficient to meet the purchase
price, or if the fund enters into offsetting contracts for the
forward sale of other securities it owns. In the case of to-be-
announced ("TBA") purchase commitments, the unit price and the
estimated principal amount are established when the fund enters
into a contract, with the actual principal amount being within a
specified range of the estimate. Forward commitments may be
considered securities in themselves, and involve a risk of loss
if the value of the security to be purchased declines prior to
the settlement date, which risk is in addition to the risk of
decline in the value of the fund's other assets. Where such
purchases are made through dealers, the fund relies on the dealer
to consummate the sale. The dealer's failure to do so may result
in the loss to the fund of an advantageous yield or price.
Although the fund will generally enter into forward commitments
with the intention of acquiring securities for its portfolio or
for delivery pursuant to options contracts it has entered into,
the fund may dispose of a commitment prior to settlement if
Putnam Management deems it appropriate to do so. The fund may
realize short-term profits or losses upon the sale of forward
commitments.
The fund may enter into TBA sale commitments to hedge its
portfolio positions or to sell securities it owns under delayed
delivery arrangements. Proceeds of TBA sale commitments are not
received until the contractual settlement date. During the time
a TBA sale commitment is outstanding, equivalent deliverable
securities, or an offsetting TBA purchase commitment deliverable
on or before the sale commitment date, are held as "cover" for
the transaction. Unsettled TBA sale commitments are valued at
current market value of the underlying securities. If the TBA
sale commitment is closed through the acquisition of an
offsetting purchase commitment, the fund realizes a gain or loss
on the commitment without regard to any unrealized gain or loss
on the underlying security. If the fund delivers securities
under the commitment, the fund realizes a gain or loss from the
sale of the securities based upon the unit price established at
the date the commitment was entered into.
Repurchase Agreements
The fund may enter into repurchase agreements up to the limit
specified in the prospectus. A repurchase agreement is a
contract under which the fund acquires a security for a
relatively short period (usually not more than one week) subject
to the obligation of the seller to repurchase and the fund to
resell such security at a fixed time and price (representing the
fund's cost plus interest). It is the fund's present intention
to enter into repurchase agreements only with commercial banks
and registered broker-dealers and only with respect to
obligations of the U.S. government or its agencies or
instrumentalities. Repurchase agreements may also be viewed as
loans made by the fund which are collateralized by the securities
subject to repurchase. Putnam Management will monitor such
transactions to ensure that the value of the underlying
securities will be at least equal at all times to the total
amount of the repurchase obligation, including the interest
factor. If the seller defaults, the fund could realize a loss on
the sale of the underlying security to the extent that the
proceeds of sale including accrued interest are less than the
resale price provided in the agreement including interest. In
addition, if the seller should be involved in bankruptcy or
insolvency proceedings, the fund may incur delay and costs in
selling the underlying security or may suffer a loss of principal
and interest if the fund is treated as an unsecured creditor and
required to return the underlying collateral to the seller's
estate.
Pursuant to an exemptive order issued by the Securities and
Exchange Commission, the fund may transfer uninvested cash
balances into a joint account, along with cash of other Putnam
funds and certain other accounts. These balances may be invested
in one or more repurchase agreements and/or short-term money
market instruments.
Options on Securities
Writing covered options. The fund may write covered call options
and covered put options on optionable securities held in its
portfolio, when in the opinion of Putnam Management such
transactions are consistent with the fund's investment
objective(s) and policies. Call options written by the fund give
the purchaser the right to buy the underlying securities from the
fund at a stated exercise price; put options give the purchaser
the right to sell the underlying securities to the fund at a
stated price.
The fund may write only covered options, which means that, so
long as the fund is obligated as the writer of a call option, it
will own the underlying securities subject to the option (or
comparable securities satisfying the cover requirements of
securities exchanges). In the case of put options, the fund will
hold cash and/or high-grade short-term debt obligations equal to
the price to be paid if the option is exercised. In addition,
the fund will be considered to have covered a put or call option
if and to the extent that it holds an option that offsets some or
all of the risk of the option it has written. The fund may write
combinations of covered puts and calls on the same underlying
security.
The fund will receive a premium from writing a put or call
option, which increases the fund's return on the underlying
security in the event the option expires unexercised or is closed
out at a profit. The amount of the premium reflects, among other
things, the relationship between the exercise price and the
current market value of the underlying security, the volatility
of the underlying security, the amount of time remaining until
expiration, current interest rates, and the effect of supply and
demand in the options market and in the market for the underlying
security. By writing a call option, the fund limits its
opportunity to profit from any increase in the market value of
the underlying security above the exercise price of the option
but continues to bear the risk of a decline in the value of the
underlying security. By writing a put option, the fund assumes
the risk that it may be required to purchase the underlying
security for an exercise price higher than its then-current
market value, resulting in a potential capital loss unless the
security subsequently appreciates in value.
The fund may terminate an option that it has written prior to its
expiration by entering into a closing purchase transaction, in
which it purchases an offsetting option. The fund realizes a
profit or loss from a closing transaction if the cost of the
transaction (option premium plus transaction costs) is less or
more than the premium received from writing the option. If the
fund writes a call option but does not own the underlying
security, and when it writes a put option, the fund may be
required to deposit cash or securities with its broker as
"margin," or collateral, for its obligation to buy or sell the
underlying security. As the value of the underlying security
varies, the fund may have to deposit additional margin with the
broker. Margin requirements are complex and are fixed by
individual brokers, subject to minimum requirements currently
imposed by the Federal Reserve Board and by stock exchanges and
other self-regulatory organizations.
Purchasing put options. The fund may purchase put options to
protect its portfolio holdings in an underlying security against
a decline in market value. Such protection is provided during
the life of the put option since the fund, as holder of the
option, is able to sell the underlying security at the put
exercise price regardless of any decline in the underlying
security's market price. In order for a put option to be
profitable, the market price of the underlying security must
decline sufficiently below the exercise price to cover the
premium and transaction costs. By using put options in this
manner, the fund will reduce any profit it might otherwise have
realized from appreciation of the underlying security by the
premium paid for the put option and by transaction costs.
Purchasing call options. The fund may purchase call options to
hedge against an increase in the price of securities that the
fund wants ultimately to buy. Such hedge protection is provided
during the life of the call option since the fund, as holder of
the call option, is able to buy the underlying security at the
exercise price regardless of any increase in the underlying
security's market price. In order for a call option to be
profitable, the market price of the underlying security must rise
sufficiently above the exercise price to cover the premium and
transaction costs.
Risk Factors in Options Transactions
The successful use of the fund's options strategies depends on
the ability of Putnam Management to forecast correctly interest
rate and market movements. For example, if the fund were to
write a call option based on Putnam Management's expectation that
the price of the underlying security would fall, but the price
were to rise instead, the fund could be required to sell the
security upon exercise at a price below the current market price.
Similarly, if the fund were to write a put option based on Putnam
Management's expectation that the price of the underlying
security would rise, but the price were to fall instead, the fund
could be required to purchase the security upon exercise at a
price higher than the current market price.
When the fund purchases an option, it runs the risk that it will
lose its entire investment in the option in a relatively short
period of time, unless the fund exercises the option or enters
into a closing sale transaction before the option's expiration.
If the price of the underlying security does not rise (in the
case of a call) or fall (in the case of a put) to an extent
sufficient to cover the option premium and transaction costs, the
fund will lose part or all of its investment in the option. This
contrasts with an investment by the fund in the underlying
security, since the fund will not realize a loss if the
security's price does not change.
The effective use of options also depends on the fund's ability
to terminate option positions at times when Putnam Management
deems it desirable to do so. There is no assurance that the fund
will be able to effect closing transactions at any particular
time or at an acceptable price.
If a secondary market in options were to become unavailable, the
fund could no longer engage in closing transactions. Lack of
investor interest might adversely affect the liquidity of the
market for particular options or series of options. A market may
discontinue trading of a particular option or options generally.
In addition, a market could become temporarily unavailable if
unusual events -- such as volume in excess of trading or clearing
capability -- were to interrupt its normal operations.
A market may at times find it necessary to impose restrictions on
particular types of options transactions, such as opening
transactions. For example, if an underlying security ceases to
meet qualifications imposed by the market or the Options Clearing
Corporation, new series of options on that security will no
longer be opened to replace expiring series, and opening
transactions in existing series may be prohibited. If an options
market were to become unavailable, the fund as a holder of an
option would be able to realize profits or limit losses only by
exercising the option, and the fund, as option writer, would
remain obligated under the option until expiration or exercise.
Disruptions in the markets for the securities underlying options
purchased or sold by the fund could result in losses on the
options. If trading is interrupted in an underlying security,
the trading of options on that security is normally halted as
well. As a result, the fund as purchaser or writer of an option
will be unable to close out its positions until options trading
resumes, and it may be faced with considerable losses if trading
in the security reopens at a substantially different price. In
addition, the Options Clearing Corporation or other options
markets may impose exercise restrictions. If a prohibition on
exercise is imposed at the time when trading in the option has
also been halted, the fund as purchaser or writer of an option
will be locked into its position until one of the two
restrictions has been lifted. If the Options Clearing
Corporation were to determine that the available supply of an
underlying security appears insufficient to permit delivery by
the writers of all outstanding calls in the event of exercise, it
may prohibit indefinitely the exercise of put options. The fund,
as holder of such a put option, could lose its entire investment
if the prohibition remained in effect until the put option's
expiration.
Foreign-traded options are subject to many of the same risks
presented by internationally-traded securities. In addition,
because of time differences between the United States and various
foreign countries, and because different holidays are observed in
different countries, foreign options markets may be open for
trading during hours or on days when U.S. markets are closed. As
a result, option premiums may not reflect the current prices of
the underlying interest in the United States.
Over-the-counter ("OTC") options purchased by the fund and assets
held to cover OTC options written by the fund may, under certain
circumstances, be considered illiquid securities for purposes of
any limitation on the fund's ability to invest in illiquid
securities.
Futures Contracts and Related Options
Subject to applicable law, and unless otherwise specified in the
prospectus, the fund may invest without limit in the types of
futures contracts and related options identified in the
prospectus for hedging and non-hedging purposes. The use of
futures and options transactions for purposes other than hedging
entails greater risks. A financial futures contract sale creates
an obligation by the seller to deliver the type of financial
instrument called for in the contract in a specified delivery
month for a stated price. A financial futures contract purchase
creates an obligation by the purchaser to take delivery of the
type of financial instrument called for in the contract in a
specified delivery month at a stated price. The specific
instruments delivered or taken, respectively, at settlement date
are not determined until on or near that date. The determination
is made in accordance with the rules of the exchange on which the
futures contract sale or purchase was made. Futures contracts
are traded in the United States only on commodity exchanges or
boards of trade -- known as "contract markets" -- approved for
such trading by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (the
"CFTC"), and must be executed through a futures commission
merchant or brokerage firm which is a member of the relevant
contract market.
Although futures contracts (other than index futures) by their
terms call for actual delivery or acceptance of commodities or
securities, in most cases the contracts are closed out before the
settlement date without the making or taking of delivery.
Closing out a futures contract sale is effected by purchasing a
futures contract for the same aggregate amount of the specific
type of financial instrument or commodity with the same delivery
date. If the price of the initial sale of the futures contract
exceeds the price of the offsetting purchase, the seller is paid
the difference and realizes a gain. Conversely, if the price of
the offsetting purchase exceeds the price of the initial sale,
the seller realizes a loss. If the fund is unable to enter into
a closing transaction, the amount of the fund's potential loss is
unlimited. The closing out of a futures contract purchase is
effected by the purchaser's entering into a futures contract
sale. If the offsetting sale price exceeds the purchase price,
the purchaser realizes a gain, and if the purchase price exceeds
the offsetting sale price, he realizes a loss. In general 40% of
the gain or loss arising from the closing out of a futures
contract traded on an exchange approved by the CFTC is treated as
short-term gain or loss, and 60% is treated as long-term gain or
loss.
Unlike when the fund purchases or sells a security, no price is
paid or received by the fund upon the purchase or sale of a
futures contract. Upon entering into a contract, the fund is
required to deposit with its custodian in a segregated account in
the name of the futures broker an amount of cash and/or U.S.
government securities. This amount is known as "initial margin."
The nature of initial margin in futures transactions is different
from that of margin in security transactions in that futures
contract margin does not involve the borrowing of funds to
finance the transactions. Rather, initial margin is similar to a
performance bond or good faith deposit which is returned to the
fund upon termination of the futures contract, assuming all
contractual obligations have been satisfied. Futures contracts
also involve brokerage costs.
Subsequent payments, called "variation margin" or "maintenance
margin," to and from the broker (or the custodian) are made on a
daily basis as the price of the underlying security or commodity
fluctuates, making the long and short positions in the futures
contract more or less valuable, a process known as "marking to
the market." For example, when the fund has purchased a futures
contract on a security and the price of the underlying security
has risen, that position will have increased in value and the
fund will receive from the broker a variation margin payment
based on that increase in value. Conversely, when the fund has
purchased a security futures contract and the price of the
underlying security has declined, the position would be less
valuable and the fund would be required to make a variation
margin payment to the broker.
The fund may elect to close some or all of its futures positions
at any time prior to their expiration in order to reduce or
eliminate a hedge position then currently held by the fund. The
fund may close its positions by taking opposite positions which
will operate to terminate the fund's position in the futures
contracts. Final determinations of variation margin are then
made, additional cash is required to be paid by or released to
the fund, and the fund realizes a loss or a gain. Such closing
transactions involve additional commission costs.
Options on futures contracts. The fund may purchase and write
call and put options on futures contracts it may buy or sell and
enter into closing transactions with respect to such options to
terminate existing positions. Options on future contracts give
the purchaser the right in return for the premium paid to assume
a position in a futures contract at the specified option exercise
price at any time during the period of the option. The fund may
use options on futures contracts in lieu of writing or buying
options directly on the underlying securities or purchasing and
selling the underlying futures contracts. For example, to hedge
against a possible decrease in the value of its portfolio
securities, the fund may purchase put options or write call
options on futures contracts rather than selling futures
contracts. Similarly, the fund may purchase call options or
write put options on futures contracts as a substitute for the
purchase of futures contracts to hedge against a possible
increase in the price of securities which the fund expects to
purchase. Such options generally operate in the same manner as
options purchased or written directly on the underlying
investments.
As with options on securities, the holder or writer of an option
may terminate his position by selling or purchasing an offsetting
option. There is no guarantee that such closing transactions can
be effected.
The fund will be required to deposit initial margin and
maintenance margin with respect to put and call options on
futures contracts written by it pursuant to brokers' requirements
similar to those described above in connection with the
discussion of futures contracts.
Risks of transactions in futures contracts and related options.
Successful use of futures contracts by the fund is subject to
Putnam Management's ability to predict movements in various
factors affecting securities markets, including interest rates.
Compared to the purchase or sale of futures contracts, the
purchase of call or put options on futures contracts involves
less potential risk to the fund because the maximum amount at
risk is the premium paid for the options (plus transaction
costs). However, there may be circumstances when the purchase of
a call or put option on a futures contract would result in a loss
to the fund when the purchase or sale of a futures contract would
not, such as when there is no movement in the prices of the
hedged investments. The writing of an option on a futures
contract involves risks similar to those risks relating to the
sale of futures contracts.
There is no assurance that higher than anticipated trading
activity or other unforeseen events might not, at times, render
certain market clearing facilities inadequate, and thereby result
in the institution by exchanges of special procedures which may
interfere with the timely execution of customer orders.
To reduce or eliminate a position held by the fund, the fund may
seek to close out such position. The ability to establish and
close out positions will be subject to the development and
maintenance of a liquid secondary market. It is not certain that
this market will develop or continue to exist for a particular
futures contract or option. Reasons for the absence of a liquid
secondary market on an exchange include the following: (i) there
may be insufficient trading interest in certain contracts or
options; (ii) restrictions may be imposed by an exchange on
opening transactions or closing transactions or both; (iii)
trading halts, suspensions or other restrictions may be imposed
with respect to particular classes or series of contracts or
options, or underlying securities; (iv) unusual or unforeseen
circumstances may interrupt normal operations on an exchange; (v)
the facilities of an exchange or a clearing corporation may not
at all times be adequate to handle current trading volume; or
(vi) one or more exchanges could, for economic or other reasons,
decide or be compelled at some future date to discontinue the
trading of contracts or options (or a particular class or series
of contracts or options), in which event the secondary market on
that exchange for such contracts or options (or in the class or
series of contracts or options) would cease to exist, although
outstanding contracts or options on the exchange that had been
issued by a clearing corporation as a result of trades on that
exchange would continue to be exercisable in accordance with
their terms.
U.S. Treasury security futures contracts and options. U.S.
Treasury security futures contracts require the seller to
deliver, or the purchaser to take delivery of, the type of U.S.
Treasury security called for in the contract at a specified date
and price. Options on U.S. Treasury security futures contracts
give the purchaser the right in return for the premium paid to
assume a position in a U.S. Treasury security futures contract at
the specified option exercise price at any time during the period
of the option.
Successful use of U.S. Treasury security futures contracts by the
fund is subject to Putnam Management's ability to predict
movements in the direction of interest rates and other factors
affecting markets for debt securities. For example, if the fund
has sold U.S. Treasury security futures contracts in order to
hedge against the possibility of an increase in interest rates
which would adversely affect securities held in its portfolio,
and the prices of the fund's securities increase instead as a
result of a decline in interest rates, the fund will lose part or
all of the benefit of the increased value of its securities which
it has hedged because it will have offsetting losses in its
futures positions. In addition, in such situations, if the fund
has insufficient cash, it may have to sell securities to meet
daily maintenance margin requirements at a time when it may be
disadvantageous to do so.
There is also a risk that price movements in U.S. Treasury
security futures contracts and related options will not correlate
closely with price movements in markets for particular
securities. For example, if the fund has hedged against a
decline in the values of tax-exempt securities held by it by
selling Treasury security futures and the values of Treasury
securities subsequently increase while the values of its
tax-exempt securities decrease, the fund would incur losses on
both the Treasury security futures contracts written by it and
the tax-exempt securities held in its portfolio.
Index futures contracts. An index futures contract is a contract
to buy or sell units of an index at a specified future date at a
price agreed upon when the contract is made. Entering into a
contract to buy units of an index is commonly referred to as
buying or purchasing a contract or holding a long position in
the index. Entering into a contract to sell units of an index is
commonly referred to as selling a contract or holding a short
position. A unit is the current value of the index. The fund
may enter into stock index futures contracts, debt index futures
contracts, or other index futures contracts appropriate to its
objective(s). The fund may also purchase and sell options on
index futures contracts.
For example, the Standard & Poor's Composite 500 Stock Price
Index ("S&P 500") is composed of 500 selected common stocks, most
of which are listed on the New York Stock Exchange. The S&P 500
assigns relative weightings to the common stocks included in the
Index, and the value fluctuates with changes in the market values
of those common stocks. In the case of the S&P 500, contracts
are to buy or sell 500 units. Thus, if the value of the S&P 500
were $150, one contract would be worth $75,000 (500 units x
$150). The stock index futures contract specifies that no
delivery of the actual stocks making up the index will take
place. Instead, settlement in cash must occur upon the
termination of the contract, with the settlement being the
difference between the contract price and the actual level of the
stock index at the expiration of the contract. For example, if
the fund enters into a futures contract to buy 500 units of the
S&P 500 at a specified future date at a contract price of $150
and the S&P 500 is at $154 on that future date, the fund will
gain $2,000 (500 units x gain of $4). If the fund enters into a
futures contract to sell 500 units of the stock index at a
specified future date at a contract price of $150 and the S&P 500
is at $152 on that future date, the fund will lose $1,000 (500
units x loss of $2).
There are several risks in connection with the use by the fund of
index futures. One risk arises because of the imperfect
correlation between movements in the prices of the index futures
and movements in the prices of securities which are the subject
of the hedge. Putnam Management will, however, attempt to reduce
this risk by buying or selling, to the extent possible, futures
on indices the movements of which will, in its judgment, have a
significant correlation with movements in the prices of the
securities sought to be hedged.
Successful use of index futures by the fund is also subject to
Putnam Management's ability to predict movements in the direction
of the market. For example, it is possible that, where the fund
has sold futures to hedge its portfolio against a decline in the
market, the index on which the futures are written may advance
and the value of securities held in the fund's portfolio may
decline. If this occurred, the fund would lose money on the
futures and also experience a decline in value in its portfolio
securities. It is also possible that, if the fund has hedged
against the possibility of a decline in the market adversely
affecting securities held in its portfolio and securities prices
increase instead, the fund will lose part or all of the benefit
of the increased value of those securities it has hedged because
it will have offsetting losses in its futures positions. In
addition, in such situations, if the fund has insufficient cash,
it may have to sell securities to meet daily variation margin
requirements at a time when it is disadvantageous to do so.
In addition to the possibility that there may be an imperfect
correlation, or no correlation at all, between movements in the
index futures and the portion of the portfolio being hedged, the
prices of index futures may not correlate perfectly with
movements in the underlying index due to certain market
distortions. First, all participants in the futures market are
subject to margin deposit and maintenance requirements. Rather
than meeting additional margin deposit requirements, investors
may close futures contracts through offsetting transactions which
could distort the normal relationship between the index and
futures markets. Second, margin requirements in the futures
market are less onerous than margin requirements in the
securities market, and as a result the futures market may attract
more speculators than the securities market does. Increased
participation by speculators in the futures market may also cause
temporary price distortions. Due to the possibility of price
distortions in the futures market and also because of the
imperfect correlation between movements in the index and
movements in the prices of index futures, even a correct forecast
of general market trends by Putnam Management may still not
result in a profitable position over a short time period.
Options on stock index futures. Options on index futures are
similar to options on securities except that options on index
futures give the purchaser the right, in return for the premium
paid, to assume a position in an index futures contract (a long
position if the option is a call and a short position if the
option is a put) at a specified exercise price at any time during
the period of the option. Upon exercise of the option, the
delivery of the futures position by the writer of the option to
the holder of the option will be accompanied by delivery of the
accumulated balance in the writer's futures margin account which
represents the amount by which the market price of the index
futures contract, at exercise, exceeds (in the case of a call) or
is less than (in the case of a put) the exercise price of the
option on the index future. If an option is exercised on the
last trading day prior to its expiration date, the settlement
will be made entirely in cash equal to the difference between the
exercise price of the option and the closing level of the index
on which the future is based on the expiration date. Purchasers
of options who fail to exercise their options prior to the
exercise date suffer a loss of the premium paid.
Options on Indices
As an alternative to purchasing call and put options on index
futures, the fund may purchase and sell call and put options on
the underlying indices themselves. Such options would be used in
a manner identical to the use of options on index futures.
Index Warrants
The fund may purchase put warrants and call warrants whose values
vary depending on the change in the value of one or more
specified securities indices ("index warrants"). Index warrants
are generally issued by banks or other financial institutions and
give the holder the right, at any time during the term of the
warrant, to receive upon exercise of the warrant a cash payment
from the issuer based on the value of the underlying index at the
time of exercise. In general, if the value of the underlying
index rises above the exercise price of the index warrant, the
holder of a call warrant will be entitled to receive a cash
payment from the issuer upon exercise based on the difference
between the value of the index and the exercise price of the
warrant; if the value of the underlying index falls, the holder
of a put warrant will be entitled to receive a cash payment from
the issuer upon exercise based on the difference between the
exercise price of the warrant and the value of the index. The
holder of a warrant would not be entitled to any payments from
the issuer at any time when, in the case of a call warrant, the
exercise price is greater than the value of the underlying index,
or, in the case of a put warrant, the exercise price is less than
the value of the underlying index. If the fund were not to
exercise an index warrant prior to its expiration, then the fund
would lose the amount of the purchase price paid by it for the
warrant.
The fund will normally use index warrants in a manner similar to
its use of options on securities indices. The risks of the
fund's use of index warrants are generally similar to those
relating to its use of index options. Unlike most index options,
however, index warrants are issued in limited amounts and are not
obligations of a regulated clearing agency, but are backed only
by the credit of the bank or other institution which issues the
warrant. Also, index warrants generally have longer terms than
index options. Although the fund will normally invest only in
exchange-listed warrants, index warrants are not likely to be as
liquid as certain index options backed by a recognized clearing
agency. In addition, the terms of index warrants may limit the
fund's ability to exercise the warrants at such time, or in such
quantities, as the fund would otherwise wish to do.
Foreign Securities
Under its current policy, which may be changed without
shareholder approval, the fund may invest up to the limit of its
total assets specified in its prospectus in securities
principally traded in markets outside the United States.
Eurodollar certificates of deposit are excluded for purposes of
this limitation. Since foreign securities are normally
denominated and traded in foreign currencies, the value of the
fund's assets may be affected favorably or unfavorably by changes
in currency exchange rates, exchange control regulations and
restrictions or prohibitions on the repatriation of foreign
currencies. There may be less information publicly available
about a foreign company than about a U.S. company, and foreign
companies are not generally subject to accounting, auditing and
financial reporting standards and practices comparable to those
in the United States. The securities of some foreign companies
are less liquid and at times more volatile than securities of
comparable U.S. companies. Foreign brokerage commissions and
other fees are also generally higher than in the United States.
Foreign settlement procedures and trade regulations may involve
certain risks (such as delay in payment or delivery of securities
or in the recovery of the fund's assets held abroad) and expenses
not present in the settlement of domestic investments.
In addition, there may be a possibility of nationalization or
expropriation of assets, imposition of currency exchange
controls, confiscatory taxation, political or financial
instability and diplomatic developments which could affect the
value of the fund's investments in certain foreign countries.
Legal remedies available to investors in certain foreign
countries may be more limited than those available with respect
to investments in the United States or in other foreign
countries. The laws of some foreign countries may limit the
fund's ability to invest in securities of certain issuers located
in those foreign countries. Special tax considerations apply to
foreign securities.
The risks described above, including the risks of nationalization
or expropriation of assets, are typically increased to the extent
that the fund invests in issuers located in less developed and
developing nations, whose securities markets are sometimes
referred to as "emerging securities markets." Investments in
securities located in such countries are speculative and subject
to certain special risks. Political and economic structures in
many of these countries may be in their infancy and developing
rapidly, and such countries may lack the social, political and
economic stability characteristic of more developed countries.
Certain of these countries have in the past failed to recognize
private property rights and have at times nationalized and
expropriated the assets of private companies.
In addition, unanticipated political or social developments may
affect the values of the fund's investments in these countries
and the availability to the fund of additional investments in
these countries. The small size, limited trading volume and
relative inexperience of the securities markets in these
countries may make the fund's investments in such countries
illiquid and more volatile than investments in more developed
countries, and the fund may be required to establish special
custodial or other arrangements before making investments in
these countries. There may be little financial or accounting
information available with respect to issuers located in these
countries, and it may be difficult as a result to assess the
value or prospects of an investment in such issuers.
Foreign Currency Transactions
Unless otherwise specified in the prospectus or Part I of this
SAI, the fund may engage without limit in currency exchange
transactions, including purchasing and selling foreign currency,
foreign currency options, foreign currency forward contracts and
foreign currency futures contracts and related options, to
protect against uncertainty in the level of future currency
exchange rates. In addition, the fund may write covered call and
put options on foreign currencies for the purpose of increasing
its current return.
Generally, the fund may engage in both "transaction hedging" and
"position hedging." When it engages in transaction hedging, the
fund enters into foreign currency transactions with respect to
specific receivables or payables, generally arising in connection
with the purchase or sale of portfolio securities. The fund will
engage in transaction hedging when it desires to "lock in" the
U.S. dollar price of a security it has agreed to purchase or
sell, or the U.S. dollar equivalent of a dividend or interest
payment in a foreign currency. By transaction hedging the fund
will attempt to protect itself against a possible loss resulting
from an adverse change in the relationship between the U.S.
dollar and the applicable foreign currency during the period
between the date on which the security is purchased or sold, or
on which the dividend or interest payment is earned, and the date
on which such payments are made or received.
The fund may purchase or sell a foreign currency on a spot (or
cash) basis at the prevailing spot rate in connection with the
settlement of transactions in portfolio securities denominated in
that foreign currency. The fund may also enter into contracts to
purchase or sell foreign currencies at a future date ("forward
contracts") and purchase and sell foreign currency futures
contracts.
For transaction hedging purposes the fund may also purchase
exchange-listed and over-the-counter call and put options on
foreign currency futures contracts and on foreign currencies. A
put option on a futures contract gives the fund the right to
assume a short position in the futures contract until the
expiration of the option. A put option on a currency gives the
fund the right to sell the currency at an exercise price until
the expiration of the option. A call option on a futures
contract gives the fund the right to assume a long position in
the futures contract until the expiration of the option. A call
option on a currency gives the fund the right to purchase the
currency at the exercise price until the expiration of the
option.
When it engages in position hedging, the fund enters into foreign
currency exchange transactions to protect against a decline in
the values of the foreign currencies in which its portfolio
securities are denominated (or an increase in the value of
currency for securities which the fund expects to purchase). In
connection with position hedging, the fund may purchase put or
call options on foreign currency and on foreign currency futures
contracts and buy or sell forward contracts and foreign currency
futures contracts. The fund may also purchase or sell foreign
currency on a spot basis.
It is impossible to forecast with precision the market value of
portfolio securities at the expiration or maturity of a forward
or futures contract. Accordingly, it may be necessary for the
fund to purchase additional foreign currency on the spot market
(and bear the expense of such purchase) if the market value of
the security or securities being hedged is less than the amount
of foreign currency the fund is obligated to deliver and a
decision is made to sell the security or securities and make
delivery of the foreign currency. Conversely, it may be
necessary to sell on the spot market some of the foreign currency
received upon the sale of the portfolio security or securities if
the market value of such security or securities exceeds the
amount of foreign currency the fund is obligated to deliver.
Transaction and position hedging do not eliminate fluctuations in
the underlying prices of the securities which the fund owns or
intends to purchase or sell. They simply establish a rate of
exchange which one can achieve at some future point in time.
Additionally, although these techniques tend to minimize the risk
of loss due to a decline in the value of the hedged currency,
they tend to limit any potential gain which might result from the
increase in value of such currency. See "Risk factors in options
transactions" above.
The fund may seek to increase its current return or to offset
some of the costs of hedging against fluctuations in current
exchange rates by writing covered call options and covered put
options on foreign currencies. The fund receives a premium from
writing a call or put option, which increases the fund's current
return if the option expires unexercised or is closed out at a
net profit. The fund may terminate an option that it has written
prior to its expiration by entering into a closing purchase
transaction in which it purchases an option having the same terms
as the option written.
The fund's currency hedging transactions may call for the
delivery of one foreign currency in exchange for another foreign
currency and may at times not involve currencies in which its
portfolio securities are then denominated. Putnam Management
will engage in such "cross hedging" activities when it believes
that such transactions provide significant hedging opportunities
for the fund. Cross hedging transactions by the fund involve the
risk of imperfect correlation between changes in the values of
the currencies to which such transactions relate and changes in
the value of the currency or other asset or liability which is
the subject of the hedge.
The value of any currency, including U.S. dollars and foreign
currencies, may be affected by complex political and economic
factors applicable to the issuing country. In addition, the
exchange rates of foreign currencies (and therefore the values of
foreign currency options, forward contracts and futures
contracts) may be affected significantly, fixed, or supported
directly or indirectly by U.S. and foreign government actions.
Government intervention may increase risks involved in purchasing
or selling foreign currency options, forward contracts and
futures contracts, since exchange rates may not be free to
fluctuate in response to other market forces.
The value of a foreign currency option, forward contract or
futures contract reflects the value of an exchange rate, which in
turn reflects relative values of two currencies, the U.S. dollar
and the foreign currency in question. Because foreign currency
transactions occurring in the interbank market involve
substantially larger amounts than those that may be involved in
the exercise of foreign currency options, forward contracts and
futures contracts, investors may be disadvantaged by having to
deal in an odd-lot market for the underlying foreign currencies
in connection with options at prices that are less favorable than
for round lots. Foreign governmental restrictions or taxes could
result in adverse changes in the cost of acquiring or disposing
of foreign currencies.
There is no systematic reporting of last sale information for
foreign currencies and there is no regulatory requirement that
quotations available through dealers or other market sources be
firm or revised on a timely basis. Available quotation
information is generally representative of very large round-lot
transactions in the interbank market and thus may not reflect
exchange rates for smaller odd-lot transactions (less than $1
million) where rates may be less favorable. The interbank market
in foreign currencies is a global, around-the-clock market. To
the extent that options markets are closed while the markets for
the underlying currencies remain open, significant price and rate
movements may take place in the underlying markets that cannot be
reflected in the options markets.
Currency forward and futures contracts. A forward foreign
currency contract involves an obligation to purchase or sell a
specific currency at a future date, which may be any fixed number
of days from the date of the contract as agreed by the parties,
at a price set at the time of the contract. In the case of a
cancelable forward contract, the holder has the unilateral right
to cancel the contract at maturity by paying a specified fee.
The contracts are traded in the interbank market conducted
directly between currency traders (usually large commercial
banks) and their customers. A forward contract generally has no
deposit requirement, and no commissions are charged at any stage
for trades. A foreign currency futures contract is a
standardized contract for the future delivery of a specified
amount of a foreign currency at a price set at the time of the
contract. Foreign currency futures contracts traded in the
United States are designed by and traded on exchanges regulated
by the CFTC, such as the New York Mercantile Exchange.
Forward foreign currency exchange contracts differ from foreign
currency futures contracts in certain respects. For example, the
maturity date of a forward contract may be any fixed number of
days from the date of the contract agreed upon by the parties,
rather than a predetermined date in a given month. Forward
contracts may be in any amounts agreed upon by the parties rather
than predetermined amounts. Also, forward foreign exchange
contracts are traded directly between currency traders so that no
intermediary is required. A forward contract generally requires
no margin or other deposit.
At the maturity of a forward or futures contract, the fund either
may accept or make delivery of the currency specified in the
contract, or at or prior to maturity enter into a closing
transaction involving the purchase or sale of an offsetting
contract. Closing transactions with respect to forward contracts
are usually effected with the currency trader who is a party to
the original forward contract. Closing transactions with respect
to futures contracts are effected on a commodities exchange; a
clearing corporation associated with the exchange assumes
responsibility for closing out such contracts.
Positions in the foreign currency futures contracts may be closed
out only on an exchange or board of trade which provides a
secondary market in such contracts. Although the fund intends to
purchase or sell foreign currency futures contracts only on
exchanges or boards of trade where there appears to be an active
secondary market, there is no assurance that a secondary market
on an exchange or board of trade will exist for any particular
contract or at any particular time. In such event, it may not be
possible to close a futures position and, in the event of adverse
price movements, the fund would continue to be required to make
daily cash payments of variation margin.
Foreign currency options. In general, options on foreign
currencies operate similarly to options on securities and are
subject to many of the risks described above. Foreign currency
options are traded primarily in the over-the-counter market,
although options on foreign currencies are also listed on several
exchanges. Options are traded not only on the currencies of
individual nations, but also on the European Currency Unit
("ECU"). The ECU is composed of amounts of a number of
currencies, and is the official medium of exchange of the
European Community's European Monetary System.
The fund will only purchase or write foreign currency options
when Putnam Management believes that a liquid secondary market
exists for such options. There can be no assurance that a liquid
secondary market will exist for a particular option at any
specific time. Options on foreign currencies are affected by all
of those factors which influence foreign exchange rates and
investments generally.
Settlement procedures. Settlement procedures relating to the
fund's investments in foreign securities and to the fund's
foreign currency exchange transactions may be more complex than
settlements with respect to investments in debt or equity
securities of U.S. issuers, and may involve certain risks not
present in the fund's domestic investments. For example,
settlement of transactions involving foreign securities or
foreign currencies may occur within a foreign country, and the
fund may be required to accept or make delivery of the underlying
securities or currency in conformity with any applicable U.S. or
foreign restrictions or regulations, and may be required to pay
any fees, taxes or charges associated with such delivery. Such
investments may also involve the risk that an entity involved in
the settlement may not meet its obligations.
Foreign currency conversion. Although foreign exchange dealers
do not charge a fee for currency conversion, they do realize a
profit based on the difference (the "spread") between prices at
which they are buying and selling various currencies. Thus, a
dealer may offer to sell a foreign currency to the fund at one
rate, while offering a lesser rate of exchange should the fund
desire to resell that currency to the dealer.
Restricted Securities
The SEC Staff currently takes the view that any delegation by the
Trustees of the authority to determine that a restricted security
is readily marketable (as described in the investment
restrictions of the funds) must be pursuant to written procedures
established by the Trustees. It is the present intention of the
funds' Trustees that, if the Trustees decide to delegate such
determinations to Putnam Management or another person, they would
do so pursuant to written procedures, consistent with the Staff's
position. Should the Staff modify its position in the future,
the Trustees would consider what action would be appropriate in
light of the Staff's position at that time.
TAXES
Taxation of the fund. The fund intends to qualify each year as a
regulated investment company under Subchapter M of the Internal
Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code"). In order so to
qualify and to qualify for the special tax treatment accorded
regulated investment companies and their shareholders, the fund
must, among other things:
(a) Derive at least 90% of its gross income from dividends,
interest, payments with respect to certain securities loans, and
gains from the sale of stock, securities and foreign currencies,
or other income (including but not limited to gains from options,
futures, or forward contracts) derived with respect to its
business of investing in such stock, securities, or currencies;
(b) derive less than 30% of its gross income from the sale or
other disposition of certain assets (including stock or
securities and certain options, futures contracts, forward
contracts and foreign currencies) held for less than three
months;
(c) distribute with respect to each taxable year at least 90% of
the sum of its taxable net investment income, its net tax-exempt
income, and the excess, if any, of net short-term capital gains
over net long-term capital losses for such year; and
(d) diversify its holdings so that, at the end of each fiscal
quarter, (i) at least 50% of the market value of the fund's
assets is represented by cash and cash items, U.S. government
securities, securities of other regulated investment companies,
and other securities limited in respect of any one issuer to a
value not greater than 5% of the value of the fund's total assets
and to not more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of
such issuer, and (ii) not more than 25% of the value of its
assets is invested in the securities (other than those of the
U.S. Government or other regulated investment companies) of any
one issuer or of two or more issuers which the fund controls and
which are engaged in the same, similar, or related trades or
businesses.
If the fund qualifies as a regulated investment company that is
accorded special tax treatment, the fund will not be subject to
federal income tax on income paid to its shareholders in the form
of dividends (including capital gain dividends).
If the fund failed to qualify as a regulated investment company
accorded special tax treatment in any taxable year, the fund
would be subject to tax on its taxable income at corporate rates,
and all distributions from earnings and profits, including any
distributions of net tax-exempt income and net long-term capital
gains, would be taxable to shareholders as ordinary income. In
addition, the fund could be required to recognize unrealized
gains, pay substantial taxes and interest and make substantial
distributions before requalifying as a regulated investment
company that is accorded special tax treatment.
If the fund fails to distribute in a calendar year substantially
all of its ordinary income for such year and substantially all of
its capital gain net income for the one-year period ending
October 31 (or later if the fund is permitted so to elect and so
elects), plus any retained amount from the prior year, the fund
will be subject to a 4% excise tax on the undistributed amounts.
A dividend paid to shareholders by the fund in January of a year
generally is deemed to have been paid by the fund on December 31
of the preceding year, if the dividend was declared and payable
to shareholders of record on a date in October, November or
December of that preceding year. The fund intends generally to
make distributions sufficient to avoid imposition of the 4%
excise tax.
Exempt-interest dividends. The fund will be qualified to pay
exempt-interest dividends to its shareholders only if, at the
close of each quarter of the fund's taxable year, at least 50% of
the total value of the fund's assets consists of obligations the
interest on which is exempt from federal income tax.
Distributions that the fund properly designates as exempt-
interest dividends are treated as interest excludable from
shareholders' gross income for federal income tax purposes but
may be taxable for federal alternative minimum tax purposes and
for state and local purposes. If the fund intends to be
qualified to pay exempt-interest dividends, the fund may be
limited in its ability to enter into taxable transactions
involving forward commitments, repurchase agreements, financial
futures and options contracts on financial futures, tax-exempt
bond indices and other assets.
Part or all of the interest on indebtedness, if any, incurred or
continued by a shareholder to purchase or carry shares of a fund
paying exempt-interest dividends is not deductible. The portion
of interest that is not deductible is equal to the total interest
paid or accrued on the indebtedness, multiplied by the percentage
of the fund's total distributions (not including distributions
from net long-term capital gains) paid to the shareholder that
are exempt-interest dividends. Under rules used by the Internal
Revenue Service for determining when borrowed funds are
considered used for the purpose of purchasing or carrying
particular assets, the purchase of shares may be considered to
have been made with borrowed funds even though such funds are not
directly traceable to the purchase of shares.
In general, exempt-interest dividends, if any, attributable to
interest received on certain private activity obligations and
certain industrial development bonds will not be tax-exempt to
any shareholders who are "substantial users" of the facilities
financed by such obligations or bonds or who are "related
persons" of such substantial users.
A fund which is qualified to pay exempt-interest dividends will
inform investors within 60 days of the fund's fiscal year-end of
the percentage of its income distributions designated as
tax-exempt. The percentage is applied uniformly to all
distributions made during the year. The percentage of income
designated as tax-exempt for any particular distribution may be
substantially different from the percentage of the fund's income
that was tax-exempt during the period covered by the
distribution.
<PAGE>
Hedging transactions. If the fund engages in hedging
transactions, including hedging transactions in options, futures
contracts, and straddles, or other similar transactions, it will
be subject to special tax rules (including mark-to-market,
straddle, wash sale, and short sale rules), the effect of which
may be to accelerate income to the fund, defer losses to the
fund, cause adjustments in the holding periods of the fund's
securities, or convert short-term capital losses into long-term
capital losses. These rules could therefore affect the amount,
timing and character of distributions to shareholders. The fund
will endeavor to make any available elections pertaining to such
transactions in a manner believed to be in the best interests of
the fund.
Under the 30% of gross income test described above (see "Taxation
of the fund"), the fund will be restricted in selling assets held
or considered under Code rules to have been held for less than
three months, and in engaging in certain hedging transactions
(including hedging transactions in options and futures) that in
some circumstances could cause certain fund assets to be treated
as held for less than three months.
Certain of the fund's hedging activities (including its
transactions, if any, in foreign currencies or foreign
currency-denominated instruments) are likely to produce a
difference between its book income and its taxable income. If
the fund's book income exceeds its taxable income, the
distribution (if any) of such excess will be treated as (i) a
dividend to the extent of the fund's remaining earnings and
profits (including earnings and profits arising from tax-exempt
income), (ii) thereafter as a return of capital to the extent of
the recipient's basis in the shares, and (iii) thereafter as gain
from the sale or exchange of a capital asset. If the fund's book
income is less than its taxable income, the fund could be
required to make distributions exceeding book income to qualify
as a regulated investment company that is accorded special tax
treatment.
Return of capital distributions. If the fund makes a
distribution to you in excess of its current and accumulated
"earnings and profits" in any taxable year, the excess
distribution will be treated as a return of capital to the extent
of your tax basis in your shares, and thereafter as capital gain.
A return of capital is not taxable, but it reduces your tax basis
in your shares, thus reducing any loss or increasing any gain on
a subsequent taxable disposition by you of your shares.
Securities issued or purchased at a discount. The fund's
investment in securities issued at a discount and certain other
obligations will (and investments in securities purchased at a
discount may) require the fund to accrue and distribute income
not yet received. In order to generate sufficient cash to make
the requisite distributions, the fund may be required to sell
securities in its portfolio that it otherwise would have
continued to hold.
Capital loss carryover. Distributions from capital gains are
made after applying any available capital loss carryovers. The
amounts and expiration dates of any capital loss carryovers
available to the fund are shown in Note 1 (Federal income taxes)
to the financial statements included in Part I of this SAI or
incorporated by reference into this SAI.
Foreign currency-denominated securities and related hedging
transactions. The fund's transactions in foreign currencies,
foreign currency-denominated debt securities and certain foreign
currency options, futures contracts and forward contracts (and
similar instruments) may give rise to ordinary income or loss to
the extent such income or loss results from fluctuations in the
value of the foreign currency concerned.
If more than 50% of the fund's assets at year end consists of the
debt and equity securities of foreign corporations, the fund may
elect to permit shareholders to claim a credit or deduction on
their income tax returns for their pro rata portion of qualified
taxes paid by the fund to foreign countries. In such a case,
shareholders will include in gross income from foreign sources
their pro rata shares of such taxes. A shareholder's ability to
claim a foreign tax credit or deduction in respect of foreign
taxes paid by the fund may be subject to certain limitations
imposed by the Code, as a result of which a shareholder may not
get a full credit or deduction for the amount of such taxes.
Shareholders who do not itemize on their federal income tax
returns may claim a credit (but no deduction) for such foreign
taxes.
Investment by the fund in "passive foreign investment companies"
could subject the fund to a U.S. federal income tax or other
charge on the proceeds from the sale of its investment in such a
company; however, this tax can be avoided by making an election
to mark such investments to market annually or to treat the
passive foreign investment company as a "qualified electing
fund."
A "passive foreign investment company" is any foreign
corporation: (i) 75 percent of more of the income of which for
the taxable year is passive income, or (ii) the average
percentage of the assets of which (generally by value, but by
adjusted tax basis in certain cases) that produce or are held for
the production of passive income is at least 50 percent.
Generally, passive income for this purpose means dividends,
interest (including income equivalent to interest), royalties,
rents, annuities, the excess of gains over losses from certain
property transactions and commodities transactions, and foreign
currency gains. Passive income for this purpose does not include
rents and royalties received by the foreign corporation from
active business and certain income received from related persons.
Sale or redemption of shares. The sale, exchange or redemption
of fund shares may give rise to a gain or loss. In general, any
gain or loss realized upon a taxable disposition of shares will
be treated as long-term capital gain or loss if the shares have
been held for more than 12 months, and otherwise as short-term
capital gain or loss. However, if a shareholder sells shares at
a loss within six months of purchase, any loss will be disallowed
for Federal income tax purposes to the extent of any exempt-
interest dividends received on such shares. In addition, any
loss (not already disallowed as provided in the preceding
sentence) realized upon a taxable disposition of shares held for
six months or less will be treated as long-term, rather than
short-term, to the extent of any long-term capital gain
distributions received by the shareholder with respect to the
shares. All or a portion of any loss realized upon a taxable
disposition of fund shares will be disallowed if other shares of
the same fund are purchased within 30 days before or after the
disposition. In such a case, the basis of the newly purchased
shares will be adjusted to reflect the disallowed loss.
Shares purchased through tax-qualified plans. Special tax rules
apply to investments though defined contribution plans and other
tax-qualified plans. Shareholders should consult their tax
adviser to determine the suitability of shares of a fund as an
investment through such plans and the precise effect of an
investment on their particular tax situation.
Backup withholding. The fund generally is required to withhold
and remit to the U.S. Treasury 31% of the taxable dividends and
other distributions paid to any individual shareholder who fails
to furnish the fund with a correct taxpayer identification number
(TIN), who has under-reported dividends or interest income, or
who fails to certify to the fund that he or she is not subject to
such withholding. Shareholders who fail to furnish their correct
TIN are subject to a penalty of $50 for each such failure unless
the failure is due to reasonable cause and not wilful neglect.
An individual's taxpayer identification number is his or her
social security number.
<PAGE>
MANAGEMENT
Trustees Name (Age)
*+George Putnam (69), Chairman and President. Chairman and
Director of Putnam Management and Putnam Mutual Funds. Director,
The Boston Company, Inc., Boston Safe Deposit and Trust Company,
Freeport-McMoRan, Inc., General Mills, Inc., Houghton Mifflin
Company, Marsh & McLennan Companies, Inc. and Rockefeller Group,
Inc.
+William F. Pounds (67), Vice Chairman. Professor of Management,
Alfred P. Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology. Director of EG&G, Inc., Fisher Price, Inc., IDEXX,
M/A-COM, Inc., and Sun Company, Inc.
Jameson A. Baxter (52), Trustee. President, Baxter Associates,
Inc. (consultants to management). Director of Avondale Federal
Savings Bank, ASHTA Chemicals, Inc. and Banta Corporation.
Chairman Emeritus of the Board of Trustees, Mount Holyoke
College.
+Hans H. Estin (67), Trustee. Vice Chairman, North American
Management Corp. (a registered investment adviser). Director of
The Boston Company, Inc. and Boston Safe Deposit and Trust
Company.
Elizabeth T. Kennan (57), Trustee. President Emeritus and
Professor, Mount Holyoke College. Director, the Kentucky Home
Life Insurance Companies, NYNEX Corporation, Northeast Utilities
and Talbots. Trustee of the University of Notre Dame.
*Lawrence J. Lasser (52), Trustee and Vice President. President,
Chief Executive Officer and Director of Putnam Investments, Inc.
and Putnam Investment Management, Inc. Director of Marsh &
McLennan Companies, Inc.
John A. Hill (53), Trustee. Chairman and Managing Director,
First Reserve Corporation (a registered investment adviser).
Director, Lantana Corporation, Maverick Tube Corporation, Snyder
Oil Corporation and various First Reserve Funds.
+Robert E. Patterson (50), Trustee. Executive Vice President,
Cabot Partners Limited Partnership (a registered investment
adviser).
<PAGE>
*Donald S. Perkins (68), Trustee. Director of various
corporations, including American Telephone & Telegraph Company,
AON Corp., Cummins Engine Company, Inc., Illinois Power Company,
Inland Steel Industries, Inc., Kmart Corporation, LaSalle Street
Fund, Inc., Springs Industries, Inc., TBG, Inc. and Time Warner
Inc.
*#George Putnam III (44), Trustee. President, New Generation
Research, Inc. (publisher of bankruptcy information). Director,
World Environment Center.
Eli Shapiro (79), Trustee. Alfred P. Sloan Professor of
Management, Emeritus, Alfred P. Sloan School of Management,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Director of Nomura
Dividend Fund, Inc. (a privately held registered investment
company managed by Putnam Management) and former Trustee of the
Putnam funds (1984-1990).
*A.J.C. Smith (61), Trustee. Chairman, Chief Executive Officer
and Director, Marsh & McLennan Companies, Inc.
W. Nicholas Thorndike (62), Trustee. Director of various
corporations and charitable organizations, including Courier
Corporation and Providence Journal Co. Also, Trustee and
President of Massachusetts General Hospital and Trustee of
Bradley Real Estate Trust and Eastern Utilities Associates.
Officers Name (Age)
Charles E. Porter (57), Executive Vice President. Managing
Director of Putnam Investments, Inc. and Putnam Management.
Patricia C. Flaherty (48), Senior Vice President. Senior Vice
President of Putnam Investments, Inc. and Putnam Management.
William N. Shiebler (53), Vice President. Director and Senior
Managing Director of Putnam Investments, Inc. President and
Director of Putnam Mutual Funds.
Gordon H. Silver (48), Vice President. Director and Senior
Managing Director of Putnam Investments, Inc. and Putnam
Management.
John R. Verani (56), Vice President. Senior Vice President of
Putnam Investments, Inc. and Putnam Management.
Paul M. O'Neil (42), Vice President. Vice President of Putnam
Investments, Inc. and Putnam Management.
John D. Hughes (60), Vice President and Treasurer.
Beverly Marcus (51), Clerk and Assistant Treasurer.
*Trustees who are or may be deemed to be "interested persons" (as
defined in the Investment Company Act of 1940) of the fund,
Putnam Management or Putnam Mutual Funds.
+Members of the Executive Committee of the Trustees. The
Executive Committee meets between regular meetings of the
Trustees as may be required to review investment matters and
other affairs of the fund and may exercise all of the powers of
the Trustees.
#George Putnam, III is the son of George Putnam.
-----------------
Certain other officers of Putnam Management are officers of the
fund. See "Additional officers" in Part I of this SAI. The
mailing address of each of the officers and Trustees is One Post
Office Square, Boston, Massachusetts 02109.
Except as stated below, the principal occupations of the officers
and Trustees for the last five years have been with the employers
as shown above, although in some cases they have held different
positions with such employers. Prior to January, 1992, Ms.
Baxter was Vice President and Principal, Regency Group, Inc. and
Consultant, The First Boston Corporation. Prior to May, 1991,
Dr. Pounds was Senior Advisor to the Rockefeller Family and
Associates, Chairman of Rockefeller Trust Company and Director of
Rockefeller Group, Inc. During the past five years Dr. Shapiro
has provided economic and financial consulting services to
various clients. Prior to November, 1990, Mr. Shiebler was
President and Chief Operating Officer of the Intercapital
Division of Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc., Vice President of the
Dean Witter funds and Director of Dean Witter Trust Company.
Each Trustee of the fund receives an annual fee and an additional
fee for each Trustees' meeting attended. Trustees who are not
interested persons of Putnam Management and who serve on
committees of the Trustees receive additional fees for attendance
at certain committee meetings and for special services rendered
in that connection. All of the Trustees are Trustees of all the
Putnam funds and each receives fees for his or her services. For
details of Trustees' fees paid by the fund and information
concerning retirement guidelines for the Trustees, see "Charges
and expenses" in Part I of this SAI.
The Agreement and Declaration of Trust of the fund provides that
the fund will indemnify its Trustees and officers against
liabilities and expenses incurred in connection with litigation
in which they may be involved because of their offices with the
fund, except if it is determined in the manner specified in the
Agreement and Declaration of Trust that they have not acted in
good faith in the reasonable belief that their actions were in
the best interests of the fund or that such indemnification would
relieve any officer or Trustee of any liability to the fund or
its shareholders by reason of willful misfeasance, bad faith,
gross negligence or reckless disregard of his or her duties. The
fund, at its expense, provides liability insurance for the
benefit of its Trustees and officers.
Putnam Management and its affiliates
Putnam Management is one of America's oldest and largest money
management firms. Putnam Management's staff of experienced
portfolio managers and research analysts selects securities and
constantly supervises the fund's portfolio. By pooling an
investor's money with that of other investors, a greater variety
of securities can be purchased than would be the case
individually; the resulting diversification helps reduce
investment risk. Putnam Management has been managing mutual funds
since 1937. Today, the firm serves as the investment manager for
the funds in the Putnam Family, with over $93 billion in assets
in nearly 5 million shareholder accounts at December 31, 1995.
An affiliate, The Putnam Advisory Company, Inc., manages domestic
and foreign institutional accounts and mutual funds, including
the accounts of many Fortune 500 companies. Another affiliate,
Putnam Fiduciary Trust Company, provides investment advice to
institutional clients under its banking and fiduciary powers. At
December 31, 1995, Putnam Management and its affiliates managed
over $125 billion in assets, including over $17 billion in tax-
exempt securities and over $55 billion in retirement plan assets.
Putnam Management, Putnam Mutual Funds and Putnam Fiduciary Trust
Company are subsidiaries of Putnam Investments, Inc., a holding
company which is in turn wholly owned by Marsh & McLennan
Companies, Inc., a publicly-owned holding company whose principal
operating subsidiaries are international insurance and
reinsurance brokers, investment managers and management
consultants.
Trustees and officers of the fund who are also officers of Putnam
Management or its affiliates or who are stockholders of Marsh &
McLennan Companies, Inc. will benefit from the advisory fees,
sales commissions, distribution fees, custodian fees and transfer
agency fees paid or allowed by the fund.
The Management Contract
Under a Management Contract between the fund and Putnam
Management, subject to such policies as the Trustees may
determine, Putnam Management, at its expense, furnishes
continuously an investment program for the fund and makes
investment decisions on behalf of the fund. Subject to the
control of the Trustees, Putnam Management also manages,
supervises and conducts the other affairs and business of the
fund, furnishes office space and equipment, provides bookkeeping
and clerical services (including determination of the fund's net
asset value, but excluding shareholder accounting services) and
places all orders for the purchase and sale of the fund's
portfolio securities. Putnam Management may place fund portfolio
transactions with broker-dealers which furnish Putnam Management,
without cost to it, certain research, statistical and quotation
services of value to Putnam Management and its affiliates in
advising the fund and other clients. In so doing, Putnam
Management may cause the fund to pay greater brokerage
commissions than it might otherwise pay.
For details of Putnam Management's compensation under the
Management Contract, see "Charges and expenses" in Part I of this
SAI. Putnam Management's compensation under the Management
Contract may be reduced in any year if the fund's expenses exceed
the limits on investment company expenses imposed by any statute
or regulatory authority of any jurisdiction in which shares of
the fund are qualified for offer or sale. The term "expenses" is
defined in the statutes or regulations of such jurisdictions, and
generally excludes brokerage commissions, taxes, interest,
extraordinary expenses and, if the fund has a distribution plan,
payments made under such plan. The only such limitation as of
the date of this SAI (applicable to any fund registered for sale
in California) was 2.5% of the first $30 million of average net
assets, 2% of the next $70 million and 1.5% of any excess over
$100 million.
Under the Management Contract, Putnam Management may reduce its
compensation to the extent that the fund's expenses exceed such
lower expense limitation as Putnam Management may, by notice to
the fund, declare to be effective. The expenses subject to this
limitation are exclusive of brokerage commissions, interest,
taxes, deferred organizational and extraordinary expenses and,
if the fund has a distribution plan, payments required under such
plan. For the purpose of determining any such limitation on
Putnam Management's compensation, expenses of the fund shall not
reflect the application of commissions or cash management credits
that may reduce designated fund expenses. The terms of any
expense limitation from time to time in effect are described in
either the prospectus or Part I of this SAI.
In addition to the fee paid to Putnam Management, the fund
reimburses Putnam Management for the compensation and related
expenses of certain officers of the fund and their assistants who
provide certain administrative services for the fund and the
other Putnam funds, each of which bears an allocated share of the
foregoing costs. The aggregate amount of all such payments and
reimbursements is determined annually by the Trustees.
<PAGE>
The amount of this reimbursement for the fund's most recent
fiscal year is included in "Charges and Expenses" in Part I of
this SAI. Putnam Management pays all other salaries of officers
of the fund. The fund pays all expenses not assumed by Putnam
Management including, without limitation, auditing, legal,
custodial, investor servicing and shareholder reporting expenses.
The fund pays the cost of typesetting for its prospectuses and
the cost of printing and mailing any prospectuses sent to its
shareholders. Putnam Mutual Funds pays the cost of printing and
distributing all other prospectuses.
The Management Contract provides that Putnam Management shall not
be subject to any liability to the fund or to any shareholder of
the fund for any act or omission in the course of or connected
with rendering services to the fund in the absence of willful
misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of
its duties on the part of Putnam Management.
The Management Contract may be terminated without penalty by vote
of the Trustees or the shareholders of the fund, or by Putnam
Management, on 30 days' written notice. It may be amended only
by a vote of the shareholders of the fund. The Management
Contract also terminates without payment of any penalty in the
event of its assignment. The Management Contract provides that
it will continue in effect only so long as such continuance is
approved at least annually by vote of either the Trustees or the
shareholders, and, in either case, by a majority of the Trustees
who are not "interested persons" of Putnam Management or the
fund. In each of the foregoing cases, the vote of the
shareholders is the affirmative vote of a "majority of the
outstanding voting securities" as defined in the Investment
Company Act of 1940.
Personal Investments by Employees of Putnam Management
Employees of Putnam Management are permitted to engage in
personal securities transactions, subject to requirements and
restrictions set forth in Putnam Management's Code of Ethics.
The Code of Ethics contains provisions and requirements designed
to identify and address certain conflicts of interest between
personal investment activities and the interests of investment
advisory clients such as the funds. Among other things, the Code
of Ethics, consistent with standards recommended by the
Investment Company Institute's Advisory Group on Personal
Investing, prohibits certain types of transactions absent prior
approval, imposes time periods during which personal transactions
may not be made in certain securities, and requires the
submission of duplicate broker confirmations and quarterly
reporting of securities transactions. Additional restrictions
apply to portfolio managers, traders, research analysts and
others involved in the investment advisory process. Exceptions
to these and other provisions of the Code of Ethics may be
granted in particular circumstances after review by appropriate
personnel.
Portfolio Transactions
Investment decisions. Investment decisions for the fund and for
the other investment advisory clients of Putnam Management and
its affiliates are made with a view to achieving their respective
investment objectives. Investment decisions are the product of
many factors in addition to basic suitability for the particular
client involved. Thus, a particular security may be bought or
sold for certain clients even though it could have been bought or
sold for other clients at the same time. Likewise, a particular
security may be bought for one or more clients when one or more
other clients are selling the security. In some instances, one
client may sell a particular security to another client. It also
sometimes happens that two or more clients simultaneously
purchase or sell the same security, in which event each day's
transactions in such security are, insofar as possible, averaged
as to price and allocated between such clients in a manner which
in Putnam Management's opinion is equitable to each and in
accordance with the amount being purchased or sold by each.
There may be circumstances when purchases or sales of portfolio
securities for one or more clients will have an adverse effect on
other clients.
Brokerage and research services. Transactions on U.S. stock
exchanges, commodities markets and futures markets and other
agency transactions involve the payment by the fund of negotiated
brokerage commissions. Such commissions vary among different
brokers. A particular broker may charge different commissions
according to such factors as the difficulty and size of the
transaction. Transactions in foreign investments often involve
the payment of fixed brokerage commissions, which may be higher
than those in the United States. There is generally no stated
commission in the case of securities traded in the
over-the-counter markets, but the price paid by the fund usually
includes an undisclosed dealer commission or mark-up. In
underwritten offerings, the price paid by the fund includes a
disclosed, fixed commission or discount retained by the
underwriter or dealer. It is anticipated that most purchases and
sales of securities by funds investing primarily in tax-exempt
securities and certain other fixed-income securities will be with
the issuer or with underwriters of or dealers in those
securities, acting as principal. Accordingly, those funds would
not ordinarily pay significant brokerage commissions with respect
to securities transactions. See "Charges and expenses" in Part I
of this SAI for information concerning commissions paid by the
fund.
<PAGE>
It has for many years been a common practice in the investment
advisory business for advisers of investment companies and other
institutional investors to receive brokerage and research
services (as defined in the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as
amended (the "1934 Act")) from broker-dealers that execute
portfolio transactions for the clients of such advisers and from
third parties with which such broker-dealers have arrangements.
Consistent with this practice, Putnam Management receives
brokerage and research services and other similar services from
many broker-dealers with which Putnam Management places the
fund's portfolio transactions and from third parties with which
these broker-dealers have arrangements. These services include
such matters as general economic and market reviews, industry and
company reviews, evaluations of investments, recommendations as
to the purchase and sale of investments, newspapers, magazines,
pricing services, quotation services, news services and personal
computers utilized by Putnam Management's managers and analysts.
Where the services referred to above are not used exclusively by
Putnam Management for research purposes, Putnam Management, based
upon its own allocations of expected use, bears that portion of
the cost of these services which directly relates to their
non-research use. Some of these services are of value to Putnam
Management and its affiliates in advising various of their
clients (including the fund), although not all of these services
are necessarily useful and of value in managing the fund. The
management fee paid by the fund is not reduced because Putnam
Management and its affiliates receive these services even though
Putnam Management might otherwise be required to purchase some of
these services for cash.
Putnam Management places all orders for the purchase and sale of
portfolio investments for the fund and buys and sells investments
for the fund through a substantial number of brokers and dealers.
In so doing, Putnam Management uses its best efforts to obtain
for the fund the most favorable price and execution available,
except to the extent it may be permitted to pay higher brokerage
commissions as described below. In seeking the most favorable
price and execution, Putnam Management, having in mind the fund's
best interests, considers all factors it deems relevant,
including, by way of illustration, price, the size of the
transaction, the nature of the market for the security or other
investment, the amount of the commission, the timing of the
transaction taking into account market prices and trends, the
reputation, experience and financial stability of the
broker-dealer involved and the quality of service rendered by the
broker-dealer in other transactions.
As permitted by Section 28(e) of the 1934 Act, and by the
Management Contract, Putnam Management may cause the fund to pay
a broker-dealer which provides "brokerage and research services"
(as defined in the 1934 Act) to Putnam Management an amount of
disclosed commission for effecting securities transactions on
stock exchanges and other transactions for the fund on an agency
basis in excess of the commission which another broker-dealer
would have charged for effecting that transaction. Putnam
Management's authority to cause the fund to pay any such greater
commissions is also subject to such policies as the Trustees may
adopt from time to time. Putnam Management does not currently
intend to cause the fund to make such payments. It is the
position of the staff of the Securities and Exchange Commission
that Section 28(e) does not apply to the payment of such greater
commissions in "principal" transactions. Accordingly Putnam
Management will use its best effort to obtain the most favorable
price and execution available with respect to such transactions,
as described above.
The Management Contract provides that commissions, fees,
brokerage or similar payments received by Putnam Management or an
affiliate in connection with the purchase and sale of portfolio
investments of the fund, less any direct expenses approved by the
Trustees, shall be recaptured by the fund through a reduction of
the fee payable by the fund under the Management Contract.
Putnam Management seeks to recapture for the fund soliciting
dealer fees on the tender of the fund's portfolio securities in
tender or exchange offers. Any such fees which may be recaptured
are likely to be minor in amount.
Consistent with the Rules of Fair Practice of the National
Association of Securities Dealers, Inc. and subject to seeking
the most favorable price and execution available and such other
policies as the Trustees may determine, Putnam Management may
consider sales of shares of the fund (and, if permitted by law,
of the other Putnam funds) as a factor in the selection of
broker-dealers to execute portfolio transactions for the fund.
Principal Underwriter
Putnam Mutual Funds is the principal underwriter of shares of the
fund and the other continuously offered Putnam funds. Putnam
Mutual Funds is not obligated to sell any specific amount of
shares of the fund and will purchase shares for resale only
against orders for shares. See "Charges and expenses" in Part I
of this SAI for information on sales charges and other payments
received by Putnam Mutual Funds.
Investor Servicing Agent and Custodian
Putnam Investor Services, a division of Putnam Fiduciary Trust
Company ("PFTC"), is the fund's investor servicing agent
(transfer, plan and dividend disbursing agent), for which it
receives fees which are paid monthly by the fund as an expense of
all its shareholders. The fee paid to Putnam Investor Services
is determined on the basis of the number of shareholder accounts,
the number of transactions and the assets of the fund. Putnam
Investor Services has won the DALBAR Quality Tested Service Seal
every year since the award's 1990 inception. Over 10,000 tests
of 38 separate shareholder service components demonstrated that
Putnam Investor Services tied for highest scores, with two other
mutual fund companies, in all categories.
PFTC is the custodian of the fund's assets. In carrying out its
duties under its custodian contract, PFTC may employ one or more
subcustodians whose responsibilities include safeguarding and
controlling the fund's cash and securities, handling the receipt
and delivery of securities and collecting interest and dividends
on the fund's investments. PFTC and any subcustodians employed
by it have a lien on the securities of the fund (to the extent
permitted by the fund's investment restrictions) to secure
charges and any advances made by such subcustodians at the end of
any day for the purpose of paying for securities purchased by the
fund. The fund expects that such advances will exist only in
unusual circumstances. Neither PFTC nor any subcustodian
determines the investment policies of the fund or decides which
securities the fund will buy or sell. PFTC pays the fees and
other charges of any subcustodians employed by it. The fund may
from time to time pay custodial expenses in full or in part
through the placement by Putnam Management of the fund's
portfolio transactions with the subcustodians or with a third-
party broker having an agreement with the subcustodians. The
fund pays PFTC an annual fee based on the fund's assets,
securities transactions and securities holdings and reimburses
PFTC for certain out-of-pocket expenses incurred by it or any
subcustodian employed by it in performing custodial services.
See "Charges and expenses" in Part I of this SAI for information
on fees and reimbursements for investor servicing and custody
received by PFTC. The fees may be reduced by credits allowed by
PFTC.
DETERMINATION OF NET ASSET VALUE
The fund determines the net asset value per share of each class
of shares once each day the New York Stock Exchange (the
"Exchange") is open. Currently, the Exchange is closed
Saturdays, Sundays and the following holidays: New Year's Day,
Presidents' Day, Good Friday, Memorial Day, the Fourth of July,
Labor Day, Thanksgiving and Christmas. The fund determines net
asset value as of the close of regular trading on the Exchange,
currently 4:00 p.m. However, equity options held by the fund are
priced as of the close of trading at 4:10 p.m., and futures
contracts on U.S. government and other fixed-income securities
and index options held by the fund are priced as of their close
of trading at 4:15 p.m.
Securities for which market quotations are readily available are
valued at prices which, in the opinion of Putnam Management, most
nearly represent the market values of such securities.
Currently, such prices are determined using the last reported
sale price or, if no sales are reported (as in the case of some
securities traded over-the-counter), the last reported bid price,
except that certain securities are valued at the mean between the
last reported bid and asked prices. Short-term investments
having remaining maturities of 60 days or less are valued at
amortized cost, which approximates market value. All other
securities and assets are valued at their fair value following
procedures approved by the Trustees. Liabilities are deducted
from the total, and the resulting amount is divided by the number
of shares of the class outstanding.
Reliable market quotations are not considered to be readily
available for long-term corporate bonds and notes, certain
preferred stocks, tax-exempt securities, and certain foreign
securities. These investments are valued at fair value on the
basis of valuations furnished by pricing services, which
determine valuations for normal, institutional-size trading units
of such securities using methods based on market transactions for
comparable securities and various relationships between
securities which are generally recognized by institutional
traders.
If any securities held by the fund are restricted as to resale,
Putnam Management determines their fair value following
procedures approved by the Trustees. The fair value of such
securities is generally determined as the amount which the fund
could reasonably expect to realize from an orderly disposition of
such securities over a reasonable period of time. The valuation
procedures applied in any specific instance are likely to vary
from case to case. However, consideration is generally given to
the financial position of the issuer and other fundamental
analytical data relating to the investment and to the nature of
the restrictions on disposition of the securities (including any
registration expenses that might be borne by the fund in
connection with such disposition). In addition, specific factors
are also generally considered, such as the cost of the
investment, the market value of any unrestricted securities of
the same class, the size of the holding, the prices of any recent
transactions or offers with respect to such securities and any
available analysts' reports regarding the issuer.
Generally, trading in certain securities (such as foreign
securities) is substantially completed each day at various times
prior to the close of the Exchange. The values of these
securities used in determining the net asset value of the fund's
shares are computed as of such times. Also, because of the
amount of time required to collect and process trading
information as to large numbers of securities issues, the values
of certain securities (such as convertible bonds, U.S. government
securities, and tax-exempt securities) are determined based on
market quotations collected earlier in the day at the latest
practicable time prior to the close of the Exchange.
Occasionally, events affecting the value of such securities may
occur between such times and the close of the Exchange which will
not be reflected in the computation of the fund's net asset
value. If events materially affecting the value of such
securities occur during such period, then these securities will
be valued at their fair value following procedures approved by
the Trustees.
Money market funds generally value their portfolio securities at
amortized cost according to Rule 2a-7 under the Investment
Company Act of 1940.
HOW TO BUY SHARES
General
The prospectus contains a general description of how investors
may buy shares of the fund and states whether the fund offers
more than one class of shares. This SAI contains additional
information which may be of interest to investors.
Class A shares and class M shares are generally sold with a sales
charge payable at the time of purchase (except for class A shares
and class M shares of money market funds). As used in this SAI
and unless the context requires otherwise, the term "class A
shares" includes shares of funds that offer only one class of
shares. The prospectus contains a table of applicable sales
charges. For information about how to purchase class A or class
M shares of a Putnam fund at net asset value through an
employer's defined contribution plan, please consult your
employer. Certain purchases of class A shares and class M shares
may be exempt from a sales charge or, in the case of class A
shares, may be subject to a contingent deferred sales charge
("CDSC"). See "General--Sales without sales charges or
contingent deferred sales charges," "Additional Information About
Class A and Class M shares," and "Contingent Deferred Sales
Charges--Class A shares."
Class B shares and class C shares are sold subject to a CDSC
payable upon redemption within a specified period after purchase.
The prospectus contains a table of applicable CDSCs.
Class B shares will automatically convert into class A shares at
the end of the month eight years after the purchase date. Class
B shares acquired by exchanging class B shares of another Putnam
fund will convert into class A shares based on the time of the
initial purchase. Class B shares acquired through reinvestment
of distributions will convert into Class A shares based on the
date of the initial purchase to which such shares relate. For
this purpose, class B shares acquired through reinvestment of
distributions will be attributed to particular purchases of class
B shares in accordance with such procedures as the Trustees may
determine from time to time. The conversion of class B shares to
class A shares is subject to the condition that such conversions
will not constitute taxable events for Federal tax purposes.
Class Y shares, which are not subject to sales charges or a CDSC,
are available only to certain defined contribution plans. See
the prospectus that offers class Y shares for more information.
Certain purchase programs described below are not available to
defined contribution plans. Consult your employer for
information on how to purchase shares through your plan.
The fund is currently making a continuous offering of its shares.
The fund receives the entire net asset value of shares sold. The
fund will accept unconditional orders for shares to be executed
at the public offering price based on the net asset value per
share next determined after the order is placed. In the case of
class A shares and class M shares, the public offering price is
the net asset value plus the applicable sales charge, if any. No
sales charge is included in the public offering price of other
classes of shares. In the case of orders for purchase of shares
placed through dealers, the public offering price will be based
on the net asset value determined on the day the order is placed,
but only if the dealer receives the order before the close of
regular trading on the Exchange. If the dealer receives the
order after the close of the Exchange, the price will be based on
the net asset value next determined. If funds for the purchase
of shares are sent directly to Putnam Investor Services, they
will be invested at the public offering price based on the net
asset value next determined after receipt. Payment for shares of
the fund must be in U.S. dollars; if made by check, the check
must be drawn on a U.S. bank.
Initial and subsequent purchases must satisfy the minimums stated
in the prospectus, except that (i) individual investments under
certain employee benefit plans or Tax Qualified Retirement Plans
may be lower, (ii) persons who are already shareholders may make
additional purchases of $50 or more by sending funds directly to
Putnam Investor Services (see "Your investing account" below),
and (iii) for investors participating in systematic investment
plans and military allotment plans, the initial and subsequent
purchases must be $25 or more. Information about these plans is
available from investment dealers or from Putnam Mutual Funds.
As a convenience to investors, shares may be purchased through a
systematic investment plan. Pre-authorized monthly bank drafts
for a fixed amount (at least $25) are used to purchase fund
shares at the applicable public offering price next determined
after Putnam Mutual Funds receives the proceeds from the draft
(normally the 20th of each month, or the next business day
thereafter). Further information and application forms are
available from investment dealers or from Putnam Mutual Funds.
Except for funds that declare a distribution daily, distributions
to be reinvested are reinvested without a sales charge in shares
of the same class as of the ex-dividend date using the net asset
value determined on that date, and are credited to a
shareholder's account on the payment date. Dividends for Putnam
money market funds are credited to a shareholder's account on the
payment date. Distributions for all other funds that declare a
distribution daily are reinvested without a sales charge as of
the next day following the period for which distributions are
paid using the net asset value determined on that date, and are
credited to a shareholder's account on the payment date.
Payment in securities. In addition to cash, the fund may accept
securities as payment for fund shares at the applicable net asset
value. Generally, the fund will only consider accepting
securities to increase its holdings in a portfolio security, or
if Putnam Management determines that the offered securities are a
suitable investment for the fund and in a sufficient amount for
efficient management.
While no minimum has been established, it is expected that the
fund would not accept securities with a value of less than
$100,000 per issue as payment for shares. The fund may reject in
whole or in part any or all offers to pay for purchases of fund
shares with securities, may require partial payment in cash for
such purchases to provide funds for applicable sales charges, and
may discontinue accepting securities as payment for fund shares
at any time without notice. The fund will value accepted
securities in the manner described in the section "Determination
of Net Asset Value" for valuing shares of the fund. The fund
will only accept securities which are delivered in proper form.
The fund will not accept options or restricted securities as
payment for shares. The acceptance of securities by certain
funds in exchange for fund shares is subject to additional
requirements. In the case of Putnam American Government Income
Fund, Putnam Asia Pacific Growth Fund, Putnam Asset Allocation
Funds, Putnam Capital Appreciation Fund, Putnam Diversified
Equity Trust, Putnam Equity Income Fund, Putnam Europe Growth
Fund, The Putnam Fund for Growth & Income, Putnam Global
Governmental Income Trust, Putnam Growth and Income Fund II,
Putnam High Yield Advantage Fund, Putnam Investment Funds, Putnam
Intermediate Tax Exempt Fund, Putnam Intermediate U.S. Government
Income Fund, Putnam Investment-Grade Bond Fund, Putnam Municipal
Income Fund, Putnam Natural Resources Fund, Putnam OTC Emerging
Growth Fund, Putnam Overseas Growth Fund, Putnam Preferred Income
Fund, Putnam Tax Exempt Income Fund and Putnam Tax-Free Income
Trust, transactions involving the issuance of fund shares for
securities or assets other than cash will be limited to a bona-
fide re-organization or statutory merger and to other
acquisitions of portfolio securities that meet all the following
conditions: (a) such securities meet the investment objective(s)
and policies of the fund; (b) such securities are acquired for
investment and not for resale; (c) such securities are liquid
securities which are not restricted as to transfer either by law
or liquidity of market; and (d) such securities have a value
which is readily ascertainable, as evidenced by a listing on the
American Stock Exchange, the New York Stock Exchange or The
Nasdaq Stock Market, Inc. In addition, Putnam Global
Governmental Income Trust may accept only investment grade bonds
with prices regularly stated in publications generally accepted
by investors, such as the London Financial Times and the
Association of International Bond Dealers manual, or securities
listed on the New York or American Stock Exchanges or on The
Nasdaq Stock Market, Inc. Putnam Diversified Income Trust may
accept only bonds with prices regularly stated in publications
generally accepted by investors. For federal income tax
purposes, a purchase of fund shares with securities will be
treated as a sale or exchange of such securities on which the
investor will realize a taxable gain or loss. The processing of
a purchase of fund shares with securities involves certain delays
while the fund considers the suitability of such securities and
while other requirements are satisfied. For information
regarding procedures for payment in securities, contact Putnam
Mutual Funds. Investors should not send securities to the fund
except when authorized to do so and in accordance with specific
instructions received from Putnam Mutual Funds.
Sales without sales charges or contingent deferred sales charges.
The fund may sell shares without a sales charge or CDSC to:
(i) current and retired Trustees of the fund; officers of
the fund; directors and current and retired U.S. full-time
employees of Putnam Management, Putnam Mutual Funds, their
parent corporations and certain corporate affiliates;
family members of and employee benefit plans for the
foregoing; and partnerships, trusts or other entities in
which any of the foregoing has a substantial interest;
(ii) employee benefit plans, for the repurchase of shares
in connection with repayment of plan loans made to plan
participants (if the sum loaned was obtained by redeeming
shares of a Putnam fund sold with a sales charge) (not
offered by tax-exempt funds);
(iii) clients of administrators of tax-qualified employee
benefit plans which have entered into agreements with
Putnam Mutual Funds (not offered by tax-exempt funds);
(iv) registered representatives and other employees of
broker-dealers having sales agreements with Putnam Mutual
Funds; employees of financial institutions having sales
agreements with Putnam Mutual Funds or otherwise having an
arrangement with any such broker-dealer or financial
institution with respect to sales of fund shares; and
their spouses and children under age 21 (Putnam Mutual
Funds is regarded as the dealer of record for all such
accounts);
(v) investors meeting certain requirements who sold shares
of certain Putnam closed-end funds pursuant to a tender
offer by such closed-end fund;
(vi) a trust department of any financial institution
purchasing shares of the fund in its capacity as trustee
of any trust, if the value of the shares of the fund and
other Putnam funds purchased or held by all such trusts
exceeds $1 million in the aggregate; and
(vii) "wrap accounts" maintained for clients of broker-
dealers, financial institutions or financial planners who
have entered into agreements with Putnam Mutual Funds with
respect to such accounts.
In addition, the fund may issue its shares at net asset value
without an initial sales charge or a CDSC in connection with the
acquisition of substantially all of the securities owned by other
investment companies or personal holding companies, and the CDSC
will be waived on redemptions of shares arising out of death or
disability or in connection with certain withdrawals from IRA or
other retirement plans. Up to 12% of the value of class B shares
subject to a systematic withdrawal plan may also be redeemed each
year without a CDSC. The fund may sell class M shares at net
asset value to members of qualified groups. See "Group
purchases of class A and class M shares" below.
Payments to dealers. Putnam Mutual Funds may, at its expense,
pay concessions in addition to the payments disclosed in the
prospectus to dealers which satisfy certain criteria established
from time to time by Putnam Mutual Funds relating to increasing
net sales of shares of the Putnam funds over prior periods, and
certain other factors.
Additional Information About Class A and Class M Shares
The underwriter's commission is the sales charge shown in the
prospectus less any applicable dealer discount. Putnam Mutual
Funds will give dealers ten days' notice of any changes in the
dealer discount. Putnam Mutual Funds retains the entire sales
charge on any retail sales made by it.
Putnam Mutual Funds offers several plans by which an investor may
obtain reduced sales charges on purchases of class A shares and
class M shares. The variations in sales charges reflect the
varying efforts required to sell shares to separate categories of
purchasers. These plans may be altered or discontinued at any
time.
Combined purchase privilege. The following persons may qualify
for the sales charge reductions or eliminations shown in the
prospectus by combining into a single transaction the purchase of
class A shares or class M shares with other purchases of any
class of shares:
(i) an individual, or a "company" as defined in Section
2(a)(8) of the Investment Company Act of 1940 (which
includes corporations which are corporate affiliates of
each other);
(ii) an individual, his or her spouse and their children
under twenty-one, purchasing for his, her or their own
account;
(iii) a trustee or other fiduciary purchasing for a single
trust estate or single fiduciary account (including a
pension, profit-sharing, or other employee benefit trust
created pursuant to a plan qualified under Section 401 of
the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the
"Code"));
(iv) tax-exempt organizations qualifying under Section
501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code (not including tax-
exempt organizations qualifying under Section 403(b)(7) (a
"403(b) plan") of the Code; and
(v) employee benefit plans of a single employer or of
affiliated employers, other than 403(b) plans.
A combined purchase currently may also include shares of any
class of other continuously offered Putnam funds (other than
money market funds) purchased at the same time through a single
investment dealer, if the dealer places the order for such shares
directly with Putnam Mutual Funds.
Cumulative quantity discount (right of accumulation). A
purchaser of class A shares or class M shares may qualify for a
cumulative quantity discount by combining a current purchase (or
combined purchases as described above) with certain other shares
of any class of Putnam funds already owned. The applicable sales
charge is based on the total of:
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(i) the investor's current purchase; and
(ii) the maximum public offering price (at the close of
business on the previous day) of:
(a) all shares held by the investor in all of the
Putnam funds (except money market funds); and
(b) any shares of money market funds acquired by
exchange from other Putnam funds; and
(iii) the maximum public offering price of all shares
described in paragraph (ii) owned by another shareholder
eligible to participate with the investor in a "combined
purchase" (see above).
To qualify for the combined purchase privilege or to obtain the
cumulative quantity discount on a purchase through an investment
dealer, when each purchase is made the investor or dealer must
provide Putnam Mutual Funds with sufficient information to verify
that the purchase qualifies for the privilege or discount. The
shareholder must furnish this information to Putnam Investor
Services when making direct cash investments.
Statement of Intention. Investors may also obtain the reduced
sales charges for class A shares or class M shares shown in the
prospectus for investments of a particular amount by means of a
written Statement of Intention, which expresses the investor's
intention to invest that amount (including certain "credits," as
described below) within a period of 13 months in shares of any
class of the fund or any other continuously offered Putnam fund
(excluding money market funds). Each purchase of class A shares
or class M shares under a Statement of Intention will be made at
the public offering price applicable at the time of such purchase
to a single transaction of the total dollar amount indicated in
the Statement of Intention. A Statement of Intention may include
purchases of shares made not more than 90 days prior to the date
that an investor signs a Statement; however, the 13-month period
during which the Statement of Intention is in effect will begin
on the date of the earliest purchase to be included.
An investor may receive a credit toward the amount indicated in
the Statement of Intention equal to the maximum public offering
price as of the close of business on the previous day of all
shares he or she owns on the date of the Statement of Intention
which are eligible for purchase under a Statement of Intention
(plus any shares of money market funds acquired by exchange of
such eligible shares). Investors do not receive credit for
shares purchased by the reinvestment of distributions. Investors
qualifying for the "combined purchase privilege" (see above) may
purchase shares under a single Statement of Intention.
The Statement of Intention is not a binding obligation upon the
investor to purchase the full amount indicated. The minimum
initial investment under a Statement of Intention is 5% of such
amount, and must be invested immediately. Class A shares or
class M shares purchased with the first 5% of such amount will be
held in escrow to secure payment of the higher sales charge
applicable to the shares actually purchased if the full amount
indicated is not purchased. When the full amount indicated has
been purchased, the escrow will be released. If an investor
desires to redeem escrowed shares before the full amount has been
purchased, the shares will be released from escrow only if the
investor pays the sales charge that, without regard to the
Statement of Intention, would apply to the total investment made
to date.
To the extent that an investor purchases more than the dollar
amount indicated on the Statement of Intention and qualifies for
a further reduced sales charge, the sales charge will be adjusted
for the entire amount purchased at the end of the 13-month
period, upon recovery from the investor's dealer of its portion
of the sales charge adjustment. Once received from the dealer,
which may take a period of time or may never occur, the sales
charge adjustment will be used to purchase additional shares at
the then current offering price applicable to the actual amount
of the aggregate purchases. These additional shares will not be
considered as part of the total investment for the purpose of
determining the applicable sales charge pursuant to the Statement
of Intention. No sales charge adjustment will be made unless and
until the investor's dealer returns any excess commissions
previously received.
To the extent that an investor purchases less than the dollar
amount indicated on the Statement of Intention within the 13-
month period, the sales charge will be adjusted upward for the
entire amount purchased at the end of the 13-month period. This
adjustment will be made by redeeming shares from the account to
cover the additional sales charge, the proceeds of which will be
paid to the investor's dealer and Putnam Mutual Funds in
accordance with the prospectus. If the account exceeds an amount
that would otherwise qualify for a reduced sales charge, that
reduced sales charge will be applied.
Statements of Intention are not available for certain employee
benefit plans.
Statement of Intention forms may be obtained from Putnam Mutual
Funds or from investment dealers. Interested investors should
read the Statement of Intention carefully.
<PAGE>
Group purchases of class A and class M shares. Members of
qualified groups may purchase class A shares of the fund at a
group sales charge rate of 4.50% of the public offering price
(4.71% of the net amount invested). The dealer discount on such
sales is 3.75% of the offering price. Members of qualified
groups may also purchase class M shares at net asset value.
To receive the class A or class M group rate, group members must
purchase shares through a single investment dealer designated by
the group. The designated dealer must transmit each member's
initial purchase to Putnam Mutual Funds, together with payment
and completed application forms. After the initial purchase, a
member may send funds for the purchase of shares directly to
Putnam Investor Services. Purchases of shares are made at the
public offering price based on the net asset value next
determined after Putnam Mutual Funds or Putnam Investor Services
receives payment for the shares. The minimum investment
requirements described above apply to purchases by any group
member. Only shares purchased under the class A group discount
are included in calculating the purchased amount for the purposes
of these requirements.
Qualified groups include the employees of a corporation or a sole
proprietorship, members and employees of a partnership or
association, or other organized groups of persons (the members of
which may include other qualified groups) provided that: (i) the
group has at least 25 members of which, with respect to the class
A discount only, at least 10 members participate in the initial
purchase; (ii) the group has been in existence for at least six
months; (iii) the group has some purpose in addition to the
purchase of investment company shares at a reduced sales charge;
(iv) the group's sole organizational nexus or connection is not
that the members are credit card holders of a company, policy
holders of an insurance company, customers of a bank or
broker-dealer, clients of an investment adviser or security
holders of a company; (v) with respect to the class A discount
only, the group agrees to provide its designated investment
dealer access to the group's membership by means of written
communication or direct presentation to the membership at a
meeting on not less frequently than an annual basis; (vi) the
group or its investment dealer will provide annual certification
in form satisfactory to Putnam Investor Services that the group
then has at least 25 members and, with respect to the class A
discount only, that at least ten members participated in group
purchases during the immediately preceding 12 calendar months;
and (vii) the group or its investment dealer will provide
periodic certification in form satisfactory to Putnam Investor
Services as to the eligibility of the purchasing members of the
group.
Members of a qualified group include: (i) any group which meets
the requirements stated above and which is a constituent member
of a qualified group; (ii) any individual purchasing for his or
her own account who is carried on the records of the group or on
the records of any constituent member of the group as being a
good standing employee, partner, member or person of like status
of the group or constituent member; or (iii) any fiduciary
purchasing shares for the account of a member of a qualified
group or a member's beneficiary. For example, a qualified group
could consist of a trade association which would have as its
members individuals, sole proprietors, partnerships and
corporations. The members of the group would then consist of the
individuals, the sole proprietors and their employees, the
members of the partnerships and their employees, and the
corporations and their employees, as well as the trustees of
employee benefit trusts acquiring class A shares for the benefit
of any of the foregoing.
A member of a qualified group may, depending upon the value of
class A shares of the fund owned or proposed to be purchased by
the member, be entitled to purchase class A shares of the fund at
non-group sales charge rates shown in the prospectus which may be
lower than the group sales charge rate, if the member qualifies
as a person entitled to reduced non-group sales charges. Such a
group member will be entitled to purchase at the lower rate if,
at the time of purchase, the member or his or her investment
dealer furnishes sufficient information for Putnam Mutual Funds
or Putnam Investor Services to verify that the purchase qualifies
for the lower rate.
Interested groups should contact their investment dealer or
Putnam Mutual Funds. The fund reserves the right to revise the
terms of or to suspend or discontinue group sales at any time.
Employee benefit plans; Individual account plans. The term
"employee benefit plan" means any plan or arrangement, whether or
not tax-qualified, which provides for the purchase of class A
shares. The term "affiliated employer" means employers who are
affiliated with each other within the meaning of Section
2(a)(3)(C) of the Investment Company Act of 1940. The term
"individual account plan" means any employee benefit plan whereby
(i) class A shares are purchased through payroll deductions or
otherwise by a fiduciary or other person for the account of
participants who are employees (or their spouses) of an employer,
or of affiliated employers, and (ii) a separate investing account
is maintained in the name of such fiduciary or other person for
the account of each participant in the plan.
The table of sales charges in the prospectus applies to sales to
employee benefit plans, except that the fund may sell class A
shares at net asset value to employee benefit plans, including
individual account plans, of employers or of affiliated employers
which have at least 750 employees to whom such plan is made
available, in connection with a payroll deduction system of plan
funding (or other system acceptable to Putnam Investor Services)
by which contributions or account information for plan
participation are transmitted to Putnam Investor Services by
methods acceptable to Putnam Investor Services. The fund may
also sell class A shares at net asset value to participant-
directed qualified retirement plans with at least 200 eligible
employees, or prior to December 1, 1995, a plan sponsored by an
employer or by affiliated employers which have at least 750
employees and, beginning December 1, 1995, the fund may sell
class M shares at net asset value to participant-directed
qualified retirement plans with at least 50 eligible employees.
A participant-directed qualified retirement plan participating in
a "multi-fund" program approved by Putnam Mutual Funds may
include amounts invested in the other mutual funds participating
in such program for purposes of determining whether the plan may
purchase class A shares at net asset value based on the size of
the purchase as described in the prospectus. These investments
will also be included for purposes of the discount privileges and
programs described above.
Additional information about participant-directed qualified
retirement plans and individual account plans is available from
investment dealers or from Putnam Mutual Funds.
Contingent Deferred Sales Charges
Class A shares. Class A shares purchased at net asset value by
shareholders investing $1 million or more, including purchases
pursuant to any Combined Purchase Privilege, Right of
Accumulation or Statement of Intention, are subject to a CDSC of
1.00% or 0.50%, respectively, if redeemed within the first or
second year after purchase. The class A CDSC is imposed on the
lower of the cost and the current net asset value of the shares
redeemed. The CDSC does not apply to shares sold without a sales
charge through participant-directed qualified retirement plans
and shares purchased by certain investors investing $1 million or
more that have made arrangements with Putnam Mutual Funds and
whose dealer of record waived the commission described in the
next paragraph.
Except as stated below, Putnam Mutual Funds pays investment
dealers of record commissions on sales of class A shares of $1
million or more based on an investor's cumulative purchases of
such shares, including purchases pursuant to any Combined
Purchase Privilege, Right of Accumulation or Statement of
Intention, during the one-year period beginning with the date of
the initial purchase at net asset value and each subsequent one-
year period beginning with the first net asset value purchase
following the end of the prior period. Such commissions are paid
at the rate of 1.00% of the amount under $3 million, 0.50% of the
next $47 million and 0.25% thereafter. On sales at net asset
value to a participant-directed qualified retirement plan
initially investing less than $20 million in Putnam funds and
other investments managed by Putnam Management or its affiliates
(including a plan with at least 200 eligible employees, or prior
to December 1, 1995, a plan sponsored by an employer with more
than 750 employees), Putnam Mutual Funds pays commissions during
each one-year measuring period, determined as described above, at
the rate of 1.00% of the first $2 million, 0.80% of the next $1
million and 0.50% thereafter, except that commissions on sales
prior to December 1, 1995 are based on cumulative purchases
during the life of the account and are paid at the rate of 1.00%
of the amount under $3 million and 0.50% thereafter. On sales at
net asset value to all other participant-directed qualified
retirement plans, Putnam Mutual Funds pays commissions on the
initial investment and on subsequent net quarterly sales (gross
sales minus gross redemptions during the quarter) at the rate of
0.15%. Money market fund shares are excluded from all commission
calculations, except for determining the amount initially
invested by a participant-directed qualified retirement plan.
Commissions on sales at net asset value to such plans are subject
to Putnam Mutual Funds' right to reclaim such commissions if the
shares are redeemed within two years.
Different CDSC and commission rates may apply to shares purchased
before April 1, 1994.
Class B and class C shares. Investors who set up an Automatic
Cash Withdrawal Plan ("ACWP") for a class B and class C share
account (see "Plans available to shareholders -- Automatic Cash
Withdrawal Plan") may withdraw through the ACWP up to 12% of the
net asset value of the account (calculated as set forth below)
each year without incurring any CDSC. Shares not subject to a
CDSC (such as shares representing reinvestment of distributions)
will be redeemed first and will count toward the 12% limitation.
If there are insufficient shares not subject to a CDSC, shares
subject to the lowest CDSC liability will be redeemed next until
the 12% limit is reached. The 12% figure is calculated on a pro
rata basis at the time of the first payment made pursuant to an
ACWP and recalculated thereafter on a pro rata basis at the time
of each ACWP payment. Therefore, shareholders who have chosen an
ACWP based on a percentage of the net asset value of their
account of up to 12% will be able to receive ACWP payments
without incurring a CDSC. However, shareholders who have chosen
a specific dollar amount (for example, $100 per month from a fund
that pays income distributions monthly) for their periodic ACWP
payment should be aware that the amount of that payment not
subject to a CDSC may vary over time depending on the net asset
value of their account. For example, if the net asset value of
the account is $10,000 at the time of payment, the shareholder
will receive $100 free of the CDSC (12% of $10,000 divided by 12
monthly payments). However, if at the time of the next payment
the net asset value of the account has fallen to $9,400, the
shareholder will receive $94 free of any CDSC (12% of $9,400
divided by 12 monthly payments) and $6 subject to the lowest
applicable CDSC. This ACWP privilege may be revised or
terminated at any time.
All shares. No CDSC is imposed on shares of any class subject to
a CDSC ("CDSC Shares") to the extent that the CDSC Shares
redeemed (i) are no longer subject to the holding period
therefor, (ii) resulted from reinvestment of distributions on
CDSC Shares, or (iii) were exchanged for shares of another Putnam
fund, provided that the shares acquired in such exchange or
subsequent exchanges (including shares of a Putnam money market
fund) will continue to remain subject to the CDSC, if applicable,
until the applicable holding period expires. In determining
whether the CDSC applies to each redemption of CDSC Shares, CDSC
Shares not subject to a CDSC are redeemed first.
The fund will waive any CDSC on redemptions, in the case of
individual, joint or Uniform Transfers to Minors Act accounts, in
the event of death or post-purchase disability of a shareholder,
for the purpose of paying benefits pursuant to tax-qualified
retirement plans ("Benefit Payments"), or, in the case of living
trust accounts, in the event of the death or post-purchase
disability of the settlor of the trust). Benefit payments
currently include, without limitation, (1) distributions from an
IRA due to death or disability, (2) a return of excess
contributions to an IRA or 401(k) plan, and (3) distributions
from retirement plans qualified under Section 401(a) of the Code
or from a 403(b) plan due to death, disability, retirement or
separation from service. These waivers may be changed at any
time. Additional waivers may apply to IRA accounts opened prior
to February 1, 1994.
DISTRIBUTION PLANS
If the fund or a class of shares of the fund has adopted a
distribution plan, the prospectus describes the principal
features of the plan. This SAI contains additional information
which may be of interest to investors.
Continuance of a plan is subject to annual approval by a vote of
the Trustees, including a majority of the Trustees who are not
interested persons of the fund and who have no direct or indirect
interest in the plan or related arrangements (the "Qualified
Trustees"), cast in person at a meeting called for that purpose.
All material amendments to a plan must be likewise approved by
the Trustees and the Qualified Trustees. No plan may be amended
in order to increase materially the costs which the fund may bear
for distribution pursuant to such plan without also being
approved by a majority of the outstanding voting securities of
the fund or the relevant class of the fund, as the case may be.
A plan terminates automatically in the event of its assignment
and may be terminated without penalty, at any time, by a vote of
a majority of the Qualified Trustees or by a vote of a majority
of the outstanding voting securities of the fund or the relevant
class of the fund, as the case may be.
If plan payments are made to reimburse Putnam Mutual Funds for
payments to dealers based on the average net asset value of fund
shares attributable to shareholders for whom the dealers are
designated as the dealer of record, "average net asset value"
attributable to a shareholder account means the product of (i)
the fund's average daily share balance of the account and (ii)
the fund's average daily net asset value per share (or the
average daily net asset value per share of the class, if
applicable). For administrative reasons, Putnam Mutual Funds may
enter into agreements with certain dealers providing for the
calculation of "average net asset value" on the basis of assets
of the accounts of the dealer's customers on an established day
in each quarter.
Financial institutions receiving payments from Putnam Mutual
Funds as described above may be required to comply with various
state and federal regulatory requirements, including among others
those regulating the activities of securities brokers or dealers.
INVESTOR SERVICES
Shareholder Information
Each time shareholders buy or sell shares, they will receive a
statement confirming the transaction and listing their current
share balance. (Under certain investment plans, a statement may
only be sent quarterly.) Shareholders will receive a statement
confirming reinvestment of distributions in additional fund
shares (or in shares of other Putnam funds for Dividends Plus
accounts) promptly following the quarter in which the
reinvestment occurs. To help shareholders take full advantage of
their Putnam investment, they will receive a Welcome Kit and a
periodic publication covering many topics of interest to
investors. The fund also sends annual and semiannual reports
that keep shareholders informed about its portfolio and
performance, and year-end tax information to simplify their
recordkeeping. Easy-to-read, free booklets on special subjects
such as the Exchange Privilege and IRAs are available from Putnam
Investor Services. Shareholders may call Putnam Investor
Services toll-free weekdays at 1-800-225-1581 between 8:30 a.m.
and 7:00 p.m. Boston time for more information, including account
balances.
<PAGE>
Your Investing Account
The following information provides more detail concerning the
operation of a Putnam Investing Account. For further information
or assistance, investors should consult Putnam Investor Services.
Shareholders who purchase shares through a defined contribution
plan should note that not all of the services or features
described below may be available to them, and they should contact
their employer for details.
A shareholder may reinvest a cash distribution without a
front-end sales charge or without the reinvested shares being
subject to a CDSC, as the case may be, by delivering to Putnam
Investor Services the uncashed distribution check, endorsed to
the order of the fund. Putnam Investor Services must receive the
properly endorsed check within 1 year after the date of the
check.
The Investing Account also provides a way to accumulate shares of
the fund. In most cases, after an initial investment of $500, a
shareholder may send checks to Putnam Investor Services for $50
or more, made payable to the fund, to purchase additional shares
at the applicable public offering price next determined after
Putnam Investor Services receives the check. Checks must be
drawn on a U.S. bank and must be payable in U.S. dollars.
Putnam Investor Services acts as the shareholder's agent whenever
it receives instructions to carry out a transaction on the
shareholder's account. Upon receipt of instructions that shares
are to be purchased for a shareholder's account, shares will be
purchased through the investment dealer designated by the
shareholder. Shareholders may change investment dealers at any
time by written notice to Putnam Investor Services, provided the
new dealer has a sales agreement with Putnam Mutual Funds.
Shares credited to an account are transferable upon written
instructions in good order to Putnam Investor Services and may be
sold to the fund as described under "How to sell shares" in the
prospectus. Money market funds and certain other funds will not
issue share certificates. A shareholder may send to Putnam
Investor Services any certificates which have been previously
issued for safekeeping at no charge to the shareholder.
Putnam Mutual Funds, at its expense, may provide certain
additional reports and administrative material to qualifying
institutional investors with fiduciary responsibilities to assist
these investors in discharging their responsibilities.
Institutions seeking further information about this service
should contact Putnam Mutual Funds, which may modify or terminate
this service at any time.
Putnam Investor Services may make special services available to
shareholders with investments exceeding $1,000,000. Contact
Putnam Investor Services for details.
The fund pays Putnam Investor Services' fees for maintaining
Investing Accounts.
Reinstatement Privilege
An investor who has redeemed shares of the fund may reinvest
(within 1 year) the proceeds of such sale in shares of the same
class of the fund, or may be able to reinvest (within 1 year) the
proceeds in shares of the same class of one of the other
continuously offered Putnam funds (through the Exchange Privilege
described in the prospectus), including, in the case of shares
subject to a CDSC, the amount of CDSC charged on the redemption.
Any such reinvestment would be at the net asset value of the
shares of the fund(s) the investor selects, next determined after
Putnam Mutual Funds receives a Reinstatement Authorization. The
time that the previous investment was held will be included in
determining any applicable CDSC due upon redemptions and, in the
case of class B shares, the eight-year period for conversion to
class A shares. Shareholders will receive from Putnam Mutual
Funds the amount of any CDSC paid at the time of redemption as
part of the reinstated investment, which may be treated as
capital gains to the shareholder for tax purposes. Exercise of
the Reinstatement Privilege does not alter the federal income tax
treatment of any capital gains realized on a sale of fund shares,
but to the extent that any shares are sold at a loss and the
proceeds are reinvested in shares of the fund, some or all of the
loss may be disallowed as a deduction. Consult your tax adviser.
Investors who desire to exercise the Reinstatement Privilege
should contact their investment dealer or Putnam Investor
Services.
Exchange Privilege
Except as otherwise set forth in this section, by calling Putnam
Investor Services, investors may exchange shares valued up to
$500,000 between accounts with identical registrations, provided
that no certificates are outstanding for such shares and no
address change has been made within the preceding 15 days.
During periods of unusual market changes and shareholder
activity, shareholders may experience delays in contacting Putnam
Investor Services by telephone to exercise the Telephone Exchange
Privilege.
Putnam Investor Services also makes exchanges promptly after
receiving a properly completed Exchange Authorization Form and,
if issued, share certificates. If the shareholder is a
corporation, partnership, agent, or surviving joint owner, Putnam
Investor Services will require additional documentation of a
customary nature. Because an exchange of shares involves the
redemption of fund shares and reinvestment of the proceeds in
shares of another Putnam fund, completion of an exchange may be
delayed under unusual circumstances if the fund were to suspend
redemptions or postpone payment for the fund shares being
exchanged, in accordance with federal securities laws. Exchange
Authorization Forms and prospectuses of the other Putnam funds
are available from Putnam Mutual Funds or investment dealers
having sales contracts with Putnam Mutual Funds. The prospectus
of each fund describes its investment objective(s) and policies,
and shareholders should obtain a prospectus and consider these
objectives and policies carefully before requesting an exchange.
Shares of certain Putnam funds are not available to residents of
all states. The fund reserves the right to change or suspend the
Exchange Privilege at any time. Shareholders would be notified
of any change or suspension. Additional information is available
from Putnam Investor Services.
Shares of the fund must be held at least 15 days by the
shareholder requesting an exchange. There is no holding period
if the shareholder acquired the shares to be exchanged through
reinvestment of distributions, transfer from another shareholder,
prior exchange or certain employer-sponsored defined contribution
plans. In all cases, the shares to be exchanged must be
registered on the records of the fund in the name of the
shareholder requesting the exchange.
Shareholders of other Putnam funds may also exchange their shares
at net asset value for shares of the fund, as set forth in the
current prospectus of each fund.
For federal income tax purposes, an exchange is a sale on which
the investor generally will realize a capital gain or loss
depending on whether the net asset value at the time of the
exchange is more or less than the investor's basis. The Exchange
Privilege may be revised or terminated at any time. Shareholders
would be notified of any such change or suspension.
Dividends PLUS
Shareholders may invest the fund's distributions of net
investment income or distributions combining net investment
income and short-term capital gains in shares of the same class
of another continuously offered Putnam fund (the "receiving
fund") using the net asset value per share of the receiving fund
determined on the date the fund's distribution is payable. No
sales charge or CDSC will apply to the purchased shares unless
the fund paying the distribution is a money market fund. The
prospectus of each fund describes its investment objective(s) and
policies, and shareholders should obtain a prospectus and
consider these objective(s) and policies carefully before
investing their distributions in the receiving fund. Shares of
certain Putnam funds are not available to residents of all
states.
The minimum account size requirement for the receiving fund will
not apply if the current value of your account in the fund paying
the distribution is more than $5,000.
Shareholders of other Putnam funds (except for money market
funds, whose shareholders must pay a sales charge or become
subject to a CDSC) may also use their distributions to purchase
shares of the fund at net asset value.
For federal tax purposes, distributions from the fund which are
reinvested in another fund are treated as paid by the fund to the
shareholder and invested by the shareholder in the receiving fund
and thus, to the extent comprised of taxable income and deemed
paid to a taxable shareholder, are taxable.
The Dividends PLUS program may be revised or terminated at any
time.
Plans Available To Shareholders
The plans described below are fully voluntary and may be
terminated at any time without the imposition by the fund or
Putnam Investor Services of any penalty. All plans provide for
automatic reinvestment of all distributions in additional shares
of the fund at net asset value. The fund, Putnam Mutual Funds or
Putnam Investor Services may modify or cease offering these plans
at any time.
Automatic cash withdrawal plan ("ACWP"). An investor who owns or
buys shares of the fund valued at $10,000 or more at the current
public offering price may open an ACWP plan and have a designated
sum of money ($50 or more) paid monthly, quarterly, semi-annually
or annually to the investor or another person. (Payments from
the fund can be combined with payments from other Putnam funds
into a single check through a designated payment plan.) Shares
are deposited in a plan account, and all distributions are
reinvested in additional shares of the fund at net asset value
(except where the plan is utilized in connection with a
charitable remainder trust). Shares in a plan account are then
redeemed at net asset value to make each withdrawal payment.
Payment will be made to any person the investor designates;
however, if shares are registered in the name of a trustee or
other fiduciary, payment will be made only to the fiduciary,
except in the case of a profit-sharing or pension plan where
payment will be made to a designee. As withdrawal payments may
include a return of principal, they cannot be considered a
guaranteed annuity or actual yield of income to the investor.
The redemption of shares in connection with a plan generally will
result in a gain or loss for tax purposes. Some or all of the
losses realized upon redemption may be disallowed pursuant to the
so-called wash sale rules if shares of the same fund from which
shares were redeemed are purchased (including through the
reinvestment of fund distributions) within a period beginning 30
days before, and ending 30 days after, such redemption. In such
a case, the basis of the replacement shares will be increased to
reflect the disallowed loss. Continued withdrawals in excess of
income will reduce and possibly exhaust invested principal,
especially in the event of a market decline. The maintenance of
a plan concurrently with purchases of additional shares of the
fund would be disadvantageous to the investor because of the
sales charge payable on such purchases. For this reason, the
minimum investment accepted while a plan is in effect is $1,000,
and an investor may not maintain a plan for the accumulation of
shares of the fund (other than through reinvestment of
distributions) and a plan at the same time. The cost of
administering these plans for the benefit of those shareholders
participating in them is borne by the fund as an expense of all
shareholders. The fund, Putnam Mutual Funds or Putnam Investor
Services may terminate or change the terms of the plan at any
time. A plan will be terminated if communications mailed to the
shareholder are returned as undeliverable.
Investors should consider carefully with their own financial
advisers whether the plan and the specified amounts to be
withdrawn are appropriate in their circumstances. The fund and
Putnam Investor Services make no recommendations or
representations in this regard.
Tax Qualified Retirement Plans; 403(b) and SEP Plans. (Not
offered by funds investing primarily in tax-exempt securities.)
Investors may purchase shares of the fund through the following
Tax Qualified Retirement Plans, available to qualified
individuals or organizations:
Standard and variable profit-sharing (including 401(k))
and money purchase pension plans; and
Individual Retirement Account Plans (IRAs).
Each of these Plans has been qualified as a prototype plan by the
Internal Revenue Service. Putnam Investor Services will furnish
services under each plan at a specified annual cost. Putnam
Fiduciary Trust Company serves as trustee under each of these
Plans.
Forms and further information on these Plans are available from
investment dealers or from Putnam Mutual Funds. In addition,
specialized professional plan administration services are
available on an optional basis; contact Putnam Defined
Contribution Plan Services at 1-800-225-2465, extension 8600.
A 403(b) Retirement Plan is available for employees of public
school systems and organizations which meet the requirements of
Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. Forms and
further information on the 403(b) Plan are also available from
investment dealers or from Putnam Mutual Funds. Shares of the
fund may also be used in simplified employee pension (SEP) plans.
For further information on the Putnam prototype SEP plan, contact
an investment dealer or Putnam Mutual Funds.
Consultation with a competent financial and tax adviser regarding
these Plans and consideration of the suitability of fund shares
as an investment under the Employee Retirement Income Security
Act of 1974, or otherwise, is recommended.
SIGNATURE GUARANTEES
Redemption requests for shares having a net asset value of
$100,000 or more must be signed by the registered owners or their
legal representatives and must be guaranteed by a bank,
broker/dealer, municipal securities dealer or broker, government
securities dealer or broker, credit union, national securities
exchange, registered securities association, clearing agency,
savings association or trust company, provided such institution
is acceptable under and conforms with Putnam Fiduciary Trust
Company's signature guarantee procedures. A copy of such
procedures is available upon request. If you want your
redemption proceeds sent to an address other than your address as
it appears on Putnam's records, you must provide a signature
guarantee. Putnam Investor Services usually requires additional
documentation for the sale of shares by a corporation,
partnership, agent or fiduciary, or a surviving joint owner.
Contact Putnam Investor Services for details.
SUSPENSION OF REDEMPTIONS
The fund may not suspend shareholders' right of redemption, or
postpone payment for more than seven days, unless the New York
Stock Exchange is closed for other than customary weekends or
holidays, or if permitted by the rules of the Securities and
Exchange Commission during periods when trading on the Exchange
is restricted or during any emergency which makes it
impracticable for the fund to dispose of its securities or to
determine fairly the value of its net assets, or during any other
period permitted by order of the Commission for protection of
investors.
SHAREHOLDER LIABILITY
Under Massachusetts law, shareholders could, under certain
circumstances, be held personally liable for the obligations of
the fund. However, the Agreement and Declaration of Trust
disclaims shareholder liability for acts or obligations of the
fund and requires that notice of such disclaimer be given in each
agreement, obligation, or instrument entered into or executed by
the fund or the Trustees. The Agreement and Declaration of Trust
provides for indemnification out of fund property for all loss
and expense of any shareholder held personally liable for the
obligations of the fund. Thus, the risk of a shareholder
incurring financial loss on account of shareholder liability is
limited to circumstances in which the fund would be unable to
meet its obligations. The likelihood of such circumstances is
remote.
STANDARD PERFORMANCE MEASURES
Yield and total return data for the fund may from time to time be
presented in Part I of this SAI and in advertisements. In the
case of funds with more than one class of shares, all performance
information is calculated separately for each class. The data is
calculated as follows.
Total return for one-, five- and ten-year periods (or for such
shorter periods as the fund has been in operation or shares of
the relevant class have been outstanding) is determined by
calculating the actual dollar amount of investment return on a
$1,000 investment in the fund made at the beginning of the
period, at the maximum public offering price for class A shares
and class M shares and net asset value for other classes of
shares, and then calculating the annual compounded rate of return
which would produce that amount. Total return for a period of
one year is equal to the actual return of the fund during that
period. Total return calculations assume deduction of the fund's
maximum sales charge or CDSC, if applicable, and reinvestment of
all fund distributions at net asset value on their respective
reinvestment dates.
The fund's yield is presented for a specified thirty-day period
(the "base period"). Yield is based on the amount determined by
(i) calculating the aggregate amount of dividends and interest
earned by the fund during the base period less expenses for that
period, and (ii) dividing that amount by the product of (A) the
average daily number of shares of the fund outstanding during the
base period and entitled to receive dividends and (B) the per
share maximum public offering price for class A shares or class M
shares, as appropriate, and net asset value for other classes of
shares on the last day of the base period. The result is
annualized on a compounding basis to determine the yield. For
this calculation, interest earned on debt obligations held by the
fund is generally calculated using the yield to maturity (or
first expected call date) of such obligations based on their
market values (or, in the case of receivables-backed securities
such as the Government National Mortgage Association ("GNMAs"),
based on cost). Dividends on equity securities are accrued daily
at their stated dividend rates. The amount of expenses used in
determining the fund's yield includes, in addition to expenses
actually accrued by the fund, an estimate of the amount of
expenses that the fund would have incurred if brokerage
commissions had not been used to reduce such expenses.
If the fund is a money market fund, yield is computed by
determining the percentage net change, excluding capital changes,
in the value of an investment in one share over the seven-day
period for which yield is presented (the "base period"), and
multiplying the net change by 365/7 (or approximately 52 weeks).
Effective yield represents a compounding of the yield by adding 1
to the number representing the percentage change in value of the
investment during the base period, raising that sum to a power
equal to 365/7, and subtracting 1 from the result.
If the fund is a tax-exempt fund, the tax-equivalent yield during
the base period may be presented for shareholders in one or more
stated tax brackets. Tax-equivalent yield is calculated by
adjusting the tax-exempt yield by a factor designed to show the
approximate yield that a taxable investment would have to earn to
produce an after-tax yield equal, for that shareholder, to the
tax-exempt yield. The tax-equivalent yield will differ for
shareholders in other tax brackets.
At times, Putnam Management may reduce its compensation or assume
expenses of the fund in order to reduce the fund's expenses. The
per share amount of any such fee reduction or assumption of
expenses during the fund's past ten fiscal years (or for the life
of the fund, if shorter) is reflected in the table in the section
entitled "Financial highlights" in the prospectus. Any such fee
reduction or assumption of expenses would increase the fund's
yield and total return during the period of the fee reduction or
assumption of expenses.
All data are based on past performance and do not predict future
results.
COMPARISON OF PORTFOLIO PERFORMANCE
Independent statistical agencies measure the fund's investment
performance and publish comparative information showing how the
fund, and other investment companies, performed in specified time
periods. Three agencies whose reports are commonly used for such
comparisons are set forth below. From time to time, the fund may
distribute these comparisons to its shareholders or to potential
investors. The agencies listed below measure performance based
on their own criteria rather than on the standardized performance
measures described in the preceding section.
Lipper Analytical Services, Inc. distributes mutual fund
rankings monthly. The rankings are based on total return
performance calculated by Lipper, generally reflecting
changes in net asset value adjusted for reinvestment of
capital gains and income dividends. They do not reflect
deduction of any sales charges. Lipper rankings cover a
variety of performance periods, including year-to-date,
1-year, 5-year, and 10-year performance. Lipper
classifies mutual funds by investment objective and asset
category.
Morningstar, Inc. distributes mutual fund ratings twice a
month. The ratings are divided into five groups:
highest, above average, neutral, below average and lowest.
They represent a fund's historical risk/reward ratio
relative to other funds in its broad investment class as
determined by Morningstar, Inc. Morningstar ratings cover
a variety of performance periods, including 3-year, 5-
year, 10-year and overall performance. The performance
factor for the overall rating is a weighted-average
assessment of the fund's 3-year, 5-year, and 10-year total
return performance (if available) reflecting deduction of
expenses and sales charges. Performance is adjusted using
quantitative techniques to reflect the risk profile of the
fund. The ratings are derived from a purely quantitative
system that does not utilize the subjective criteria
customarily employed by rating agencies such as Standard &
Poor's and Moody's Investor Service, Inc.
CDA/Wiesenberger's Management Results publishes mutual
fund rankings and is distributed monthly. The rankings
are based entirely on total return calculated by
Weisenberger for periods such as year-to-date, 1-year,
3-year, 5-year and 10-year. Mutual funds are ranked in
general categories (e.g., international bond,
international equity, municipal bond, and maximum capital
gain). Weisenberger rankings do not reflect deduction of
sales charges or fees.
Independent publications may also evaluate the fund's
performance. The fund may from time to time refer to results
published in various periodicals, including Barrons, Financial
World, Forbes, Fortune, Investor's Business Daily, Kiplinger's
Personal Finance Magazine, Money, U.S. News and World Report and
The Wall Street Journal.
Independent, unmanaged indexes, such as those listed below, may
be used to present a comparative benchmark of fund performance.
The performance figures of an index reflect changes in market
prices, reinvestment of all dividend and interest payments and,
where applicable, deduction of foreign withholding taxes, and do
not take into account brokerage commissions or other costs.
Because the fund is a managed portfolio, the securities it owns
will not match those in an index. Securities in an index may
change from time to time.
The Consumer Price Index, prepared by the U.S. Bureau of
Labor Statistics, is a commonly used measure of the rate
of inflation. The index shows the average change in the
cost of selected consumer goods and services and does not
represent a return on an investment vehicle.
The Dow Jones Industrial Average is an index of 30 common
stocks frequently used as a general measure of stock
market performance.
The Dow Jones Utilities Average is an index of 15 utility
stocks frequently used as a general measure of stock
market performance.
CS First Boston High Yield Index is a market-weighted
index including publicly traded bonds having a rating
below BBB by Standard & Poor's and Baa by Moody's.
The Lehman Brothers Corporate Bond Index is an index of
publicly issued, fixed-rate, non-convertible
investment-grade domestic corporate debt securities
frequently used as a general measure of the performance of
fixed-income securities.
The Lehman Brothers Government/Corporate Bond Index is an
index of publicly issued U.S. Treasury obligations, debt
obligations of U.S. government agencies (excluding
mortgage-backed securities), fixed-rate, non-convertible,
investment-grade corporate debt securities and U.S.
dollar-denominated, SEC-registered non-convertible debt
issued by foreign governmental entities or international
agencies used as a general measure of the performance of
fixed-income securities.
The Lehman Brothers Intermediate Treasury Bond Index is an
index of publicly issued U.S. Treasury obligations with
maturities of up to ten years and is used as a general
gauge of the market for intermediate-term fixed-income
securities.
The Lehman Brothers Long-Term Treasury Bond Index is an
index of publicly issued U.S. Treasury obligations
(excluding flower bonds and foreign-targeted issues) that
are U.S. dollar-denominated and have maturities of 10
years or greater.
The Lehman Brothers Mortgage-Backed Securities Index
includes 15- and 30-year fixed rate securities backed by
mortgage pools of the Government National Mortgage
Association, Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation, and
Federal National Mortgage Association.
The Lehman Brothers Municipal Bond Index is an index of
approximately 20,000 investment-grade, fixed-rate
tax-exempt bonds.
The Lehman Brothers Treasury Bond Index is an index of
publicly issued U.S. Treasury obligations (excluding
flower bonds and foreign-targeted issues) that are U.S.
dollar denominated, have a minimum of one year to
maturity, and are issued in amounts over $100 million.
The Morgan Stanley Capital International World Index is an
index of approximately 1,482 equity securities listed on
the stock exchanges of the United States, Europe, Canada,
Australia, New Zealand and the Far East, with all values
expressed in U.S. dollars.
The Morgan Stanley Capital International EAFE Index is an
index of approximately 1,045 equity securities issued by
companies located in 18 countries and listed on the stock
exchanges of Europe, Australia, and the Far East. All
values are expressed in U.S. dollars.
The Morgan Stanley Capital International Europe Index is
an index of approximately 627 equity securities issued by
companies located in one of 13 European countries, with
all values expressed in U.S. dollars.
The Morgan Stanley Capital International Pacific Index is
an index of approximately 418 equity securities issued by
companies located in 5 countries and listed on the
exchanges of Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Hong Kong,
Singapore/Malaysia. All values are expressed in U.S.
dollars.
The NASDAQ Industrial Average is an index of stocks traded
in The Nasdaq Stock Market, Inc. National Market System.
The Salomon Brothers Long-Term High-Grade Corporate Bond
Index is an index of publicly traded corporate bonds
having a rating of at least AA by Standard & Poor's or Aa
by Moody's and is frequently used as a general measure of
the performance of fixed-income securities.
The Salomon Brothers Long-Term Treasury Index is an index
of U.S. government securities with maturities greater than
10 years.
The Salomon Brothers World Government Bond Index is an
index that tracks the performance of the 14 government
bond markets of Australia, Austria, Belgium Canada,
Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Netherlands,
Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom and the United States.
Country eligibility is determined by market capitalization
and investability criteria.
The Salomon Brothers World Government Bond Index (non
$U.S.) is an index of foreign government bonds calculated
to provide a measure of performance in the government bond
markets outside of the United States.
Standard & Poor's 500 Composite Stock Price Index is an
index of common stocks frequently used as a general
measure of stock market performance.
Standard & Poor's 40 Utilities Index is an index of 40
utility stocks.
In addition, Putnam Mutual Funds may distribute to shareholders
or prospective investors illustrations of the benefits of
reinvesting tax-exempt or tax-deferred distributions over
specified time periods, which may include comparisons to fully
taxable distributions. These illustrations use hypothetical
rates of tax-advantaged and taxable returns and are not intended
to indicate the past or future performance of any fund.
DEFINITIONS
"Putnam Management" -- Putnam Investment Management,
Inc., the fund's investment
manager.
"Putnam Mutual Funds" -- Putnam Mutual Funds Corp., the
fund's principal underwriter.
"Putnam Fiduciary Trust -- Putnam Fiduciary Trust Company,
Company" the fund's custodian.
"Putnam Investor Services" -- Putnam Investor Services, a
division of Putnam Fiduciary
Trust Company, the fund's
investor servicing agent.
<PAGE>
PUTNAM CALIFORNIA TAX EXEMPT INCOME TRUST
PUTNAM CALIFORNIA TAX EXEMPT MONEY MARKET FUND
FORM N-1A
PART C
OTHER INFORMATION
Item 24. Financial Statements and Exhibits
(a) Index to Financial Statements and
Supporting Schedules:
(1) Financial Statements for Putnam California Tax
Exempt Income Fund, Putnam California Intermediate
Tax Exempt Fund, and Putnam California Tax Exempt
Money Market Fund:
Statement of assets and liabilities -- September
30, 1995 (a).
Statement of operations -- year ended September
30, 1995 (a).
Statement of changes in net assets --
years ended September 30, 1995 and
September 30, 1994 (a).
Financial highlights (a) (b).
Notes to financial statements (a).
(2) Supporting Schedules for Putnam California
Tax Exempt Income Fund, Putnam California
Intermediate Tax Exempt Fund, and Putnam
California Tax Exempt Money Market Fund:
Schedule I -- Portfolio of investments
owned -- September 30, 1995
(a).
Schedules II through IX omitted
because the required matter is not
present.
------ --------------
(a) Incorporated by reference into
Parts A and B.
(b) Included in Part A.
(b) Exhibits:
1a. Agreement and Declaration of Trust, as
amended May 6, 1994 for Putnam California Tax
Exempt Income Trust and as
amended July 9, 1992 for Putnam California
Tax Exempt Money Market Fund -- Incorporated
by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No.
17 and 6 , respectively to the
Registrants' Registration
Statements .
2. By-Laws, as amended April 8, 1994 for Putnam
California Tax Exempt Income Trust and
February 1, 1994 for Putnam California Tax
Exempt Money Market Fund -- Incorporated
by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No.
17 and 10, respectively to the Registrants'
Registration Statements.
3. Not applicable.
4a. Class A Specimen share certificate for Putnam
California Tax Exempt Income Fund --
Incorporated by reference to Post-
Effective Amendment No. 17 to the
Registrant's Registration Statement.
4b. Class B Specimen share certificate for Putnam
California Tax Exempt Income Fund --
Incorporated by reference to Post-
Effective Amendment No. 17 to the
Registrant's Registration Statement.
4c. Class M Specimen share certificate for Putnam
California Tax Exempt Income Fund --
Incorporated by reference to Post-
Effective Amendment No. 17 to the
Registrant's Registration Statement.
4d. Class A Specimen share certificate for Putnam
California Intermediate Tax Exempt Fund --
Incorporated by reference to Post-
Effective Amendment No. 17 to the
Registrant's Registration Statement.
4e. Class B Specimen share certificate for Putnam
California Intermediate Tax Exempt Fund --
Incorporated by reference to Post-
Effective Amendment No. 17 to the
Registrant's Registration Statement.
4f. Portions of Agreement and Declaration
of Trust relating to Shareholders' Rights
for Putnam California Tax
Exempt Income Trust --Incorporated by
reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 17
to the Registrant's Registration Statement.
4g. Portions of Agreement and Declaration of
Trust relating to Shareholders' Rights for
Putnam California Tax Exempt Money Market
Fund -- Incorporated by reference to
Post-Effective Amendment No. 7 to the
Registrant's Registration Statement.
4h. Portions of Bylaws Relating to Shareholders'
Rights for Putnam California Tax Exempt
Income Trust and Putnam California Tax
Exempt Money Market Fund -- Incorporated
by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No.
17 and 10, respectively to the Registrants'
Registration Statements.
5a. Management Contract dated July 11,
1991 for Putnam California Tax Exempt Income
Fund --Incorporated by reference to Post-
Effective Amendment No. 12 to the
Registrant's Registration Statement.
5b. Management Contract dated May 6, 1994
for Putnam California Intermediate Tax Exempt
Fund -- Incorporated by reference to Post-
Effective Amendment No. 17 to the
Registrant's Registration Statement.
5c. Management Contract for Putnam California Tax
Exempt Money Market Fund dated July 9, 1992 -
- Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective
Amendment No. 6 to the Registrant's
Registration Statement.
6a. Distributor's Contract dated May 6, 1994 for
Putnam California Tax Exempt Income Trust --
Incorporated by reference to Post-Effective
Amendment No. 17 to the Registrant's
Registration Statement.
6b. Distributor's Contract dated May
6, 1994 for Putnam California Tax
Exempt Money Market Fund --
Incorporated by reference to Post-
Effective Amendment No. 10 to the
Registrant's Registration Statement.
6c. Form of Specimen Dealer
Sales Contract for Putnam
California Tax Exempt Income Trust
and Putnam California Tax Exempt
Money Market Fund -- Exhibit
1 .
6d. Form of Specimen Financial Institution
Sales Contract for Putnam California Tax
Exempt Income Trust and Putnam California Tax
Exempt Money Market Fund -- Exhibit 2 .
7. Not applicable.
8. Custodian Agreement with Putnam
Fiduciary Trust Company dated May 3,
1991, as amended, July 13, 1992 for
Putnam California Tax Exempt Income
Trust and Putnam California Tax Exempt
Money Market Fund -- Incorporated by
reference to Post-Effective Amendment
No. 14 and 7, respectively to the
Registrants' Registration
Statements .
9. Investor Servicing Agreement dated June
3, 1991 for Putnam California Tax Exempt
Income Trust and Putnam California Tax
Exempt Money Market Fund -- Incorporated
by reference to Post-effective Amendment
No. 12 and 5, respectively to the
Registrants' Registration
Statements .
10a . Opinion of Ropes & Gray, including
consent for Putnam California Tax Exempt
Income Fund -- Exhibit 3.
10b. Opinion of Ropes & Gray, including consent
for Putnam California Tax Exempt Money Market
-- Exhibit 4.
11. Not applicable.
12. Not applicable.
13a. Investment Letter from Putnam Investment
Management, Inc. to Putnam California Tax
Exempt Income Fund -- Incorporated by
reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 14
to the Registrant's Registration Statement.
13b. Investment Letter from Putnam Investment
Management, Inc. to Putnam California Tax
Exempt Money Market Fund -- Incorporated by
reference to the Registrant's Initial
Registration Statement.
14. Not applicable.
15a. Class A Distribution Plan and
Agreement for Putnam California Tax Exempt
Income Fund -- Incorporated by reference to
Post-Effective Amendment No. 17 to the
Registrant's Registration Statement.
15b. Class B Distribution Plan and
Agreement for Putnam California Tax Exempt
Income Fund -- Incorporated by reference to
Post-Effective Amendment No. 17 to the
Registrant's Registration Statement .
15c. Class M Distribution Plan and
Agreement for Putnam California Tax Exempt
Income Fund -- Incorporated by reference to
Post-Effective Amendment No. 17 to the
Registrant's Registration Statement.
15d. Class A Distribution Plan and
Agreement for Putnam California Intermediate
Tax Exempt Fund -- Incorporated by
reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 17
to the Registrant's Registration
Statement.
15e. Class B Distribution Plan and
Agreement for Putnam California Intermediate
Tax Exempt Fund -- Incorporated by
reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 17
to the Registrant's Registration
Statement.
15f. Distribution Plan and Agreement for
Putnam California Tax Exempt Money Market
Fund --Incorporated by reference to Post-
Effective Amendment No. 14 to the
Registrant's Registration Statement.
15g. Form of Specimen Dealer Service
Agreement for Putnam California Tax Exempt
Income Trust and Putnam California Tax Exempt
Money Market Fund -- Exhibit 5 .
15h. Form of Specimen Financial Institution
Service Agreement for Putnam California Tax
Exempt Income Trust and Putnam California Tax
Exempt Money Market Fund -- Exhibit 6 .
16a. Schedules for computation of performance
quotations for Putnam California Tax Exempt
Income Fund -- Exhibit 7 .
16b. Schedules for computation of performance
quotations for Putnam California Intermediate
Tax Exempt Fund -- Exhibit 8 .
16c . Schedules for computation of
performance quotations for Putnam California
Tax Exempt Money Market Fund --
Exhibit 9 .
17a. Financial Data Schedule for Putnam California
Tax Exempt Income Fund Class A shares --
Exhibit 10 .
17b. Financial Data Schedule for Putnam
California Tax Exempt Income Fund Class B
shares --Exhibit 11 .
17c. Financial Data Schedules for Putnam
California Tax Exempt Income Fund Class
M shares -- Exhibit 12.
17d . Financial Data Schedule for Putnam
California Intermediate Tax Exempt Fund Class A
shares -- Exhibit 13 .
17e . Financial Data Schedule for Putnam
California Intermediate Tax Exempt Fund Class B
shares -- Exhibit 14 .
17f . Financial Data Schedule for Putnam
California Tax Exempt Money Market Fund --
Exhibit 15 .
18. Rule 18f-3 (d) Plan -- Exhibit 16.
Item 25. Persons Controlled by or under Common Control with
Registrant
None.
Item 26. Number of Holders of Securities
As of December 31, 1995 the number of record holders of
each class of securities of the Registrants is as follows:
Number of record holders
--------------------------------------
- --
Class A Class B Class M
------- ------- -------
Putnam California Tax
Exempt Income Fund 53,502 10,408 96
Putnam California Intermediate
Tax Exempt Fund 108
96 N/A
Putnam California Tax
Exempt Money Market Fund 2,121 N/A N/A
Item 27. Indemnification
The information required by this item is incorporated
herein by reference from the Registrants' initial
Registration Statements on Form N-1A under the Investment Company
Act of 1940 (File Nos. 811-3630 for the Trust and 811-5333 for
the Money Market Fund).
<PAGE>
Item 28. Business and Other Connections of Investment Adviser
Except as set forth below, the directors and officers
of the Registrant's investment adviser have been engaged during
the past two fiscal years in no business, vocation or employment
of a substantial nature other than as directors or officers of
the investment adviser or certain of its corporate affiliates.
Certain officers of the investment adviser serve as officers of
some or all of the Putnam funds. The address of the investment
adviser, its corporate affiliates and the Putnam Funds is One
Post Office Square, Boston, Massachusetts 02109.
NAME NON-PUTNAM BUSINESS AND OTHER
CONNECTIONS
Gail S. Attridge Prior to November, 1993, International
Vice President Analyst, Keystone Custodian Funds,
200 Berkeley Street, Boston, MA
02116
James D. Babcock Prior to June, 1994, Interest
Assistant Vice President Supervisor, Salomon Brothers, Inc.
7 World Trade Center, New York, NY
10048
Robert K. Baumbach Prior to August, 1994, Vice President
Vice President and Analyst, Keystone Custodian
Funds, 200 Berkeley St., Boston, MA
02110
Janet S. Becker Prior to July, 1995, National Account
Assistant Vice President Manager for Booz-Allen & Hamilton,
American Express Travel Management
Services, 100 Cambridge Park Drive,
02140; Prior to August, 1994,
Account Manager, Hilton at Dedham
Place, Dedham, MA 02026
Sharon A. Berka Prior to January, 1994, Vice
Vice President President - Compensation Manager,
BayBanks, Inc., 175 Federal Street,
Boston, MA 02110
Matthew G. Bevin Prior to February, 1995, Consultant,
Assistant Vice President SEI Corporation, 680 East Swedesford
Road, Wayne, PA 19807
Thomas Bogan Prior to November, 1994, Analyst
Senior Vice President Lord, Abbett & Co., 767 Fifth
Avenue, New York, NY 10153
Michael F. Bouscaren Prior to May, 1994, President and
Senior Vice President Chairman of the Board of Directors
at Salomon Series Funds, Inc. and a
Director of Salomon Brothers Asset
Management, 7 World Trade Center,
New York, NY 10048
Brett Browchuk Prior to April, 1994, Managing
Managing Director Director, Fidelity Investments, 82
Devonshire St., Boston, MA 02109
Andrea Burke Prior to August, 1994, Vice President
Vice President and Portfolio Manager, Back Bay
Advisors, 399 Boylston St., Boston,
MA 02116
Susan Chapman Prior to June, 1995, Vice President,
Senior Vice President Forbes, Walsh, Kelly & Company,
Inc., 17 Battery Place, New York, NY
10004
Steven Cheshire Prior to January, 1994, Assistant
Vice President Vice President, Wellington
Management, 75 State Street, Boston,
MA 02109
Louis F. Chrostowski Prior to August, 1995, Manager of
Vice President Compensation and Benefits, Itek
Optical Systems, 10 MacGuire Rd.,
Lexington, MA 02173
Judith S. Deming Prior to May, 1995, Asset Manager,
Assistant Vice President Fidelity Management & Research
Company, 82 Devonshire St., Boston,
MA 02109
John A. DeTore Prior to January, 1994, Director of
Managing Director Quantitative Portfolio Management,
Wellington Management, 75 State
Street, Boston, MA 02109
Theodore J. Deutz Prior to January, 1995, Senior Vice
Vice President President, Metropolitan West
Securities, Inc. 10880 Wilshire
Blvd., Suite 200, Los Angeles, CA
90024
Michael G. Dolan Prior to February, 1994, Senior
Assistant Vice President Financial Analyst, General Electric
Company, 1000 Western Ave., Lynn, MA
01905
Joseph J. Eagleeye Prior to August, 1994, Associate,
Assistant Vice President David Taussig & Associates, 424
University Ave., Sacramento, CA
95813
Michael T. Fitzgerald Prior to September, 1994, Senior
Senior Vice President Vice President, Vantage Global
Advisers, 1201 Morningside Dr.,
Manhattan Beach, CA 90266
Roland Gillis Prior to March, 1995, Vice President
Senior Vice President and Senior Portfolio Manager,
Keystone Group, Inc., 200 Berkeley
St., Boston, MA 02116
Mark D. Goodwin Prior to May, 1994, Manager, Audit &
Assistant Vice President Operations Analysis, Mitre
Corporation, 202 Burlington Rd.,
Bedford, MA 01730
Stephen A. Gorman Prior to July, 1994, Financial
Assistant Vice President Analyst, Boston Harbor Trust
Company, 100 Federal St., Boston, MA
02110
Jill Grossberg Prior to March, 1995, Associate
Assistant Vice President Counsel, 440 Financial Group of
and Associate Counsel Worcester, Inc., 440 Lincoln St.,
Worcester, MA 01653; Prior to
November, 1993, Counsel, Berman
DeValerio & Pease, One Liberty
Square, Boston, MA 02109
Deborah R. Healey Prior to June, 1994, Senior Equity
Senior Vice President Trader, Fidelity Management &
Research Company, 82 Devonshire St.,
Boston, MA 02109
Lisa A. Heitman Prior to July, 1994, Securities
Senior Vice President Analyst, Lord, Abbett & Company, 767
Fifth Ave., New York, NY 10153
Pamela Holding Prior to May, 1995, Senior Securities
Vice President Analyst, Kemper Financial Services,
Inc., 120 South LaSalle St.,
Chicago, IL 60603
Michael F. Hotchkiss Prior to May, 1994, Vice President,
Vice President Massachusetts Financial Services,
500 Boylston St., Boston, MA 02116
<PAGE>
Walter Hunnewell, Jr. Prior to April, 1994, Managing
Vice President Director, Veronis, Suhler &
Associates, 350 Park Avenue, New
York, NY 10022
Joseph Joseph Prior to October, 1994, Managing
Vice President Director, Vert Independent Capital
Research, 53 Wall St., New York, NY
10052
Mary E. Kearney Prior to February, 1995, Partner,
Managing Director Price Waterhouse, 160 Federal St.,
Boston, MA 02110
D. William Kohli Prior to September, 1994, Executive
Managing Director Vice President and Co-Director of
Global Bond Management, Franklin
Advisors/Templeton Investment
Counsel, 777 Mariners Island Blvd.,
San Mateo, CA 94404
Karen R. Korn Prior to June, 1994, Vice President,
Vice President Assistant to the President, Designs,
Inc. 1244 Boylston St., Chestnut
Hill, MA 02167
Peter B. Krug Prior to January, 1995, Owner and
Vice President Director, Griswold Special Care, 42
Ethan Allen Drive, Acton, MA 01720
Catherine A. Latham Prior to August, 1995, Director of
Vice President Human Resources, Electronic Data
Systems, 1601 Trapello Rd., Waltham,
MA 02154
Kevin Lemire Prior to March, 1995, Corporate
Assistant Vice President Facilities Manager, Bose
Corporation, The Mountain,
Framingham, MA 01701; Prior to June,
1994, Facilities Manager, The
Pioneer Group, 60 State St., Boston,
MA 02109
Lawrence J. Lasser Director, Marsh & McLennan Companies,
President, Director Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas,
and Chief Executive New York, NY 10020; Director,
Officer INROADS/Central New England, Inc.,
99 Bedford St., Boston,MA 02111
Jeffrey R. Lindsey Prior to April, 1994, Vice President
Vice President and Board Member, Strategic
Portfolio Management, 900 Ashwood
Parkway, Suite 290, Atlanta, GA
30338
James W. Lukens Prior to February, 1995, Vice
Senior Vice President President of Institutional
Marketing, Keystone Group, Inc., 200
Berkeley St., Boston, MA 02116
Michael Martino Prior to January, 1994, Executive
Managing Director Vice President and Chief Investment
Officer until 1992
Helen Mazareas Prior to May, 1995, Librarian,
Assistant Vice President Scudder, Stevens & Clark, 2
International Place, Boston, MA
02110; Prior to January, 1994,
Systems Librarian, Goodwin, Procter
& Hoar, Exchange Place, Boston, MA
02109
Alexander J. McAuley Prior to June, 1995, Vice President,
Senior Vice President Deutsche Bank Securities Corp. -
Deutsche Asset Management, 1290
Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY
10019
Susan A. McCormack Prior to May, 1994, Associate
Vice President Investment Banker, Merrill Lynch &
Co., 350 South Grand Ave., Suite
2830, Los Angeles, CA 90071
Carol McMullen Prior to June, 1995, Senior Vice,
Managing Director President and Senior Portfolio
Manager, Baring Asset Management,
125 High Street, Boston, MA 02110
Darryl Mikami Prior to June, 1995, Vice President,
Senior Vice President Fidelity Management & Research
Company, 82 Devonshire St., Boston,
MA 02109
Carol H. Miller Prior to July, 1995, Business
Assistant Vice President Development Officer, Bank of Boston
- Connecticut, 100 Pearl St.,
Hartford, CT 06101
Seung H. Minn Prior to June, 1995, Vice President
Vice President in Portfolio Management and
Research, Templeton Quantitative
Advisors, Inc.,
Maziar Minovi Prior to January, 1995, Associate
Vice President Privatization Specialist, The
International Bank for
Reconstruction and Development, 1818
H St. N.W., Washington, DC 20433
Kenneth Mongtomery Prior to July, 1995, Senior Vice
Managing Director President and Director of World Wide
Sales, Chemcial Banking Corporation,
Paul G. Murphy Prior to January, 1995, Section
Assistant Vice President Manager, First Data Corp., 53 State
Street, Boston, MA 02109
C. Patrick O'Donnell, Jr. Prior to May, 1994, President,
Managing Director Exeter Research, Inc., 163 Water
Street, Exeter, New Hampshire, 03833
Brian O'Keefe Prior to December, 1993, Vice
Vice President President - Foreign Exchange Trader,
Bank of Boston, 100 Federal Street,
Boston, MA 02109
Margaret Pietropaolo Prior to January, 1994, Data Base/
Assistant Vice President Production Analyst, Wellington
Management, 75 State Street, Boston,
MA 02109
Jane E. Price Prior to February, 1995, Associate
Assistant Vice President ERISA Attorney, Hale & Dorr,
60 State St., Boston, MA 02109
Keith Quinton Prior to July, 1995, Vice President,
Senior Vice President Falconwood Securities Corporation.,
Paul T. Quistberg Prior to July, 1995, Assistant
Assistant Vice President Investment Officer, The Travelers
Insurance Group.,
George Putnam Chairman and Director, Putnam Mutual
Chairman and Director Funds Corp.; Director, The Boston
Company, Inc., One Boston Place,
Boston, MA 02108; Director, Boston
Safe Deposit and Trust Company, One
Boston Place, Boston, MA 02108;
Director, Freeport-McMoRan, Inc.,
200 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10166;
Director, General Mills, Inc., 9200
Wayzata Boulevard, Minneapolis, MN
55440; Director, Houghton Mifflin
Company, One Beacon Street, Boston,
MA 02108; Director, Marsh & McLennan
Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the
Americas, New York, NY 10020;
Director, Rockefeller Group, Inc.,
1230 Avenue of the Americas, New
York, NY 10020
Thomas Rosalanko Prior to February, 1995, Senior
Senior Vice President Account Manager, SEI Corporation,
680 East Swedesford Road, Wayne, PA
19807
Michael Scanlon Prior to February, 1995, Senior
Assistant Vice President Financial Analyst, Massachusetts
Financial Services, 500 Boylston
St., Boston, MA 02116
Robert M. Shafto Prior to January, 1995, Account
Assistant Vice President Manager, IBM Corporation, 404 Wyman
St., Waltham, MA 02254
Karen F. Smith Prior to May, 1994, Consultant and
Assistant Vice President Portfolio Manager, Wyatt Asset
Services, Inc., 1211 W.W. 5th Ave.,
Portland, OR 97204
Margaret Smith Prior to September, 1995, Vice
Senior Vice President President, State Street Research,
One Financial Center, Boston, MA
02111
Steven Spiegel Prior to December, 1994, Managing
Senior Managing Director Director/Retirement, Lehman
Brothers, Inc., 200 Vesey St., World
Financial Center, New York, NY 10285
George W. Stairs Prior to July, 1994, Equity Research
Vice President Analyst, ValueQuest Limited,
Roundy's Hill, Marblehead, MA 01945
James H. Steggall Prior to May, 1995, Senior Municipal
Assistant Vice President Analyst, Colonial Management
Associates, Inc., One Financial
Center, Boston, MA 02111; Prior to
May, 1994, Controller, Wheelabrator
Environmental Systems, Libery Lane,
Hampton, NH 03842
Karen Stewart Prior to May, 1995, Equity Research
Assistant Vice President Analyst, Chancellor Capital
Management, 1166 Avenue of the
Americas, New York, NY 10036
Roger Sullivan Prior to December, 1994, Vice
Senior Vice President President, State Street Research &
Management Co., One Financial
Center, Boston, MA 02111
Robert Swift Prior to August, 1995, Far East Team
Senior Vice President Leader and Portfolio Manager, IAI
International/Hill Samuel Investment
Advisors, 10 Fleet Place, London,
England
Jerry H. Tempelman Prior to May, 1994, Senior Money
Assistant Vice President Market Trader, State Street Bank &
Trust Co., 225 Franklin, Street,
Boston, MA 02110
Michael Temple Prior to June, 1995, Vice President,
Vice President Duff & Phelps, 55 East Monroe,
Chicago, IL 60613
Hillary F. Till Prior to May, 1994, Fixed-Income
Vice President Derivative Trader, Bank of Boston,
100 Federal Street, Boston, MA
02109; Prior to December, 1993,
Equity Analyst, Harvard Management
Company, 600 Atlantic St., Boston,
MA 02109
Lisa L. Trubiano Prior to July, 1995, Senior Marketing
Vice President Consultant, John Hancock Mutual Life
Insurance Company,
Elizabeth A. Underhill Prior to August, 1994, Vice President
Senior Vice President and Senior Equity Analyst, State
Street Bank and Trust Company, 225
Franklin St., Boston, MA 02110
Charles C. Van Vleet Prior to August, 1994, Vice President
Senior Vice President and Fixed-Income Manager, Alliance
Capital Management, 1345 Avenue of
the Americas, New York, NY 10105
Francis P. Walsh Prior to November, 1994, Research
Vice President Analyst, Furman, Selz, Inc. 230 Park
Avenue, New York, NY 10169; Prior to
December, 1993, Strategic Marketing
Analyst, Lotus Development,
Corporation 55 Cambridge Parkway,
Cambridge, MA 02142
Michael R. Weinstein Prior to March, 1994, Management
Vice President Consultant, Arthur D. Little, Acorn
Park, Cambridge, MA 02140
<PAGE>
Item 29. Principal Underwriter
(a) Putnam Mutual Funds Corp. is the principal underwriter for
each of the following investment companies, including the
Registrant:
Putnam Adjustable Rate U.S. Government Fund, Putnam American
Government Income Fund, Putnam American Renaissance Fund, Putnam
Arizona Tax Exempt Income Fund, Putnam Asia Pacific Growth Fund,
Putnam Asset Allocation Funds, Putnam Balanced Retirement Fund,
Putnam California Tax Exempt Income Trust, Putnam California Tax
Exempt Money Market Fund, Putnam Capital Appreciation Fund,
Putnam Capital Manager Trust, Putnam Convertible Income-Growth
Trust, Putnam Diversified Equity Trust, Putnam Diversified Income
Trust, Putnam Equity Income Fund, Putnam Europe Growth Fund,
Putnam Federal Income Trust, Putnam Florida Tax Exempt Income
Fund, The Putnam Fund for Growth and Income, The George Putnam
Fund of Boston, Putnam Global Governmental Income Trust, Putnam
Global Growth Fund, Putnam Growth Fund, Putnam Growth and Income
Fund, Putnam Health Sciences Trust, Putnam High Yield Trust,
Putnam High Yield Advantage Fund, Putnam Income Fund, Putnam
Intermediate Tax Exempt Income Fund, Putnam Intermediate U.S.
Government Income Fund, Putnam Investment Funds, Putnam
Investment-Grade Bond Fund, Putnam Investors Fund, Putnam
Massachusetts Tax Exempt Income Fund, Putnam Michigan Tax Exempt
Income Fund, Putnam Minnesota Tax Exempt Income Fund, Putnam
Money Market Fund, Putnam Municipal Income Fund, Putnam Natural
Resources Fund, Putnam New Jersey Tax Exempt Income Fund, Putnam
New Opportunities Fund, Putnam New York Tax Exempt Income Trust,
Putnam New York Tax Exempt Money Market Fund, Putnam New York Tax
Exempt Opportunities Fund, Putnam Ohio Tax Exempt Income Fund,
Putnam OTC Emerging Growth Fund, Putnam Overseas Growth Fund,
Putnam Pennsylvania Tax Exempt Income Fund, Putnam Preferred
Income Fund, Putnam Research Fund, Putnam Tax Exempt Income Fund,
Putnam Tax Exempt Money Market Fund, Putnam Tax-Free Income
Trust, Putnam U.S. Government Income Trust, Putnam Utilities
Growth and Income Fund, Putnam Vista Fund, Putnam Voyager Fund<PAGE>
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
(b) The directors and officers of the Registrant's principal underwriter are:
Positions and Offices Positions and Offices
Name with Underwriter with Registrant
<C> <C> <C>
John V. Adduci Assistant Vice President None
Christopher S. Alpaugh Vice President None
Paulette C. Amisano Vice President None
Ronald J. Anwar Vice President None
Steven E. Asher Senior Vice President None
Scott A. Avery Vice President None
Hallie L. Baron Assistant Vice President None
Ira G. Baron Senior Vice President None
John L. Bartlett Senior Vice President None
Dale Beardon Senior Vice President None
Steven M. Beatty Vice President None
Matthew F. Beaudry Vice President None
Janet S. Becker Assistant Vice President None
John J. Bent Vice President None
Thomas A. Beringer Vice President None
Sharon A. Berka Vice President None
Maureen L. Boisvert Vice President None
John F. Boneparth Managing Director None
Keith R. Bouchard Vice President None
Linda M. Brady Assistant Vice President None
Leslee R. Bresnahan Senior Vice President None
James D. Brockelman Senior Vice President None
Scott C. Brown Vice President None
Gail D. Buckner Senior Vice President None
Robert W. Burke Senior Managing Director None
Ellen S. Callahan Vice President None
Thomas C. Callahan Assistant Vice President None
Peter J. Campagna Vice President None
Robert Capone Vice President None
Charles A. Carey Vice President None
Patricia A. Cartwright Assistant Vice President None
Janet Casale-Sweeney Vice President None
Stephen J. Chaput Assistant Vice President None
Louis F. Chrostowski Vice President None
Daniel J. Church Vice President None
James E. Clinton Assistant Vice President None
Kathleen M. Collman Managing Director None
Mark L. Coneeny Vice President None
Donald A. Connelly Senior Vice President None
Karen E. Connolly Assistant Vice President None
Anna Coppola Vice President None
F. Nicholas Corvinus Senior Vice President None
Thomas A. Cosmer Vice President None
Chad H. Cristo Assistant Vice President None
Lisa M. D'Allesandro Assistant vice President None
Jessica E. Dahill Vice President None
Kenneth L. Daly Senior Vice President None
Edward H. Dane Vice President None
Nancy M. Days Assistant Vice President None
Pamela De Oliveira-Smith Assistant Vice President None
Richard D. DeSalvo Vice President None
Joseph C. DeSimone Assistant Vice President None
Daniel J. Delianedis Vice President None
Judith S. Deming Assistant Vice President None
Teresa F. Dennehy Assistant Vice President None
J. Thomas Despres Senior Vice President None
Michael G. Dolan Assistant Vice President None
Scott M. Donaldson Vice President None
Emily J. Durbin Vice President None
Dwyer Cabana, Susan Vice President None
David B. Edlin Senior Vice President None
James M. English Senior Vice President None
Vincent Esposito Managing Director None
Mary K. Farrell Assistant Vice President None
Michael J. Fechter Vice President None
Susan H. Feldman Vice President None
Paul F. Fichera Senior Vice President None
C. Nancy Fisher Senior Vice President None
Mitchell B. Fishman Senior Vice President None
Joseph C. Fiumara Vice President None
Patricia C. Flaherty Senior Vice President None
Samuel F. Gagliardi Vice President None
Karen M. Gardner Assistant Vice President None
Judy S. Gates Vice President None
Richard W. Gauger Assistant Vice President None
Joseph P. Gennaco Vice President None
Stephen E. Gibson Managing Director None
Mark P. Goodfellow Assistant Vice President None
Robert Goodman Managing Director None
Mark D. Goodwin Assistant Vice President None
Anthony J. Grace Assistant Vice President None
Linda K. Grace Assistant Vice President None
Robert G. Greenly Vice President None
Jill Grossberg Assistant Vice President None
Jeffrey P. Gubala Vice President None
James E. Halloran Vice President None
Thomas W. Halloran Vice President None
Meghan C. Hannigan Assistant Vice President None
Bruce D. Harrington Assistant Vice President None
Marilyn M. Hausammann Senior Vice President None
Howard W. Hawkins, III Vice President None
Deanna R. Hayes-Castro Vice President None
Paul P. Heffernan Vice President None
Susan M. Heimanson Vice President None
Joanne Heyman Assistant Vice President None
Bess J.M. Hochstein Vice President None
Maureen A. Holmes Assistant Vice President None
Paula J. Hoyt Assistant Vice President None
William J. Hurley Senior Vice President None
Gregory E. Hyde Senior Vice President None
Dwight D. Jacobsen Senior Vice President None
Douglas B. Jamieson Senior Managing Director, Director None
Jay M. Johnson Vice President None
Kevin M. Joyce Senior Vice President None
Karen R. Kay Senior Vice President None
Mary E. Kearney Managing Director None
John P. Keating Vice President None
A. Siobahn Kelly Assistant Vice President None
Brian J. Kelly Vice President None
Anne Kinsman Assistnat Vice President None
Deborah H. Kirk Senior Vice President None
Jill A. Koontz Assistant Vice President None
Linda G. Kraunelis Assistant Vice President None
Howard H. Kreutzberg Senior Vice President None
Marjorie B. Krieger Assistant Vice President None
Charles Lacasia Assistant Vice President None
Arthur B. Laffer, Jr. Vice President None
Catherine A. Lathan Vice President None
James D. Lathrop Vice President None
Charles C. Ledbetter Vice President None
Kevin Lemire Assistant Vice President None
Eric S. Levy Vice President None
Edward V. Lewandowski Senior Vice President None
Edward V. Lewandowski, Jr. Vice President None
Samuel L. Lieberman Vice President None
David M. Lifsitz Assistant Vice President None
Ann Marie Linehan Assistant Vice President None
Maura A. Lockwood Vice President None
Rufino R. Lomba Vice President None
Peter V. Lucas Senior Vice President None
Robert F. Lucey Senior Managing Director, Director None
Kathryn A. Lucier Assistant Vice President None
Alana Madden Vice President None
Ann Malatos Assistant Vice President None
Bonnie Mallin Vice President None
Renee L. Maloof Assistant Vice President None
Frederick S. Marius Assistant Vice President None
Karen E. Marotta Vice President None
Kathleen M. McAnulty Assistant Vice President None
Anne B. McCarthy Assistant Vice President None
Paul McConville Vice President None
Marla J. McDougall Assistant Vice President None
Walter S. McFarland Vice President None
Mark J. McKenna Senior Vice President None
Gregory J. McMillan Vice President None
Claye A. Metelmann Vice President None
J. Chris Meyer Senior Vice President None
Bart D. Miller Vice President None
Douglas W. Miller Vice President None
Jeffery M. Miller Senior Vice President None
Ronald K. Mills Vice President None
Peter M. Moore Assistant Vice President None
Mitchell Moret Senior Vice President None
Donald E. Mullen Vice President None
Paul G. Murphy Assistant Vice President None
Brendan R. Murray Vice President None
Robert Nadherny Vice President None
Alexander L. Nelson Managing Director None
John P. Nickodemus Vice President None
Michael C. Noonis Assistant Vice President None
Kristen P. O'Brien Vice President None
Kevin L. O'Shea Senior Vice President None
Nathan D. O'Steen Assistant Vice President None
Joseph R. Palombo Managing Director None
Scott A. Papes Vice President None
Cynthia O. Parr Vice President None
John D. Pataccoli Vice President None
John G. Phoenix Vice President None
Joseph Phoenix Senior Vice President None
Jeffrey E. Place Senior Vice President None
Keith Plapinger Vice President None
Jane E. Price Assistant Vice President None
Douglas H. Powell Vice President None
Susannah Psomas Vice President None
Scott M. Pulkrabek Vice President None
George Putnam Director Chairman & President
George A. Rio Senior Vice President None
Debra V. Rothman Vice President None
Robert B. Rowe Vice President None
Kevin A. Rowell Senior Vice President None
Thomas C. Rowley Vice President None
Charles A. Ruys de Perez Senior Vice President None
Deborah A. Ryan Assistant Vice President None
Robert M. Santosuosso Assistant Vice President None
Debra J. Sarkisian Assistant Vice President None
Catherine A. Saunders Senior Vice President None
Robbin L. Saunders Assistant Vice President None
Karl W. Saur Vice President None
Michael Scanlon Assistant Vice President None
Shannon D. Schofield Vice President None
Christine A. Scordato Vice President None
Joseph W. Scott Assistant Vice President None
John B. Shamburg Vice President None
Kathleen G. Sharpless Managing Director None
John F. Sharry Managing Director None
Stuart D. Sheppard Assistant Vice President None
William N. Shiebler Director and President Vice President
Daniel S. Shore Vice President None
Mark J. Siebold Assistant Vice President None
Gordon H. Silver Senior Managing Director Vice President
John Skistimas, Jr. Assistant Vice President None
Steven Spiegel Senior Managing Director None
Nicholas T. Stanojev Senior Vice President None
Paul R. Stickney Vice President None
Brian L. Sullivan Vice President None
Guy Sullivan Seniior Vice President None
Kevin J. Sullivan Vice President None
Moira Sullivan Vice President None
James S. Tambone Managing Director None
B. Iris Tanner Assistant Vice President None
Louis Tasiopoulos Managing Director None
David S. Taylor Vice President None
John R. Telling Vice President None
Richard B. Tibbetts Senior Vice President None
Patrice M. Tirado Vice President None
Janet E. Tosi Assistant Vice President None
John C. Tredinnick Vice President None
Bonnie L. Troped Vice President None
Christine M. Twigg Assistant Vice Presient None
Larry R. Unger Vice President None
Douglas J. Vander Linde Senior Vice President None
Edward F. Whalen Vice President None
Robert J. Wheeler Senior Vice President None
John B. White Vice President None
Kirk E. Williamson Senior Vice President None
Leigh T. Williamson Vice President None
Jane Wolfson Vice President None
Benjamin I. Woloshin Vice President None
William H. Woolverton Senior Vice President None
Timothy R. Young Vice President None
SooHee L. Zebedee Vice President None
Laura J. Zografos Vice President None
</TABLE>
The principal business address of each person listed above is One
Post Office Square, Boston, MA 02109, except for:
Mr. Alpaugh, 5980 Richmond Highway, Alexandria, VA 22303
Mr. Anwar, 131 Crystal Road, Colmar, PA 18915
Mr. Avery, 7031 Spring Ridge Rd., Cary NC 27511
Mr. Baron, 31 Cala Moreya, Laguna Niguel, CA 92667
Mr. Bartlett, 7 Fairfield St., Boston, MA 02116
Mr. Beatty, 200 High St., Winchester, MA 01890
Mr. Beringer, 4915 Dupont Avenue South, Minneapolis, MN 55409
Ms. Besset, 1140 North LaSalle Blvd, Chicago, IL 60610
Mr. Bouchard, 18 Brice Rd., Annapolis, MD 21401
Mr. Brockelman, 94 Middleton Rd., Boxford, MA 01921
Mr. Brown, 2012 West Grove Drive, Gibson, PA 15044
Ms. Buckner, 21012 West Grove Drive, Gibsonia, PA 15044
Mr. Campagna, 2091-B Lake Park Drive, Smyrna, GA 30080
Ms. Castro, 26 Gould Road, Andover, MA 01810
Mr. Church, 4504 Sir Winston Place, Charlotte, NC 28211
Mr. Cristo, 11 Schenck Ave., Great Neck, NY 11021
Mr. Coneeny, 10 Amherst St., Arlington, MA 02174
Mr. Connelly, 4634 Mirada Way, Sarasota, FL 34238
Mr. Corvinus, 208 Water St., Newburyport, MA 01950
Ms. Dahill, 270-1 C Iven Ave., St. David's, PA 19087
Mr. Deliandis, 206 Promontory Drive, Newport Beach, CA 92660
Mr. DeSalvo, 54 Morriss Place, Maddison, NJ 07940
Mr. DeSimone, Pheasant Run Apartments, Inlet Ridge Drive,
Maryland Heights, MO 63043
Ms. Dwyer-Cabana, 7730 Herrick Park, Hudson, OH 44236
Mr. Edlin, 7 River Road, 305 Palmer Point, Cos Cob, CT 06807
Mr. English, 1184 Pintail Circle, Boulder, CO 80303
Mr. Goodman, 14 Clover Place, Cos Cob, CT 06807
Mr. Gubala, 4308 Rickover Drive, Dallas, TX 75244
Mr. J. Halloran, 978 W. Creek Lane, Westlake Village, CA 91362
Mr. T. Halloran, 19449 Misty Lake Dr., Strongsville, OH 44136
Mr. Hyde, 3305 Sulky, Marietta, GA 30067
Mr. Jacobsen, 2744 Joyce Ridge Drive, Chesterfield, MO 63017
Mr. Johnson, 200 Clock Tower Place, Carmel, CA 93923
Mr. Keating, 5521 Greenville Avenue, Dallas, TX 75206
Mr. Kelley, 3356 North Lakeharbor Lane, Boise, ID 83703
Ms. Kelly, 31 Jeffrey's Neck Road, Ipswich, MA 01938
Ms. Kinsman, 9599 Brookview Circle, Woodbury, MN 55125
Ms. Kirk, 124 Rivermist Dr., Buffalo, NY 14202
Ms. Kraunelis, 584 East Eighth St., South Boston, MA 02127
Mr. Lathrop, 14814 Straub Hill Lane, Chesterfield, MO 63017
Mr. Lewandowski, 805 Darrell Road, Hillsborough, CA 94010
Mr. Lewandowski, Jr., 1 Kara East, Irvine, CA 92720
Mr. Lieberman, 200 Roy St., Seattle, WA 98109
Ms. Madden, 8649 North Himes Avenue, Tampa, FL 33614
Mr. McConville, 515 S. Arlington Heights Rd., Arlington
Heights, IL 6005
Mr. McFarland, 8012 Dancing Fern Trail, Chattanooga, TN 37421
Mr. McMillan, 203 D. Zigler St., Zelienople, PA 16063
Mr. McMurtrie, 14529 Glastonbury, Detroit, MI 48223
Mr. B. Miller, 24815 Acropolis Drive, Mission Viejo, CA 92691
Mr. D. Miller, 70 Williams St., Greenwich, CT 06380
Mr. Moret, 4519 Lawn Avenue, Western Springs, IL 60558
Mr. Murray, 710 Cheyenne Drive, Franklin Lakes, NJ 07417
Mr. Nadherny, 9714 Marmount Drive, Seattle, WA 98117
Mr. Nickodemus, 463 Village Oaks Court, Ann Arbor, MI 48103
Mr. O'Steen, 2091-B Lake Park Drive, Smyrna, GA 30080
Mr. Papes, 3102 Wood View Bridge Drive, Kansas City, KS 66103
Mr. Pataccoli, 333 39th St., Manhattan Beach, CA 90266
Mr. Joe Phoenix, 1426 Asbury Avenue, Hubbard Woods, IL 60093
Mr. John Phoenix, 709 South Rome Avenue, Tampa, FL 33606
Mr. Place, 4211 Loch Highland Parkway, Roswell, GA 30075
Mr. Pulkrabek, 190 Jefferson Lane, Streamwood, IL 60107
Mr. Powell, 1508 Ruth Lane, Newport Beach, CA 92660
Mr. Rowe, 109 Shore Drive, Longwood, FL 32779
Mr. Rowell, 2240 Union St., San Francisco, CA 94123
Mr. Rowley, 237 Peeke Avenue, Kirkwood, MO 63122
Ms. Sarkisian, 1 Goodridge Ct., Boston, MA 02113
Ms. Saunders, 39939 Stevenson Common, Freemont, CA 94538
Ms. Schofield, 618 Rimington Lane, Decatur, GA 30030
Mr. Shamburg, 10603 N. 100th Street, Scottsdale, AZ 85260
Mr. Shore, 2870 Pharr Court South, N.W., Atlanta, GA 30305
Mr. Stickney, 1314 Log Cabin Lane, St. Louis, MO 63124
Mr. B. Sullivan, 777 Pinoake Road, Pittsburgh, PA 15243
Mr. G. Sullivan, 35 Marlborough St., Boston, MA 02116
Ms. M. Sullivan, 493 Zinfandel Lane, St. Helena, CA 94574
Ms. Sweeney, 31 Heritage Way, Marblehead, MA 01945
Mr. Tambone, 10 Commercial Wharf, Boston, MA 02110
Mr. Tasiopolous, 5 Homestead Farms Drive, Norwell, MA 02061
Mr. Tredinnick, 2995 Glenwood Drive, Boulder, CO 80301
Mr. Telling, 5 Spindriff Court, Williamsville, NY 14221
Mr. Unger, 212 E. Broadway, New York, NY 10002
Mr. Williamson, 111 Maple Ridge Way, Covington, LA 70433
Mr. White, 10 Mannion Place, Littleton, MA 01460
Mr. Woloshin, 100 West 89th St., New York, NY 10024
Ms. Zografos, 12712 Coeur de Monde Ct., St. Louis, MO 63146
<PAGE>
Item 30. Location of Accounts and Records
Persons maintaining physical possession of accounts, books
and other documents required to be maintained by Section 31(a) of
the Investment Company Act of 1940 and the Rules promulgated
thereunder are Registrants' Clerk, Beverly Marcus; Registrants'
investment adviser, Putnam Investment Management, Inc.;
Registrants' principal underwriter, Putnam Mutual Funds Corp.;
Registrants' custodian, Putnam Fiduciary Trust Company ("PFTC");
and Registrants' transfer and dividend disbursing agent, Putnam
Investor Services, a division of PFTC. The address of the Clerk,
investment adviser, principal underwriter, custodian and transfer
and dividend disbursing agent is One Post Office Square,
Boston, Massachusetts 02109.
Item 31. Management Services
None.
Item 32. Undertakings
Each Registrant undertakes to furnish to each person to
whom a prospectus of the Registrant is delivered a copy of the
Registrant's latest annual report to shareholders, upon request
and without charge.
CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT ACCOUNTANTS
We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in the
Prospectuses and Statements of Additional Information
constituting parts of these Post-Effective Amendment No. 18
for the Putnam California Tax Exempt Income Trust (the "Trust")
and Amendment No. 11 for the Putnam California Tax Exempt Money
Market Fund (the "Money Market Fund") to the Registration
Statements on Form N-1A (File No. 2-81011 for the Trust)
(File No. 33-17211 for the Money Market Fund) (the
"Registration Statements") of our reports dated November 13,
1995, November 9, 1995, and November 14, 1995,
relating to the financial statements and financial highlights
appearing in the September 30, 1995 Annual Reports of
Putnam California Tax Exempt Income Fund, Putnam California
Intermediate Tax Exempt Fund, and Putnam California Tax Exempt
Money Market Fund, respectively, which financial statements and
financial highlights are also incorporated by reference into the
Registration Statements. We also consent to the references to us
under the headings "Independent Accountants and Financial
Statements" in such Statements of Additional Information
and under the headings "Financial highlights" in the
Prospectuses of the Trust and the Money Market Fund.
PRICE WATERHOUSE LLP
Boston, Massachusetts
January 26, 1996<PAGE>
NOTICE
A copy of the Agreement and Declaration of Trust of each
of Putnam California Tax Exempt Income Trust and Putnam
California Tax Exempt Money Market Fund is on file with the
Secretary of State of The Commonwealth of Massachusetts and
notice is hereby given that this instrument is executed on behalf
of each Registrant by an officer of each Registrant as an officer
and not individually and the obligations of or arising out of
this instrument are not binding upon any of the Trustees,
officers or shareholders individually but are binding only upon
the assets and property of the relevant Registrant.
POWER OF ATTORNEY
I, the undersigned Trustee of Putnam California Tax Exempt
Income Trust, hereby severally constitute and appoint George
Putnam, Charles E. Porter, Gordon H. Silver, Edward A. Benjamin,
Timothy W. Diggins and John W. Gerstmayr, and each of them
singly, my true and lawful attorneys, with full power to them and
each of them, to sign for me, and in my name and in the capacity
indicated below, the Registration Statement on Form N-1A of
Putnam California Tax Exempt Income Trust and any and all
amendments (including post-effective amendments) to said
Registration Statement and to file the same with all exhibits
thereto, and other documents in connection therewith, with the
Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto my said
attorneys, and each of them acting alone, full power and
authority to do and perform each and every act and thing
requisite or necessary to be done in the premises, as fully to
all intents and purposes as he might or could do in person, and
hereby ratify and confirm all that said attorneys or any of them
may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue thereof.
WITNESS my hand and seal on the date set forth below.
Signature Title Date
/s/ Eli Shapiro
- --------------------- Trustee May 4, 1995
Eli Shapiro
<PAGE>
POWER OF ATTORNEY
I, the undersigned Trustee of Putnam California Tax Exempt
Money Market Fund, hereby severally constitute and appoint George
Putnam, Charles E. Porter, Gordon H. Silver, Edward A. Benjamin,
Timothy W. Diggins and John W. Gerstmayr, and each of them
singly, my true and lawful attorneys, with full power to them and
each of them, to sign for me, and in my name and in the capacity
indicated below, the Registration Statement on Form N-1A of
Putnam California Tax Exempt Money Market Fund and any and all
amendments (including post-effective amendments) to said
Registration Statement and to file the same with all exhibits
thereto, and other documents in connection therewith, with the
Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto my said
attorneys, and each of them acting alone, full power and
authority to do and perform each and every act and thing
requisite or necessary to be done in the premises, as fully to
all intents and purposes as he might or could do in person, and
hereby ratify and confirm all that said attorneys or any of them
may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue thereof.
WITNESS my hand and seal on the date set forth below.
Signature Title Date
/s/ Eli Shapiro
- --------------------- Trustee May 4,
1995
Eli Shapiro
<PAGE>
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933
and the Investment Company Act of 1940 each Registrant certifies
that it meets all of the requirements for effectiveness of this
Registration Statement pursuant to Rule 485(b) under the
Securities Act of 1933 and has duly caused this Amendment to its
Registration Statement to be signed on its behalf by the
undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the City of Boston,
and The Commonwealth of Massachusetts, on the 29th day of
January, 1996 .
PUTNAM CALIFORNIA TAX EXEMPT
INCOME TRUST
PUTNAM CALIFORNIA TAX EXEMPT MONEY
MARKET FUND
By: Gordon H. Silver, Vice President
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of
1933, this Amendment to the Registration Statements of Putnam
California Tax Exempt Income Trust and Putnam California Tax
Exempt Money Market Fund has been signed below by the following
persons in the capacities and on the dates indicated:
Signature Title
George Putnam President and Chairman of the
Board; Principal Executive
Officer; Trustee
William F. Pounds Vice Chairman; Trustee
John D. Hughes Senior Vice President;
Treasurer and Principal
Financial Officer
Paul G. Bucuvalas Assistant Treasurer and
Principal Accounting Officer
Jameson A. Baxter Trustee
Hans H. Estin Trustee
John A. Hill Trustee
Elizabeth T. Kennan Trustee
Lawrence J. Lasser Trustee
Robert E. Patterson Trustee
Donald S. Perkins Trustee
George Putnam, III Trustee
Eli Shapiro Trustee
A.J.C. Smith Trustee
W. Nicholas Thorndike Trustee
By: Gordon H. Silver,
as Attorney-in-Fact
January 29, 1996
DEALER SALES CONTRACT
Between: PUTNAM MUTUAL FUNDS CORP. and
General Distributor of
The Putnam Family of Mutual Funds
One Post Office Square
Boston, MA 02109
As general distributor of The Putnam Family of Mutual Funds (the
"Funds"), we agree to sell you shares of beneficial interest
issued by the Funds (the "Shares"), subject to any limitations
imposed by any of the Funds and to confirmation by us in each
instance of such sales. By your acceptance hereof, you agree to
all of the following terms and conditions:
1. OFFERING PRICE AND FEES
The public offering price at which you may offer the Shares is
the net asset value thereof, as computed from time to time, plus
any applicable sales charge described in the then-current
Prospectus of the applicable Fund. As compensation for each sale
of Shares made by you, you will be allowed the dealer discount if
any, on such Shares described in the then-current Prospectus of
the Fund whose Shares are sold. We reserve the right to revise
the dealer discount referred to herein upon ten days' written
notice to you. We will furnish you upon request with the public
offering prices for the Shares, and you agree to quote such
prices in connection with any Shares offered by you for sale.
Your attention is specifically called to the fact that each sale
is always made subject to confirmation by us at the public
offering price next computed after receipt of the order. There
is no sales charge or dealer discount to dealers on the
reinvestment of dividends and distributions.
In addition to the dealer discount, if any, allowed pursuant to
the foregoing provisions of this Section 1, we may, at our
expense, provide additional promotional incentives or payments to
dealers. If non-cash concessions are provided, each dealer
earning such a concession may elect to receive an amount in cash
equivalent to the cost of providing such concessions. Notice of
the availability of concessions will be given to you by us. All
dealer discounts, promotional incentives, payments and
concessions will be made by us in accordance with National
Association of Securities Dealers, Inc. ("NASD") guidelines and
rules.
<PAGE>
2. MANNER OF OFFERING,
SELLING AND PURCHASING SHARES
We have delivered to you a copy of each Fund's current Prospectus
and will provide you with such number of copies of each Fund's
Prospectus, Statement of Additional Information and shareholder
reports and of supplementary sales materials prepared by us, as
you may reasonably request. You will offer and sell the Shares
only in accordance with the terms and conditions of the current
Prospectus and Statement of Additional Information of the
applicable Fund. Neither you nor any other person is authorized
to give any information or to make any representations other than
those contained in such Prospectuses, Statements of Additional
Information and shareholder reports or in such supplementary
sales materials. You agree that you will not use any other
offering materials for the Funds without our written consent.
You hereby agree:
(i) to exercise your best efforts to find purchasers for
the Shares of the Funds,
(ii) to furnish to each person to whom any sale is made a
copy of the then-current Prospectus of the applicable fund,
(iii) to transmit to us promptly upon receipt any and all
orders received by you, and
(iv) to pay to us the offering price, less any dealer
discount to which you are entitled, within three (3)
business days of our confirmation of your order, or such
shorter time as may be required by law. If such payment is
not received within said time period, we reserve the right,
without prior notice, to cancel the sale, or at our option
to return the Shares to the issuer for redemption or
repurchase. In the latter case, we shall have the right to
hold you responsible for any loss resulting to us. Should
payment be made by check on your local bank, liquidation of
Shares may be delayed pending clearance of your check. You
agree to issue confirmations promptly for all accepted
purchase orders for accounts held in street name. You shall
make all sales subject to our confirmation. All orders are
subject to acceptance or rejection by us in our sole
discretion, and by the Funds in their sole discretion. The
procedure stated herein relating to the pricing and handling
of orders shall be subject to instructions which we may
forward to you from time to time.
3. COMPLIANCE WITH LAW
You hereby represent that you are registered as a broker-dealer
under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and are
licensed and qualified as a broker-dealer or otherwise authorized
to offer and sell the Shares under the laws of each jurisdiction
in which the Shares will be offered and sold by you. You further
confirm that you are a member in good standing of the NASD and
agree to maintain such membership in good standing or, in the
alternative, you are a foreign dealer not eligible for membership
in the NASD.
You agree that in selling Shares you will comply with all
applicable laws, rules and regulations, including the applicable
provisions of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, the
applicable rules and regulations of the NASD, and the applicable
rules and regulations of any jurisdiction in which you sell,
directly or indirectly, any Shares. You agree not to offer for
sale or sell the Shares in any jurisdiction in which the Shares
are not qualified for sale or in which you are not qualified as a
broker-dealer.
4. RELATIONSHIP WITH DEALERS
In offering and selling Shares under this Contract, you shall be
acting as principal and nothing herein shall be construed to
constitute you or any of your agents, employees or
representatives as our agent or employee, or as an agent or
employee of the Funds. As general distributor of the Funds, we
shall have full authority to take such action as we may deem
advisable in respect of all matters pertaining to the
distribution of the Shares. We shall not be under any obligation
to you, except for obligations expressly assumed by us in this
Contract.
5. TERMINATION
Either party hereto may terminate this Contract, without cause,
upon ten days' written notice to the other party. We may
terminate this Contract for cause upon the violation by you of
any of the provisions hereof, such termination to become
effective on the date such notice of termination is mailed to
you. This Contract shall terminate automatically if either Party
ceases to be a member of the NASD.
6. ASSIGNABILITY
This Contract is not assignable or transferable, except that we
may assign or transfer this Contract to any successor which
becomes general distributor of the Funds.
7. GOVERNING LAW
This Contract and the rights and obligations of the parties
hereunder shall be governed by and construed under the laws of
The Commonwealth of Massachusetts.
If the foregoing correctly sets forth our understanding, please
indicate your acceptance thereof in the space provided below for
that purpose, whereupon this letter shall constitute a binding
agreement between us.
Very truly yours,
PUTNAM MUTUAL FUNDS CORP.
By:
------------------------------
William N. Shiebler, President
and Chief Executive Officer
We accept and agree to the foregoing Contract as of the date set
forth below.
Please indicate which best Dealer:-------------
describes your firm's entity:
/ / Partnership --------------------
/ / Corporation
By: --------------------
/ / Other - please specify: Authorized
Signature, Title
---------------------
-------------------------
Please provide your organization's
Tax Identification Number on the -------------------------
following line: Address
- ---------------------------- Dated:-------------------
Please return the signed Putnam copy to Putnam Mutual Funds
Corp., P.O. Box 41203, Providence, RI 02940-1203
Approval:---------------------
Date required:----------------
NF-22.94
FINANCIAL INSTITUTION SALES CONTRACT
Between: and
PUTNAM MUTUAL FUNDS CORP.
General Distributor of
The Putnam Family of Mutual Funds
One Post Office Square
Boston, MA 02109
As general distributor of The Putnam Family of Mutual Funds (the
"Funds"), we agree that you will make available to your
customers, under an agency relationship with your customers,
shares of beneficial interest issued by the Funds (the "Shares"),
subject to any limitations imposed by any of the Funds and to
confirmation by us of each transaction. By your acceptance
hereof, you agree to all of the following terms and conditions:
1. OFFERING PRICES AND FEES
The public offering price at which you may make the Shares
available to your customers is the net asset value thereof, as
computed from time to time, plus any applicable sales charge
described in the then-current Prospectus of the applicable Fund.
In the case of purchases by you, as agent for your customers, of
Shares sold with a sales charge, you shall receive an agency
commission consisting of a portion of the public offering price,
determined on the same basis as the "dealer discount" described
in the then-current Prospectus of the Fund, and such other
compensation to dealers as may be described therein, which shall
be payable to you at the same time and on the same basis as the
same is paid to such dealers, consistent with applicable law,
rules and regulations. In determining the amount of any agency
commission payable to you hereunder, we reserve the right to
exclude any purchases for any accounts which we reasonably
determine are not made in accordance with the terms of the
applicable Fund Prospectus and the provisions of this Contract.
We reserve the right to revise the agency commission referred to
herein upon ten days' written notice to you. We will furnish you
upon request with the public offering prices for the Shares, and
you agree to quote such prices in connection with any Shares made
available by you as agent for your customers. Your attention is
specifically called to the fact that each purchase of Shares by
your customers is always made subject to confirmation by us at
the public offering price next computed after receipt of the
order. There is no sales charge or agency commission to you on
the reinvestment of dividends and distributions.
<PAGE>
2. MANNER OF MAKING SHARES AVAILABLE FOR PURCHASE
We will, upon request, deliver to you a copy of each Fund's
then-
current Prospectus and will provide you with such number of
copies of each Fund's then-current Prospectus, Statement of
Additional Information and shareholder reports and of
supplementary sales materials prepared by us, as you may
reasonably request. It shall be your obligation to ensure that
all such information and materials are distributed to your
customers who own Shares, in accordance with securities and/or
banking law and regulations and any other applicable
regulations.
Neither you nor any other person is authorized to give any
information or to make any representations other than those
contained in such Prospectuses, Statements of Additional
Information and shareholder reports or in such supplementary
sales materials. You shall not furnish or cause to be furnished
to any person, display or publish any information or materials
relating to any Fund (including, without limitation, promotional
materials and sales literature, advertisements, press releases,
announcements, statements, posters, signs or other similar
material), except such information and materials as may be
furnished to you by us or the Fund, and such other information
and materials as may be approved in writing by us.
You hereby agree:
(i) to not purchase any Shares as agent for any customer,
unless you deliver or cause to be delivered to such
customer, at or prior to the time of such purchase, a copy
of the then-current Prospectus of the applicable Fund unless
such customer has acknowledged receipt of the Prospectus of
such Fund. You hereby represent that you understand your
obligation to deliver a prospectus to customers who purchase
Shares pursuant to federal securities laws and you have
taken all necessary steps to comply with such prospectus
delivery requirements;
(ii) to transmit to us promptly upon receipt any and all
orders received by you, it being understood that no
conditional orders will be accepted;
(iii) to obtain from each customer for whom you act as agent
for the purchase of Shares any taxpayer identification
number certification and backup withholding information
required under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended
from time to time (the "Code"), and the regulations
promulgated thereunder, or other sections of the Code which
may become applicable, and to provide us or our designee
with timely written notice of any failure to obtain such
taxpayer identification number certification or information
in order to enable the implementation of any required backup
withholding in accordance with the Code and the regulations
thereunder; and
(iv) to pay to us the offering price, less any agency
commission to which you are entitled, within three (3)
business days of our confirmation of your customer's order,
or such shorter time as may be required by law. You may,
subject to our approval, remit the total public offering
price to us, and we will return to you your agency
commission. If such payment is not received within said
time period, we reserve the right, without prior notice, to
cancel the sale, or at our option to return the Shares to
the issuer for redemption or repurchase. In the latter
case, we shall have the right to hold you responsible for
any loss resulting to us. Should payment be made by local
bank check, liquidation of Shares may be delayed pending
clearance of your check.
Unless otherwise mutually agreed in writing or except as
provided
below, each transaction placed by you shall be promptly
confirmed
by us in writing to you, and shall be confirmed to the customer
promptly upon receipt by us of instructions from you as to such
customer. In the case of a purchase order by customer's
application, each transaction shall be promptly confirmed in
writing directly to the customer and a copy of each confirmation
shall be sent simultaneously to you. We reserve the right, at
our discretion and without notice, to suspend the sale of Shares
or withdraw entirely the sale of Shares of any or all of the
Funds. All orders are subject to acceptance or rejection by us
in our sole discretion, and by the Funds in their sole
discretion. The procedure stated herein relating to the pricing
and handling of orders shall be subject to instructions which we
may forward to you from time to time.
3. COMPLIANCE WITH LAW
You hereby represent that you are either (1) a "bank" as defined
in Section 3(a)(6) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as
amended (the "Exchange Act"), and at the time of each
transaction
in shares of the Funds, are not required to register as a
broker-
dealer under the Exchange Act or regulations thereunder; or (2)
registered as a broker-dealer under the Exchange Act, a member
in
good standing of the National Association of Securities Dealers,
Inc. ("NASD") and affiliated with a bank.
(a)If you are a bank, not required to register as a broker-
dealer under the Exchange Act: You further represent and
warrant
to us that with respect to any sales in the United States, you
will use your best efforts to ensure that any purchase of Shares
by your customers constitutes a suitable investment for such
customers. You shall not effect any transaction in, or induce
any purchase or sale of, any Shares by means of any
manipulative,
deceptive or other fraudulent device or contrivance, and shall
otherwise deal equitably and fairly with your customers with
respect to transactions in Shares of a Fund.
(b) If you are a NASD member broker-dealer affiliated with a
bank and registered under the Exchange Act: You further
represent and warrant to us that with respect to any sales in
the
United States, you agree to abide by all of the applicable laws,
rules and regulations including applicable provisions of the
Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the applicable rules and
regulations of the NASD, including, without limitation, its
Rules
of Fair Practice, and the applicable rules and regulations of
any
jurisdiction in which you make Shares available for sale to your
customers. You agree not to make available for sale to your
customers the Shares in any jurisdiction in which the Shares are
not qualified for sale or in which you are not qualified as a
broker-dealer. We shall have no obligation or responsibility as
to your right to make Shares of any Funds available to your
customers in any jurisdiction. You agree to notify us
immediately in the event of (i) your expulsion or suspension
from
the NASD or your becoming subject to any enforcement action by
the Securities and Exchange Commission, NASD, or any other self-
regulatory organization, or (ii) your violation of any
applicable
federal or state law, rule or regulation including, but not
limited to, those of the SEC, NASD or other self-regulatory
organization, arising out of or in connection with this
Agreement, or which may otherwise affect in any material way
your
ability to act in accordance with the terms of this Contract.
You shall not make Shares of any Fund available to your
customers, including your fiduciary customers, except in
compliance with all federal and state laws and rules and
regulations of regulatory agencies or authorities applicable to
you, or any of your affiliates engaging in such activity, which
may affect your business practices. You confirm that you are
not
in violation of any banking law or regulations as to which you
are subject.
4. RELATIONSHIP WITH CUSTOMER
With respect to any and all transactions in the Shares of any
Fund pursuant to this Contract, it is understood and agreed in
each case that: (a) you shall be acting solely as agent for the
account of your customer; (b) each transaction shall be
initiated
solely upon the order of your customer; (c) we shall execute
transactions only upon receiving instructions from you acting as
agent for your customer or upon receiving instructions directly
from your customer; (d) as between you and your customer, your
customer will have full beneficial ownership of all Shares; (e)
each transaction shall be for the account of your customer and
not for your account; and (f) unless otherwise agreed in writing
we will serve as a clearing broker for you on a fully disclosed
basis, and you shall serve as the introducing agent for your
customers' accounts. Subject to the foregoing, however, and
except for Shares sold subject to a contingent deferred sales
charge, you may maintain record ownership of such customers'
Shares in an account registered in your name or the name of your
nominee, for the benefit of such customers. With respect to
Shares sold subject to a contingent deferred sales charge, you
agree not to hold shares of such Funds in an account registered
in your name or in the name of your nominee for the benefit of
certain of your customers. You understand that such Shares must
be held in a separate account for each shareholder of such
Funds.
Each transaction shall be without recourse to you provided that
you act in accordance with the terms of this Agreement. You
represent and warrant to us that you will have full right, power
and authority to effect transactions (including, without
limitation, any purchases and redemptions) in Shares on behalf
of
all customer accounts provided by you.
5. RELATIONSHIP WITH FINANCIAL INSTITUTION
Neither this Contract nor the performance of the services of the
respective parties hereunder shall be considered to constitute
an
exclusive arrangement, or to create a partnership, association
or
joint venture between you and us. In making available Shares of
the Funds under this Contract, nothing herein shall be construed
to constitute you or any of your agents, employees or
representatives as our agent or employee, or as an agent or
employee of the Funds, and you shall not make any
representations
to the contrary. As general distributor of the Funds, we shall
have full authority to take such action as we may deem advisable
in respect of all matters pertaining to the distribution of the
Shares. We shall not be under any obligation to you, except for
obligations expressly assumed by us in this Contract.
6. TERMINATION
Either party hereto may terminate this Contract, without cause,
upon ten days' written notice to the other party. We may
terminate this Contract for cause upon the violation by you of
any of the provisions hereof, such termination to become
effective on the date such notice of termination is mailed to
you. If you are registered as a broker-dealer and affiliated
with a bank, this Contract shall terminate automatically if
either Party ceases to be a member of the NASD.
7. ASSIGNABILITY
This Contract is not assignable or transferable, except that we
may assign or transfer this Contract to any successor which
becomes general distributor of the Funds.
<PAGE>
8. MISCELLANEOUS
(a) All communications mailed to us should be sent to the
above
address. Any notice to you shall be duly given if mailed or
delivered to you at the address specified by you below.
(b) This Contract constitutes the entire agreement and
understanding between the parties and supercedes any and all
prior agreements between the parties.
(c) This Contract and the rights and obligations of the
parties
hereunder shall be governed by and construed under the laws of
The Commonwealth of Massachusetts.
Very truly
yours,
PUTNAM MUTUAL
FUNDS CORP.
By:
- ------------------------------
William N. Shiebler,
President
and Chief Executive
Officer
We accept and agree to the foregoing Contract as of the date
set forth below.
Financial Institution: ---------------------------
By:
- ----------------------------
Authorized Signature,
Title
- ----------------------------
- ----------------------------
Address
Dated: ----------------------------
Please return the signed Putnam copy of this sales Contract to
Putnam Mutual Funds Corp., P. O. Box 41203, Providence, RI
02940-1203
NF-59.94
ROPES & GRAY
ONE INTERNATIONAL PLACE
BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS 02110-2624
(617) 951-7000
January 24, 1996
Putnam California Tax Exempt Income Fund (the "Fund")
One Post Office Square
Boston, Massachusetts 02109
Ladies and Gentlemen:
You have informed us that you propose to offer and sell from
time to time 29,345,893 of shares of beneficial interest in
Putnam California Tax Exempt Income Fund (the "Fund"), one of
your portfolio series (the "Shares"), for cash or securities at
the net asset value per share, determined in accordance with your
Bylaws, which Shares are in addition to your shares of beneficial
interest which you have previously offered and sold or which you
are currently offering.
We have examined copies of (i) your Agreement and Declara
tion of Trust as on file at the office of the Secretary of State
of The Commonwealth of Massachusetts, which provides for an
unlimited number of authorized shares of beneficial interest, and
(ii) your Bylaws, which provide for the issue and sale by the
Trust of such Shares.
We assume that appropriate action will be taken to register
or qualify the sale of the Shares under any applicable state and
federal laws regulating offerings and sales of securities.
Based upon the foregoing, we are of the opinion that:
1. The Trust is a legally organized and validly existing
voluntary association with transferable shares of beneficial
interest under the laws of The Commonwealth of Massachusetts and
is authorized to issue an unlimited number of shares of benefi
cial interest.
2. Upon the issue of any of the Shares referred to in the
first paragraph hereof for cash or securities at net asset value,
and the receipt of the appropriate consideration therefor as
provided in your Bylaws, such Shares so issued will be validly
issued, fully paid and nonassessable by the Trust.
ROPES & GRAY
PUTNAM CALIFORNIA TAX EXEMPT -2- January 24, 1996
INCOME FUND
The Trust is an entity of the type commonly known as a
"Massachusetts business trust". Under Massachusetts law,
shareholders could, under certain circumstances, be held person
ally liable for the obligations of the Trust. However, the
Agreement and Declaration of Trust disclaims shareholder liabil
ity for acts or obligations of the Trust and requires that notice
of such disclaimer be given in each agreement, obligation or
instrument entered into or executed by the Trust or its Trustees.
The Agreement and Declaration of Trust provides for allocation of
the assets and liabilities of the Trust among its portfolio
series, including the Fund, and further provides for indemnifica
tion out of the property of a portfolio series for all loss and
expense of any shareholder held personally liable for the
obligations of the such portfolio series solely by reason of his
being or having been a shareholder. Thus, the risk of a share
holder of the Fund incurring financial loss on account of
shareholder liability is limited to circumstances in which the
assets of the Fund would be insufficient to meet the obligations
of the Fund.
We understand that this opinion is to be used in connection
with the registration of the Shares for offering and sale
pursuant to the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the
provisions of Rule 24e-2 under the Investment Company Act of
1940, as amended. We consent to the filing of this opinion with
and as a part of Post-Effective Amendment No. 18 to your Regis
tration Statement (No. 2-81011.)
Very truly yours,
/s/ Ropes & Gray
Ropes & Gray
ROPES & GRAY
ONE INTERNATIONAL PLACE
BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS 02110-2624
(617) 951-7000
January 24, 1996
Putnam California Tax Exempt Money Market Fund (the "Fund")
One Post Office Square
Boston, Massachusetts 02109
Ladies and Gentlemen:
You have informed us that you propose to offer and sell from
time to time 12,869,139 of shares of beneficial interest in
Putnam California Tax Exempt Money Market Fund (the "Fund"), one
of your portfolio series (the "Shares"), for cash or securities
at the net asset value per share, determined in accordance with
your Bylaws, which Shares are in addition to your shares of
beneficial interest which you have previously offered and sold or
which you are currently offering.
We have examined copies of (i) your Agreement and
Declaration of Trust as on file at the office of the Secretary of
State of The Commonwealth of Massachusetts, which provides for an
unlimited number of authorized shares of beneficial interest, and
(ii) your Bylaws, which provide for the issue and sale by the
Trust of such Shares.
We assume that appropriate action will be taken to register
or qualify the sale of the Shares under any applicable state and
federal laws regulating offerings and sales of securities.
Based upon the foregoing, we are of the opinion that:
1. The Trust is a legally organized and validly existing
voluntary association with transferable shares of beneficial
interest under the laws of The Commonwealth of Massachusetts and
is authorized to issue an unlimited number of shares of
beneficial interest.
2. Upon the issue of any of the Shares referred to in the
first paragraph hereof for cash or securities at net asset value,
and the receipt of the appropriate consideration therefor as
provided in your Bylaws, such Shares so issued will be validly
issued, fully paid and nonassessable by the Trust.
<PAGE>
ROPES & GRAY
PUTNAM CALIFORNIA TAX EXEMPT -2- January 24, 1996
MONEY MARKET FUND
The Trust is an entity of the type commonly known as a
"Massachusetts business trust". Under Massachusetts law,
shareholders could, under certain circumstances, be held
personally liable for the obligations of the Trust. However, the
Agreement and Declaration of Trust disclaims shareholder
liability for acts or obligations of the Trust and requires that
notice of such disclaimer be given in each agreement, obligation
or instrument entered into or executed by the Trust or its
Trustees. The Agreement and Declaration of Trust provides for
allocation of the assets and liabilities of the Trust among its
portfolio series, including the Fund, and further provides for
indemnification out of the property of a portfolio series for all
loss and expense of any shareholder held personally liable for
the obligations of the such portfolio series solely by reason of
his being or having been a shareholder. Thus, the risk of a
shareholder of the Fund incurring financial loss on account of
shareholder liability is limited to circumstances in which the
assets of the Fund would be insufficient to meet the obligations
of the Fund.
We understand that this opinion is to be used in connection
with the registration of the Shares for offering and sale
pursuant to the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the
provisions of Rule 24e-2 under the Investment Company Act of
1940, as amended. We consent to the filing of this opinion with
and as a part of Post-Effective Amendment No. 18 to your
Registration Statement (No. 33-17211.)
Very truly yours,
/s/ Ropes & Gray
Ropes & Gray
DEALER SERVICE AGREEMENT
Between: and
PUTNAM MUTUAL FUNDS CORP.
General Distributor of
The Putnam Family of Mutual Funds
One Post Office Square
Boston, MA 02109
We are pleased to inform you that, pursuant to the terms of this
Dealer Service Agreement, we are authorized to pay you service
fees in connection with the accounts of your customers that hold
shares of certain Putnam funds listed in SCHEDULE 1 that have
adopted distribution plans pursuant to Rule 12b-1 (the "12b-1
Funds"). Payment of the service fees is subject to your initial
and continuing satisfaction of the following terms and conditions
which may be revised by us from time to time:
1. QUALIFICATION REQUIREMENTS
(a) You have entered into a Sales Contract with us with respect
to the Putnam Family of Mutual Funds (the "Putnam Funds").
(b) You are the dealer of record for accounts in Putnam Funds
having an aggregate average net asset value of at least the
minimum amount set forth in SCHEDULE 2 (DEALER FIRM REQUIREMENTS)
during the period for which a service fee is to be paid. Putnam
Fund accounts are accounts in any open-end Putnam Fund, but
excluding any accounts for your firm's own retirement plans.
(c) One or more of your current employees must be the designated
registered representative(s) on accounts in Putnam Funds having
an aggregate average net asset value of at least the minimum
amount set forth in SCHEDULE 2 (REGISTERED REPRESENTATIVE
REQUIREMENTS) during the period for which a service fee is to be
paid.
(d) You will provide the following information and agree that we
will be entitled to rely on the accuracy of such information in
updating our records for determining the levels of service fees
payable to you under the terms of this Agreement. You understand
that such payments will be based solely on Putnam's records.
For each Putnam Fund account registered in the name of
one of your customers, you will advise us, preferably
by electronic means, before the end of the second month
in each calendar quarter, of the registered
representative's name, identification number, branch
number, and telephone number.
2. SERVICE FEES
(a) If you meet the qualification requirements set forth above
in Paragraph 1, you will be paid a service fee on assets in the
12b-1 Funds for which you are the dealer of record and which are
serviced by a registered representative of your firm meeting the
Registered Representative Requirements, if any, at the annual
rates specified in SCHEDULE 3 (excluding any accounts for your
firm's own retirement plans).
(b) You understand and agree that:
(i) all service fee payments are subject to the
limitations contained in each 12b-1 Fund's Distribution
Plan, which may be varied or discontinued at any time;
(ii) your failure to provide the services described in
Paragraph 4 below as may be amended by us from time to
time, or otherwise comply with the terms of this
Agreement, will render you ineligible to receive
service fees; and
(iii) failure of an assigned registered representative
to provide services required by this Agreement will
render that representative's accounts ineligible as
accounts on which service fees are paid.
3. PAYMENTS AND COMMUNICATIONS TO REGISTERED
REPRESENTATIVES
(a) You will pass through to your registered representatives a
significant share of the service fees paid to you pursuant to
this Agreement.
(b) You will assist us in distributing to your registered
representatives periodic statements which we will have prepared
showing the aggregate average net asset value of shares in Putnam
Funds with which they are credited on our records.
<PAGE>
4. REQUIRED SERVICES
(a) You will assign one of your registered representatives to
each Putnam Fund account on your records and reassign the Putnam
Fund account should that representative leave your firm.
(b) You and your registered representatives will assist us and
our affiliates in providing the following services to
shareholders of the Putnam Funds:
(i) Maintain regular contact with shareholders in
assigned accounts and assist in answering inquiries
concerning the Putnam Funds.
(ii) Assist in distributing sales and service
literature provided by us, particularly to the
beneficial owners of accounts registered in your name
(nominee name accounts).
(iii) Assist us and our affiliates in the establishment
and maintenance of shareholder accounts and records.
(iv) Assist shareholders in effecting administrative
changes, such as changing dividend options, account
designations, address, automatic investment programs or
systematic investment plans.
(v) Assist in processing purchase and redemption
transactions.
(vi) Provide any other information or services as the
customer or we may reasonably request.
(c) You will support our marketing efforts by granting
reasonable requests for visits to your offices by our wholesalers
and by including all Putnam Funds on your "approved" list.
(d) Your compliance with the service requirements set forth in
this Agreement will be evaluated by us from time to time by
surveying shareholder satisfaction with service, by monitoring
redemption levels of shareholder accounts assigned to you and by
such other methods as we deem appropriate.
(e) The provisions of this Paragraph 4 may be amended by us from
time to time upon notice to you.
5. AMENDMENT
This Agreement, including any Schedule hereto, shall be deemed
amended as provided in any written notice delivered by us to you.
6. EFFECTIVE PERIOD AND TERMINATION
The provisions of this Agreement shall remain in effect for not
more than one year from the date of its execution or adoption and
thereafter for successive annual periods only so long as such
continuance is specifically approved at least annually by the
Trustees of each of the 12b-1 Funds in conformity with Rule 12b-1
under the Investment Company Act of 1940 (the "1940 Act"). This
Agreement shall automatically terminate in the event of its
assignment (as defined by the 1940 Act). In addition, this
Agreement may be terminated at any time, without the payment of
any penalty, by either party upon written notice delivered or
mailed by registered mail, postage prepaid, to the other party,
or, as provided in Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act, by the Trustees
of any 12b-1 Fund or by the vote of the holders of the
outstanding voting securities of any 12b-1 Fund.
7. WRITTEN REPORTS
Putnam Mutual Funds Corp. shall provide the Trustees of each of
the 12b-1 Funds, and such Trustees shall review at least
quarterly, a written report of the amounts paid to you under this
Agreement and the purposes for which such expenditures were made.
8. MISCELLANEOUS
(a) All communications mailed to us should be sent to the
address listed below. Any notice to you shall be duly given if
mailed or delivered to you at the address specified by you below.
(b) The provisions of this Agreement shall be governed by and
construed in accordance with the laws of The Commonwealth of
Massachusetts.
Very truly yours,
PUTNAM MUTUAL FUNDS CORP.
By: ------------------------------
William N. Shiebler, President
and Chief Executive Officer
<PAGE>
We accept and agree to the foregoing Agreement as of the date set
forth below.
Dealer: -------------------------
By: ----------------------------
Authorized Signature, Title
------------------------------
------------------------------
Address
Dated: -------------------------
Please return the signed Putnam copy of this Agreement to Putnam
Mutual Funds Corp., P.O. Box 41203, Providence, RI 02940-1203.
<PAGE>
SCHEDULE 1: THE 12B-1 FUNDS
Service fees will be paid on the following Putnam Funds at the
rates set forth in the Prospectus of that Fund:
Putnam Adjustable Rate U.S. Government Fund
Putnam American Government Income Fund
Putnam Arizona Tax Exempt Income Fund
Putnam Asia Pacific Growth Fund
Putnam Asset Allocation Funds
-Putnam Asset Allocation: Growth Portfolio
-Putnam Asset Allocation: Balanced Portfolio
-Putnam Asset Allocation: Conservative Portfolio
Putnam Balanced Retirement Fund
Putnam California Tax Exempt Income Trust
-Putnam California Intermediate Tax Exempt Fund
-Putnam California Tax Exempt Income Fund
Putnam Capital Appreciation Fund
Putnam Convertible Income-Growth Trust
Putnam Diversified Equity Trust
Putnam Diversified Income Trust
Putnam Equity Income Fund
Putnam Europe Growth Fund
Putnam Federal Income Trust
Putnam Florida Tax Exempt Income Fund
The George Putnam Fund of Boston
Putnam Global Governmental Income Trust
Putnam Global Growth Fund
The Putnam Fund for Growth and Income
Putnam Growth and Income Fund II
Putnam Health Sciences Trust
Putnam High Yield Advantage Fund
Putnam High Yield Trust
Putnam Income Fund
Putnam Intermediate Tax Exempt Fund
Putnam Intermediate U.S. Government Fund
Putnam Investment Funds
-Putnam International New Opportunities Fund
Putnam Investors Fund
Putnam Massachusetts Tax Exempt Income Fund
Putnam Michigan Tax Exempt Income Fund
Putnam Minnesota Tax Exempt Income Fund
Putnam Money Market Fund
Putnam Municipal Income Fund
Putnam Natural Resources Fund
Putnam New Jersey Tax Exempt Income Fund
Putnam New Opportunities Fund
Putnam New York Tax Exempt Income Trust
-Putnam New York Intermediate Tax Exempt Fund
-Putnam New York Tax Exempt Income Fund
Putnam New York Tax Exempt Opportunities Fund
Putnam Ohio Tax Exempt Income Fund
Putnam OTC Emerging Growth Fund
Putnam Overseas Growth Fund
Putnam Pennsylvania Tax Exempt Income Fund
Putnam Preferred Income Trust
Putnam Tax Exempt Income Fund
Putnam Tax-Free Income Trust
-Putnam Tax-Free High Yield Fund
-Putnam Tax-Free Insured Fund
Putnam U.S. Government Income Trust
Putnam Utilities Growth and Income Fund
Putnam Vista Fund
Putnam Voyager Fund
Putnam Voyager Fund II
SCHEDULE 2: MINIMUM ASSETS
DEALER FIRM REQUIREMENTS. The minimum aggregate average net
asset value of all accounts in Putnam Funds specified by
Paragraph 1(b) is $250,000. We will review this requirement
prior to the start of each year and inform you of any changes.
REGISTERED REPRESENTATIVE REQUIREMENTS. With respect to
Paragraph 1(c), there is no minimum asset qualification
requirement in the Putnam Funds applicable to each of your
representatives. We will review this requirement prior to the
start of each year and inform you of any changes.
NF-57
10/2/95
FINANCIAL INSTITUTION
SERVICE AGREEMENT
Between: and
PUTNAM MUTUAL FUNDS CORP.
General Distributor of
The Putnam Family of Mutual Funds
One Post Office Square
Boston, MA 02109
We are pleased to inform you that, pursuant to the terms of this
FINANCIAL INSTITUTION SERVICE AGREEMENT, we are authorized to pay
you service fees in connection with the accounts of your
customers that hold shares of certain Putnam funds listed in
SCHEDULE 1 that have adopted distribution plans pursuant to Rule
12b-1 (the "12b-1 Funds"). Payment of the service fees is
subject to your initial and continuing satisfaction of the
following terms and conditions which may be revised by us from
time to time:
1. QUALIFICATION REQUIREMENTS
(a) You have entered into a Financial Institution Sales Contract
with us with respect to the Putnam Family of Mutual Funds (the
"Putnam Funds"), whose shares you have agreed to make available
to your customers on an agency basis.
(b) You are the financial institution of record for accounts in
Putnam Funds having an aggregate average net asset value of at
least the minimum amount set forth in SCHEDULE 2 (FINANCIAL
INSTITUTION REQUIREMENTS) during the period for which a service
fee is to be paid. Putnam Fund accounts are accounts in any
open-end Putnam Fund but excluding any accounts for your
organization's own retirement plans.
(c) One or more of your current employees must be the designated
registered representative(s) in the case of a bank affiliated
dealer, or agent representative(s) in the case of a bank (both
referred to as "representatives"), on accounts in Putnam Funds
having an aggregate average net asset value of at least the
minimum amount set forth in SCHEDULE 2 (REPRESENTATIVE
REQUIREMENTS) during the period for which a service fee is to be
paid.
(d) You will provide the following information and agree that we
will be entitled to rely on the accuracy of such information in
updating our records for determining the levels of service fees
payable to you under the terms of this Agreement. You understand
that such payments will be based solely on Putnam's records:
For each Putnam Fund account registered in the name of one
of your customers, you will advise us, preferably by
electronic means, before the end of the second month in each
calendar quarter, of the representative's name,
identification number, branch number, and telephone number.
2. SERVICE FEES
(a) If you meet the qualification requirements set forth above in
Paragraph 1, you will be paid, at the end of each calendar
quarter, a service fee on assets of your customers in the 12b-1
Funds for which you are the financial institution of record and
which are serviced by a representative of your organization
meeting the Representative Requirements, if any at the annual
rates specified in SCHEDULE 3 (excluding any accounts for your
organization's own retirement plans), provided that you have
evaluated such service fees and have concluded that it is
consistent with applicable laws, rules, regulations and
regulatory interpretations for you to receive such service fees.
(b) You understand and agree that:
(i) all service fee payments are subject to the limitations
contained in each 12b-1 Fund's Distribution Plan, which may
be varied or discontinued at any time;
(ii) your failure to provide the services described in
Paragraph 4 below as may be amended by us from time to time,
or otherwise comply with the terms of this Agreement, will
render you ineligible to receive service fees; and
(iii) failure of an assigned representative to provide
services required by this Agreement will render that
representative's accounts ineligible as accounts on which
service fees are paid.
3. PAYMENTS AND COMMUNICATIONS TO REPRESENTATIVES
(a) Where consistent with applicable laws, rules, regulations and
regulatory interpretations, you will pass through to your
representatives a significant share of the service fees paid to
you pursuant to this Agreement, or you will otherwise use the
payments of service fees to advance the objective of providing
and improving service to shareholders of the Putnam Funds in a
manner specifically approved by Putnam Mutual Funds (for example,
via training courses for representatives or shareholder
seminars).
(b) You will assist us in distributing to your representatives
periodic statements which we will have prepared showing the
aggregate average net asset value of shares in Putnam Funds with
which they are credited on our records.
4. REQUIRED SERVICES
(a) You will assign one of your representatives to each Putnam
Fund account on your records and reassign the Putnam Fund account
should that representative leave your organization.
(b) You and your representatives will assist us and our
affiliates in providing the following services to shareholders of
the Putnam Funds:
(i) Maintain regular contact with shareholders in assigned
accounts and assist in answering inquiries concerning the
Putnam Funds.
(ii) Assist in distributing sales and service literature
provided by us, particularly to the beneficial owners of
accounts registered in your name (nominee name accounts).
(iii) Assist us and our affiliates in the establishment and
maintenance of shareholder accounts and records.
(iv) Assist shareholders in effecting administrative
changes, such as changing dividend options, account
designations, address, automatic investment programs or
systematic investment plans.
(v) Assist in processing purchase and redemption
transactions.
(vi) Provide any other information or services as the
customer or we may reasonably request.
(c) You will grant reasonable requests for visits to your offices
by our wholesalers and include all Putnam Funds on your menu or
list of investments made available by you to your customers.
(d) Your compliance with the service requirements set forth in
this Agreement will be evaluated by us from time to time by
surveying shareholder satisfaction with service, by monitoring
redemption levels of shareholder accounts assigned to you and by
such other methods as we deem appropriate.
(e) The provisions of this Paragraph 4 may be amended by us from
time to time upon notice to you.
5. AMENDMENT
This Agreement, including any Schedule hereto, shall be deemed
amended as provided in any written notice delivered by us to you.
6. EFFECTIVE PERIOD AND TERMINATION
The provisions of this Agreement shall remain in effect for one
year from the date of its execution or adoption and thereafter
for successive annual periods only so long as such continuance is
specifically approved at least annually by the Trustees of each
of the 12b-1 Funds in conformity with Rule 12b-1 under the
Investment Company Act of 1940 (the "1940 Act"). This Agreement
shall automatically terminate in the event of its assignment (as
defined by the 1940 Act). In addition, this Agreement may be
terminated at any time, without the payment of any penalty, by
either party upon written notice to the other party, or, as
provided in Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act, by the Trustees of any
12b-1 Fund or by the vote of the holders of the outstanding
voting securities of any 12b-1 Fund.
7. WRITTEN REPORTS
Putnam Mutual Funds Corp. shall provide the Trustees of each of
the 12b-1 Funds, and such Trustees shall review at least
quarterly, a written report of the amounts paid to you under this
Agreement and the purposes for which such expenditures were made.
8. COMPLIANCE WITH LAWS
With respect to the receipt of service fees under the terms of
this Agreement, you will comply with all applicable federal and
state laws and rules, and all applicable regulations and
interpretations of regulatory agencies or authorities, which may
affect your business practices, including any requirement of
written authorization or consent by your customers to your
receipt of service fees, and any requirement to provide
disclosure to your customers of such service fees.
9. MISCELLANEOUS
(a) All communications mailed to us should be sent to the address
listed below. Any notice to you shall be duly given if mailed or
delivered to you at the address specified by you below.
(b) The provisions of this Agreement shall be governed by and
construed in accordance with the laws of The Commonwealth of
Massachusetts.
Very truly yours,
PUTNAM MUTUAL FUNDS CORP.
By: --------------------------
William N. Shiebler,
President and
Chief Executive Officer
We accept and agree to the foregoing Agreement as of the date set
forth below.
Financial Institution: --------------------------
By: --------------------------
Authorized Signature, Title
--------------------------
--------------------------
Address
Dated: --------------------------
Please return the signed Putnam copy of this Agreement to Putnam
Mutual Funds Corp., P.O. Box 41203, Providence, RI 02940-1203.
<PAGE>
SCHEDULE 1: THE 12B-1 FUNDS
Service fees will be paid on the following Putnam Funds at the
rates set forth in the Prospectus of that Fund:
Putnam Adjustable Rate U.S. Government Fund
Putnam American Government Income Fund
Putnam Arizona Tax Exempt Income Fund
Putnam Asia Pacific Growth Fund
Putnam Asset Allocation Funds
-Putnam Asset Allocation: Growth Portfolio
-Putnam Asset Allocation: Balanced Portfolio
-Putnam Asset Allocation: Conservative Portfolio
Putnam Balanced Retirement Fund
Putnam California Tax Exempt Income Trust
-Putnam California Intermediate Tax Exempt Fund
-Putnam California Tax Exempt Income Fund
Putnam Capital Appreciation Fund
Putnam Convertible Income-Growth Trust
Putnam Diversified Equity Trust
Putnam Diversified Income Trust
Putnam Equity Income Fund
Putnam Europe Growth Fund
Putnam Federal Income Trust
Putnam Florida Tax Exempt Income Fund
The George Putnam Fund of Boston
Putnam Global Governmental Income Trust
Putnam Global Growth Fund
The Putnam Fund for Growth and Income
Putnam Growth and Income Fund II
Putnam Health Sciences Trust
Putnam High Yield Advantage Fund
Putnam High Yield Trust
Putnam Income Fund
Putnam Intermediate Tax Exempt Fund
Putnam Intermediate U.S. Government Fund
Putnam Investment Funds
-Putnam International New Opportunities Fund
Putnam Investors Fund
Putnam Massachusetts Tax Exempt Income Fund
Putnam Michigan Tax Exempt Income Fund
Putnam Minnesota Tax Exempt Income Fund
Putnam Money Market Fund
Putnam Municipal Income Fund
Putnam Natural Resources Fund
Putnam New Jersey Tax Exempt Income Fund
Putnam New Opportunities Fund
Putnam New York Tax Exempt Income Trust
-Putnam New York Intermediate Tax Exempt Fund
-Putnam New York Tax Exempt Income Fund
Putnam New York Tax Exempt Opportunities Fund
Putnam Ohio Tax Exempt Income Fund
Putnam OTC Emerging Growth Fund
Putnam Overseas Growth Fund
Putnam Pennsylvania Tax Exempt Income Fund
Putnam Preferred Income Trust
Putnam Tax Exempt Income Fund
Putnam Tax-Free Income Trust
-Putnam Tax-Free High Yield Fund
-Putnam Tax-Free Insured Fund
Putnam U.S. Government Income Trust
Putnam Utilities Growth and Income Fund
Putnam Vista Fund
Putnam Voyager Fund
Putnam Voyager Fund II
SCHEDULE 2: MINIMUM ASSETS
FINANCIAL INSTITUTION REQUIREMENTS. The minimum aggregate
average net asset value of all accounts in Putnam Funds specified
by Paragraph 1(b) is $250,000. We will review this requirement
prior to the start of each year and inform you of any changes.
REPRESENTATIVE REQUIREMENTS. With respect to Paragraph
1(c), there is no minimum asset qualification requirement in the
Putnam Funds applicable to each of your representatives. We will
review this requirement prior to the start of each year and
inform you of any changes. We reserve the right to set a minimum
at any time.
NF-58
10/2/95
SCHEDULES FOR COMPUTATION OF PERFORMANCE QUOTATIONS
Fund name: Putnam California Tax Exempt Income Fund-- Class A
Shares
Fiscal period ending: September 30, 1995
Inception date (if less than 10 years of performance):
TOTAL RETURN
Formula -- Average Annual Total Return: ERV = P(1+T)^n
n = Number of Time Periods 1 Year 5 Years 10 Years*
P = Initial Investment $1,000 $1,000 $1,000
ERV = Ending Redeemable Value $1,049 $1,430 $2,292
T = Average Annual
Total Return 4.88% 7.42% 8.65%*
*Life of fund, if less than 10 years
YIELD
Formula:
Interest + Dividends - Expenses
2 (-------------------------------------------------- +1)(6) -1
POP x Average shares
Interest and Dividends $16,048,720
Expenses $1,906,864
Reimbursement $0
Average shares 379,535,048
NAV $8.37
Sales Charge 4.75%
POP $8.79
Yield at POP 5.14%
<PAGE>
TAX-EXEMPT EQUIVALENT YIELD
Formula: 30 day yield
--------------- = TAX EQUIVALENT YIELD
1-(Highest Individual Tax Rate)
5.14% 5.14%
------ = ------ = 9.56%
1-46.24% .5376%
<PAGE>
SCHEDULES FOR COMPUTATION OF PERFORMANCE QUOTATIONS
Fund name: Putnam California Tax Exempt Income Fund-- Class B
Shares
Fiscal period ending: September 30, 1995
Inception date (if less than 10 years of performance): January 4,
1993
TOTAL RETURN
Formula -- Average Annual Total Return: ERV = P(1+T)^n
n = Number of Time Periods 1 Year 5 Years 10 Years*
P = Initial Investment $1,000 $ $1.000
ERV = Ending Redeemable Value $1,045 $ $1,119
T = Average Annual
Total Return 4.47% % 4.21%*
*Life of fund, if less than 10 years
YIELD
Formula:
Interest + Dividends - Expenses
2 (-------------------------------------------------- +1)(6) -1
POP x Average shares
Interest and Dividends $2,071,916
Expenses $490,665
Reimbursement $0
Average shares 79,237,734
NAV $8.37
Maximum Contingent Deferred
Sales Charge 5.0%
Yield at NAV 4.65%
<PAGE>
TAX-EXEMPT EQUIVALENT YIELD
Formula: 30 day yield
--------------- = TAX EQUIVALENT YIELD
1-(Highest Individual Tax Rate)
4.65% 4.65%
------ = ------ = 8.65%
1-46.24% .5376%
<PAGE>
SCHEDULES FOR COMPUTATION OF PERFORMANCE QUOTATIONS
Fund name: Putnam California Tax Exempt Income-- Class M Shares
Fiscal period ending: September 30, 1995
Inception date (if less than 10 years of performance): February
14, 1995
TOTAL RETURN
Formula -- Average Annual Total Return: ERV = P(1+T)^n
n = Number of Time Periods 1 Year 5 Years 10 Years*
P = Initial Investment $ $ $1,000
ERV = Ending Redeemable Value $ $ $1,031
T = Average Annual
Total Return % % 3.13%*
*Life of fund, if less than 10 years
YIELD
Formula:
Interest + Dividends - Expenses
2 (-------------------------------------------------- +1)(6) -1
POP x Average shares
Interest and Dividends $18,582
Expenses $3,443
Reimbursement $0
Average shares 443,101
NAV $8.36
Sales Charge 3.25%
POP $8.66
Yield at POP 4.78%
<PAGE>
TAX-EXEMPT EQUIVALENT YIELD
Formula: 30 day yield
--------------- = TAX EQUIVALENT YIELD
1-(Highest Individual Tax Rate)
4.78% 4.78%
------ = ------ = 8.89%
1-46.24% .5376%
SCHEDULES FOR COMPUTATION OF PERFORMANCE QUOTATIONS
Fund name: Putnam California Intermediate Tax Exempt Fund-- Class
A Shares
Fiscal period ending: September 30, 1995
Inception date (if less than 10 years of performance): June 1,
1994
TOTAL RETURN
Formula -- Average Annual Total Return: ERV = P(1+T)^n
n = Number of Time Periods 1 Year 5 Years 10 Years*
P = Initial Investment $1,000 $ $1,000
ERV = Ending Redeemable Value $1,018 $ $1,016
T = Average Annual
Total Return 1.76% % 1.21%*
*Life of fund, if less than 10 years
YIELD
Formula:
Interest + Dividends - Expenses
2 (-------------------------------------------------- +1)(6) -1
POP x Average shares
Interest and Dividends $27,058
Expenses $2,440
Reimbursement $3,405
Average shares 778,760
NAV $8.34
Sales Charge 3.25%
POP $8.62
Yield at POP 4.44%
<PAGE>
TAX-EXEMPT EQUIVALENT YIELD
Formula: 30 day yield
--------------- = TAX EQUIVALENT YIELD
1-(Highest Individual Tax Rate)
4.44% 4.44%
------ = ------ = 8.26%
1-46.24% .5376%
<PAGE>
SCHEDULES FOR COMPUTATION OF PERFORMANCE QUOTATIONS
Fund name: Putnam California Intermediate Tax Exempt Fund--
Class B Shares
Fiscal period ending: September 30, 1995
Inception date (if less than 10 years of performance): June 1,
1994
TOTAL RETURN
Formula -- Average Annual Total Return: ERV = P(1+T)^n
n = Number of Time Periods 1 Year 5 Years 10 Years*
P = Initial Investment $1,000 $ $1,000
ERV = Ending Redeemable Value $1,017 $ $1,013
T = Average Annual
Total Return 1.67% % 0.96%*
*Life of fund, if less than 10 years
YIELD
Formula:
Interest + Dividends - Expenses
2 (-------------------------------------------------- +1)(6) -1
POP x Average shares
Interest and Dividends $16,517
Expenses $3,598
Reimbursement $2,052
Average shares 475,395
NAV $8.34
Maximum Contingent Deferred
Sales Charge 3.0%
Yield at NAV 3.94%
<PAGE>
TAX-EXEMPT EQUIVALENT YIELD
Formula: 30 day yield
--------------- = TAX EQUIVALENT YIELD
1-(Highest Individual Tax Rate)
3.94% 3.94%
------ = ------ = 7.33%
1-46.24% .5376%
MONEY MARKET FUNDS CALC. SHEET
SCHEDULES FOR COMPUTATION OF PERFORMANCE QUOTATIONS
Fund name: Putnam California Tax Exempt Money Market Fund
Fiscal periods ending: September 30, 1995
Inception date (if less than 10 years of performance): October
26, 1987
7 DAY YIELD FORMULA - DIVIDENDS DECLARED FOR LAST 7 DAYS / 7 *365
TOTAL DIVIDENDS DECLARED
PER SHARE FOR LAST 7 DAYS:
7 DAY YIELD = 3.05%
CALCULATION OF 7 DAY EFFECTIVE YIELD
7 DAY YIELD ^52.142857
( 1 + --------------------) -1
(100 * 52.142587)
7 DAY EFFECTIVE YIELD = 3.10%
WARNING: THE EDGAR SYSTEM ENCOUNTERED ERROR(S) WHILE PROCESSING THIS SCHEDULE.
<TABLE> <S> <C>
<ARTICLE> 6
<LEGEND>
THIS SCHEDULE CONTAINS SUMMARY FINANCIAL INFORMATION EXTRACTED
FROM Putnam California Tax Exempt Income Fund Class A Shares AND
IS QUALIFIED IN ITS ENTIRETY BY REFERENCE TO SUCH FINANCIAL
STATEMENTS.
</LEGEND>
<S> <C>
<PERIOD-TYPE> YEAR
<FISCAL-YEAR-END> Sep-30-1995
<PERIOD-END> Sep-30-1995
<INVESTMENTS-AT-COST> 3,322,736,425
<INVESTMENTS-AT-VALUE> 3,550,745,174
<RECEIVABLES> 56,391,714
<ASSETS-OTHER> 101,248
<OTHER-ITEMS-ASSETS> 0
<TOTAL-ASSETS> 3,607,238,136
<PAYABLE-FOR-SECURITIES> 0
<SENIOR-LONG-TERM-DEBT> 0
<OTHER-ITEMS-LIABILITIES> 18,486,039
<TOTAL-LIABILITIES> 18,486,039
<SENIOR-EQUITY> 0
<PAID-IN-CAPITAL-COMMON> 3,416,235,629
<SHARES-COMMON-STOCK> 378,321,219
<SHARES-COMMON-PRIOR> 403,264,434
<ACCUMULATED-NII-CURRENT> 0
<OVERDISTRIBUTION-NII> (1,100,798)
<ACCUMULATED-NET-GAINS> 0
<OVERDISTRIBUTION-GAINS> (54,391,483)
<ACCUM-APPREC-OR-DEPREC> 228,008,749
<NET-ASSETS> 3,588,752,097
<DIVIDEND-INCOME> 0
<INTEREST-INCOME> 230,215,897
<OTHER-INCOME> 0
<EXPENSES-NET> 26,789,766
<NET-INVESTMENT-INCOME> 203,426,131
<REALIZED-GAINS-CURRENT> (38,287,885)
<APPREC-INCREASE-CURRENT> 168,915,384
<NET-CHANGE-FROM-OPS> 334,053,630
<EQUALIZATION> 0
<DISTRIBUTIONS-OF-INCOME> (184,479,625)
<DISTRIBUTIONS-OF-GAINS> (9,709,514)
<DISTRIBUTIONS-OTHER> (468,211)
<NUMBER-OF-SHARES-SOLD> 31,289,840
<NUMBER-OF-SHARES-REDEEMED> (68,020,804)
<SHARES-REINVESTED> 11,787,749
<NET-CHANGE-IN-ASSETS> (21,625,376)
<ACCUMULATED-NII-PRIOR> 0
<ACCUMULATED-GAINS-PRIOR> 0
<OVERDISTRIB-NII-PRIOR> (583,482)
<OVERDIST-NET-GAINS-PRIOR> (5,141,132)
<GROSS-ADVISORY-FEES> 15,817,546
<INTEREST-EXPENSE> 0
<GROSS-EXPENSE> 28,505,107
<AVERAGE-NET-ASSETS> 3,142,074,564
<PER-SHARE-NAV-BEGIN> 8.09
<PER-SHARE-NII> .48
<PER-SHARE-GAIN-APPREC> .31
<PER-SHARE-DIVIDEND> (.48)
<PER-SHARE-DISTRIBUTIONS> (.03)
<RETURNS-OF-CAPITAL> 0
<PER-SHARE-NAV-END> 8.37
<EXPENSE-RATIO> .74
<AVG-DEBT-OUTSTANDING> 0
<AVG-DEBT-PER-SHARE> 0
</TABLE>
WARNING: THE EDGAR SYSTEM ENCOUNTERED ERROR(S) WHILE PROCESSING THIS SCHEDULE.
<TABLE> <S> <C>
<ARTICLE> 6
<LEGEND>
THIS SCHEDULE CONTAINS SUMMARY FINANCIAL INFORMATION EXTRACTED
FROM Putnam California Tax Exempt Income Fund Class B Shares AND
IS QUALIFIED IN ITS ENTIRETY BY REFERENCE TO SUCH FINANCIAL
STATEMENTS.
</LEGEND>
<S> <C>
<PERIOD-TYPE> YEAR
<FISCAL-YEAR-END> Sep-30-1995
<PERIOD-END> Sep-30-1995
<INVESTMENTS-AT-COST> 3,322,736,425
<INVESTMENTS-AT-VALUE> 3,550,745,174
<RECEIVABLES> 56,391,714
<ASSETS-OTHER> 101,248
<OTHER-ITEMS-ASSETS> 0
<TOTAL-ASSETS> 3,607,238,136
<PAYABLE-FOR-SECURITIES> 0
<SENIOR-LONG-TERM-DEBT> 0
<OTHER-ITEMS-LIABILITIES> 18,486,039
<TOTAL-LIABILITIES> 18,486,039
<SENIOR-EQUITY> 0
<PAID-IN-CAPITAL-COMMON> 3,416,235,629
<SHARES-COMMON-STOCK> 49,768,052
<SHARES-COMMON-PRIOR> 43,294,681
<ACCUMULATED-NII-CURRENT> 0
<OVERDISTRIBUTION-NII> (1,100,798)
<ACCUMULATED-NET-GAINS> 0
<OVERDISTRIBUTION-GAINS> (54,391,483)
<ACCUM-APPREC-OR-DEPREC> 228,008,749
<NET-ASSETS> 3,588,752,097
<DIVIDEND-INCOME> 0
<INTEREST-INCOME> 230,215,897
<OTHER-INCOME> 0
<EXPENSES-NET> 26,789,766
<NET-INVESTMENT-INCOME> 203,426,131
<REALIZED-GAINS-CURRENT> (38,287,885)
<APPREC-INCREASE-CURRENT> 168,915,384
<NET-CHANGE-FROM-OPS> 334,053,630
<EQUALIZATION> 0
<DISTRIBUTIONS-OF-INCOME> (19,276,314)
<DISTRIBUTIONS-OF-GAINS> (1,080,394)
<DISTRIBUTIONS-OTHER> (48,923)
<NUMBER-OF-SHARES-SOLD> 12,641,962
<NUMBER-OF-SHARES-REDEEMED> (7,476,020)
<SHARES-REINVESTED> 11,307,429
<NET-CHANGE-IN-ASSETS> (21,625,376)
<ACCUMULATED-NII-PRIOR> 0
<ACCUMULATED-GAINS-PRIOR> 0
<OVERDISTRIB-NII-PRIOR> (583,482)
<OVERDIST-NET-GAINS-PRIOR> (5,141,132)
<GROSS-ADVISORY-FEES> 15,817,546
<INTEREST-EXPENSE> 0
<GROSS-EXPENSE> 28,505,107
<AVERAGE-NET-ASSETS> 372,804,157
<PER-SHARE-NAV-BEGIN> 8.08
<PER-SHARE-NII> .42
<PER-SHARE-GAIN-APPREC> .32
<PER-SHARE-DIVIDEND> (.42)
<PER-SHARE-DISTRIBUTIONS> (.03)
<RETURNS-OF-CAPITAL> 0
<PER-SHARE-NAV-END> 8.37
<EXPENSE-RATIO> 1.39
<AVG-DEBT-OUTSTANDING> 0
<AVG-DEBT-PER-SHARE> 0
</TABLE>
WARNING: THE EDGAR SYSTEM ENCOUNTERED ERROR(S) WHILE PROCESSING THIS SCHEDULE.
<TABLE> <S> <C>
<ARTICLE> 6
<LEGEND>
THIS SCHEDULE CONTAINS SUMMARY FINANCIAL INFORMATION EXTRACTED
FROM Putnam California Tax Exempt Income Fund Class M Shares AND
IS QUALIFIED IN ITS ENTIRETY BY REFERENCE TO SUCH FINANCIAL
STATEMENTS.
</LEGEND>
<S> <C>
<PERIOD-TYPE> YEAR
<FISCAL-YEAR-END> Sep-30-1995
<PERIOD-END> Sep-30-1995
<INVESTMENTS-AT-COST> 3,322,736,425
<INVESTMENTS-AT-VALUE> 3,550,745,174
<RECEIVABLES> 56,391,714
<ASSETS-OTHER> 101,248
<OTHER-ITEMS-ASSETS> 0
<TOTAL-ASSETS> 3,607,238,136
<PAYABLE-FOR-SECURITIES> 0
<SENIOR-LONG-TERM-DEBT> 0
<OTHER-ITEMS-LIABILITIES> 18,486,039
<TOTAL-LIABILITIES> 18,486,039
<SENIOR-EQUITY> 0
<PAID-IN-CAPITAL-COMMON> 3,416,235,629
<SHARES-COMMON-STOCK> 378,321,219
<SHARES-COMMON-PRIOR> 0
<ACCUMULATED-NII-CURRENT> 0
<OVERDISTRIBUTION-NII> (1,100,798)
<ACCUMULATED-NET-GAINS> 0
<OVERDISTRIBUTION-GAINS> (54,391,483)
<ACCUM-APPREC-OR-DEPREC> 228,008,749
<NET-ASSETS> 3,588,752,097
<DIVIDEND-INCOME> 0
<INTEREST-INCOME> 230,215,897
<OTHER-INCOME> 0
<EXPENSES-NET> 26,789,766
<NET-INVESTMENT-INCOME> 203,426,131
<REALIZED-GAINS-CURRENT> (38,287,885)
<APPREC-INCREASE-CURRENT> 168,915,384
<NET-CHANGE-FROM-OPS> 334,053,630
<EQUALIZATION> 0
<DISTRIBUTIONS-OF-INCOME> (71,454)
<DISTRIBUTIONS-OF-GAINS> 0
<DISTRIBUTIONS-OTHER> (181)
<NUMBER-OF-SHARES-SOLD> 561,261
<NUMBER-OF-SHARES-REDEEMED> (74,893)
<SHARES-REINVESTED> 4,845
<NET-CHANGE-IN-ASSETS> (21,625,376)
<ACCUMULATED-NII-PRIOR> 0
<ACCUMULATED-GAINS-PRIOR> 0
<OVERDISTRIB-NII-PRIOR> (583,482)
<OVERDIST-NET-GAINS-PRIOR> (5,141,132)
<GROSS-ADVISORY-FEES> 15,817,546
<INTEREST-EXPENSE> 0
<GROSS-EXPENSE> 28,505,107
<AVERAGE-NET-ASSETS> 2,009,667
<PER-SHARE-NAV-BEGIN> 8.13
<PER-SHARE-NII> .29
<PER-SHARE-GAIN-APPREC> .24
<PER-SHARE-DIVIDEND> (.30)
<PER-SHARE-DISTRIBUTIONS> (.03)
<RETURNS-OF-CAPITAL> 0
<PER-SHARE-NAV-END> 8.36
<EXPENSE-RATIO> .69
<AVG-DEBT-OUTSTANDING> 0
<AVG-DEBT-PER-SHARE> 0
</TABLE>
WARNING: THE EDGAR SYSTEM ENCOUNTERED ERROR(S) WHILE PROCESSING THIS SCHEDULE.
<TABLE> <S> <C>
<ARTICLE> 6
<LEGEND>
THIS SCHEDULE CONTAINS SUMMARY FINANCIAL INFORMATION EXTRACTED
FROM Putnam California Intermediate Tax Exempt Fund Class A
Shares AND IS QUALIFIED IN ITS ENTIRETY BY REFERENCE TO SUCH
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS.
</LEGEND>
<S> <C>
<PERIOD-TYPE> YEAR
<FISCAL-YEAR-END> Sep-30-1995
<PERIOD-END> Sep-30-1995
<INVESTMENTS-AT-COST> 9,959,929
<INVESTMENTS-AT-VALUE> 10,310,300
<RECEIVABLES> 156,321
<ASSETS-OTHER> 96,492
<OTHER-ITEMS-ASSETS> 0
<TOTAL-ASSETS> 10,563,113
<PAYABLE-FOR-SECURITIES> 0
<SENIOR-LONG-TERM-DEBT> 0
<OTHER-ITEMS-LIABILITIES> 72,272
<TOTAL-LIABILITIES> 72,272
<SENIOR-EQUITY> 0
<PAID-IN-CAPITAL-COMMON> 10,538,102
<SHARES-COMMON-STOCK> 777,225
<SHARES-COMMON-PRIOR> 694,519
<ACCUMULATED-NII-CURRENT> 0
<OVERDISTRIBUTION-NII> (12,544)
<ACCUMULATED-NET-GAINS> 0
<OVERDISTRIBUTION-GAINS> (385,088)
<ACCUM-APPREC-OR-DEPREC> 350,371
<NET-ASSETS> 10,490,841
<DIVIDEND-INCOME> 0
<INTEREST-INCOME> 474,482
<OTHER-INCOME> 0
<EXPENSES-NET> 89,846
<NET-INVESTMENT-INCOME> 401,633
<REALIZED-GAINS-CURRENT> (361,850)
<APPREC-INCREASE-CURRENT> 393,899
<NET-CHANGE-FROM-OPS> 433,682
<EQUALIZATION> 0
<DISTRIBUTIONS-OF-INCOME> (271,343)
<DISTRIBUTIONS-OF-GAINS> 0
<DISTRIBUTIONS-OTHER> (8,248)
<NUMBER-OF-SHARES-SOLD> 785,161
<NUMBER-OF-SHARES-REDEEMED> (725,867)
<SHARES-REINVESTED> 23,412
<NET-CHANGE-IN-ASSETS> 3,175,278
<ACCUMULATED-NII-PRIOR> 0
<ACCUMULATED-GAINS-PRIOR> 0
<OVERDISTRIB-NII-PRIOR> (281)
<OVERDIST-NET-GAINS-PRIOR> (23,238)
<GROSS-ADVISORY-FEES> 49,759
<INTEREST-EXPENSE> 0
<GROSS-EXPENSE> 89,846
<AVERAGE-NET-ASSETS> 0
<PER-SHARE-NAV-BEGIN> 8.35
<PER-SHARE-NII> .42
<PER-SHARE-GAIN-APPREC> (.01)
<PER-SHARE-DIVIDEND> 0
<PER-SHARE-DISTRIBUTIONS> (.43)
<RETURNS-OF-CAPITAL> 0
<PER-SHARE-NAV-END> 8.33
<EXPENSE-RATIO> .85
<AVG-DEBT-OUTSTANDING> 0
<AVG-DEBT-PER-SHARE> 0
</TABLE>
WARNING: THE EDGAR SYSTEM ENCOUNTERED ERROR(S) WHILE PROCESSING THIS SCHEDULE.
<TABLE> <S> <C>
<ARTICLE> 6
<LEGEND>
THIS SCHEDULE CONTAINS SUMMARY FINANCIAL INFORMATION EXTRACTED
FROM Putnam California Intermediate Tax Exempt Fund Class B AND
IS QUALIFIED IN ITS ENTIRETY BY REFERENCE TO SUCH FINANCIAL
STATEMENTS.
</LEGEND>
<S> <C>
<PERIOD-TYPE> YEAR
<FISCAL-YEAR-END> Sep-30-1995
<PERIOD-END> Sep-30-1995
<INVESTMENTS-AT-COST> 9,959,929
<INVESTMENTS-AT-VALUE> 10,310,300
<RECEIVABLES> 156,321
<ASSETS-OTHER> 96,492
<OTHER-ITEMS-ASSETS> 10,563,113
<TOTAL-ASSETS> 0
<PAYABLE-FOR-SECURITIES> 0
<SENIOR-LONG-TERM-DEBT> 0
<OTHER-ITEMS-LIABILITIES> 0
<TOTAL-LIABILITIES> 72,272
<SENIOR-EQUITY> 0
<PAID-IN-CAPITAL-COMMON> 10,538,102
<SHARES-COMMON-STOCK> 481,783
<SHARES-COMMON-PRIOR> 182,096
<ACCUMULATED-NII-CURRENT> 0
<OVERDISTRIBUTION-NII> (12,544)
<ACCUMULATED-NET-GAINS> 0
<OVERDISTRIBUTION-GAINS> (385,088)
<ACCUM-APPREC-OR-DEPREC> 350,371
<NET-ASSETS> 10,490,841
<DIVIDEND-INCOME> 0
<INTEREST-INCOME> 474,482
<OTHER-INCOME> 0
<EXPENSES-NET> 89,846
<NET-INVESTMENT-INCOME> 401,633
<REALIZED-GAINS-CURRENT> (361,850)
<APPREC-INCREASE-CURRENT> 393,899
<NET-CHANGE-FROM-OPS> 433,682
<EQUALIZATION> 0
<DISTRIBUTIONS-OF-INCOME> (132,104)
<DISTRIBUTIONS-OF-GAINS> 0
<DISTRIBUTIONS-OTHER> (4,015)
<NUMBER-OF-SHARES-SOLD> 421,227
<NUMBER-OF-SHARES-REDEEMED> (128,159)
<SHARES-REINVESTED> 6,619
<NET-CHANGE-IN-ASSETS> 3,175,278
<ACCUMULATED-NII-PRIOR> 0
<ACCUMULATED-GAINS-PRIOR> 0
<OVERDISTRIB-NII-PRIOR> (281)
<OVERDIST-NET-GAINS-PRIOR> (23,238)
<GROSS-ADVISORY-FEES> 49,759
<INTEREST-EXPENSE> 0
<GROSS-EXPENSE> 89,846
<AVERAGE-NET-ASSETS> 0
<PER-SHARE-NAV-BEGIN> 8.34
<PER-SHARE-NII> .37
<PER-SHARE-GAIN-APPREC> 0
<PER-SHARE-DIVIDEND> 0
<PER-SHARE-DISTRIBUTIONS> (.38)
<RETURNS-OF-CAPITAL> 0
<PER-SHARE-NAV-END> 8.33
<EXPENSE-RATIO> 1.45
<AVG-DEBT-OUTSTANDING> 0
<AVG-DEBT-PER-SHARE> 0
</TABLE>
WARNING: THE EDGAR SYSTEM ENCOUNTERED ERROR(S) WHILE PROCESSING THIS SCHEDULE.
<TABLE> <S> <C>
<ARTICLE> 6
<LEGEND>
THIS SCHEDULE CONTAINS SUMMARY FINANCIAL INFORMATION EXTRACTED
FROM Putnam California Tax Exempt Money Market Fund Class A
Shares AND IS QUALIFIED IN ITS ENTIRETY BY REFERENCE TO SUCH
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS.
</LEGEND>
<S> <C>
<PERIOD-TYPE> YEAR
<FISCAL-YEAR-END> Sep-30-1995
<PERIOD-END> Sep-30-1995
<INVESTMENTS-AT-COST> 35,412,212
<INVESTMENTS-AT-VALUE> 35,412,212
<RECEIVABLES> 267,922
<ASSETS-OTHER> 25,578
<OTHER-ITEMS-ASSETS> 0
<TOTAL-ASSETS> 35,705,712
<PAYABLE-FOR-SECURITIES> 0
<SENIOR-LONG-TERM-DEBT> 0
<OTHER-ITEMS-LIABILITIES> 566,069
<TOTAL-LIABILITIES> 566,069
<SENIOR-EQUITY> 0
<PAID-IN-CAPITAL-COMMON> 35,139,643
<SHARES-COMMON-STOCK> 35,139,643
<SHARES-COMMON-PRIOR> 44,798,772
<ACCUMULATED-NII-CURRENT> 0
<OVERDISTRIBUTION-NII> 0
<ACCUMULATED-NET-GAINS> 0
<OVERDISTRIBUTION-GAINS> 0
<ACCUM-APPREC-OR-DEPREC> 0
<NET-ASSETS> 35,139,643
<DIVIDEND-INCOME> 0
<INTEREST-INCOME> 1,682,146
<OTHER-INCOME> 0
<EXPENSES-NET> 341,186
<NET-INVESTMENT-INCOME> 1,340,960
<REALIZED-GAINS-CURRENT> 0
<APPREC-INCREASE-CURRENT> 0
<NET-CHANGE-FROM-OPS> 1,340,960
<EQUALIZATION> 0
<DISTRIBUTIONS-OF-INCOME> (1,340,960)
<DISTRIBUTIONS-OF-GAINS> 0
<DISTRIBUTIONS-OTHER> (9,659,129)
<NUMBER-OF-SHARES-SOLD> 114,301,007
<NUMBER-OF-SHARES-REDEEMED> 125,190,490
<SHARES-REINVESTED> 1,230,354
<NET-CHANGE-IN-ASSETS> (9,659,129)
<ACCUMULATED-NII-PRIOR> 0
<ACCUMULATED-GAINS-PRIOR> 0
<OVERDISTRIB-NII-PRIOR> 0
<OVERDIST-NET-GAINS-PRIOR> 0
<GROSS-ADVISORY-FEES> 214,060
<INTEREST-EXPENSE> 0
<GROSS-EXPENSE> 472,253
<AVERAGE-NET-ASSETS> 47,193,444
<PER-SHARE-NAV-BEGIN> 1.00
<PER-SHARE-NII> 0.0288
<PER-SHARE-GAIN-APPREC> 0
<PER-SHARE-DIVIDEND> 0
<PER-SHARE-DISTRIBUTIONS> (0.0288)
<RETURNS-OF-CAPITAL> 0
<PER-SHARE-NAV-END> 0
<EXPENSE-RATIO> 1.00
<AVG-DEBT-OUTSTANDING> 0
<AVG-DEBT-PER-SHARE> 0
</TABLE>
<PAGE>
PUTNAM FUNDS
Plan pursuant to Rule 18f-3(D) under the
Investment Company act of 1940
Effective July 1, 1995*
Each of the open-end investment companies managed by Putnam
Investment Management, Inc. (each a "Fund" and, together, the
"Funds") may from time to time issue one or more of the following
classes of shares: Class A shares, Class B shares, Class C
shares, Class M shares and Class Y shares. Each class is subject
to such investment minimums and other conditions of eligibility
as are set forth in the Funds' registration statements as from
time to time in effect. The differences in expenses among these
classes of shares, and the conversion and exchange features of
each class of shares, are set forth below in this Plan. Except
as noted below, expenses are allocated among the classes of
shares of each Fund based upon the net assets of each Fund
attributable to shares of each class. This Plan is subject to
change, to the extent permitted by law and by the Agreement and
Declaration of Trust and By-laws of each Fund, by action of the
Trustees of each Fund.
- ---------------------------
*The Funds have been offering multiple classes of shares,
prior to the effectiveness of this Plan, pursuant to an exemptive
order of the Securities and Exchange Commission. This Plan is
intended to permit the Funds to offer multiple classes of shares
pursuant to Rule 18f-3 under the Investment Company Act of 1940,
without any change in the arrangements and expense allocations
that have previously been approved by the Trustees of each Fund
under such order of exemption.
<PAGE>
CLASS A SHARES
DISTRIBUTION AND SERVICE FEES
Class A shares pay distribution and service fees pursuant to
plans (the "Class A Plans") adopted pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under
the Investment Company Act of 1940 (the "1940 Act"). Class A
shares also bear any costs associated with obtaining shareholder
approval of the Class A Plans (or an amendment to a Class A
Plan). Pursuant to the Class A Plans, Class A shares may pay up
to 0.35% of the relevant Fund's average net assets attributable
to the Class A shares* (which percentage may be less for certain
Funds, as described in the Funds' registration statements as from
time to time in effect). Amounts payable under the Class A Plans
are subject to such further limitations as the Trustees may from
time to time determine and as set forth in the registration
statement of each Fund as from time to time in effect.
CONVERSION FEATURES
Class A shares do not convert to any other class of shares.
EXCHANGE FEATURES
Class A shares of any Fund may be exchanged, at the holder's
option, for Class A shares of any other Fund that offers Class A
shares without the payment of a sales charge beginning 15 days
after purchase, provided that Class A shares of such other Fund
are available to residents of the relevant state. The holding
period for determining any contingent deferred sales charge (a
"CDSC") will include the holding period of the shares exchanged,
and will be calculated using the schedule of any Fund into or
from which shares have been exchanged that would result in the
highest CDSC applicable to such Class A shares.
- ---------------------------
*Class A shares of Putnam Diversified Equity Trust may pay
up to 0.65% of average net assets attributable to Class A shares.
<PAGE>
INITIAL SALES CHARGE
Class A shares are offered at a public offering price that
is equal to their net asset value ("NAV") plus a sales charge of
up to 5.75% of the public offering price (which maximum may be
less for certain Funds, as described in each Fund's registration
statement as from time to time in effect). The sales charges on
Class A shares are subject to reduction or waiver as permitted by
Rule 22d-1 under the 1940 Act and as described in the Funds'
registration statements as from time to time in effect.
CONTINGENT DEFERRED SALES CHARGE
Purchases of Class A shares of $1 million or more that are
redeemed within one or two years of purchase are subject to a
CDSC of 1.00% and 0.50%, respectively, of either the purchase
price or the NAV of the shares redeemed, whichever is less.
Class A shares are not otherwise subject to a CDSC.
The CDSC on Class A shares is subject to reduction or waiver
in certain circumstances, as permitted by Rule 6c-10 under the
1940 Act and as described in the Funds' registration statements
as from time to time in effect.
CLASS B SHARES
DISTRIBUTION AND SERVICE FEES
Class B shares pay distribution and service fees pursuant to
plans adopted pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act (the
"Class B Plans"). Class B shares also bear any costs associated
with obtaining shareholder approval of the Class B Plans (or an
amendment to a Class B Plan). Pursuant to the Class B Plans,
Class B shares may pay up to 1.00% of the relevant Fund's average
net assets attributable to Class B shares (which percentage may
be less for certain Funds, as described in the Funds'
registration statements as from time to time in effect). Amounts
payable under the Class B Plans are subject to such further
limitations as the Trustees may from time to time determine and
as set forth in the registration statement of each Fund as from
time to time in effect.
CONVERSION FEATURES
Class B shares automatically convert to Class A shares of
the same Fund at the end of the month eight years after purchase
(or such earlier date as the Trustees of a Fund may authorize),
except that Class B shares purchased through the reinvestment of
dividends and other distributions on Class B shares convert to
Class A shares at the same time as the shares with respect to
which they were purchased are converted and Class B shares
acquired by the exchange of Class B shares of another Fund will
convert to Class A shares based on the time of the initial
purchase.
EXCHANGE FEATURES
Class B shares of any Fund may be exchanged, at the holder's
option, for Class B shares of any other Fund that offers Class B
shares without the payment of a sales charge beginning 15 days
after purchase, provided that Class B shares of such other Fund
are available to residents of the relevant state. The holding
period for determining any CDSC will include the holding period
of the shares exchanged, and will be calculated using the
schedule of any Fund into or from which shares have been
exchanged that would result in the highest CDSC applicable to
such Class B shares.
INITIAL SALES CHARGE
Class B shares are offered at their NAV, without an initial
sales charge.
CONTINGENT DEFERRED SALES CHARGE
Class B shares that are redeemed within 6 years of purchase
are subject to a CDSC of up to 5.00% of either the purchase price
or the NAV of the shares redeemed, whichever is less (which
period may be shorter and which percentage may be less for
certain Funds, as described in the Funds' registration statements
as from time to time in effect); such percentage declines the
longer the shares are held, as described in the Funds'
registration statements as from time to time in effect. Class B
shares purchased with reinvested dividends or capital gains are
not subject to a CDSC.
The CDSC on Class B shares is subject to reduction or waiver
in certain circumstances, as permitted by Rule 6c-10 under the
1940 Act and as described in the Funds' registration statements
as from time to time in effect.
CLASS C SHARES
DISTRIBUTION AND SERVICE FEES
Class C shares pay distribution and service fees pursuant to
plans adopted pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act (the
"Class C Plans"). Class C shares also bear any costs associated
with obtaining shareholder approval of the Class C Plans (or an
amendment to a Class C Plan). Pursuant to the Class C Plans,
Class C shares may pay up to 1.00% of the relevant Fund's average
net assets attributable to the Class C shares (which percentage
may be less for certain Funds, as described in the Funds'
registration statements as from time to time in effect). Amounts
payable under the Class C Plans are subject to such further
limitations as the Trustees may from time to time determine and
as set forth in the registration statement of each Fund as from
time to time in effect.
CONVERSION FEATURES
Class C shares do not convert to any other class of shares.
EXCHANGE FEATURES
Class C shares of any Fund may be exchanged, at the holder's
option, for Class C shares of any other Fund that offers Class C
shares without the payment of a sales charge beginning 15 days
after purchase, provided that Class C shares of such other Fund
are available to residents of the relevant state. The holding
period for determining any CDSC will include the holding period
of the shares exchanged, and will be calculated using the
schedule of any Fund into or from which shares have been
exchanged that would result in the highest CDSC applicable to
such Class C shares.
<PAGE>
INITIAL SALES CHARGE
Class C shares are offered at their NAV, without an initial
sales charge.
CONTINGENT DEFERRED SALES CHARGE
Class C shares are subject to a 1.00% CDSC if the shares are
redeemed within one year of purchase. The CDSC on Class C shares
is subject to reduction or waiver in certain circumstances, as
permitted by Rule 6c-10 under the 1940 Act and as described in
the Funds' registration statements as from time to time in
effect.
CLASS M SHARES
DISTRIBUTION AND SERVICE FEES
Class M shares pay distribution and service fees pursuant to
plans adopted pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act (the
"Class M Plans"). Class M shares also bear any costs associated
with obtaining shareholder approval of the Class M Plans (or an
amendment to a Class M Plan). Pursuant to the Class M Plans,
Class M shares may pay up to 1.00% of the relevant Fund's average
net assets attributable to Class M shares (which percentage may
be less for certain Funds, as described in the Funds'
registration statements as from time to time in effect). Amounts
payable under the Class M Plans are subject to such further
limitations as the Trustees may from time to time determine and
as set forth in the registration statement of each Fund as from
time to time in effect.
CONVERSION FEATURES
Class M shares do not convert to any other class of shares.
EXCHANGE FEATURES
Class M shares of any Fund may be exchanged, at the holder's
option, for Class M shares of any other Fund that offers Class M
shares without the payment of a sales charge beginning 15 days
after purchase, provided that Class M shares of such other Fund
are available to residents of the relevant state.
INITIAL SALES CHARGE
Class M shares are offered at a public offering price that
is equal to their NAV plus a sales charge of up to 3.50% of the
public offering price (which maximum may be less for certain
Funds, as described in each Fund's registration statement as from
time to time in effect). The sales charges on Class M shares are
subject to reduction or waiver as permitted by Rule 22d-1 under
the 1940 Act and as described in the Funds' registration
statements as from time to time in effect.
CONTINGENT DEFERRED SALES CHARGE
Class M shares are not subject to any CDSC.
CLASS Y SHARES
DISTRIBUTION AND SERVICE FEES
Class Y shares do not pay a distribution fee.
CONVERSION FEATURES
Class Y shares do not convert to any other class of shares.
EXCHANGE FEATURES
Class Y shares of any Fund may be exchanged, at the holder's
option, for Class Y shares of any other Fund that offers Class Y
shares without the payment of a sales charge beginning 15 days
after purchase, provided that Class Y shares of such other Fund
are available to residents of the relevant state, and further
provided that shares of such other Fund are available through the
relevant employer's plan.
<PAGE>
INITIAL SALES CHARGE
Class Y shares are offered at their NAV, without an initial
sales charge.
CONTINGENT DEFERRED SALES CHARGE
Class Y shares are not subject to any CDSC.
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