<PAGE> 1
AS FILED WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION ON MAY 9, 1997.
REGISTRATION NO. 333-26351
================================================================================
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
AMENDMENT NO. 1
TO
FORM S-4
REGISTRATION STATEMENT UNDER
THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933
-------------------------
GENZYME CORPORATION
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)
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<S> <C> <C>
MASSACHUSETTS 2834 06-1047163
(State or Other Jurisdiction of (Primary Standard Industrial (I.R.S. Employer
Incorporation or Organization) Classification Code) Identification No.)
</TABLE>
ONE KENDALL SQUARE
CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS 02139
(617) 252-7500
(Address, Including ZIP Code, and Telephone Number, Including Area Code, of
Registrant's Principal Executive Offices)
PETER WIRTH
GENZYME CORPORATION
ONE KENDALL SQUARE
CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS 02139
(617) 252-7500
(Name, Address, Including ZIP Code and Telephone Number,
Including Area Code, of Agent for Service)
with copies to:
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<S> <C> <C>
Michael I. Sherman Maureen P. Manning, Esq. Raymond D. Agran, Esq.
PharmaGenics, Inc. Palmer & Dodge LLP Ballard Spahr
Four Pearl Court One Beacon Street Andrews & Ingersoll
Allendale, New Jersey 07401 Boston, Massachusetts 02108 1735 Market Street, 51st Floor
(201) 818-1000 (617) 573-0100 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103
(215) 665-8500
</TABLE>
Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public:
As soon as practicable after the Registration Statement becomes effective and
all other conditions to the merger described in the enclosed Prospectus and
Proxy Statement have been satisfied or waived.
---------------------------
THE REGISTRANT HEREBY AMENDS THIS REGISTRATION STATEMENT ON SUCH DATE
OR DATES AS MAY BE NECESSARY TO DELAY ITS EFFECTIVE DATE UNTIL THE REGISTRANT
SHALL FILE A FURTHER AMENDMENT WHICH SPECIFICALLY STATES THAT THIS REGISTRATION
STATEMENT SHALL THEREAFTER BECOME EFFECTIVE IN ACCORDANCE WITH SECTION 8(a) OF
THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933 OR UNTIL THE REGISTRATION STATEMENT SHALL BECOME
EFFECTIVE ON SUCH DATE AS THE COMMISSION, ACTING PURSUANT TO SAID SECTION 8(a),
MAY DETERMINE.
===============================================================================
<PAGE> 2
GENZYME CORPORATION
ONE KENDALL SQUARE
CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS 02139
May 14, 1997
Dear Stockholder:
You are cordially invited to attend a special meeting of stockholders
to be held at 11:00 a.m. on June 12, 1997 at the offices of Genzyme Corporation
at the address set forth above. The key elements of the proposals on the agenda
for the special meeting are set forth below:
- Creation of Molecular Oncology Division Common Stock and Acquisition
of PharmaGenics, Inc. At the special meeting, you will be asked to approve a
merger agreement between Genzyme and PharmaGenics, Inc. ("PharmaGenics").
PharmaGenics is engaged in the research and development of pharmaceuticals for
the treatment of cancer. The merger agreement provides for the acquisition of
PharmaGenics in exchange for shares of a new Genzyme security (the "GMO Stock")
that is intended to reflect the value and track the performance of Genzyme
Molecular Oncology ("GMO"), a new division proposed to be established by
Genzyme. Through GMO, Genzyme seeks to create a focused, integrated oncology
business that will develop and commercialize novel diagnostics and therapeutics
based on molecular tools and genomics information. GMO will be created by
combining the business of PharmaGenics with several existing Genzyme programs in
the area of molecular oncology and Genzyme's rights under agreements with third
parties relating to gene therapies for the treatment of cancer. In addition,
subject to the completion of the PharmaGenics acquisition and certain other
conditions, the Genzyme Board of Directors has approved the allocation of up to
$25 million in cash from Genzyme General to GMO.
- Redesignation of Outstanding Common Stock. You will also be asked to
approve an amendment and restatement of Genzyme's articles of organization (the
"Genzyme Charter") at the special meeting. The amended Genzyme Charter provides
for (i) the redesignation of each of Genzyme's existing classes of common stock
as separate series of a single class of common stock with substantially the same
features as the shares of each of Genzyme's existing classes of common stock and
(ii) the authorization of 150,000,000 shares (before designation of the GMO
Stock) of undesignated common stock which may be issued from time to time by the
Board of Directors in one or more additional series.
- Amendments to Genzyme's Benefit Plans to Allow for Issuance of GMO
Stock. At the special meeting, you will also be asked to approve amendments to
Genzyme's stock option, stock purchase and director deferred compensation plans
that would allow for the issuance of shares of GMO Stock under such plans in
addition to the shares of Genzyme's other securities that are already included
in such plans.
The Board of Directors has carefully considered the proposals to be
presented at the special meeting and unanimously recommends that stockholders
vote in favor of each of the proposals.
On behalf of the management and directors of Genzyme, I am pleased to
send you the enclosed Prospectus/Proxy Statement, which includes information
about Genzyme, PharmaGenics and GMO and details regarding the proposals. Please
give these materials your careful attention. Regardless of the number of shares
you own, it is important that your shares be represented at the meeting.
ACCORDINGLY, PLEASE SIGN AND RETURN YOUR PROXY CARD IN THE ENVELOPE PROVIDED
WHETHER OR NOT YOU PLAN TO ATTEND THE MEETING.
Very truly yours,
Henri A. Termeer
President and Chief Executive Officer
<PAGE> 3
PHARMAGENICS, INC.
FOUR PEARL COURT
ALLENDALE, NEW JERSEY 07401
May 14, 1997
Dear Stockholder:
You are cordially invited to attend a special meeting of stockholders
(the "Meeting") to be held at 11:30 a.m. on June 12, 1997 at the offices of
PharmaGenics, Inc. at the address set forth above.
At the Meeting you will be asked to adopt and approve a merger
agreement (the "Merger Agreement") between PharmaGenics and Genzyme Corporation
("Genzyme"), pursuant to which PharmaGenics will merge into and become a part of
Genzyme (the "Merger"). Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, holders of
PharmaGenics preferred stock will be entitled to receive shares of a
newly-created security of Genzyme (the "GMO Stock") in exchange for their
PharmaGenics preferred shares. You should note the following important facts
relating to the Merger:
No Payments to PharmaGenics Common Stockholders. Since the agreed upon
value of the GMO Stock to be issued in the Merger is less than the aggregate
merger preferences of the PharmaGenics preferred stock provided in
PharmaGenics's certificate of incorporation (the "PharmaGenics Charter"), the
Merger Agreement provides that all of the shares of GMO Stock to be issued in
the Merger will be allocated only to the holders of PharmaGenics preferred
stock. THEREFORE, THE HOLDERS OF PHARMAGENICS COMMON STOCK WILL NOT RECEIVE ANY
GMO STOCK OR ANY OTHER PAYMENT FOR THEIR SHARES AND, UPON EFFECTIVENESS OF THE
MERGER, ALL PHARMAGENICS COMMON STOCK WILL BE CANCELLED.
Ambiguities in PharmaGenics Charter. Due to certain ambiguities in the
PharmaGenics Charter (that are more fully described in the enclosed
Prospectus/Proxy Statement), it may be argued that both common and preferred
stockholders of PharmaGenics may be entitled under the PharmaGenics Charter to
payment in a merger transaction on terms that are different than those provided
by the Merger Agreement. See "The Merger Proposal -- The Merger -- Allocation of
Merger Consideration and Certain Matters Relating to the PharmaGenics Charter."
Delayed Delivery of GMO Stock Certificates. No certificates for the GMO
Stock issued in the Merger will be distributed to the PharmaGenics stockholders
and no transfers of the GMO Stock represented by such certificates may be made
on the books of Genzyme for a period of up to three years following the closing
of the Merger. In certain circumstances relating to the establishment of a
public trading market for the GMO Stock, the certificates may be released
earlier, but the maximum period during which the certificates will be withheld
from distribution will be three years. See "The Merger Proposal -- The Merger
- -- Delayed Distribution of GMO Stock Certificates."
Although the former PharmaGenics preferred stockholders will be
stockholders of Genzyme during this period and will have the right to vote the
shares of GMO Stock allocated to them under the Merger Agreement, they will not
be able to register any transfer of the shares and, thus, their ability to
realize any value from their investment will be limited while the certificates
are being withheld from distribution. At the time the certificates for GMO
Stock are delivered to the holders of PharmaGenics preferred stock, the market
value of the GMO Stock may be less than its value as of the effective time of
the Merger.
Allocation of Merger Consideration. The Merger Agreement provides that
the total number of shares of GMO stock delivered by Genzyme in the Merger (the
"Merger Consideration") will be allocated among the holders of shares of
PharmaGenics preferred stock by allocating to each holder the number of shares
of GMO Stock determined by multiplying the number of shares of PharmaGenics
preferred stock held by the following conversion factors:
Series A Convertible Preferred Stock: 0.000000058451 multiplied by the
Merger Consideration
Series B Convertible Preferred Stock: 0.000000235690 multiplied by the
Merger Consideration
Series C Convertible Preferred Stock: 0.000000067564 multiplied by the
Merger Consideration.
Reduction of Merger Consideration. Although the conversion factors set
forth above have already been established, PharmaGenics stockholders will not
know at the time of the PharmaGenics Special Meeting the exact number of shares
they will receive in the Merger because the total number of shares to be
delivered by Genzyme is subject to reduction by the amount of certain fees and
expenses incurred by PharmaGenics in connection with the Merger and payments
made and expenses incurred by Genzyme (including settlement amounts) as a result
of PharmaGenics common stockholders who exercise appraisal rights or
PharmaGenics stockholders who challenge the Merger. Genzyme's right to deduct
from the Merger Consideration amounts paid on account of dissenting common
stockholders and PharmaGenics stockholders who challenge the Merger was included
in the Merger Agreement to address the risk to Genzyme of claims arising out of
the ambiguities in the PharmaGenics Charter.
Assuming that (i) PharmaGenics's total fees and expenses in connection
with the Merger do not exceed $1,000,000; (ii) no holders of PharmaGenics
common stock exercise appraisal rights; and (iii) no PharmaGenics stockholders
file suit challenging the Merger, the Merger Consideration will consist of
3,928,572 shares of GMO Stock, and each share of PharmaGenics preferred stock
will convert in the Merger into approximately the number of shares of GMO Stock
set forth below:
One share of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock: 0.230 GMO shares
One share of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock: 0.926 GMO shares
One share of Series C Convertible Preferred Stock: 0.265 GMO shares
Based on commitments from certain of its service providers and other
information available to it, PharmaGenics believes that its estimates of the
amount of fees and expenses are reasonable. Nevertheless, since there is no
limit to the amount that Genzyme may offset against the shares of GMO Stock to
be delivered as the Merger Consideration, the estimated conversion ratios set
forth above could be significantly reduced as a result of appraisal rights
exercised by PharmaGenics common stockholders or lawsuits filed by PharmaGenics
stockholders challenging the Merger. There is no minimum number of shares of
GMO Stock that is required to be delivered to PharmaGenics stockholders as the
Merger Consideration and, accordingly, depending upon the resolution of
such lawsuits or appraisal claims, the amount of merger consideration allocated
to any particular class or series of PharmaGenics stockholders under the terms
of the Merger Agreement may be substantially reduced or possibly eliminated
altogether. See "The Merger Proposal -- The Merger -- Reduction of Merger
Consideration."
The number of shares to be delivered by Genzyme as the Merger
Consideration and the conversion ratio for each series of PharmaGenics
preferred stock will be calculated as of the effective time of the Merger based
upon PharmaGenics's actual fees and expenses as of that date and any other
payments made and expenses incurred by Genzyme as of that date on account of
dissenting or challenging stockholders. The actual number of shares of GMO
Stock to be delivered as the Merger Consideration will be determined
immediately prior to the distribution of the GMO Stock certificates, which will
occur no later than three years following the Merger. See "The Merger Proposal
- -- The Merger -- Delayed Distribution of GMO Stock Certificates."
Genzyme's Ability to Determine Deductions from the Merger
Consideration. If claims by dissenting or challenging stockholders are still
pending as of the date Genzyme is required to release the GMO Stock
certificates to the former PharmaGenics preferred stockholders, Genzyme has the
right to withhold shares from distribution based upon its reasonable estimate
of the amount to be paid by it as a result of such claims. If the amount
ultimately paid by Genzyme is less than the value of the shares withheld
(assuming a $7.00 value), certificates representing the excess shares withheld
will be distributed to PharmaGenics preferred stockholders in accordance with
any judicial determination of the proper allocation or otherwise in accordance
with the Merger Agreement. See "The Merger Proposal -- The Merger -- Reduction
of Merger Consideration."
<PAGE> 4
Right to Demand Appraisal. PharmaGenics common and preferred
stockholders have the right to demand appraisal of their shares under Delaware
law. In order to demand appraisal, a PharmaGenics stockholder must deliver
written notice of the intention to demand appraisal to PharmaGenics prior to the
vote on the Merger at the Meeting and must not vote in favor of the Merger.
Within ten days after completion of the Merger, Genzyme will send written notice
that the Merger has been approved and completed to each PharmaGenics stockholder
who satisfies those procedural requirements. Within 120 days after completion of
the Merger, Genzyme or any dissenting PharmaGenics stockholder may file a
petition in the Delaware Court of Chancery demanding a determination of value of
the stock of all dissenting PharmaGenics stockholders. Thereafter, the Delaware
Court of Chancery will hold hearings (and such other proceedings as it deems
necessary) to determine the stockholders entitled to an appraisal and to
appraise their shares of PharmaGenics stock, determining the fair value
exclusive of any element of value arising from the expectation or completion of
the Merger. PharmaGenics stockholders should be aware that the fair value of
their shares determined in an appraisal proceeding could be more, the same or
less than the consideration they would receive pursuant to the Merger Agreement.
See "The Merger Proposal - The Merger - PharmaGenics Stockholder Appraisal
Rights."
Recommendation of the PharmaGenics Board to Vote in Favor of the
Merger. Your Board of Directors has carefully reviewed the terms and conditions
of the proposed Merger, including those discussed above, and concluded that
despite such risks the Merger offered a better opportunity for the greatest
number of PharmaGenics stockholders to maximize the value of their investment
than would be the case if PharmaGenics attempted to continue as an independent
company. In connection with its approval of the Merger Agreement, your Board of
Directors considered a number of factors, including the opinion of its financial
advisor, PaineWebber Incorporated, as to the fairness of the transaction, taken
as a whole, to PharmaGenics from a financial point of view. See "The Merger
Proposal - The Merger - Background of the Merger" and " - PharmaGenics's Reasons
for the Merger."
YOUR BOARD OF DIRECTORS HAS UNANIMOUSLY DETERMINED THAT THE TERMS OF
THE MERGER AGREEMENT AND THE TRANSACTIONS CONTEMPLATED THEREBY ARE FAIR TO, AND
IN THE BEST INTERESTS OF PHARMAGENICS AND THE PHARMAGENICS STOCKHOLDERS.
ACCORDINGLY, THE PHARMAGENICS BOARD RECOMMENDS THAT PHARMAGENICS STOCKHOLDERS
VOTE FOR THE APPROVAL AND ADOPTION OF THE MERGER AGREEMENT.
Votes Required and Stockholder Agreements to Approve Merger. Pursuant
to applicable provisions of Delaware law and the Merger Agreement, adoption and
approval of the Merger Agreement and Merger requires the affirmative vote of
both (i) the holders of a majority of the outstanding stock of PharmaGenics
entitled to vote at the Meeting and (ii) the holders of a majority of the common
stock, Series A Convertible Preferred Stock and Series B Convertible Preferred
Stock, voting together as a single class, entitled to vote at the Meeting. The
executive officers, directors, 5% stockholders and certain other stockholders of
PharmaGenics have agreed to vote their respective shares in favor of adopting
the Merger Agreement and have given irrevocable proxies to Genzyme to vote such
shares at the Meeting. The stockholders who have agreed to vote in favor of the
Merger Agreement hold, in the aggregate, sufficient shares to approve the Merger
Proposal. See "The Merger Proposal The Merger - Representations, Warranties and
Covenants."
We urge you to review carefully the accompanying Notice of Special
Meeting of Stockholders and the Prospectus/Proxy Statement including the annexes
thereto, which include information about PharmaGenics, Genzyme, GMO and the GMO
Stock, and
<PAGE> 5
details about the proposed Merger. WHETHER OR NOT YOU PLAN TO ATTEND THE SPECIAL
MEETING, PLEASE COMPLETE, SIGN, DATE AND RETURN THE ACCOMPANYING PROXY CARD IN
THE ENCLOSED ENVELOPE IN ORDER TO MAKE CERTAIN THAT YOUR SHARES WILL BE
REPRESENTED AT THE SPECIAL MEETING.
Very truly yours,
Michael I. Sherman, Ph.D.
President and Chief Executive Officer
NOTE: PLEASE DO NOT SEND IN YOUR STOCK CERTIFICATES AT THE PRESENT TIME.
<PAGE> 6
GENZYME CORPORATION
NOTICE OF SPECIAL MEETING OF STOCKHOLDERS
A special meeting of stockholders of Genzyme Corporation will be held
on June 12, 1997 at 11:00 a.m. Eastern Time, at Genzyme's offices, One Kendall
Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts, for the following purposes:
(1) To consider and vote upon a proposal to approve an Agreement and Plan
of Merger dated as of January 31, 1997 between Genzyme and
PharmaGenics, Inc., which provides for the merger of PharmaGenics with
Genzyme in exchange for the issuance of a new Genzyme security to be
designated Genzyme Molecular Oncology Division Common Stock (the "GMO
Stock"), with such security having the rights and privileges described
in the accompanying Prospectus/Proxy Statement;
(2) To consider and vote upon a proposal to amend and restate the articles
of organization of Genzyme to redesignate Genzyme's existing classes of
common stock as separate series of a single class of common stock with
substantially the same features as the shares of Genzyme's existing
classes of common stock and to authorize 150,000,000 shares of
undesignated common stock (before designation of the GMO Stock) that
may be issued from time to time by the Board of Directors in one or
more series;
(3) To consider and vote upon a proposal to amend the Genzyme 1990 Equity
Incentive Plan to authorize the granting of awards under such plan
relating to GMO Stock;
(4) To consider and vote upon a proposal to amend the Genzyme 1988 Director
Stock Option Plan to authorize the granting of options to purchase GMO
Stock under such plan.
(5) To consider and vote upon a proposal to amend the Genzyme 1990 Employee
Stock Purchase Plan to authorize the granting of stock purchase rights
under such plan relating to GMO Stock;
(6) To consider and vote upon a proposal to amend the Genzyme Corporation
Directors' Deferred Compensation Plan to authorize the distribution of
shares of GMO Stock credited to stock accounts under such plan; and
(7) To transact such other business as may properly come before the meeting
or any adjournment thereof.
The proposals described in paragraphs (1) and (2) above are each
independent proposals. The implementation of either proposal by Genzyme is not
conditioned on stockholder approval of the other proposal or implementation of
the other proposal. However, the amendments to the benefit plans described in
paragraphs (3), (4), (5) and (6) above will not be implemented unless the merger
agreement is adopted by the stockholders and the merger is completed.
The Board of Directors has fixed the close of business on April 18,
1997 as the record date for determining the stockholders entitled to notice of
and to vote at the meeting and any adjournment thereof; only stockholders of
record at the close of business on that date will be entitled to attend the
meeting and vote.
May 14, 1997 BY ORDER OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS
Peter Wirth
Clerk
If the proposal described in paragraph (1) above is approved by the
stockholders at the special meeting, and effected by Genzyme, any stockholder of
Genzyme (i) who files with Genzyme, before the taking of the vote on the
approval of such action, written objection to the proposed action stating that
he or she intends to demand payment for his or her shares if the action is
taken, and (ii) whose shares are not voted in favor of such action, has or may
have the right to demand in writing from Genzyme within twenty (20) days after
the date of the
<PAGE> 7
mailing to him or her of notice in writing that the corporate action has become
effective, payment of his or her shares and an appraisal of the value thereof.
Genzyme and any such stockholder shall in such cases have the rights and duties
and shall be required to follow the procedures set forth in Sections 86 to 98,
inclusive, of Chapter 156B of the General Laws of Massachusetts. See "The Merger
Proposal - The Merger - Genzyme Stockholder Appraisal Rights" in the
accompanying Prospectus/Proxy Statement.
<PAGE> 8
PHARMAGENICS, INC.
NOTICE OF SPECIAL MEETING OF STOCKHOLDERS
NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN that a special meeting of stockholders (the
"Meeting") of PharmaGenics, Inc., a Delaware corporation ("PharmaGenics"), will
be held on June 12, 1997, at 11:30 a.m. Eastern Time, at the offices of
PharmaGenics, Four Pearl Court, Allendale, New Jersey, for the following
purposes:
(1) To consider and vote upon a proposal (the "Merger Proposal")
to adopt and approve the Agreement and Plan of Merger dated as
of January 31, 1997 between Genzyme Corporation, a
Massachusetts corporation ("Genzyme") and PharmaGenics (the
"Merger Agreement"), pursuant to which PharmaGenics will merge
with and into Genzyme (the "Merger") with Genzyme surviving
the Merger in exchange for a Genzyme security to be designated
Genzyme Molecular Oncology Division Common Stock, with such
security having the rights and privileges described in the
accompanying Prospectus/Proxy Statement; and
(2) To transact such other business as may properly come before
the meeting or any adjournment thereof.
The Board of Directors has fixed the close of business on April 25,
1997 as the record date for determining the stockholders of PharmaGenics
entitled to notice of and to vote at the Meeting and any adjournment or
postponement thereof; only stockholders of record at the close of business on
that date will be entitled to attend the Meeting and vote. Pursuant to
applicable provisions of Delaware law and the Merger Agreement, the Merger
Proposal requires the affirmative vote of both (i) the holders of a majority of
the outstanding shares of PharmaGenics stock entitled to vote at the Meeting and
(ii) the holders of a majority of the outstanding PharmaGenics common stock,
Series A Convertible Preferred Stock and Series B Convertible Preferred Stock,
voting together as a single class, entitled to vote at the Meeting. The
executive officers, directors, 5% stockholders and certain other stockholders of
PharmaGenics have agreed to vote their respective shares in favor of adopting
the Merger Agreement and have given irrevocable proxies to Genzyme to vote such
shares at the Meeting. The stockholders who have agreed to vote in favor of the
Merger Agreement hold, in the aggregate, shares representing (i) 59.8% of the
votes to be cast by the holders of the outstanding PharmaGenics common stock,
Series A Convertible Preferred Stock and Series B Convertible Preferred Stock,
voting together as a single class and (ii) 61.3% of the votes to be cast by the
holders of the outstanding PharmaGenics common stock, Series A Convertible
Preferred Stock, Series B Convertible Preferred Stock and Series C Convertible
Preferred Stock, voting together as a single class. Therefore, the shares as to
which such commitments have been obtained are sufficient to approve the Merger
Proposal. In connection with the Merger, PharmaGenics stockholders who properly
complete certain required actions will be entitled to appraisal rights under
Delaware law. For a more detailed discussion of the steps that must be followed
to perfect and exercise appraisal rights, see "The Merger Proposal - The Merger
- - PharmaGenics Stockholder Appraisal Rights" in the enclosed Prospectus/Proxy
Statement.
Information regarding the Merger Proposal, the Merger Agreement and
related matters is contained in the accompanying Prospectus/Proxy Statement and
the annexes thereto.
IT IS IMPORTANT THAT YOUR SHARES BE REPRESENTED AT THE MEETING. WHETHER
OR NOT YOU PLAN TO ATTEND THE MEETING, PLEASE COMPLETE YOUR PROXY AND RETURN IT
IN THE ENCLOSED ENVELOPE, WHICH REQUIRES NO POSTAGE IF MAILED IN THE UNITED
STATES. IF YOU ATTEND THE MEETING AND WISH TO VOTE IN PERSON, YOUR PROXY WILL
NOT BE USED.
May 14, 1997 BY ORDER OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS
Alan F. Cook, Ph.D.
Secretary
<PAGE> 9
PROSPECTUS AND JOINT PROXY STATEMENT
================================================================================
GENZYME CORPORATION
PROSPECTUS
GENZYME MOLECULAR ONCOLOGY DIVISION COMMON STOCK
GENZYME CORPORATION PHARMAGENICS, INC.
ONE KENDALL SQUARE FOUR PEARL COURT
CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS 02139 ALLENDALE, NEW JERSEY 07401
(617) 252-7500 (201) 818-1000
PROXY STATEMENT PROXY STATEMENT
FOR SPECIAL MEETING OF STOCKHOLDERS FOR SPECIAL MEETING OF STOCKHOLDERS
TO BE HELD ON JUNE 12, 1997 TO BE HELD ON JUNE 12, 1997
================================================================================
AN INVESTMENT IN THE GMO STOCK INVOLVES A HIGH DEGREE OF RISK.
SEE "RISK FACTORS" BEGINNING ON PAGE 24.
---------------------------------
THESE SECURITIES HAVE NOT BEEN APPROVED OR DISAPPROVED BY THE COMMISSION
OR ANY STATE SECURITIES COMMISSION NOR HAS THE COMMISSION OR ANY STATE
SECURITIES COMMISSION PASSED UPON THE ACCURACY OR ADEQUACY OF THIS
PROSPECTUS/PROXY STATEMENT. ANY REPRESENTATION TO THE CONTRARY IS A
CRIMINAL OFFENSE.
---------------------------------
THE DATE OF THIS PROSPECTUS/PROXY STATEMENT IS MAY 14, 1997 AND IT IS FIRST
BEING MAILED OR DELIVERED TO GENZYME AND PHARMAGENICS STOCKHOLDERS ON OR ABOUT
THAT DATE.
<PAGE> 10
TABLE OF CONTENTS
<TABLE>
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Page
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PROSPECTUS/PROXY STATEMENT SUMMARY.............................................................................. 1
The Parties............................................................................................ 1
Genzyme ..................................................................................... 1
PharmaGenics.................................................................................. 1
Corporate Actions...................................................................................... 2
Genzyme Special Meeting....................................................................... 2
PharmaGenics Special Meeting.................................................................. 2
The Merger Proposal.................................................................................... 2
The Genzyme Charter Proposal........................................................................... 3
Genzyme Benefit Plan Proposals......................................................................... 4
Additional Information Relating to the Merger.......................................................... 4
Business of GMO............................................................................... 4
Risk Factors.................................................................................. 5
Allocation of Merger Consideration and Certain Matters Relating to the PharmaGenics
Charter.............................................................................. 5
Reduction of Merger Consideration........................................................... 6
Interests of Certain Persons in the Merger.................................................... 8
Genzyme's Reasons for the Merger.............................................................. 9
PharmaGenics's Reasons for the Merger......................................................... 9
Fairness Opinion.............................................................................. 10
Delayed Distribution of GMO Stock Certificates................................................ 11
Capitalization of Genzyme after Merger........................................................ 12
Funding for GMO............................................................................... 12
Comparison of Rights of Holders of GMO Stock and PharmaGenics Stock........................... 13
Management and Accounting Policies............................................................ 14
Certain Federal Income Tax Consequences....................................................... 14
Regulatory Matters............................................................................ 14
Genzyme Stockholder Appraisal Rights.......................................................... 15
PharmaGenics Stockholder Appraisal Rights..................................................... 15
No Market for GMO Stock and PharmaGenics Stock; Absence of Dividends.......................... 15
Amendment to Stockholder Rights Plan.......................................................... 15
Genzyme Stockholder Vote Required............................................................. 16
PharmaGenics Stockholder Vote Required........................................................ 16
Genzyme Corporation and Subsidiaries Selected Financial Data........................................... 18
GMO Selected Financial Data............................................................................ 19
GMO Summary Pro Forma Combined Financial Data.......................................................... 20
PharmaGenics, Inc. Selected Financial Data............................................................. 21
Comparative Per Share Financial Information............................................................ 22
RISK FACTORS.................................................................................................... 23
Risks Related to the Merger................................................................... 23
Risks Related to Genzyme Tracking Stock....................................................... 24
Risks Related to GMO.......................................................................... 26
Risks Related to Other Genzyme Divisions...................................................... 31
THE GENZYME SPECIAL MEETING..................................................................................... 33
THE PHARMAGENICS SPECIAL MEETING................................................................................ 34
THE MERGER PROPOSAL............................................................................................. 36
The Merger............................................................................................. 36
</TABLE>
(i)
<PAGE> 11
<TABLE>
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Background of the Merger...................................................................... 36
Genzyme's Reasons for the Merger.............................................................. 43
PharmaGenics's Reasons for the Merger......................................................... 45
Fairness Opinion.............................................................................. 48
Allocation of Merger Consideration and Certain Matters Relating to the PharmaGenics
Charter.............................................................................. 54
Reduction of Merger Consideration........................................................... 56
Treatment of Options and Warrants............................................................. 57
Interests of Certain Persons in the Merger.................................................... 58
Effective Time................................................................................ 59
Delayed Distribution of GMO Stock Certificates................................................ 59
Fractional Shares............................................................................. 60
Resales of GMO Stock.......................................................................... 61
Representations, Warranties and Covenants..................................................... 61
Conditions of Merger.......................................................................... 62
Termination; Termination Payment.............................................................. 63
Waiver and Amendment.......................................................................... 64
No Solicitation............................................................................... 64
Regulatory Matters............................................................................ 65
Expenses ..................................................................................... 65
Accounting Treatment.......................................................................... 65
Management of PharmaGenics's Business after Merger............................................ 65
Genzyme Stockholder Appraisal Rights.......................................................... 67
PharmaGenics Stockholder Appraisal Rights..................................................... 68
Certain Federal Income Tax Consequences of the Merger and Possible Distribution of
GMO Designated Shares................................................................ 70
Tax Consequences of the Merger................................................................ 70
Possible Distribution of GMO Designated Shares and Certain Tax Consequences of
Owning GMO Stock..................................................................... 71
Description of Genzyme and GMO......................................................................... 74
Description of PharmaGenics............................................................................ 74
Certain Transactions/Credit Facility................................................................... 74
Funding for GMO........................................................................................ 76
Restatement of Rights Agreement........................................................................ 76
THE GENZYME CHARTER PROPOSAL.................................................................................... 79
Reasons for the Genzyme Charter Proposal...................................................... 79
Redesignation of Existing Classes of Common Stock............................................. 79
Elimination of General Designated Shares...................................................... 80
Creation of the GMO Stock..................................................................... 80
Federal Income Tax Consequences of the Genzyme Charter Proposal............................... 80
Recommendation of the Genzyme Board........................................................... 80
THE GENZYME BENEFIT PLAN PROPOSALS.............................................................................. 81
PROPOSAL TO AMEND THE GENZYME 1990 EQUITY INCENTIVE PLAN........................................................ 82
General ..................................................................................... 82
Description of Amendment to Equity Plan....................................................... 83
Federal Income Tax Consequences Relating to Stock Options..................................... 83
PROPOSAL TO AMEND THE GENZYME 1988 DIRECTOR STOCK OPTION PLAN................................................... 85
General ..................................................................................... 85
Description of Amendment to Director Plan..................................................... 85
Federal Income Tax Consequences Relating to Director Plan..................................... 86
</TABLE>
(ii)
<PAGE> 12
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
<S> <C>
PROPOSAL TO AMEND THE GENZYME 1990 EMPLOYEE STOCK PURCHASE PLAN................................................. 87
General ..................................................................................... 87
Description of Amendment to the Purchase Plan................................................. 87
Federal Income Tax Consequences Relating to Purchase Plan..................................... 88
PROPOSAL TO AMEND THE GENZYME CORPORATION
DIRECTORS' DEFERRED COMPENSATION PLAN........................................................................... 89
General ..................................................................................... 89
Description of Amendment to Deferred Compensation Plan........................................ 89
MANAGEMENT AND ACCOUNTING POLICIES GOVERNING THE
RELATIONSHIP OF GENZYME DIVISIONS............................................................................... 91
Purpose of GTR and GMO........................................................................ 91
Revenue Allocation............................................................................ 91
Expense Allocation............................................................................ 91
Tax Allocations............................................................................... 91
Acquisitions of Programs, Products or Assets.................................................. 92
Disposition of Programs, Products or Assets................................................... 92
Interdivision Asset Transfers................................................................. 92
Other Interdivision Transactions.............................................................. 93
Access to Technology and Know-How............................................................. 94
Disposition of GTR Designated Shares and GMO Designated Shares................................ 94
Issuance and Sale of Additional Shares of Common Stock........................................ 95
Open Market Purchases of Shares of Common Stock............................................... 95
Class Voting.................................................................................. 95
Non-Compete................................................................................... 96
DESCRIPTION OF GENZYME CAPITAL STOCK............................................................................ 97
General ..................................................................................... 97
Dividends..................................................................................... 97
Exchange of GMO Stock and GTR Stock........................................................... 98
Voting Rights................................................................................. 99
Liquidation Rights............................................................................ 100
GMO Designated Shares and GTR Designated Shares............................................... 100
Determinations by the Board................................................................... 102
Transfer Agent and Registrar.................................................................. 102
GENZYME SHARE OWNERSHIP......................................................................................... 103
PHARMAGENICS SHARE OWNERSHIP.................................................................................... 106
COMPENSATION OF GENZYME'S EXECUTIVE OFFICERS.................................................................... 108
Summary Compensation Table............................................................................. 108
Option Grants in Last Fiscal Year...................................................................... 109
Aggregated Option Exercises in Last Fiscal Year and Fiscal Year-End Option Values...................... 110
Executive Employment Agreements............................................................... 110
Executive Severance Agreements................................................................ 111
Compensation from Third Parties............................................................... 111
Director Compensation......................................................................... 111
Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation............................................ 112
Related Party Arrangements............................................................................. 112
Neozyme II.................................................................................... 112
GTC ..................................................................................... 112
Dyax ..................................................................................... 113
</TABLE>
(iii)
<PAGE> 13
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
<S> <C>
COMPARISON OF RIGHTS OF HOLDERS OF GMO STOCK AND PHARMAGENICS STOCK............................................. 113
Preferred Stock............................................................................... 114
Dividend Rights............................................................................... 114
Exchange of GMO Stock......................................................................... 114
Voting Rights................................................................................. 114
Liquidation Rights............................................................................ 115
Meetings of Stockholders...................................................................... 115
Inspection Rights............................................................................. 115
Action by Consent of Stockholders............................................................. 115
Cumulative Voting............................................................................. 116
Dividends and Repurchases of Stock............................................................ 116
Classification of the Board of Directors...................................................... 116
Removal of Directors.......................................................................... 116
Vacancies on the Board of Directors........................................................... 117
Exculpation of Directors...................................................................... 117
Indemnification of Directors, Officers and Others............................................. 117
Interested Director Transactions.............................................................. 117
Sale, Lease or Exchange of Assets and Mergers................................................. 117
Amendments to Charter......................................................................... 118
Appraisal Rights.............................................................................. 118
"Anti-Takeover" Provisions.................................................................... 119
LEGAL OPINIONS.................................................................................................. 120
EXPERTS ....................................................................................................... 120
FINANCIAL ADVISORS.............................................................................................. 120
DEADLINE FOR STOCKHOLDER PROPOSALS.............................................................................. 121
INFORMATION CONCERNING AUDITORS................................................................................. 121
EXPENSES OF SOLICITATION........................................................................................ 121
OTHER MATTERS................................................................................................... 121
AVAILABLE INFORMATION........................................................................................... 122
INCORPORATION OF CERTAIN DOCUMENTS BY REFERENCE................................................................. 122
</TABLE>
ANNEXES
Annex I Agreement and Plan of Merger
Annex II GMO
Description of Business
Financial Statements
Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial
Condition and Results of Operations
Pro Forma Financial Statements
Annex III Amended and Restated Articles of Organization of Genzyme
Annex IV Opinion of PaineWebber Incorporated
Annex V Provisions of the Delaware General Corporation Law Relating
to Rights of Dissenting Stockholders
(iv)
<PAGE> 14
PROSPECTUS/PROXY STATEMENT SUMMARY
The following is a summary of certain information contained elsewhere
in this Prospectus/Proxy Statement (this "Prospectus/Proxy Statement"). Because
it is a summary, it does not contain all the information that may be important
to you. You should read the entire Prospectus/Proxy Statement and its annexes
carefully before you decide to vote. As used herein, "Genzyme" means Genzyme
Corporation and its consolidated subsidiaries and "PharmaGenics" means
PharmaGenics, Inc. Unless otherwise defined herein, capitalized terms used in
this summary have the meanings given to them elsewhere in this Prospectus/Proxy
Statement. In addition, pursuant to the Genzyme Charter Proposal described
herein, Genzyme stockholders are being asked to approve the redesignation of
Genzyme's outstanding classes of common stock as series of a single class of
common stock. The redesignation will not affect the relative rights and powers
of Genzyme's currently outstanding classes of common stock. This
Prospectus/Proxy Statement refers to "series" of Genzyme common stock assuming
that the Genzyme Charter Proposal will be approved. If such proposal is not
approved, the GGD Stock and the GTR Stock will remain outstanding as classes of
common stock and, if the Merger Proposal is approved, the GMO Stock will be
issued as a new class of common stock. If that happens, references herein to
"series" of Genzyme common stock should be read as references to "classes" of
Genzyme common stock.
Stockholders of PharmaGenics should note the following important facts
relating to the Merger Proposal described herein:
- Common stockholders of PharmaGenics will not receive any payment for
their shares as a result of the Merger.
- Delivery of the GMO Stock certificates to the holders of
PharmaGenics preferred stock may be delayed for up to three years following the
Merger.
- The number of shares of GMO Stock to be delivered in the Merger may
be reduced as a result of certain fees and expenses incurred by PharmaGenics
and any payments made and expenses incurred by Genzyme as a result of
PharmaGenics common stockholders who exercise appraisal rights or PharmaGenics
stockholders who challenge the Merger.
THE PARTIES
GENZYME
Genzyme is a diversified, integrated human health care company
operating in six major business areas. Genzyme's business activities in the
areas of therapeutics, surgical products, diagnostic services, diagnostic
products and pharmaceuticals are organized as the Genzyme General Division
("Genzyme General"). Genzyme's activities to develop, produce and market
technologically advanced products and services for the treatment of cartilage
damage, severe burns, chronic skin ulcers and neurodegenerative diseases are
conducted through Genzyme Tissue Repair ("GTR").
Genzyme currently has two classes of common stock outstanding, Genzyme
General Division Common Stock ("GGD Stock") and Genzyme Tissue Repair Division
Common Stock ("GTR Stock"), which are intended to reflect the value and track
the performance of Genzyme General and GTR, respectively. Holders of both
classes of common stock are stockholders of Genzyme, which owns all of the
assets and is responsible for all liabilities allocated to each of the
divisions.
Genzyme's principal executive offices are located at One Kendall
Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139. Its telephone number is (617) 252-7500.
PHARMAGENICS
PharmaGenics is an integrated drug discovery company engaged in the
research and development of therapeutics for the treatment of cancer as well as
other human diseases. The research programs of PharmaGenics in cancer center
upon certain key genes, called "tumor suppressor genes," which PharmaGenics
targets in search of desirable therapeutics against cancer and other diseases.
PharmaGenics's principal executive offices are located at Four Pearl
Court, Allendale, New Jersey 07401. Its telephone number is (201) 818-1000.
<PAGE> 15
CORPORATE ACTIONS
GENZYME SPECIAL MEETING
This Prospectus/Proxy Statement and enclosed proxy are being furnished
in connection with the solicitation by the Board of Directors of Genzyme (the
"Genzyme Board") of proxies for use at the Genzyme special meeting of
stockholders to be held on June 12, 1997, at 11:00 a.m., Eastern Time (the
"Genzyme Special Meeting"), at Genzyme's offices, One Kendall Square,
Cambridge, Massachusetts. Only holders of record of GGD Stock and GTR Stock as
of the close of business on April 18, 1997 (the "Genzyme Record Date") are
entitled to notice of and to vote at the Genzyme Special Meeting. The Genzyme
Special Meeting will be held to consider the Merger Proposal, the Genzyme
Charter Proposal and each of the Genzyme Benefit Plan Proposals described
herein.
PHARMAGENICS SPECIAL MEETING
This Prospectus/Proxy Statement and enclosed proxy are also being
furnished in connection with the solicitation by the Board of Directors of
PharmaGenics (the "PharmaGenics Board") of proxies for use at the PharmaGenics
special meeting of stockholders to be held on June 12, 1997, at 11:30 a.m.,
Eastern Time (the "PharmaGenics Special Meeting"), at PharmaGenics's offices,
Four Pearl Court, Allendale, New Jersey. Only holders of record of PharmaGenics
common or preferred stock (together, the "PharmaGenics Stock") as of the close
of business on April 25, 1997 (the "PharmaGenics Record Date") are entitled to
notice of and to vote at the PharmaGenics Special Meeting. The PharmaGenics
Special Meeting will be held to consider the Merger Proposal described herein.
THE MERGER PROPOSAL
The stockholders of PharmaGenics are being asked to approve the
Agreement and Plan of Merger dated as of January 31, 1997 between Genzyme and
PharmaGenics (the "Merger Agreement"), which provides for the acquisition of
PharmaGenics by Genzyme through a merger in which Genzyme will be the surviving
corporation (the "Merger"). The price to be paid by Genzyme for acquiring
PharmaGenics (the "Merger Consideration") consists of 4,000,000 shares of a new
series of Genzyme common stock to be called Genzyme Molecular Oncology Division
Common Stock ("GMO Stock"). Such number of shares is subject to reduction by the
amount of certain fees and expenses incurred in connection with the Merger and
by the amount of payments made and expenses incurred by Genzyme on account of
common stockholders of PharmaGenics who assert appraisal rights or who challenge
the Merger.
The PharmaGenics Board has determined that the value of the Merger
Consideration, approximately $28,000,000, is less than the aggregate merger
preferences of the holders of PharmaGenics preferred stock and, accordingly, the
Merger Agreement provides that all of the Merger Consideration will be allocated
to the holders of PharmaGenics preferred stock and that the holders of
PharmaGenics common stock will not receive any payment for their shares.
Additionally, in connection with the Merger, all options and certain warrants to
purchase PharmaGenics common stock will be terminated. See "The Merger Proposal
- - The Merger Allocation of the Merger Consideration and Certain Matters Relating
to the PharmaGenics Charter."
The stockholders of Genzyme are also being asked to approve the Merger
Agreement. If the Genzyme stockholders also approve the Genzyme Charter Proposal
(described below) and the Merger is completed, the Genzyme Board will designate
the GMO Stock as a new series of authorized common stock of Genzyme. If the
Genzyme stockholders do not approve the Genzyme Charter Proposal, but approve
the Merger Proposal and the Merger is completed, the Merger Agreement authorizes
an amendment to Genzyme's articles of organization (the "Genzyme Charter") that
would create the GMO Stock as a new class of authorized common stock of Genzyme.
In either event, the GMO Stock will have the same rights and privileges, which
are described elsewhere in this Prospectus/Proxy Statement. See "Description of
Genzyme Capital Stock."
The GMO Stock is intended to reflect the value and track the
performance of Genzyme Molecular Oncology ("GMO"), a new division to be
established within Genzyme. GMO will be created by combining the
2
<PAGE> 16
business of PharmaGenics with several existing Genzyme programs in the area of
molecular oncology and Genzyme's rights under agreements with third parties
relating to gene therapies for the treatment of cancer. All of the programs and
rights of Genzyme to be allocated to GMO are currently allocated to Genzyme
General. Through GMO, Genzyme seeks to create a focused, integrated oncology
business that will develop and commercialize novel diagnostics and therapeutics
based on molecular tools and genomics information. GMO will, on its own and in
combination with partners and with Genzyme General, develop, manufacture and
market technologically advanced products and services for the diagnosis,
treatment and prevention of cancer.
Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, the preferred stockholders of
PharmaGenics will receive, in the aggregate, 4,000,000 shares of GMO Stock
(subject to reduction as described below), representing the initial equity
interest in GMO, and all outstanding shares of common stock of PharmaGenics will
be cancelled without receiving any payment or other consideration. Each share of
GMO Stock will have, through December 31, 1998, .25 vote, compared to .33 vote
and one vote for each share of GTR Stock and GGD Stock, respectively. Holders of
GGD Stock, GTR Stock and GMO Stock will have, immediately following completion
of the Merger, approximately 93.4%, 5.4% and 1.2%, respectively, of the total
voting power of Genzyme. See "Description of Genzyme Capital Stock - Voting
Rights." As compensation to Genzyme General for the assets it will contribute to
GMO, 6,000,000 shares of GMO Stock, representing the right to an equity interest
in GMO, will be reserved for issuance for the benefit of Genzyme General or its
stockholders. Such reserved shares are referred to herein as the initial GMO
Designated Shares. The Genzyme Board may issue the initial GMO Designated Shares
as a stock dividend to the holders of GGD Stock or it may sell such shares in a
public or private sale and allocate all of the proceeds to Genzyme General.
Genzyme's management and accounting policies require Genzyme to distribute GMO
Designated Shares to holders of GGD Stock no later than November 30, 1998 or 360
days following completion of an initial public offering of GMO Stock, although
Genzyme may elect to distribute these shares at any time. See "Management and
Accounting Policies Governing the Relationship of Genzyme Divisions."
THE GENZYME CHARTER PROPOSAL
The stockholders of Genzyme are being asked to approve an amendment and
restatement of the Genzyme Charter that would (i) authorize 150,000,000 shares
of undesignated common stock (before designation of the GMO Stock) that could be
issued by the Genzyme Board from time to time in one or more series and (ii)
redesignate Genzyme's two existing classes of common stock as series of a single
class of common stock. If the Genzyme Charter Proposal is approved by the
stockholders, the Genzyme Board would be able to issue the undesignated common
stock as one or more new series of common stock without further stockholder
approval. The Genzyme Board would be authorized to determine the number of
shares of each new series and all rights and privileges of each new series,
including dividend rights, exchange or redemption provisions, rights upon
liquidation or merger, and voting rights, provided that the holders of any
series of common stock will not be entitled to more than one vote per share at
the time of initial issuance of shares of such series. Under the existing
Genzyme Charter, the issuance of a new class or series of common stock, such as
the GMO Stock, would require stockholder approval. Thus, the Merger Agreement
provides for an amendment to the existing Genzyme Charter that would authorize
the issuance of GMO Stock as an additional class of Genzyme common stock in the
event that the Genzyme Charter Proposal is not approved by Genzyme stockholders.
The issuance of additional series of common stock could have the effect
of discouraging potential takeover attempts and thus deprive stockholders of an
opportunity to realize a premium for their shares. The Genzyme Board has no
intention of issuing additional series of common stock for such purpose.
However, the existing Genzyme Charter and by-laws and certain agreements of
Genzyme contain other provisions that could discourage an attempted takeover of
Genzyme and prevent stockholders from changing Genzyme's management. See
"Comparison of Rights of Holders of GMO Stock and PharmaGenics Stock -
"Anti-Takeover" Provisions Contractual Measures."
Although under Massachusetts law both the Genzyme Charter Proposal and
the Merger Proposal require the approval of the Genzyme stockholders, the
Genzyme Charter Proposal is being submitted to
3
<PAGE> 17
stockholders for approval independently of the Merger Proposal and is not
conditioned upon approval of the Merger Proposal. If it is approved, each
outstanding share of GGD Stock and GTR Stock will be redesignated as one share
of a new series of Genzyme common stock having substantially the same features
as the currently outstanding shares of GGD Stock and GTR Stock, respectively.
The reason for the redesignation is to simplify Genzyme's capital structure by
having one class of common stock with several series rather than a capital
structure consisting of multiple classes and series of common stock. Absent the
redesignation as part of the Genzyme Charter Proposal, Genzyme's authorized
common stock would consist of the existing two classes of GGD Stock and GTR
Stock and a third class of common stock that could be issued in one or more new
series, such as the GMO Stock. A consistent classification of all of Genzyme's
common stock as series of a single class will also avoid any unintended legal
distinctions that may exist between classes and series of common stock under the
Massachusetts Business Corporation Law (the "MBCL"). Such redesignation will
result in a technical change in the classification of such shares under the
MBCL, but will not affect the rights and privileges of such shares in any
material respect.
Stockholder approval of the Genzyme Charter Proposal is not a condition
to completion of the Merger. If the Genzyme Charter Proposal and the Merger
Proposal are approved and the Merger is completed, however, 40,000,000 shares of
common stock will be designated as GMO Stock, leaving 110,000,000 shares
available for future designation by the Genzyme Board. The Genzyme Board has no
current plans for designation of additional series of common stock.
GENZYME BENEFIT PLAN PROPOSALS
At the Genzyme Special Meeting, stockholders will also be asked to
approve amendments to Genzyme's existing benefit plans that would allow for the
issuance of shares of GMO Stock under such plans, in addition to the GGD Stock
and GTR Stock already included in such plans. The Genzyme Benefit Plan Proposals
will not be implemented unless the Merger Agreement is approved by Genzyme
stockholders and the Merger is completed. See "Proposal to Amend the Genzyme
1990 Equity Incentive Plan," "Proposal to Amend the Genzyme 1988 Director Stock
Option Plan," "Proposal to Amend the Genzyme 1990 Employee Stock Purchase Plan"
and "Proposal to Amend the Genzyme Corporation Directors' Deferred Compensation
Plan."
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION RELATING TO THE MERGER
BUSINESS OF GMO
The purpose of GMO is to develop and commercialize novel therapeutics
and diagnostics for cancer based on molecular tools and genomics information.
GMO's products and services will initially include a genomics service business
based on Serial Analysis of Gene Expression ("SAGE"), a differential gene
expression technology, two gene therapy programs currently in Phase I clinical
trials for melanoma, additional gene therapy programs based on immunotherapy,
cytotoxic (suicide) genes and tumor suppressor genes, and a drug discovery
program to identify small molecules that interact with five different
cancer-related targets.
GMO will have strong capabilities in four major technology areas
related to the development of therapeutics and diagnostics for cancer:
Genomics. SAGE, a proprietary genomics tool, will enable the rapid
identification of genes that are differentially expressed in tumors as
opposed to normal tissues.
Gene Therapy. A broad portfolio of clinically tested viral and
non-viral vectors and an established development infrastructure will be
available to GMO for oncology applications as a result of Genzyme's
work in cystic fibrosis gene therapy and in gene delivery technology.
4
<PAGE> 18
Small Molecule Drug Discovery. Robotically driven combinatorial
chemistry, high throughput screens for drug development and a diverse,
750,000 compound library are expected to facilitate rapid
identification of lead compounds against cancer-related targets.
Diagnostics. Joint development and marketing with Genzyme Genetics, a
market leader in genetic testing, will provide GMO access to
proprietary technologies for accurate, cost effective molecular tests,
a federally certified clinical laboratory for the development of new
diagnostic services and an established service laboratory network for
their commercialization.
GMO will operate as a division of Genzyme with its own dedicated
personnel and financial resources. It will have access to Genzyme's extensive
research and development capabilities, manufacturing facilities, worldwide
clinical development and regulatory affairs staff and marketing infrastructure.
The GMO Stock is intended to reflect the value and track the performance of this
business. See Annex II - "Description of GMO-Business."
RISK FACTORS
As a result of the Merger, holders of PharmaGenics preferred stock will
receive, in exchange for their shares of PharmaGenics preferred stock, shares of
GMO Stock. PharmaGenics stockholders should carefully consider the risks
involved in an investment in Genzyme generally, risks related to GMO in
particular, and the risks related to an investment in a company with "tracking"
stock. See "Risk Factors."
ALLOCATION OF MERGER CONSIDERATION AND CERTAIN MATTERS RELATING TO THE
PHARMAGENICS CHARTER
The Merger Consideration consists of 4,000,000 shares of GMO Stock,
subject to reduction as described below under "Reduction of Merger
Consideration." PharmaGenics and Genzyme have agreed that the value of each
share of GMO Stock to be issued in the Merger is $7.00 (the "GMO Per Share
Value"). Assuming the issuance of 4,000,000 shares of GMO Stock in the Merger
(prior to deduction for certain fees and expenses payable by PharmaGenics), the
total value of the Merger Consideration is $28.0 million. Pursuant to the
certificate of incorporation, as amended (including the Certificate of
Designation of the Series C Convertible Preferred Stock), of PharmaGenics (the
"PharmaGenics Charter"), the stated merger preferences of all outstanding shares
of PharmaGenics preferred stock as of the completion of the Merger will be
approximately $31.8 million in the aggregate, consisting of approximately $4.7
million, $17.0 million and $10.1 million for the Series A Convertible Preferred
Stock ("Series A Stock"), Series B Convertible Preferred Stock ("Series B
Stock") and Series C Convertible Preferred Stock ("Series C Stock") of
PharmaGenics, respectively. Accordingly, the Merger Agreement provides that all
of the Merger Consideration will be allocated pro rata to the holders of the
Series A, B and C Stock based on their respective merger preferences and that
the holders of PharmaGenics common stock will not receive any payment for their
shares.
As a result of certain ambiguities in the PharmaGenics Charter, it may
be argued that both common and preferred stockholders of PharmaGenics may
be entitled to payment in a merger transaction on terms different from those set
forth in the Merger Agreement. In agreeing to the Merger Consideration and its
allocation to the holders of PharmaGenics preferred stock on a pro rata basis,
the PharmaGenics Board has attempted in good faith to resolve these ambiguities
in the PharmaGenics Charter between the rights of the holders of the different
classes and series of PharmaGenics Stock. The PharmaGenics Board has concluded
that the shares of each series of PharmaGenics preferred stock are properly
treated as having been validly issued on a parity basis with each other,
although substantial arguments exist from which one could reach an opposite
conclusion. Considering all of the potential arguments that it has been advised
could be made on behalf of different groups of PharmaGenics stockholders and its
conclusions as to the merits of these arguments, and recognizing that the
aggregate merger preferences of the PharmaGenics preferred stock is greater than
the agreed value of the Merger Consideration, thus resulting in no consideration
being paid to the holders of PharmaGenics common stock in the Merger, the
PharmaGenics Board believes that the Merger Consideration and the allocation
specified in the Merger Agreement are, overall, fair and reasonable.
5
<PAGE> 19
As more fully discussed below, the PharmaGenics Board reached this
conclusion, notwithstanding that the holders of PharmaGenics common stock will
receive no consideration in the Merger, based primarily on the size of the
aggregate merger preferences of the PharmaGenics preferred stock, which are
provided by the PharmaGenics Charter and represent a contract among all
PharmaGenics stockholders; the lack of any other transaction that would
imminently generate value in excess of such merger preferences; the absence of
other viable strategic alternatives after diligent exploration of such
alternatives; and the precarious financial condition of PharmaGenics, which
raised significant doubt as to its ability to accomplish its business objectives
as an independent company, provide greater value to any of its stockholders than
would be provided by the Merger Consideration or continue as a going concern.
See "The Merger Proposal - The Merger - Allocation of Merger Consideration and
Certain Matters Relating to the PharmaGenics Charter." To address the risk to
Genzyme that claims arising out of the ambiguities in the PharmaGenics Charter
could be made successfully, the Merger Agreement includes a condition to
Genzyme's obligation to complete the Merger (which condition may be waived by
Genzyme) that no holder of PharmaGenics stock has commenced or threatened to
commence any suit or proceeding against either PharmaGenics or Genzyme
challenging or seeking to enjoin the Merger or seeking damages in connection
with PharmaGenics entering into the Merger Agreement.
The Merger Agreement provides that the Merger Consideration will be
allocated among the holders of PharmaGenics preferred stock (other than holders
of PharmaGenics preferred stock who have validly exercised dissenters' rights
with respect to such shares) by allocating to each such holder that number of
shares of GMO Stock determined by multiplying the number of shares of each
series of PharmaGenics preferred stock held by such holder by the following
conversion factors:
(i) in the case of Series A Stock, 0.000000058451 multiplied
by the number of shares of GMO Stock comprising the Merger Consideration;
(ii) in the case of Series B Stock, 0.000000235690 multiplied
by the number of shares of GMO Stock comprising the Merger Consideration; and
(iii) in the case of Series C Stock, 0.000000067564 multiplied
by the number of shares of GMO Stock comprising the Merger Consideration.
Although the conversion factors set forth above have already been
established, PharmaGenics stockholders will not know at the time of the
PharmaGenics Special Meeting the exact number of shares they will receive in
the Merger because the total number of shares to be delivered by Genzyme is
subject to reduction as described below.
REDUCTION OF MERGER CONSIDERATION
The Merger Consideration will be reduced (i) by the number of GMO
shares having a value equal to the fee payable by PharmaGenics to PaineWebber
Incorporated ("PaineWebber") in connection with the Merger and (ii) by the
number of GMO shares having a value equal to the amount by which the aggregate
fees (investment banking, legal, accounting and other) payable by PharmaGenics
in connection with the Merger exceed $1,000,000. The agreed upon value of the
GMO Stock is $7.00 per share.
If any holder of PharmaGenics common stock has properly exercised
appraisal rights under Delaware law with respect to shares of PharmaGenics
common stock ("Dissenting Common Shares"), Genzyme has the right to offset any
payment made, or reasonably expected to be made, by it to such holder, against
the shares of GMO Stock to be delivered as the Merger Consideration. In
addition, if at any time prior to the delivery of GMO Stock certificates to
holders of PharmaGenics preferred stock, any holder of PharmaGenics Stock has
commenced or threatened (in writing) to commence any action, suit or legal,
administrative or arbitration proceeding against either PharmaGenics or Genzyme,
challenging the Merger or seeking damages or injunctive relief in connection
with PharmaGenics's entering into the Merger Agreement (a "Challenging
Stockholder"), Genzyme will have the right to offset any cash payment and the
value of any non-cash payment made, or reasonably expected to be made, by it to
such Challenging Stockholder (and any reasonably anticipated additional
Challenging Stockholders) in respect thereof and any expenses (including legal
expenses) incurred or reasonably expected to be incurred in connection
therewith, against the shares of GMO Stock to be delivered as the Merger
Consideration. In addition, Genzyme will have the ability to settle any
appraisal proceedings or other legal proceedings brought by PharmaGenics
stockholders and deduct the amounts paid and expenses incurred from the Merger
Consideration.
6
<PAGE> 20
The foregoing provisions of the Merger Agreement relating to Genzyme's
right to offset against the Merger Consideration any payments made or reasonably
expected to be made by it to holders of Dissenting Common Shares and to
Challenging Stockholders were included in the Merger Agreement because of
ambiguities in the PharmaGenics Charter as to the rights of holders of the
various classes and series of PharmaGenics Stock in the event of a merger or
other extraordinary transaction involving PharmaGenics. Because of these
ambiguities, it may be argued that the holders of PharmaGenics Stock may be
entitled to payment in a merger transaction on terms different than those set
forth in the Merger Agreement. See "Allocation of Merger Consideration and
Certain Matters Relating to the PharmaGenics Charter" above and "The Merger
Proposal - The Merger - Allocation of Merger Consideration and Certain Matters
Relating to the PharmaGenics Charter."
Since the fee payable by PharmaGenics to PaineWebber in connection with
the Merger is fixed at $500,000, and assuming that (i) PharmaGenics's total fees
and expenses in connection with the Merger do not exceed $1,000,000, (ii) no
holders of PharmaGenics common stock exercise appraisal rights and (iii) there
are no Challenging Stockholders, the Merger Consideration will consist of
3,928,572 shares of GMO Stock and each share of PharmaGenics preferred stock
will convert in the Merger into approximately the number of shares of GMO Stock
set forth below:
One share of Series A Stock: 0.230 GMO shares
One share of Series B Stock: 0.926 GMO shares
One share of Series C Stock: 0.265 GMO shares
Based on commitments from certain of its service providers and other information
available to it, PharmaGenics believes that its estimates of the amount of fees
and expenses are reasonable. Nevertheless, since there is no limit to the amount
that Genzyme may offset against the shares of GMO Stock to be delivered as the
Merger Consideration, the estimated conversion ratios set forth above could be
significantly reduced as a result of appraisal rights exercised by PharmaGenics
common stockholders or lawsuits filed by PharmaGenics stockholders challenging
the Merger. There is no minimum number of shares of GMO Stock that is required
to be delivered to PharmaGenics stockholders as the Merger Consideration and,
accordingly, depending upon the resolution of such lawsuits or appraisal
claims, the amount of Merger Consideration allocated to any particular class or
series of PharmaGenics stockholders under the terms of the Merger Agreement may
be substantially reduced or possibly eliminated altogether.
The number of shares to be delivered by Genzyme as the Merger
Consideration and the allocation among PharmaGenics preferred stockholders will
be calculated as of the effective time of the Merger based upon PharmaGenics's
actual fees and expenses as of that date and any other payments made and
expenses incurred by Genzyme as of that date on account of dissenting or
challenging stockholders. The former PharmaGenics preferred stockholders will be
stockholders of Genzyme as of the effective time of the Merger and will have the
right to vote the shares of GMO Stock allocated to them under the Merger
Agreement, but they will not receive any certificates representing such shares
at that time. The actual number of shares of GMO Stock to be delivered as the
Merger Consideration will be determined immediately prior to the distribution of
the GMO Stock certificates, which will occur on the earlier of (i) 180 days
after the GMO IPO, (ii) three years from the effective time of the Merger and
(iii) Genzyme's distribution or sale of GMO Designated Shares to the public. See
"The Merger Proposal - The Merger - Delayed Distribution of GMO Stock
Certificates." However, if claims by dissenting or challenging stockholders are
still pending as of the date Genzyme is required to release the GMO Stock
certificates to the former PharmaGenics preferred stockholders, Genzyme has the
right to withhold shares from distribution based upon its reasonable estimate of
the amount to be paid by it as a result of such claims. If the amount ultimately
paid by Genzyme is less than the value of the shares withheld (assuming a $7.00
value), certificates representing the excess shares withheld will be distributed
to PharmaGenics preferred stockholders in accordance with any judicial
determination of the proper allocation or otherwise in accordance with the
Merger Agreement.
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DELAYED DISTRIBUTION OF GMO STOCK CERTIFICATES
Genzyme has selected American Stock Transfer & Trust Company (the
"Exchange Agent") to effect the exchange of PharmaGenics Stock certificates for
GMO Stock certificates and payment of cash in lieu of fractional shares. The
Merger Agreement provides that all certificates for GMO Stock issued in exchange
for PharmaGenics preferred stock will be held by the Exchange Agent, and no
delivery of such certificates to the former holders of PharmaGenics preferred
stock, or transfers thereof on the books of Genzyme may be made, until the
earlier of:
(i) in the case of certificates to be issued to executive
officers and directors of PharmaGenics, the beneficial owners of five percent or
more of PharmaGenics common stock (on an as converted basis) and each of
HealthCare Ventures II, L.P. ("HCV II"), HealthCare Ventures III, L.P. ("HCV
III"), HealthCare Ventures IV, L.P. ("HCV IV"), Hudson Trust, Everest Trust,
PaineWebber R&D Partners III, L.P. (the "R&D Partnership") and their respective
affiliates: (a) 270 days after the effectiveness of a registration statement for
an initial public offering of GMO Stock (the "GMO IPO"), (b) three years
following the closing date of the Merger or (c) the distribution or sale of GMO
Designated Shares by Genzyme to the public, provided, however, that in the case
of clauses (a) or (b), if Genzyme, as of such date, has filed a registration
statement for a public offering of GMO Stock (other than the GMO IPO), such date
shall be extended until 90 days after the effective date of such registration
statement; and
(ii) in the case of certificates to be issued to all other
holders of PharmaGenics preferred stock: (a) 180 days after the effectiveness of
a registration statement for the GMO IPO, (b) three years following the closing
date of the Merger or (c) the distribution or sale of GMO Designated Shares by
Genzyme to the public; provided, however, in the case of clauses (a) or (b), if
Genzyme, as of such date, has filed a registration statement for a public
offering of GMO Stock (other than the GMO IPO), such date shall be extended
until 90 days after the effective date of such registration statement.
The delivery of certificates of GMO Stock is being delayed in order to
facilitate the development of an orderly market for the GMO Stock. Genzyme has
filed a registration statement relating to the GMO IPO and expects to commence
the GMO IPO as soon as practicable following the completion of the Merger and
the effectiveness of the Registration Statement. There can be no assurance,
however, that Genzyme will complete the GMO IPO at such time, if at all.
Holders of PharmaGenics preferred stock should not send any stock
certificates with the enclosed proxy card. Instead, such certificates and
securities should be surrendered in accordance with instructions that will be
contained in a letter of transmittal that will be mailed to holders of
PharmaGenics preferred stock after the effective time of the Merger. See "The
Merger Proposal - The Merger - Delayed Distribution of GMO Stock Certificates."
INTERESTS OF CERTAIN PERSONS IN THE MERGER
In considering the recommendation of the PharmaGenics Board with
respect to the Merger and the transactions contemplated thereby, stockholders of
PharmaGenics should be aware that certain members of the PharmaGenics Board have
certain interests in the Merger that are in addition to the interests of
PharmaGenics stockholders generally.
Pursuant to an employment agreement between PharmaGenics and Michael I.
Sherman, President and Chief Executive Officer, in the event that prior to March
31, 1997, PharmaGenics undergoes a change in control or receives additional
financing of $3,000,000 in the aggregate, Dr. Sherman's annual base salary will
be increased from $242,650 to $260,000, retroactive to July 1, 1996. The Credit
Facility satisfies this requirement. If Dr. Sherman's employment is terminated
following the Merger, other than for cause, he will be entitled to salary
continuation for a period of twelve months (or approximately $260,000).
Genzyme has executed a letter of intent with Dr. Sherman in which the
parties reached agreement in principle on terms of a separation agreement to be
entered into among Genzyme, PharmaGenics and Dr. Sherman and a consulting
agreement to be entered into between Genzyme and Dr. Sherman. The separation
agreement will be executed prior to the closing date of the Merger and will
provide that Genzyme will make salary continuation payments to Dr. Sherman in
the amount of $260,000, payable over the one year period commencing on the
closing date of the Merger in the same increments as PharmaGenics currently pays
Dr. Sherman's base salary. The salary continuation payments to be made by
Genzyme will be in lieu of any amounts otherwise payable to Dr. Sherman under
his existing employment agreement with PharmaGenics. In addition, Genzyme will
consent to the payment of a $20,000 bonus provided for in Dr. Sherman's
employment contract, which may be awarded by the PharmaGenics Board in its
discretion at any time prior to the closing date of the Merger for services
rendered by Dr. Sherman during 1996.
The consulting agreement will provide that Genzyme will pay Dr. Sherman
a $100,000 retainer, payable in the amount of $16,000 upon the closing date of
the Merger and $14,000 per quarter in advance through December 31, 1998, and a
consulting fee of $1,200 per day, with a minimum commitment of 35 days during
the term of the consulting agreement. Unless earlier terminated by one of the
parties, the consulting agreement will have a term ending December 31, 1998. Dr.
Sherman will be available to provide consulting services to Genzyme for the
first ten days following the closing date of the Merger, a minimum of one day
per week during the next 60 days following the initial ten day period, and one
day per month thereafter. Genzyme will also pay Dr. Sherman a bonus of $20,000
for services rendered during 1997, payable no later than December 31, 1997. Dr.
Sherman will be eligible to receive a bonus of $50,000, payable in $25,000
installments on December 31, 1997 and December 31, 1998, subject to the
reasonable determination of Genzyme that Dr. Sherman has used all diligent and
consistent efforts to: (i) assist Genzyme in closing in-process SAGE service
agreements on terms acceptable to Genzyme and (ii) assist Genzyme in developing
and maintaining a positive relationship with The Johns Hopkins University. In
addition, Genzyme will grant Dr. Sherman options to purchase 25,000 shares of
GMO Stock, which options will be fully exercisable as of the closing date of the
Merger and will have an exercise price equal to the fair market value of the GMO
Stock on such date. The consulting agreement will also provide for certain
covenants of Dr. Sherman not to establish certain relationships competitive with
the business of GMO during the term of the agreement.
Pursuant to employment agreements between PharmaGenics and each of
Arthur H. Bertelsen, Ph.D., Senior Vice President, Research, Alan F. Cook, Vice
President, Chemistry, and A. Steven Franchak, Vice President and Chief Financial
Officer, each officer will be entitled to salary continuation payments equal to
three months of his current base salary in the event his employment is
terminated (other than for cause) or his position is adversely changed following
the Merger. The aggregate amount of salary continuation payments to which each
officer will be entitled under his employment agreement is as follows: Dr.
Bertelsen, $41,990; Dr. Cook, $39,165; and Mr. Franchak, $32,753. These payments
will be made biweekly during the 13 weeks following the Merger.
In order to provide continuity in the operations of PharmaGenics
pending completion of the Merger, Genzyme has also agreed to pay closing bonuses
to members of PharmaGenics's management in the following
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amounts: Dr. Bertelsen, $50,000; Dr. Cook, $30,000; and Mr. Franchak, $30,000.
Each bonus is contingent upon the officer remaining in his position through the
closing date of the Merger and, subject to this contingency, will be payable in
a lump sum on the closing date. In addition, in order to facilitate the
transition of operations after the Merger, Genzyme has agreed to pay Mr.
Franchak a retention bonus in the amount of $52,000 if he will remain in
PharmaGenics's offices and oversee the transition during the 15 days following
the Merger. This bonus will be payable in a lump sum at the end of the 15-day
period.
Dr. Papadopoulos, a member of the PharmaGenics Board, is a Managing
Director of PaineWebber. PaineWebber has from time to time acted as financial
advisor to PharmaGenics and is currently acting as financial advisor to
PharmaGenics in connection with the Merger. See "The Merger Proposal - The
Merger - Fairness Opinion."
In addition, each of the officers, directors and certain principal
stockholders of PharmaGenics have entered into stockholder agreements with
Genzyme agreeing to vote in favor of the Merger. See "The Merger Proposal - The
Merger - Interests of Certain Persons in the Merger," " - Background of the
Merger," " Fairness Opinion" and " - Representations, Warranties and Covenants."
GENZYME'S REASONS FOR THE MERGER
Genzyme's decision to acquire PharmaGenics is an integral part of its
strategic decision to establish an integrated, focused gene-based oncology
business. Genzyme believes that the combination of the business of PharmaGenics
with Genzyme's existing gene-based technology platforms, including its
comprehensive gene therapy program, its leading position in providing genetic
testing services, and its small molecule drug discovery and genomics programs
will give it the technology base, product and service portfolio and human
resources initially required to implement its strategy. Genzyme believes that
organizing this business as a separate division within Genzyme will provide the
management focus and dedicated resources necessary to maximize its chances for
successful development while maintaining access to Genzyme's core research
technology and its manufacturing, clinical, regulatory and administrative
infrastructure. In addition, Genzyme believes that the GMO Stock is a security
that can be used to raise the capital needed to develop and commercialize
products and services in the field of molecular oncology without diluting the
interests of holders of GGD Stock. See "The Merger Proposal - The Merger -
Genzyme's Reasons for the Merger."
PHARMAGENICS'S REASONS FOR THE MERGER
The PharmaGenics Board in the course of reaching its decision to
approve the Merger Agreement and the transactions contemplated thereby,
considered a number of factors, including, among others:
(i) the present business, assets, technology, financial
condition and prospects of PharmaGenics, both in the absence of the Merger and
if the Merger were to occur, and the enhanced ability of the Company to grow and
expand its business through consolidation with Genzyme's molecular oncology
business;
(ii) in light of the present financial condition of
PharmaGenics and the opinion of PharmaGenics's auditors, the PharmaGenics Board
believed that the continually worsening financial condition of PharmaGenics,
coupled with the absence of other likely sources of capital, did not represent
a significant likelihood of PharmaGenics remaining independent in the future;
(iii) Genzyme's willingness to supply PharmaGenics with the
Credit Facility (as defined below) and Genzyme's willingness to lend
PharmaGenics up to an additional $1,500,000 if the Merger Agreement is
terminated under certain circumstances and subject to certain limitations;
(iv) the desire to afford the stockholders of PharmaGenics
the opportunity to obtain the best possible value for their shares in light of
PharmaGenics's present financial condition and circumstances;
(v) the stockholder agreements entered into between
Genzyme and PharmaGenics's directors, officers, beneficial holders of 5% or
more of stock and other holders of PharmaGenics's stock requested by Genzyme,
which represent in excess of the number of votes PharmaGenics believes are
required to approve the Merger Agreement;
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(vi) the uncertainties and potential disadvantages of
alternatives to the Merger, including continuing to operate as an independent
company, attempting to raise additional capital, selling all or a portion of
PharmaGenics's assets, merging with a different strategic partner, as well as
the impact, short-term and long-term, of such alternatives on the value of
PharmaGenics;
(vii) the oral and written presentations of PaineWebber;
(viii) the potential growth prospects and market for GMO Stock
following an initial public offering of GMO Stock and/or the distribution of GMO
Designated Shares to Genzyme stockholders, which may, in the future, provide
increased liquidity for stockholders who desire or need to liquidate their
holdings, in contrast with the current absence of liquidity in the PharmaGenics
stock;
(ix) the views of PharmaGenics's management that Genzyme
represented an attractive strategic merger partner because of Genzyme's
familiarity with PharmaGenics's technology and the potential benefits of
combining such technology base with Genzyme's molecular oncology programs;
(x) the effect of the Merger on the employees of
PharmaGenics, including the existing employment contract between PharmaGenics
and Dr. Sherman, which provides for certain payments to him in the event he
leaves PharmaGenics following the Merger;
(xi) the terms and conditions of the Merger Agreement and the
stockholder agreements referred to above, including, in particular, the
"no-solicitation" provision of the Merger Agreement (specifically, the
PharmaGenics Board's "fiduciary out" if another offer is received which the
PharmaGenics Board has a fiduciary duty to accept) and the representations and
warranties of each of the parties in the Merger Agreement;
(xii) the conditions to completion of the Merger included in
the Merger Agreement;
(xiii) the lack of significant regulatory barriers to
completing the Merger;
(xiv) Genzyme's willingness to move quickly to complete the
transaction and the fact that Genzyme had recently successfully completed a
similar transaction; and
(xv) the potential tax consequences of the transaction to
PharmaGenics and its stockholders and the likelihood that the Merger will not be
a taxable transaction.
In evaluating these factors in favor of the Merger, the PharmaGenics
Board also considered the risks relating to the Merger, including those
associated with delayed delivery of GMO Stock certificates to the PharmaGenics
stockholders and differences in the rights of holders of PharmaGenics Stock and
GMO Stock, and concluded that despite such risks, even in the aggregate, the
Merger offered a better opportunity for the greatest number of PharmaGenics
stockholders to maximize the value of their investment than would be the case if
PharmaGenics attempted to continue as an independent company. For additional
information, see "The Merger Proposal - The Merger - PharmaGenics's Reasons for
the Merger."
FAIRNESS OPINION
PaineWebber has delivered to the PharmaGenics Board a written opinion
dated February 2, 1997 to the effect that, as of the date of such opinion and
subject to certain matters stated therein, the proposed consideration to be
received by the holders of PharmaGenics preferred stock in the Merger, taken as
a whole, is fair, from a financial point of view, to PharmaGenics. The full text
of the written opinion of PaineWebber, which sets forth the assumptions made,
matters considered and limitations on the review undertaken, is attached as
Annex IV to this Prospectus/Proxy Statement and should be read carefully in its
entirety. PaineWebber's opinion does not address the allocation of the Merger
Consideration among the stockholders of PharmaGenics and does not constitute a
recommendation to any PharmaGenics stockholder as to how such stockholder should
vote his or her shares on the Merger Proposal. PaineWebber will receive a fee
for its opinion. PaineWebber
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and certain of its affiliates have certain relationships and have engaged in
other transactions with PharmaGenics. See "The Merger Proposal - The Merger -
Fairness Opinion."
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CAPITALIZATION OF GENZYME AFTER MERGER
The following table sets forth the equity capitalization (in shares) of
Genzyme as of December 31, 1996 on an actual basis and pro forma assuming
adoption of the Genzyme Charter Proposal, the Merger Proposal and completion of
the Merger as of such date:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
ACTUAL PRO FORMA
----------- -----------
<S> <C> <C>
Common Stock:
General Division Common Stock
Authorized 200,000,000 200,000,000
Outstanding(1) 75,537,321 75,537,321
Tissue Repair Division Common Stock
Authorized 40,000,000 40,000,000
Outstanding(2) 13,246,080 13,246,080
TR Designated Shares 1,794,169 1,794,169
Molecular Oncology Division Common Stock
Authorized 0 40,000,000
Outstanding 0 3,928,572(3)
GMO Designated Shares 0 6,000,000(4)
Undesignated Common Stock
Authorized 0 110,000,000
Outstanding 0 0
Preferred Stock:
Authorized 10,000,000 10,000,000
Outstanding 0 0
Undesignated as to series 7,600,000 7,200,000
Designated as to series but unissued 2,400,000 2,800,000
</TABLE>
- -----------------------
(1) Does not include 14,235,314 shares of GGD Stock reserved for issuance
upon the exercise of outstanding stock options and employee stock
purchase plan rights and 70,638 shares of GGD Stock reserved for
issuance upon the exercise of outstanding warrants.
(2) Does not include 2,988,210 shares of GTR Stock reserved for issuance
upon the exercise of outstanding warrants, stock options and employee
stock purchase plan rights.
(3) Assumes that (i) the fee payable by PharmaGenics to PaineWebber in
connection with the Merger is $500,000, (ii) PharmaGenics's total fees
and expenses in connection with the Merger do not exceed $1,000,000,
(iii) no holders of PharmaGenics common stock exercise appraisal rights
and (iv) there are no Challenging Stockholders. Does not include
approximately 794,867 shares of GMO Stock to be reserved for issuance
upon the exercise of stock options to be granted as of the effective
time of the Merger, but includes approximately 9,563 shares of GMO
Stock reserved for issuance upon exercise of the Comdisco Warrant. See
"The Merger Proposal - The Merger Treatment of Options and Warrants."
(4) Does not include any additional GMO Designated Shares that may arise
upon the conversion of amounts borrowed by PharmaGenics under the
Credit Facility and amounts drawn by GMO under the Equity Line. See
"Funding for GMO."
FUNDING FOR GMO
The development of GMO's products will require substantial funds.
PharmaGenics is not expected to have significant cash balances on the closing
date of the Merger. Genzyme intends to raise funds for GMO through a public
offering of shares of GMO Stock as soon as market conditions permit. In this
regard, Genzyme has filed a registration statement relating to such an offering
with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "Commission") and expects to
commence the offering as soon as practicable after the
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<PAGE> 26
completion of the Merger and effectiveness of the registration statement. See
"Risk Factors - Need for Additional Funds" and "The Merger Proposal - The Merger
- - Funding for GMO."
The Genzyme Board has approved the allocation of up to $25 million in
cash from Genzyme General to GMO (the "Equity Line"). Amounts drawn under the
Equity Line prior to the GMO IPO will be exchanged automatically for GMO
Designated Shares upon the closing of the GMO IPO and amounts drawn after the
GMO IPO will be exchanged automatically for GMO Designated Shares upon the date
of each advance. The Equity Line will terminate upon the third anniversary of
the closing date of the Merger and, if the GMO IPO has not been completed by
such date, all amounts drawn under the Equity Line as of such date will be
repaid in cash or, at the option of the Genzyme Board, will be exchanged for GMO
Designated Shares. The amount available under the Equity Line will be reduced on
a dollar-for-dollar basis by the proceeds of any public or private sale by
Genzyme of shares of GMO Stock or securities convertible into shares of GMO
Stock or otherwise allocable to GMO, other than sales pursuant to Genzyme's
employee benefit and stock option plans.
COMPARISON OF RIGHTS OF HOLDERS OF GMO STOCK AND PHARMAGENICS STOCK
If the Merger is consummated, as of the effective time of the Merger,
the stockholders of PharmaGenics, whose rights are governed by Delaware law and
a certificate of incorporation and by-laws adopted thereunder, will become
stockholders of Genzyme, a corporation governed by Massachusetts law and
articles of organization and by-laws adopted thereunder. The following
discussion summarizes certain of the material differences between the rights of
holders of PharmaGenics Stock and holders of GMO Stock. For a more detailed
description of the differences between the rights of holders of PharmaGenics
Stock and holders of GMO Stock, see "Comparison of Rights of Holders of GMO
Stock and PharmaGenics Stock." The certificate of incorporation and by-laws of
PharmaGenics are referred to below as the "PharmaGenics Charter" and the
"PharmaGenics By-Laws," respectively, and the articles of organization and
by-laws of Genzyme are referred to below as the "Genzyme Charter" and the
"Genzyme By-Laws," respectively.
EXCHANGE OF GMO STOCK. The PharmaGenics Charter does not provide for either
mandatory or optional redemption of any class or series of its capital stock.
The Genzyme Charter provides that the GMO Stock may be redeemed by Genzyme in
exchange for any combination of cash and/or GGD Stock. For a description of the
terms upon which such exchange may occur, see "Description of Genzyme Capital
Stock - Exchange of GMO Stock and GTR Stock."
PREFERRED STOCK. Under the PharmaGenics Charter, the holders of PharmaGenics
preferred stock are entitled to certain liquidation and dividend preferences and
special voting rights. As a result of the Merger, the PharmaGenics preferred
stock will convert into GMO Stock, a series of Genzyme common stock, and the
holders of PharmaGenics preferred stock will lose these special rights and
preferences.
VOTING RIGHTS. Each share of PharmaGenics preferred stock is entitled to the
number of votes per share equal to the number of shares of common stock into
which each such share of preferred stock is then convertible (currently one vote
per share). The Genzyme Charter provides that each share of GGD Stock has one
vote, each share of GTR Stock has, through December 31, 1998, .33 vote and each
share of GMO Stock will have, through December 31, 1998, .25 vote.
MEETINGS OF STOCKHOLDERS. The PharmaGenics By-Laws provide that special meetings
of stockholders may be called by the holders of at least a majority of the
shares outstanding and entitled to vote at such a meeting. The Genzyme By-Laws
provide for the call of a special meeting of stockholders upon written
application of the owners of not less than 90% (or such lesser percentage as may
be required by law) in interest of Genzyme stock entitled to vote at such
meeting.
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ACTION BY CONSENT OF STOCKHOLDERS. The PharmaGenics By-Laws provide that any
action required to be taken by stockholders at a meeting may be taken without a
meeting, without prior notice and without a vote, if the stockholders having no
less than the minimum number of votes that would be necessary to take such
action at a meeting at which all stockholders were present and voted, consent to
the action in writing. The Genzyme Charter and By-Laws contain a provision
eliminating the right of stockholders to take action by written consent, except
as otherwise required by law.
REMOVAL OF DIRECTORS. The PharmaGenics By-Laws provide that stockholders may
remove directors with or without cause by a majority vote. The Genzyme Charter
also provides for the removal of directors by a majority vote of the
stockholders entitled to vote for the election of directors, but the Genzyme
Charter requires that the removal of a director must be for cause.
SALE, LEASE OR EXCHANGE OF ASSETS AND MERGERS. Under Delaware law, the
affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the outstanding PharmaGenics
Stock is required to approve the sale, lease, or exchange of all or
substantially all of its assets, or a merger or consolidation of PharmaGenics
into any other corporation. A similar vote is required under the Genzyme Charter
for acquisitions of Genzyme that have been approved by the Genzyme Board. In
addition, a separate vote of any affected series of Genzyme common stock is
required to approve an acquisition of Genzyme in which the acquisition
consideration is to be allocated other than on the basis of the relative market
capitalization of each series.
APPRAISAL RIGHTS. Dissenting stockholders have the right to obtain the fair
value of their shares (so-called "appraisal rights") in more circumstances under
Massachusetts law than under Delaware law.
MANAGEMENT AND ACCOUNTING POLICIES
In contemplation of the Merger and the issuance of the GMO Stock, the
Genzyme Board has determined to amend, effective upon completion of the Merger,
certain of its policies relating to accounting and tax allocations, disposition
of assets, acquisitions of programs and other matters to govern the management
of GMO and its relationship to Genzyme General and GTR. See "Management and
Accounting Policies Governing the Relationship of Genzyme Divisions."
CERTAIN FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSEQUENCES
Based upon the assumptions stated herein under "The Merger Proposal -
The Merger - Certain Federal Income Tax Consequences of the Merger," it is the
opinion of Palmer & Dodge LLP and Ballard Spahr Andrews & Ingersoll that the
Merger will, for federal income tax purposes, constitute a "reorganization"
within the meaning of Section 368(a) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as
amended, and that as a consequence of such federal income tax status of the
Merger,
(i) no gain or loss will be recognized by the stockholders
of PharmaGenics who exchange their shares of PharmaGenics preferred stock solely
for shares of GMO Stock pursuant to the Merger (except with respect to cash
received in lieu of a fractional share interest in GMO Stock),
(ii) the tax basis of the shares of GMO Stock received by
PharmaGenics stockholders will be the same as the tax basis of the PharmaGenics
preferred stock surrendered in exchange therefor (reduced by any amount
allocable to a fractional share interest for which cash is received),
(iii) the holding period of the shares of GMO Stock received
by PharmaGenics stockholders will include the holding period of the shares of
PharmaGenics preferred stock exchanged therefor, provided that such PharmaGenics
shares were held as capital assets on the date of the Merger and
(iv) no gain or loss will be recognized by PharmaGenics or
Genzyme by reason of the Merger.
THE FOREGOING SUMMARY IS NOT INTENDED, AND SHOULD NOT BE CONSIDERED, AS
TAX ADVICE. PHARMAGENICS STOCKHOLDERS ARE URGED TO CONSULT THEIR OWN TAX
ADVISORS TO DETERMINE THE EFFECT OF THE MERGER ON THEM UNDER FEDERAL, STATE,
LOCAL AND FOREIGN LAWS AND TO READ THE DISCUSSION OF THE FEDERAL INCOME TAX
CONSEQUENCES OF THE MERGER UNDER "CERTAIN FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSEQUENCES."
REGULATORY MATTERS
Other than the filing of appropriate merger documents with the
Secretary of the State of Delaware and the Secretary of the Commonwealth of
Massachusetts and routine approvals and actions required under
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<PAGE> 28
PharmaGenics's permits and licenses to reflect the change in control of
PharmaGenics, there are no governmental approvals required to effect the Merger.
See "The Merger Proposal - The Merger - Regulatory Matters."
GENZYME STOCKHOLDER APPRAISAL RIGHTS
Under Massachusetts law, Genzyme stockholders who file written notice
of their intention to exercise dissenters' rights before the taking of the vote
and who do not vote to approve the Merger Proposal may elect to have the "fair
value" of their shares (determined in accordance with Massachusetts law)
judicially appraised and paid to them if the Merger is completed and if they
further comply with Sections 86 to 98, inclusive, of the MBCL. Failure to comply
strictly with such requirements may result in the loss of dissenters' rights.
Genzyme's obligation to complete the Merger is subject to the condition,
waivable at the discretion of Genzyme, that the number of shares of GGD Stock
and GTR Stock held by stockholders who have validly exercised such rights shall
not have an aggregate market value in excess of $28,000,000. See "The Merger
Proposal - The Merger - Genzyme Stockholder Appraisal Rights."
PHARMAGENICS STOCKHOLDER APPRAISAL RIGHTS
Under Delaware law, PharmaGenics stockholders who file written notice
of their intention to demand appraisal for their shares before the taking of the
vote and who do not vote in favor of the Merger Proposal are entitled to have
the "fair value" of their shares (determined in accordance with Delaware law)
judicially appraised and paid to them if the Merger is completed and if they
further comply with Section 262 of the Delaware General Corporation Law (the
"DGCL"), which is attached hereto as Annex V. Failure to comply strictly with
the requirements of Section 262 of the DGCL may result in the loss of statutory
appraisal rights. Genzyme's obligation to complete the Merger is subject to the
condition, waivable at the discretion of Genzyme, that the holders of not more
than two percent (2%) of the outstanding shares of PharmaGenics common stock
outstanding as of the closing date of the Merger, assuming conversion of all
shares of PharmaGenics preferred stock, shall have validly exercised such
rights. See "The Merger Proposal - The Merger - PharmaGenics Stockholder
Appraisal Rights."
NO MARKET FOR GMO STOCK AND PHARMAGENICS STOCK; ABSENCE OF DIVIDENDS
The GMO Stock is a new security for which there currently is no market.
Genzyme does not plan to list the GMO Stock on an exchange or with the Nasdaq
National Market ("Nasdaq") until the GMO IPO. Although Genzyme currently intends
to attempt the GMO IPO as soon as market conditions permit, there can be no
assurance that it will be successful.
Following the Merger, GGD Stock and GTR Stock will continue to be
listed for trading by Nasdaq and designated Nasdaq National Market securities.
On January 31, 1997, the last trading day prior to the first public announcement
of the proposed Merger, the closing sale prices for GGD Stock and GTR Stock were
$28.00 and $10.50, respectively.
Genzyme has never paid a cash dividend on shares of its capital stock;
it has retained any earnings for use in its business. Genzyme expects to
continue to follow the policy of retaining funds for reinvestment in its
business.
There is no public market for any class or series of PharmaGenics
Stock. PharmaGenics has never paid a cash dividend on its capital stock.
AMENDMENT TO STOCKHOLDER RIGHTS PLAN
If the Merger Agreement is completed, Genzyme will amend its
stockholder rights plan and the related rights agreement with American Stock
Transfer & Trust Company as rights agent and the Genzyme Board will designate
three new series of preferred stock relating to the amended rights agreement
which will replace the two series of preferred stock authorized under the
current Genzyme Charter. Each new series will have terms
15
<PAGE> 29
comparable to the terms applicable to the existing two series of preferred
stock. See "Comparison of Rights of Holders of GMO Stock and PharmaGenics Stock
- - "Anti-Takeover" Provisions - Contractual Measures."
GENZYME STOCKHOLDER VOTE REQUIRED
A majority in interest of the outstanding GGD Stock and GTR Stock
outstanding on the Genzyme Record Date, represented at the Genzyme Special
Meeting in person or by proxy, constitutes a quorum for the transaction of
business. Approval of the Genzyme Charter Proposal and the Merger Proposal will
require the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority in interest of the
shares of GGD Stock and GTR Stock outstanding as of the Genzyme Record Date,
voting together as a single class. Adoption of the Genzyme Benefit Plan
Proposals will require the affirmative vote of a majority of the votes cast by
holders of GGD Stock and GTR Stock outstanding on the Genzyme Record Date,
voting together as a single class. Each share of GGD Stock entitles the holder
thereof to one vote and each share of GTR Stock entitles the holder thereof to
.33 vote on all matters that will be presented for consideration at the Genzyme
Special Meeting. Abstentions and broker non-votes will be counted for the
purpose of determining a quorum and will have the effect of votes against the
Genzyme Charter Proposal and the Merger Proposal. Abstentions and broker
non-votes will not be counted as votes cast on the Genzyme Benefit Plan
Proposals and thus will not affect the outcome of the voting on these proposals.
See "The Genzyme Special Meeting."
At the close of business on the Genzyme Record Date, 75,839,926 shares
of GGD Stock were outstanding and 13,201,375 shares of GTR Stock were
outstanding. The executive officers and directors of Genzyme and their
affiliates hold shares of GGD Stock and GTR Stock representing approximately
0.2% and 0.8% of the outstanding shares of GGD Stock and GTR Stock, respectively
(excluding shares which such persons have the right to acquire upon the exercise
of stock options). See "Genzyme Share Ownership."
PHARMAGENICS STOCKHOLDER VOTE REQUIRED
A majority of the shares of PharmaGenics Stock outstanding on the
PharmaGenics Record Date, represented at the PharmaGenics Special Meeting in
person or by proxy, constitutes a quorum for the transaction of business.
Because of certain ambiguities in the PharmaGenics Charter discussed below under
"The Merger Proposal - The Merger - Allocation of Merger Consideration and
Certain Matters Relating to the PharmaGenics Charter," PharmaGenics and Genzyme
have agreed in the Merger Agreement that the Merger will not be completed unless
the Merger Agreement is adopted by the affirmative vote of both (i) the holders
of a majority of the outstanding PharmaGenics common stock, Series A Stock and
Series B Stock, all voting together as a single class and (ii) the holders of a
majority of the outstanding PharmaGenics common stock and Series A, Series B and
Series C Stock, all voting together as a single class. On all matters that will
be presented for consideration at the PharmaGenics Special Meeting, each share
of PharmaGenics Stock entitles the holder thereof to one vote. Abstentions and
broker non-votes will be counted for the purpose of determining a quorum and
will have the effect of votes against approval of the Merger Proposal. See "The
PharmaGenics Special Meeting."
At the close of business on the PharmaGenics Record Date, 455,108
shares of PharmaGenics common stock were outstanding, 2,458,420 shares of Series
A Stock were outstanding, 2,227,263 shares of Series B Stock were outstanding
and 4,717,700 shares of Series C Stock were outstanding. The executive officers
and directors of PharmaGenics and the beneficial owners of five percent (5%) or
more of the PharmaGenics common stock (on an as-converted basis) and each of HCV
II, HCV III, HCV IV, Hudson Trust, Everest Trust and the R&D Partnership have
agreed to vote their respective shares in favor of adopting the Merger Agreement
and have given irrevocable proxies to Genzyme to vote such shares at the
PharmaGenics Special Meeting. The stockholders who have agreed to vote in favor
of the Merger Agreement hold, in the aggregate, shares representing (i) 59.8% of
the votes that can be cast by the holders of the outstanding PharmaGenics common
stock, Series A Stock and Series B Stock, voting together as a single class; and
(ii) 61.3% of the votes that can be cast by the holders of the outstanding
PharmaGenics common stock, Series A Stock, Series B Stock and Series C Stock,
voting together as a single class. Therefore, the shares as to which such
commitments have
16
<PAGE> 30
been obtained are sufficient to approve the Merger Proposal. See "The Merger
Proposal - The Merger - Representations, Warranties and Covenants" and
"PharmaGenics Share Ownership."
17
<PAGE> 31
GENZYME CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
(HISTORICAL)
(Amounts in thousands, except for per share amounts)
The following table represents selected historical income and balance
sheet data of Genzyme Corporation and its subsidiaries. The balance sheet data
presented below as of December 31, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 and 1996 and the
income statement data presented below for each of the years in the five-year
period ended December 31, 1996 are derived from Genzyme's financial statements,
which have been audited by Coopers & Lybrand L.L.P., independent accountants.
The financial statements as of December 31, 1995 and 1996 and for each of the
years in the three-year period ended December 31, 1996 and the report of
Coopers & Lybrand L.L.P., relating thereto are incorporated by reference in
this Prospectus/Proxy Statement and the selected financial data presented below
are qualified in their entirety by reference thereto. The data should be read
in conjunction with the historical financial statements and notes thereto and
related Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results
of Operations of Genzyme incorporated by reference in this Prospectus/Proxy
Statement. See "Incorporation of Certain Documents by Reference."
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Year Ended December 31,
------------------------------------------------------------
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
-------- -------- -------- -------- --------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Consolidated Statement of Operations Data(1):
Net revenues.................................................. $219,079 $270,371 $311,051 $383,783 $518,754
Operating costs and expenses:
Cost of products and services sold and selling, general,
administrative, research and development expenses.......... 176,110 220,345 260,953 329,094 453,125
Amortization of intangibles.................................. 3,037 5,964 4,741 4,677 8,849
Purchase of in-process research and development(2)........... 51,100 49,000 11,215 14,216 130,639
Goodwill impairment, restructuring charges and charge for
purchase options and financing exercises(3)................ 16,905 26,517 -- -- 1,465
-------- -------- -------- -------- --------
247,152 301,826 276,909 347,987 594,078
-------- -------- -------- -------- --------
Operating income (loss)....................................... (28,073) (31,455) 34,142 35,796 (75,324)
Other income and (expenses):
Minority interest in net loss of subsidiaries................. 1,678 9,892 1,659 1,608 --
Equity in net loss of unconsolidated subsidiaries............ -- -- (1,353) (1,810) (4,360)
Gain on investments and charges for impaired investments..... -- (700) (9,431) -- 1,711
Settlement of lawsuit........................................ -- -- (1,980) -- --
Investment income............................................ 21,981 12,209 9,101 8,814 15,341
Interest expense............................................. (7,099) (2,500) (1,354) (1,109) (6,990)
-------- -------- -------- -------- --------
16,560 18,901 (3,358) 7,503 5,702
-------- -------- -------- -------- --------
Income (loss) before income taxes............................. (11,513) (12,554) 30,784 43,299 (69,622)
Benefit (provision) for income taxes.......................... (18,804) 6,459 (14,481) (21,649) (3,195)
-------- -------- -------- -------- --------
Net income (loss)............................................. $(30,317) $ (6,095) $ 16,303 $ 21,650 $(72,817)
======== ======== ======== ======== ========
Common Share Data:
Attributable to Genzyme General:
Net income (loss)........................................... $(29,809) $ 18,020 $ 32,054 $ 43,680 $(30,502)
======== ======== ======== ======== ========
Per common and common equivalent share:
Net income (loss)(4)....................................... $(0.67) $ 0.34 $ 0.61 $ 0.73 $(0.45)
====== ====== ====== ====== ======
Average shares outstanding(4)............................... 44,740 52,500 52,338 60,184 68,289
====== ====== ====== ====== ======
Attributable to GTR:
Net loss.................................................... $(508) $(24,115) $(15,751) $(22,030) $(42,315)
===== ======== ======== ======== ========
Per common share............................................ $(0.17) $(7.43) $(4.40) $(2.28) $(3.38)
====== ====== ====== ====== ======
Average shares outstanding.................................. 3,019 3,245 3,578 9,659 12,525
===== ===== ===== ===== ======
</TABLE>
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
December 31,
------------------------------------------------------------
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
-------- -------- -------- -------- --------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Consolidated Balance Sheet Data:
Cash and investments(5)...................................... $ 248,325 $ 168,953 $ 153,460 $ 326,236 $ 187,955
Working capital.............................................. 166,324 99,605 103,871 352,410 395,605
Total assets(7).............................................. 481,896 542,052 658,408 905,201 1,270,508
Long-term debt and capital lease obligations excluding current
portion(6,7,8).............................................. 105,369 144,674 126,729 124,473 241,998
Stockholders' equity(7,8)................................... 322,613 334,072 418,964 705,207 902,309
</TABLE>
- ------------------
(1) In October 1992, Genzyme acquired all the outstanding common shares of
Vivigen, Inc. ("Vivigen") in a transaction accounted for as a pooling of
interests. Accordingly, Genzyme's financial data have been restated to include
Vivigen for all periods presented.
(2) Includes charges related to the purchase of in-process research and
development totaling $51.1 million, $49.0 million, $11.2 million, $14,2 million
and $130.6 million, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 1992, 1993,
1994, 1995 and 1996.
(3) Includes charges related to impaired goodwill of $23.7 million for the year
ended December 31, 1993, restructuring costs totaling $2.8 million and $1.5
million for the years ended December 31, 1993 and 1996, respectively, and
charges for purchase options and financing expenses totaling $16.9 million, for
the year ended December 31, 1992.
18
<PAGE> 32
GMO SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
(HISTORICAL)
(4) Reflects July 25, 1996 2-for-1 stock split of GGD Stock effected by means
of a 100% stock dividend paid to stockholders of record on July 11, 1996. A
total of 34,669,435 shares of GGD Stock were distributed to stockholders in
connection with the dividend. All share and per share amounts have been
re-stated to reflect this split.
(5) Cash and investments includes cash, cash equivalents, and short- and
long-term investments.
(6) In June 1996, the Company's $15.0 million credit line with a commercial
bank was increased to $215.0 million in connection with the acquisition of
Deknatel Snowden Pencer, Inc. ("DSP") in July 1996. In November 1996, this
credit line was re-financed with a $225.0 million revolving credit facility
made available through a syndicate of banks. As of December 31, 1996, the
Company had outstanding debt of $218.0 million under this credit facility, of
which $200.0 million was allocated to Genzyme General and $18.0 million to
GTR to finance operations. Amounts borrowed under this facility are due
November 15, 1999. In July 1996, Genzyme made a final payment of approximately
$7.6 million for a company acquired in 1994.
(7) In May 1996, the Company acquired Genetrix, Inc., in a tax-free exchange of
GGD Stock which was accounted for as a purchase. In the aggregate,
approximately 1,380,000 shares of GGD Stock valued at $36.5 million were
issued. In July 1996, the Company acquired DSP for cash of approximately $252
million financed by cash of $52 million and line of credit borrowings of $200
million. In December 1996, the Company completed the acquisition of all of the
Callable Common Stock of Neozyme II Corporation for $111.3 million in cash.
(8) In October 1991, the Company issued $100.0 million of 6 3/4% convertible
subordinated notes due October 2001 and received net proceeds of $97.3 million.
The notes were converted into shares of GGD Stock in March 1996.
19
<PAGE> 33
GENZYME MOLECULAR ONCOLOGY SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
(A DEVELOPMENT STAGE ENTERPRISE)
(HISTORICAL)
(Amounts in thousands)
The following table represents selected historical income and balance
sheet data of Genzyme Molecular Oncology ("GMO"). The balance sheet data
presented below as of December 31, 1995 and 1996 and the income statement data
presented below for the period from December 1, 1994 (date of inception) to
December 31, 1994, for the years ended December 31, 1995 and 1996 and
cumulative from December 1, 1994 (date of inception) to December 31, 1996 are
derived from GMO's financial statements, which have been audited by Coopers &
Lybrand L.L.P., independent accountants. The financial statements as of
December 31, 1995 and 1996 and for the period from December 1, 1994 (date of
inception) to December 31, 1994, for the years ended December 31, 1995 and 1996
and cumulative from December 1, 1994 (date of inception) to December 31, 1996
and the report of Coopers & Lybrand L.L.P. relating thereto are included in
this Prospectus/Proxy Statement and the selected financial data presented below
are qualified in their entirety by reference thereto. The data should be read
in conjunction with the historical financial statements and notes thereto and
related Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results
of Operations of GMO included in this Prospectus/Proxy Statement.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Cumulative
From From
December 1, For the For the December 1,
1994 (Date of Year Year 1994 (Date of
Inception) to Ended Ended Inception) to
December 31, December 31, December 31, December 31,
1994 1995 1996 1996
-------------- ------------ ------------ -------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Combined Statement of Operations Data(1):
Operating costs and expenses:
General and administration expenses(2) ...... $ 8 $ 87 $ 185 $ 280
Research and development expenses(2) ........ 29 377 818 1,224
---- ----- ------- -------
Total operating costs and expenses ............ 37 464 1,003 1,504
---- ----- ------- -------
Net loss ...................................... $(37) $(464) $(1,003) $(1,504)
==== ===== ======= =======
</TABLE>
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
December 31,
------------------------------------
1994 1995 1996
---- ---- ----
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Combined Balance Sheet Data:
Total assets .................................. $ -- $ -- $ --
Deficit accumulated in the development
stage(1) ................................... (37) (501) (1,504)
Parent Company Investment(2) .................. 37 501 1,504
- -------------------
(1) GMO is a division of Genzyme Corporation. Operations commenced December 1, 1994.
(2) The combined financial statements of GMO include the balance sheets, results of operations and cash flows
for Genzyme's molecular oncology operations, which were part of Genzyme General during the periods presented.
GMO's financial statements are prepared using the amounts included in Genzyme's consolidated financial
statements. Corporate allocations reflected in these financial statements are determined based upon methods
which management believes to be reasonable. Historical loss per share information is omitted from the statements
of operations as GMO Stock was not part of the capital structure of Genzyme for the periods presented.
</TABLE>
20
<PAGE> 34
GENZYME MOLECULAR ONCOLOGY
SUMMARY PRO FORMA COMBINED FINANCIAL DATA
(Amounts in thousands, except per share amounts)
The pro forma condensed statement of operations data has been presented
as if the merger of PharmaGenics (the "Merger") with and into Genzyme occurred
as of January 1, 1996. The pro forma balance sheet data has been prepared as if
the Merger occurred on December 31, 1996. The pro forma summary financial data
do not purport to represent what the results of operations or the financial
position of GMO would have been if the acquisition occurred at the date
indicated and do not purport to project results of GMO for any future periods.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Year
Ended
December 31,
1996
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C>
Pro Forma Combined Statement of Operations Data:
Revenue:
Research and development revenue ........................ $ 1,418
Operating costs and expenses
General and administrative expenses ..................... 1,941
Research and development expenses ....................... 5,317
Amortization of intangibles ............................. 6,468
--------
Total operating costs and expenses .................... 13,726
--------
Operating loss ............................................ (12,308)
Other income (expenses):
Interest income ......................................... 120
Interest expense ........................................ (36)
--------
Net loss .................................................. $(12,224)
========
Pro forma GMO net loss per pro forma GMO common share:
Pro forma net loss ...................................... $ (3.11)
========
Pro forma average shares outstanding .................... 3,929
========
</TABLE>
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
December 31,
1996
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C>
Pro Forma Combined Balance Sheet Data:
Cash and investments(1) .................................. $ 486
Working capital .......................................... (5,037)
Total assets ............................................. 33,872
Capital lease obligations, excluding current portion,
and other noncurrent liabilities ....................... 25
Division equity(2) ....................................... 20,500
- ------------------------
(1) Cash and investments includes cash, cash equivalents, short- and
long-term investments.
(2) Division equity includes (i) $27.5 million for the value of the GMO Stock
issued to effect the Merger and (ii) a $1.5 million Parent Company Investment
credit, which represents the funding of such expenses, less; (i) $1.5 million of
historical losses, which represent the research and development program expenses
and general and administrative expenses allocated from Genzyme General to GMO
and (ii) a $7 million charge for in-process research and development technology
related to the Merger.
(3) Assumes 3,928,572 shares of GMO Stock will be issued in connection with the
Merger (See Note 2 to the Unaudited Pro Forma Financial Statements of GMO).
</TABLE>
See notes to unaudited pro forma financial statements.
21
<PAGE> 35
PHARMAGENICS, INC.
SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
(HISTORICAL)
(Amounts in thousands, except for per share amounts)
The following table presents selected financial data for PharmaGenics, Inc.
("PharmaGenics"). The selected financial data as of December 31, 1995 and 1996
and for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 1996 are
derived from PharmaGenics's financial statements which have been audited by
Arthur Andersen, LLP, independent public accountants, which financial statements
are incorporated by reference into this Prospectus/Proxy Statement. The
selected financial data set forth below as of December 31, 1992 and for the
year ended December 31, 1992 are derived from financial statements that have
been audited by PharmaGenics's former independent accountants, which financial
statements are not included or incorporated by reference in this
Prospectus/Proxy Statement. This selected financial data should be read in
conjunction with "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition
and Results of Operations" and the financial statements and related notes
incorporated by reference in the Prospectus/Proxy Statement. See
"Incorporation of Certain Documents by Reference".
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Year Ended December 31,
-------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
------- ------- -------- ------- --------
Statement of Operations Data:
Revenues...................................... $ 2 $ 661 $ 1,818 $ 2,920 $ 1,418
Operating costs and expenses:
Research and development expenses........... 3,624 4,287 5,822 4,608 4,499
General and administrative expenses......... 1,043 1,224 1,447 1,388 1,756
------- ------- ------- ------- --------
4,667 5,511 7,269 5,996 6,255
------- ------- ------- ------- --------
Operating loss................................ (4,665) (4,850) (5,451) (3,076) (4,837)
Other income and (expenses):
Investment income........................... 505 307 89 44 120
Interest expense............................ (98) (67) (126) (348) (36)
------- ------- ------- ------- --------
407 240 (37) (304) 84
------- ------- ------- ------- --------
Net loss...................................... $(4,258) $(4,610) $(5,488) $(3,380) $(4,753)
======= ======= ======= ======= ========
Common Share Data:
Net loss.................................... $(9.26) $(10.55) $(12.28) $(7.49) $(10.49)
======= ======= ======= ======= ========
Weighted average shares outstanding........... 460 437 447 451 453
======= ======= ======= ======= ========
December 31,
-------------------------------------------------------
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
------- ------- -------- ------- --------
Balance Sheet Data:
Cash and investments (1)..................... $ 9,610 $4,542 $ 753 $ 1,639 $ 486
Working capital (deficit).................... 5,929 3,905 (534) (641) (1,352)
Total assets................................. 10,750 6,503 2,180 2,694 1,533
Long-term debt and capital lease obligations
excluding current portion.................. 204 533 361 39 25
Stockholders' equity (deficit)............... 9,864 5,253 483 352 (554)
</TABLE>
- --------------------------------
(1) Cash and investments includes cash, cash equivalents, and short- and
long-term investments.
<PAGE> 36
COMPARATIVE PER SHARE FINANCIAL INFORMATION
The following unaudited information reflects certain comparative per
share data related to book value and income (loss) from continuing operations
(i) on a historical basis for PharmaGenics Common Stock; (ii) on a pro forma
basis per share of GMO Stock giving effect to the Merger using the purchase
accounting method and (iii) on an equivalent pro forma basis per share of
PharmaGenics Common Stock giving effect to the Merger. Equivalent per share
amounts for PharmaGenics Common Stock are calculated assuming that, after
conversion of PharmaGenics Preferred Stock into PharmaGenics Common Stock, the
holder of one share of PharmaGenics Common Stock would be entitled to .414
shares of GMO Stock for all periods presented(4).
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
GMO PharmaGenics, Inc.
December 31, 1996 December 31, 1996
----------------- -----------------
<S> <C> <C>
Book Value Per Common Share:
Historical(1,2).......................... $ -- $(1.22)
Pro Forma(3)............................. 5.22 --
Equivalent pro forma(5).................. -- 2.16
</TABLE>
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
GMO
For the Year Ended
December 31, 1996
------------------
<S> <C>
Primary Loss Per Share from Continuing
Operations:
Historical(1)............................ $ --
Pro Forma(3)............................. (3.11)
</TABLE>
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
PharmaGenics, Inc.
For the Year Ended
December 31, 1996
------------------
<S> <C>
Primary Loss Per Share from Continuing
Operations:
Historical............................... $(10.49)
Equivalent Pro Forma(5).................. (1.29)
</TABLE>
- -------------------------------
(1) Historical GMO book value per share information as of December 31, 1996 and
historical GMO loss per share data for the period December 1, 1994 (date of
inception) to December 31, 1996 and for the years ended December 31, 1995
and 1996 have been omitted as GMO Stock was not part of the capital
structure of Genzyme for any of these periods.
(2) Historical PharmaGenics book value per common share as of December 31, 1996
is determined by dividing stockholders' deficit in the amount of $(554,139)
by the 455,108 shares of common stock of PharmaGenics issued and
outstanding as of that date.
(3) Pro forma GMO book value per common share as of December 31, 1996 is
determined by dividing GMO's pro forma division equity in the amount of
$20,500,000 by the 3,928,572 shares of GMO Stock to be issued as the Merger
Consideration. The pro forma loss per share amounts for GMO for the year
ended December 31, 1996 of $3.11 is determined by dividing the GMO pro
forma loss for the period by the 3,928,572 shares of GMO Stock to be issued
as the Merger Consideration.
(4) Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, all of the merger consideration will be
allocated to the holders of Series A, B, and C Stock based on their merger
preferences and the holders of PharmaGenics Common Stock will not receive
any payment for their shares. All outstanding shares of common stock of
PharmaGenics and all options and warrants to purchase such shares will be
cancelled without receiving any payment or other consideration and,
therefore, the 455,108 shares of PharmaGenics Common Stock outstanding as
of December 31, 1996 have been excluded from the determination of the
conversion ratio used to calculate the PharmaGenics equivalent pro forma
book value per share and equivalent pro forma net loss per share. As of
December 31, 1996, it is assumed that (i) the Comdisco Warrant has been
converted into 41,580 shares of PharmaGenics Series A Stock, (ii) Paine-
Webber R&D Partners III, L.P. (the "R&D Partnership") has exercised its
option to transfer technology rights to PharmaGenics in exchange for shares
of Series A, B, and C Stock, (iii) Johns Hopkins University has waived
certain contractual rights in exchange for shares of Series B Stock, and,
subsequently, (iv) all outstanding shares of PharmaGenics Series A, Series
B and Series C Stock, 2,500,000 (including the shares related to the
Comdisco Warrant conversion and the shares issued to the R&D Partnership)
shares, 2,270,463 shares (including the shares issued to Johns Hopkins
University), and 4,717,700 shares, respectively, have been converted on a
1-for-1 basis into a total of 9,488,163 shares of PharmaGenics Common
Stock. The conversion ration is determined by dividing the 3,928,572 shares
of GMO Stock issued to effect the Merger by the 9,488,163 shares of
PharmaGenics Common Stock assumed outstanding as of December 31, 1996. It
is assumed that upon consummation of the Merger, that in the aggregate, the
holder of one share of PharmaGenics Stock, after conversion of such
preferred stock into PharmaGenics Common Stock, would be entitled to .414
share of GMO Stock.
(5) The equivalent pro forma book value per common share for PharmaGenics as of
December 31, 1996 in the amount of $2.16 is determined by multiplying GMO's
pro forma book value per common share for the corresponding period in the
amount of $5.22 by the conversion ratio of .414. The equivalent pro forma
loss per share amounts for PharmaGenics for the year ended December 31,
1996 of $1.29 is determined by multiplying GMO's pro forma loss per share
for the comparable period, $3.11, by the conversion ratio of .414.
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RISK FACTORS
Statements made in this Prospectus/Proxy Statement relating to the contemplated
public offering of GMO Stock, revenue expectations, plans for product
development, sales and marketing and the timing of regulatory approvals, or that
otherwise relate to future periods, are forward-looking statements within the
meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the
"Securities Act") and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as
amended (the "Exchange Act"). Actual results could differ materially from those
anticipated in the forward-looking statements as a result of certain risks
described below or elsewhere in this Prospectus/Proxy Statement (including
Genzyme's and PharmaGenics's Annual Reports on Form 10-K for 1996 and other
documents incorporated therein by reference). Such risks should be considered
carefully in evaluating the Merger and an investment in Genzyme's common stock.
References in this section to GMO assume that the Merger has been completed, and
may refer either to the business of PharmaGenics or the activities of Genzyme in
the filed of oncology prior to the Merger.
RISKS RELATED TO THE MERGER
As a result of the Merger Proposal and upon completion of the Merger,
stockholders of PharmaGenics will become stockholders of Genzyme. PharmaGenics
stockholders should carefully consider the following factors in evaluating the
Merger Proposal.
DELAYED DELIVERY OF THE GMO STOCK. If the Merger is completed, all certificates
for GMO Stock issued in exchange for PharmaGenics preferred stock will be held
by the Exchange Agent, and no transfers of the shares of GMO Stock represented
by such certificates may be made, for a period which may be up to three years
following the closing of the Merger unless earlier released following completion
of the GMO IPO or distribution by Genzyme of GMO Designated Shares. Delivery of
the certificates for GMO Stock is being delayed in order to facilitate the
development of an orderly market for the GMO Stock. See "The Merger Proposal -
The Merger - Delayed Distribution of GMO Stock Certificates." PharmaGenics
preferred stockholders will not be able to control the timing of the delivery of
the certificates for the GMO Stock. As a result, such stockholders will not be
able to take advantage of other investment opportunities that would otherwise be
available to them prior to the delivery of the GMO Stock certificates or to take
advantage of any appreciation in the market price of the GMO Stock that may
occur immediately following completion of the GMO IPO. In addition, at the time
that the certificates for GMO Stock are delivered to the holders of PharmaGenics
preferred stock, the market value of the GMO Stock may be less than the GMO Per
Share Value and, as a result, such holders may not realize such value for their
shares. There can be no assurance that the value of the GMO Stock will not
decrease prior to the delivery of the GMO Stock certificates or that any market
will develop or be sustained for the GMO Stock.
CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS' RIGHTS RESULTING FROM THE MERGER. If the Merger is
completed, the preferred stockholders of PharmaGenics will receive shares of GMO
Stock in exchange for their PharmaGenics shares. The rights to which the holders
of the GMO Stock are entitled differ materially from the rights of holders of
PharmaGenics preferred stock. First, the holders of PharmaGenics preferred stock
will be exchanging shares of preferred stock for shares of the common stock of
Genzyme. As a result, such holders would forfeit the preferences to which they
are currently entitled as holders of preferred stock. Most significantly, the
holders of such stock are entitled to receive preferential distributions upon
the liquidation or merger of PharmaGenics. Upon a liquidation or acquisition of
Genzyme, holders of a series of Genzyme common stock share any distributions
made with the holders of all other series of Genzyme common stock in proportions
fixed in the Genzyme Charter, subject to the rights of holders of any senior
securities that may be issued by Genzyme. See "Description of Genzyme Capital
Stock - Liquidation Rights." Second, if the Merger is consummated, the
stockholders of PharmaGenics, whose rights are governed by Delaware law and a
certificate of incorporation and by-laws adopted thereunder, will become
stockholders of Genzyme, a corporation governed by Massachusetts law and
articles of organization and by-laws adopted thereunder. As such, the rights of
holders of PharmaGenics Stock and holders of GMO Stock will differ in many ways,
including with respect to voting rights, the ability to act by written consent
and call meetings of stockholders, the removal of directors, the right to obtain
fair value for shares upon certain actions taken by the corporation, and with
respect to attempts to
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acquire the corporation. See "Comparison of Rights of Holders of GMO Stock and
PharmaGenics Stock" for a further description of the differences between the
rights of holders of GMO Stock and PharmaGenics Stock. Third, unlike
PharmaGenics Stock, GMO Stock is subject to mandatory or optional redemption by
Genzyme. See "Risk Factors - Risks Associated with Genzyme Tracking Stock -
Exchange of GTR Stock and GMO Stock." Finally, in connection with the Merger,
holders of PharmaGenics Stock, which represents an interest in the entire
business of PharmaGenics, would receive shares of GMO Stock, which is intended
to track the value of only GMO. See "Risk Factors - Risks Related to Genzyme
Tracking Stock" for a description of the risks related to an investment in
Genzyme "tracking stock."
NEED FOR ADDITIONAL FUNDS IF THE MERGER IS NOT COMPLETED. In the event the
Merger Agreement is terminated and the Merger is not completed, PharmaGenics and
Genzyme will have no further obligations to each other except with respect to
confidentiality and, in certain circumstances, an adjustment in the amounts that
may be drawn under the Credit Facility to provide an additional $1.5 million
over a period of three months. See "The Merger Proposal - Certain
Transactions/Credit Facility." Notwithstanding the availability of such credit,
in the event the Merger is not completed, the absence of other viable strategic
alternatives and the present precarious financial condition of PharmaGenics
raise substantial doubt as to the ability of PharmaGenics to continue its
operations for more than several months after any such termination. As a result,
PharmaGenics will be required to obtain additional financing to continue its
operations, and there can be no assurance that such financing will be available
on favorable terms, if at all. PharmaGenics may need to obtain funds through
arrangements with its strategic partners or others that may require PharmaGenics
to relinquish rights to certain of its technologies. If additional funding is
not obtained, PharmaGenics would be required to significantly curtail its
activities and eventually cease operations altogether.
RISKS RELATED TO GENZYME TRACKING STOCK
Genzyme currently has two classes of common stock outstanding: GGD
Stock and GTR Stock. The GGD Stock and the GTR Stock are intended to reflect the
value and track the performance of Genzyme General and GTR, respectively. As a
result of the Genzyme Charter Proposal and the Merger Proposal and upon
completion of the Merger, Genzyme will have three series of common stock
outstanding, with stockholders of PharmaGenics receiving shares of the
newly-created GMO Stock in the Merger. Stockholders of PharmaGenics should
carefully consider the following factors in evaluating the Merger Proposal and
investing in Genzyme "tracking stock."
STOCKHOLDERS OF ONE COMPANY; FINANCIAL IMPACTS ON ONE DIVISION COULD AFFECT THE
OTHERS. Notwithstanding the allocation of Genzyme's products and programs
between divisions for financial statement presentation purposes, Genzyme
continues to hold title to all of the assets and is responsible for all of the
liabilities allocated to each of its divisions. Holders of GGD Stock and the GTR
Stock have, and holders of GMO Stock will have, no specific claim against the
assets attributed for financial statement presentation purposes to the division
whose performance is associated with the series of stock they hold. Liabilities
or contingencies of any division that affect Genzyme's resources or financial
condition could affect the financial condition or results of operations of the
other divisions. Genzyme and PharmaGenics stockholders should, therefore, read
Genzyme's consolidated financial statements in conjunction with the financial
statements of GMO.
NO RIGHTS OR ADDITIONAL DUTIES WITH RESPECT TO THE DIVISIONS; POTENTIAL
CONFLICTS. Holders of each series of Genzyme common stock have only the rights
of stockholders of Genzyme, and, except in limited circumstances, do not have
any rights specifically related to the division to which such series of common
stock relates.
The existence of separate series of common stock may give rise to
occasions when the interests of holders of each series of Genzyme common stock
may diverge or appear to diverge. Although Genzyme is aware of no precedent
concerning the manner in which Massachusetts law would be applied to the duties
of a board of directors in the context of three series of common stock with
divergent interests, Genzyme believes, based on the advice of counsel, that a
Massachusetts court would hold that a board of directors owes an equal duty to
all stockholders regardless of class or series and does not have separate or
additional duties to any group of stockholders. That duty is the fiduciary duty
to act in good faith and in a manner it reasonably believes to be
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in the best interests of the corporation. Genzyme has been advised that, under
Massachusetts law, a good faith determination by a disinterested and adequately
informed board of directors that an action is in the best interests of the
corporation, taking into account the interests of the holders of each series of
common stock and the alternatives reasonably available, should represent an
appropriate defense to any challenge by or on behalf of the holders of any
series of common stock that such action could have a disparate effect on
different series of common stock. However, a Massachusetts court hearing a case
involving such a challenge may decide to apply principles of Massachusetts law
other than those described above, or may develop new principles of Massachusetts
law to decide such a case.
Disproportionate ownership interests of members of the Genzyme Board in
any series of common stock or disparities in the value of such stock could
create or appear to create potential conflicts of interest when directors are
faced with decisions that could have different implications for each series of
stock. Nevertheless, Genzyme believes that a director would be able to discharge
his or her fiduciary responsibilities even if his or her interests in shares of
such series were disproportionate or had disparate values. The Genzyme Board may
also from time to time establish one or more committees to review matters
presented to it that raise conflict issues, which committee(s) would report to
the full Genzyme Board on such matters.
NO ADDITIONAL SEPARATE VOTING RIGHTS. Holders of each series of Genzyme common
stock vote together as a single class on all matters as to which common
stockholders generally are entitled to vote (including the election of
directors). Except in certain limited circumstances provided under Massachusetts
law, in the Genzyme Charter, and in the management and accounting policies
adopted by the Genzyme Board, holders of each series of common stock have no
rights to vote on matters separately. Accordingly, except in limited
circumstances, holders of shares of one series of common stock could not bring a
proposal to a vote of the holders of that series of common stock only, but would
be required to bring any proposal to a vote of all common stockholders.
On all matters as to which common stockholders generally are entitled
to vote, each share of GGD Stock has one vote, each share of GTR Stock has,
through December 31, 1998, .33 vote and each share of GMO stock will have,
through December 31, 1998, .25 vote. On January 1, 1999 and on January 1 every
two years thereafter, the number of votes to which each share of GTR Stock is
entitled will be adjusted to equal the ratio of the Fair Market Value of one
share of GTR Stock to the Fair Market Value of one share of GGD Stock as of such
date. The number of votes to which each share of GMO Stock is entitled will also
be adjusted on such dates to equal the ratio of the Fair Market Value of one
share of GMO Stock to the Fair Market Value of one share of GGD Stock. Fair
Market Value as of any date means the average of the daily closing prices as
reported by the Nasdaq National Market (or the appropriate exchange on which
such shares are traded) for the 20 consecutive trading days commencing on the
30th trading day prior to such date. In the event such closing prices are
unavailable, Fair Market Value will be determined by the Genzyme Board.
Certain matters as to which the holders of common stock are entitled to
vote may involve a divergence or the appearance of a divergence in the interests
of holders of each series of Genzyme common stock. If, when a stockholder vote
is taken on any matter as to which a separate vote by each series is not
required and the holders of any series of common stock would have more than the
number of votes required to approve any such matter, the holders of that series
would control the outcome of the vote on such matter. Holders of GGD Stock, GTR
Stock and GMO Stock will have, immediately following completion of the Merger,
approximately 93.4%, 5.4% and 1.2%, respectively, of the total voting power of
Genzyme. As a result, on matters which are submitted to a vote of the common
stockholders, the preferences of the holders of GGD Stock are likely to dominate
and determine the outcome of such vote unless and until the relative number of
shares outstanding and/or the market value of each series of Genzyme common
stock materially changes. See "Description of Genzyme Capital Stock - Voting
Rights."
EXCHANGE OF GTR STOCK AND GMO STOCK. The Genzyme Board can, in its sole
discretion, determine to exchange shares of GTR Stock and GMO Stock for cash or
shares of GGD Stock (or any combination thereof) at a 30% premium over Fair
Market Value of the GTR Stock or GMO Stock at any time. In addition, following a
disposition of all or substantially all of the assets of GTR or GMO, the shares
of GTR Stock or
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GMO Stock, as the case may be, are subject to mandatory exchange by Genzyme for
cash and/or shares of GGD Stock at a 30% premium over Fair Market Value of such
series of common stock as determined by the trading prices during a specified
period prior to public announcement of the disposition. Consequently, holders of
GTR Stock and GMO Stock may receive a greater or lesser premium for their shares
than any premium paid by a third party buyer of all or substantially all of the
assets of GTR or GMO. In addition, the right of the Genzyme Board to exchange
shares of GMO Stock or GTR Stock at a 30% premium over the Fair Market Value of
such shares does not preclude the Genzyme Board from making an offer to exchange
such shares on terms other than those provided in the Genzyme Charter. Although
any alternative offer would be subject to acceptance by the holders of the
shares to be exchanged, such offer could be made on terms less favorable than
those provided in the Genzyme Charter. Any exchange of shares for GGD Stock
could be made at a time when the GGD Stock may be considered to be undervalued
and, if such exchange is perceived as dilutive, the market price of GGD Stock
may be adversely affected. See "Description of Capital Stock - Exchange of GTR
Stock and GMO Stock" and "Management and Accounting Policies Governing the
Relationship of Genzyme Divisions - Open Market Purchases of Shares of Common
Stock."
NO ADJUSTMENT TO LIQUIDATING DISTRIBUTIONS. In the event of a voluntary or
involuntary dissolution, liquidation or winding up of the affairs of Genzyme
(other than pursuant to a merger, business combination or sale of substantially
all assets), holders of outstanding shares of each series of Genzyme common
stock would receive the assets, if any, remaining for distribution to common
stockholders on a per share basis in proportion to the respective per share
liquidation units of such series. Currently, each share of GGD Stock has 100
liquidation units, each share of GTR Stock has 58 liquidation units and each
share of GMO Stock has 25 liquidation units. Because the liquidation units will
not be adjusted to reflect changes in the relative market value or performance
of each of the divisions of Genzyme, the per share liquidating distribution to a
holder of GGD Stock, GTR Stock or GMO Stock is not likely to correspond to the
value of the assets of Genzyme General, GTR or GMO, respectively, at the time of
a dissolution, liquidation or winding up of Genzyme.
MANAGEMENT AND ACCOUNTING POLICIES SUBJECT TO CHANGE. The Genzyme Board has
adopted certain management and accounting policies applicable to the preparation
of the financial statements of the divisions of Genzyme, the allocation of
corporate expenses, assets and liabilities, the reallocation of assets between
divisions and other matters. In contemplation of the Merger and the issuance of
the GMO Stock, the Genzyme Board has determined to amend, effective upon
completion of the Merger, certain of these policies. These policies may, except
as stated therein, be further modified or rescinded in the sole discretion of
the Genzyme Board without the approval of Genzyme's stockholders, subject to the
Genzyme Board's fiduciary duty to all holders of Genzyme's capital stock. The
Genzyme Board may also adopt additional policies depending upon the
circumstances. See "Management and Accounting Policies Governing the
Relationship of Genzyme Divisions."
USE OF OPERATING LOSSES BY OTHER GENZYME DIVISIONS. Genzyme's management and
accounting policies provide that to the extent any division of Genzyme is unable
to utilize its operating losses or other projected tax benefits to reduce its
current or deferred income tax expense, such losses or benefits may be
reallocated to another division on a quarterly basis. Accordingly, although the
actual payment of taxes is a corporate liability of Genzyme as a whole, separate
financial statements will be prepared for each division and any losses that
cannot be utilized by a division will not be carried forward to reduce the taxes
allocable to such division's earnings in the future. This could result in a
division being charged a greater portion of the total corporate tax liability
and reporting lower earnings after taxes in the future than would have been the
case if such division had retained its losses or other benefits in the form of a
net operating loss carryforward.
RISKS RELATED TO GMO
As a result of the Merger Proposal and upon completion of the Merger,
stockholders of PharmaGenics will receive shares of GMO Stock, a series of
Genzyme common stock that is designed to reflect the value and track the
performance of GMO. An investment in GMO involves a high degree of risk.
Stockholders of PharmaGenics should carefully consider the following factors in
evaluating the Merger Proposal.
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LIMITATIONS ON INFORMATION USED IN FAIRNESS OPINION. In approving the Merger,
the PharmaGenics Board considered, among other things, a written opinion issued
by PaineWebber, financial advisor to PharmaGenics, that the proposed
consideration to be received by the holders of PharmaGenics preferred stock in
the Merger, taken as a whole, is fair from a financial point of view to
PharmaGenics. In reaching its opinion, PaineWebber reviewed, among other things,
information, including financial forecasts, provided by the managements of
PharmaGenics and Genzyme and relied upon the accuracy of such information.
PaineWebber did not independently verify such information or assumptions, nor
did PaineWebber undertake an independent evaluation or appraisal of the business
of PharmaGenics or Genzyme. These limitations should be considered in evaluating
the conclusions expressed in PaineWebber's opinion. See "The Merger Proposed -
The Merger Fairness Opinion."
GMO OPERATING LOSSES; LACK OF REVENUES. Although GMO expects to generate initial
revenues from SAGE services and from payments by strategic partners, GMO does
not expect that its revenues from these sources will be sufficient to support
its operations and ongoing product and service development programs. In
addition, because all of GMO's potential products and services other than SAGE
will require significant additional research, development and preclinical and
clinical testing prior to commercialization, it may be several years, if ever,
before GMO recognizes revenue from sales or royalties on these products and
services. Accordingly, GMO is expected to experience significant operating
losses for at least the next several years and there can be no assurance that
GMO will ever achieve a profitable level of operations or that profitability, if
achieved, can be sustained on an ongoing basis.
DILUTION. Until the closing of the Merger or termination of the Merger
Agreement, Genzyme has agreed to provide a stand-by credit facility to fund
PharmaGenics's documented operating costs up to a maximum of $3,450,000 (the
"Credit Facility"). Upon completion of the Merger, amounts drawn by PharmaGenics
will become an interdivision loan from Genzyme General to GMO. The outstanding
principal and interest on the loan is convertible at Genzyme's option into GMO
Designated Shares at a price per share determined upon the closing of the first
public offering of GMO securities in which the aggregate net proceeds to GMO
equal or exceed $10,000,000. The conversion price will be equal to the per share
price of the GMO Stock (or, if GMO Stock is not offered, the conversion price of
any security convertible into GMO Stock) in such offering; provided that if any
portion of the outstanding principal or interest is converted prior to such an
offering, the conversion price will be $7.00.
In addition, the Genzyme Board has approved the allocation of up to $25
million in cash from Genzyme General to GMO, subject to a dollar-for-dollar
reduction by the proceeds of outside financing received by GMO. Amounts drawn
under the Equity Line prior to the GMO IPO automatically convert into GMO
Designated Shares upon the closing of the GMO IPO at a price that will be
between $7.00 and the price to the public in the GMO IPO, with the exact price
to be dependent upon the date of each advance and the assumed appreciation or
depreciation in the value of the GMO Stock as of such date, assuming straight
line appreciation or depreciation over the period from the closing date of the
Merger to the closing date of the GMO IPO. Advances made after the GMO IPO will
convert upon the date of each advance into such number of GMO Designated Shares
determined by dividing the amount of such advance by the Fair Market Value of
GMO Stock on such date.
As a result of the foregoing, holders of GMO Stock may suffer a
dilution in the net tangible book value of the GMO Stock.
NEED FOR ADDITIONAL FUNDS. Genzyme anticipates that revenues generated from SAGE
agreements, together with amounts available from Genzyme General under the
Equity Line and funding expected to be obtained from collaborators, will be
sufficient to fund GMO's operations through April 1998. Substantial additional
funds will be required to complete development and commercialization of GMO's
products and services (other than SAGE services). GMO's cash requirements may
vary materially from those now planned as a result of numerous factors,
including progress of GMO's research and development programs, achievement of
milestones under strategic alliance arrangements, the ability of GMO to
establish and maintain additional strategic alliances and
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licensing arrangements, the progress of development efforts of GMO's strategic
partners, competing technological and market developments, the costs involved in
enforcing patent claims and other intellectual property rights and the cost and
timing of regulatory approvals. Insufficient funds may require GMO to delay,
scale back or eliminate certain of its programs or to license third parties to
commercialize technologies or products that GMO would otherwise undertake
itself. Such actions may adversely affect the value of the GMO Stock.
EARLY STAGE OF PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT. GMO's products and services, other than SAGE
services, will be at an early stage of development and will require, at
substantial expense, additional research, development, preclinical and clinical
testing and regulatory approval prior to commercialization. Revenues to date
from SAGE services have been nominal. GMO does not expect to have any additional
products or services commercially available for many years, if at all.
GMO's gene therapy products for melanoma will be its only products that
are currently in clinical trials. Although preliminary results from these trials
are encouraging, such results are not necessarily indicative of results that
will be obtained in subsequent or more extensive clinical testing. There can be
no assurance that GMO will not encounter problems in clinical trials that will
cause it to delay or suspend clinical trials or that such clinical testing, if
completed, will ultimately show any of GMO's products to be safe and
efficacious. In addition, gene therapy is a theoretically promising therapeutic
approach that has many technical obstacles to be overcome. No gene therapy
products have been approved to date for sale in the U.S. or internationally.
UNCERTAINTY REGARDING PATENTS AND PROTECTION OF PROPRIETARY TECHNOLOGY. GMO's
success depends, to a large extent, on Genzyme's ability to maintain a
competitive technological position in its product areas. Proprietary rights
relating to GMO's products and services are protected from unauthorized use by
third parties only to the extent that they are covered by patents or are
maintained in confidence as trade secrets. Genzyme has filed for patents and has
rights to numerous patents and patent applications worldwide. While certain of
Genzyme's patents have been allowed or issued, there can be no assurance that
any additional patents will be allowed or will issue or that, to the extent
issued, such patents will effectively protect the proprietary technology of
Genzyme. Patent litigation is widespread in the biotechnology industry and it is
not possible to predict how any such litigation will affect GMO.
No consistent policy has emerged from the U.S. Patent and Trademark
Office ("PTO") regarding the breadth of claims allowed in biotechnology patents
and, therefore, the degree of future protection for Genzyme's proprietary rights
is uncertain. The allowance of broader claims may increase the incidence and
cost of patent interference proceedings in the U.S. and the risk of infringement
litigation in the U.S. and abroad. Conversely, the allowance of narrower claims,
while reducing the risk of infringement, may limit the value of Genzyme's
proprietary rights under its patents, licenses and pending patent applications.
There have been proposals before the PTO for review of the appropriateness and
scope of patent protection for genes and gene fragments. There can be no
assurance that these or other proposals will not result in changes in, or
interpretations of, the patent laws that will adversely affect Genzyme's patent
position.
Genzyme actively monitors the patent filings of its competitors in an
effort to guide the design and development of its products to avoid
infringement. Notwithstanding these efforts, third party patent rights or
currently pending patent applications filed by third parties, if issued, may
cover certain of GMO's therapeutic products as ultimately developed. For
example, in the gene therapy area, a number of patents may be needed covering
different elements of the technique, such as the particular gene sequence of
interest or the vector for its delivery. As a result, Genzyme may be required to
obtain licenses under such patents in order to test, use or market products that
contain proprietary genetic sequences or incorporate proprietary proteins. For
example, Genzyme may need to acquire patent rights from third parties that cover
particular diagnostic or therapeutic gene sequences or that cover aspects of
adjuvant therapies such as compositions of matter or methods of use related to
the administration of cytokines as immunostimulants in combination with a cancer
therapy. In gene therapy, Genzyme may need to license a number of patents
covering different elements of the technique, such as those relating to a
particular viral or non-viral vector or methods for its delivery. If any
licenses are required, there can be no assurance that such licenses will be
available on commercially favorable terms, if at all.
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In addition, there can be no assurance that the patents issued or
licensed to Genzyme will remain free of challenge by third parties. If GMO
becomes involved in litigation to defend itself in patent suits brought by third
parties or if it initiates such suits, it could consume a substantial portion of
GMO's resources. Any legal action against GMO or its strategic partners claiming
damages or seeking to enjoin commercial activities relating to the affected
products and processes could, in addition to subjecting GMO to potential
liability for damages, require GMO or its strategic partner to obtain a license
in order to continue to manufacture or market the affected products and
services. There can be no assurance that GMO or its strategic partners would
prevail in any such action or that any license required under any such patent
would be made available on commercially acceptable terms, if at all.
GMO is aware of third party patent applications and issued patents
directed to p53 gene therapy, as well as to general methods for delivering genes
therapeutically, including for the treatment of cancer (the "Additional Gene
Therapy Patents"). GMO believes that the PTO will declare a patent interference
between certain of the Additional Gene Therapy Patents and the p53 patent
application that PharmaGenics has licensed from The Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine ("JHU") and sublicensed to Genetic Therapy, Inc. ("GTI"). The
outcome of any such interference proceeding, if declared, cannot be predicted,
and there can be no assurance that the outcome of such proceeding will be
favorable to GMO. If the patent rights licensed from JHU are not adequate to
permit GTI to commercialize p53 gene therapy products without a license to the
Additional Gene Therapy Patents, and if such a license is unavailable, GMO's
revenue from the sublicense with GTI may be diminished or eliminated. See "Annex
II - Business of GMO - Patents and Proprietary Rights."
GMO also relies upon trade secrets, proprietary know-how and continuing
technological innovation to develop and maintain its competitive position. There
can be no assurance that others will not independently develop such know-how or
otherwise obtain access to GMO's technology. While GMO's employees, consultants
and corporate partners with access to proprietary information are generally
required to enter into confidentiality agreements, there can be no assurance
that these agreements will be fulfilled. Certain of GMO's consultants have
developed portions of GMO's proprietary technology at their respective
universities or in governmental laboratories. There can be no assurance that
such universities or governmental authorities will not assert rights to
intellectual property arising out of university or government based research
conducted by such consultants.
GOVERNMENT REGULATION; NO ASSURANCE OF REGULATORY APPROVALS. The production and
sale of health care products and provision of health care services, including
many of the products and services to be developed by GMO, are highly regulated.
In particular, human therapeutic and diagnostic products are subject to pre-
marketing approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ("FDA") and
comparable agencies in foreign countries. The process of obtaining these
approvals varies according to the nature and use of the product and can involve
lengthy and detailed laboratory and clinical testing, sampling activities and
other costly and time-consuming procedures. Additional regulatory regimes, in
the U.S. and internationally, affect GMO's work in gene therapy and the
provision of cancer diagnostic services. There can be no assurance that any of
the required regulatory approvals will be granted on a timely basis, if at all.
See "Annex II - Business of GMO-Government Regulation."
INTENSE COMPETITION. Competition in the field of cancer therapeutics and
diagnostics is intense. In addition, other companies provide genomics services
that are competitive with SAGE. Competitors in the U.S. and elsewhere are
numerous and include major pharmaceutical, chemical and biotechnology companies,
many of which have substantially greater capital resources, marketing
experience, research and development staffs and facilities than GMO. These
companies may succeed in developing products and services that are more
effective than any that have been or may be developed by GMO and may also be
more successful than GMO in producing and marketing these products and services.
See "Annex II - Business of GMO - Competition."
RAPID TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE. The field of biotechnology is expected to continue
to undergo significant and rapid technological change. Although GMO will seek to
expand its technological capabilities in order to remain competitive, there can
be no assurance that research and discoveries by others will not render GMO's
products or processes obsolete. In particular, rapid change in the field of
genomics may result in the premature
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obsolescence of current genomics tools, including the SAGE technology. If the
SAGE technology were to become obsolete before GMO develops any additional
products or services, its business may be adversely affected.
RELIANCE ON THIRD PARTY REIMBURSEMENT; EFFECTS OF HEALTH CARE COST CONTAINMENT
INITIATIVES. GMO's future product and service revenues will likely be
attributable directly or indirectly to payments received from third party
payers, including government health administration authorities and private
health insurers. Significant uncertainty exists as to the reimbursement status
of newly approved health care products, and third party payers are increasingly
challenging the prices charged for health care products and services. There can
be no assurance that any third party insurance coverage will be available to
patients for any products or services developed by GMO. Third party payers are
also increasingly attempting to contain health care costs by limiting both
coverage and the level of reimbursement for new therapeutic products and by
refusing in some cases to provide coverage for uses of approved products for
disease indications for which the FDA has not granted marketing approval. There
can be no assurance that any third party insurance coverage will be available
for any products or services developed by GMO. If adequate coverage and
reimbursement levels are not provided by government and other third party payers
for GMO's products and services, the market acceptance of these products may be
reduced and, accordingly, GMO's revenues and profitability may be adversely
affected.
In addition, Congress has from time to time discussed the possible
implementation of broad based health care cost containment measures. While these
discussions have not led to the enactment of any specific health care cost
containment legislation, it is likely that health care measures will again be
proposed in Congress. The effects on GMO of any such measures that are
ultimately adopted cannot be measured at this time.
RELIANCE ON COLLABORATORS. GMO's strategy to develop and commercialize certain
of its products and services will entail entering into various arrangements with
both academic collaborators and corporate partners and licensees. GMO will be
dependent on the subsequent success of these parties in performing research,
preclinical and clinical testing and marketing. These arrangements may require
GMO to transfer certain material rights to such corporate partners and
licensees. While GMO believes its collaborators and licensees will have an
economic motivation to succeed in performing their contractual responsibilities,
in some cases the amount and timing of resources to be devoted to their
collaboration with GMO, and the ability to terminate the collaboration, will be
controlled by others. Consequently, there can be no assurance that any revenues
or profits will be derived from such arrangements, that any of GMO's current
strategic alliances will be continued or not terminated early or that GMO will
be able to enter into future collaborations.
PRODUCT LIABILITY AND LIMITATIONS OF INSURANCE. GMO may be subject to product
liability claims in connection with the use or misuse of its products during
testing or after commercialization. While GMO has taken, and continues to take,
what it believes are appropriate precautions, there can be no assurance that GMO
will avoid significant liability exposure. Genzyme has only limited amounts of
product liability insurance and there can be no assurance that such insurance
will provide sufficient coverage against any or all potential product liability
claims. If Genzyme attempts to obtain additional insurance in the future, there
can be no assurance that it will be able to do so on acceptable terms, if at
all, or that such insurance will provide adequate coverage against claims
asserted.
POSSIBLE VOLATILITY OF SHARE PRICE; ABSENCE OF DIVIDENDS. The market prices for
securities of biotechnology companies have been volatile. Factors such as
announcements of technological innovations or new commercial products by GMO or
its competitors, government regulation, patent or proprietary rights
developments, public concern as to the safety or other implications of
biotechnology products and market conditions in general may have a significant
impact on the market price of GMO Stock. No cash dividends have been paid to
date on any series of Genzyme common stock and Genzyme does not anticipate
paying cash dividends on the GMO Stock in the foreseeable future.
POSSIBLE ADVERSE EFFECT OF ANTI-TAKEOVER PROVISIONS. Certain provisions of
Massachusetts law, Genzyme's charter and by-laws and the terms of Genzyme's
stockholder rights plan may have the effect of delaying,
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deferring or preventing a change in control of Genzyme or a change in its
management and thus deprive stockholders of an opportunity to realize a premium
for their shares. In addition, if the Genzyme Charter Proposal is approved,
Genzyme's authorized capital stock will include shares of undesignated common
stock, as well as Genzyme's existing shares of undesignated preferred stock that
may be issued from time to time by the Genzyme Board in one or more series. The
issuance of additional series of common and preferred stock could have the
effect of discouraging attempts to acquire control of Genzyme. See "Description
of Genzyme Capital Stock - `Anti-Takeover' Provisions."
RISKS RELATED TO OTHER GENZYME DIVISIONS
As a result of the Merger, stockholders of PharmaGenics will become
stockholders of Genzyme, which owns all of the assets and is responsible for all
of the liabilities of GMO. Liabilities or contingencies of the other divisions
of Genzyme that affect Genzyme's resources or financial condition could affect
the financial condition or results of operations of GMO. Accordingly,
stockholders of PharmaGenics should carefully consider the following factors in
evaluating the Merger and the business of Genzyme and compare these factors with
the risks associated with holding PharmaGenics Stock.
DEPENDENCE ON CEREDASE(R) ENZYME AND CEREZYME(R) ENZYME SALES. Genzyme General's
results of operations are highly dependent upon the sales of Ceredase(R) enzyme
and Cerezyme(R) enzyme. Sales of Ceredase(R) enzyme and Cerezyme(R) enzyme in
1996 were $264.6 million, representing 62% of Genzyme's consolidated product
sales in 1996. Genzyme produces Ceredase(R) enzyme from an extract of human
placental tissue supplied by a French company that is the only significant
commercial source of this material. The current supply available is not
sufficient to produce enough Ceredase(R) enzyme to supply all present patients.
To address supply constraints, Genzyme developed Cerezyme(R) enzyme, a
recombinant form of the enzyme. In October 1996, Genzyme General received FDA
approval to manufacture Cerezyme(R) enzyme in a new, large-scale manufacturing
plant located in Boston, Massachusetts. Once an uninterrupted supply of
Cerezyme(R) enzyme can be produced by the new plant, patients receiving
Ceredase(R) enzyme will be converted to Cerezyme(R) enzyme. Genzyme General will
be required to continue manufacturing Ceredase(R) enzyme until the process of
patient conversion is completed, which is expected to occur during the fourth
quarter of 1998. Any disruption in the supply or manufacturing process of
Ceredase(R) enzyme during the conversion period or in the supply or
manufacturing process of Cerezyme(R) enzyme may have a material adverse effect
on revenue.
FUTURE CAPITAL NEEDS. Although Genzyme currently has substantial cash resources
and generates positive cash flow from operations, it has committed to utilize a
portion of such funds for certain purposes, such as (i) completing the market
introduction in the U.S. and Europe of its line of biomaterial products based on
hyaluronic acid to limit the formation of postoperative adhesions, (ii)
completing the market introduction of GTR's CARTICEL(R) Service and developing,
producing and marketing other products through GTR and (iii) making certain
payments to third parties in connection with strategic collaborations. Genzyme
had approximately $188 million in cash and cash equivalents at December 31, 1996
and received an additional $87 million in January 1997 from the exercise of
warrants, the remainder of which expired at year end. As of December 31, 1996,
approximately $218 million was outstanding under Genzyme's $225 million
revolving credit facility with a syndicate of commercial banks. Amounts borrowed
under this facility are payable on November 15, 1999. Genzyme's cash resources
will be diminished upon repayment of amounts borrowed, plus accrued interest,
under this facility. In addition, Genzyme privately placed a three-year, $13
million convertible note (the "GTR Note") in February 1997 to fund GTR's
operations. Pursuant to the terms of the GTR Note, the holder will, in some
circumstances, receive cash from Genzyme and in others receive shares of GTR
Stock in lieu of cash. To the extent Genzyme uses cash to pay the principal and
accrued interest on the GTR Note, its cash reserves will also be depleted.
Moreover, should Genzyme exercise its option to acquire the partnership
interests in Genzyme Development Partners, L.P. using cash to pay some or all
the exercise price, its cash resources will be diminished. As a result, Genzyme
may have to obtain additional financing. There can be no assurance that such
financing will be available on favorable terms, if at all.
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RISKS INHERENT IN INTERNATIONAL OPERATIONS. Foreign operations of Genzyme
accounted for 35% of consolidated net sales in 1996 as compared to 36% and 31%
in 1995 and 1994, respectively. In addition, Genzyme has direct investments in a
number of subsidiaries in foreign countries (primarily in Europe and Japan) and
purchases certain raw materials from a European supplier. Financial results of
Genzyme could be adversely affected by fluctuations in foreign exchange rates.
Fluctuations in the value of foreign currencies affect the dollar value of
Genzyme's net investment in foreign subsidiaries, with these fluctuations being
included in a separate component of stockholders' equity. Operating results of
foreign subsidiaries are translated into U.S. dollars at average monthly
exchange rates. In addition, the U.S. dollar value of transactions based in
foreign currency (collections on foreign sales or payments for foreign
purchases) also fluctuates with exchange rates. The largest foreign currency
exposure results from activity in British pounds, French francs, Swiss francs,
Dutch guilders, German marks and Japanese yen.
Genzyme attempts to manage this exposure by entering into forward
contracts with banks to the extent that the timing of currency flows can
reasonably be anticipated and by offsetting matching foreign currency
denominated assets with foreign currency denominated liabilities. Although to
date Genzyme has not hedged net foreign investments, it may engage in hedging
transactions to manage and reduce its foreign exchange risk, subject to certain
restrictions imposed by the Genzyme Board. There can be no assurance that
Genzyme's attempts to manage its foreign currency exchange risk will be
successful.
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THE GENZYME SPECIAL MEETING
RECORD DATE; OUTSTANDING SECURITIES. This Prospectus/Proxy Statement
and enclosed proxy are being furnished in connection with the solicitation by
the Genzyme Board of proxies in the enclosed form for use at the Genzyme Special
Meeting to be held on June 12, 1997, at 11:00 a.m., Eastern Time, at Genzyme's
offices, One Kendall Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts. The Genzyme Board has
fixed the close of business on April 18, 1997 as the Genzyme Record Date. Only
holders of record of GGD Stock and GTR Stock as of the close of business on the
Genzyme Record Date are entitled to notice of and to vote at the Genzyme Special
Meeting and any adjournment or postponement thereof. As of such date, there were
outstanding 75,839,926 shares of GGD Stock which were held of record by
approximately 3,016 holders and 13,201,375 shares of GTR Stock which were held
of record by approximately 3,618 holders. Each share of GGD Stock is entitled to
one vote and each share of GTR Stock is entitled to .33 vote.
PURPOSE OF THE MEETING. At the Genzyme Special Meeting, the
stockholders of Genzyme will consider and vote on a proposal to adopt the Merger
Agreement, pursuant to which PharmaGenics will merge with Genzyme and the GMO
Stock will be created, and on a separate proposal to amend and restate the
Genzyme Charter. Genzyme stockholders are also being asked to amend Genzyme's
existing benefit plans to allow for the issuance of shares of GMO Stock under
such plans in addition to other Genzyme securities that are already included in
such plans. See "The Merger Proposal - The Merger" and "The Genzyme Benefit Plan
Proposals."
REQUIRED VOTE. A majority in interest of the shares of GGD Stock and
GTR Stock outstanding as of the Genzyme Record Date, represented in person or by
proxy at the Genzyme Special Meeting, will constitute a quorum for the
transaction of business. Shares represented by proxies which are marked
"abstain" and proxies relating to "street name" shares for which the authority
to vote is withheld ("broker non-votes") will be counted as shares present for
purposes of determining the presence of a quorum on all matters.
Under Massachusetts law and the Genzyme Charter, approval of the Merger
Proposal and the Genzyme Charter Proposal will require the affirmative vote of
the holders of a majority in interest of the shares of GGD Stock and GTR Stock
outstanding as of the Genzyme Record Date, voting together as a single class.
Accordingly, abstentions and broker non-votes will have the same effect as
negative votes. Under Genzyme's by-laws, adoption of the Genzyme Benefit Plan
Proposals will require the affirmative vote of a majority of the votes cast by
holders of GGD Stock and GTR Stock outstanding on the Genzyme Record Date,
voting together as a single class. Abstentions and broker non-votes will not be
counted as votes cast on the Genzyme Benefit Plan Proposals and thus will not
affect the outcome of the voting on these proposals.
The Genzyme Benefit Plan Proposals will not be implemented unless the
Merger Proposal is approved by the stockholders at the Genzyme Special Meeting.
The Merger Proposal is not conditioned on the approval of the Genzyme Charter
Proposal.
THE GENZYME BOARD HAS UNANIMOUSLY APPROVED THE MERGER PROPOSAL, THE
GENZYME CHARTER PROPOSAL AND THE GENZYME BENEFIT PLAN PROPOSALS AND BELIEVES
THAT THEIR ADOPTION IS IN THE BEST INTERESTS OF GENZYME AND ITS STOCKHOLDERS.
ACCORDINGLY, THE BOARD UNANIMOUSLY RECOMMENDS THAT STOCKHOLDERS VOTE TO APPROVE
EACH OF THESE PROPOSALS.
VOTING OF PROXIES. All proxies that are properly executed and returned
will be voted at the Genzyme Special Meeting in accordance with the instructions
thereon, unless previously revoked. With regard to any other business not
specified above that may properly come before the Genzyme Special Meeting,
shares represented by properly executed proxies will be voted at the discretion
of the persons named in the relevant proxy. Sending in your proxy will not
affect your right to attend the Genzyme Special Meeting and vote in person.
After sending in your proxy, you still have the power to revoke it by
(i) filing with the Clerk of Genzyme, at or before the taking of the vote at the
Genzyme Special Meeting, (a) a written notice specifying the number of shares
you own and clearly identifying the proxy to be revoked or (b) a new proxy,
signed bearing a
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later date, or (ii) attending the Genzyme Special Meeting and voting in person
(although attendance at the meeting will not in and of itself constitute a
revocation of a proxy). You should send any written notice of revocation or
subsequent proxy to Genzyme Corporation, One Kendall Square, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02139, Attention: Clerk, or hand deliver it to the Clerk of
Genzyme at the Genzyme Special Meeting at or before the taking of the vote.
APPRAISAL RIGHTS. Under Massachusetts law, Genzyme stockholders who
file written notice of their intention to exercise dissenters' rights before the
taking of the vote to adopt the Merger Agreement may elect to have the "fair
value" of their shares (determined in accordance with Massachusetts law)
judicially appraised and paid to them if the Merger is completed and if they
comply with the provisions of Sections 86 to 98, inclusive, of the MBCL. Failure
to comply strictly with such requirements may result in the loss of dissenters'
rights. See "The Merger Proposal - The Merger - Genzyme Stockholder Appraisal
Rights."
If you have any questions about giving your Genzyme proxy or require
assistance, please contact Susan P. Cogswell, Director of Shareholder Services
of Genzyme, as follows:
Genzyme Corporation
One Kendall Square
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
(617) 252-7526
THE PHARMAGENICS SPECIAL MEETING
RECORD DATE; OUTSTANDING SECURITIES. This Prospectus/Proxy Statement
and enclosed proxy are also being furnished in connection with the solicitation
by the PharmaGenics Board of proxies in the enclosed form for use at the
PharmaGenics Special Meeting to be held on June 12, 1997, at 11:30 a.m. Eastern
Time, at PharmaGenics's offices, Four Pearl Court, Allendale, New Jersey. The
PharmaGenics Board has fixed the close of business on April 25, 1997 as the
PharmaGenics Record Date. Only holders of record of PharmaGenics Stock as of the
close of business on the PharmaGenics Record Date are entitled to notice of and
to vote at the PharmaGenics Special Meeting and any adjournment or postponement
thereof. As of such date, there were outstanding 455,108 shares of PharmaGenics
common stock, 2,458,420 shares of Series A Stock, 2,227,263 shares of Series B
Stock and 4,717,700 shares of Series C Stock. There are approximately 1,650
holders of record of PharmaGenics Stock. Each share of PharmaGenics stock is
entitled to one vote.
PURPOSE OF THE MEETING. At the PharmaGenics Special Meeting,
PharmaGenics stockholders will consider and vote upon a proposal to adopt the
Merger Agreement pursuant to which PharmaGenics will merge into Genzyme, holders
of PharmaGenics preferred stock will receive shares of GMO Stock in exchange for
their PharmaGenics Stock and all shares of PharmaGenics common stock will be
cancelled. See "The Merger Proposal - The Merger".
REQUIRED VOTE. A majority of the shares of PharmaGenics Stock
outstanding as of the Record Date, represented in person or by proxy at the
PharmaGenics Special Meeting, will constitute a quorum for the transaction of
business. Shares represented by proxies which are marked "abstain" and proxies
relating to "street name" shares for which the authority to vote is withheld
("broker non-votes") will be counted as shares present for purposes of
determining the presence of a quorum on all matters.
As a result of certain ambiguities in the PharmaGenics Charter
discussed below under "The Merger Proposal - Allocation of Merger Consideration
and Certain Matters Relating to the PharmaGenics Charter", PharmaGenics and
Genzyme have agreed in the Merger Agreement that the Merger will not be
completed unless the Merger Agreement is adopted by the affirmative vote of both
(i) the holders of a majority of the outstanding PharmaGenics common stock,
Series A Stock and Series B Stock, all voting together as a single class and
(ii) the holders of a majority of the outstanding PharmaGenics common stock and
Series A, Series B and Series C
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Stock, all voting together as a single class. Accordingly, abstentions and
broker non-votes will have the same effect as negative votes on the Merger
Proposal.
THE PHARMAGENICS BOARD HAS UNANIMOUSLY DETERMINED THAT THE TERMS OF THE
MERGER AGREEMENT AND THE TRANSACTIONS CONTEMPLATED THEREBY ARE FAIR TO, AND IN
THE BEST INTERESTS OF PHARMAGENICS AND ITS STOCKHOLDERS. ACCORDINGLY, THE
PHARMAGENICS BOARD RECOMMENDS THAT THE PHARMAGENICS STOCKHOLDERS VOTE FOR THE
APPROVAL OF THE MERGER PROPOSAL.
VOTING OF PROXIES. All PharmaGenics stockholders who are entitled to
vote at the PharmaGenics Special Meeting and are represented by properly
executed proxies received prior to or at such meeting and not revoked will be
voted at the PharmaGenics Special Meeting in accordance with the instructions
indicated on such proxy. If no instructions are indicated, such proxies will be
voted FOR approval of the Merger Proposal. With regard to any other business not
specified above that may properly come before the PharmaGenics Special Meeting,
including, among other things, consideration of a motion to adjourn such meeting
to another time or place, shares represented by properly executed proxies will
be voted at the discretion of the persons named in the relevant proxy. Sending
in your proxy will not affect your right to attend the PharmaGenics Special
Meeting and vote in person.
After sending in your proxy, you still have the power to revoke it by
(i) filing with the Secretary of PharmaGenics, at or before the taking of the
vote at the PharmaGenics Special Meeting, (a) a written notice specifying the
number of shares you own and clearly identifying the proxy to be revoked or (b)
a new proxy, signed bearing a later date, or (ii) attending the PharmaGenics
Special Meeting and voting in person (although attendance at the meeting will
not in and of itself constitute a revocation of a proxy). You should send any
written notice of revocation or subsequent proxy to PharmaGenics, Inc., Four
Pearl Court, Allendale, New Jersey 07401, Attention: A. Steven Franchak, Chief
Financial Officer, or hand deliver it to the Secretary of PharmaGenics at the
PharmaGenics Special Meeting at or before the taking of the vote.
AGREEMENTS TO VOTE IN FAVOR. The executive officers and directors of
PharmaGenics and the beneficial owners of five percent (5%) or more of the
PharmaGenics common stock (on an as-converted basis) and each of HCV II, HCV
III, HCV IV, Hudson Trust, Everest Trust and the R&D Partnership have agreed to
vote their respective shares in favor of adopting the Merger Agreement and have
given irrevocable proxies to Genzyme to vote such shares at the PharmaGenics
Special Meeting. The stockholders who have agreed to vote in favor of the Merger
Agreement hold, in the aggregate, shares representing (i) 59.8% of the votes
that can be cast by the holders of the outstanding PharmaGenics common stock,
Series A Stock and Series B Stock, voting together as a single class; and (ii)
61.3% of the votes that can be cast by the holders of the outstanding
PharmaGenics common stock, Series A Stock, Series B Stock and Series C Stock,
voting together as a single class. Therefore, the shares as to which such
commitments have been obtained are sufficient to approve the Merger Proposal.
See "The Merger Proposal - The Merger - Representations, Warranties and
Covenants."
APPRAISAL RIGHTS. Under Delaware law, PharmaGenics stockholders who
file written notice of their intention to seek appraisal of their shares before
the taking of the vote to adopt the Merger Agreement may elect to have the "fair
value" of their shares (determined in accordance with Delaware law) judicially
appraised and paid to them if the Merger is completed and if they comply with
the provisions of Section 262 of the DGCL, which are attached hereto as Annex V.
Failure to comply strictly with such requirements may result in the loss of
appraisal rights. See "The Merger Proposal - The Merger - PharmaGenics
Stockholder Appraisal Rights."
If you have any questions about giving your PharmaGenics proxy or
require assistance in changing or revoking your proxy, please contact A. Steven
Franchak, Chief Financial Officer of PharmaGenics, as follows:
PharmaGenics, Inc.
Four Pearl Court
Allendale, New Jersey 07401
(201) 818-1000
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THE MERGER PROPOSAL
The stockholders of Genzyme are being asked to approve the Merger
Agreement which provides for the merger of PharmaGenics into Genzyme and the
creation of GMO Stock, with such stock having the rights and privileges
described below. See "Description of Genzyme Capital Stock." If the Genzyme
Charter Proposal is approved, the GMO Stock will be designated by the Genzyme
Board as an additional series of Genzyme common stock. If the Genzyme Charter
Proposal is not approved, the GMO Stock will be created through an amendment to
the Genzyme Charter establishing the GMO Stock as a separate class of common
stock.
The GMO Stock is intended to reflect the value and track the
performance of GMO, a new division to be established within Genzyme. GMO will be
created by combining the business of PharmaGenics with several existing Genzyme
programs in the area of molecular oncology and Genzyme's rights under agreements
with third parties relating to gene therapies for the treatment of cancer.
Through GMO, Genzyme seeks to create a focused, integrated oncology business
that will develop and commercialize novel diagnostics and therapeutics based on
molecular tools and genomics information. GMO will, on its own and in
combination with partners, develop, manufacture and market technologically
advanced products and services for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of
cancer. A complete description of the business proposed to be conducted by GMO
is attached hereto as Annex II and incorporated herein by reference.
The stockholders of PharmaGenics are also being asked to consider and
adopt the Merger Agreement. If the Merger Agreement is adopted by PharmaGenics
stockholders, certain additional conditions are satisfied or waived and the
Merger is completed, PharmaGenics will cease to exist as a separate corporation
and will become part of GMO.
As a result of the Merger, all outstanding shares of PharmaGenics
preferred stock will convert into shares of GMO Stock as described below and all
shares of PharmaGenics common stock will be cancelled. See "The Merger Proposal
- - The Merger - Allocation of Merger Consideration and Certain Matters Relating
to the PharmaGenics Charter." Additionally, in connection with the Merger, all
options and certain warrants to purchase PharmaGenics common stock will be
cancelled as a result of the Merger. Any warrants to purchase PharmaGenics
common stock that are not cancelled will become worthless. See "The Merger
Proposal - The Merger - Treatment of Options and Warrants." For a description of
the procedures for exchanging certificates for PharmaGenics preferred stock for
GMO Stock and for payment of cash in lieu of the issuance of fractional shares,
see "The Merger Proposal - The Merger - Delayed Distribution of GMO Stock
Certificates" and "-Fractional Shares."
IF THE MERGER PROPOSAL IS NOT APPROVED BY THE STOCKHOLDERS OF BOTH
GENZYME AND PHARMAGENICS, THE GMO STOCK WILL NOT BE CREATED AND ISSUED AND THE
MERGER OF PHARMAGENICS INTO GENZYME WILL NOT BE COMPLETED.
THE MERGER
The detailed terms of and conditions to the completion of the Merger
are contained in the Merger Agreement, a copy of which is attached hereto as
Annex I and incorporated herein by reference. The following discussion sets
forth a description of the material terms and conditions of the Merger Agreement
and is qualified by the more complete information set forth in the Merger
Agreement.
BACKGROUND OF THE MERGER
PharmaGenics is an integrated drug discovery company engaged in the
research and development of therapeutics for the treatment of cancer as well as
other human diseases. The research programs of PharmaGenics in cancer center
upon key genes, called "tumor suppressor genes," which PharmaGenics targets in
search of desirable therapeutics against cancer and other diseases.
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To fund its operations, PharmaGenics has raised capital through several
private placements of equity, commencing in April 1991 with the investment of
seed capital from several venture capital investors and continuing through
February 1996 with a private placement, a combined rights offering to existing
investors and an offering to new investors. Since inception, PharmaGenics has
raised approximately $26.5 million of equity capital, which has enabled it to
pursue internal research, fund and obtain technology rights from academic
institutions and pursue research and development collaborations with other
companies. As a result of these efforts, PharmaGenics has been able to generate
license/royalty and research funding revenues of approximately $6.6 million
(including research and development funding from the R&D Partnership) since
inception.
Although PharmaGenics had been successful in generating funding to
maintain its operations, management of PharmaGenics has always been aware that
PharmaGenics would either have to raise large amounts of capital through equity
offerings or search for alternative sources of capital in order to optimize the
development and exploitation of its technologies. One way PharmaGenics attempted
to obtain additional funding was to establish collaborative relationships in
which funding would be provided to PharmaGenics in exchange for sharing of
rights to the technology that might be developed from the research supported by
such funding. In particular, PharmaGenics has recently attempted to raise funds
by providing SAGE technology services to other companies on a fee basis, but to
date has not generated significant SAGE service revenues.
In September 1994, PharmaGenics retained PaineWebber as its financial
advisor to assist PharmaGenics in evaluating various alternatives, including the
prospects of raising capital for PharmaGenics through an initial public
offering, private placements of equity or debt securities, collaborations with
other biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies and business combination
transactions. PharmaGenics had considered such alternatives on an ongoing basis
since inception (and, since September 1994, with the assistance of PaineWebber),
and had tried to pursue several possible transactions. PharmaGenics held
preliminary discussions with several companies with respect to a collaboration,
but few of these discussions gave rise to a collaboration and the financial
proceeds from those collaborations that were established have not been
sufficient to sustain PharmaGenics's operations. In addition, in 1994
PharmaGenics had begun preparations for an initial public offering, but the
offering ultimately was not pursued as a result of PharmaGenics's conclusion
that general market conditions did not present a public offering opportunity.
Based upon its continuing evaluation of such alternatives in the first half of
1995, PharmaGenics obtained bridge financing of $2 million in the form of loans
convertible into equity and from December 1995 to February 1996 conducted a
private placement of the Series C Stock, largely with existing preferred
stockholders. This private placement raised $4.5 million, which was less than
PharmaGenics had sought to raise. Based upon the status of PharmaGenics's
research programs and market conditions, PharmaGenics did not believe that it
would be able to raise additional capital through another private placement
offering to existing stockholders or others. In exploring alternatives for
PharmaGenics from late 1994 through October 1996, PaineWebber contacted more
than 40 companies (other than Genzyme) to determine their interest in a business
transaction with PharmaGenics. PharmaGenics held preliminary discussions with
several of these companies, including discussions in 1995, as well as in 1996
before and after PharmaGenics commenced discussions with Genzyme, but such
discussions did not give rise to a definitive proposal or agreement with respect
to such a transaction.
As the exploration of alternatives continued through the end of 1994
and throughout 1995 and 1996, it became apparent to PharmaGenics that gaining
access to capital on reasonable terms was becoming more and more difficult,
particularly since PharmaGenics had been operating for several years yet still
lacked clinical- stage therapeutics. In addition, PharmaGenics realized that its
revenue stream would not be adequate to fund its activities for any significant
length of time.
In early May 1996, representatives of PharmaGenics and Genzyme met to
discuss opportunities for potential collaborations relating to use of the SAGE
technology in conjunction with Genzyme's cancer gene therapy programs. These
discussions regarding potential collaborations eventually evolved into
preliminary merger discussions. Genzyme and PharmaGenics executed a mutual
confidentiality agreement in late May and began to explore alternatives for
combining the oncology programs of the two companies. These discussions were
followed by a meeting on June 12, 1996, among Stelios Papadopoulos, who attended
the meeting at the request of, and in his capacity as a member of, the
PharmaGenics Board, Henri Termeer, Chief Executive Officer of Genzyme, and Gail
Maderis, Vice President, Gene Therapy of Genzyme. At this meeting, the
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parties had preliminary discussions about the acquisition of PharmaGenics in
exchange for a third class of Genzyme common stock that would track the
performance of a new division of Genzyme to be formed through the combination of
PharmaGenics's programs and technologies and Genzyme's oncology programs and
related technology.
During the period following the June meeting through October 1996,
Genzyme and PharmaGenics and their advisors negotiated the structure and
principal terms of the acquisition and conducted due diligence investigations.
PharmaGenics was represented in these negotiations, at the request of the
PharmaGenics Board, by Dr. Sherman and Dr. Papadopoulos, in their capacities as
members of the PharmaGenics Board. In addition, PaineWebber provided assistance
to PharmaGenics in the analysis of the relative valuations of PharmaGenics and
the Genzyme oncology programs that were to be combined to form GMO. These
relative valuations served as additional support for negotiations between
Genzyme and PharmaGenics on the appropriate amount of the Merger Consideration.
In addition to Dr. Sherman and Dr. Papadopoulos, Anders Wiklund and James Wyer,
also members of the PharmaGenics Board, participated in negotiations and due
diligence investigations with Genzyme. Genzyme was represented in these
negotiations principally by Ms. Maderis, Peter Wirth, Chief Legal Officer of
Genzyme, and Elliott Hillback, Senior Vice President, Genomics of Genzyme. These
negotiations focused principally upon three issues: (i) the allocation and
distribution of the initial equity interest in GMO between Genzyme and
PharmaGenics, (ii) PharmaGenics's requirement that Genzyme provide a stand-by
credit facility to fund its operating costs pending closing of the acquisition
and (iii) financing for GMO following the acquisition. The negotiations
culminated in a letter of intent dated October 29, 1996 (the "Summary of
Terms"), in which Genzyme and PharmaGenics reached agreement in principle on the
material terms of the acquisition, including that:
(a) the PharmaGenics stockholders would receive 40% of the
initial equity interest in GMO and the remaining 60% interest would be reserved
for the benefit of Genzyme General or its stockholders as a number of GMO
Designated Shares, which equity interests were subject to adjustment if either
Genzyme or PharmaGenics failed to achieve certain milestones set forth in the
Summary of Terms;
(b) the parties would explore in good faith transactions that
would permit a deferral in the allocation of the Merger Consideration to
PharmaGenics stockholders until after the GMO IPO;
(c) Genzyme would provide PharmaGenics with a stand-by credit
facility pending the closing in the form of unsecured subordinated debt bearing
interest at the prime rate; and
(d) as a condition to Genzyme's obligation to complete the
Merger, Genzyme would receive a commitment letter from PaineWebber for a $20
million private placement of GMO Stock or securities convertible into GMO Stock.
The Summary of Terms was not binding on either party, except for an agreement to
negotiate in good faith and Genzyme's commitment to make the Credit Facility and
a termination payment available to PharmaGenics under certain circumstances.
The 40/60 allocation between PharmaGenics and Genzyme of the initial
equity interest in GMO was determined through arms-length negotiations between
the parties. At the outset of the negotiations, PharmaGenics proposed that the
initial equity interest be divided 50/50 between Genzyme and PharmaGenics based
on its perception of the relative contributions to be made by the parties to
GMO. In the course of conducting due diligence, Genzyme concluded, however, that
an allocation in which Genzyme would receive more than 50% of the initial equity
interest was appropriate for principally two reasons: first, the relative value
of the programs to be contributed by Genzyme was substantially greater than the
programs to be contributed by PharmaGenics; and second, that amounts that would
be due from GMO to JHU under the various agreements between PharmaGenics and JHU
were substantially higher than Genzyme had anticipated. Separately, each party
proposed that the allocation of equity interests should be adjusted to account
for milestones achieved prior to closing of the Merger.
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As a result of these negotiations, the Summary of Terms provided for
the 40/60 allocation, subject to the following adjustments: if either Genzyme or
PharmaGenics failed to achieve the milestones established in the Summary of
Terms, its respective equity interest in GMO would be decreased by a factor of
5% and the equity interest of the other party would be increased by a factor of
5%. The allocation would remain at 40/60 if each party achieved its respective
milestone or if both parties failed to achieve their milestones.
During the period following the signing of the Summary of Terms on
October 29, 1996 through mid- December 1996, discussions between the parties
focused on a legal and business due diligence review of PharmaGenics conducted
by Genzyme, the possibility of structuring the acquisition to defer the
allocation of the Merger Consideration among PharmaGenics stockholders until
after the GMO IPO and the proper legal analysis of the ambiguities in the
PharmaGenics Charter. See "The Merger Proposal - The Merger - Allocation of the
Merger Consideration and Certain Matters Relating to the PharmaGenics Charter."
On December 18, 1996, Genzyme's counsel sent the first draft of the Merger
Agreement to PharmaGenics and its counsel. Throughout the remainder of 1996 and
January of 1997, Genzyme and PharmaGenics and their advisors negotiated the
definitive terms of the Merger Agreement. During the negotiations, each party
expressed uncertainty concerning whether the milestones set forth in the Summary
of Terms had been satisfied. Despite this uncertainty, however, each party also
believed that the other had made substantial progress toward achieving its
respective milestones and, accordingly, agreed to waive any adjustments to the
initial equity interests relating to the milestones. In addition to the
milestones, the principal points of discussion and negotiation between
PharmaGenics and Genzyme during this period were: continued legal analysis of
the ambiguities in the PharmaGenics Charter and the resulting indemnification
provisions included in the Merger Agreement; the effect of the Merger on
PharmaGenics's employees; the circumstances under which Genzyme would be
permitted to terminate the Merger Agreement, particularly with respect to the
number of Genzyme or PharmaGenics stockholders exercising appraisal rights; the
terms and provisions of the GMO Stock; the duration of the delayed distribution
of certificates for GMO Stock; the exchange of technology rights for shares of
PharmaGenics preferred stock by the R&D Partnership and the amendment of the
PharmaGenics license from JHU.
Throughout the period from 1994 until the signing of the Merger
Agreement with Genzyme, the PharmaGenics Board met on numerous occasions to
discuss strategic alternatives, including the possibility of raising additional
capital, entering into additional collaboration arrangements or pursuing merger
discussions with several possible candidates, including Genzyme. In addition,
the PharmaGenics Board received informal updates during this time from Dr.
Sherman and Dr. Papadopoulos on the activities of PharmaGenics in consideration
and pursuit of such alternatives.
In August 1996, while PharmaGenics was continuing to pursue discussions
with Genzyme, the PharmaGenics Board was concerned that such discussions had not
yet progressed to a term sheet. As a result, the PharmaGenics Board continued to
consider other alternatives, including the possibility of undertaking another
private placement offering or other corporate collaborations or business
transactions. In this regard, the PharmaGenics Board met, with the participation
of representatives of the management of PharmaGenics and counsel, to review a
possible business combination with a small, publicly traded biotechnology
company. These discussions occurred because such company had earlier approached
Dr. Sherman with a proposal that he resign as President and Chief Executive
Officer of PharmaGenics and become President and Chief Executive Officer of such
company. In the course of his response to such proposal, Dr. Sherman suggested
that, instead of his leaving PharmaGenics, that a business combination be
considered between such company and PharmaGenics, with Dr. Sherman to serve as
President and Chief Executive Officer of the combined entity. Dr. Sherman then
advised the PharmaGenics Board of the proposal he had received, his response and
his desire to explore the possibility of a business combination. The
PharmaGenics Board thereupon determined to undertake a review of such other
company to determine whether either PharmaGenics or such company had an interest
in pursuing such a possible business combination. As part of such review, since
Dr. Sherman was expected to become the President and Chief Executive Officer of
the combined entity, the PharmaGenics Board appointed a special committee
consisting of two independent directors to investigate, evaluate and make
recommendations to the PharmaGenics Board regarding such possible business
combination or other alternative ways to maximize shareholder value. Thereafter,
the special committee, with the assistance of members of the management of
PharmaGenics and PaineWebber, considered such possible combination.
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Discussions with the representatives of the other biotechnology company
focused primarily on an analysis of each company's research programs, scientific
and other personnel and strategic collaborations, as well as consideration of
the relative valuations of the two companies. Based upon a preliminary valuation
analysis performed by the other company's representatives, the amount of the
total consideration to PharmaGenics stockholders expected to be proposed in such
transaction was substantially less than the amount then being discussed with
Genzyme. No formal proposal relating to a business combination was made to
PharmaGenics by such other biotechnology company.
During the period in which the proposed business combination was being
considered, the special committee also considered other strategic alternatives,
including raising additional capital through a private placement, entering into
additional corporate collaborations and the possible transaction with Genzyme.
In September 1996, the PharmaGenics Board met, with the participation
of representatives of the management of PharmaGenics and counsel. At this
meeting, the special committee reported to the PharmaGenics Board that it had
considered the possible transaction described above and other strategic
alternatives that might be available to PharmaGenics. After considering the
discussions concerning a transaction between PharmaGenics and the other
biotechnology company, including the amount of possible consideration in such
transaction, as well as the nature and status of discussions with Genzyme,
including that discussions with Genzyme had not yet resulted in a term sheet for
the Merger and that there was no assurance that such a transaction would occur,
as well as evaluating the advantages and disadvantages of a transaction with
Genzyme, the PharmaGenics Board unanimously determined nevertheless that the
best option for PharmaGenics at that time was to pursue the transaction with
Genzyme. The PharmaGenics Board's primary reason for deciding not to pursue
further discussions with the other biotechnology company was its belief that the
possible transaction with Genzyme presented a greater likelihood of obtaining
more value for PharmaGenics stockholders. Accordingly, based upon the
substantial reduction in the potential conflict of interest as related to Dr.
Sherman in the Genzyme transaction as contrasted with the other possible
transaction, the members of the special committee directed Dr. Sherman and Dr.
Papadopoulos to continue discussions with Genzyme, to include the members of the
special committee directly in such discussions as appropriate and to report to
the full PharmaGenics Board on the status of such discussions on an ongoing
basis. Shortly following such Board meeting, PharmaGenics and the other company
terminated their discussions.
In October 1996, the PharmaGenics Board met on three occasions, with
the participation of representatives of the management of PharmaGenics and
counsel. At the first of these meetings, Dr. Sherman and Dr. Papadopoulos
reported to the PharmaGenics Board that discussions were continuing with
Genzyme, as was Genzyme's due diligence investigation, but that PharmaGenics had
not yet received a formal offer from Genzyme. At this meeting, the special
committee reaffirmed its opinion that it was desirable for PharmaGenics to
continue to pursue a transaction with Genzyme. In light of the duration of
discussions with Genzyme, the PharmaGenics Board, at this meeting, also directed
the management of PharmaGenics to renew discussions concerning a possible
private placement to raise additional capital, as to which the members of the
PharmaGenics Board had previously expressed significant reservations because of
the risks involved, including worsening market conditions and the progressively
precarious financial condition of PharmaGenics. Since PharmaGenics and Genzyme
agreed on the material terms of the Merger at the end of October 1996, such
private placement, being contrary to one of the terms of the Merger, was not
undertaken by PharmaGenics. At the remaining meetings in October 1996, the
PharmaGenics Board reviewed the material terms of several drafts of the Summary
of Terms for the Merger presented to PharmaGenics by Genzyme. At the second
meeting of the PharmaGenics Board in October 1996, Mr. Termeer was present for a
portion of the meeting and addressed the members of the PharmaGenics Board
indicating his support for the Merger. Finally, on October 30, 1996, the
PharmaGenics Board approved the Summary of Terms.
On January 27, 1997, the PharmaGenics Board met in a special meeting to
consider the draft merger agreement with Genzyme. During such meeting, the
PharmaGenics Board received a report on the terms of the proposed merger
transaction with Genzyme, a presentation by representatives of PaineWebber
concerning its evaluation of such transaction, a discussion with counsel of the
material terms of the Merger Agreement and related documents and agreements as
well as the significant unresolved terms. The presentation by PaineWebber
included a review of the material terms of the Merger and the current outlook
and financial
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analysis for PharmaGenics and Genzyme, highlighting, in particular, the
precarious financial condition of PharmaGenics and the reduced likelihood, based
upon current market conditions and PharmaGenics's unattractive financial
condition, of PharmaGenics being able to raise capital as an independent
company, as well an examination of the unresolved terms of the Merger Agreement.
PaineWebber then verbally advised the PharmaGenics Board that, based upon its
review of the draft of the Merger Agreement and subject to resolution of several
open points in the Merger Agreement, the consideration to be received by the
holders of PharmaGenics preferred stock in the Merger, taken as a whole, was
fair, from a financial point of view, to PharmaGenics. PaineWebber advised the
PharmaGenics Board that, subject to review of the final Merger Agreement,
PaineWebber would be prepared to deliver its formal written opinion to the
PharmaGenics Board within a few days. PaineWebber then responded to numerous
questions from the PharmaGenics Board relating primarily to details of the
PaineWebber presentation, the current financial condition of PharmaGenics, its
prospects should the Merger not be completed and the financial analysis
conducted by PaineWebber. Dr. Papadopoulos, a representative of PaineWebber and
member of the PharmaGenics Board, did not participate in the PaineWebber
presentation as a PaineWebber representative.
Dr. Sherman and Dr. Papadopoulos also reported to the PharmaGenics
Board on the results of the exploration by both PharmaGenics and Genzyme of
possible transaction structures which would permit a deferral in the allocation
of the Merger Consideration among PharmaGenics stockholders until after the GMO
IPO. PharmaGenics had insisted on a provision in the Summary of Terms that would
require both parties to explore in good faith such possible transaction
structures because PharmaGenics believed that the GMO Per Share Value was less
than the amount obtainable by delaying the allocation until a market value could
be determined in the GMO IPO, thus potentially resulting in a higher valuation
for the GMO Stock to be distributed to PharmaGenics stockholders. As a result,
the deferral might have created the possibility of a valuation for the aggregate
Merger Consideration sufficient for the holders of PharmaGenics preferred stock
to receive their entire merger preferences and for the holders of PharmaGenics
common stock to receive some portion of the Merger Consideration. However, after
a thorough review and analysis by Genzyme and PharmaGenics, with the assistance
of counsel, the parties determined not to pursue a deferred allocation as a
result of concerns relating to potential technical and logistical problems with
a transaction having such a structure. Principal among these potential problems
was the possibility that it could be argued that the PharmaGenics Charter would
require the vote of each series of PharmaGenics preferred stock in order to
approve a transaction structured in such a way, and that such a transaction
could cause significant delays at a time when PharmaGenics's financial condition
was worsening. Although the PharmaGenics Board was disappointed with this
result, it still favored, after further consideration, the proposed transaction
with Genzyme because it provided most of the PharmaGenics stockholders an
opportunity to realize some value in their investment, especially in light of
the absence of other viable strategic alternatives and since the continually
worsening financial condition of PharmaGenics did not present a significant
likelihood of PharmaGenics obtaining a higher valuation in any alternate
transaction or being able to accomplish its business objectives as an
independent company.
The proposed acquisition of PharmaGenics was first presented to the
Genzyme Board at a regularly scheduled meeting held on August 22, 1996. Present
at the meeting were all members of the Genzyme Board other than Dr. Cooney and
various members of Genzyme's management. Ms. Maderis presented an overview of
the rationale for creating GMO and steps management proposed to take to
establish the division, including the acquisition of PharmaGenics using tracking
stock. Other members of Genzyme's management reviewed for the Genzyme Board the
status of and market opportunity for Genzyme's oncology programs and
PharmaGenics SAGE technology. Following these presentations, the Genzyme Board
authorized management to proceed with the creation of GMO and negotiations to
acquire PharmaGenics in exchange for shares of a new Genzyme tracking stock,
subject to further review and final approval by the Genzyme Board.
At a regularly scheduled meeting held on December 5, 1996, Ms. Maderis
provided the Genzyme Board with an update of management's efforts to establish
GMO, including the execution of the Summary of Terms with PharmaGenics. Present
at the meeting were all members of the Genzyme Board and various members of
Genzyme's management. Following Ms. Maderis's presentation, the Genzyme Board
ratified the Summary of Terms.
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On January 30, 1997, a special meeting of the Genzyme Board was
convened to review the terms of the Merger Agreement, the Genzyme Charter
Proposal and the Genzyme Benefit Plan Proposals. Following presentations from
Genzyme management on each proposal, the Genzyme Board approved the Merger
Agreement, the Genzyme Charter Proposal, the Genzyme Benefit Plan Proposals and
related matters and unanimously recommended that Genzyme stockholders approve
each proposal.
On February 2, 1997, the PharmaGenics Board convened a special meeting
via telephonic conference call and received an update from management and
counsel on the status of negotiations and the resolution of several open
business points with respect to the Merger Agreement and related documents and
agreements. The Board discussed these issues at length, including the
circumstances under which Genzyme would have a right to terminate the Merger
Agreement, indemnification of Genzyme for certain suits, actions or threats
arising from the Merger, and additional changes made to the terms of the Merger
Agreement and related documents and agreements. The PharmaGenics Board also
discussed the stockholder agreements and affiliate letters to be entered into by
certain PharmaGenics stockholders and the need for changes to its contractual
relationships with the R&D Partnership and JHU pursuant to which PharmaGenics
agreed, in contemplation of the Merger, to issue additional shares of
PharmaGenics preferred stock in exchange for the waiver of certain rights by the
R&D Partnership and JHU. The Board also discussed at length the effect the
Merger would have on the employees of PharmaGenics. Additionally, the
PharmaGenics Board also reviewed the final results of their due diligence review
of Genzyme and the technology Genzyme would contribute to GMO. PaineWebber also
provided its formal fairness opinion, which also reflected the consequences of
the waiver by JHU of its rights to a $5 million payment upon completion of the
Merger, which included the issuance of shares of PharmaGenics preferred stock to
JHU, and the $25 million equity line that Genzyme was prepared to make available
to GMO. PaineWebber concluded that the changes in the transaction did not alter
its formal written opinion. In addition, the PharmaGenics Board considered the
issues relating to the PharmaGenics Charter (discussed under the heading
"Allocation of the Merger Consideration and Certain Matters Relating to the
PharmaGenics Charter"), including whether the allocation of the Merger
Consideration as set forth in the Merger Agreement was appropriate under the
PharmaGenics Charter.
In connection with such review, the PharmaGenics Board was aware that
PharmaGenics's capitalization, immediately preceding the completion of the
Merger, would consist of 455,108 shares of common stock held by approximately 20
stockholders, of which Dr. Sherman owned 275,026, or 60%, with the balance owned
by current and former officers and employees of, and consultants to,
PharmaGenics, as well as a portion owned by Hoffmann-La Roche Inc.; 2,458,420
shares of Series A Stock (excluding a warrant for 41,580 shares of Series A
Stock), with an aggregate liquidation preference of $4,572,661, held by four
stockholders; 2,270,463 shares of Series B Stock, with an aggregate liquidation
preference of $17,028,473, held by approximately 1,150 stockholders; and
4,717,700 shares of Series C Stock, with an aggregate liquidation preference of
$10,143,055, held by approximately 480 stockholders. Thus, the Merger
Consideration was to be allocated to over 98% of the holders of PharmaGenics
Stock. The PharmaGenics Board determined to enter into the Merger Agreement with
Genzyme based in large part upon balancing the risks and benefits of the Merger
against the absence of other viable strategic alternatives. In particular, the
PharmaGenics Board was aware that PharmaGenics's projected cash flows indicated
a pressing need for cash, that the Summary of Terms and the Merger Agreement
made the Credit Facility immediately available to PharmaGenics and that
otherwise prospects of alternative access to capital seemed unlikely.
The PharmaGenics Board then unanimously approved the Merger as being in
the best interests of the stockholders for the reasons set forth below under
"PharmaGenics Reasons for Merger." Drs. Sherman and Papadopoulos and Mr.
Franchak did not participate in the vote of the PharmaGenics Board on the
approval of the Merger because of certain interests of such persons in the
Merger and/or transactions and relationships related thereto (as described under
"Interests of Certain Persons in the Merger"). In addition, the PharmaGenics
Board approved the stockholder agreements to be entered into by the officers,
directors and certain stockholders of PharmaGenics. Execution of these
stockholder agreements was a condition to the signing of the Merger Agreement
imposed by Genzyme. The PharmaGenics Board determined to approve the stockholder
agreements in order to avoid any limitations on Genzyme's ability to complete
the Merger that may have arisen under Section 203 of the DGCL, which relates to
business combinations with persons owning or having the right to vote 15% or
more of a target company's stock. The entire PharmaGenics Board then
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unanimously directed that the Merger be submitted to the vote of PharmaGenics's
stockholders with the recommendation that it be approved.
On the morning of February 3, 1997, Genzyme and PharmaGenics finalized,
executed and delivered the Merger Agreement and, in the afternoon, the parties
issued a joint press release announcing the Merger.
GENZYME'S REASONS FOR THE MERGER
Genzyme's decision to acquire PharmaGenics is an integral part of its
strategic decision to establish an integrated, focused, gene-based oncology
business. Genzyme continually evaluates opportunities to create shareholder
value by developing substantial businesses around groups of related products in
its own product pipeline. When it identifies such an opportunity, Genzyme
systematically considers what resources will be needed to establish a leadership
position, what related businesses, technologies or products may be available for
acquisition or licensing, and what structure is most appropriate to provide
assurance that the business will be effectively managed and financed. For
example, Genzyme has created businesses with leadership positions in the fields
of tissue repair and transgenic protein production by taking business units with
core capabilities in these fields, adding critical mass through acquisitions and
strategic corporate alliances, and financing them through the creation of a
tracking stock security and a publicly held subsidiary, respectively. GMO
represents a continuation of this effort to create businesses with attractive
market potential.
Genzyme recognized that molecular approaches to cancer have the
potential to create a large market opportunity for technologically advanced
cancer diagnostic and therapeutic products. Genzyme has in place an array of
gene-based technology platforms, including a comprehensive gene therapy program
with clinically tested viral and non-viral gene delivery vectors, a market
leadership position in genetic testing services, a robotically-driven small
molecule drug discovery program, and a small, but highly efficient genomics
group. Genzyme believes that cancer is both one of the highest potential and
earliest areas in which these technologies will be commercialized. Genzyme
believes that bringing together these four strong technology platforms and
product portfolios in an integrated approach to molecular oncology would create
a unique entity with increased commercial potential.
Genzyme recognized that additional cancer specific expertise and
programs would be needed for it to establish a substantial business in the
oncology field. The Merger is the first step towards satisfying this objective
by adding a portfolio of complementary technologies and programs focused
exclusively on cancer. PharmaGenics has for several years benefitted from a
collaboration with a leading cancer researcher, Dr. Bert Vogelstein at JHU.
PharmaGenics brings to GMO a broad portfolio of significant cancer-related
genes, a powerful gene expression technology (SAGE) and a cancer-focused
genomics library, several small molecule drug discovery targets, an out-licensed
gene therapy program, and ongoing access to the discoveries of Dr. Kenneth
Kinzler of JHU in the field of oncology. Furthermore, the proprietary SAGE
technology is expected to provide an opportunity for an important source of
short-term revenue for GMO. The assets of PharmaGenics to be acquired in the
Merger, when combined with Genzyme's internal programs, will give GMO an initial
portfolio comprised of a genomics service business that Genzyme expects will
produce modest revenues in 1997, two clinical gene therapy products for
melanoma, additional gene therapy programs based on immunotherapy, cytotoxic
(suicide) genes and tumor suppressor genes and a drug discovery program to
identify small molecules that interact with five different cancer-related
targets. In addition, GMO will have a portfolio of cancer-related genes with
diagnostic and therapeutic potential. Genzyme believes that this integrated
approach provides greater opportunity for commercial success and offers
competitive advances over stand-alone oncology businesses with a single
technology focus.
Genzyme believes that organizing this business as a separate division
within Genzyme will provide the management focus and dedicated resources
necessary to maximize its chances for successful development while maintaining
access to Genzyme's core research technology and its manufacturing, clinical,
regulatory and administrative infrastructure. Additionally, Genzyme believes
that the GMO Stock is a security that can be used to raise the capital needed to
develop and commercialize the division's products and services without diluting
the interests of Genzyme's other stockholders.
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In addition to affording PharmaGenics stockholders and other investors
the opportunity to invest in a stock whose value is expected to be based solely
on the value of Genzyme's and PharmaGenics's programs in the field of molecular
oncology, the Merger Proposal retains for Genzyme the administrative and other
benefits of continuing to operate as a single corporation. In arriving at its
recommendation and determination that the Merger Proposal is in the best
interests of Genzyme and its stockholders, the Genzyme Board considered the
following principal factors, which, taken as a whole, supported its decision:
1. Genzyme has a long-standing strategy of using financing
vehicles to pursue early-stage technologies and development.
These vehicles, which have included tracking stock and special
purpose accelerated research corporations ("SPARCs"), have
enabled Genzyme to fund development of such technologies,
while mitigating risk and dilution to Genzyme General. As part
of this strategy, Genzyme funded a cystic fibrosis-based
effort in gene therapy through Neozyme II Corporation
("Neozyme II"), a SPARC that raised $78 million in 1992. In
connection with its acquisition of Neozyme II in 1996, Genzyme
determined that a broader application of its gene therapy
technology would be appropriate, particularly in the area of
oncology, where a number of early stage initiatives had been
underway at Genzyme but for which no coordinated effort had
been implemented. Based upon the success of tracking stock
with GTR and Genzyme's historical financing strategy,
management recommended and the Genzyme Board determined that
it would be desirable to create a new division with its own
series of tracking stock focused on applying gene-based
medicine and other core technology to the field of oncology.
This new division was expected to allow Genzyme to fund this
initiative independently of Genzyme General and GTR, while at
the same time enabling Genzyme to sustain its commitment to
gene therapy.
2. In connection with the determination, the Genzyme Board
considered the following specific advantages to use of
tracking stock for GMO:
(i) Separate equity securities would enable investors to
gain a better understanding of the business of GMO
and the separate reporting of their results would
create a framework for increased and more focused
equity research coverage by the investment community.
(ii) Separate equity securities would afford increased
flexibility to raise capital and/or make acquisitions
for GMO with an equity security related specifically
to that division. In particular, development,
clinical testing and commercialization of GMO's
products will require substantial funds. A separate
equity security for GMO is expected to allow Genzyme
to raise capital through offerings of GMO Stock
without diluting the interests of holders of other
series of Genzyme common stock.
(iii) Separate equity securities would provide a framework
for structuring employee incentive plans for
employees of GMO that can be tied directly to both
the business results and the stock price performance
of that division.
(iv) The use of tracking stock preserves a single
corporate form, permitting Genzyme to enjoy lower
borrowing and operating costs than would be available
to separate entities.
(v) By permitting the Genzyme Board to redeem the GMO
Stock in exchange for GGD Stock under certain
conditions, the Genzyme Board retains flexibility to
consider possible future restructuring options.
The Genzyme Board also considered the possible disadvantages
of using tracking stock. See "Risk Factors - Risks Related to
Genzyme Tracking Stock - Stockholders of One Company;
Financial Impacts on One Division Could Affect the Others."
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3. As noted above, Genzyme recognized that additional cancer
specific expertise and programs would be needed for it to
establish a substantial business in the oncology field.
Accordingly, Genzyme evaluated several acquisition candidates
for the creation of GMO. These candidates were evaluated on
the basis of core technology and product pipeline, existing
and potential collaborations, acquisition cost and receptivity
to acquisition. PharmaGenics emerged as the primary candidate
based on the total mix of these criteria. In particular,
PharmaGenics had developed innovative and complementary
technologies and a strong relationship with JHU and was
receptive to an acquisition at a price acceptable to Genzyme.
4. The Genzyme Board also considered PharmaGenics's financial
condition as part of its evaluation of PharmaGenics as an
acquisition candidate. The Genzyme Board noted that
PharmaGenics's losses were primarily attributable to its
efforts in the areas of antisense technology and combinatorial
chemistry and not to its efforts to develop the SAGE
technology and related programs. Since Genzyme was principally
interested in pursuing PharmaGenics's genomics technologies,
the factors contributing to PharmaGenics's financial
difficulties were not deemed relevant to the anticipated
operations of GMO. The Genzyme Board also considered the costs
of providing interim financing to PharmaGenics and of winding
down the operations of PharmaGenics following the acquisition.
These costs were determined to be acceptable in view of the
overall cost of the acquisition.
The Genzyme Board evaluated the above factors in the exercise of its
business judgment and concluded that the factors supporting a decision to
acquire PharmaGenics using tracking stock outweighed the cost of the
acquisition, the potential disadvantages to using tracking stock and foregoing
the acquisition to pursue alternative strategies or acquisition candidates. The
Genzyme Board did not find it practicable to, and did not, quantify or attempt
to assign relative weights to the specific factors considered in reaching its
decision.
PHARMAGENICS'S REASONS FOR THE MERGER
The PharmaGenics Board has unanimously determined that the Merger is
fair to, and in the best interests of, PharmaGenics and its stockholders and has
unanimously approved the Merger Agreement and recommends that PharmaGenics
stockholders vote FOR the approval and adoption of the Merger Agreement.
The terms of the Merger Agreement, including the Merger Consideration,
were the result of arms-length negotiations between PharmaGenics and Genzyme and
their respective representatives. The PharmaGenics Board consulted with its
financial advisor, legal advisors and the management of PharmaGenics.
At its meeting on February 2, 1997, the PharmaGenics Board unanimously
determined that the terms of the Merger Agreement and the transactions
contemplated thereby are fair to, and in the best interests of, PharmaGenics and
its stockholders and recommended that the PharmaGenics stockholders accept the
terms of the Merger and approve the Merger Agreement. The PharmaGenics Board
also approved individual stockholder agreements between Genzyme and PharmaGenics
directors, officers, beneficial owners of 5% or more of PharmaGenics stock and
certain of its other stockholders. In approving the Merger Agreement, the
PharmaGenics Board considered management's views about PharmaGenics's
business, assets and technology and the present financial condition and
prospects for the future of PharmaGenics. The decision of the PharmaGenics Board
to enter into the Merger Agreement was based in large part upon balancing the
risks and benefits of the Merger against the absence of other viable strategic
alternatives. The PharmaGenics Board believed it unlikely that any more
favorable transaction terms could be obtained, based upon the prior unsuccessful
efforts of PharmaGenics, with the assistance of PaineWebber, to identify and
pursue other strategic alternatives or other business combinations over the
previous several years.
At the February 2, 1997 meeting and at prior meetings, the PharmaGenics
Board heard presentations from management and PaineWebber concerning Genzyme and
its business and prospects for growth. PaineWebber's presentation constituted an
update of its preliminary advice to the PharmaGenics Board at the January 27,
1997 meeting. The update included consideration by PaineWebber of the Equity
Line and the resolution of several open points in the Merger Agreement.
PaineWebber advised the PharmaGenics Board that
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the changes in the Merger Agreement did not alter PaineWebber's January 27, 1997
conclusion, whereupon PaineWebber delivered to the PharmaGenics Board its formal
written opinion that the consideration to be received by the holders of
PharmaGenics preferred stock in the Merger, taken as a whole, was fair, from a
financial point of view, to PharmaGenics. The Merger was deemed by the
PharmaGenics Board to be the opportunity which would yield better results for
the stockholders of PharmaGenics from a financial point of view than attempting
to remain an independent company or to combine with another company. See "
Background of the Merger" above. The PharmaGenics Board discussed at length the
precarious financial condition of PharmaGenics and the fact that its independent
public accountants had informed PharmaGenics that its opinion on the
PharmaGenics fiscal 1996 audited financial statements would include an
explanatory paragraph stating that the financial condition of PharmaGenics
raised substantial doubt as to the ability of PharmaGenics to continue as a
going concern. The PharmaGenics Board considered that PharmaGenics had, at such
date, available cash (other than that from the Credit Facility and the
receivables on the balance sheet of PharmaGenics as of December 31, 1996) of
approximately $40,000, and that budgets and projections of the management of
PharmaGenics had indicated monthly cash needs averaging approximately $500,000
for 1997. This financial situation was considered in light of the reduced
likelihood that PharmaGenics would be able to raise additional capital as an
independent company, as well as the lack of other viable alternatives available
to PharmaGenics including the lack of other identified merger, collaborative or
financial partners. The PharmaGenics Board also considered the willingness of
Genzyme to provide the Credit Facility on the terms set forth in the Summary of
Terms (and subsequently incorporated into the Merger Agreement) which provided
PharmaGenics with the security to continue to pursue the negotiations with
Genzyme without the need to seek alternative sources of capital and/or financing
to fund its ongoing operations.
In addition, the Pharmagenics Board considered the PharmaGenics
Charter, which provides that, in the event of a merger, the holders of
outstanding shares of PharmaGenics preferred stock are entitled to receive an
amount equal to their aggregate merger preferences (see "The Merger - The Merger
Proposal - Allocation of Merger Consideration and Certain Matters Relating to
the PharmaGenics Charter"), which, based on the capitalization of PharmaGenics
immediately prior to completion of the Merger, is approximately $31.8 million,
consisting of approximately $4.7 million, $17.0 million and $10.1 million for
the Series A Stock, Series B Stock and Series C Stock, respectively. The
PharmaGenics Board considered that the aggregate merger preferences of the
PharmaGenics preferred stock exceeded the value of the Merger Consideration
proposed by Genzyme, and that, as a result, the holders of PharmaGenics
preferred stock would not receive their entire aggregate merger preferences and
the holders of PharmaGenics common stock would not receive any of the Merger
Consideration. However, in light of the absence of other viable alternatives to
the Merger and the precarious financial condition of PharmaGenics (including its
pressing cash needs), the PharmaGenics Board concluded that the Merger was the
best option available, and might well be the only opportunity, for any
PharmaGenics stockholders to receive value for their shares.
As part of its consideration of the proposed Merger, the PharmaGenics
Board reviewed the potential ambiguities in the PharmaGenics Charter (discussed
below under the heading "Allocation of Merger Consideration and Certain Matters
Relating to the PharmaGenics Charter"), including the vote that would be
required of PharmaGenics stockholders to approve the Merger, whether the Series
C Stock was properly issued without the approval of at least two-thirds of the
outstanding shares of Series A Stock and Series B Stock and whether the nature
and allocation of the Merger Consideration met the requirements of the
PharmaGenics Charter. Considering all of the potential arguments that it had
been advised could be made on behalf of different groups of PharmaGenics
stockholders and its conclusions as to the merits of those arguments, and taking
into account that no consideration would be paid to the holders of PharmaGenics
common stock in the Merger, the PharmaGenics Board determined it was in the best
interests of PharmaGenics and its stockholders to enter into the Merger
Agreement under the terms proposed.
In addition to the foregoing, the PharmaGenics Board considered the
following factors in its deliberations:
(i) the present business, assets, technology, financial
condition and prospects of PharmaGenics both in the absence of the Merger and if
the Merger were to occur, and that the ability of
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PharmaGenics to grow and expand its business was likely to be enhanced through
consolidation with Genzyme's molecular oncology business;
(ii) in light of the present financial condition of
PharmaGenics and the opinion of PharmaGenics's auditors (as described above),
the PharmaGenics Board believed, based on such factors, that the continually
worsening financial condition of PharmaGenics, coupled with the absence of other
likely sources of capital, did not represent a significant likelihood of
PharmaGenics remaining independent in the future;
(iii) Genzyme's willingness to supply PharmaGenics with the
Credit Facility, Genzyme's willingness to lend PharmaGenics up to an additional
$1,500,000 under certain circumstances in the event of termination of the Merger
Agreement, which led the PharmaGenics Board to believe that the Credit Facility
(which became available under the Summary of Terms) would enable PharmaGenics to
continue to pursue the Merger with Genzyme without the need to seek alternative
sources of capital and/or financing to fund its ongoing operations, and,
further, that the additional $1,500,000 that would be available from Genzyme in
the event of a termination of the Merger Agreement under certain circumstances
would provide PharmaGenics an opportunity to continue its operations for a few
months. The PharmaGenics Board concluded that this opportunity to obtain other
sources of funding or other strategic alternatives (such as another merger
partner) would not be available to PharmaGenics if it attempted to remain
independent and was not immediately successful in obtaining such alternatives;
(iv) the desire to afford the stockholders of PharmaGenics the
opportunity to obtain the best possible value for their shares in light of
PharmaGenics's present precarious financial condition and circumstances and the
belief of the PharmaGenics Board that the Merger would provide a higher
investment return for the stockholders of PharmaGenics from a financial point of
view than that which would be likely if PharmaGenics attempted to remain an
independent company;
(v) the stockholder agreements entered into between Genzyme
and PharmaGenics's directors, officers, beneficial holders of 5% or more of
stock and other holders of PharmaGenics's stock requested by Genzyme, which
represent in excess of the number of votes PharmaGenics believes are required to
approve the Merger Agreement;
(vi) the uncertainties and potential disadvantages of
alternatives to the Merger, including continuing to operate as an independent
company, attempting to raise additional capital, selling all or a portion of
PharmaGenics's assets, merging with a different strategic partner, as well as
the impact, short-term and long-term, of such alternatives on the value of
PharmaGenics and the belief of the PharmaGenics Board that any such alternatives
were highly unlikely and, even if possible, were not likely to result in more
value or less risk for the stockholders of PharmaGenics;
(vii) the oral and written presentations of PaineWebber, which
the PharmaGenics Board believed supported, based upon a detailed financial
analysis of the relative valuations of PharmaGenics and the Genzyme oncology
programs to be combined to form GMO (see "The Merger Proposal - The Merger
Fairness Opinion"), a reasoned exercise of its prudent business judgment to
conclude that the terms of the Merger Agreement were fair in light of the
circumstances;
(viii) the potential growth prospects and market for GMO Stock
following an initial public offering of GMO Stock and/or the distribution of GMO
Designated Shares to Genzyme stockholders, which the PharmaGenics Board believed
may, in the future, provide increased liquidity for stockholders who desire or
need to liquidate their holdings, in contrast with the current absence of
liquidity in the PharmaGenics stock;
(ix) the views of PharmaGenics's management, with which the
PharmaGenics Board agreed, that Genzyme represented an attractive strategic
merger partner because of Genzyme's familiarity with PharmaGenics's technology
and the potential benefits of combining such technology base with Genzyme's
molecular oncology programs;
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(x) the effect of the Merger on the employees of PharmaGenics,
including the existing employment contract between PharmaGenics and Dr. Sherman,
which provides for certain payments to him in the event his employment is
terminated following the Merger other than for cause, which payments the
PharmaGenics Board did not believe were disproportionate or unreasonable under
the circumstances;
(xi) the terms and conditions of the Merger Agreement and the
stockholder agreements referred to above, including, in particular, the
"no-solicitation" provision of the Merger Agreement (specifically, the
PharmaGenics Board's "fiduciary out" in the unlikely event that any such offers
are received) and the representations and warranties of each of the parties in
the Merger Agreement, which the PharmaGenics Board believed were fair and
reasonable;
(xii) the conditions to completion of the Merger included in
the Merger Agreement, which the PharmaGenics Board believed were fair and
reasonable, and which in the judgment of the PharmaGenics Board presented a
significant likelihood that the Merger would be completed;
(xiii) the lack of significant regulatory barriers to
completing the Merger;
(xiv) Genzyme's willingness to move quickly to complete the
transaction and the fact that Genzyme had recently successfully completed a
similar transaction, both of which the PharmaGenics Board considered to be a
significant advantage of the Merger to PharmaGenics and its stockholders since
moving expeditiously to complete the Merger was highly desirable in light of the
precarious financial condition of PharmaGenics; and
(xv) the potential tax consequences of the transaction to
PharmaGenics and its stockholders and the likelihood that the Merger will not be
a taxable transaction, which the PharmaGenics Board believed would be in the
best interests of the PharmaGenics stockholders, although the PharmaGenics Board
also determined that, in the event the transaction is treated as taxable to the
PharmaGenics stockholders, the transaction would nevertheless be favored by the
PharmaGenics Board, particularly in light of the increased likelihood of
liquidity for PharmaGenics stockholders following an initial public offering of
GMO Stock and/or the distribution of GMO Designated Shares to Genzyme
stockholders.
In addition, the PharmaGenics Board considered each of the matters
discussed under "Risk Factors," which include potential risks to the
PharmaGenics stockholders resulting from the Merger and risks relating to the
ownership of GMO Stock. The PharmaGenics Board concluded that despite such
risks, even in the aggregate, the Merger offered a better opportunity for more
PharmaGenics stockholders as possible to maximize the value of their investment
than would be the case if PharmaGenics attempted to continue as an independent
company.
The foregoing discussion of the information and factors considered by
the PharmaGenics Board is not intended to be exhaustive, although it does
describe the material factors considered by the PharmaGenics Board. In view of
the variety of factors considered in connection with its evaluation of the
Merger, the PharmaGenics Board did not find it practicable to, and did not,
quantify or otherwise assign relative weights to the specific factors considered
in reaching its determination. In addition, individual members of the
PharmaGenics Board might have given different weights to different factors.
BASED ON THE REASONS AND CONSIDERATIONS DISCUSSED ABOVE, THE
PHARMAGENICS BOARD HAS UNANIMOUSLY DETERMINED THAT THE TERMS OF THE MERGER
AGREEMENT AND THE TRANSACTIONS CONTEMPLATED THEREBY ARE FAIR TO, AND IN THE BEST
INTERESTS OF, PHARMAGENICS AND THE PHARMAGENICS STOCKHOLDERS. ACCORDINGLY, THE
PHARMAGENICS BOARD UNANIMOUSLY RECOMMENDS THAT THE PHARMAGENICS STOCKHOLDERS
VOTE FOR THE APPROVAL AND ADOPTION OF THE MERGER AGREEMENT.
FAIRNESS OPINION
PaineWebber has delivered its written opinion to the PharmaGenics Board
(the "Opinion"), to the effect that, as of February 2, 1997, and based on its
review and assumptions and subject to the limitations summarized
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and set forth therein, the consideration to be received by the holders of
PharmaGenics preferred stock in the Merger, taken as a whole, is fair, from a
financial point of view, to PharmaGenics. The delivery of the Opinion followed
and superseded PaineWebber's verbal advice to the same effect given to the
PharmaGenics Board on January 27, 1997, which had been subject to the resolution
prior to February 2, 1997 of several open points in the Merger Agreement. The
amount of consideration to be received in the Merger was determined pursuant to
negotiations between PharmaGenics and Genzyme and not pursuant to
recommendations of PaineWebber.
THE FULL TEXT OF THE OPINION, DATED FEBRUARY 2, 1997, WHICH SETS FORTH
THE ASSUMPTIONS MADE, PROCEDURES FOLLOWED, MATTERS CONSIDERED AND LIMITATIONS ON
THE REVIEW UNDERTAKEN, IS ATTACHED AS ANNEX IV TO THIS PROSPECTUS/PROXY
STATEMENT. PHARMAGENICS STOCKHOLDERS ARE URGED TO READ SUCH OPINION CAREFULLY
AND IN ITS ENTIRETY. THE SUMMARY OF THE OPINION SET FORTH IN THIS
PROSPECTUS/PROXY STATEMENT IS QUALIFIED IN ITS ENTIRETY BY REFERENCE TO THE FULL
TEXT OF SUCH OPINION.
PharmaGenics retained PaineWebber as its exclusive financial advisor in
connection with the Merger. In connection with such engagement, PharmaGenics
requested PaineWebber to render an opinion as to whether the consideration to be
received by the holders of PharmaGenics preferred stock in the Merger, taken as
a whole, is fair, from a financial point of view, to PharmaGenics. No limits
were imposed by PharmaGenics on PaineWebber with respect to investigations made
or procedures followed in rendering the Opinion.
The Opinion was directed to the PharmaGenics Board and does not
constitute a recommendation to any stockholder of PharmaGenics as to how such
stockholder should vote his or her shares on the Merger Proposal.
In arriving at its Opinion, PaineWebber, among other things:
(i) reviewed, among other public information, PharmaGenics's
Forms 10-K and related financial information for the three fiscal years ended
December 31, 1995 and PharmaGenics's Form 10-Q and the related unaudited
financial information for the period ended September 30, 1996;
(ii) reviewed, among other public information, Genzyme's
Annual Reports, Forms 10-K and related financial information for the three
fiscal years ended December 31, 1995 and Genzyme's Form 10-Q and the related
unaudited financial information for the period ended September 30, 1996;
(iii) reviewed certain information, including financial
forecasts, relating to the business, earnings, cash flow, assets and prospects
of PharmaGenics and GMO furnished to PaineWebber by PharmaGenics and Genzyme,
respectively;
(iv) conducted discussions with members of senior management
of PharmaGenics and Genzyme concerning their respective businesses and
prospects;
(v) compared the financial position and results of operations
of PharmaGenics with those of certain publicly-traded companies which
PaineWebber deemed relevant;
(vi) compared the proposed financial terms of the Merger with
the financial terms of certain other business combinations which PaineWebber
deemed relevant;
(vii) reviewed the draft of the Merger Agreement dated January
29, 1997;
(viii) reviewed the form of amendment to the Genzyme Charter;
and
(ix) reviewed such other financial studies and analyses and
performed such other investigations and took into account such other matters as
PaineWebber deemed necessary, including PaineWebber's assessment of general
economic, market and monetary conditions.
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In preparing the Opinion, PaineWebber (i) relied on the accuracy and
completeness of all information that was publicly available or supplied or
otherwise made available to PaineWebber by or on behalf of PharmaGenics and
Genzyme, (ii) assumed that the terms of the GMO Stock will be as set forth in
the form of amendment to the Genzyme Charter and (iii) assumed that the
financial forecasts examined by PaineWebber were reasonably prepared on bases
reflecting the best currently available estimates and good faith judgments of
PharmaGenics's and Genzyme's management as to the future performance of
PharmaGenics and GMO, respectively. PaineWebber did not independently verify any
such information or assumptions, including financial forecasts, or undertake
(and assumes no responsibility to undertake), and was not provided with, any
independent evaluation or appraisal of the assets or liabilities (contingent or
otherwise) of PharmaGenics or Genzyme and has assumed that all assets or
liabilities (contingent or otherwise, known or unknown) of PharmaGenics and
Genzyme are as set forth in their respective consolidated financial statements.
The Opinion is based upon the regulatory, general economic, market and monetary
conditions existing on the date thereof. In addition, PaineWebber was advised by
PharmaGenics that due to commitments received from counsel and auditors and
other information available to management, the aggregate fees and expenses
expected to be incurred in the Merger by PharmaGenics were not anticipated to
exceed $1,000,000. Therefore, the possibility of any set-off for amounts in
excess of $1,000,000 should not have a material impact on the conclusions
reached in the Opinion. Further, PaineWebber, in consultation with PharmaGenics,
has not given effect to the possible impact of payments, if any, for appraisal
rights or legal or administrative proceedings since it was not possible to
determine the likelihood or outcome of any of such events in view of the
financial condition of PharmaGenics which, for example, had approximately $1.6
million in cash as of September 30, 1996 and only $486,000 in cash as of
December 31, 1996, the absence of other viable strategic alternatives and its
analysis of the requirements of the PharmaGenics Charter relative to the rights
of the stockholders of PharmaGenics in the absence of the Merger.
The Opinion does not address the relative merits of the Merger and any
other transactions or business strategies discussed by the PharmaGenics Board as
alternatives to the Merger or the decision of the PharmaGenics Board to proceed
with the Merger. The Opinion also does not address the allocation of the
consideration among the shareholders of PharmaGenics, whether pursuant to the
Merger Agreement, the PharmaGenics Charter or otherwise. PaineWebber expressed
no opinion as to the price at which the GMO Stock to be issued in the Merger to
the stockholders of PharmaGenics may trade at any time or as to whether any
trading market for the GMO Stock will develop or be maintained.
The following paragraphs summarize the material analyses performed by
PaineWebber in arriving at the Opinion and was provided by PaineWebber for
inclusion herein.
SELECTED COMPARABLE PUBLIC COMPANY ANALYSIS. Using publicly available
information, PaineWebber compared selected historical financial and operating
data of PharmaGenics to the corresponding historical financial, operating and
stock performance data of certain publicly traded companies which PaineWebber
deemed to be comparable to PharmaGenics. For purposes of comparison, PaineWebber
categorized the comparable public companies into four categories: Gene Therapy,
Genomics, Drug Discovery and Cancer Diagnostics. These companies included (i)
Gene Therapy - Avigen, Inc., GeneMedicine, Inc., Somatix Therapy Corp., Targeted
Genetics Corporation and Vical Incorporated; (ii) Genomics - Genome Therapeutics
Corp., Human Genome Sciences, Inc., Incyte Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Millennium
Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Sequana Therapeutics, Inc; (iii) Drug Discovery -Cadus
Pharmaceuticals Corporation, Houghten Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Onyx
Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Sugen, Inc. and Xenova Group plc; and (iv) Cancer
Diagnostics - Myriad Genetics, Inc. and Oncor Inc. PaineWebber analyzed a number
of different data items including the market value of the total outstanding
equity ("Equity Market Value") and the Equity Market Value plus debt and
capitalized leases minus cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities
("Technology Value").
PaineWebber also examined the product portfolios and operations of
PharmaGenics and GMO relative to the comparable companies. However, because of
the inherent differences between the product portfolios and operations of
PharmaGenics and GMO and the selected comparable companies, PaineWebber believed
that a purely quantitative analysis would be insufficient and not adequately
reliable to render a fairness opinion. As PaineWebber informed the PharmaGenics
Board, an appropriate use of comparable company analysis in this
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instance would involve qualitative judgments concerning differences between the
financial and operating characteristics and products under development which
would affect the public trading values of the selected companies and
PharmaGenics.
SELECTED COMPARABLE TRANSACTION ANALYSIS. PaineWebber reviewed with the
PharmaGenics Board of Directors publicly available financial information for
selected acquisitions and mergers of biotechnology companies by/with other
biotechnology companies in two categories. The categories analyzed by
PaineWebber were selected acquisitions of small private biotechnology companies
by publicly traded biotechnology companies and selected acquisitions of publicly
traded biotechnology companies by larger, publicly traded biotechnology
companies. The transactions that PaineWebber reviewed and considered in the
selected acquisitions of small private biotechnology companies by publicly
traded biotechnology companies included Athena Neurosciences, Inc. / Genica
Pharmaceuticals Corporation; NeXstar Pharmaceuticals, Inc. / Supragen, Inc.;
Arris Pharmaceuticals Corp. / Khepri Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; Genzyme Corporation
/ Genetrix, Inc.; Incyte Pharmaceuticals, Inc. / Genome Systems, Inc.; Sequana
Therapeutics, Inc. / NemaPharm, Inc.; Incyte Pharmaceuticals, Inc. / Combion
Inc; Chiroscience Group plc. / Darwin Molecular Corp.; and Millennium
Pharmaceuticals Inc. / ChemGenics Pharmaceuticals Inc. The transactions that
PaineWebber reviewed and considered in the selected acquisitions of publicly
traded biotechnology companies by larger, publicly trading biotechnology
companies included Genzyme Corporation / Integrated Genetics, Inc.; Chiron
Corporation / Cetus Corporation; Scios Inc. / Nova Pharmaceutical Corporation;
Bio-Technology General Corp. / Gynex Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; NeXagen, Inc. /
Vestar, Inc.; Ligand Pharmaceuticals Incorporated / Glycomed Incorporated; North
American Biologicals, Inc. / Univax Biologics Inc.; and Cell Genesys, Inc. /
Somatix Therapy Corp. PaineWebber did not prepare a quantitative valuation
analysis comparing the Merger to the selected comparable transactions. Many of
the acquirees in the selected transactions had no earnings and no product sales
when their respective transactions were effected, and thus there were no
benchmark valuation multiples derivable from the comparable transactions to
apply to the Merger. Furthermore, PaineWebber informed the PharmaGenics Board
that because the transaction premium and discount range paid in these
transactions was broad (reflecting a wide range of strategic considerations
which may have led to the transactions) and that PharmaGenics was not a publicly
traded entity, an analysis based on a quantitative comparison with these
transactions would not be meaningful. Instead, as PaineWebber informed the
PharmaGenics Board of Directors, an appropriate use of this analysis would
involve qualitative judgments concerning differences between the characteristics
of those transactions and the Merger that could affect the acquisition value of
the acquired companies and businesses in the comparable analysis, or the
acquisition value of PharmaGenics.
DISCOUNTED CASH FLOW ANALYSIS. PaineWebber also analyzed PharmaGenics, the
assets contributed by Genzyme and the pro forma combined entity based on an
unleveraged discounted cash flow analysis of the projected financial performance
of PharmaGenics, the assets contributed by Genzyme and the pro forma combined
entity. This analysis was based upon information including certain projected
financial information provided by PharmaGenics and Genzyme. The forecasts
provided by the respective managements of PharmaGenics and Genzyme were based on
assumptions that were made at the time such forecasts were prepared and have not
been updated to reflect the current assumptions or financial expectations of the
management of PharmaGenics or Genzyme, respectively.
Forecasts provided by management of PharmaGenics and Genzyme were
necessarily based on assumptions with respect to PharmaGenics and the pro forma
combined entity, respectively, as well as the pharmaceutical industry, general
business and economic conditions and other matters which are inherently
uncertain and involve numerous factors beyond their control. Forecasts for the
assets contributed by Genzyme were derived from the pro forma combined entity
forecasts adjusted to reflect the impact of PharmaGenics. The forecasts were
based on various estimates and forecasts, including estimates of the potential
markets for products under development, cost of sales, research and development
and general and administrative expenses, the degree and timing of market
penetration, market share and pricing and reimbursement assumptions for such
products. The forecasts are based on a number of assumptions including that
PharmaGenics and the pro forma combined entity will have sufficient financial
resources to fund their product development programs and that all products
developed will be safe and effective, will obtain all necessary governmental
approvals, including
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approval by the FDA, will have necessary patent protection and will be
manufactured and introduced into the market in accordance with managements'
plans, as to all of which there is no assurance.
The methods and assumptions used in preparing the projected financial
information involved significant elements of judgment which may or may not prove
to be correct. The forecasts did not take into account any probability of
failure or delay in the development or commercialization of any of the product
candidates for the diseases indicated or otherwise. Accordingly, the projected
financial information may not be indicative of future performance of
PharmaGenics or the pro forma combined entity, which may be significantly more
or less favorable than projected. The projected financial information should not
be regarded as a representation by anyone that the projected results will be
achieved at any particular time, if at all.
Cash flows were calculated as net income plus depreciation and
amortization, plus (or minus) net changes in non-cash working capital, minus
capital expenditures. To arrive at a total enterprise value of each of
PharmaGenics, the assets contributed by Genzyme and the pro forma combined
entity, PaineWebber discounted the after-tax cash flows that resulted from
managements' financial forecasts. The after-tax cash flows were discounted using
a range of discount rates which were chosen based on several assumptions
regarding factors such as the inherent business risks of each of PharmaGenics,
the assets contributed by Genzyme and the pro forma combined entity,
PaineWebber's experience with the cost of capital for early stage companies in
the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries and the inherent risks
associated with financing early stage companies. PaineWebber added to the
present value of the cash flows the terminal value discounted back at the same
rates. The terminal value was computed by multiplying each of the projected
revenues, earnings before interest and taxes ("EBIT") and earnings before
interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization ("EBITDA") in the year 2003 for
PharmaGenics, the assets contributed by Genzyme and the pro forma combined
entity by a range of terminal multiples. The range of terminal multiples was
based on the trading characteristics of the common stock of selected
pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies. The resulting total enterprise value
for PharmaGenics ranged from $13.0 million to $20.0 million. The resulting total
enterprise value for the assets contributed by Genzyme ranged from $25.0 million
to $60.0 million. The resulting total enterprise value for the combined entity
ranged from $40.0 million to $90.0 million. Based on the value range for the
assets contributed by Genzyme, the implied value for the consideration received
by PharmaGenics ranged from between $16.5 million to $39.6 million. Based on the
value range for the pro forma combined entity, the implied value for the
consideration received by PharmaGenics ranged from $16.0 million to $36.0
million.
The preparation of a fairness opinion involves various determinations
as to the most appropriate and relevant quantitative methods of financial
analyses and the application of those methods to the particular circumstances
and, therefore, such an opinion is not readily susceptible to partial analysis
or summary description. Accordingly, PaineWebber believes that its analysis must
be considered as a whole and that considering any portion of such analysis and
of the factors considered, without considering all analyses and factors, could
create a misleading or incomplete view of the process underlying the Opinion. In
its analyses, PaineWebber made numerous assumptions with respect to industry
performance, general business and economic conditions and other matters, many of
which are beyond the control of PharmaGenics and Genzyme. Any estimates
contained in these analyses are not necessarily indicative of actual values or
predictive of future results or values, which may be significantly more or less
favorable than as set forth therein. In addition, analyses relating to the value
of businesses do not purport to be appraisals or to reflect the prices at which
businesses may actually be sold. Accordingly, such analyses and estimates are
inherently subject to substantial uncertainty and none of PharmaGenics, Genzyme
and PaineWebber assumes responsibility for the accuracy of such analyses and
estimates.
PharmaGenics selected PaineWebber to be its financial advisor in
connection with the Merger because PaineWebber is a prominent investment banking
and financial advisory firm with experience in the valuation of businesses and
their securities in connection with mergers and acquisitions, underwritings,
secondary distributions of securities, private placements and valuations for
corporate purposes.
Pursuant to an engagement letter between PharmaGenics and PaineWebber
dated January 10, 1997, PaineWebber earned a fee of $50,000 for the delivery of
its written Opinion on February 2, 1997. In addition,
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PaineWebber will receive a transaction fee, payable following completion of the
Merger and no later than December 15, 1997, equal to $500,000 and will be
reimbursed for certain of its related expenses. Any fee that has been paid prior
to the consummation of the Merger, including the $50,000 fee noted above, will
be credited against the transaction fee. PaineWebber will not be entitled to any
additional fees or compensation in the event the Merger is not approved or
otherwise consummated. PharmaGenics also agreed to indemnify PaineWebber, its
affiliates and each of its directors, officers, agents and employees and each
person, if any, controlling PaineWebber or any of its affiliates against certain
liabilities, including liabilities under federal securities laws.
In the past, PaineWebber and its affiliates have provided financial
advisory services and financing services for PharmaGenics. In November 1991,
PaineWebber acted as sales agent in the private placement of 1,944,000 shares of
PharmaGenics Series B Stock and warrants to purchase PharmaGenics common stock
for which PaineWebber received customary selling commissions and marketing fees
as well as warrants to purchase PharmaGenics common stock, which warrants
expired unexercised in November 1996. Stelios Papadopoulos, a managing director
of PaineWebber, is a director of PharmaGenics and owns 50,000 shares of Series C
Stock. The R&D Partnership entered into a series of research and development
agreements with PharmaGenics, pursuant to which the R&D Partnership paid
PharmaGenics $4,750,000 (as well as a $250,000 license fee and a separate
financing transaction of $1,000,000, which was subsequently converted into
shares of Series C Stock) to conduct research and development in return for
rights to technology and products developed through such research. Pursuant to
the R&D Agreements, the Partnership had the right, in the event of a change in
control of PharmaGenics, to receive shares of PharmaGenics preferred stock
having a liquidation preference equal to the amount of such research and
development funding in exchange for the transfer of all of its technology and
product rights under the R&D Agreements to PharmaGenics. The Merger Agreement
requires, as a condition to the completion of the Merger, that the R&D
Partnership exercise its stock purchase option and complete the transfer of
rights. In January 1997, in connection with the execution of the Merger
Agreement, the R&D Partnership exercised its stock purchase option. Following
such exercise, the R&D Partnership owns an aggregate of 2,508,670 shares of
PharmaGenics preferred stock. The R&D Partnership also owns warrants to purchase
1,000,000 shares of PharmaGenics common stock that will be cancelled in
connection with the Merger. PaineWebber Development Corporation, an indirect,
wholly owned subsidiary of Paine Webber Group Inc., and an affiliate of
PaineWebber, is the general partner and manager of the R&D Partnership.
From time to time PaineWebber has provided investment banking services
to Genzyme and affiliates of Genzyme for which it has received customary
compensation. In addition, PaineWebber maintains a market in securities of
Genzyme and certain affiliates, trades in such shares and from time to time
produces research materials regarding Genzyme and certain affiliates. It is a
condition to the completion of the Merger that PaineWebber shall have delivered
a commitment letter to PharmaGenics and Genzyme that it would use its "best
efforts" to raise not less than $20 million for GMO through a private placement
of its securities. If such private placement is consummated, PaineWebber would
receive customary compensation for acting as sales agent. PaineWebber may also
be appointed managing underwriter of the GMO IPO and, if the GMO IPO is
completed, PaineWebber would receive customary compensation in such capacity.
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ALLOCATION OF MERGER CONSIDERATION AND CERTAIN MATTERS RELATING TO THE
PHARMAGENICS CHARTER
As a result of the Merger, the outstanding shares of PharmaGenics
preferred stock (other than shares held by PharmaGenics as treasury stock and
shares of PharmaGenics preferred stock held by stockholders who have perfected
dissenters' rights under Delaware law) will be converted as set forth in the
Merger Agreement into the right to receive the Merger Consideration and all
outstanding shares of PharmaGenics common stock will be cancelled without
payment to the holders thereof. The Merger Consideration consists of 4,000,000
shares of GMO Stock and represents the initial equity interest in GMO (subject
to adjustment as described below).
The PharmaGenics Charter provides that, in the event of a merger, the
holders of outstanding shares of PharmaGenics preferred stock are entitled to
receive an amount equal to their aggregate merger preferences (on a per share
basis equal to the "Original Purchase Price" for such share, as defined in the
PharmaGenics Charter) before any payments can be made to the holders of
PharmaGenics common stock. As set forth in the PharmaGenics Charter, the amount
of the aggregate merger preferences of the PharmaGenics preferred stock as of
the completion of the Merger will be approximately $31.8 million, consisting of
approximately $4.7 million, $17.0 million and $10.1 million for the Series A
Stock, Series B Stock and Series C Stock, respectively.
PharmaGenics and Genzyme have agreed, for purposes of determining the
amount of certain offsets to the Merger Consideration, that the value of each
share of GMO Stock to be issued in the Merger is $7.00. Based on this value and
assuming the issuance of 4,000,000 shares of GMO Stock in the Merger (prior to
any deduction for certain fees and expenses payable by PharmaGenics), the
aggregate value of the Merger Consideration is $28.0 million. In approving the
Merger Agreement, the PharmaGenics Board gave careful consideration to the
nature and value of the GMO Stock to be issued in the Merger, including the
absence of a trading market for either the PharmaGenics Stock or the GMO Stock
as an indicator of value. In this regard, the PharmaGenics Board also considered
the analysis conducted, and opinion rendered, by PaineWebber. Recognizing that
the agreed aggregate value of the GMO Stock to be issued in the Merger will be
less than the aggregate merger preferences of the PharmaGenics preferred stock,
and although there are certain ambiguities in the PharmaGenics Charter (as
described below), the PharmaGenics Board determined that the Merger
Consideration should be distributed pro rata to the holders of Series A, Series
B and Series C Stock and that the outstanding shares of PharmaGenics common
stock would be cancelled without any payment to the holders thereof.
As a result of certain ambiguities in the PharmaGenics Charter, it may
be argued that holders of PharmaGenics Stock may be entitled to payment in a
merger transaction on terms different from those set forth in the Merger
Agreement. In agreeing to the Merger Consideration and its allocation to the
holders of PharmaGenics preferred stock on a pro rata basis (based on their
respective merger preferences), the PharmaGenics Board has attempted to exercise
its prudent business judgment to resolve these ambiguities in the PharmaGenics
Charter in good faith. It has determined that the shares of each series of
PharmaGenics preferred stock are properly treated as having been validly issued
on a parity basis with each other, although substantial arguments exist from
which one could reach an opposite conclusion. Considering all of the potential
arguments that it has been advised could be made on behalf of different groups
of PharmaGenics stockholders and its conclusions as to the merits of those
arguments, and taking into account that no consideration will be paid to the
holders of PharmaGenics common stock in the Merger, the PharmaGenics Board
believes that the allocation specified in the Merger Agreement is fair and
reasonable.
Certain of the issues relating to the proper allocation of the Merger
Consideration arise out of the designation and issuance by the PharmaGenics
Board of the Series C Stock in 1995 on terms that give the holders of Series C
Stock the right to participate on a parity basis with the holders of Series A
and B Stock in the event of an extraordinary transaction such as the Merger.
Because the terms of the Series A and B Stock do not expressly provide that the
holders of any future series of PharmaGenics preferred stock designated by the
PharmaGenics Board would participate on a parity basis with the holders of
Series A and B Stock in a merger, it could be argued that the authority
otherwise expressly granted to the PharmaGenics Board in the PharmaGenics
Charter to designate the terms of and issue additional series of preferred stock
was limited by
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other provisions of the PharmaGenics Charter. These other provisions arguably
required the separate approvals of the holders of the Series A Stock and the
Series B Stock before additional series of parity preferred stock (such as the
Series C Stock) could be issued. As a result, since stockholder approval was not
obtained in connection with the issuance of the Series C Stock, it could be
argued that the issuance of the Series C Stock on a parity with the Series A and
B Stock was not permitted by the PharmaGenics Charter.
Because certain creditors and potential investors in PharmaGenics
expressed some concern regarding the absence of language in the PharmaGenics
Charter expressly contemplating parity participation by additional series of
preferred stock, at its 1995 annual meeting of stockholders PharmaGenics
submitted a proposal to the stockholders for adoption of an amendment to the
PharmaGenics Charter clarifying that the PharmaGenics Board had the authority to
create and issue additional series of preferred stock with dividend and
liquidation rights on a parity with the Series A and B Stock. The proposed
amendment did not, however, address the authority of the PharmaGenics Board to
issue additional series of preferred stock on a parity with the Series A and B
Stock in the event of a merger of PharmaGenics. The PharmaGenics Board believes
that this omission in the proposed amendment was inadvertent. The proposed
amendment was adopted by a vote of the holders of a majority of all of the
shares of PharmaGenics Stock voting together, but was not authorized by the
separate vote of the holders of Series A and B Stock that arguably would have
been necessary to eliminate definitively any question as to the authority of the
PharmaGenics Board to issue parity preferred stock. Since PharmaGenics did not
recognize that the higher threshold of stockholder approval might be required,
the amendment submitted at the 1995 annual meeting was filed with the Secretary
of the State of Delaware. It is possible that the 1995 amendment to the
PharmaGenics Charter, if challenged, could be determined to be ineffective based
on the failure to obtain the separate vote of the holders of the Series A and B
Stock.
If the issuance of the Series C Stock is found in fact to have violated
the PharmaGenics Charter, the consequences of such a determination are unclear.
It is possible that a court could find that the Series C Stock is junior in
priority to the Series A and B Stock and, thus, the holders of Series A and B
Stock have the right to receive in the Merger shares of GMO Stock equal in value
to their full merger preferences ($21.7 million in the aggregate) before any
portion of the Merger Consideration may be allocated to the holders of Series C
Stock. Alternatively, it is possible that a court could find that the Series C
Stock was not validly issued and, therefore, would not be outstanding and
entitled to vote on the Merger or to participate in the allocation of the Merger
Consideration. If the latter were to occur, the holders of PharmaGenics common
stock could claim entitlement to a portion of the Merger Consideration remaining
after satisfaction of the merger preferences of the Series A and Series B Stock.
In either of the foregoing events, however, the holders of Series C Stock might
have claims for damages and perhaps rescission rights for the purchase price
paid for their shares and such claims might be considered a liability of
PharmaGenics required to be paid before the other stockholders of PharmaGenics
receive any payment in exchange for their shares. To address the possibility
that the Series C Stock may not be deemed outstanding, the Merger Agreement
requires the approval of the holders of a majority of the outstanding
PharmaGenics Stock, both with and without the inclusion of the Series C Stock.
The PharmaGenics Board, in recognition of the potentially conflicting
claims that could be asserted by the holders of various classes and series of
PharmaGenics Stock and the uncertainties as to how these claims would be
resolved, has exercised its best judgment in evaluating the potential arguments
and has concluded that the allocation specified in the Merger Agreement is fair
and reasonable to the stockholders of PharmaGenics.
The description of the ambiguities in the PharmaGenics Charter set
forth above does not purport to provide a complete description of the applicable
provisions of the PharmaGenics Charter. For a more complete understanding of
these provisions, PharmaGenics stockholders should review the applicable
provisions of the PharmaGenics Charter, which is available from the Commission
or, upon request, from PharmaGenics. See "Available Information."
To address the resulting risk to Genzyme, as the surviving corporation
in the Merger, that claims arising out of ambiguities in the PharmaGenics
Charter could be made successfully, Genzyme required, and PharmaGenics agreed to
include, provisions in the Merger Agreement that give Genzyme the right to
terminate the Merger Agreement if any PharmaGenics stockholder files suit (or
threatens in writing to do so) in connection with PharmaGenics's entering into
the Merger Agreement or, in the alternative, the right to complete
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the Merger and offset any payments made, or which are reasonably expected to be
made, by it relating to any such stockholder claims against the Merger
Consideration. See "Reduction of Merger Consideration."
The Merger Agreement provides that the Merger Consideration will be
allocated among the holders of PharmaGenics preferred stock (other than holders
of PharmaGenics preferred stock who have validly exercised dissenters' rights
with respect to such shares) by allocating to each such holder that number of
shares of GMO Stock determined by multiplying the number of shares of each class
of PharmaGenics preferred stock held by such holder by the following conversion
factors:
(i) in the case of Series A Stock, 0.000000058451 multiplied
by the number of shares of GMO Stock comprising the Merger Consideration (the
"Series A Conversion Factor");
(ii) in the case of Series B Stock, 0.000000235690 multiplied
by the number of shares of GMO Stock comprising the Merger Consideration; and
(iii) in the case of Series C Stock, 0.000000067564 multiplied
by the number of shares of GMO Stock comprising the Merger Consideration.
Although the conversion factors set forth above have already been
established, PharmaGenics stockholders will not know at the time of the
PharmaGenics Special Meeting the exact number of shares they will receive in
the Merger because the total number of shares to be delivered by Genzyme is
subject to reduction as described below.
REDUCTION OF MERGER CONSIDERATION
The Merger Consideration will be reduced (i) by the number of shares of
GMO Stock having a value equal to the fee payable by PharmaGenics to PaineWebber
in connection with the Merger; and (ii) by the number of GMO shares having a
value equal to the amount by which the aggregate fees (investment, banking,
legal, accounting and other) payable by PharmaGenics in connection with the
Merger exceed $1,000,000. The agreed upon value of the GMO Stock is $7.00 per
share.
If any holder of PharmaGenics common stock has properly exercised
appraisal rights, Genzyme has the right to offset any cash payment and the value
of any non-cash payment made, or reasonably expected to be made, by it to such
holder against the shares of GMO Stock to be delivered as the Merger
Consideration. In addition, if at any time prior to the delivery of GMO Stock
certificates to holders of PharmaGenics preferred stock, any holder of
PharmaGenics Stock has commenced or threatened (in writing) to commence any
action, suit or legal, administrative or arbitration proceeding against either
PharmaGenics or Genzyme, challenging the Merger or seeking damages or injunctive
relief in connection with PharmaGenics's entering into the Merger Agreement,
Genzyme will have the right to offset any cash payment and the value of any
non-cash payment made, or reasonably expected to be made, by it to such
Challenging Stockholder (and any reasonably anticipated additional Challenging
Stockholders) in respect thereof and any expenses (including legal expenses)
incurred or reasonably expected to be incurred in connection therewith, against
the shares of GMO Stock to be delivered as the Merger Consideration. In
addition, Genzyme will have the ability to settle any appraisal proceedings or
other legal proceedings brought by PharmaGenics stockholders and deduct the
amounts paid and expenses incurred from the Merger Consideration.
The foregoing provisions of the Merger Agreement relating to Genzyme's
right to offset against the Merger Consideration any payments made or reasonably
expected to be made by it to holders of Dissenting Common Shares and to
Challenging Stockholders were included in the Merger Agreement because of
ambiguities in the PharmaGenics Charter as to the rights of holders of the
various classes and series of PharmaGenics stock in the event of a merger or
other extraordinary transaction involving PharmaGenics. Because of these
ambiguities, the holders of PharmaGenics stock arguably may be entitled to
payment in a merger transaction on terms different than those set forth in the
Merger Agreement. See "Allocation of Merger Consideration and Other Matters
Relating to the PharmaGenics Charter" above.
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Since the fee payable by PharmaGenics to PaineWebber in connection with
the Merger is fixed at $500,000 and assuming that (i) PharmaGenics's total fees
and expenses in connection with the Merger do not exceed $1,000,000, (iii) no
holders of PharmaGenics common stock exercise appraisal rights and (iii) there
are no Challenging Stockholders, the Merger Consideration will consist of
3,928,572 shares of GMO Stock and each share of PharmaGenics preferred stock
will convert in the Merger into approximately the number of shares of GMO Stock
set forth below:
One share of Series A Stock: 0.230 GMO shares
One share of Series B Stock: 0.926 GMO shares
One share of Series C Stock: 0.265 GMO shares
Based on commitments from certain of its service providers and certain other
information available to it, PharmaGenics believes that its estimates of the
amount of fees and expenses are reasonable. Nevertheless, since there is no
limit to the amount that Genzyme may offset against the shares of GMO Stock to
be delivered as the Merger Consideration, the estimated conversion ratios set
forth above could be significantly reduced as a result of appraisal rights
exercised by PharmaGenics stockholders or lawsuits filed by PharmaGenics
stockholders challenging the Merger. There is no minimum number of shares of
GMO Stock that is required to be delivered to PharmaGenics stockholders as the
Merger Consideration and, accordingly, depending upon the resolution of such
lawsuits or appraisal claims, the amount of Merger Consideration allocated to
any particular class or series of PharmaGenics stockholders under the terms of
the Merger Agreement may be substantially reduced or possibly eliminated
altogether.
The number of shares to be delivered by Genzyme as the Merger
Consideration and the allocation among PharmaGenics preferred stockholders
will be calculated as of the effective time of the Merger based upon
PharmaGenics's actual fees and expenses as of that date and any other payments
made and expenses incurred by Genzyme as of that date on account of dissenting
or challenging stockholders. The former PharmaGenics preferred stockholders will
be stockholders of Genzyme at the effective time of the Merger and will have the
right to vote the shares of GMO Stock allocated to them under the Merger
Agreement, but they will not receive any certificates representing such shares
at that time. The actual number of shares of GMO Stock to be delivered as the
Merger Consideration will be determined immediately prior to the distribution of
the GMO Stock certificates, which will occur on the earlier of (i) 180 days
after the GMO IPO, (ii) three years from the effective time of the Merger and
(iii) Genzyme's distribution or sale of GMO Designated Shares to the public. See
"The Merger Proposal -- The Merger -- Delayed Distribution of GMO Stock
Certificates." However, if claims by dissenting or challenging stockholders are
still pending as of the date Genzyme is required to release the GMO Stock
certificates to the former PharmaGenics preferred stockholders, Genzyme has the
right to withhold shares from distribution based upon its reasonable estimate of
the amount to be paid by it as a result of such claims. If the amount ultimately
paid by Genzyme is less than the value of the shares withheld (assuming a $7.00
value), certificates representing the excess shares withheld will be distributed
to PharmaGenics preferred stockholders in accordance with any judicial
determination of the proper allocation or otherwise in accordance with the
Merger Agreement.
TREATMENT OF OPTIONS AND WARRANTS
At the effective time of the Merger (the "Effective Time"), the warrant
issued by PharmaGenics to Comdisco, Inc. ("Comdisco") on April 30, 1991 (the
"Comdisco Warrant") for the purchase of shares of Series A Stock, to the extent
outstanding and unexercised, will cease to represent a right to acquire shares
of Series A Stock and will be converted automatically into a warrant to purchase
the number of shares of GMO Stock equal to the number that Comdisco would have
received had it exercised its warrant prior to the Effective Time and the
exercise price per share of the Comdisco Warrant will be appropriately adjusted
so that Comdisco will have the right to exercise the warrant for the same
aggregate purchase price as in effect immediately prior to the Merger.
PharmaGenics has issued options to purchase shares of its common stock
under certain stock option plans. In addition, PharmaGenics has issued warrants
(other than the Comdisco Warrant) (the "Warrants") to purchase shares of its
common stock to certain individuals and entities. In connection with the Merger
and as a result of the outstanding shares of common stock being cancelled in
connection with the Merger without any allocation of Merger Consideration, such
options and the Warrants would, from and after the Effective Time, no longer
entitle the holders thereof to receive anything upon exercise of such options
and Warrants.
As a result, pursuant to the terms of the Merger Agreement, the
officers and directors of PharmaGenics have agreed to the cancellation of their
options, and the R&D Partnership, HCV II, HCV III, HCV IV, Everest Trust and
Hudson Trust have agreed to the cancellation of their Warrants. In addition,
PharmaGenics has agreed in the Merger Agreement and pursuant to the terms of
certain of the PharmaGenics stock option plans to cause acceleration of the
vesting of all outstanding stock options granted under such plans, effective May
15, 1997, and to provide that such options may only be exercised until June 11,
1997. Thereafter, all of such options will be cancelled by PharmaGenics in
accordance with the terms of such stock option plans. In the event a holder
exercises his or her options prior to cancellation, such holder will receive
shares of common stock, which will be cancelled in the Merger along with all of
the other outstanding shares of PharmaGenics common stock, as described in this
Proxy Statement/Prospectus. See "The Merger Proposal The Merger - Allocation of
Merger Consideration."
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INTERESTS OF CERTAIN PERSONS IN THE MERGER
In considering the recommendation of the PharmaGenics Board with
respect to the Merger and the transactions contemplated thereby, stockholders of
PharmaGenics should be aware that certain members of the PharmaGenics Board have
certain interests in the Merger that are in addition to the interests of
PharmaGenics stockholders generally. In its evaluation of the Merger, the
PharmaGenics Board considered the views expressed by Dr. Sherman and Dr.
Papadopoulos and Mr. Franchak in favor of entering into the Merger Agreement.
However, in light of the interests described below, such individuals did not
participate in the vote by the PharmaGenics Board on the approval of the Merger.
See "The Merger Proposal - The Merger Background of the Merger."
EMPLOYMENT ARRANGEMENTS. Pursuant to an employment agreement between
PharmaGenics and Michael I. Sherman, President and Chief Executive Officer, in
the event that prior to March 31, 1997, PharmaGenics undergoes a change in
control or receives additional financing of $3,000,000 in the aggregate, Dr.
Sherman's annual base salary will be increased from $242,650 to $260,000,
retroactive to July 1, 1996. The Credit Facility satisfies this requirement. If
Dr. Sherman's employment is terminated following the Merger, other than for
cause, he will be entitled to salary continuation for a period of twelve months
(or approximately $260,000).
Genzyme has executed a letter of intent with Dr. Sherman in which the
parties reached agreement in principle on terms of a separation agreement to be
entered into among Genzyme, PharmaGenics and Dr. Sherman and a consulting
agreement to be entered into between Genzyme and Dr. Sherman. The separation
agreement will be executed prior to the closing date of the Merger and will
provide that Genzyme will make salary continuation payments to Dr. Sherman in
the amount of $260,000, payable over the one year period commencing on the
closing date of the Merger in the same increments as PharmaGenics currently pays
Dr. Sherman's base salary. The salary continuation payments to be made by
Genzyme will be in lieu of any amounts otherwise payable to Dr. Sherman under
his existing employment agreement with PharmaGenics. In addition, Genzyme will
consent to the payment of a $20,000 bonus provided for in Dr. Sherman's
employment contract, which may be awarded by the PharmaGenics Board in its
discretion at any time prior to the closing date of the Merger for services
rendered by Dr. Sherman during 1996.
The consulting agreement will provide that Genzyme will pay Dr. Sherman
a $100,000 retainer, payable in the amount of $16,000 upon the closing date of
the Merger and $14,000 per quarter in advance through December 31, 1998, and a
consulting fee of $1,200 per day, with a minimum commitment of 35 days during
the term of the consulting agreement. Unless earlier terminated by one of the
parties, the consulting agreement will have a term ending December 31, 1998. Dr.
Sherman will be available to provide consulting services to Genzyme for the
first ten days following the closing date of the Merger, a minimum of one day
per week during the next 60 days following the initial ten day period, and one
day per month thereafter. Genzyme will also pay Dr. Sherman a bonus of $20,000
for services rendered during 1997, payable no later than December 31, 1997. Dr.
Sherman will be eligible to receive a bonus of $50,000, payable in $25,000
installments on December 31, 1997 and December 31, 1998, subject to the
reasonable determination of Genzyme that Dr. Sherman has used all diligent and
consistent efforts to: (i) assist Genzyme in closing in-process SAGE service
agreements on terms acceptable to Genzyme and (ii) assist Genzyme in developing
and maintaining a positive relationship with The Johns Hopkins University. In
addition, Genzyme will grant Dr. Sherman options to purchase 25,000 shares of
GMO Stock, which options will be fully exercisable as of the closing date of the
Merger and will have an exercise price equal to the fair market value of the GMO
Stock on such date. The consulting agreement will also provide for certain
covenants of Dr. Sherman not to establish certain relationships competitive with
the business of GMO during the term of the agreement.
Pursuant to employment agreements between PharmaGenics and each of
Arthur H. Bertelsen, Ph.D., Senior Vice President, Research, Alan F. Cook, Vice
President, Chemistry, and A. Steven Franchak, Vice President and Chief Financial
Officer, each officer will be entitled to salary continuation payments equal to
three months of his current base salary in the event his employment is
terminated (other than for cause) or his position is adversely changed following
the Merger. The aggregate amount of salary continuation payments to which each
officer will be entitled under his employment agreement is as follows: Dr.
Bertelsen, $41,990; Dr.
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Cook, $39,165; and Mr. Franchak, $32,753. These payments will be made biweekly
during the 13 weeks following the Merger.
In order to provide continuity in the operations of PharmaGenics
pending completion of the Merger, Genzyme has also agreed to pay closing bonuses
to members of PharmaGenics's management in the following amounts: Dr. Bertelsen,
$50,000; Dr. Cook, $30,000; and Mr. Franchak, $30,000. Each bonus is contingent
upon the officer remaining in his position through the closing date of the
Merger and, subject to this contingency, will be payable in a lump sum on the
closing date. In addition, in order to facilitate the transition of operations
after the Merger, Genzyme has agreed to pay Mr. Franchak a retention bonus in
the amount of $52,000 if he will remain in PharmaGenics's offices and oversee
the transition during the 15 days following the Merger. This bonus will be
payable in a lump sum at the end of the 15-day period.
RELATIONSHIP WITH PAINEWEBBER. Dr. Papadopoulos, a member of the PharmaGenics
Board, is a Managing Director of PaineWebber. PaineWebber has from time to time
acted as financial advisor to PharmaGenics and is currently acting as financial
advisor to PharmaGenics in connection with the Merger. PharmaGenics selected
PaineWebber to be its financial advisor in connection with the Merger, as a
prominent investment banking and financial advisory firm with experience in the
valuation of businesses and their securities. Moreover, in the past, PaineWebber
and its affiliates have provided financial advisory services and financing
services for PharmaGenics, including acting as sales agent in a private
placement in 1991 and providing funding to PharmaGenics through a research and
development limited partnership in 1994 and 1995. Accordingly, PaineWebber had a
familiarity with PharmaGenics that would require significant time, fees and
efforts to obtain from another financial advisor. PharmaGenics was also aware
that PaineWebber has, from time to time, provided investment banking services to
Genzyme and affiliates of Genzyme, that PaineWebber maintains a market in
securities of Genzyme and certain affiliates of Genzyme, trades in such shares
and produces research materials regarding Genzyme and certain affiliates of
Genzyme, and that PaineWebber is obligated, as a condition to the Merger, to
deliver a commitment letter to PharmaGenics and Genzyme to use its best efforts
to raise not less than $20 million for GMO through a private placement of
securities. Pursuant to an engagement letter between PharmaGenics and
PaineWebber, PaineWebber earned a fee of $50,000 for the delivery of its written
Opinion on February 2, 1997 and will earn a transaction fee of $500,000 (less
the aforementioned $50,000) upon completion of the Merger, payable not later
than December 15, 1997. PaineWebber will also be reimbursed by PharmaGenics for
certain of its related expenses. In its engagement for PharmaGenics, PaineWebber
has assisted PharmaGenics in evaluating various alternatives, including
contacting many other companies to determine whether they had an interest in
considering a business combination with PharmaGenics and pursuing preliminary
discussions with several companies. In connection with the Merger, PaineWebber
assisted PharmaGenics in the negotiation of the Merger Consideration. In
addition, PaineWebber delivered to PharmaGenics its written Opinion. See "The
Merger Proposal - The Merger - Fairness Opinion."
EFFECTIVE TIME
It is expected that the Merger will be effective by June 30, 1997.
DELAYED DISTRIBUTION OF GMO STOCK CERTIFICATES
The Exchange Agent will exchange PharmaGenics preferred stock
certificates for GMO Stock certificates and pay cash in lieu of fractional
shares. As soon as practicable after the Merger, the Exchange Agent will mail to
all holders of record of PharmaGenics preferred stock at the Effective Time
instructions for surrendering their PharmaGenics Stock certificates in exchange
for a certificate or certificates representing shares of GMO Stock. PHARMAGENICS
PREFERRED STOCKHOLDERS ARE REQUESTED NOT TO SURRENDER THEIR CERTIFICATES FOR
EXCHANGE UNTIL THEY RECEIVE A LETTER OF INSTRUCTION FROM THE EXCHANGE AGENT.
Upon surrender of a PharmaGenics Stock certificate for cancellation to the
Exchange Agent, the holder of such certificate will be entitled to receive in
exchange a certificate representing the number of whole shares of GMO Stock into
which the shares of PharmaGenics preferred stock previously represented by such
certificate are converted. Surrendered certificates shall forthwith
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be cancelled. Until surrendered, each PharmaGenics Stock certificate shall
represent for all purposes the right to receive shares of GMO Stock.
All certificates for GMO Stock issued in exchange for PharmaGenics
preferred stock shall be held by the Exchange Agent and no delivery thereof to
the former holders of PharmaGenics preferred stock, or transfers thereof on the
books of Genzyme may be made, until the earlier of:
(i) in the case of certificates to be issued to executive
officers and directors of PharmaGenics, the beneficial owners of five percent or
more of PharmaGenics common stock (on an as converted basis) and each of HCV II,
HCV III, HCV IV, Hudson Trust, Everest Trust, the R&D Partnership and their
respective affiliates: (a) 270 days after the effectiveness of a registration
statement for the GMO IPO, (b) three years following the closing date of the
Merger or (c) the distribution or sale of GMO Designated Shares by Genzyme to
the public, provided, however, that in the case of clauses (a) or (b), if
Genzyme, as of such date, has filed a registration statement for a public
offering of GMO Stock (other than the GMO IPO), such date shall be extended
until 90 days after the effective date of such registration statement; and
(ii) in the case of certificates to be issued to all other
holders of PharmaGenics preferred stock: (a) 180 days after the effectiveness of
a registration statement for the GMO IPO, (b) three years following the closing
date of the Merger or (c) the distribution or sale of GMO Designated Shares by
Genzyme to the public; provided, however, in the case of clauses (a) or (b), if
Genzyme, as of such date, has filed a registration statement for a public
offering of GMO Stock (other than the GMO IPO), such date shall be extended
until 90 days after the effective date of such registration statement.
The delivery of certificates of GMO Stock is being delayed in order to
facilitate the development of an orderly market for the GMO Stock. There is
currently no market for the GMO Stock and no assurance can be given that a
liquid market would develop following the Merger. Accordingly, if certificates
for the GMO Stock were distributed immediately following the consummation of the
Merger and the shares were freely tradable, a thinly traded, illiquid market may
result. Genzyme believes that such a result would be disadvantageous to the
PharmaGenics stockholders receiving the GMO Stock and to the ability of Genzyme
to finance the future growth of GMO. In order to address these concerns, the
certificates for the GMO Stock are being withheld from distribution until at
least 180 days following completion of the GMO IPO (unless Genzyme distributes
or sells the GMO Designated Shares earlier), but in no event beyond three years.
In this way, Genzyme expects to ameliorate, for the benefit of the GMO
stockholders, the risk that a disorderly market for the GMO Stock without proper
sponsorship would develop prematurely. By tying the distribution of the stock
certificates to the GMO IPO, the market for the GMO Stock will be permitted to
develop in connection with an orderly distribution of the shares in which market
professionals will be involved and pricing for the GMO Stock will be established
based on full information that is communicated to investors. For a description
of Genzyme's current plans for the GMO IPO, see "The Merger Proposal - Funding
for GMO."
If any GMO Stock certificates are to be issued in a name other than
that in which the PharmaGenics preferred stock certificate surrendered is
registered, it will be a condition to the exchange of such PharmaGenics
preferred stock that the holder requesting such exchange deliver to the Exchange
Agent all documents necessary to evidence and effect such transfer and pay to
the Exchange Agent any transfer or other taxes required by reason of the
issuance of certificates for such shares of GMO Stock in a name other than that
of the registered holder of the certificate surrendered or establish to the
satisfaction of the Exchange Agent that such tax has been paid or is not
applicable.
At the Effective Time, the stock transfer books of PharmaGenics will be
closed and no transfer of PharmaGenics Stock will thereafter be made on those
stock transfer books.
FRACTIONAL SHARES
No fractional shares of GMO Stock will be issued in the Merger, and any
fractional interest will not entitle the owner to vote or to any other rights as
a holder of GMO Stock. Fractions of GMO Stock will be
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paid in cash (without interest) in an amount determined by multiplying such
fraction by the GMO Per Share Value. Neither the Exchange Agent nor Genzyme will
be liable to any holder of PharmaGenics preferred stock for any cash in lieu of
fractional interests properly delivered to a public official pursuant to
applicable escheat or abandoned property laws.
RESALES OF GMO STOCK
The shares of GMO Stock to be issued pursuant to the Merger Agreement
have been registered under the Securities Act, and once the certificates
representing shares of GMO Stock have been delivered to the former holders of
PharmaGenics preferred stock, such shares may be traded without restriction by
all such stockholders who are not "affiliates," as defined under the Securities
Act, of PharmaGenics ("Affiliates").
Directors, executive officers and certain 5% stockholders of
PharmaGenics may be deemed to be Affiliates. It is a condition to Genzyme's
obligations under the Merger Agreement that each stockholder identified by
Genzyme as a potential Affiliate execute and deliver to Genzyme an "affiliate
letter" setting forth certain restrictions on such stockholder's ability to sell
the shares of GMO Stock received in the Merger. Such restrictions arise from the
applicable provisions of Rules 144 and 145 under the Securities Act. See "The
Merger Proposal - The Merger - Conditions of Merger."
Genzyme has no current plans to list the GMO Stock on an exchange or on
Nasdaq until the GMO IPO. Accordingly, there will not be a public trading market
for the GMO Stock unless and until the GMO IPO occurs. See "Risk Factors - Risks
Related to Genzyme Tracking Stock - Limited Trading History."
REPRESENTATIONS, WARRANTIES AND COVENANTS
Genzyme and PharmaGenics have made certain representations and
warranties to each other in the Merger Agreement relating to, among other
things, compliance with laws, preparation of financial statements, legal actions
and proceedings, the absence of undisclosed liabilities, and capitalization and
share ownership.
PharmaGenics has agreed that, except with the prior written consent of
Genzyme and with certain other exceptions set forth in the Merger Agreement,
prior to the completion of the Merger it will observe certain covenants relating
to the conduct of PharmaGenics's business, including conducting its business in
the usual course and using commercially reasonable efforts to:
(i) preserve intact and keep available the services of its
employees;
(ii) keep in effect certain insurance policies in coverage
amounts not less than those in effect at the date of the Merger Agreement;
(iii) preserve its business, keep its properties intact,
preserve its goodwill and maintain its physical properties in good operating
condition;
(iv) preserve and protect its intellectual property rights;
and
(v) enter into a license agreement with Hoffmann-La Roche
Inc. on terms reasonably acceptable to Genzyme relating to certain tumor
suppressor genes.
PharmaGenics has also agreed to take appropriate action (which shall not include
the making of any cash payment) to effect the termination of all outstanding
stock options to purchase PharmaGenics Stock that are not exercised prior to the
Effective Time.
PharmaGenics has also agreed that, except with the prior written
consent of Genzyme and with certain other exceptions set forth in the Merger
Agreement, it will not:
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(i) sell or transfer, or mortgage, pledge or create or
permit to be created any security interest on, any of its assets other than
sales or transfers in the ordinary course of business;
(ii) incur any obligation or liability other than in the
ordinary course of business, incur any indebtedness for borrowed money other
than to Genzyme or enter into any other contracts or commitments other than
purchase orders for inventory, materials and supplies in the ordinary course of
business and consistent with past practice;
(iii) change the compensation or fringe benefits for any
officer, director, employee or agent, except for ordinary merit increases for
employees other than officers based on periodic reviews in accordance with past
practices, or enter into or modify any employee benefit plan or any employment
severance or other agreement with any officer, director, employee, or
consultant;
(iv) make any change in the number of shares of PharmaGenics
Stock authorized, issued or outstanding or grant any option, warrant or other
right to purchase, or convert any obligation into, shares of PharmaGenics Stock,
declare or pay any dividend or other distribution with respect to any shares of
PharmaGenics Stock, or sell or transfer any shares of PharmaGenics Stock, except
upon the exercise of options or warrants outstanding on the date of the Merger
Agreement;
(v) amend its certificate of incorporation or by-laws;
(vi) make any material acquisition of property other than in
the ordinary course of business; or
(vii) enter into or modify any license, technology development
or technology transfer agreement with any other person or entity.
The executive officers and directors of PharmaGenics and the beneficial
owners of five percent (5%) or more of the PharmaGenics common stock (on an
as-converted basis) and each of HCV II, HCV III, HCV IV, Hudson Trust, Everest
Trust and the R&D Partnership, have agreed to vote all of their respective
shares in favor of approving the Merger Proposal and the transactions
contemplated thereby, and not to exercise any dissenters' rights that they may
have under Section 262 of the DGCL. In connection with such voting commitment,
each such stockholder has granted Genzyme an irrevocable proxy to vote the
shares of PharmaGenics Stock held by such stockholder at the PharmaGenics
Special Meeting. Such proxy will be void if the Merger Agreement terminates. The
stockholders who have agreed to vote in favor of the Merger Agreement hold, in
the aggregate, shares representing (i) 59.8% of the votes that can be cast by
the holders of the outstanding PharmaGenics common stock, Series A Stock and
Series B Stock, voting together as a single class; and (ii) 61.3% of the votes
that can be cast by the holders of the outstanding PharmaGenics common stock,
Series A Stock, Series B Stock and Series C Stock, voting together as a single
class.
CONDITIONS OF MERGER
In addition to the approval of the Merger Proposal by the stockholders
of both Genzyme and PharmaGenics, the respective obligations of Genzyme and
PharmaGenics to complete the Merger are subject to certain customary closing
conditions and to the following additional conditions:
(i) Dissenting Shares shall not exceed two percent (2%) of
the shares of PharmaGenics common stock issued and outstanding on the closing
date of the Merger, assuming conversion of all shares of PharmaGenics preferred
stock, and the number of shares of GGD Stock and GTR Stock held by stockholders
who have properly exercised appraisal rights under Massachusetts law with
respect thereto shall not have an aggregate market value in excess of
$28,000,000;
(ii) the SAGE license from JHU to PharmaGenics shall have been
amended to delete the requirement that PharmaGenics make a $5,000,000 payment to
JHU upon completion of the Merger, and certain unsigned agreements between
PharmaGenics and JHU shall have been signed;
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(iii) the R&D Partnership shall have exercised its option to
exchange its rights in certain technology of PharmaGenics for shares of
PharmaGenics Stock or PharmaGenics shall have otherwise satisfied or been
released from its obligations to the R&D Partnership, and the transfer of such
technology to PharmaGenics shall have been completed; and
(iv) PaineWebber shall have delivered to PharmaGenics and
Genzyme a commitment letter for a best efforts private placement of securities
convertible into GMO Stock for proceeds of at least $20,000,000 to be commenced
within 45 days of the Effective Time on terms mutually agreeable to Genzyme and
PaineWebber.
At any time prior to the Effective Time, either Genzyme or PharmaGenics may
waive any condition to its own obligation to complete the Merger, but only to
the extent that such conditions are intended for its benefit.
TERMINATION; TERMINATION PAYMENT
The Merger Agreement may be terminated at any time prior to the
Effective Time:
(i) by either Genzyme or PharmaGenics, by written notice to
the other party, if the Effective Time has not occurred on or before May 31,
1997; provided, however, that the right to terminate the Merger Agreement for
such reason will not be available to a party whose breach of a representation or
warranty or failure to fulfill any covenant or agreement under the Merger
Agreement has been the cause of or resulted in the failure of the Merger to
occur on or before such date;
(ii) by either Genzyme or PharmaGenics, by written notice to
the other party, if such party has materially breached any representation,
warranty, covenant or agreement contained in the Merger Agreement and has not
cured such breach within 20 days of receipt of written notice or if such breach
cannot by its nature be cured prior to the Closing Date;
(iii) by either Genzyme or PharmaGenics, by written notice to
the other party, if any court or governmental entity has issued any injunction
or taken any other action permanently restraining, enjoining or otherwise
prohibiting the completion of the Merger and such injunction or other action has
become final and non-appealable;
(iv) by either Genzyme or PharmaGenics, upon written notice
to the other party, if the required approval of the stockholders of either party
to the Merger Agreement has not been obtained within 75 days after the
Registration Statement has been declared effective by the Commission;
(v) by Genzyme, by written notice to PharmaGenics, if the
PharmaGenics Board (a) for any reason fails to call and hold the PharmaGenics
Special Meeting or to include in this Prospectus/Proxy Statement its
recommendation that PharmaGenics stockholders vote to approve the Merger
Proposal, (b) withdraws or modifies in a manner adverse to Genzyme its approval
or recommendation that PharmaGenics stockholders vote in favor of approving the
Merger Proposal or (c) adopts resolutions approving or otherwise authorizes or
recommends an Acquisition Transaction (as defined below);
(vi) by PharmaGenics, prior to approval of the Merger by its
stockholders, if the PharmaGenics Board, as a result of a possible Acquisition
Transaction that does not involve a breach of PharmaGenics's covenant not to
solicit such a transaction, determines in good faith that the fiduciary
obligations of the PharmaGenics Board under applicable law require that such
Acquisition Transaction be accepted, provided, however, such termination may not
be effected unless and until (a) PharmaGenics gives Genzyme seven days prior
written notice of its intention to effect such a termination, (b) during such
period, PharmaGenics causes its financial and legal advisors to negotiate in
good faith with Genzyme to make adjustments in the terms and conditions of the
Merger Agreement that would enable Genzyme to proceed with the Merger and the
other transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement and (c) the PharmaGenics
Board has been advised in writing by outside counsel that, notwithstanding a
binding commitment to complete the
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Merger, entered into in a proper exercise of its fiduciary obligations, such
obligations require the PharmaGenics Board to reconsider and terminate such
commitment as a result of such Acquisition Transaction; or
(vii) at any time upon the written consent of both Genzyme and
PharmaGenics.
On April 30, 1997, Genzyme and PharmaGenics agreed to extend the date referred
to in paragraph (i) above until June 30, 1997.
If terminated as provided above, the Merger Agreement will become void
and have no effect, without any liability on the part of either party, its
directors, officers or stockholders with the exception of the provisions
relating to confidentiality, publicity, expenses and termination fees, which
shall remain in effect. Termination of the Merger Agreement pursuant to one or
more of the methods described above will not, however, relieve any party from
liability for any willful breach thereof occurring before such termination.
If the Merger Agreement is terminated by Genzyme pursuant to clauses
(i), (iii), (iv) (only if the Genzyme stockholders fail to adopt the Merger
Agreement) and (vii), Genzyme will be obligated to loan PharmaGenics up to
$1,500,000 (the "Termination Payment"), payable in three equal monthly advances,
the first such advance to be made within ten days of termination unless a draw
has already been made that month under the Credit Facility, in which case the
first advance will be reduced by the amount of funds from such draw still
available to PharmaGenics on the date of termination. The second and third
advances of the Termination Payment will be made 30 and 60 days, respectively,
after the first advance. The Termination Payment will be reduced by 60% of the
cumulative gross revenues received by PharmaGenics beginning with the month
prior to the first advance and by the amount of any revenues carried forward and
not previously utilized to reduce a draw under the Credit Facility. The
Termination Payment will be increased by $250,000 if the SAGE patent licensed to
PharmaGenics from JHU issues within three months following a termination of the
Merger Agreement that requires a Termination Payment. See "The Merger Proposal -
Certain Transactions/Credit Facility."
WAIVER AND AMENDMENT
At any time prior to the Effective Time, (i) the parties to the Merger
Agreement may, by written agreement, waive or extend the time for performance of
any obligation under the Merger Agreement and (ii) any term or provision of the
Merger Agreement may be waived in writing by the party entitled to the benefits
thereof; provided, however, that after approval of the Merger Agreement by the
stockholders of Genzyme or PharmaGenics and prior to the Effective Time, (a)
without the further approval of the stockholders of PharmaGenics, no amendment
may be made that alters or changes the amount or kind of consideration to be
received by PharmaGenics stockholders and (b) without the further approval of
the stockholders of Genzyme or PharmaGenics, as applicable, no amendment may be
made that alters or changes any of the terms and conditions of the Merger
Agreement if such change would materially or adversely affect the stockholders
of Genzyme or PharmaGenics.
NO SOLICITATION
PharmaGenics has agreed not to (i) solicit or initiate discussions with
any person, other than Genzyme, relating to the possible acquisition of
PharmaGenics or all or a material portion of the assets or any of the capital
stock of PharmaGenics or any merger or other business combination with
PharmaGenics (an "Acquisition Transaction") or (ii) except to the extent
reasonably required by fiduciary obligations under applicable law as advised by
independent legal counsel, participate in any negotiations regarding, or furnish
to any other person information with respect to, any effort or attempt by any
other person to do or to seek any Acquisition Transaction. PharmaGenics has also
agreed to inform Genzyme within one business day of receipt of any offer,
proposal or inquiry relating to any Acquisition Transaction.
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REGULATORY MATTERS
Other than the filing of appropriate merger documents with the
Secretary of the State of Delaware and the Secretary of the Commonwealth of
Massachusetts and routine approvals and actions required under Pharmagenics's
permits and licenses to reflect the change in control of PharmaGenics, there are
no governmental approvals required to effect the Merger.
EXPENSES
The Merger Agreement provides that, whether or not the Merger is
completed, Genzyme and PharmaGenics will bear their own expenses incurred in
connection with the preparation, execution and performance of the Merger
Agreement and the transactions contemplated thereby. PharmaGenics has agreed
that such expenses paid or incurred by it, whether before or after the closing
date of the Merger, including brokerage, investment banking, accounting and
legal fees, will not exceed $1,000,000 in the aggregate, including not more than
$500,000 in fees payable to PaineWebber.
ACCOUNTING TREATMENT
The Merger will be accounted for as a purchase of PharmaGenics by
Genzyme. For discussion of the pro forma adjustments necessary to give effect to
the Merger and the issuance of GMO Stock, see the pro forma financial statements
set forth in Annex II.
MANAGEMENT OF PHARMAGENICS'S BUSINESS AFTER MERGER
As a result of the Merger, PharmaGenics will cease to exist as a
separate corporation and will become part of GMO of Genzyme. The Board of
Directors and executive officers of Genzyme will not change as a result of the
Merger. The following table contains certain information about the current
directors of Genzyme.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
PRESENT
BUSINESS EXPERIENCE DURING PAST FIVE DIRECTOR TERM
NAME AND AGE YEARS AND OTHER DIRECTORSHIPS SINCE EXPIRES
------------ ------------------------------------ -------- -------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Henri A. Termeer Mr. Termeer has served as President of Genzyme since 1983 1997
Age: 51 October 1983, Chief Executive Officer since December 1985
and Chairman of the Board since May 1988. For ten years
prior to joining Genzyme, Mr. Termeer worked for Baxter
Travenol Laboratories, Inc., a manufacturer of human health
care products. Mr. Termeer is Chairman of the Board of
Genzyme Transgenics Corporation ("GTC") and, until its
acquisition by Genzyme in December 1996, was Chairman of
the Board of Neozyme II Corporation ("Neozyme II"). Mr.
Termeer is also a director of Abiomed, Inc., AutoImmune
Inc., Diacrin, Inc. and GelTex Pharmaceuticals, Inc., and a
trustee of Hambrecht & Quist Healthcare Investors and of
Hambrecht & Quist Life Sciences Investors.
Henry E. Blair Mr. Blair is the Chief Executive Officer of Dyax Corp. 1981 1998
Age: 53 ("Dyax"), a privately-held bioseparation, pharmaceutical
discovery and development company, and a consultant to
several companies, including Genzyme. Prior to January
1990, Mr. Blair was Senior Vice President, Scientific Affairs
of Genzyme. Before joining Genzyme in 1981, he was
Associate Director of the New England Enzyme Center at
Tufts University School of Medicine. Mr. Blair is also a
director of GTC and Celtrix Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
</TABLE>
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<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
PRESENT
BUSINESS EXPERIENCE DURING PAST FIVE DIRECTOR TERM
NAME AND AGE YEARS AND OTHER DIRECTORSHIPS SINCE EXPIRES
------------ ------------------------------------ -------- -------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Charles L. Cooney Dr. Cooney is a Professor of Chemical and Biochemical 1983 1999
Age: 52 Engineering and Co-Director of the Program on the
Pharmaceutical Industry at Massachusetts Institute of
Technology ("MIT"). Dr. Cooney joined the MIT faculty as
an Assistant Professor in 1970 and became a Professor in
1982. Dr. Cooney is also a principal of BioInformation
Associates, Inc., a consulting company.
Constantine E. Dr. Anagnostopoulos is Managing General Partner of Gateway 1986 1999
Anagnostopoulos Associates, which is the general partner of Gateway Venture
Age: 74 Partners III, L.P., a venture capital partnership. From
January 1986 to April 1987, Dr. Anagnostopoulos was
a consultant to Monsanto Company, a producer of
pharmaceuticals, chemicals, plastics and textiles,
and to Alafi Capital, a venture capital firm. From
1982 through 1985, he served as Corporate Vice
President of Monsanto Company.
Henry R. Lewis Mr. Lewis is a consultant to several companies and a member 1987 1997
Age: 71 of the Board of Directors of Delphax Systems, a manufacturer
of high speed non-impact printers. From 1986 to
February 1991, Mr. Lewis was the Vice Chairman of
the Board of Dennison Manufacturing Company, a
manufacturer and distributor of products for the
stationery, technical paper, and industrial and
retail systems markets. From 1982 to 1986, Mr. Lewis
was a Senior Vice President of Dennison
Manufacturing Company.
Douglas A. Mr. Berthiaume is Chairman, President and Chief Executive 1988 1998
Berthiaume Officer of Waters Corporation, a high technology manufacturer
Age: 48 of products used for analysis and purification, formerly a
division of Millipore Corporation. From November 1990 to
August 1994, he was President of the Waters Division of
Millipore Corporation.
Robert J. Mr. Carpenter is President and Chief Executive Officer of 1994 1999
Carpenter VacTex, Inc., a privately held biotechnology company which
Age: 52 he co-founded in November 1995, and Chairman of GelTex
Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a publicly held
pharmaceutical development company which he
co-founded in November 1991 and where he served as
President and Chief Executive Officer until May
1993. Mr. Carpenter was Chairman of the Board,
President, and Chief Executive Officer of Integrated
Genetics, Inc., a biotechnology company that merged
with Genzyme in 1989. Following the merger and until
1991, Mr. Carpenter was Executive Vice President of
Genzyme, and Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of
the Board of IG Laboratories, Inc. Mr. Carpenter is
also a director of Apex BioSciences, Inc. and, prior
to its acquisition by Genzyme in December 1996, was
a director of Neozyme II Corporation.
</TABLE>
Biographical information relating to the current executive officers of
Genzyme is included in Genzyme's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended
December 31, 1995, which is incorporated herein
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by reference. See "Incorporation of Certain Documents by Reference."
Biographical information regarding the management of GMO is included in Annex II
hereto. See Annex II - "Description of GMO - Senior Management."
GENZYME STOCKHOLDER APPRAISAL RIGHTS
Pursuant to Sections 86 through 98, inclusive (the "Dissenters' Rights
Law") of the MBCL, record holders of shares of GGD Stock and GTR Stock on the
Genzyme Record Date are entitled to assert dissenters' rights in connection with
the Merger and obtain payment of the "fair value" of their shares, provided that
such stockholders comply with the requirements of the Dissenters' Rights Law.
Failure to comply with the procedures set forth in the Dissenters' Rights Law
may result in the loss of such dissenters' rights.
A Genzyme stockholder who elects to exercise dissenters' rights must
satisfy each of the following conditions: (i) such holder must deliver to
Genzyme, before the taking of the stockholder vote with respect to the Merger
Proposal, written notice of his or her objection to the Merger and intention to
demand payment of the fair value of his or her shares (this written notice must
be in addition to and separate from any proxy or vote against the Merger
Proposal; neither voting against adoption nor a failure to vote for the Merger
Proposal will constitute such a notice); and (ii) such holders must not vote in
favor of adoption of the Merger Proposal (a failure to vote will satisfy this
requirement, but a vote in favor of adoption of the Merger Proposal, by proxy or
in person, will constitute a waiver of such holder's dissenters' rights and will
nullify any previously filed written notice of intent to demand payment). ANY
GENZYME STOCKHOLDER WHO FAILS TO COMPLY WITH EITHER OF THESE CONDITIONS WILL
HAVE NO DISSENTERS' RIGHTS WITH RESPECT TO HIS OR HER SHARES.
GENZYME WILL FURNISH A COPY OF THE FULL TEXT OF THE DISSENTERS' RIGHTS
LAW TO ANY GENZYME STOCKHOLDER UPON WRITTEN REQUEST AND WITHOUT CHARGE. ANY
GENZYME STOCKHOLDER WHO WISHES TO ASSERT HIS OR HER DISSENTERS' RIGHTS OR WHO
WISHES TO PRESERVE THE RIGHT TO DO SO SHOULD REVIEW CAREFULLY THE FULL TEXT OF
THE DISSENTERS' RIGHTS LAW.
All written notices of a Genzyme stockholder's intention to exercise
his or her dissenters' rights should be addressed to: Genzyme Corporation, One
Kendall Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, Attention: Clerk, and must be
executed by, or with the consent of, the holder of record. The notice must
identify the Genzyme stockholder submitting the notice and indicate the
intention of such stockholder to demand payment of the fair value of his or her
shares. In the notice, the stockholder's name should be stated as it appears on
his or her stock certificate(s). If the shares are owned of record in a
fiduciary capacity, such as by a trustee, guardian or custodian, such demand
must be executed by or for the fiduciary. If the shares are owned of record by
or for more than one person, as in a joint tenancy or tenancy in common, such
demand must be executed by or for all joint owners. An authorized agent,
including an agent for two or more joint owners, may execute the demand for
appraisal for a stockholder of record; however, the agent must identify the
record owner(s) and expressly disclose the fact that, in exercising the demand,
he is acting as agent for the record owners.
A record owner, such as a broker, who holds shares as a nominee for
others may exercise his or her right of appraisal with respect to the shares for
all or less than all beneficial owners of shares as to which he or she is the
record owner. In such case, the written demand must set forth the number of
shares covered by such demand. Where the number of shares is not expressly
mentioned, the demand will be presumed to cover all shares outstanding in the
name of such record owner.
After the Genzyme stockholder vote approving the Merger Proposal, and
assuming the Merger is completed, Genzyme must give written notice within ten
days after the Effective Time that the Merger Proposal has been approved to each
Genzyme stockholder who filed a written notice of intent to demand payment for
such stockholder's shares and who did not vote in favor of the Merger Proposal
(a "Dissenting Genzyme Stockholder"). Within 30 days after the Effective Time,
assuming such Dissenting Genzyme Stockholder and Genzyme can agree on the fair
market value of each Dissenting Genzyme Stockholder's shares, Genzyme shall
deliver to each Dissenting Genzyme Stockholder payment for such Dissenting
Genzyme Stockholder's shares. If Genzyme and any Dissenting Stockholder cannot
agree on the fair market value of such Dissenting
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Stockholder's shares during the period of thirty days after the Effective Time,
Genzyme or any Dissenting Genzyme Stockholder may, within four months after the
expiration of such thirty day period, file a petition in the Superior Court for
Middlesex County, Massachusetts (the "Massachusetts Court") demanding a
determination of the value of the stock of all Dissenting Genzyme Stockholders.
Genzyme stockholders considering seeking appraisal for their shares
should note that the fair value of their shares determined under the Dissenters'
Rights Law could be more, the same or less than the consideration they would
receive by selling their shares of GGD Stock or GTR Stock in the open market.
The costs of the appraisal proceeding may be determined by the Massachusetts
Court and allocated among the parties as the Massachusetts Court deems equitable
under the circumstances. Upon application of a stockholder, the Massachusetts
Court may order all or a portion of the expenses incurred by any stockholder in
connection with the appraisal proceeding, including, without limitation,
reasonable attorney's fees and the fees and expenses of experts, to be charged
pro rata against the value of all shares entitled to appraisal. In the absence
of such a determination or assessment, each stockholder bears his or her own
expenses.
Genzyme's obligation to complete the Merger is subject to the
condition, waivable at the discretion of Genzyme, that the number of shares of
GGD Stock and GTR Stock held by stockholders who have properly exercised
appraisal rights under the MBCL shall not have an aggregate market value in
excess of $28,000,000.
PHARMAGENICS STOCKHOLDER APPRAISAL RIGHTS
Pursuant to Section 262 of the DGCL ("Section 262"), record holders of
shares of PharmaGenics Stock on the PharmaGenics Record Date are entitled to
assert appraisal rights in connection with the Merger and obtain payment of the
"fair value" of their shares, provided that such stockholders comply with the
requirements of Section 262. The following is a summary of the statutory
procedures to be followed by stockholders of PharmaGenics electing to exercise
their appraisal rights and is qualified in its entirety by reference to Section
262, the full text of which is attached to this Prospectus/Proxy Statement as
Annex V. Section 262 should be reviewed carefully by stockholders who wish to
assert their appraisal rights or who wish to preserve the right to do so, since
failure to comply with those procedures may result in the loss of such appraisal
rights.
A PharmaGenics stockholder who elects to exercise appraisal rights must
satisfy each of the following conditions: (i) such holder must deliver to
PharmaGenics, before the taking of the vote with respect to the Merger Proposal,
written notice of his or her intention to demand payment of the fair value of
his or her shares (this written notice must be in addition to and separate from
any proxy or vote against the Merger Agreement; neither voting against adoption
nor a failure to vote for the Merger Agreement will constitute such a notice);
and (ii) such holders must not vote in favor of approving the Merger Proposal (a
failure to vote will satisfy this requirement, but a vote in favor of approving
the Merger Proposal, by proxy or in person, will constitute a waiver of such
holder's appraisal rights and will nullify any previously filed written notice
of intent to demand payment). A stockholder who fails to comply with either of
these conditions will have no appraisal rights with respect to his or her
shares.
All written notices should be addressed to: PharmaGenics, Inc., Four
Pearl Court, Allendale, New Jersey 07401, Attention: Secretary, and must be
executed by, or with the consent of, the holder of record. The notice must
identify the stockholder and indicate the intention of such stockholder to
demand payment of the fair value of his or her shares. In the notice, the
stockholder's name should be stated as it appears on his or her stock
certificate(s). If the shares are owned of record in a fiduciary capacity, such
as by a trustee, guardian or custodian, such demand must be executed by or for
the fiduciary. If the shares are owned of record by or for more than one person,
as in a joint tenancy or tenancy in common, such demand must be executed by or
for all joint owners. An authorized agent, including an agent for two or more
joint owners, may execute the demand for appraisal for a stockholder of record;
however, the agent must identify the record owner(s) and expressly disclose the
fact that, in exercising the demand, he is acting as agent for the record
owners.
A record owner, such as a broker, who holds shares as a nominee for
others may exercise his or her right of appraisal with respect to the shares for
all or less than all beneficial owners of shares as to which he or
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she is the record owner. In such case, the written demand must set forth the
number of shares covered by such demand. Where the number of shares is not
expressly mentioned, the demand will be presumed to cover all shares outstanding
in the name of such record owner.
After the stockholder vote approving the Merger Proposal, and assuming
the Merger is completed, Genzyme must give written notice within ten days after
the Effective Time that the Merger Proposal has been approved to each
stockholder who filed a written notice of intent to demand payment for such
stockholder's shares and who did not vote in favor of approving of the Merger
Proposal (a "Dissenting PharmaGenics Stockholder"). Within 120 days after the
Effective Time, Genzyme or any Dissenting PharmaGenics Stockholder may file a
petition in the Delaware Court of Chancery (the "Delaware Court") demanding a
determination of the value of the stock of all Dissenting PharmaGenics
Stockholders. Notwithstanding the foregoing, at any time within 60 days after
the Effective Time, any Dissenting PharmaGenics Stockholder has the right to
withdraw his or her demand for appraisal and to accept the Merger Consideration
to which he or she otherwise would have been entitled. In addition, within 120
days after the Effective Time, any Dissenting PharmaGenics Stockholder will,
upon written request, be entitled to receive from Genzyme a statement setting
forth the aggregate number of shares not voted in favor of approving the Merger
Proposal and with respect to which demands for appraisal have been received and
the aggregate number of holders of such shares.
At the hearing on such petition, the Delaware Court will determine the
stockholders who have perfected their appraisal rights. The Delaware Court may
require Dissenting PharmaGenics Stockholders to submit their stock certificates
to the Register in Chancery for notation thereon of the pending of appraisal
proceedings; the failure of a Dissenting PharmaGenics Stockholder to comply with
such direction may result in the Delaware Court dismissing the proceedings as to
such stockholder.
After determining the stockholders entitled to an appraisal, the
Delaware Court will appraise the shares, determining their fair value exclusive
of any element of value arising from the expectation or completion of the
Merger, together with a fair rate of interest, if any, to be paid upon the
amount determined to be fair value. In determining such fair value, the Delaware
Court must take into account all relevant factors, including, as indicated by
recent court decisions, elements of future value that are known or susceptible
of proof as of the date of the Merger, but excluding speculative elements of
value that may arise from the accomplishment or expectation of the Merger. The
Delaware Court will then direct the payment of the fair value of the shares,
together with any interest, by Genzyme to the Dissenting PharmaGenics
Stockholders upon the surrender to Genzyme of the certificates representing such
shares.
Stockholders considering seeking appraisal for their shares should note
that the fair value of their shares determined under Section 262 could be more,
the same or less than the consideration they would receive pursuant to the
Merger Agreement if they did not seek appraisal of their shares. The costs of
the appraisal proceeding may be determined by the Delaware Court and allocated
among the parties as the Delaware Court deems equitable under the circumstances.
Upon application of a stockholder, the Delaware Court may order all or a portion
of the expenses incurred by any stockholder in connection with the appraisal
proceeding, including, without limitation, reasonable attorney's fees and the
fees and expenses of experts, to be charged pro rata against the value of all
shares entitled to appraisal. In the absence of such a determination or
assessment, each stockholder bears his or her own expenses.
Genzyme's obligation to complete the Merger is subject to the
condition, waivable at the discretion of Genzyme, that the holders of not more
than two percent (2%) of the outstanding shares of PharmaGenics common stock
outstanding as of the Closing Date, assuming conversion of all shares of
PharmaGenics preferred stock, shall have validly exercised such rights.
Failure to follow the steps required by Section 262 of the DGCL for
perfecting appraisal rights may result in the loss of such rights.
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CERTAIN FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSEQUENCES OF THE MERGER
AND POSSIBLE DISTRIBUTION OF GMO DESIGNATED SHARES
The following summary of the material federal income tax consequences
of the Merger is based upon the opinions of Palmer & Dodge LLP, counsel to
Genzyme, and Ballard Spahr Andrews & Ingersoll, counsel to PharmaGenics. Palmer
& Dodge LLP has advised Gemzyme and Ballard Spahr Andrews & Ingersoll has
advised PharmaGenics that this summary accurately describes such material
consequences. The discussion is based on currently existing provisions of the
Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended to the date hereof (the "Code"),
Treasury Department regulations thereunder, published positions of the Internal
Revenue Service (the "IRS") and court decisions. All of the foregoing are
subject to change, and any such change could affect the continuing validity of
this discussion. In particular, Congress could enact legislation affecting the
treatment of stock with characteristics similar to the GMO Stock, or the
Treasury Department could issue regulations that change the current law,
including regulations issued pursuant to its authority under Section 337(d) of
the Code. Any future legislation or regulations could be enacted or promulgated
so as to apply retroactively to the Merger. In addition, this discussion and the
opinions of counsel to PharmaGenics and Genzyme are based on the assumption that
the Merger will be implemented as described herein and in the Merger Agreement.
The IRS announced in 1987 that it will not issue advance rulings on the
classification of stock with characteristics similar to the GMO Stock.
Accordingly, no rulings have been or will be requested from the IRS with respect
to any of the matters discussed herein. The opinions of counsel described below
are not binding on the IRS.
BECAUSE THERE IS UNCERTAINTY CONCERNING SOME OF THE FEDERAL INCOME TAX
CONSEQUENCES DISCUSSED HEREIN, AND BECAUSE THE FOLLOWING DISCUSSION DOES NOT
PURPORT TO BE A COMPLETE ANALYSIS OF ALL POTENTIAL TAX EFFECTS RELEVANT TO A
PARTICULAR PHARMAGENICS STOCKHOLDER OR TO PARTICULAR CATEGORIES OF STOCKHOLDERS
SUBJECT TO SPECIAL TREATMENT UNDER CERTAIN FEDERAL INCOME TAX LAWS, PHARMAGENICS
STOCKHOLDERS ARE URGED TO CONSULT THEIR OWN TAX ADVISERS AS TO THE TAX
CONSEQUENCES OF THE MERGER IN THEIR OWN PARTICULAR TAX SITUATION, INCLUDING THE
APPLICABILITY AND EFFECT OF STATE, LOCAL, FOREIGN AND OTHER TAX LAWS.
TAX CONSEQUENCES OF THE MERGER
Based upon the assumptions stated herein, it is the opinion of Palmer &
Dodge LLP and Ballard Spahr Andrews & Ingersoll that the Merger will, for
federal income tax purposes, constitute a "reorganization" within the meaning of
Section 368(a) of the Code, and that as a consequence of such federal income tax
status of the Merger,
(i) no gain or loss will be recognized by the stockholders
of PharmaGenics who exchange their shares of PharmaGenics preferred stock solely
for shares of GMO Stock pursuant to the Merger (except with respect to cash
received in lieu of a fractional share interest in GMO Stock),
(ii) the tax basis of the shares of GMO Stock received by
PharmaGenics stockholders will be the same as the tax basis of the PharmaGenics
preferred stock surrendered in exchange therefor (reduced by any amount
allocable to a fractional share interest for which cash is received),
(iii) the holding period of the shares of GMO Stock received
by PharmaGenics stockholders will include the holding period of the shares of
PharmaGenics preferred stock exchanged therefor, provided that such PharmaGenics
shares were held as capital assets on the date of the Merger and
(iv) no gain or loss will be recognized by PharmaGenics or
Genzyme by reason of the Merger.
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Holders of PharmaGenics preferred stock who receive cash in lieu of a
fractional share interest of GMO Stock will be treated as having received the
cash in redemption of such fractional share interest. If the cash payment
exceeds the stockholder's adjusted tax basis in the fractional share interest
deemed surrendered therefor, the stockholder will realize gain to the extent of
the excess cash. If the cash payment is less than the stockholder's adjusted
basis in the fractional share interest, the stockholder will realize a loss. If
the fractional share interest qualifies as a capital asset in the hands of the
stockholder, such gain or loss will be a capital gain or loss, and such capital
gain or loss will be long-term capital gain or loss if the holding period of the
shares of PharmaGenics preferred stock exchanged therefor is greater than one
year.
The foregoing discussion is based on the assumption that the GMO Stock
received by a PharmaGenics stockholder in the Merger will not be treated as
property other than stock. If the GMO Stock were considered property other than
stock, the Merger would likely be treated as a taxable sale by PharmaGenics of
its assets for the GMO Stock for which a corporate income tax liability to
PharmaGenics might result. In addition, PharmaGenics stockholders would be
treated as having sold in a taxable transaction their shares of PharmaGenics
preferred stock and would recognize gain or loss equal to the difference between
the fair market value of the GMO Stock they received and their tax basis in the
PharmaGenics preferred stock surrendered in exchange therefor. Such gain or loss
would be capital gain or loss, assuming such PharmaGenics shares were held as a
capital asset, and would be long-term or short-term depending upon the holding
period for such PharmaGenics shares.
Provided that the allocation of the Merger Consideration is respected
for federal income tax consequences, holders of PharmaGenics common stock will
recognize a loss in connection with the cancellation of their shares in the
Merger. Provided that the cancelled shares are held as capital assets, such loss
will be treated as a loss from a sale or exchange of a capital asset as of the
last day of the taxable year of the holder in which the Merger occurs and will,
subject to all applicable federal income tax limitations, be allowable as a
long-term or short-term capital loss depending upon the holding period for the
shares of PharmaGenics common stock that are cancelled. As a general rule,
capital losses in any year are deductible only to the extent of capital gains
plus, in the case of a non-corporate taxpayer, $3,000 of ordinary income.
Completion of the Merger is conditioned upon receipt by PharmaGenics
of an opinion of Ballard Spahr Andrews & Ingersoll and receipt by Genzyme of an
opinion of Palmer & Dodge LLP, each dated as of the Effective Time and
substantially to the effect set forth in the foregoing summary. Delivery of
these opinions is based on receipt by such counsel of representations by
PharmaGenics and Genzyme substantially similar to representations that the IRS
customarily requires for advance rulings on tax free acquisitive
reorganizations and facts that are reasonably consistent with facts existing at
the Effective Time.
THE FOREGOING SUMMARY IS NOT INTENDED, AND SHOULD NOT BE CONSIDERED, AS
TAX ADVICE. FOR THE REASONS INDICATED ABOVE, PHARMAGENICS STOCKHOLDERS ARE URGED
TO CONSULT THEIR OWN TAX ADVISORS REGARDING THE TAX CONSEQUENCES TO THEM UNDER
APPLICABLE FEDERAL, STATE, LOCAL, FOREIGN, AND OTHER TAX LAWS.
POSSIBLE DISTRIBUTION OF GMO DESIGNATED SHARES AND CERTAIN TAX CONSEQUENCES OF
OWNING GMO STOCK
Genzyme may distribute GMO Designated Shares to holders of GGD Stock
(the "Distribution") in the future. The tax consequences of the Distribution
will depend upon the facts existing at the time of the Distribution; however, it
is not anticipated that the Distribution will result in taxable income to
Genzyme or its stockholders for federal income tax purposes, except to the
extent of cash payment in lieu of fractional shares of GMO Stock.
TAX IMPLICATIONS TO GENZYME STOCKHOLDERS
Implementation of the Distribution. In the opinion of Palmer & Dodge
LLP, GMO Stock will be treated as common stock of Genzyme for federal income tax
purposes. There are no federal income tax regulations, court decisions, or
published IRS rulings bearing directly on the effect of the dividend,
liquidation and other features of GMO Stock. It is possible that the IRS may
claim that GMO Stock represents property other than stock of Genzyme. If GMO
Stock were treated as property other than stock of Genzyme, the Distribution
could be taxed as a dividend to Genzyme stockholders in an amount equal to the
fair market value of GMO Stock, to the extent of Genzyme's current and
accumulated earnings and profits, and possibly as capital gain, to the extent
that the fair market value of the GMO Stock distributed to a Genzyme stockholder
exceeded both the holder's pro rata share of earnings and profits and the
holder's tax basis in the GGD Stock.
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Receipt of GMO Stock Rights Under the Rights Agreement. It is the
opinion of Palmer & Dodge LLP that the proposed amendment and restatement of the
Rights Agreement and the declaration by the Genzyme Board of a distribution of
GMO Stock Rights to the holders of the GMO Stock will not result in recognition
of income or gain to stockholders. See "The Merger Proposal - Restatement of
Rights Agreement."
Sale of GMO Stock. Upon the taxable sale of GMO Stock, a stockholder
will recognize gain or loss equal to the difference between (i) any cash
received plus the fair market value of any other consideration received, and
(ii) the tax basis of GMO Stock that was sold. As noted above, it is the opinion
of Palmer & Dodge LLP that GMO Stock will be treated as common stock of Genzyme
for federal income tax purposes. Thus, in such counsel's opinion, GMO Stock will
not be treated as "Section 306 Stock." Accordingly, any gain or loss on the
taxable sale of GMO Stock will be a capital gain or loss, assuming that the GMO
Stock was held as a capital asset by the stockholder on the date of the sale.
Exchange of GMO Stock. Palmer & Dodge LLP is of the opinion that any
exchange of GMO Stock solely for GGD Stock, whether at the option of Genzyme or
upon a mandatory exchange, will not result in the recognition of gain or loss to
the holders thereof, pursuant to Section 1036 and/or Sections 368(a)(1)(E) and
354 of the Code (except with respect to any cash received in lieu of fractional
share interests of GGD Stock). The GGD Stock received upon any such exchange
will have the same tax basis as the holder's basis for the GMO Stock, and,
assuming the GMO Stock is held as a capital asset on the date of exchange, the
stockholder's holding period for the GGD Stock received will include the holding
period of the GMO Stock exchanged.
Any exchange of GMO Stock solely for cash, whether at the option of
Genzyme or upon a mandatory exchange, will be treated as a distribution in
redemption of the GMO Stock and will be governed by the rules under Section 302
of the Code, including the stock attribution rules of Section 318. Depending
upon the stockholder's actual and constructive ownership of the GMO Stock at the
time of the redemption, the cash received may be treated as a dividend taxable
as ordinary income to the extent of the stockholder's ratable share of Genzyme's
earnings and profits.
If GMO Stock is exchanged for a combination of cash and GGD Stock, a
stockholder will realize gain equal to the excess, if any, of (i) the sum of the
cash plus the fair market value of the GGD Stock received over (ii) the tax
basis of the GMO Stock that was exchanged. However, any such gain will be
recognized (and thus subject to tax) only to the extent of the cash received.
Any gain that is recognized by a stockholder will be capital gain if the GMO
Stock was held as a capital asset by the stockholder on the date of the
exchange, unless the receipt of cash by the stockholder has the effect of a
distribution of a dividend within the meaning of Section 301 or Section
356(a)(2) of the Code, in which case it will be treated as a dividend taxable as
ordinary income to the extent of the stockholder's ratable share of the
undistributed earnings and profits of Genzyme.
Anti-Dilution Adjustments to Convertible Securities. In general, if a
corporation has outstanding convertible securities and distributes shares of its
stock to holders of the stock into which the convertible securities are
convertible, the distribution may result in a taxable stock dividend to the
participating stockholders if the distribution results in an increase in the
stockholders' proportionate interest in the assets or earnings and profits of
the corporation. A distribution of stock, however, will not result in a taxable
stock dividend to the stockholders if the exchange price or exchange ratio of
the convertible securities is fully adjusted to compensate for the dilution
caused by the stock distribution.
Pursuant to the anti-dilution provisions of the convertible securities
of Genzyme, the conversion price and conversion ratio of such convertible
securities will be fully adjusted to reflect the Distribution. In the opinion of
Palmer & Dodge LLP, because of such adjustments, the Distribution will not
result in an increase in the stockholders' proportionate interest in the assets
or earnings and profits of Genzyme and, therefore, the Distribution will not
result in a taxable stock distribution to stockholders.
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CERTAIN UNITED STATES TAX CONSEQUENCES TO NON-U.S. STOCKHOLDERS
The following is a general discussion of certain anticipated United
States federal income tax consequences of the ownership and disposition of GMO
Stock by a Non-U.S. Holder. A Non-U.S. Holder is any person who, for United
States federal income tax purposes, is a non-resident alien individual, a
foreign corporation, a foreign partnership, or a foreign estate or trust. The
following discussion does not consider specific facts and circumstances that may
be relevant to a particular Non-U.S. Holder's tax position. Specifically, this
discussion does not address the United States tax consequences to any owner of
five percent or more of the GMO Stock. Furthermore, the following discussion is
based on current provisions of the Code, and on administrative and judicial
interpretations as of the date hereof, all of which are subject to change. Each
Non-U.S. Holder should consult a tax advisor with respect to the United States
federal tax consequences of acquiring, holding and disposing of GMO Stock, as
well as any tax consequences that may arise under the laws of any foreign,
state, local or other taxing jurisdiction.
Dividends. A dividend payment received by a Non-U.S. Holder of the GMO
Stock will be subject to withholding of United States federal income tax at a
rate of 30% of such payment unless either (i) such holder is eligible for a
reduced tax rate or a tax exemption under an applicable income tax treaty or
(ii) such holder is engaged in the conduct of a trade or business within the
United States and the dividend is effectively connected with that trade or
business. If a dividend is effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or
business within the United States by a Non-U.S. Holder, the dividend (as
adjusted by any applicable deduction) will be subject to United States federal
income tax at the rates generally applicable to United States persons and, in
the case of a foreign corporation, may be subject to the branch profits tax. It
may be necessary to satisfy certain certification requirements in order to claim
treaty benefits or exemption from withholding under the foregoing rules.
Gain on Disposition. A Non-U.S. Holder will not be subject to United
States federal income or withholding tax on any gain realized on the taxable
sale or exchange of the GMO Stock unless either (a) such gain is effectively
connected with a United States trade or business of the Non-U.S. Holder, (b) the
Non-U.S. Holder is an individual who was present in the United States for a
period or periods of 183 days or more during the taxable year and certain other
conditions are met, or (c) the stock sold or exchanged is a "United States Real
Property Interest" as defined in section 897(c)(1) of the Code at any time
during the five-year period ending on the date of the sale or exchange or at any
time during the period in which the Non-U.S. Holder held such stock, whichever
period is shorter. The GMO stock may be a United States Real Property Interest
if at any time during the five-year period ending on the date of the sale or
exchange of such stock or at any time during the period in which the Non-U.S.
Holder held such stock, whichever period is shorter, Genzyme is a "United States
real property holding corporation" as defined in section 897(c) of the Code,
provided, however, that the GMO Stock will not be a United States Real Property
Interest if at any time during the calendar year of the sale or exchange, the
GMO Stock is regularly traded on an established securities market and the
Non-U.S. Holder has not owned, directly or constructively, more than 5% of the
GMO Stock at any time during the five-year period ending on the date of the sale
or exchange of such stock. Genzyme is not and does not believe that it will
become a "United States real property holding corporation" for federal income
tax purposes.
U.S. Information Reporting Requirements and Backup Withholding. Genzyme
must report annually to the IRS the total amount of United States federal income
taxes withheld from dividend payments to Non-U.S. Holders. In addition, Genzyme
must report annually to the IRS and each Non-U.S. Holder on Form 1042S the
amount of dividend payments to and the tax withheld with respect to such holder.
These information reporting requirements apply regardless of whether withholding
is reduced by an applicable treaty. Certain holders of the GMO Stock may be
subject to backup withholding at a rate of 31% on payments of dividends on such
stock or on gross proceeds paid by or through a broker upon the disposition of
such stock unless certain certification requirements are satisfied. Any amounts
so withheld will be allowed as a credit against the holder's United States
federal income tax liability and may entitle such holder to a refund if the
required information is furnished to the IRS.
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TAX IMPLICATIONS TO GENZYME
In the opinion of Palmer & Dodge LLP, GMO Stock will be common stock of
Genzyme and no gain or loss will be recognized by Genzyme by reason of the
adoption or implementation of the Distribution. If, however, the GMO Stock were
treated as property other than stock of Genzyme, Genzyme could recognize gain on
the Distribution in an amount equal to the difference between the fair market
value of the GMO Stock and its basis in such GMO Stock.
DESCRIPTION OF GENZYME AND GMO
The business of Genzyme is described in Genzyme's Annual Report on Form
10-K for the year ended December 31, 1996, which is incorporated herein by
reference. See "Incorporation of Certain Documents by Reference." A description
of the business proposed to be conducted by GMO is attached hereto as Annex II
and is incorporated herein by reference.
DESCRIPTION OF PHARMAGENICS
The business of PharmaGenics is described in PharmaGenics's Annual
Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 1996, which is incorporated
herein by reference. A copy of such report is being delivered with this
Prospectus/Proxy Statement. See "Incorporation of Certain Documents by
Reference."
CERTAIN TRANSACTIONS/CREDIT FACILITY
Genzyme has made the Credit Facility available to PharmaGenics to fund
PharmaGenics's documented operating costs. Monthly draws against the Credit
Facility may be made monthly, up to a maximum amount each month as set forth
below:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Month Maximum Draw
----- ------------
<S> <C>
December 1996 $250,000
January 1997 $750,000
February 1997 $650,000
March 1997 $450,000
April 1997 $550,000
May 1997 $550,000
</TABLE>
Amounts not drawn by PharmaGenics in a designated month are available
to cover documented expenses in any later month (subject to the limitations
described below), provided, however, that if such draws involve individual
expenditures in excess of $25,000, such expenditures require Genzyme's consent.
The maximum amount of monthly draws will be reduced by 60% of gross revenues
received by PharmaGenics in the prior month. If PharmaGenics's gross revenues in
any month beginning with November 1996 exceed the product of 1.6667 and the
maximum draw for the succeeding month, the amount of such excess will be applied
first against the maximum amount that may be drawn in the succeeding month, any
remaining excess will then be applied against amounts drawable that may be
carried forwarded from previous months and then any remaining excess will be
carried forward and reduce the maximum amount drawable in subsequent months. An
additional draw of $250,000 may be made under the Credit Facility if the SAGE
patent licensed by PharmaGenics from JHU issues while the Credit Facility is in
effect; provided that such draw must be utilized by PharmaGenics to fulfill its
obligations to JHU. To date, PharmaGenics has made an aggregate of $2,450,000 in
monthly draws under the Credit Facility, with the initial draw of $1,000,000
occurring in February 1997, after the signing of the Merger Agreement, and
additional draws of $650,000 and $800,000 occurring in March 1997 and May 1997,
respectively. If Genzyme terminates the Merger Agreement under
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certain circumstances, Genzyme will loan PharmaGenics up to an additional
$1,500,000 (subject to certain limitations). See "The Merger Proposal - The
Merger - Termination; Termination Payment."
Amounts advanced under the Credit Facility are evidenced by a
Subordinated Convertible Promissory Note (the "Note"). The Note bears interest
from the date of each advance at a rate of 8.25% per annum and matures on
February 10, 2002 (the "Maturity Date"). The Note also contains the following
terms:
SUBORDINATION. The indebtedness evidenced by the Note is subordinate
and junior in right of payment to all Senior Indebtedness of PharmaGenics.
"Senior Indebtedness" is defined as all indebtedness for borrowed money owing
from PharmaGenics to commercial or institutional lenders having no equity
participation in PharmaGenics or indebtedness under capitalized lease
arrangements, including all extensions, renewals or refunding thereof and
however evidenced, whether for principal, interest, fees, indemnities, costs,
expenses or advances, but not including any indebtedness which by its terms is
subordinated to any other indebtedness of PharmaGenics. Senior Indebtedness does
not include: (i) indebtedness evidenced by the Note, (ii) indebtedness
consisting of trade payables or other current liabilities, (iii) indebtedness
for amounts owed by PharmaGenics to employees, (iv) any liability for federal,
state, local and other taxes owed or owing by PharmaGenics and (v) any
obligation that by operation of law is subordinate to any general unsecured
obligation of PharmaGenics.
ACCELERATION OF MATURITY DATE. The Maturity Date will be accelerated,
without any further act of PharmaGenics or Genzyme, upon the closing of one or
more financing transactions resulting in aggregate gross proceeds to
PharmaGenics of $10,000,000 or more.
RIGHT TO CONVERT FOLLOWING MERGER. Upon completion of the Merger, the
Note will become a liability allocated to GMO, and any outstanding principal
amount and accrued interest under the Note will be treated as an intracompany
loan by Genzyme General to GMO, due on the Maturity Date and convertible at any
time prior thereto, at Genzyme's option, into GMO Designated Shares. The number
of GMO Designated Shares resulting from any conversion of the Note will be
determined by dividing the principal and interest being converted by the
conversion price (the "GMO Conversion Price") in effect on the date of
conversion. The initial GMO Conversion Price will be determined upon the closing
of the first public offering of GMO securities in which the aggregate gross
proceeds to GMO equal or exceed $10,000,000 (an "Offering"), and will be equal
to (i) the per share price of the GMO Stock sold in the Offering or, if GMO
Stock is not sold in the Offering, (ii) the initial conversion price of the
security convertible into GMO Stock that is sold in the Offering, provided that
if any portion of the Note is converted prior to any Offering, the initial GMO
Conversion Price is $7.00 (the GMO Per Share Value). The GMO Conversion Price is
subject to adjustment upon declaration of any stock dividend on or completion of
any subdivision or combination of the GMO Stock.
RIGHT TO CONVERT FOLLOWING TERMINATION OF THE MERGER AGREEMENT. If the
Merger Agreement is terminated prior to the closing of the Merger, any
outstanding principal amount and accrued interest under the Note, or any portion
thereof, at any time and at Genzyme's option, will be (i) convertible into fully
paid and non-assessable shares of preferred stock of PharmaGenics having rights
that are pari passu with the other then-outstanding series of preferred stock of
PharmaGenics and having a liquidation preference equal to the initial
PharmaGenics Conversion Price (as defined below); (ii) redeemable for SAGE
services on commercially reasonable terms; or (iii) applicable against payment
of all or any portion of a license fee for a license to the SAGE technology on
terms no less favorable than those offered by PharmaGenics to unaffiliated third
party licensees. As soon as practicable following such a termination of the
Merger Agreement, but in any event within 120 days thereafter, PharmaGenics
will, if required by applicable law or by its certificate of incorporation,
cause to be submitted to its stockholders a proposal to amend its certificate of
incorporation to authorize the issuance of shares of preferred stock as provided
in clause (i) above. The number of shares of preferred stock issuable upon such
a conversion of the Note will be determined by dividing the principal and
interest being converted by the conversion price (the "PharmaGenics Conversion
Price") in effect on the date of conversion. The initial PharmaGenics Conversion
Price is $2.15 and is subject to adjustment upon declaration of any stock
dividend on or completion of any subdivision or combination of such preferred
stock.
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FUNDING FOR GMO
The development of GMO's products will require substantial funds.
PharmaGenics is not expected to have significant cash balances on the closing
date of the Merger. It is a condition to Genzyme's obligation to complete the
Merger that PaineWebber shall have delivered to Genzyme a commitment letter for
a best efforts private placement of securities convertible into GMO Stock or
otherwise allocable to GMO for proceeds of at least $20,000,000 to be commenced
within 45 days of the Effective Time on terms mutually agreeable to Genzyme and
PaineWebber. Genzyme does not currently expect to pursue such a private
placement and instead intends to raise funds for GMO through an underwritten
public offering of shares of GMO Stock as soon as market conditions permit. In
this regard, Genzyme has filed a registration statement relating to such an
offering with the Commission and expects to commence the offering as soon as
practicable after the completion of the Merger and effectiveness of the
Registration Statement.
The Genzyme Board has approved an Equity Line providing for the
allocation of up to $25 million in cash from Genzyme General to GMO. The number
of GMO Designated Shares to be allocated in exchange for amounts drawn under the
Equity Line will be determined as follows: (i) amounts drawn prior to the GMO
IPO will automatically convert into GMO Designated Shares upon the closing of
the GMO IPO at a price per share that will be between $7.00 and the price to the
public in the GMO IPO, with the exact price to be dependent upon the date of
each advance and the assumed appreciation or depreciation in the value of GMO
Stock as of such date, assuming straight line appreciation or depreciation over
the period between the closing date of the Merger and the closing date of the
GMO IPO; and (ii) amounts drawn after the GMO IPO will be exchanged
automatically upon the date of each advance for GMO Designated Shares at a price
per share equal to the Fair Market Value (as defined in the Genzyme Charter) of
GMO Stock on such date. The Equity Line will terminate on the third anniversary
of the Closing Date. If the GMO IPO has not been completed as of such date, all
amounts drawn under the Equity Line as of such date will be repaid in cash or,
at the option of the Genzyme Board, may be exchanged for a number of GMO
Designated shares determined by dividing the aggregate of such amounts by the
Fair Market Value of GMO Stock on such date. The amount available under the
Equity Line will be reduced on a dollar-for-dollar basis by the proceeds of any
public or private sale by Genzyme of shares of GMO Stock or securities
convertible into shares of GMO Stock or otherwise allocable to GMO, other than
sales pursuant to Genzyme's employee benefit and stock option plans.
RESTATEMENT OF RIGHTS AGREEMENT
Pursuant to the Restated Rights Agreement (the "Rights Agreement")
between Genzyme and American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, as Rights Agent
(the "Rights Agent"), each outstanding share of GGD Stock and GTR Stock also
represents one preferred stock purchase right (a "GGD Stock Right" and a "GTR
Stock Right," respectively). If the stockholders approve the Merger Proposal and
the Merger is completed, the Rights Agreement will be further amended and
restated to reflect the change in the capital structure of Genzyme and the
Genzyme Board will declare a distribution to the holders of GMO Stock of a right
(a "GMO Stock Right") for each outstanding share of GMO Stock. The Rights
Agreement, as further amended and restated (the "Restated Rights Agreement"),
will provide that each GGD Stock Right, GTR Stock Right, and GMO Stock Right,
when it becomes exercisable, will entitle the registered holder to purchase from
Genzyme (i) in the case of a GGD Stock Right, one one-hundredth of a share of
Series A Junior Participating Preferred Stock, $0.01 par value (the "Series A
Shares"), at a purchase price of $52, subject to adjustment (including
adjustment for the 100% stock dividend on GGD Stock paid July 25, 1996), (ii) in
the case of a GTR Stock Right, one one-hundredth of a share of Series B Junior
Participating Preferred Stock, $0.01 par value (the "Series B Shares"), at a
purchase price of $25, subject to adjustment and (iii) in the case of a GMO
Stock Right, one one-hundredth of a share of Series C Junior Participating
Preferred Stock, $0.01 par value (the "Series C Shares"), at a purchase price of
$21, subject to adjustment.
The Rights will not be exercisable until the Distribution Date (defined
below) and, unless earlier redeemed by Genzyme as described below, will expire
on March 28, 1999.
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The Restated Rights Agreement will provide that, prior to a
Distribution Date, GGD Stock Rights, GTR Stock Rights and GMO Stock Rights will
be evidenced by the certificates representing shares of GGD Stock, GTR Stock and
GMO Stock, respectively, and there will not be separate Right certificates. The
GGD Stock, GTR Stock and GMO Stock are sometimes hereinafter referred to
together as the "Voting Stock." The Rights will separate from the Voting Stock
and a "Distribution Date" will occur upon the earlier of (i) ten days following
a public announcement that a person or group of affiliated or associated persons
(an "Acquiring Person") acquired, or obtained the right to acquire, beneficial
ownership of Voting Stock representing 20% or more of the total number of votes
to which all outstanding shares of Voting Stock are entitled or (ii) ten
business days following the commencement of, or announcement of an intention to
make, a tender offer or exchange offer the consummation of which would result in
the beneficial ownership by a person or group of Voting Stock representing 30%
or more of such total number of votes or, in either case, such later date as a
majority of Continuing Directors (as defined in the Restated Rights Agreement)
may determine. For purposes of the Restated Rights Agreement, total votes to
which the Voting Stock is entitled will be determined as provided in the Genzyme
Charter. See "Description of Genzyme Capital Stock - Voting Rights." If a person
inadvertently becomes the beneficial owner of Voting Stock representing 20% or
more of the total votes to which all outstanding shares of Voting Stock were
entitled due to a change in the number of votes to which the GTR Stock or GMO
Stock is entitled, such person would not be an Acquiring Person unless and until
such person acquires additional shares of Voting Stock.
With certain exceptions, in the event that, following the Distribution
Date, Genzyme is acquired in a merger or other business combination transaction
or 50% or more of its consolidated assets or earnings power are sold, proper
provision will be made so that each holder of a Right will thereafter have the
right to receive, upon the exercise thereof at the then current exercise price
of the Right, that number of shares of common stock of the acquiring company
which at the time of such transaction will have a market value of two times the
exercise price of the Right. With certain exceptions, in the event that (i)
Genzyme is the surviving corporation in a merger or other business combination
involving an Acquiring Person and the outstanding Voting Stock is not changed or
exchanged, (ii) any person becomes the beneficial owner of Voting Stock
representing 30% or more of the total number of votes to which all outstanding
shares of Voting Stock are entitled, except pursuant to an offer for all
outstanding shares of Voting Stock which a majority of the directors of Genzyme
who are not representatives of the person making such offer determines to be in
the best interest of Genzyme and its stockholders, (iii) an Acquiring Person
engages in one of a number of self-dealing transactions specified in the
Restated Rights Agreement or (iv) there is a reclassification of the securities
of Genzyme or other recapitalization resulting in an increase of 1% or more in
the proportionate ownership of the Acquiring Person, proper provision will be
made so that each holder of a Right, other than Rights that are beneficially
owned by the Acquiring Person on or after the earlier of the Distribution Date
or the date an Acquiring Person acquires Voting Stock representing 20% or more
of the total voting power of all outstanding shares of Voting Stock (which
Rights will thereafter be void), will thereafter have the right to receive upon
exercise GGD Stock, GTR Stock or GMO Stock having a market value of two times
the then current exercise price of the GGD Stock Right, the GTR Stock Right, or
the GMO Stock Right, respectively.
At any time prior to the expiration of ten days following the first
public announcement of the acquisition by a person or group of affiliated or
associated persons of beneficial ownership of Voting Stock representing 20% or
more of the total voting power of all outstanding shares of Voting Stock,
Genzyme may redeem the Rights in whole, but not in part, at a price (the
"Redemption Price") of $0.005 per Right in the case of the GGD Stock Rights and
$0.01 per Right in the case of the GTR and GMO Stock Rights, in each case
subject to adjustment. Genzyme may also redeem the Rights in connection with the
acquisition of Genzyme in a transaction not involving an Acquiring Person. After
the redemption period has expired, Genzyme's right of redemption may be
reinstated under certain circumstances. Immediately upon the action of the
Genzyme Board ordering redemption of the Rights, the right to exercise the
Rights will terminate and the only right of the holders of Rights will be to
receive the Redemption Price.
Prior to the Distribution Date, the terms of the Restated Rights
Agreement may be amended by the Genzyme Board without the consent of the holders
of the Rights, except for amendments that would change the expiration date or
principal economic terms of the Rights. After the Distribution Date, the terms
of the Restated Rights Agreement may be amended by the Genzyme Board in order to
cure any ambiguity or
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inconsistency, to extend the time period during which the Rights may be redeemed
or to make changes that do not adversely affect the interests of the Rights
holders (other than an Acquiring Person); provided, however, that no amendment
may be made at a time when the Rights are not redeemable.
Until a Right is exercised, the holder thereof, as such, will have no
rights as a stockholder of Genzyme, including, without limitation, the right to
vote or to receive dividends.
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THE GENZYME CHARTER PROPOSAL
The stockholders of Genzyme are being asked to consider and approve an
amendment and restatement of the Genzyme Charter (the "Charter Amendment"). The
Charter Amendment would, among other things, (i) authorize 150,000,000 shares of
undesignated common stock (prior to designation of the GMO Stock) that could be
issued from time to time at the discretion of the Genzyme Board in one or more
additional series and (ii) redesignate the GGD Stock and the GTR Stock as two
series of a single class of common stock. The Genzyme Charter Proposal is being
submitted to stockholders for approval independent of the Merger Proposal.
REASONS FOR THE GENZYME CHARTER PROPOSAL
The Genzyme Board has approved the Genzyme Charter Proposal in order to
enable the creation of a pool of undesignated common stock which the Genzyme
Board could designate from time to time into one or more additional series of
common stock of the same class as the previously designated series of common
stock without the need to obtain stockholder approval. At the time of the
creation of each additional series of common stock. The Genzyme Board would be
authorized to determine the number of shares of each new series and all rights
and privileges of each new series, including dividend rights, exchange or
redemption provisions, rights upon liquidation or merger, and voting rights,
provided that the holders of any series of common stock will not be entitled to
more than one vote per share at the time of initial issuance of shares of such
series. Under the existing Genzyme Charter, the issuance of a new class or
series of common stock, such as the GMO Stock would require stockholder
approval. Thus, the Merger Proposal provides for an amendment to the existing
Genzyme Charter that would authorize the issuance of GMO Stock as an additional
class of Genzyme common stock in the event that the Genzyme Charter Proposal is
not approved by the Genzyme stockholders.
The Genzyme Board believes that the undesignated common stock would
provide the Genzyme Board with a means to act quickly and definitively to
complete future acquisitions or to further divide the business of Genzyme into
additional divisions, in each case though the creation of a separate series of
common stock. Such actions could be undertaken without the delay and uncertainty
caused by the need to obtain stockholder approval for the creation of a new
class of common stock. As a result, the Genzyme Board believes that the
undesignated common stock would allow it to more efficiently enhance stockholder
value.
The issuance of additional series of common stock could have the effect
of discouraging attempts to acquire control of Genzyme and thus deprive
stockholders of an opportunity to realize a premium for their shares. The
Genzyme Board has no intention of using additional series of common stock for
such purpose. However, the existing Genzyme Charter and by-laws and certain
agreements of Genzyme contain other provisions that could discourage an
attempted takeover of Genzyme and prevent stockholders from changing Genzyme's
management. See "Comparison of Rights of Holders of GMO Stock and PharmaGenics
Stock - `Anti-Takeover' Provisions."
REDESIGNATION OF EXISTING CLASSES OF COMMON STOCK
Currently, Genzyme's authorized common stock is divided into two
classes consisting of the GGD Stock and the GTR Stock. If the Genzyme Charter
Proposal is approved by the Genzyme stockholders, each share of GGD Stock and
GTR Stock will be redesignated as one share of a new series of Genzyme common
stock without any action by the holder thereof. Each new series of common stock
will have substantially the same features as the class of common stock which it
replaces. The reason for the redesignation is to simplify Genzyme's capital
structure by having one class of common stock with several series rather than a
capital structure consisting of multiple classes and series of common stock.
Absent the redesignation as part of the Genzyme Charter Proposal, Genzyme's
authorized common stock would consist of the existing two classes of GGD Stock
and GTR Stock and a third class of common stock that could be issued in one or
more new series, such as the GMO Stock. A consistent classification of all of
Genzyme's common stock as series of a single class will also avoid any
unintended legal distinctions that may exist under the MBCL between classes and
series of common stock. Such redesignation will result in a technical change in
the classification of such shares under the MBCL, but will not affect the rights
and privileges of such shares in any material respect.
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ELIMINATION OF GENERAL DESIGNATED SHARES
In addition to the changes described above, the Genzyme Charter
Proposal would eliminate the provision for General Designated Shares currently
in the Genzyme Charter. There have not been any General Designated Shares since
the creation of the GGD Stock and the GTR Stock in 1994. Under the existing
Genzyme Charter, General Designated Shares could arise only if (i) Genzyme
repurchased outstanding shares of GGD Stock using funds allocated to GTR or (ii)
the Genzyme Board elected to account for a reallocation of assets from GTR to
Genzyme General as an increase in the General Designated Shares. Genzyme's
management and accounting policies provide that the General Designated Shares
can only be increased under clause (ii) above only if the approval of the
holders of a majority of the GTR Stock is obtained. The Genzyme Board has
determined that, given these restrictions, it is unlikely that there will ever
be any General Designated Shares. Therefore, the Genzyme Board has decided to
eliminate the General Designated Shares in order to simplify the provisions in
the Genzyme Charter.
CREATION OF THE GMO STOCK
If the Genzyme Charter Proposal is approved by the Genzyme stockholders
and the Merger Proposal is approved by stockholders of Genzyme and PharmaGenics,
then the Genzyme Board will designate the GMO Stock as a series of the Genzyme
common stock consisting of 40,000,000 shares, leaving 110,000,000 shares
available for future designation by the Genzyme Board. The GMO Stock to be
designated by the Genzyme Board will have substantially the terms contained in
Annex III hereto. See "Description of Genzyme Capital Stock." If the Genzyme
Charter Proposal is not approved by the Genzyme stockholders but the Merger
Proposal is approved by both the Genzyme stockholders and the PharmaGenics
stockholders, then the GMO Stock will be created through an amendment to the
Genzyme Charter establishing the GMO Stock as a separate class of common stock.
See "The Merger Proposal."
FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSEQUENCES OF THE GENZYME CHARTER PROPOSAL
No gain or loss, and no federal income tax liability will result to
Genzyme or its stockholders by reason of the Genzyme Charter Proposal.
RECOMMENDATION OF THE GENZYME BOARD
THE GENZYME BOARD HAS UNANIMOUSLY APPROVED THE GENZYME CHARTER PROPOSAL
AND BELIEVES THAT THE GENZYME CHARTER PROPOSAL IS IN THE BEST INTERESTS OF
GENZYME AND ITS STOCKHOLDERS. ACCORDINGLY, THE GENZYME BOARD UNANIMOUSLY
RECOMMENDS THAT THE GENZYME STOCKHOLDERS VOTE TO APPROVE THE GENZYME CHARTER
PROPOSAL.
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THE GENZYME BENEFIT PLAN PROPOSALS
In connection with the Merger Proposal, Genzyme is proposing amendments
to the 1990 Equity Incentive Plan (the "Equity Plan"), 1988 Director Stock
Option Plan (the "Director Plan"), 1990 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the
"Purchase Plan") and the Genzyme Corporation Directors' Deferred Compensation
Plan (the "Deferred Compensation Plan") (collectively, the "Plans") which would
provide for the grant of awards, options and rights, or permit distributions, as
the case may be, under the Plans relating to GMO Stock in addition to the GGD
Stock and GTR Stock already authorized under each Plan. Genzyme believes it is
desirable to maintain its flexibility to use option grants and other stock
awards to attract, retain and reward key personnel, to attract and retain
qualified persons who are not also officers or employees of Genzyme to serve as
directors of Genzyme, and to provide employees of Genzyme with the opportunity
to purchase shares of each series of common stock of Genzyme on favorable terms.
In light of the Merger Proposal, Genzyme believes that the usefulness of each
Plan as a continuing means of achieving the above-described goals will be
impaired if the proposed amendments to the Plans are not approved. Specifically,
Genzyme believes that options for GMO Stock under the Equity Plan will provide a
more effective and direct incentive for the employees of GMO than options for
GGD Stock and GTR Stock alone. Similarly, options for specified combinations of
GGD Stock, GTR Stock and GMO Stock under the Director Plan and the ability to
credit GMO Stock to directors' deferral accounts under the Deferred Compensation
Plan will provide more effective and direct incentives for directors to promote
the success of Genzyme as a whole than options for and allocations of GGD Stock
and GTR Stock alone. Finally, Genzyme believes that rights to purchase GMO Stock
under the Purchase Plan will provide a more attractive benefit to Genzyme
employees than rights to purchase GGD Stock and GTR Stock alone.
Shares of GMO Stock issued under the Plans could be either authorized
and unissued shares or shares that have been reacquired by Genzyme. In the event
that an outstanding option or right expires or is canceled or forfeited, the
shares of the GMO Stock covered thereby would again be available for the grant
of options or rights under the Plans.
The proceeds from the issuance of shares of Genzyme common stock upon
the exercise of options or rights granted under the Plans after the Effective
Date will be allocated to the division that is tracked by the common stock
issued. Alternatively, in the case of proceeds from the exercise of GTR or GMO
options or rights, the Genzyme Board could elect to allocate the proceeds to
Genzyme General and account for the issuance as a reduction in the GTR
Designated Shares or GMO Designated Shares, as the case may be. See "Description
of Genzyme Capital Stock - GMO Designated Shares and GTR Designated Shares."
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PROPOSAL TO AMEND THE GENZYME 1990 EQUITY INCENTIVE PLAN
GENERAL
Genzyme stockholders are being asked to consider and approve amendments
to the Equity Plan as described herein. The purpose of the Equity Plan is to
attract and retain key employees and consultants of Genzyme, to provide an
incentive for them to achieve long-range performance goals, and to enable them
to participate in the long-term growth of Genzyme. The Equity Plan provides for
the grant of stock options (incentive and nonstatutory), stock appreciation
rights, performance shares, restricted stock and stock units (the "Awards") to
employees and consultants of Genzyme and its affiliates ("Eligible Persons").
Currently, Awards may be made under the Equity Plan for up to
19,800,000 shares of GGD Stock and up to 3,300,000 shares of GTR Stock, subject
to adjustment for stock splits, stock dividends and certain transactions
affecting Genzyme's capital stock. In addition, shares may be issued under the
Equity Plan through the assumption or substitution of outstanding grants from an
acquired company without reducing the number of shares available for award under
the Equity Plan. As of the Genzyme Record Date, approximately 3,065 employees
were eligible to participate in the Equity Plan. The closing prices of the GGD
Stock and GTR Stock as reported by Nasdaq on such date were $22.38 and $9.75,
respectively.
Awards under the Equity Plan are granted at the discretion of the
Compensation Committee, which determines the recipients and establishes the
terms and conditions of each Award, including the exercise price, the form of
payment of the exercise price, the number of shares subject to options or other
equity rights and the time at which such options become exercisable. The
exercise price of any stock option granted under the Equity Plan may not be less
than the fair market value of the GGD Stock or GTR Stock, as the case may be, on
the date of grant.
The Compensation Committee has adopted standards for the number of
options that may be awarded to all employees other than executive officers upon
joining Genzyme (the "New Hire Grant Matrix") and to qualified employees other
than executive officers on an annual basis (the "Annual Grant Matrix"). Awards
made under the New Hire Grant Matrix are based on the salary grade of the
employee at his or her date of hire and generally increase commensurate with the
level of responsibility associated with the salary grade. Awards under the
Annual Grant Matrix are based upon an employee's salary grade and an assessment
of such employee's performance during the prior year. In order to qualify to
receive an annual award, an employee's performance must be rated as having
"fully met expectations" for his or her position by the Senior Vice President or
Executive Vice President responsible for the division to which the employee is
assigned. The Compensation Committee has delegated to the Senior Vice President,
Human Resources, the power to administer the standards and make awards in
amounts consistent with the standards and the recommendations provided by the
Senior Vice Presidents.
The option award standards may be changed at any time by the
Compensation Committee. In addition, the Committee periodically reviews the
standards to determine whether the levels of Awards appropriately reflect the
growth of Genzyme and the value of its common stock. As a result of such
reviews, the standards have been adjusted in each of the last four years to
reduce the number of shares awarded at each salary grade to levels commensurate
with Genzyme's growth and the changes in the value of its common stock.
As of the Genzyme Record Date, options to purchase an aggregate of
27,981,259 shares of GGD Stock and 2,905,014 shares of GTR Stock had been
granted under the Equity Plan. Of the foregoing, options to purchase an
aggregate of 6,610,150 shares of GGD Stock and 596,786 shares of GTR Stock had
been granted to current executive officers and options to purchase an aggregate
of 21,371,109 shares of GGD Stock and 2,308,228 shares of GTR Stock had been
granted to all other employees. After taking into account shares available as a
result of cancellation of options granted under the Equity Plan, 1,471,878
shares of GGD Stock and 724,905 shares of GTR Stock remain available for Awards
under the Equity Plan. No stock appreciation rights, performance shares,
restricted stock, stock units or other stock-based awards have been granted
under the Equity Plan.
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DESCRIPTION OF AMENDMENT TO EQUITY PLAN
On January 30, 1997, the Genzyme Board approved the amendments to the
Equity Plan described herein, (the "Equity Plan Amendments"), subject to
stockholder approval and completion of the Merger.
The Equity Plan Amendments authorize the issuance of up to 1,500,000
shares of GMO Stock under the Equity Plan. Such shares will be in addition to
the shares of GGD Stock and GTR Stock currently available for issuance under the
Equity Plan. Under the Equity Plan, as proposed to be amended, the Compensation
Committee would have the discretion to grant Awards relating to GGD Stock, GTR
Stock, GMO Stock or any combination of each to employees and consultants
eligible to be granted Awards under the Equity Plan.
As shown in the table below, as of the Effective Date, Genzyme will
grant a total of 794,867 options under the Equity Plan to purchase shares of GMO
Stock to (i) current executive officers and (ii) current employees of Genzyme
who will devote a substantial portion of their efforts to GMO and (iii) former
employees of PharmaGenics who will become employees of GMO (the "Initial
Options"):
NEW PLAN BENEFITS
GENZYME 1990 EQUITY INCENTIVE PLAN
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
NUMBER OF
NAME AND POSITION INITIAL OPTIONS
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C>
Henri A. Termeer, Chief Executive Officer 66,000
Geoffrey F. Cox, Executive Vice President 7,500
Gregory D. Phelps, Executive Vice President 15,000
Alan E. Smith, Senior Vice President, Research 25,000
G. Jan van Heek, Senior Vice President 7,500
Peter Wirth, Executive Vice President 15,000
Executive Group (all 10 Executive Officers) 188,500
Non-Executive Director Group 16,200
Non-Executive Officer Employee Group 590,167
</TABLE>
The Initial Options will: (i) have an exercise price equal to the fair market
value of the GMO Stock on the date of grant, (ii) become exercisable 20% on the
effective date of the Merger and 20% on each of the next four anniversaries
thereof and (iii) have a term of ten years.
The number of shares of GMO Stock available for issuance under the
Equity Plan would be subject to adjustment under the same circumstances as the
number of shares of GGD Stock and GTR Stock would be adjusted.
FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSEQUENCES RELATING TO STOCK OPTIONS
INCENTIVE STOCK OPTIONS. An optionee does not realize taxable income
upon the grant or exercise of an incentive stock option ("ISO") under the Equity
Plan.
If no disposition of shares issued to an optionee pursuant to the
exercise of an ISO is made by the optionee within two years from the date of
grant or within one year from the date of exercise, then (a) upon sale
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of such shares, any amount realized in excess of the option price (the amount
paid for the shares) is taxed to the optionee as long-term capital gain and any
loss sustained will be a long-term capital loss and (b) no deduction is allowed
to Genzyme for Federal income tax purposes. The exercise of ISOs gives rise to
an adjustment in computing alternative minimum taxable income that may result in
alternative minimum tax liability for the optionee.
If shares of common stock acquired upon the exercise of an ISO are
disposed of prior to the expiration of the two-year and one-year holding periods
described above (a "disqualifying disposition") then (a) the optionee realizes
ordinary income in the year of disposition in an amount equal to the excess (if
any) of the fair market value of the shares at exercise (or, if less, the amount
realized on a sale of such shares) over the option price thereof and (b) Genzyme
is entitled to deduct such amount. Any further gain realized is taxed as a
short-term or long-term capital gain and does not result in any deduction to
Genzyme. A disqualifying disposition in the year of exercise will generally
avoid the alternative minimum tax consequences of the exercise of an ISO.
NONSTATUTORY STOCK OPTIONS. No income is realized by the optionee at
the time a nonstatutory option is granted. Upon exercise, (a) ordinary income is
realized by the optionee in an amount equal to the difference between the option
price and the fair market value of the shares on the date of exercise and (b)
Genzyme receives a tax deduction for the same amount, subject to applicable
withholding requirements in the case of employees. Upon disposition of the
shares, appreciation or depreciation after the date of exercise is treated as a
short-term or long-term capital gain or loss and will not result in any
deduction by Genzyme.
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PROPOSAL TO AMEND THE GENZYME 1988 DIRECTOR STOCK OPTION PLAN
GENERAL
Genzyme stockholders are being asked to consider and approve amendments
to the Director Plan as described herein. The purpose of the Director Plan is to
attract and retain qualified persons, who are not also officers or employees of
Genzyme, to serve as directors of Genzyme and to encourage stock ownership in
Genzyme by such directors so as to provide additional incentives to promote the
success of Genzyme. The Director Plan authorizes the grant of nonstatutory stock
options for the purchase of a maximum of 200,000 shares of GGD Stock and 70,000
shares of GTR Stock (subject in each case to adjustment for stock splits and
similar capital changes) to Eligible Directors as defined below. At Genzyme's
annual stockholder meeting scheduled to take place on May 29, 1997, Genzyme
stockholders are being asked to vote on a proposed amendment to the Director
Plan that would (i) increase the number of shares of GGD Stock available for
issuance under the Director Plan from 200,000 to 233,600 shares and (ii)
increase the number of shares of GTR Stock available for issuance under the
Director Plan from 70,000 to 100,000 shares. As of the Genzyme Record Date,
options to purchase an aggregate of 197,600 shares of GGD Stock and 68,576
shares of GTR Stock had been granted under the Director Plan.
All directors of Genzyme who are not employees of Genzyme ("Eligible
Directors") are eligible to participate in the Director Plan, unless such
director irrevocably elects not to participate. All of the directors of Genzyme
other than Mr. Termeer are Eligible Directors.
Options under the Director Plan are automatically granted once a year
at the annual meeting of the stockholders of Genzyme to Eligible Directors
elected or reelected at the meeting. Upon such election, each such Eligible
Director receives, for each year of the term of office to which the director is
elected, (i) an option to purchase 4,000 shares of GGD Stock and (ii) an option
to purchase a number of shares of GTR Stock equal to 1,000 times a fraction, the
numerator of which is the fair market value of the GGD Stock and the denominator
of which is the fair market value of the GTR Stock (i.e., options to purchase
amounts of GTR Stock with a market value equal to one-quarter of the market
value of the stock subject to the GGD Stock option). The options have an
exercise price equal to the fair market value on the date of grant of the series
of stock to which the option relates. The options have a term of ten years and
become exercisable with respect to one-third of the total number of shares of
each series on the date of each annual meeting of stockholders following grant
if the option holder is a director at the opening of business on that date.
DESCRIPTION OF AMENDMENT TO DIRECTOR PLAN
On January 30, 1997, the Genzyme Board approved the amendments to the
Director Plan described herein (the "Director Plan Amendments"), subject to
stockholder approval and completion of the Merger.
The Director Plan Amendments authorize the issuance of up to 70,000
shares of GMO Stock under the Director Plan. Such shares will be in addition to
the shares of GGD Stock and GTR Stock currently available for issuance under the
Director Plan. Under the Director Plan as amended, upon election at an annual
meeting of the stockholders, Eligible Directors would be awarded, for each year
of the term of office to which the director is elected, (i) an option to
purchase 4,000 shares of GGD Stock, (ii) an option to purchase a number of
shares of GTR Stock equal to 1,000 times a fraction, the numerator of which is
the fair market value of the GGD Stock and the denominator of which is the fair
market value of the GTR Stock and (iii) an option to purchase a number of shares
of GMO Stock equal to 1,000 times a fraction, the numerator of which is the fair
market value of the GGD Stock and the denominator of which is the fair market
value of the GMO Stock. Thus, an Eligible Director would receive, in addition to
options to purchase GGD Stock and GTR Stock, an option to purchase an amount of
GMO Stock with a market value equal to one-quarter of the market value of the
stock subject to the GGD Stock option. At the first annual meeting of
stockholders following stockholder approval of the Director Plan Amendments and
completion of the Merger, any Eligible Director whose term of office is not
expiring would be awarded an option for each year remaining in such term to
purchase a number of shares of GMO Stock equal to 1,000 times a fraction, the
numerator of which is the fair market value of the
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GGD Stock and the denominator of which is the fair market value of the GMO
Stock. The fair market value of the GGD Stock and the GTR Stock is defined under
the Director Plan Amendments as the last sale price for the GGD Stock and the
GTR Stock, respectively, as reported by Nasdaq on the date of grant. The fair
market value of the GMO Stock will be determined by the Genzyme Board until such
time as the GMO Stock is listed for trading on an exchange or on Nasdaq, at
which time the fair market value will be the last sale price for the GMO Stock
on the date of grant.
The Director Plan Amendments also provide for initial grants as of the
effective date of the Merger to each Eligible Director of options to purchase
2,700 shares of GMO Stock, or a total of 16,200 shares. These options will: (i)
have an exercise price equal to the fair market value of the GMO Stock on the
date of grant, (ii) be exercisable in full on the date of grant and (iii) have a
term of ten years.
The number of shares of GMO Stock available for issuance under the
Director Plan would be subject to adjustment under the same circumstances as the
number of shares of GGD Stock and GTR Stock would be adjusted.
FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSEQUENCES RELATING TO DIRECTOR PLAN
Options granted under the Director Plan are nonstatutory stock options.
No income is realized by the director at the time a nonstatutory option is
granted. Upon exercise, (a) ordinary income is realized by the director in an
amount equal to the difference between the option price and the fair market
value of the shares on the date of exercise and (b) Genzyme receives a tax
deduction for the same amount. Upon disposition of the shares, appreciation or
depreciation after the date of exercise is treated as a short-term or long-term
capital gain or loss and will not result in any deduction by Genzyme.
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PROPOSAL TO AMEND THE GENZYME 1990 EMPLOYEE STOCK PURCHASE PLAN
GENERAL
Genzyme stockholders are being asked to consider and approve amendments
to the Purchase Plan as described herein. The purpose of the Purchase Plan is to
provide full-time employees of Genzyme and its subsidiaries an opportunity to
purchase Genzyme common stock on favorable terms. A total of 1,500,000 shares of
GGD Stock and 600,000 shares of GTR Stock are reserved for issuance under the
Purchase Plan. At Genzyme's annual stockholder meeting scheduled to take place
on May 29, 1997, Genzyme stockholders are being asked to vote on a proposed
amendment to the Purchase Plan that would (i) increase the number of shares of
GGD Stock reserved for issuance under the Purchase Plan from 1,500,000 to
2,000,000 shares and (ii) increase the number of shares of GTR Stock reserved
for issuance under the Purchase Plan from 600,000 to 1,100,000 shares.
The Purchase Plan is intended to qualify as an "employee stock purchase
plan" under Section 423 of the Code. Rights to purchase GGD Stock and GTR Stock
under the Purchase Plan are granted at the discretion of the Genzyme Board,
which, through an administrator, determines the frequency and duration of
individual offerings under the Purchase Plan and the date(s) when stock may be
purchased. Eligible employees participate voluntarily and may withdraw from any
offering at any time before stock is purchased. Participation terminates
automatically upon termination of employment for any reason. The purchase price
per share of GGD Stock and GTR Stock in an offering is 85% of the lower of its
fair market value on the first day of an offering period or the applicable
exercise date and may be paid through regular payroll deductions, lump sum cash
payments or a combination of both, as determined by the Genzyme Board. The
Purchase Plan terminates on March 14, 2000.
In accordance with Section 423 of the Code, no employee may subscribe
for shares under the Purchase Plan if, immediately after having subscribed, the
employee would own 5% or more of the voting power or of the value of Genzyme
common stock (including stock which may be purchased through subscriptions under
the Purchase Plan or any other plans) nor may an employee buy more than $25,000
worth of stock (determined by the fair market value of Genzyme common stock at
the time the offering begins) through the Purchase Plan in any calendar year.
The Purchase Plan provides that no employee may allocate more than 15%, or such
lesser percentage as the Genzyme Board may fix, of the employee's annual rate of
compensation to the purchase of stock through the Purchase Plan. In December
1996 the Genzyme Board determined that no employee may buy more than $8,333
worth of GTR Stock (determined by the fair market value of the GTR Stock at the
time the offering begins) through the Purchase Plan in any calendar year. In
addition, no employee may allocate more than 5% of his or her annual rate of
compensation to the purchase of GTR Stock through the Purchase Plan.
As of the Genzyme Record Date, 3,065 employees were eligible to
participate in the Purchase Plan and 1,436,451 shares of GGD Stock and 599,126
shares of GTR Stock had been purchased under the Purchase Plan. During 1996, Mr.
Termeer purchased 1,740 and 3,011 shares of GGD Stock and GTR Stock,
respectively, Dr. Cox purchased 3,054 and 1,379 shares of GGD Stock and GTR
Stock, respectively, Dr. Smith purchased 1,368 shares of GGD Stock, Mr. van Heek
purchased 2,630 and 1,565 shares of GGD Stock and GTR Stock, respectively, Mr.
Wirth purchased 314 and 1,391 shares of GGD Stock and GTR Stock, respectively,
and all current executive officers as a group purchased 20,455 and 10,208 shares
of GGD Stock and GTR Stock, respectively, under the Purchase Plan. All other
employees purchased an aggregate of 270,598 shares of GGD Stock and 318,998
shares of GTR Stock during 1996.
DESCRIPTION OF AMENDMENT TO THE PURCHASE PLAN
On January 30, 1997, the Genzyme Board approved the amendments to the
Purchase Plan described herein (the "Purchase Plan Amendments"), subject to
stockholder approval and completion of the Merger.
The Purchase Plan Amendments authorize the issuance of up to 500,000
shares of GMO Stock under the Purchase Plan. Such shares will be in addition to
the shares of GGD Stock and GTR Stock available for issuance under the Purchase
Plan. Under the Purchase Plan, as amended, the Genzyme Board would have the
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discretion to grant rights to purchase GGD Stock, GTR Stock, GMO Stock or any
combination of each to employees eligible to be granted rights under the
Purchase Plan.
It is currently anticipated that the Genzyme Board will place
limitations on the amount of GMO Stock that may be purchased by an employee
through the Purchase Plan that are similar to those that currently exist with
respect to the purchase of GTR Stock through the Purchase Plan.
FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSEQUENCES RELATING TO PURCHASE PLAN
Participants do not realize taxable income at the commencement of an
offering or at the time shares are purchased under the Purchase Plan.
If no disposition of shares purchased under the Purchase Plan is made
by the participant within two years from the offering commencement date or
within one year from the purchase date, then (a) upon sale of such shares, 15%
of the fair market value of the stock at the commencement of the offering period
(or, if less, the amount realized on sale of such shares in excess of the
purchase price) is taxed to the participant as ordinary income with any
additional gain taxed as a long-term capital gain and any loss sustained is
treated as a long-term capital loss and (b) no deduction is allowed to Genzyme
for Federal income tax purposes.
If the participant dies at any time while owning shares purchased under
the Purchase Plan, then (a) 15% of the fair market value of the stock at the
commencement of the offering period (or, if less, the fair market value of such
shares on the date of death in excess of the purchase price) is taxed to the
participant as ordinary income in the year of death and (b) no deduction is
allowed to Genzyme for Federal income tax purposes.
If shares purchased under the Purchase Plan are disposed of prior to
the expiration of the two-year and one-year holding periods described above,
then (a) the participant realizes ordinary income in the year of disposition in
an amount equal to the excess of the fair market value of the shares on the date
of purchase over the purchase price thereof, and (b) Genzyme is entitled to
deduct such amount. Any further gain realized is taxed as a short-term or
long-term capital gain and will not result in any deduction by Genzyme.
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PROPOSAL TO AMEND THE GENZYME CORPORATION
DIRECTORS' DEFERRED COMPENSATION PLAN
GENERAL
Genzyme stockholders are being asked to consider and approve amendments
to the Deferred Compensation Plan as described herein. The Deferred Compensation
Plan allows each member of the Genzyme Board who is not also an officer or
employee of Genzyme to defer receipt of all or a portion of the cash
compensation payable to him or her as a director of Genzyme. See "Compensation
of Genzyme's Executive Officers - Director Compensation - Director Fees."
Compensation may be deferred until the termination of service as a director or,
subject to certain restrictions, such other date as may be specified by the
director. All of the current directors of Genzyme other than Mr. Termeer and Mr.
Blair are eligible to participate in the Deferred Compensation Plan. As of the
Genzyme Record Date, two of the five eligible directors have elected to
participate in the Deferred Compensation Plan.
Under the terms of the Deferred Compensation Plan, a deferral account
has been established for each participating director. The deferral account
consists of a subaccount for amounts earning interest, which are denominated on
a dollar basis (the "cash account"), and a subaccount for amounts invested in
hypothetical shares of GGD Stock or GTR Stock, which are denominated on a share
basis (the "stock account"). Pursuant to a deferral agreement with Genzyme, each
participant has indicated the percentage of deferrals to be invested in the cash
account and the stock account and, for deferrals to be invested in the stock
account, the allocation of such deferrals between GGD Stock and GTR Stock.
Amounts deferred to the cash account bear interest at the rate paid on 90-day
Treasury bills. Such interest is credited on a quarterly basis and, following
credit to the cash account, will be included in the balance upon which interest
is paid in subsequent quarters. Amounts deferred to the stock account will be
converted on a quarterly basis into a number of shares of GGD Stock and/or GTR
Stock equal to the amount of compensation which the participant has elected to
defer and invest in such class of stock divided by the applicable stock price
for such class. The applicable stock price for each of the GGD Stock and the GTR
Stock means the average of the closing price for each such class for all trading
days during the calendar quarter preceding the conversion date as reported by
Nasdaq.
Distributions from the deferral account may be paid in a lump sum or in
annual installments for a period of up to five years and will commence in the
calendar year following a participant's termination of service as a director or,
subject to certain restrictions, such other calendar year as may be specified by
the participant. Distributions will consist of (a) cash in the amount credited
to the participant's account (prorated, if paid in installments) and (b) the
number of shares of GGD Stock and/or GTR Stock credited to his or her stock
account (prorated, if paid in installments). Prior to distribution, shares
credited to a participant's stock account are not considered actual shares of
common stock of Genzyme for any purpose and a participant will have no rights as
a stockholder with respect to such shares.
Genzyme has reserved 50,000 shares of GGD Stock and 100,000 shares of
GTR Stock to cover distributions of shares credited to stock accounts under the
Deferred Compensation Plan (subject in each case to adjustment for stock splits,
stock dividends and certain other transactions affecting Genzyme's capital
stock). To date, no shares of GGD Stock or GTR Stock credited to stock accounts
under the Deferred Compensation Plan have been distributed to participants in
the Deferred Compensation Plan.
DESCRIPTION OF AMENDMENT TO DEFERRED COMPENSATION PLAN
On January 30, 1997, the Genzyme Board approved the amendments to the
Deferred Compensation Plan described herein (the "Deferred Compensation Plan
Amendments"), subject to stockholder approval and completion of the Merger.
The Deferred Compensation Plan Amendments provide that each participant
in the Deferred Compensation Plan may allocate deferrals in his or her stock
account to GMO Stock as well as GGD Stock and GTR Stock, which would be
converted on a quarterly basis into a number of shares of GMO Stock equal to the
compensation that the participant has elected to defer and invest in the GMO
Stock divided by the applicable
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stock price. The applicable stock price will be the fair market value of the GMO
Stock as determined by the Genzyme Board until such time as the GMO Stock is
listed for trading on an exchange or on Nasdaq, at which time such price will be
equal to the average closing prices for the GMO Stock for all trading days
during the calendar quarter preceding the conversion date as reported by such
exchange or Nasdaq. The Deferred Compensation Plan Amendments do not alter how
distributions under the Deferred Compensation Plan are to be made, except that
such distributions will include any shares of GMO Stock that are credited to the
participant's stock account at the time of such distribution (prorated, if paid
in installments).
The Deferred Compensation Plan Amendments authorize the issuance of up
to 50,000 shares of GMO Stock under the Deferred Compensation Plan to cover
distributions of shares of GMO Stock credited to stock accounts under such Plan,
subject to adjustment under the same circumstances as the number of shares of
GGD Stock and GTR Stock would be adjusted under such Plan.
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MANAGEMENT AND ACCOUNTING POLICIES GOVERNING THE
RELATIONSHIP OF GENZYME DIVISIONS
The Genzyme Board has adopted policies to govern the management of
Genzyme General and GTR. Effective upon completion of the Merger, the Genzyme
Board has amended such policies to include the management of GMO to add certain
new policies governing interdivision transactions. The amended policies are set
forth below.
Except as otherwise provided in the policies, the Genzyme Board may
further modify or rescind the policies in its sole discretion without approval
of the stockholders, subject only to the Genzyme Board's fiduciary duty to
Genzyme's stockholders. The Genzyme Board may also adopt additional policies
depending upon the circumstances. Any determination of the Genzyme Board to
modify or rescind the policies, or to adopt additional policies, including any
such decision that would have disparate impacts upon holders of the common stock
representing the three divisions, would be governed by the principles of
Massachusetts law discussed under "Risk Factors - Risks Related to Genzyme
Tracking Stock - No Rights or Additional Duties with Respect to the Divisions;
Potential Conflicts." In addition, generally accepted accounting principles
require that any change in policy be preferable (in accordance with such
principles) to the previous policy.
PURPOSE OF GTR AND GMO
The purpose of GTR is to create a business with a comprehensive
approach to the field of tissue repair by developing and commercializing a
portfolio of novel products for the treatment and prevention of serious tissue
injury (excluding products developed on behalf of Genzyme Development Partners,
L.P.). The purpose of GMO is to create a focused, integrated oncology business
that will develop and commercialize novel therapeutic and diagnostic products
and services based upon molecular tools and genomics information. In addition to
the programs initially assigned to each of GTR and GMO, it is expected that the
product and service portfolio of each division will expand through the addition
of complementary programs, products and services developed either internally or
externally to the division, including acquiring or in-licensing programs,
products and services from outside of Genzyme. Each of GTR and GMO will be
operated and managed similarly to Genzyme General.
REVENUE ALLOCATION
Other than revenues received in connection with transactions subject to
the policy regarding Interdivision Transactions, revenues from the sale of a
division's products and services shall be credited to that division.
EXPENSE ALLOCATION
Other than expenses incurred in connection with transactions subject to
the policy regarding Interdivision Transactions, all direct expenses shall be
charged to the division for the benefit of which they are incurred. Corporate
and general and administrative expenses or other indirect costs will be
allocated to each division in a reasonable and consistent manner based on
utilization by the division of the services to which such costs relate.
TAX ALLOCATIONS
Income taxes shall be allocated to each division based upon the
financial statement income, taxable income, credits and other amounts properly
allocable to such division under generally accepted accounting principles as if
each division were a separate taxpayer; provided, however, that as of the end of
any fiscal quarter of Genzyme, any projected tax benefit attributable to any
division that cannot be utilized by such division to offset or reduce its
current or deferred income tax expense may be allocated to the other divisions
in proportion to their taxable income without any compensating payment or
allocation.
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ACQUISITIONS OF PROGRAMS, PRODUCTS OR ASSETS
Upon the acquisition by Genzyme from a third party of any programs,
products or assets (whether by acquisition of assets or stock, merger,
consolidation or otherwise), the aggregate cost of the acquisition and the
programs, products or assets acquired shall be allocated among the divisions of
Genzyme. In the case of material acquisitions, such allocation shall be made in
a manner determined by the Genzyme Board to be fair and reasonable to each
division and to holders of the common stock representing each division, taking
into account such matters as the Genzyme Board and its financial advisors, if
any, deem relevant. Any such determination by the Genzyme Board will be final
and binding on all holders of common stock.
DISPOSITION OF PROGRAMS, PRODUCTS OR ASSETS
Upon any sale, transfer, assignment or other disposition by Genzyme of
any product, program or asset not consisting of all or substantially all of the
assets of a division, all proceeds from such disposition shall be allocated to
the division to which the program, product or asset had been allocated. If the
program, product or asset was allocated to more than one division, the proceeds
of the disposition shall be allocated among such divisions based on their
respective interests in such program, product or asset. Such allocation shall be
made in a manner determined by the Genzyme Board to be fair and reasonable to
such divisions and to holders of the common stock representing such divisions,
taking into account such matters as the Genzyme Board and its financial
advisors, if any, deem relevant. Any such determination by the Genzyme Board
will be final and binding on all holders of common stock.
INTERDIVISION ASSET TRANSFERS
The Genzyme Board may at any time and from time to time reallocate any
program, product or other asset from one division to any other division. All
such reallocations shall be done at fair market value, determined by the Genzyme
Board, taking into account, in the case of a program under development, the
commercial potential of such program, the phase of clinical development of such
program, the expenses associated with realizing any income from such program,
the likelihood and timing of any such realization and other matters that the
Genzyme Board and its financial advisors, if any, deem relevant. The
consideration for such reallocation may be paid by one division to another in
cash or other consideration with a value equal to the fair market value of the
assets being reallocated or, in the case of a reallocation of assets from
Genzyme General to GTR or to GMO, the Genzyme Board may elect to account for
such reallocation as an increase in the Designated Shares representing the
division to which such assets are reallocated in accordance with the provisions
of the Genzyme Charter.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, no Key GTR Program or Key GMO Program,
as defined below, may be transferred out of GTR or GMO, respectively, without a
class vote of the holders of the common stock representing the division from
which such Key GTR Program or Key GMO Program is to be removed unless the
Genzyme Board determines that (i) in the case of a Key GTR Program, such Key GTR
Program has application outside of the field of tissue repair (in which case it
may be transferred out only for the non-tissue repair applications) and (ii) in
the case of a Key GMO Program, such Key GMO Program has application outside of
the field of oncology (in which case it may be transferred out only for the
non-oncology applications; provided, however, that the SAGE Service (as herein
defined) may not be transferred out of GMO for any application without the
approval of the holders of GMO Stock voting as a separate class).
A "Key GTR Program" is any of the following:
(i) Vianain(R) for debridement of necrotic or damaged
tissue;
(ii) TGF-(beta)2 for all indications licensed from Celtrix
Pharmaceuticals, Inc. as of December 16, 1994;
(iii) Epicel(sm) cultured epithelial cell autografts for
tissue replacement or repair;
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(iv) Acticel(sm) cultured epithelial cell allografts for
tissue replacement or repair;
(v) CARTICEL(R) Autologous Chondrocyte Service; and
(vi) any additional tissue repair program or product being
developed from time to time in GTR which (a) constituted 20% or more of the
research and development budget of GTR in any one of the three most recently
completed fiscal years or (b) has had a cumulative investment of $8 million or
more in research and development expenses by GTR.
A "Key GMO Program" is any of the following:
(i) use of SAGE technology licensed from JHU for third
parties (the "SAGE Service");
(ii) the clinical program developing adenovirus vectors
containing the tumor antigens MART-1 or gp100 for the treatment of melanoma;
(iii) the "suicide" gene therapy research program developing
adenovirus and lipid vectors containing genes to enhance chemotherapy for
oncology indications;
(iv) the research program developing adenovirus and lipid
vectors containing tumor suppressor genes for oncology indications;
(v) the research program developing adenovirus and lipid
vectors containing genes to regulate the immune system for oncology indications,
including heat shock proteins;
(vi) the research program developing antibody-targeted gene
therapy for the treatment of tumors; and
(vii) any additional program, product or service being
developed from time to time in GMO which (a) constituted 20% or more of the
research and development budget of GMO in any one of the three most recently
completed fiscal years or (b) has had a cumulative investment of $8 million or
more in research and development expenses by GMO.
The foregoing policies regarding transfers of assets between divisions
will not be changed by the Genzyme Board without the approval of the holders of
the GTR Stock and the GMO Stock, each voting as a separate class; provided,
however, that if a policy change affects GTR or GMO alone, only holders of
shares representing the affected division will be entitled to a class vote on
such matter.
OTHER INTERDIVISION TRANSACTIONS
This policy shall cover interdivision transactions other than asset
transfers, which shall be subject to the policy regarding Interdivision Asset
Transfers. From time to time, a division may engage in transactions directly
with one or more other divisions or jointly with one or more other divisions and
one or more third parties. Such transactions may include agreements by one
division to provide products and services for use by another division and joint
ventures or other collaborative arrangements involving more than one division to
develop new products and services jointly and with third parties. Such
transactions shall be subject to the following conditions:
(i) Research performed by one division for the benefit of
another division will be charged to the division for which work is performed on
a cost basis. Such costs shall be allocated in the manner described above under
"Expense Allocation," and the division performing the research will not
recognize revenue as a result of performing such research.
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(ii) Corporate and general and administrative services will
be provided by each division to any other division requesting such services on a
cost basis and such costs shall be allocated in the manner described above under
"Expense Allocation."
(iii) Other than research, corporate and general and
administrative services, interdivision transactions shall be on terms and
conditions that would be obtainable in transactions negotiated at arm's length
with unaffiliated third parties.
(iv) Any interdivision transaction (a) to be performed on
terms and conditions that deviate from the policies set forth in subparagraphs
(i), (ii) or (iii) above and (b) that is material to one or more of the
participating divisions will require approval by the Genzyme Board, which
approval shall include a determination by the Genzyme Board that the transaction
is fair and reasonable to each participating division and to holders of the
common stock representing each such division.
(v) If a division (the "Purchasing Division") requires any
product or service from which another division (the "Selling Division") derives
revenues from sales to third parties (a "Commercial Product or Service"), the
Purchasing Division may solicit from the Selling Division a bid to provide such
Commercial Product or Service in addition to any bids solicited by the
Purchasing Division from third parties. Subject to the determination by the
Genzyme Board that the bid of the Selling Division is fair and reasonable to
each division and to holders of common stock representing each division and that
the Purchasing Division will accept the Selling Division's bid, the Purchasing
Division may accept any bid deemed to offer the most favorable terms and
conditions for providing the Commercial Product or Service sought by the
Purchasing Division.
(vi) Loans may be made from time to time between divisions.
Any such loan of $1 million or less will mature within 18 months and interest
will accrue at the best borrowing rate available to Genzyme for a loan of like
type and duration. Amounts borrowed in excess of $1 million will require
approval of the Genzyme Board, which approval shall include a determination by
the Genzyme Board that the material terms of such loan, including the interest
rate and maturity date, are fair and reasonable to each participating division
and to holders of the common stock representing such division.
ACCESS TO TECHNOLOGY AND KNOW-HOW
Each of Genzyme General, GTR and GMO will have free access to all
technology and know-how of Genzyme that may be useful in such division's
business, subject to any obligations or limitations applicable to Genzyme.
DISPOSITION OF GTR DESIGNATED SHARES AND GMO DESIGNATED SHARES
(i) The GTR Designated Shares and the GMO Designated Shares
may be (a) issued upon the exercise or conversion of outstanding stock options,
warrants or convertible securities allocated to Genzyme General, (b) subject to
the restrictions set forth below under "Issuance of Additional Shares of Any
Series of Common Stock," sold for any valid business purpose or (c) distributed
as a dividend to the holders of shares of GGD Stock, all as determined from time
to time by the Genzyme Board, subject to the following policies regarding annual
distributions.
(ii) If, as of May 31 of each year starting May 31, 1997, the
number of GTR Designated Shares on such date (not including those reserved for
issuance with respect to stock options, stock purchase rights, warrants or other
securities convertible into or exercisable for shares of GGD Stock outstanding
on such date ("GGD Convertible Securities") as a result of anti-dilution
adjustments required by the terms of such instruments or approved by the Genzyme
Board) exceeds ten percent (10%) of the number of shares of GTR Stock then
issued and outstanding, then substantially all GTR Designated Shares will be
distributed to holders of record of GGD Stock subject to reservation of a number
of such shares equal to the sum of:
(a) the number of GTR Designated Shares reserved for
issuance upon the exercise or conversion of GGD Convertible Securities and
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(b) the number of GTR Designated Shares reserved by the
Genzyme Board as of such date for sale not later than six months after such
date, the proceeds of which sale will be allocated to Genzyme General.
(iii) If, as of November 30 of each year starting November 30,
1998, the number of GMO Designated Shares on such date (not including those
reserved for issuance with respect to GGD Convertible Securities as a result of
anti-dilution adjustments required by the terms of such instruments or approved
by the Genzyme Board) exceeds ten percent (10%) of the number of shares of GMO
Stock then issued and outstanding, then substantially all GMO Designated Shares
will be distributed to holders of record of GGD Stock, subject to reservation of
a number of such shares equal to the sum of:
(a) the number of GMO Designated Shares reserved for
issuance upon the exercise or conversion of GGD Convertible Securities and
(b) the number of GMO Designated Shares reserved by the
Genzyme Board as of such date for sale not later than six months after such
date, the proceeds of which sale will be allocated to Genzyme General;
provided, however, that if, prior to November 30, 1998, Genzyme has completed
the GMO IPO, Genzyme may defer the distribution of GMO Designated Shares
provided in this policy until the later of November 30, 1998 or 360 days after
the date the GMO IPO was completed.
ISSUANCE AND SALE OF ADDITIONAL SHARES OF COMMON STOCK
When additional shares of common stock are issued and sold by Genzyme,
Genzyme will identify (i) the number of such shares issued and sold for the
account of the division to which they relate, the proceeds of which will be
allocated to and reflected in the financial statements of such division and (ii)
the number of such shares issued and sold that shall reduce the number of
Designated Shares of such division. Notwithstanding the foregoing, Genzyme will
not sell any GTR Designated Shares or GMO Designated Shares (except upon
exercise or conversion of options, warrants or convertible securities issued by
Genzyme General that were adjusted as a result of a dividend of GTR Stock or GMO
Stock paid to holders of GGD Stock) unless (i) the Genzyme Board determines that
GTR or GMO, as the case may be, has cash sufficient to fund its operations for
at least the next 12 months or (ii) shares of GTR Stock or GMO Stock, as the
case may be, are concurrently being sold for the account of GTR or GMO,
respectively, in an amount that will produce proceeds sufficient to fund such
division's cash needs for the next 12 months.
OPEN MARKET PURCHASES OF SHARES OF COMMON STOCK
Genzyme may make open market purchases of any series of its common
stock in accordance with applicable securities law requirements; provided,
however, that in no event shall any such purchases be made if as an immediate
result thereof the number of Designated Shares representing a division will
exceed 60% of the number of shares of such division outstanding plus such number
of Designated Shares. Notwithstanding the foregoing, within 90 days of any open
market purchase of the common stock representing any division, Genzyme may not
exercise the right provided under the Genzyme Charter to exchange shares
representing such division for cash and/or shares of GGD Stock.
CLASS VOTING
In addition to any stockholder approval required by Massachusetts law,
whenever the approval of the holders of the common stock representing a division
is required to take any action pursuant to these policies or the Genzyme
Charter, such requirement shall be satisfied if a meeting of the holders of the
common stock representing such division is held at which a quorum is present and
the votes cast in favor of the proposed action exceed the votes cast against.
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NON-COMPETE
Genzyme will not develop products or services outside of GTR or GMO
which compete or would compete with products or services being developed or sold
by GTR or GMO, respectively, other than through joint ventures or other
collaborative arrangements involving more than one division to develop new
products and services jointly and with third parties, which transactions shall
be subject to the conditions set forth in the policy regarding Other
Interdivision Transactions.
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DESCRIPTION OF GENZYME CAPITAL STOCK
THE FOLLOWING DESCRIPTION IS QUALIFIED BY REFERENCE TO ANNEX III TO
THIS PROSPECTUS/PROXY STATEMENT, WHICH CONTAINS THE FULL TEXT OF THE VOTING
POWERS, QUALIFICATIONS AND RIGHTS OF EACH SERIES OF GENZYME COMMON STOCK.
GENERAL
The Genzyme Charter currently provides that Genzyme is authorized to
issue 250 million shares of capital stock, consisting of 200 million shares of
GGD Stock, 40 million shares of GTR Stock and 10 million shares of Preferred
Stock. If the Genzyme Charter Proposal is approved by the Genzyme stockholders,
the authorized Genzyme common stock will consist of 390 million shares, of which
200 million shares will be designated GGD Stock, 40 million shares will be
designated GTR Stock and 150 million shares will be undesignated Genzyme common
stock. If the Merger Proposal is approved by the stockholders of Genzyme and
PharmaGenics, then the Genzyme Board will designate 40 million shares of the
Genzyme common stock as the GMO Stock. If the Genzyme Charter Proposal is not
approved by the Genzyme stockholders and the Merger Proposal is approved by the
stockholders of Genzyme and PharmaGenics, then the GMO Stock will be created in
the Merger through an amendment to the Genzyme Charter establishing the GMO
Stock as a separate class of common stock. Each designated series of Genzyme
common stock will have the voting powers, qualifications and rights described
below.
DIVIDENDS
Genzyme has never paid any cash dividends on shares of its capital
stock. Genzyme currently intends to retain its earnings to finance future growth
and, therefore, does not anticipate paying any cash dividends on Genzyme common
stock in the foreseeable future.
Dividends on each series of Genzyme common stock may be declared and
paid only out of the lesser of funds of Genzyme legally available therefor and
the Available GGD Dividend Amount (with respect to the GGD Stock), the Available
GTR Dividend Amount (with respect to the GTR Stock) or the Available GMO
Dividend Amount (with respect to the GMO Stock). Under the MBCL, the payment of
dividends is permitted if the corporation is not insolvent, the dividend payment
does not render the corporation insolvent, and the dividend payment does not
violate the corporation's articles of organization. Subject to such limitations,
the Genzyme Board may, in its sole discretion, declare and pay dividends
exclusively on any series of Genzyme common stock, in equal or unequal amounts,
notwithstanding the amounts available for the payment of dividends on each
series, the respective voting and liquidation rights of each series, the amounts
of prior dividends declared on each series or any other factor.
As stated above, in addition to the statutory limitations under the
MBCL, dividends on the GGD Stock, GTR Stock and the GMO Stock would be limited
to an amount not in excess of the Available GGD Dividend Amount, the Available
GTR Dividend Amount or the Available GMO Dividend Amount, respectively. The
"Available Dividend Amount" with respect to a particular series of Genzyme
common stock is defined to mean generally the greater of
(i) the excess of
(a) the greater of
(X) the fair value of the net assets
allocated to the division represented by such series of Genzyme common stock and
(Y) an amount equal to stockholders' equity
allocated to such division as of June 30, 1994, in the case of the GGD Stock and
the GTR Stock, and September 30, 1996, in the case of the GMO Stock, increased
or decreased, as appropriate, to reflect, after such date
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(1) the net income or loss of such
division,
(2) any dividends or other
distributions (including by reclassification or exchange) declared or paid with
respect to, or repurchases or issuances of, any shares of capital stock
attributed to such division, but excluding dividends or other distributions paid
in shares of capital stock attributed to such division to the holders thereof
and
(3) any other adjustments to the
stockholders' equity of such division made in accordance with generally accepted
accounting principles, over
(b) the aggregate par value of all outstanding shares
of capital stock attributed to such division and
(ii) the amount legally available for the payment of dividends
determined in accordance with Massachusetts law applied as if such division were
a separate corporation.
EXCHANGE OF GMO STOCK AND GTR STOCK
The GMO Stock or the GTR Stock may be exchanged for any combination of
cash and/or GGD Stock upon the terms described below. Genzyme cannot predict the
impact on the market prices for each class of Genzyme common stock of its
ability to effect such exchanges.
OPTIONAL EXCHANGE. The Genzyme Board may at any time exchange all outstanding
shares of GMO Stock or GTR Stock for any combination of cash and/or GGD Stock
having a Fair Market Value equal to 130% of the Fair Market Value of the GMO
Stock or GTR Stock, as the case may be, such Fair Market Value being determined
by the trading prices during a specified period prior to the first public
announcement by Genzyme of such exchange.
The foregoing provision allows Genzyme the flexibility to redeem all
outstanding shares of GMO Stock and/or GTR Stock and leave outstanding one or
two series of Genzyme common stock that would, collectively, represent the
residual equity interest in all of Genzyme's businesses. The optional exchange
could be exercised at any future time if the Genzyme Board determined that,
under the facts and circumstances then existing, an equity structure consisting
of three series of common stock was no longer in the best interests of all of
Genzyme's stockholders. Such exchange may be completed, however, at a time that
is disadvantageous to the holders of a particular series of Genzyme common
stock. The right of the Genzyme Board to exchange at any time all outstanding
shares of GMO Stock or GTR Stock for any combination of cash and/or GGD Stock
having a Fair Market Value equal to 130% of the Fair Market Value of the GMO
Stock or the GTR Stock does not preclude the Genzyme Board from making an offer
to exchange such shares on terms other than those provided in the Genzyme
Charter. Although any alternative offer would be subject to acceptance by
holders of the shares to be exchanged, such offer could be made on terms less
favorable than those provided in the Genzyme Charter. See "Risk Factors - Risks
Related to Genzyme Tracking Stock - No Rights or Additional Duties With Respect
to the Divisions; Potential Conflicts."
MANDATORY EXCHANGE. In the event of the disposition, in one transaction or a
series of related transactions, by Genzyme of all or substantially all of the
properties and assets allocated to GMO or Tissue Repair Division (other than in
connection with the sale by Genzyme of all or substantially all of its
properties and assets) to any person, entity or group (other than (i) a
wholly-owned subsidiary of Genzyme or (ii) any entity formed at the direction of
Genzyme in connection with obtaining financing for the programs or products of
GMO or GTR, as the case may be), Genzyme will be required to exchange each
outstanding share of GMO Stock for any combination of cash and/or GGD Stock
having a Fair Market Value equal to 130% of the Fair Market Value of the GMO
Stock or the GTR Stock, as the case may be, as determined by the trading prices
during a specified period prior to the first public announcement by Genzyme of
such disposition.
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VOTING RIGHTS
Holders of shares of each series of Genzyme common stock vote together
as a single class on all matters as to which common stockholders generally are
entitled to vote. On all such matters, each share of GGD Stock has one vote,
each share of GTR Stock has, through December 31, 1998, .33 vote, and each share
of GMO Stock will have, through December 31, 1998, .25 vote (equal to the ratio
of $7.00 to the closing price of one share of GGD Stock on the date of the
Merger Agreement). Immediately following completion of the Merger, holders of
outstanding GGD Stock, GTR Stock and GMO Stock will have approximately 93.4%,
5.4% and 1.2%, respectively, of the total voting power of Genzyme. On January 1,
1999 and on each January 1 every two years thereafter, the number of votes to
which each share of GTR Stock and GMO Stock is entitled will be adjusted to
equal the ratio of the Fair Market Value of one share of GTR Stock or GMO Stock,
as the case may be, to the Fair Market Value of one share of GGD Stock as of
such date. If no shares of GGD Stock are outstanding on such date, then all
other series of Genzyme common stock outstanding on such date will have a number
of votes such that each share of the series of common stock that has the highest
Fair Market Value per share on such date (the "Base Series") will have one vote,
and each share of each other series of outstanding common stock will have the
number of votes determined according to the immediately preceding sentence,
treating, for such purpose, the Base Series as the GGD Stock in such sentence.
The voting rights of the GTR Stock and the GMO Stock will be
appropriately adjusted so as to avoid dilution in the aggregate voting rights of
any series of Genzyme common stock in the event the outstanding shares of any
series are subdivided (by stock split, reclassification or otherwise) or
combined (by reverse stock split, reclassification or otherwise), or in the
event of the issuance of shares of any series as a dividend or a distribution to
holders of shares of such series. If shares of only one series of Genzyme common
stock are outstanding, or if shares of any series of Genzyme common stock are
entitled to vote separately as a class, each share of that series would have one
vote.
The relative voting rights of each series of Genzyme common stock are
adjusted from time to time as described above so that a holder's voting rights
may more closely reflect the market value of such holder's equity investment in
Genzyme. Adjustments in the relative voting rights of each class of Genzyme
common stock may influence an investor interested in acquiring and maintaining a
fixed percentage of Genzyme's voting power to acquire such percentage of all
series of Genzyme common stock, and will limit the ability of investors in one
series to acquire for the same consideration relatively greater or lesser voting
power per share than investors in the other series. To the extent the relative
market values of each series of Genzyme common stock change prior to the first
such adjustment or in between any adjustments, however, an investor in one
series of Genzyme common stock may acquire relatively more or less voting power
for the same consideration when compared with investors in another series of
Genzyme common stock.
In addition to voting together as a single class of stock, the Genzyme
Charter requires the approval by the holders of the affected series of Genzyme
common stock at a meeting at which a quorum is present and the votes cast in
favor of the proposal exceed those cast against to:
(i) allow any proceeds from the disposition of the properties
or assets allocated to any division to be used in the business of the other
division without fair compensation,
(ii) allow any properties or assets allocated to any division
to be used in the business of another division or for the declaration or payment
of any dividend or distribution on any series of Genzyme common stock not
attributed to such division without fair compensation,
(iii) issue shares of any series of Genzyme common stock
without allocating the proceeds of such issuance to the division represented by
such series of Genzyme common stock (provided, however, that Genzyme may without
such approval issue GTR Designated Shares and GMO Designated Shares),
(iv) change the rights or preferences of any series of Genzyme
common stock so as to affect the series adversely or
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(v) effect any merger or business combination involving
Genzyme as a result of which (a) the holders of all series of Genzyme common
stock shall no longer own, directly or indirectly, at least fifty percent (50%)
of the voting power of the surviving corporation and (b) the holders of all
series of Genzyme common stock do not receive the same form of consideration,
distributed among such holders in proportion to the market capitalization of
each series of Genzyme common stock as of the date of the first public
announcement of such merger or business combination.
In addition to the voting rights provided in the Genzyme Charter, the
approval of the holders of a majority of the outstanding shares of each series
of Genzyme common stock, voting together as a single class, is required under
the current MBCL to approve any amendment to the articles of organization that
would alter or change the powers, preferences or special rights of the shares of
such series so as to affect them adversely. The MBCL does not currently provide
for any other separate voting rights for a series of common stock. Consequently,
because most matters brought to a stockholder vote will only require the
approval of a majority of all of Genzyme's outstanding capital stock entitled to
vote on such matters (including all series of common stock) voting together as a
single class and because the holders of GGD Stock will initially have more than
the number of votes required to approve any such matter, such holders would be
in a position to control the outcome of the vote on such a matter. See "Risk
Factors - Risks Related to Genzyme Tracking Stock - No Additional Separate
Voting Rights."
LIQUIDATION RIGHTS
In the event of a voluntary or involuntary dissolution, liquidation or
winding up of the affairs of Genzyme, after Genzyme has satisfied or made
provision for its debts and obligations and for payment to the holders of shares
of any series of capital stock having preferential rights to receive
distributions of the net assets of Genzyme, the holders of Genzyme common stock
are entitled to receive the net assets, if any, remaining for distribution to
common stockholders on a per share basis in proportion to the respective per
share liquidation units of such series and will have no direct claim against any
particular assets of Genzyme or any of its subsidiaries. Each share of GGD Stock
has 100 liquidation units, each share of GTR Stock has 58 liquidation units and
each share of GMO Stock will have 25 liquidation units (equal to 100 multiplied
by the number of votes to which each share of GMO Stock will be entitled at the
Effective Time). The liquidation units of the GTR Stock and the GMO Stock will
be appropriately adjusted so as to avoid dilution in the aggregate liquidation
rights of any series in the event the outstanding shares of any series are
subdivided (by stock split, reclassification or otherwise) or combined (by
reverse stock split, reclassification or otherwise), or in the event of the
issuance of shares of any series as a dividend or a distribution to holders of
shares of that series, but will not otherwise be adjusted. A merger or business
combination involving Genzyme or a sale of all or substantially all of the
assets of Genzyme will not be treated as a liquidation. Genzyme may not,
however, without approval by the holders of the GTR Stock and the GMO Stock
voting as separate series of stock, effect any merger or business combination
involving Genzyme as a result of which (i) the holders of all series of Genzyme
common stock shall no longer own, directly or indirectly, at least fifty percent
of the voting power of the surviving corporation and (ii) the holders of each
series of Genzyme common stock do not receive the same form of consideration,
distributed among such holders in proportion to the market capitalization of
each series of common stock as of the date of the first public announcement of
such merger or business combination.
GMO DESIGNATED SHARES AND GTR DESIGNATED SHARES
GMO Designated Shares and GTR Designated Shares are authorized shares
of GMO Stock and GTR Stock, respectively, which are not issued and outstanding,
but which the Genzyme Board may from time to time issue, sell or otherwise
distribute without allocating the proceeds or other benefits of such issuance,
sale or distribution to GMO or GTR, respectively. The shares of GMO Stock and
GTR Stock that are issuable with respect to the GMO Designated Shares and the
GTR Designated Shares, respectively, are not outstanding shares of GMO Stock or
GTR Stock, are not eligible to receive dividends and cannot be voted by Genzyme.
The Merger Agreement provides that the initial pro forma equity
interest in GMO would be represented by 10,000,000 shares of GMO Stock.
4,000,000 shares of GMO Stock (subject to reduction as described in "The Merger
Proposal - The Merger - Merger Consideration"), will be issued to holders of
PharmaGenics
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Stock pursuant to the Merger Agreement. As compensation to Genzyme General for
the assets it will contribute to GMO, 6,000,000 GMO Designated Shares,
representing the right to an equity interest in GMO, have been reserved for
issuance for the benefit of Genzyme General or its stockholders. The initial
number of GMO Designated Shares was determined by negotiations between Genzyme
and PharmaGenics. Genzyme's management and accounting policies require Genzyme
to distribute GMO Designated Shares to holders of GGD Stock no later than
November 30, 1998 or 360 days following completion of the GMO IPO, although
Genzyme may elect to distribute these shares at any time. See "Management and
Accounting Policies Governing the Relationship of Genzyme Divisions."
The number of GMO Designated Shares from time to time will be:
(i) adjusted as appropriate to reflect subdivisions (by stock
split or otherwise) and combinations (by reverse stock split or otherwise) of
the GMO Stock and dividends or distributions of shares of GMO Stock to holders
of GMO Stock and other reclassifications of GMO Stock;
(ii) decreased by (a) the number of any shares of GMO Stock
issued by Genzyme, the proceeds of which are allocated to Genzyme General, (b)
the number of any shares of GMO Stock issued upon the exercise or conversion of
securities convertible into GMO Stock that are attributed to Genzyme General and
(c) the number of any shares of GMO Stock issued by Genzyme as a dividend or
distribution or by reclassification, exchange or otherwise to holders of GGD
Stock; and
(iii) increased by
(a) the number of any outstanding shares of GMO Stock
repurchased by Genzyme, the consideration for which was allocated to Genzyme
General;
(b) the number of shares of GMO Stock equal to the
fair value (as determined by the Genzyme Board) of assets or properties
allocated to Genzyme General that are reallocated to GMO (other than
reallocations that represent sales at fair value between such divisions) divided
by the Fair Market Value of one share of GMO Stock as of the date of such
reallocation;
(c) with respect to the Equity Line, if
(1) the closing of the GMO IPO has occurred
prior to the third anniversary of the GMO Effective Date, then, upon such
closing, a number equal to the sum of the quotients obtained by dividing (X) the
amount of each advance under the Equity Line by (Y) $7.00 plus or minus a daily
proration of the difference between the price to the public in the GMO IPO and
the GMO Per Share Value ($7.00), assuming straight line appreciation or
depreciation in the value of the GMO Stock over the period from the Closing Date
to the closing date of the GMO IPO; and, thereafter, upon each advance made
under the Equity Line, a number equal to the quotient obtained by dividing (i)
the amount of each such advance by (ii) the Fair Market Value of the GMO Stock
on the date of such advance; or
(2) the closing of the GMO IPO has not
occurred prior to the third anniversary of the GMO Effective Date, then, upon
the election of the Genzyme Board, a number equal to the quotient obtained by
dividing (i) the aggregate amount of all advances made under the Equity Line by
(ii) the Fair Market Value of the GMO Stock on the date of such third
anniversary, and
(d) the number of shares of GMO Stock into which the
Genzyme Board elects to convert the promissory note dated February 10, 1997
issued by PharmaGenics to Genzyme evidencing the Credit Facility.
The Genzyme Charter prohibits the taking of any action which would have the
effect of reducing the number of GMO Designated Shares to a number which is less
than zero.
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As of December 31, 1996, there were 1,794,169 GTR Designated Shares,
representing a potential 13.5% equity interest in GTR. The number of GTR
Designated Shares from time to time will be:
(i) adjusted as appropriate to reflect subdivisions (by stock
split or otherwise) and combinations (by reverse stock split or otherwise) of
the GTR Stock and dividends or distributions of shares of GTR Stock to holders
of GTR Stock and other reclassifications of GTR Stock;
(ii) decreased by (a) the number of any shares of GTR Stock
issued by Genzyme, the proceeds of which are allocated to Genzyme General, (b)
the number of any shares of GTR Stock issued upon the exercise or conversion of
securities convertible into GTR Stock that are attributed to Genzyme General and
(c) the number of any shares of GTR Stock issued by Genzyme as a dividend or
distribution or by reclassification, exchange or otherwise to holders of GGD
Stock; and
(iii) increased by (a) the number of any outstanding shares of
GTR Stock repurchased by Genzyme, the consideration for which was allocated to
Genzyme General, (b) one for each $10.00 reallocated from Genzyme General to GTR
from time to time in satisfaction of the purchase option of Genzyme General set
forth in section 4.18 of the Agreement and Plan of Reorganization among Genzyme,
Phoenix Acquisition Corporation and BioSurface Technology, Inc. dated as of July
25, 1994, up to a maximum $30,000,000, and (c) the number of shares of GTR Stock
equal to the fair value (as determined by the Genzyme Board) of assets or
properties allocated to Genzyme General that are reallocated to GTR (other than
reallocations that represent sales at fair value between such divisions) divided
by the Fair Market Value of one share of GTR Stock as of the date of such
reallocation.
The Genzyme Charter prohibits the taking of any action which would have the
effect of reducing the number of GTR Designated Shares to a number which is less
than zero.
Whenever additional shares of any series of common stock are issued and
sold by Genzyme, Genzyme will identify (i) the number of such shares issued and
sold for the account of the division to which they relate, the proceeds of which
will be allocated to and reflected in the financial statements of such division
and (ii) the number of such shares issued and sold from the GMO Designated
Shares or the GTR Designated Shares, which shall reduce the number of GMO
Designated Shares or GTR Designated Shares, as the case may be, and the proceeds
of which may be used for any proper corporate purpose. In the event Genzyme
repurchases outstanding shares of GTR Stock or GMO Stock, it will identify the
number of shares that are repurchased for consideration that was allocated to
Genzyme General and the number of GTR Designated Shares or GMO Designated Shares
may increase accordingly.
DETERMINATIONS BY THE BOARD
Any determination made by the Genzyme Board in good faith under any of
the provisions described above will be final and binding on all stockholders of
Genzyme.
TRANSFER AGENT AND REGISTRAR
American Stock Transfer and Trust Company is the registrar and transfer
agent for the GGD Stock and the GTR Stock, and will act as the registrar and
transfer agent for the GMO Stock.
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GENZYME SHARE OWNERSHIP
The following table and footnotes set forth certain information
regarding the ownership of GGD Stock and GTR Stock, and the common stock of GTC,
an affiliate of Genzyme, as of April 1, 1997 by (i) persons known by Genzyme to
be beneficial owners of more than 5% of GGD Stock or GTR Stock, (ii) the Chief
Executive Officer and each of the five other most highly compensated executive
officers of Genzyme, (iii) each director of Genzyme, and (iv) all current
executive officers and directors of Genzyme as a group.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
NUMBER OF SHARES
BENEFICIALLY OWNED (1)
----------------------------
NAME AND ADDRESS
OF BENEFICIAL OWNER SHARES PERCENT
------------------- -------- -------
<S> <C> <C>
State of Wisconsin Investment Board (2)
121 East Wilson Avenue
Madison, Wisconsin 53702
GGD Stock...................................................... 3,276,000 4.3
GTR Stock...................................................... 1,214,000 9.2
Henri A. Termeer (3)
GGD Stock...................................................... 960,782 1.3
GTR Stock...................................................... 135,348 *
Geoffrey F. Cox (4)
GGD Stock..................................................... 177,048 *
GTR Stock..................................................... 40,773 *
Gregory D. Phelps (5)
GGD Stock...................................................... 183,411 *
GTR Stock..................................................... 58,919 *
Alan E. Smith (6)
GGD Stock...................................................... 163,906 *
GTR Stock...................................................... 24,098 *
G. Jan van Heek (7)
GGD Stock...................................................... 75,716 *
GTR Stock...................................................... 23,806 *
Peter Wirth (8)
GGD Stock..................................................... 39,420 *
GTR Stock..................................................... 9,540 *
Constantine E. Anagnostopoulos (9)
GGD Stock...................................................... 34,000 *
GTR Stock...................................................... 9,900 *
Douglas A. Berthiaume (10)
GGD Stock...................................................... 39,900 *
GTR Stock...................................................... 22,607 *
Henry E. Blair (11)
GGD Stock...................................................... 43,400 *
GTR Stock..................................................... 14,328 *
</TABLE>
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<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
NUMBER OF SHARES
BENEFICIALLY OWNED (1)
----------------------------
NAME AND ADDRESS
OF BENEFICIAL OWNER SHARES PERCENT
------------------- -------- -------
<S> <C> <C>
Robert J. Carpenter (12)
GGD Stock...................................................... 25,256 *
GTR Stock..................................................... 25,830 *
Charles L. Cooney (13)
GGD Stock...................................................... 39,184 *
GTR Stock...................................................... 10,023 *
Henry R. Lewis (14)
GGD Stock...................................................... 34,600 *
GTR Stock...................................................... 7,335 *
All current executive officers and directors
as a group (16 persons) (15)
GGD Stock...................................................... 2,458,582 3.2%
GTR Stock...................................................... 484,868 3.7%
</TABLE>
- -----------------------
* Indicates less than 1%
(1) Unless otherwise indicated in these footnotes, each stockholder has
sole voting and investment power with respect to the shares listed in
the table.
(2) The State of Wisconsin Investment Board ("SWIB") is a government agency
that manages public pension funds. SWIB retains sole voting and
dispositive power for all of the shares shown. The foregoing
information is based on the Form 13F for the quarter ended December 31,
1996 for GGD Stock, and the Schedule 13G for the year ended December
31, 1996 for GTR Stock, filed by SWIB with the Commission.
(3) The stock beneficially owned by Mr. Termeer includes 927,500 and
112,147 shares of GGD Stock and GTR Stock, respectively, subject to
stock options exercisable within the 60-day period following April 1,
1997. In addition, Mr. Termeer owns 9,500 shares of GTC common stock
and holds options to purchase 10,000 shares of GTC common stock that
are exercisable within the 60-day period following April 1, 1997.
(4) The stock beneficially owned by Dr. Cox includes 168,200 and 26,558
shares of GGD Stock and GTR Stock, respectively, subject to stock
options exercisable within the 60-day period following April 1, 1997
and 7,188 and 12,155 shares of GGD Stock and GTR Stock, respectively,
held jointly with his wife.
(5) The stock beneficially owned by Mr. Phelps includes 176,100 and 46,560
shares of GGD Stock and GTR Stock, respectively, subject to stock
options exercisable within the 60-day period following April 1, 1997.
(6) The stock beneficially owned by Dr. Smith includes 158,200 and 22,943
shares of GGD Stock and GTR Stock, respectively, subject to stock
options exercisable within the 60-day period following April 1, 1997.
In addition, Dr. Smith holds options to purchase 8,000 shares of GTC
common stock that are exercisable within the 60-day period following
April 1, 1997.
(7) The stock beneficially owned by Mr. van Heek includes 73,734 and 19,067
shares of GGD Stock and GTR Stock, respectively, subject to stock
options exercisable within the 60-day period following April 1, 1997.
(8) The stock beneficially owned by Mr. Wirth includes 39,106 and 9,540
shares of GGD Stock and GTR Stock, respectively, subject to stock
options exercisable within the 60-day period following April 1, 1997.
(9) The stock beneficially owned by Dr. Anagnostopoulos includes 32,000 and
9,360 shares of GGD Stock and GTR Stock, respectively, subject to stock
options exercisable within the 60-day period following April 1, 1997.
(10) The stock beneficially owned by Mr. Berthiaume includes 34,400 and
12,074 shares of GGD Stock and GTR Stock, respectively, subject to
stock options exercisable within the 60-day period following April 1,
1997. Also includes 2,000 and 1,500 shares of GGD Stock and GTR Stock,
respectively, held by his wife. Mr. Berthiaume disclaims beneficial
ownership of all shares held by his wife.
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(11) The stock beneficially owned by Mr. Blair includes 18,400 and 10,994
shares of GGD Stock and GTR Stock, respectively, subject to stock
options exercisable within the 60-day period following April 1, 1997.
In addition, Mr. Blair owns 1,000 shares of GTC common stock and holds
options to purchase 10,000 shares of GTC common stock that are
exercisable within the 60-day period following April 1, 1997.
(12) The stock beneficially owned by Mr. Carpenter includes 10,400 and 8,270
shares of GGD Stock and GTR Stock, respectively, subject to stock
options exercisable within the 60-day period following April 1, 1997.
Also includes 388 and 33 shares of GGD Stock and GTR Stock,
respectively, held by his wife. Mr. Carpenter disclaims beneficial
ownership of all shares held by his wife.
(13) The stock beneficially owned by Dr. Cooney includes 16,000 and 8,550
shares of GGD Stock and GTR Stock, respectively, subject to stock
options exercisable within the 60-day period following April 1, 1997.
Also includes 22,686 and 1,473 shares of GGD Stock and GTR Stock,
respectively, held jointly with his wife, 120 shares of GGD Stock held
by his wife and 320 shares of GGD Stock held by his son. Dr. Cooney
disclaims beneficial ownership of all shares held by his wife and son.
(14) The stock beneficially owned by Mr. Lewis includes 32,000 and 7,160
shares of GGD Stock and GTR Stock, respectively, subject to stock
options exercisable within the 60-day period following April 1, 1997.
(15) Includes 2,299,873 and 384,870 shares of GGD Stock and GTR Stock,
respectively, that are subject to outstanding stock options exercisable
within the 60-day period following April 1, 1997. Also includes 7,188
and 12,155 shares of GGD Stock and GTR Stock, respectively, held
jointly by officers and directors of Genzyme with their respective
spouses. Also includes 2,508 and 1,533 shares of GGD Stock and GTR
Stock, respectively, held by the spouses of officers, 4,786 and 320
shares of GGD Stock and GTR Stock, respectively, held by the spouses of
officers for the benefit of the children of such officers, and 320
shares of GGD Stock held by the son of a director. All such shares
subject to stock options are treated as outstanding for the purpose of
computing the stated percentage.
Genzyme's officers and directors as a group own beneficially an
aggregate of 40,500 shares of common stock, less than 1% of the shares
outstanding, of GTC, including 28,000 shares subject to stock options
exercisable within the 60-day period following April 1, 1997.
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<PAGE> 120
PHARMAGENICS SHARE OWNERSHIP
The following table and footnotes set forth certain information
regarding the beneficial ownership of PharmaGenics common stock as of March 23,
1997 (assuming conversion of all shares of PharmaGenics preferred stock into
shares of PharmaGenics common stock), by (i) each person known to PharmaGenics
to be the beneficial owner of more than 5% of the capital stock of PharmaGenics,
(ii) the Chief Executive Officer of PharmaGenics and PharmaGenics's executive
officers whose annual compensation for fiscal 1996 exceeded $100,000, (iii) each
of the current directors of PharmaGenics and (iv) all current directors and
executive officers of PharmaGenics as a group.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
NUMBER OF SHARES
BENEFICIALLY OWNED (2)
NAME AND ADDRESS ---------------------------------------
OF BENEFICIAL OWNER(1) SHARES PERCENT
---------------------- ------------ -------
<S> <C> <C>
PaineWebber R&D Partners III, L.P. 3,508,670(3) 32.31%
HealthCare Ventures II, L.P. 2,135,052(4) 21.66%
Michael I. Sherman, Ph.D. 408,293(5) 4.09%
Alan F. Cook, Ph.D. 72,730(6) *
Arthur H. Bertelsen, Ph.D. 67,117(7) *
A. Steven Franchak 22,875(8) *
Anders P. Wiklund 12,500(9) *
Jack L. Bowman 17,916(10) *
James I. Wyer 17,916(10) *
Stelios Papadopoulos, Ph.D. 50,000(11) *
All current directors and executive 669,347 6.62%
officers as a group (8 persons)(11)(12)
</TABLE>
- -----------------------
*Less than 1%
(1) Except at otherwise indicated, the address of each beneficial owner is
c/o PharmaGenics, Inc., Four Pearl Court, Allendale, New Jersey 07401.
(2) Except as otherwise indicated, each of the parties listed above has
sole voting and investment power over the shares owned.
(3) The address for the R&D Partnership is c/o PaineWebber Development
Corporation, 1285 Avenue of the Americas, New York, New York 10019.
Includes 298,420 shares of Series A Stock, 88,864 shares of Series B
Stock and 2,121,386 shares of Series C Stock and warrants to purchase
1,000,000 shares of PharmaGenics common stock.
(4) The address for HCV II is Twin Towers at Metro Park, 379 Thornall
Street, Edison, New Jersey 08837. Includes 1,795,500 shares of Series A
Stock, 106,994 shares of Series B Stock and 232,558 shares of Series C
Stock. Does not include warrants to purchase 403,988 shares of
PharmaGenics common stock held by HCV II which are not exercisable
within 60 days of March 23, 1997. Does not include 247,202 shares of
Series C Stock and warrants to purchase 49,747 shares of PharmaGenics
common stock, exercisable within 60 days of March 23,
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1997, held by HCV III, or 72,593 shares of Series C Stock and warrants
to purchase 14,608 shares of PharmaGenics common stock, exercisable
within 60 days of March 23, 1997, held by HCV IV.
(5) Includes 12,000 shares of Series C Stock and options to acquire 121,267
shares of PharmaGenics common stock exercisable within 60 days of March
23, 1997. Does not include options to purchase 145,945 shares of
PharmaGenics common stock not exercisable within 60 days of March 23,
1997.
(6) Includes options to acquire 32,230 shares of PharmaGenics common stock
exercisable within 60 days of March 23, 1997. Does not include options
to purchase 11,250 shares of PharmaGenics common stock not exercisable
within 60 days of March 23, 1997.
(7) Includes options to acquire 40,117 shares of PharmaGenics common stock
exercisable within 60 days of March 23, 1997. Does not include options
to acquire 23,084 shares of PharmaGenics common stock which are not
exercisable within 60 days of March 23, 1997.
(8) Includes 6,000 shares of Series C Stock and options to acquire 16,875
shares of PharmaGenics common stock exercisable within 60 days of March
23, 1997. Does not include options to acquire 10,625 shares of
PharmaGenics common stock which are not exercisable within 60 days of
March 23, 1997.
(9) Includes 10,000 shares of Series C Stock and options to acquire 2,500
shares of PharmaGenics common stock, exercisable within 60 days of
March 23, 1997. Does not include options to purchase 7,500 shares of
PharmaGenics common stock not exercisable within 60 days of March 23,
1997.
(10) Includes options to acquire 17,916 shares of PharmaGenics common stock
granted to each of Messrs. Bowman and Wyer, exercisable within 60 days
of March 23, 1997. Does not include options to acquire 17,084 shares of
PharmaGenics common stock granted to each of Messrs. Bowman and Wyer,
not exercisable within 60 days of March 23, 1997.
(11) Includes 50,000 shares of Series C Stock. Excludes 298,420 shares of
Series A Stock, 88,864 shares of Series B Stock and 2,121,386 shares of
Series C Stock held by the R&D Partnership and warrants to purchase
1,000,000 shares of PharmaGenics common stock. PaineWebber Development
Corporation, an affiliate of PaineWebber, is general partner of the R&D
Partnership. Dr. Papadopoulos is a Managing Director of PaineWebber.
(12) Includes 78,000 shares of Series C Stock and options to acquire 248,821
shares of PharmaGenics common stock exercisable within 60 days of March
23, 1997. Does not include options to purchase 232,572 shares of
PharmaGenics common stock not exercisable within 60 days of March 23,
1997.
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COMPENSATION OF GENZYME'S EXECUTIVE OFFICERS
The following tables set forth certain compensation information for the
Chief Executive Officer of Genzyme and each of the five other most highly
compensated executive officers of Genzyme.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
SUMMARY COMPENSATION TABLE
LONG-TERM
COMPENSATION
AWARDS ALL
ANNUAL ------------- OTHER
COMPENSATION Options(#) COMPENSATION
--------------------------------- ------------- ------------
Name and Principal GGD
Position Year Salary($) Bonus($) Stock GTR Stock GTC ($)(1)
------------------ ---- --------- -------- ------- ------------- -------- ------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Henri A. Termeer 1996 603,942 545,000 45,000 22,500 -- 15,564
Chief Executive Officer 1995 549,039 450,000 50,910 78,055 10,000 15,234
1994 499,231 387,500 60,000 66,000 -- 14,640
Geoffrey F. Cox 1996 220,558 150,000 13,600 5,100 -- 1,875
Executive Vice President 1995 197,654 133,000 18,164 27,322 -- 1,875
1994 179,808 100,000 18,500 15,000 -- 1,875
Gregory D. Phelps 1996 264,981 150,000 8,500 12,750 -- 1,875
Executive Vice President 1995 212,365 138,000 15,614 34,972 -- 1,875
1994 179,712 100,000 18,500 37,500 2,000 1,875
Alan E. Smith 1996 259,346 110,000 13,600 5,100 -- 1,875
Senior Vice President, 1995 225,539 100,000 22,709 18,433 -- 1,875
Research; Chief Scientific 1994 201,788 81,500 18,500 15,000 4,000 1,875
Officer
G. Jan van Heek 1996 250,000 120,000 13,600 5,100 -- --
Group Senior Vice President, 1995 209,000 102,500 18,164 27,322 -- --
Therapeutics 1994 190,000 75,000 18,500 15,000 -- --
Peter Wirth 1996 256,281 128,000 58,600 17,600 -- 1,875
Executive Vice President 1995 -- -- -- -- -- --
1994 -- -- -- -- -- --
</TABLE>
- -----------------------
(1) The reported amounts consist of employer contributions under the
Genzyme Corporation Retirement Savings Plan, a 401(k) plan. For Mr.
Termeer, the reported amounts also include insurance premiums of
$13,689, $13,359 and $12,765 paid by Genzyme on his behalf in 1996,
1995 and 1994, respectively, for life and disability insurance
benefits.
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<PAGE> 123
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
OPTION GRANTS IN LAST FISCAL YEAR
Individual Grants
------------------
% of Total Potential Realizable Value at
Number of Options Assumed Annual Rates of Stock
Securities Granted to Exercise or Price Appreciation for Option Term
Underlying Employees Base Price -----------------------------------
Options in Fiscal ($/Share) Expiration
Name Granted(#)(1) 1996 (1) Date 5%($)(2) 10%($)(2)
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Henri A. Termeer
GTR Stock 22,500 2.8 12.25 5/16/2006 173,339 439,275
GGD Stock 45,000 1.3 30.25 5/16/2006 856,083 2,169,482
Geoffrey F. Cox
GTR Stock 5,100 0.6 12.25 5/16/2006 39,290 99,569
GGD Stock 13,600 0.4 30.25 5/16/2006 258,727 655,666
Gregory D. Phelps
GTR Stock 12,750 1.6 12.25 5/16/2006 98,225 248,923
GGD Stock 8,500 0.3 30.25 5/16/2006 161,705 409,791
Alan E. Smith
GTR Stock 5,100 0.6 12.25 5/16/2006 39,290 99,569
GGD Stock 13,600 0.4 30.25 5/16/2006 258,727 655,666
G. Jan van Heek
GTR Stock 5,100 0.6 12.25 5/16/2006 39,290 99,569
GGD Stock 13,600 0.4 30.25 5/16/2006 258,727 655,666
Peter Wirth
GTR Stock 5,100 0.6 12.25 5/16/2006 39,290 99,569
GTR Stock 12,500 1.6 10.00 10/1/2006 78,612 199,218
GGD Stock 13,600 0.4 30.25 5/16/2006 258,727 655,666
GGD Stock 45,000 1.3 24.88 10/1/2006 703,969 1,783,995
All Genzyme Stockholders
GTR Stock -- -- 12.25 -- 101,914,615 257,162,785
GTR Stock -- -- 10.00 -- 83,168,663 209,901,863
GGD Stock -- -- 30.25 -- 1,445,508,990 3,647,900,441
GGD Stock -- -- 24.88 -- 1,188,411,640 2,999,469,073
</TABLE>
- -----------------------
(1) Except with respect to the options shown on the second and fourth lines
for Mr. Wirth, the GTR Stock and GGD Stock options shown were granted
on May 16, 1996, were exercisable with respect to 20% of such shares on
the date of grant, will become exercisable with respect to an
additional 20% of such shares on each of the next four anniversaries of
the grant date, and were granted at fair market value on the date of
grant. With respect to the options shown on the second and fourth lines
for Mr. Wirth, these options were granted on October 1, 1996, were
exercisable with respect to 20% of such shares on the date of grant,
will become exercisable with respect to an additional 20% of such
shares on each of the next four anniversaries of the date of grant and
were granted at fair market value on the date of grant.
(2) The dollar amounts under these columns are the result of calculations
at the 5% and 10% rates set by the Securities and Exchange Commission
and, therefore, are not intended to forecast possible future
appreciation, if any, in the price of the underlying GTR Stock or GGD
Stock. No gain to the optionees is possible without an increase in the
price of the underlying stock, which will benefit all stockholders
proportionately. In order to realize the potential values set forth in
the 5% and 10% columns of this table, the trading price of GGD Stock
and GTR Stock would have to be approximately 63% and 159% above the
respective exercise prices for each option, or approximately $19.97 and
$31.73 for the GTR Stock options with a $12.25 exercise price and
$16.30 and $25.90 for the GTR Stock options with a $10.00 exercise
price, or approximately $49.31 and $78.35 for the GGD Stock options
with a $30.25 exercise price and $40.55 and $64.43 for the GGD Stock
options with a $24.88 exercise price. The amounts shown for all Genzyme
stockholders reflect the potential value to all stockholders if the GTR
Stock or the GGD Stock appreciates at the rates shown over the term of
the options, assuming a purchase in 1996 at the option exercise prices
shown.
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<PAGE> 124
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
AGGREGATED OPTION EXERCISES IN LAST FISCAL YEAR AND FISCAL YEAR-END OPTION VALUES
Number of Securities Value of Unexercised
Underlying Unexercised In-the-Money
Options at Options at
Shares December 31, 1996(#) December 31, 1996($)
Acquired on Value Exercisable/ Exercisable/
Exercise(#) Realized($) Unexercisable Unexercisable(1)
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Henri A. Termeer
GGD Stock 60,000 1,957,500 865,500/325,820 $9,984,930/1,506,909
GTR Stock -- -- 100,625/126,464 269,737/103,834
Geoffrey F. Cox
GGD Stock 20,000 653,060 149,293/108,635 $1,174,881/491,764
GTR Stock -- -- 23,608/39,877 58,897/26,756
Gregory D. Phelps
GGD Stock -- -- 159,233/101,495 $227,205/484,687
GTR Stock -- -- 40,550/59,587 63,187/53,295
Alan E. Smith
GGD Stock 20,000 620,300 139,293/117,725 $983,422/491,251
GTR Stock 3,375 74,831 20,071/30,910 44,721/26,715
G. Jan van Heek
GGD Stock 13,466 299,807 57,027/106,435 $284,522/485,559
GTR Stock -- -- 16,266/39,728 30,677/26,678
Peter Wirth
GGD Stock -- -- 29,720/128,274 $0/0
GTR Stock -- -- 8,520/43,802 0/0
</TABLE>
- -----------------------
(1) Based on the difference between the option exercise price and the
closing price of the underlying common stock on December 31, 1996,
which closing price was $21.75 in the case of GGD Stock and $7.125 in
the case of GTR Stock.
EXECUTIVE EMPLOYMENT AGREEMENTS
Henri A. Termeer, President and Chief Executive Officer of Genzyme, has
an employment agreement with Genzyme that renews automatically each January 1
for an additional one year period, unless prior written notice of nonrenewal is
given. The agreement provided for an initial annual base salary in 1990 of
$300,000, subject to increase in subsequent years as determined by the Genzyme
Board or the Compensation Committee of the Genzyme Board, as well as certain
life and disability insurance benefits. The agreement entitles Mr. Termeer to
participate in Genzyme's cash bonus plan and in any equity incentive plans
established by Genzyme. In addition, the agreement provides for a lump sum
payment of two times annual salary and bonus and full vesting of all rights and
options (other than certain performance options) under stock or other equity
incentive plans in the event that Mr. Termeer's employment is terminated by
Genzyme without cause (as defined). If Mr. Termeer's employment is terminated by
Genzyme without cause or by Mr. Termeer for good reason (as defined) following a
change in control of Genzyme, Genzyme will make a lump sum severance payment to
him of three times annual salary and bonus. Upon such termination, the agreement
also provides for (i) a cash payment equal to the additional retirement benefit
that would have been earned under any retirement plan of Genzyme if employment
had continued for three years, (ii) continuation of his life, accident and
health insurance coverage for three years, except to the extent comparable
benefits are provided by a subsequent employer and (iii) in certain
circumstances, legal costs and relocation expenses associated with such
termination. The agreement contains customary confidentiality, non-competition
and ownership of inventions provisions.
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<PAGE> 125
Peter Wirth, Executive Vice President and Chief Legal Officer of
Genzyme, has a three year employment agreement with Genzyme that renews
automatically each January 1 for an additional one year period, unless prior
written notice of nonrenewal is given. The agreement provided for Mr. Wirth's
employment in a half-time capacity for an initial base salary in 1996 of
$225,000. Upon Mr. Wirth's transition to full-time employment in October 1996,
his annual base salary was increased to $380,000 and is subject to increase in
subsequent years as determined by the Genzyme Board or the Compensation
Committee of the Genzyme Board, and includes certain life and disability
insurance benefits. The agreement entitles Mr. Wirth to participate in Genzyme's
cash bonus plan and in any equity incentive plans established by Genzyme. In
addition, the agreement provides for a lump sum payment of two times annual
salary and bonus and full vesting of all rights and options (other than certain
performance options) under stock or other equity incentive plans in the event
that Mr. Wirth's employment is terminated by Genzyme without cause (as defined).
If Mr. Wirth's employment is terminated by Genzyme without cause or by Mr. Wirth
for good reason (as defined) following a change in control of Genzyme, Genzyme
will make a lump sum severance payment to him of three times annual salary and
bonus. Upon such termination, the agreement also provides for (i) a cash payment
equal to the additional retirement benefit that would have been earned under any
retirement plan of Genzyme if employment had continued for three years, (ii)
continuation of his life, accident and health insurance coverage for three
years, except to the extent comparable benefits are provided by a subsequent
employer and (iii) in certain circumstances, legal costs and relocation expenses
associated with such termination. The agreement contains customary
confidentiality, non-competition and ownership of inventions provisions.
EXECUTIVE SEVERANCE AGREEMENTS
Genzyme has Executive Severance Agreements with its executive officers
other than Messrs. Termeer and Wirth, pursuant to which payments will be made
under certain circumstances following a change in control of Genzyme. The
Agreements are automatically renewed for successive one year terms each January
1 unless prior written notice of nonrenewal is given. These agreements provide
that in the event the officer's employment is terminated by Genzyme without
cause or by the officer for good reason following a change in control, Genzyme
will make a lump sum severance payment to the officer of two times (in the case
of David J. McLachlan, Genzyme's Chief Financial Officer, three times) annual
salary and bonus. Upon such termination, the Agreements also provide for (i) a
cash payment equal to the additional retirement benefit which would have been
earned under Genzyme's retirement plans if employment had continued for two
years (in the case of Mr. McLachlan, three years) following the date of
termination, (ii) participation in the life, accident and health insurance plans
of Genzyme for such period except to the extent such benefits are provided by a
subsequent employer and (iii) in certain circumstances, legal costs and
relocation expenses associated with such termination.
COMPENSATION FROM THIRD PARTIES
Until October 1, 1996, Mr. Wirth was a partner of Palmer & Dodge LLP,
outside counsel to Genzyme, Neozyme II and GTC. During such period, Mr. Wirth
participated as a partner of Palmer & Dodge LLP in revenues for legal services
rendered to Genzyme, Neozyme II and GTC.
DIRECTOR COMPENSATION
DIRECTOR FEES. Directors who are not employees of Genzyme, other than
Mr. Blair, receive a quarterly retainer of $6,250. In addition, non-employee
directors receive automatic grants of options under Genzyme's 1988 Director
Stock Option Plan. For a description of such plan, see "Amendment to Genzyme
1988 Director Stock Option Plan to Provide for the Issuance of GMO Stock Under
the Plan - General." If the Merger Proposal and the amendments to the 1988
Director Stock Option Plan described elsewhere in this Prospectus/Proxy
Statement are approved and the merger is completed, each non-employee director
will receive as of the Effective Date an initial grant of options to purchase
2,700 shares of GMO Stock under the 1988 Director Stock Option Plan.
DIRECTORS' DEFERRED COMPENSATION PLAN. In 1996, Genzyme established a
deferred compensation program that allows each director who is not also an
officer or employee of Genzyme to defer receipt of all or a
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<PAGE> 126
portion of the cash compensation payable to him or her as a director of Genzyme.
Amounts deferred under the Deferred Compensation Plan may be allocated into cash
and/or stock accounts for shares of GGD Stock or GTR Stock. Compensation may be
deferred until the termination of service as a director or, subject to certain
restrictions, such other date as may be specified by the director. All of the
current directors of Genzyme other than Messrs. Termeer and Blair are eligible
to participate in the Deferred Compensation Plan. As of March 31, 1997 two of
the five eligible directors have elected to participate in the Deferred
Compensation Plan.
CONSULTING AGREEMENTS. Since January 1, 1990, Genzyme has entered into
an annual consulting agreement with Mr. Blair under which he provides consulting
services to Genzyme for a minimum of 50 and a maximum of 100 days during the
year for an annual fee of $100,000. The agreement has been renewed for 1997.
Genzyme also has a consulting relationship with Dr. Cooney. See "Compensation of
Genzyme's Executive Officers - Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider
Participation."
COMPENSATION COMMITTEE INTERLOCKS AND INSIDER PARTICIPATION
Dr. Cooney has provided consulting services to Genzyme since 1983. Dr.
Cooney received $30,000 in 1996 and will receive $30,000 in 1997 for a minimum
of 20 days per year of consulting services.
RELATED PARTY ARRANGEMENTS
NEOZYME II
In May 1992, Genzyme and Neozyme II completed a public offering of
units, which resulted in gross proceeds to Neozyme II of approximately $85
million. Under the terms of the agreements between Genzyme and Neozyme II,
Genzyme licensed to Neozyme II all technology owned or controlled and
sublicensable by it that may be useful in developing products for the treatment
of cystic fibrosis and Neozyme II agreed to utilize substantially all of the net
proceeds of the offering to engage Genzyme to perform research, development and
clinical testing of products for the treatment of cystic fibrosis. In 1996,
Genzyme received an aggregate of $22.4 million from Neozyme II under the
agreements between the companies. In October 1996, Genzyme, through a
wholly-owned subsidiary, completed a tender offer for the outstanding units of
Neozyme II for $45 per unit in cash in which 98.8% of the units were tendered
and accepted for payment at an aggregate purchase price of $107.4 million. Each
unit consisted of one share of Neozyme II callable common stock and one callable
warrant to purchase two shares of GGD Stock and .135 share of GTR Stock.
In December 1996, Genzyme acquired the shares of Neozyme II callable
common stock that were not tendered in the tender offer at a price of $29 per
share through the merger of Neozyme II into a wholly-owned subsidiary of
Genzyme. Following completion of the merger, each of the agreements between
Genzyme and Neozyme II referred to above terminated in accordance with their
respective terms.
Prior to the merger, Mr. Termeer was Chairman of the Board and Mr.
Carpenter was a director of Neozyme II.
GTC
Genzyme currently holds approximately 43.5% of the outstanding common
stock of GTC, a company engaged in the application of transgenic technology to
the development and production of recombinant proteins for therapeutic and
diagnostic uses. GTC, through its wholly-owned subsidiary TSI Corporation, is
also a leading provider of preclinical efficacy and toxicology testing, in vitro
testing, and production of biologics for the pharmaceutical, biotechnology and
chemical industries. Mr. Termeer is Chairman of the Board, and Mr. Blair is a
director of GTC. Genzyme and GTC are parties to a services agreement under which
GTC pays Genzyme for certain basic services provided by Genzyme, such as
treasury, data processing and laboratory support services, a sublease agreement
pursuant to which Genzyme subleases a portion of one of its facilities in
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<PAGE> 127
Framingham, Massachusetts to GTC and a research and development agreement
pursuant to which Genzyme and GTC each perform certain research services for
each other. During 1996, Genzyme received approximately $4.0 million from GTC
pursuant to the three agreements between the companies and GTC received
approximately $6.2 million from Genzyme pursuant to the research and development
agreement.
In December 1995, GTC refinanced its line of credit and term loan
agreement with a commercial bank, subject to Genzyme's continuing guaranty of a
total of $9.8 million of credit facilities provided to GTC by the commercial
bank. The largest amount outstanding under these facilities during the fiscal
year ended December 31, 1996 was $2.3 million. In exchange for its guaranty,
Genzyme received a warrant to purchase 145,000 shares of GTC common stock at a
price of $2.4375 per share.
On February 7, 1996, Genzyme advanced $950,000 to GTC, at an interest
rate of 6.5% per annum, under a short-term credit arrangement. Such amount
became due on March 31, 1996 and was repaid by GTC prior to such date.
On March 28, 1996, Genzyme entered into a Convertible Debt and
Development Funding Agreement with GTC pursuant to which Genzyme agreed to
provide a revolving line of credit in the amount of $10 million and agreed to
fund development costs of GTC's Antithrombin III ("AT-III") program through June
30, 1997. Under this agreement, GTC granted Genzyme co-marketing rights to
AT-III in all territories other than Asia subject to negotiation and execution
of a development and supply agreement between the parties prior to June 30,
1997. The line of credit carries an interest rate of 7% and is convertible into
GTC common stock (at the average market price for the 20-day period ending two
days before any conversion), at GTC's option to maintain its tangible net worth
at the end of each quarter at a level between $4.0 million and $4.2 million, or
by Genzyme at any time for up to the full amount outstanding. As of December 31,
1996, no amounts were outstanding and $10.0 million was available under the
revolving line of credit, excluding an aggregate of $1,673,000 of debt
previously converted into 26,244 and 193,321 shares of GTC common stock at a
price of $5.7156 and $7.8781 per share, respectively. The largest amount
outstanding under this line of credit during the fiscal year ended December 31,
1996 was $3,650,000.
DYAX
In March 1996, Genzyme entered into two agreements (the "Dyax
Licenses") with Dyax and Protein Engineering Corporation, a wholly-owned
subsidiary of Dyax, in which Genzyme received licenses to Dyax's phage display
technology. Under the Dyax Licenses, Genzyme paid an initial license fee of
$53,700 and is required to pay annual license maintenance fees of $50,000. The
Dyax Licenses also require Genzyme to make milestone payments and pay royalties
on net sales of diagnostic and therapeutic products discovered, made or
developed using the licensed technology.
In September 1996, Dyax entered into an agreement with Genzyme pursuant
to which Dyax subleases from Genzyme, at a rate of $42,892 per month, office and
laboratory space in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Dyax made payments of
approximately $143,000 to Genzyme during 1996 in connection with such sublease.
Mr. Blair is Chief Executive Officer of Dyax and each of Mr. Blair, Dr.
Anagnostopoulos and Mr. Lewis are directors of Dyax.
COMPARISON OF RIGHTS OF HOLDERS OF GMO STOCK AND PHARMAGENICS STOCK
On the Effective Date, the stockholders of PharmaGenics, whose rights
are governed by Delaware law and a certificate of incorporation and by-laws
adopted thereunder, will become stockholders of Genzyme, a corporation governed
by Massachusetts law and articles of organization and by-laws adopted
thereunder. The following discussion summarizes the material differences between
the rights of holders of PharmaGenics Stock and holders of GMO Stock, based on a
comparison the Delaware and Massachusetts corporation laws and differences
between the charters and by-laws of PharmaGenics and Genzyme. FOR ADDITIONAL
INFORMATION
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<PAGE> 128
REGARDING THE SPECIFIC RIGHTS OF HOLDERS OF GMO STOCK, SEE "DESCRIPTION OF
GENZYME CAPITAL STOCK." The certificate of incorporation and by-laws of
PharmaGenics are referred to herein as the "PharmaGenics Charter" and the
"PharmaGenics By-Laws," respectively, and the articles of organization and
by-laws of Genzyme are referred to herein as the "Genzyme Charter" and the
"Genzyme By-Laws," respectively. This summary does not purport to be complete
and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the PharmaGenics Charter and
PharmaGenics By-Laws, the Genzyme Charter and Genzyme By-Laws, the Genzyme
Rights Agreement referred to below and the relevant provisions of the Delaware
General Corporation Law (the "DGCL") and the Massachusetts Business Corporation
Law (the "MBCL").
PREFERRED STOCK
Under the PharmaGenics Charter, the holders of PharmaGenics preferred
stock are entitled to certain liquidation and dividend preferences and special
voting rights. Upon conversion of the PharmaGenics preferred stock to GMO Stock
the holders of PharmaGenics preferred stock will lose these special rights and
preferences.
DIVIDEND RIGHTS
The PharmaGenics Charter provides that the holders of Series A Stock,
Series B Stock and Series C Stock are entitled to receive dividends, out of
funds legally available for such purpose, when and as declared by the
PharmaGenics Board. In addition, the holders of PharmaGenics Series A Stock,
Series B Stock and Series C Stock are entitled to participate pro rata in any
dividends declared with respect to shares of PharmaGenics common stock or any
other series of PharmaGenics preferred stock. The holders of PharmaGenics common
stock are entitled to receive, to the extent permitted by law, dividends when
and as declared by the PharmaGenics Board.
For a description of certain ambiguities in the PharmaGenics Charter as
to the rights of the holders of Series C Stock to participate in dividends on a
parity basis with the holders of Series A and B Stock, see "The Merger Proposal
- - The Merger - Allocation of Merger Consideration and Certain Matters Relating
to the PharmaGenics Charter." For a description of the dividend rights of the
GMO Stock see "Description of Genzyme Capital Stock - Dividends."
EXCHANGE OF GMO STOCK
The PharmaGenics Charter does not provide for either mandatory or
optional redemption of any class or series of its capital stock.
The Genzyme Charter provides that the GMO Stock may be exchanged for
any combination of cash and/or GGD Stock upon certain terms. For a description
of the terms upon which such exchange may occur, see "Description of Genzyme
Capital Stock - Exchange of GMO Stock and GTR Stock." See also "Comparison of
Rights of Holders of GMO Stock and PharmaGenics Stock - Sale, Lease or Exchange
of Assets and Mergers."
VOTING RIGHTS
The PharmaGenics Charter provides that holders of the PharmaGenics
preferred stock and holders of PharmaGenics common stock have the right to vote,
together as one class, on all matters as to which common stockholders are
entitled to vote. Each share of PharmaGenics common stock is entitled to one
vote per share and each share of PharmaGenics preferred stock is entitled to the
number of votes per share equal to the number of shares of common stock into
which each such share of preferred stock is then convertible. In addition, the
PharmaGenics Charter provides that certain actions must be approved by sixty-six
and two-thirds percent (66 2/3%) of a series of PharmaGenics preferred stock,
acting separately as a class, if such action (i) alters the designations,
rights, powers, preferences, restrictions or limitations of such series, (ii)
amends the PharmaGenics Charter or By-Laws in a manner which adversely affects
the powers, preferences or rights of
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such series, or (iii) authorizes, designates, creates or issues any shares of
PharmaGenics capital stock ranking senior to such series with respect to
liquidation, redemption or voting, or the payment of dividends.
The Genzyme charter provides that the holders of GMO Stock vote
together with the holders of GGD Stock and GTR Stock as a single class on all
matters as to which common stockholders are generally entitled to vote. For a
description of the voting rights of the GMO Stock see "Description of Genzyme
Capital Stock Voting Rights."
LIQUIDATION RIGHTS
The PharmaGenics Charter provides that upon the liquidation,
dissolution, winding-up or merger of PharmaGenics or other Extraordinary
Transaction (as defined in the PharmaGenics Charter) involving PharmaGenics, the
holders of Series A Stock, Series B Stock and Series C Stock are entitled to
receive out of the assets of PharmaGenics legally available for distribution,
and before any payment is made to holders of PharmaGenics common stock, an
amount per share equal to the Original Purchase Price (as defined in the
PharmaGenics Charter) for each such share, plus an amount equal to any declared
but unpaid dividends. In addition, if the assets available for distribution are
insufficient to pay the holders of Series A, Series B and Series C Stock the
amounts to which they are entitled, such holders share ratably in any
distribution of assets, according to the respective amounts which would be
payable to them if all such amounts were paid in full. Furthermore, after
payment in full to PharmaGenics preferred stockholders, the holders of
PharmaGenics preferred stock are also entitled to share with PharmaGenics common
stockholders in any assets remaining for distribution to holders of PharmaGenics
common stock.
For a description of certain ambiguities in the PharmaGenics Charter as
to the rights of the holders of Series C Stock to participate in the proceeds of
a liquidation or merger on a parity basis with the holders of Series A and B
Stock, see "The Merger Proposal - The Merger - Allocation of Merger
Consideration and Certain Matters Relating to the PharmaGenics Charter." For a
description of the liquidation rights of the GMO Stock see "Description of
Genzyme Capital Stock - Liquidation Rights."
MEETINGS OF STOCKHOLDERS
The DGCL provides that special meetings of stockholders may be called
by the directors or by any other person as may be authorized by the
corporation's certificate of incorporation or by-laws. The MBCL provides that
special meetings of stockholders of a corporation with a class of voting stock
registered under the Exchange Act (a "public company"), may be called by a
corporation's president or directors, and, unless otherwise provided in the
articles of organization or by-laws, must be called by its clerk or any other
officer upon written application of the owners of at least 40% of the
corporation's stock entitled to vote at such meeting. The Genzyme By-Laws
provide for the call of a special meeting of stockholders by the president or
directors of Genzyme, or upon written application of the owners of not less than
90% (or such lesser percentage as may be required by law) in interest of the
corporation's stock entitled to vote at such meeting.
INSPECTION RIGHTS
Inspection rights under the DGCL are more extensive than under the
MBCL. Under the DGCL, any stockholder, upon written demand stating the purpose
thereof, has the right to inspect a corporation's stock ledger, stockholder
list, and other books and records for any proper purpose. Under the
Massachusetts statute, a corporation's stockholders have the right for a proper
purpose to inspect the corporation's articles of organization, by-laws, records
of all meetings of incorporators and stockholders, and stock and transfer
records, including the stockholder list. In addition, stockholders of a
Massachusetts business corporation have a qualified common law right under
certain circumstances to inspect other books and records of the corporation.
ACTION BY CONSENT OF STOCKHOLDERS
Under the DGCL, unless the certificate of incorporation provides
otherwise, any action required to be taken by stockholders at a meeting may be
taken without a meeting, without prior notice and without a vote, if
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the stockholders having no less than the minimum number of votes that would be
necessary to take such action at a meeting at which all stockholders were
present and voted, consent to the action in writing. Under the MBCL, any action
to be taken by stockholders may be taken without a meeting if all stockholders
entitled to vote on the matter consent to the action in writing, and a
corporation may not provide otherwise in its articles of organization or
by-laws. Because the Massachusetts law may change in the future, the Genzyme
Charter and By-Laws contain a provision eliminating the right of stockholders to
take action by written consent, except as otherwise required by law.
CUMULATIVE VOTING
Under the DGCL, a corporation may provide in its certificate of
incorporation for cumulative voting by stockholders in elections of directors
(i.e., each stockholder casts as many votes for directors as he has shares of
stock multiplied by the number of directors to be elected). The PharmaGenics
Charter does not provide for cumulative voting. Massachusetts has no cumulative
voting provision.
DIVIDENDS AND REPURCHASES OF STOCK
Under the DGCL, the directors of a corporation may declare and pay
dividends either out of its surplus or, if there is no surplus, out of net
profits for the current and/or preceding fiscal year, provided that such
dividends will not reduce capital below the amount of capital represented by all
classes of stock having a preference upon the distribution of assets. Dividends
may be paid in cash, property or shares of the corporation's common stock. Also
under the DGCL, a corporation may redeem or repurchase shares of its stock if
such redemption or repurchase will not impair the capital of the corporation.
The directors of a Delaware corporation may be jointly and severally liable to
the corporation for a willful or negligent violation of such provisions of the
DGCL. Under the MBCL, the payment of dividends and the repurchase of the
corporation's stock are generally permissible if such actions are not taken when
the corporation is insolvent, do not render the corporation insolvent, and do
not violate the corporation's articles of organization. The directors of a
Massachusetts corporation may be jointly and severally liable to the corporation
to the extent that a dividend authorized by the directors exceeds such
permissible amounts and is not repaid to the corporation.
CLASSIFICATION OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS
Under the DGCL a corporation's board of directors may be divided into
one, two or three classes if provided for in the certificate of incorporation or
by-laws. The MBCL permits classification of a corporation's board of directors,
but in the case of a public company, the MBCL requires classification into three
classes and imposes certain other requirements unless the directors of such
public company elect by vote to be exempt from such requirements. The Genzyme
Board has voted to exempt the corporation from such requirements because the
Genzyme Charter contains its own classification scheme. The Genzyme Charter
provides that Genzyme's Board of Directors is divided into three classes with
the directors of each class being elected for staggered three year terms.
REMOVAL OF DIRECTORS
Under the DGCL, stockholders may remove directors with or without cause
by a majority vote. Unlike Massachusetts law, Delaware law does not permit
directors to remove other directors. Under the MBCL, except as otherwise
provided in a corporation's articles of organization or by-laws, directors may
be removed from office with or without cause by the holders of a majority of the
shares entitled to vote in the election of directors and with cause by a
majority of the directors then in office. The Genzyme Charter provides that the
sole method of removal of directors is for cause by the holders of a majority of
the shares entitled to vote in the election of directors.
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VACANCIES ON THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS
Under both the DGCL and the MBCL, unless otherwise provided in the
charter or by-laws, vacancies and newly created directorships resulting from a
resignation or any increase in the authorized number of directors may be filled
by the remaining directors. Neither the Genzyme or PharmaGenics Charters nor the
Genzyme or PharmaGenics By-Laws provide otherwise.
EXCULPATION OF DIRECTORS
The DGCL and the MBCL have substantially similar provisions relating to
exculpation of directors. Each state's law permits, and the PharmaGenics and
Genzyme Charters provide, that no director shall be personally liable to the
company or its stockholders for monetary damages for breaches of fiduciary duty
except where such exculpation is expressly prohibited. The circumstances under
which such exculpation is prohibited are substantially similar, except that in
Massachusetts, a director is not exculpated from liability under provisions of
the MBCL relating to unauthorized distributions and loans to insiders, while in
Delaware, a director is not exculpated from liability under provisions of
Delaware law relating to unlawful payments of dividends and unlawful stock
purchases or redemptions. Under both states' laws, a director may be personally
liable for monetary damages for breaches of the duty of loyalty, for acts or
omissions not in good faith or which involve intentional misconduct or a knowing
violation of the law and for any transactions for which the director has derived
an improper personal benefit.
INDEMNIFICATION OF DIRECTORS, OFFICERS AND OTHERS
Both the DGCL and the MBCL generally permit indemnification of
directors and officers for expenses incurred by them by reason of their position
with the corporation, if the director or officer has acted in good faith and
with the reasonable belief that his conduct was in the best interest of the
corporation. However, the DGCL, unlike the MBCL, does not permit a corporation
to indemnify persons against judgments in actions brought by or in the right of
the corporation (although it does permit indemnification in such situations if
approved by the Delaware Court of Chancery and for expenses of such actions).
The Genzyme By-Laws provide for the indemnification of officers and directors to
the maximum extent legally permissible. However, because the MBCL does not
prohibit indemnification for judgments in actions by or in the right of the
corporation, the Genzyme By-Laws to this extent purports to afford Genzyme
officers and directors greater rights to indemnification for judgments in
derivative actions than would be available under the DGCL (but no Massachusetts
court has approved such indemnification under such circumstances).
INTERESTED DIRECTOR TRANSACTIONS
The DGCL provides that no contract or transaction between a corporation
and one or more of its directors or officers or an entity in which one or more
of its directors or officers are directors or officers or have a financial
interest, shall be void or voidable solely for that reason. In addition, no such
transaction shall be void or voidable solely because the director or officer is
present at, participates in, or votes at the meeting of the board of directors
or committee which authorizes the transaction. In order that such a transaction
not be found void or voidable, it must, after disclosure of material facts, be
approved by the disinterested directors, a committee of disinterested directors,
or the stockholders, or the transaction must be fair as to the corporation. The
MBCL has no comparable provision. However, the Genzyme Charter provides that no
transaction by Genzyme shall be invalidated by the fact that one or more of
Genzyme's directors or officers is a party to the transaction or has a position
or financial interest in a party to the transaction. The Genzyme Charter also
provides that any such interested director may vote on the transaction,
notwithstanding such interest.
SALE, LEASE OR EXCHANGE OF ASSETS AND MERGERS
The DGCL requires the approval of the directors and the vote of the
holders of a majority of the outstanding stock entitled to vote thereon for the
sale, lease, or exchange of all or substantially all of a corporation's property
and assets or a merger or consolidation of the corporation into any other
corporation, although the certificate of incorporation may require a higher
stockholder vote. The PharmaGenics Charter
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does not require a higher vote. The MBCL provides that a vote of two-thirds of
the shares of each class of stock outstanding and entitled to vote thereon is
required to authorize the sale, lease, or exchange of all or substantially all
of a corporation's property and assets or a merger or consolidation of the
corporation into any other corporation, except that the articles of organization
may provide that the vote of a greater or lesser proportion, but not less than a
majority of the outstanding shares of each class, is required. Under the MBCL,
the articles of organization or by-laws may provide that all outstanding classes
of stock vote as a single class, but, in the case of a merger or consolidation,
the separate vote of all classes of stock, the rights of which would be
adversely affected by the transaction, is also required. The Genzyme Charter
reduces from two-thirds to a majority of each class outstanding and entitled to
vote thereon, the stockholder vote required to approve such transactions, if the
transaction is approved by the Board of Directors. See also "`Anti-Takeover'
Provisions" below.
AMENDMENTS TO CHARTER
Under Delaware law, charter amendments require the approval of the
directors and the vote of the holders of a majority of the outstanding stock and
a majority of each class of stock outstanding and entitled to vote thereon as a
class, unless the certificate of incorporation requires a greater proportion. In
addition, Delaware law requires a class vote when, among other things, an
amendment will alter or change the powers, preferences or special rights of a
class of stock so as to affect the holders of such class of stock adversely. The
PharmaGenics Charter requires that amendments which adversely affect the powers,
preferences or rights pertaining to a series of preferred stock be approved in a
class vote by two-thirds of the series of preferred stock adversely affected by
the amendment. See also " - Voting Rights." Under the MBCL, amendments to a
corporation's articles of organization relating to certain changes in capital or
in the corporate name require the vote of at least a majority of each class of
stock outstanding and entitled to vote thereon. Amendments relating to other
matters require a vote of at least two-thirds of each class outstanding and
entitled to vote thereon or, if the articles of organization so provide, a
greater or lesser proportion but not less than a majority of the outstanding
shares of each class. Under the MBCL, the articles of organization or by-laws
may provide that all outstanding classes of stock vote as a single class, but
the separate vote of any class of stock the rights of which would be adversely
affected by the amendment, is also required. The Genzyme Charter reduces from
two-thirds to a majority of each class outstanding and entitled to vote thereon,
the stockholder vote to approve such amendments, if the amendment is approved by
the Board of Directors.
APPRAISAL RIGHTS
Dissenting stockholders have the right to obtain the fair value of
their shares (so-called "appraisal rights") in more circumstances under
Massachusetts law than under Delaware law. Under Delaware law, a stockholder is
entitled to appraisal rights in the event of certain mergers or consolidations.
In general, appraisal rights are not available in a merger under Delaware law
with respect to shares of any corporation which on the record date of the vote
to approve the merger are listed on a national securities exchange, quoted on
the Nasdaq National Market or held of record by more than 2,000 stockholders,
unless the consideration to be received in the merger is other than shares of
stock of the corporation surviving the merger or shares of stock of another
corporation which, at the effective date of the merger, will be either listed on
a national securities exchange, quoted on the Nasdaq National Market or held of
record by more than 2,000 stockholders. Appraisal rights are not available under
Delaware law in the event of the sale, lease, or exchange of all or
substantially all of a corporation's assets or the adoption of an amendment to
its certificate of incorporation, unless such rights are granted in the
corporation's certificate of incorporation. Under Massachusetts law, a properly
dissenting stockholder is entitled to receive the appraised value of his shares
when the corporation votes (i) to sell, lease, or exchange all or substantially
all of its property and assets, (ii) to adopt an amendment to its articles of
organization which adversely affects the rights of the stockholder, or (iii) to
merge or consolidate with another corporation.
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"ANTI-TAKEOVER" PROVISIONS
CONTRACTUAL MEASURES. The Charter and By-Laws of both Genzyme and PharmaGenics
contain provisions that could discourage potential takeover attempts and prevent
stockholders from changing the company's management, including authorization of
the Board of Directors to issue shares of preferred stock in series, enlarge the
size of the Board of Directors and fill any vacancies on the Board of Directors,
and restrictions on the ability of stockholders to call a special meeting of
stockholders, bring business before an annual meeting and nominate candidates
for election as directors. Each company also has agreements with certain
officers containing change of control provisions.
In addition, Genzyme has a shareholder rights plan. Under the proposed
amendment to this plan that will become effective following completion of the
Merger, each outstanding share of GMO Stock also represents a right that, under
certain circumstances, may trade separately from the GMO Stock. The rights,
which are not currently exercisable, under certain circumstances will permit
their holders (other than an acquiror) to purchase at a favorable price large
amounts of common stock or securities of a successor to Genzyme with the result
that an acquiror's interest in Genzyme would be substantially diluted. See "The
Merger Proposal - Restatement of Rights Agreement."
BUSINESS COMBINATION STATUTE. Delaware's "Business Combination" statute is
substantially similar to Massachusetts' Business Combination statute. However,
while the Delaware statute provides that, if a person acquires 15% or more of
the stock of a Delaware corporation without the approval of its board of
directors (an "interested stockholder"), he may not engage in certain
transactions with the corporation for a period of three years, the Massachusetts
statute has lowered the 15% threshold to 5%. Both the Delaware and Massachusetts
statutes include certain exceptions to this prohibition; for example, if the
board of directors approves the acquisition of stock or the transaction prior to
the time that the person became an interested stockholder, or if the interested
stockholder acquires 85% (in the Delaware statute) or 90% (in the Massachusetts
statute) of the voting stock of the corporation (excluding voting stock owned by
directors who are also officers and certain employee stock plans) in one
transaction, or if the transaction is approved by the board of directors and by
the affirmative vote of two-thirds of the outstanding voting stock which is not
owned by the interested stockholder, the prohibition does not apply.
PharmaGenics currently is subject to the Delaware Business Combination
statute, but its board of directors has taken action to exempt the Merger from
the statute. Genzyme is subject to the Massachusetts Business Combination
statute unless it elects not to be governed by the statute in its articles of
organization or by-laws. Genzyme has not made such election and does not
currently intend to make such an election.
CONTROL SHARE ACQUISITION STATUTE. Under the Massachusetts Control Share
Acquisition statute for Massachusetts corporations, a person (hereinafter, the
"acquiror") who makes a bona fide offer to acquire, or acquires, shares of stock
of a corporation that when combined with shares already owned, would increase
the acquiror's ownership to at least 20%, 33 1/3%, or a majority of the voting
stock of the corporation, must obtain the approval of a majority in interest of
the shares held by all stockholders, except the acquiror and the officers and
inside directors of the corporation, in order to vote the shares acquired. The
statute does not require the acquiror to complete the purchase before the
stockholder vote is taken.
The Control Share Acquisition statute permits a Massachusetts
corporation to elect not to be governed by these provisions by including such an
election in its articles of organization or by-laws. The Genzyme ByLaws contain
a provision pursuant to which Genzyme elected not to be governed by the
Massachusetts Control Share Acquisition statute. However, if at a future date
the Board of Directors of Genzyme determines that it is in the best interests of
Genzyme and its stockholders that Genzyme be governed by the statute, the
By-Laws may be amended to permit Genzyme to be governed by such statute. Any
such amendment, however, would apply only to acquisitions crossing the
thresholds which occur after the effective date of such amendment.
Delaware does not have a Control Share Acquisition statute.
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LEGAL OPINIONS
The validity of the GMO Stock to be issued in connection with the
Merger and certain tax matters described herein will be passed upon for Genzyme
by Palmer & Dodge LLP, Boston, Massachusetts, counsel for Genzyme.
Certain tax matters described herein will be passed upon for
PharmaGenics by Ballard Spahr Andrews & Ingersoll, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,
counsel to PharmaGenics.
EXPERTS
The consolidated balance sheets of Genzyme as of December 31, 1995 and
1996 and the related consolidated statements of operations, stockholders' equity
and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 1996
included in Genzyme's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31,
1996, and the financial statement schedule appearing therein, incorporated by
reference into this Prospectus/Proxy Statement, have been incorporated herein in
reliance on the report of Coopers & Lybrand L.L.P., independent accountants,
given on the authority of that firm as experts in accounting and auditing.
The combined balance sheets of Genzyme General and GTR as of December
31, 1995 and 1996, and the related combined statements of operations and cash
flows for each group for each of the three years in the period ended December
31, 1996, have also been incorporated by reference herein in reliance on the
respective reports of Coopers & Lybrand L.L.P., independent accountants, given
on the authority of that firm as experts in accounting and auditing.
The combined balance sheets of GMO as of December 31, 1995 and 1996,
and the related combined statements of operations and deficit accumulated during
the development stage, cash flows and division equity for the period from
December 1, 1994 (Date of Inception) through December 31, 1994, for the years
ended December 31, 1995 and 1996 and cumulative for the period from December 1,
1994 (Date of Inception) through December 31, 1996, have also been included
herein in reliance on the report of Coopers & Lybrand L.L.P., independent
accountants, given on the authority of that firm as experts in accounting and
auditing.
The audited financial statements of PharmaGenics incorporated by
reference in this Prospectus/Proxy Statement have been audited by Arthur
Andersen LLP, independent public accountants, as indicated in their report with
respect thereto, and are incorporated by reference herein in reliance upon the
authority of said firm as experts in giving said reports.
FINANCIAL ADVISORS
PaineWebber has acted as financial advisor to PharmaGenics in
connection with the Merger. Following completion of the Merger, PharmaGenics
will pay PaineWebber a fee not to exceed $500,000. PharmaGenics has also agreed
to reimburse PaineWebber for its reasonable out-of-pocket expenses and to
indemnify it against certain liabilities. PaineWebber and certain of its
affiliates are stockholders of PharmaGenics. PaineWebber and certain of its
affiliates have engaged in certain transactions with PharmaGenics. See "The
Merger Proposal - The Merger - Fairness Opinion."
PaineWebber has acted as underwriter in connection with the sale of
securities of Genzyme in the past, for which it received customary commissions,
and may serve as placement agent in connection with a private placement of GMO
Stock, for which it will receive customary fees. In addition, PaineWebber has in
the past provided investment banking services to Genzyme, for which it received
customary fees.
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DEADLINE FOR STOCKHOLDER PROPOSALS
In order for a stockholder proposal to be considered for inclusion in
Genzyme's proxy materials for the 1998 annual meeting, it must be received by
Genzyme at One Kendall Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, Attention: Chief
Financial Officer, no later than December 13, 1997.
In order for a stockholder proposal to be considered for inclusion in
PharmaGenics's proxy materials for its next annual meeting of stockholders, such
proposal must be received by PharmaGenics at Four Pearl Court, Allendale, New
Jersey 07401, Attention: Secretary, no later than July 31, 1997. PharmaGenics
will not be required to include in its proxy solicitation material a shareholder
proposal which is received after that date or which otherwise fails to meet the
requirements for shareholder proposals established by regulations of the
Commission. If the Merger is consummated, PharmaGenics will be merged into
Genzyme and, accordingly, there will be no further meeting of the PharmaGenics
stockholders.
INFORMATION CONCERNING AUDITORS
The firm of Coopers & Lybrand L.L.P., independent accountants, audited
Genzyme's financial statements for the years ending December 31, 1996, 1995 and
1994. Representatives of Coopers & Lybrand L.L.P. are expected to attend the
Genzyme Special Meeting to respond to appropriate questions and will have the
opportunity to make a statement if they desire.
Representatives of Arthur Andersen LLP are expected to attend the
PharmaGenics Special Meeting to respond to appropriate questions and will have
the opportunity to make a statement if they desire.
EXPENSES OF SOLICITATION
Genzyme will bear the cost of solicitation of proxies, including the
charges and expenses of brokerage firms and others of forwarding solicitation
material to beneficial owners of stock in connection with the Genzyme Special
Meeting. In addition to the use of mails, proxies may be solicited by officers
and employees of Genzyme in person or by telephone. Genzyme may retain a
professional proxy solicitation firm to assist in the solicitation of proxies at
a cost which Genzyme estimates will not exceed $20,000.
PharmaGenics will bear the cost of solicitation of proxies, including
the charges and expenses of brokerage firms and others of forwarding
solicitation material to beneficial owners of stock in connection with the
PharmaGenics Special Meeting. In addition to the use of mails, proxies may be
solicited by officers and employees of PharmaGenics in person or by telephone.
OTHER MATTERS
The Genzyme Board does not know of any business to come before the
Genzyme Special Meeting other than the matters described in the notice. If other
business is properly presented for consideration at the Genzyme Special Meeting,
the enclosed proxy authorizes the person named therein to vote the shares in
their discretion.
The PharmaGenics Board does not know of any business to come before the
PharmaGenics Special Meeting other than the matters described in the notice. If
other business is properly presented for consideration at the PharmaGenics
Special Meeting, the enclosed proxy authorizes the person named therein to vote
the shares in their discretion.
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AVAILABLE INFORMATION
Genzyme and PharmaGenics are each subject to the informational
requirements of the Exchange Act, and, in accordance therewith, file periodic
reports, proxy statements and other information with the Commission relating to
their respective businesses, financial statements and other matters. Reports,
proxy and information statements filed pursuant to Sections 14(a) and 14(c) of
the Exchange Act and other information filed with the Commission, as well as
copies of the Registration Statement, can be inspected and copied at the public
reference facilities maintained by the Commission at Room 1024, 450 Fifth
Street, N.W., Judiciary Plaza, Washington, D.C. 20549, and at the following
Regional Offices of the Commission: Midwest Regional Office, 500 West Madison
Street, Suite 1400, Chicago, Illinois 60611; and Northeast Regional Office, 7
World Trade Center, 13th Floor, New York, New York 10048. Copies of such
material can also be obtained at prescribed rates from the Public Reference
Section of the Commission at its principal office at 450 Fifth Street, N.W.,
Judiciary Plaza, Washington, D.C. 20549. Such material may also be accessed
electronically by means of the Commission's home page on the Internet at
http://www.sec.gov.
Genzyme has filed with the Commission a Registration Statement (the
"Registration Statement") with respect to the securities offered hereby. This
Prospectus/Proxy Statement, along with the accompanying letter and notice to
stockholders, also constitutes the prospectus of Genzyme filed as part of the
Registration Statement and does not contain all of the information set forth in
the Registration Statement and the exhibits thereto, certain parts of which are
omitted in accordance with the rules and regulations of the Commission.
Statements made in this Prospectus/Proxy Statement as to the contents of any
contract, agreement or other document referred to are not necessarily complete,
but do provide an accurate summary of the material terms thereof. With respect
to each such contract, agreement or other document filed as an exhibit to the
Registration Statement, reference is made to the exhibit for a more complete
description of the matter involved, and each such statement shall be deemed
qualified in its entirety by such reference. The Registration Statement and any
amendments thereto, including exhibits filed or incorporated by reference as a
part thereof, are available for inspection and copying at the Commission's
offices as described above. All information herein concerning PharmaGenics and
its directors, officers or stockholders has been furnished by PharmaGenics.
INCORPORATION OF CERTAIN DOCUMENTS BY REFERENCE
The following documents previously filed by Genzyme with the Commission
(File No. 0-14680) are hereby incorporated by reference, except as superseded or
modified herein: (i) Genzyme's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended
December 31, 1996; (ii) Genzyme's Current Reports on Form 8-K filed with the
Commission on February 4, 1997 and April 1, 1997; (iii) the description of GGD
Stock contained in Genzyme's Registration Statement on Form 8-B filed with the
Commission on February 28, 1992, as amended by Form 8- B/A, filed with
Commission on March 31, 1995; (iv) the description of General Division Common
Stock Purchase Rights contained in Genzyme's Registration Statement on Form 8-A,
filed with the Commission on March 23, 1989, as amended by Form 8-A/A, filed
with the Commission on November 28, 1994; (v) the description of GTR Stock
contained in Genzyme's Registration Statement on Form 8-A, filed with the
Commission on September 9, 1994, as amended by Form 8-A/A, filed with the
Commission on December 14, 1994 and (vi) the description of GTR Stock Purchase
Rights contained in Genzyme's Registration Statement on Form 8-A, filed with the
Commission on November 28, 1994.
All documents filed by Genzyme pursuant to Sections 13(a), 13(c), 14 or
15(d) of the Exchange Act after the date of this Prospectus/Proxy Statement and
prior to the date of the Genzyme Special Meeting shall be deemed to be
incorporated by reference in this Prospectus/Proxy Statement and to be a part
hereof from the date of the filing such documents.
The following document previously filed by PharmaGenics with the
Commission (File No. 0-20138) are hereby incorporated by reference, except as
superseded or modified herein: PharmaGenics's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the
year ended December 31, 1996.
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Copies of PharmaGenics's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended
December 31, 1996 are also delivered with this Prospectus/Proxy Statement. In
addition, all documents filed by PharmaGenics pursuant to Sections 13(a), 13(c),
14 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act after the date of this Prospectus/Proxy
Statement and prior to the date of the PharmaGenics Special Meeting shall be
deemed to be incorporated by reference in this Prospectus/Proxy Statement and to
be a part hereof from the date of filing such documents.
Any statement contained in a document incorporated or deemed to be
incorporated herein by reference shall be deemed to be modified or superseded
for purposes hereof to the extent that a statement contained herein (or in any
other subsequently filed document which also is or is deemed to be incorporated
herein by reference) modifies or supersedes such statement. Any statement so
modified or superseded shall not be deemed, except as so modified or superseded,
to constitute a part of this Prospectus/Proxy Statement.
This Prospectus/Proxy Statement incorporates certain documents filed by
Genzyme and PharmaGenics with the Commission by reference which are not
presented herein or delivered herewith. Documents relating to Genzyme are
available upon request from Susan Cogswell at the executive offices of Genzyme,
One Kendall Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 (Telephone: (617) 252-7526).
Documents relating to PharmaGenics are available upon request from A. Steven
Franchak at the offices of PharmaGenics, Four Pearl Court, Allendale, New Jersey
07401 (Telephone: (201) 818-1000). In order to ensure timely delivery of these
documents, any request should be made by June 5, 1997.
NO PERSON IS AUTHORIZED TO GIVE ANY INFORMATION OR MAKE ANY
REPRESENTATION NOT CONTAINED IN THIS PROSPECTUS/PROXY STATEMENT IN CONNECTION
WITH THE OFFERING AND SOLICITATIONS MADE HEREBY, AND, IF GIVEN OR MADE, SUCH
INFORMATION OR REPRESENTATION SHOULD NOT BE RELIED UPON AS HAVING BEEN
AUTHORIZED. THIS PROSPECTUS/PROXY STATEMENT DOES NOT CONSTITUTE AN OFFER TO SELL
OR A SOLICITATION OF AN OFFER TO BUY THE SECURITIES OFFERED BY THIS
PROSPECTUS/PROXY STATEMENT OR A SOLICITATION OF A PROXY IN ANY JURISDICTION
WHERE, OR TO OR FROM ANY PERSON TO WHOM, IT IS UNLAWFUL TO MAKE SUCH OFFER OR
SOLICITATION OF AN OFFER OR PROXY SOLICITATION. NEITHER THE DELIVERY OF THIS
PROSPECTUS/PROXY STATEMENT NOR ANY DISTRIBUTION OF THE SECURITIES OFFERED
PURSUANT TO THIS PROSPECTUS/PROXY STATEMENT SHALL CREATE AN IMPLICATION THAT
THERE HAS BEEN NO CHANGE IN THE AFFAIRS OF GENZYME OR PHARMAGENICS SINCE THE
DATE OF THIS PROSPECTUS/PROXY STATEMENT OR THAT THE INFORMATION IN THIS
PROSPECTUS/PROXY STATEMENT OR IN THE DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED HEREIN BY REFERENCE
IS CORRECT AS OF ANY TIME SUBSEQUENT TO THE DATE HEREOF OR THEREOF.
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ANNEX I
================================
AGREEMENT AND PLAN OF MERGER
BETWEEN
GENZYME CORPORATION
AND
PHARMAGENICS, INC.
-----------------------------
Dated as of January 31, 1997
-----------------------------
================================
<PAGE> 139
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
SECTION 1 - THE MERGER...................................................... 1
1.1 The Merger..................................................... 1
1.2 Effective Time................................................. 1
1.3 Closing........................................................ 1
1.4 Effects of the Merger.......................................... 2
1.5 Articles of Organization and By-Laws........................... 2
1.6 Directors and Officers......................................... 2
1.7 Name and Purpose of Surviving Corporation...................... 2
1.8 Conversion of Stock............................................ 2
1.9 Warrant to Purchase PharmaGenics Series A Stock................ 3
1.11 No Fractional Shares........................................... 5
1.12 Dissenting Shares.............................................. 5
1.13 Indemnification................................................ 5
SECTION 2 - REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES OF PHARMAGENICS.................. 6
2.1 Organization and Qualification................................. 6
2.2 Authority to Execute and Perform Agreements.................... 6
2.3 Capitalization and Title to Shares............................. 6
2.4 Subsidiaries................................................... 7
2.5 SEC Reports.................................................... 7
2.6 Financial Statements........................................... 7
2.7 Absence of Undisclosed Liabilities............................. 7
2.8 No Material Adverse Change..................................... 8
2.9 No Breach...................................................... 8
2.10 Actions and Proceedings........................................ 8
2.11 Tax Matters.................................................... 8
2.12 Compliance with Laws........................................... 9
2.13 Contracts and Other Agreements................................. 9
2.14 Properties..................................................... 10
2.15 Intellectual Property.......................................... 10
2.16 Employee Benefit Plans......................................... 11
2.17 Employee Relations............................................. 11
2.18 Insurance...................................................... 11
2.19 Brokerage...................................................... 11
2.20 Hazardous Materials............................................ 11
2.21 Fairness Opinion............................................... 12
2.22 State Anti-Takeover Laws....................................... 12
2.23 Disclosure..................................................... 12
SECTION 3 - REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES OF GENZYME....................... 12
3.1 Organization................................................... 12
3.2 Authority to Execute and Perform Agreement..................... 12
3.3 Capitalization................................................. 13
3.4 SEC Reports.................................................... 13
3.5 Financial Statements........................................... 13
3.6 Absence of Undisclosed Genzyme Liabilities..................... 13
3.7 No Material Adverse Change..................................... 14
3.8 No Breach...................................................... 14
3.9 Actions and Proceedings........................................ 14
3.10 Compliance with Laws........................................... 14
3.11 Intellectual Property.......................................... 15
3.12 Contracts and Other Agreements................................. 15
(i)
<PAGE> 140
3.13 Authorization of Credit Facility............................... 15
3.14 Disclosure..................................................... 15
SECTION 4 - COVENANTS AND AGREEMENTS........................................ 15
4.1 Conduct of Business............................................ 15
4.2 Corporate Examinations and Investigations...................... 17
4.3 Expenses....................................................... 17
4.4 Authorization from Others...................................... 17
4.5 Consummation of Agreement...................................... 17
4.6 Further Assurances............................................. 17
4.7 Proxy Statement; Registration Statement........................ 17
4.8 Stockholder Meetings........................................... 18
4.9 PharmaGenics Compliance with Exchange Act and Securities Act... 18
4.10 Genzyme Compliance with Exchange Act and Securities Act........ 19
4.11 Public Announcements and Confidentiality....................... 19
4.12 Affiliate Letters.............................................. 19
4.13 Stockholder Agreements......................................... 19
4.14 No Solicitation................................................ 20
4.15 Molecular Oncology Division.................................... 20
4.16 Designated Shares.............................................. 20
4.17 Stand-by Credit Facility....................................... 20
SECTION 5 - CONDITIONS PRECEDENT TO THE OBLIGATIONS
OF EACH PARTY TO CONSUMMATE THE MERGER ..................................... 21
5.1 Approvals...................................................... 21
5.2 Registration Statement......................................... 21
5.3 Absence of Order............................................... 21
SECTION 6 - CONDITIONS PRECEDENT TO THE OBLIGATION OF
GENZYME TO CONSUMMATE THE MERGER............................................ 21
6.1 Representations, Warranties and Covenants...................... 21
6.2 Affiliate Letters.............................................. 22
6.3 Stockholder Agreements......................................... 22
6.4 Opinions of Counsel to PharmaGenics............................ 22
6.5 Tax Matters.................................................... 22
6.6 Dissenting Shares.............................................. 22
6.7 Certificate of Merger.......................................... 22
6.8 Comfort Letter................................................. 22
6.9 SAGE License................................................... 22
6.10 Unsigned Agreements............................................ 22
6.11 Amendment of PaineWebber Engagement Letter..................... 22
6.12 Exercise of Stock Purchase Option and Transfer of Technology... 22
6.13 Delivery of Cancelled Warrants................................. 23
6.14 Commitment Letter.............................................. 23
6.15 Legal Proceedings.............................................. 23
6.16 Certificates................................................... 23
SECTION 7 - CONDITIONS PRECEDENT TO THE OBLIGATION OF
PHARMAGENICS TO CONSUMMATE THE MERGER....................................... 23
7.1 Representations, Warranties and Covenants...................... 23
7.2 Opinion of Counsel to Genzyme.................................. 23
7.3 Tax Opinion.................................................... 23
7.4 Merger Documents............................................... 23
7.5 Certificates................................................... 23
(ii)
<PAGE> 141
SECTION 8 - TERMINATION, AMENDMENT AND WAIVER............................... 24
8.1 Termination.................................................... 24
8.2 Effect of Termination.......................................... 25
8.3 Termination Fee................................................ 25
8.4 Amendment...................................................... 25
8.5 Waiver......................................................... 25
SECTION 9 - MISCELLANEOUS................................................... 26
9.1 No Survival.................................................... 26
9.2 Notices........................................................ 26
9.3 Entire Agreement............................................... 26
9.4 No Third Party Beneficiaries................................... 27
9.5 Governing Law.................................................. 27
9.6 Binding Effect; No Assignment.................................. 27
9.7 Variations in Pronouns......................................... 27
9.8 Counterparts................................................... 27
EXHIBITS
A Form of GMO Series Designation
B Form of Amendment to Articles of Organization of Genzyme Corporation
C Form of Affiliate Letter
D Form of Stockholder Agreements
E Genzyme Molecular Oncology Division Assets and Liabilities
F Policies of Genzyme Subsequent to Closing
G Form of Promissory Note
H Form of Opinion of Ballard Spahr Andrews & Ingersoll
I Form of Opinion of Palmer & Dodge LLP
(iii)
<PAGE> 142
AGREEMENT AND PLAN OF MERGER
THIS AGREEMENT AND PLAN OF MERGER (this "Agreement") dated as of
January 31, 1997 is between Genzyme Corporation ("Genzyme"), a Massachusetts
corporation, and PharmaGenics, Inc. ("PharmaGenics"), a Delaware corporation.
Genzyme desires to acquire PharmaGenics through a merger of PharmaGenics with
and into Genzyme on the terms and conditions hereof. PharmaGenics desires to
combine its business with Genzyme's molecular oncology business and for its
stockholders to have a continuing equity interest in such combined businesses.
This Agreement and the resulting merger are intended to be a tax-free "plan of
reorganization" within the meaning of Section 368(a) of the Internal Revenue
Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code"). The Board of Directors of each of the
parties deems it advisable and in the best interests of, and fair to, their
respective stockholders to consummate, and have approved and recommended that
their stockholders approve, the combined transaction contemplated herein.
Accordingly, in consideration of the foregoing and the mutual
representations and covenants contained herein, the parties hereto agree as
follows:
SECTION 1 - THE MERGER
1.1 The Merger. Upon the terms and subject to the conditions hereof,
and in accordance with the Business Corporation Law of the Commonwealth of
Massachusetts (the "MBCL") and the General Corporation Law of the State of
Delaware (the "DGCL"), PharmaGenics shall be merged with and into Genzyme (the
"Merger"). The Merger shall occur at the Effective Time (as defined in Section
1.2). Following the Merger, Genzyme shall be the surviving corporation (the
"Surviving Corporation") and the separate corporate existence of PharmaGenics
shall cease.
1.2 Effective Time. As soon as practicable after satisfaction or waiver
of all conditions to the Merger, the parties shall cause the Merger to be
consummated by filing and recording articles of merger in accordance with
Section 79 of the MBCL (the "Articles of Merger") and a certificate of merger in
accordance with Section 252(c) of the DGCL (the "Certificate of Merger") and
shall take all such further actions as may be required by law to make the Merger
effective. The Merger shall be effective at such time as the Articles of Merger
and the Certificate of Merger are duly filed with the Secretary of the
Commonwealth of Massachusetts and the Secretary of State of Delaware,
respectively, in accordance with the MBCL and the DGCL, or at such later time as
is specified by mutual agreement in the Articles of Merger and the Certificate
of Merger (the "Effective Time").
1.3 Closing. Immediately prior to the filing of the Articles of Merger
and the Certificate of Merger, a closing (the "Closing") will be held at the
offices of Palmer & Dodge LLP, One Beacon Street, Boston, Massachusetts (or such
other place as the parties may agree) for the purpose of confirming satisfaction
or waiver of all conditions to the Merger. The Closing shall take place on the
third business day after the last to occur of:
(a) the day this Agreement is adopted by the stockholders of
PharmaGenics pursuant to Section 4.8(a);
(b) the day this Agreement is approved by the stockholders of Genzyme
pursuant to Section 4.8(b); and
(c) the date all other conditions to the Merger (other than those to be
satisfied by deliveries at the Closing) have been satisfied or waived;
or on such other date as the parties may agree. The date on which the Closing
occurs is referred to herein as the "Closing Date".
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1.4 Effects of the Merger. The Merger shall have the effects set forth
in Sections 80 and 81 of the MBCL and Sections 259, 260 and 261 of the DGCL.
1.5 Articles of Organization and By-Laws. The articles of organization
of Genzyme as in effect immediately prior to the Effective Time shall be the
articles of organization of the Surviving Corporation immediately after the
Effective Time, provided that such articles shall have been amended to (i)
redesignate the existing classes of Genzyme common stock as series of common
stock, (ii) authorize the Genzyme Board of Directors to designate additional
series of common stock and (iii) designate a new series of Genzyme common stock
having terms substantially as set forth in Exhibit A (the "GMO Series
Designation"). If the conditions set forth in the proviso to the preceding
sentence are not met, the articles of organization of Genzyme, as amended by the
amendment thereto substantially in the form attached hereto as Exhibit B (the
"GMO Charter Amendment") shall be the articles of organization of the Surviving
Corporation immediately after the Effective Time. The by-laws of Genzyme as in
effect immediately prior to the Effective Time shall be the by-laws of the
Surviving Corporation immediately after the Effective Time.
1.6 Directors and Officers. The directors and officers of Genzyme
immediately prior to the Effective Time shall be the directors and officers of
the Surviving Corporation immediately after the Effective Time.
1.7 Name and Purpose of Surviving Corporation. The name of the
Surviving Corporation shall be Genzyme Corporation. The purpose of the Surviving
Corporation is to develop, manufacture and sell human health care products and
to engage generally in any business that may lawfully be carried on by a
corporation formed under Chapter 156B of the General Laws of Massachusetts.
1.8 Conversion of Stock.
(a) At the Effective Time, by virtue of the Merger and without any
action on the part of Genzyme or PharmaGenics:
(i) All shares of PharmaGenics Series A Convertible Preferred
Stock, $0.01 par value per share ("PharmaGenics Series A Stock"), Series B
Convertible Preferred Stock, $0.01 par value per share ("PharmaGenics Series B
Stock") and Series C Convertible Preferred Stock, $0.01 par value per share
("PharmaGenics Series C Stock"), outstanding immediately prior to the Effective
Time, other than shares held by PharmaGenics as treasury stock, Dissenting
Shares (as defined in Section 1.12) and shares owned by Genzyme or any
Subsidiary (as defined in Section 2.4) of Genzyme, shall be converted into and
become the right to receive, in the aggregate, 4,000,000 shares, of Genzyme
Molecular Oncology Division Common Stock, $0.01 par value per share, as defined
in the GMO Series Designation if the conditions set forth in the proviso to the
first sentence of Section 1.5 have been met as of the Effective Time, or if such
conditions have not been met, as defined in the GMO Charter Amendment (in either
case, such series or class of stock is referred to herein as "GMO Stock"). Such
shares of GMO Stock are referred to herein as the "Merger Consideration". The
Merger Consideration will be allocated among the holders of the PharmaGenics
Preferred Stock (as hereinafter defined) in accordance with Section 1.8(b) of
this Agreement, subject to adjustment as described below and subject to
reduction for shares of GMO Stock otherwise allocable to holders of Dissenting
Shares (as described in Section 1.12(c) in the case of Dissenting Common Shares
and Section 1.12(a) in the case of Dissenting Shares of PharmaGenics Preferred
Stock) and for the shares of GMO Stock issuable upon exercise of the Comdisco
Warrant (as defined in Section 1.9) after the Effective Time. PharmaGenics
Series A Stock, PharmaGenics Series B Stock and PharmaGenics Series C Stock are
referred to herein collectively as the "PharmaGenics Preferred Stock", and the
PharmaGenics Preferred Stock, together with the PharmaGenics Common Stock (as
defined below), are referred to herein collectively as the "PharmaGenics Stock."
The Merger Consideration shall be adjusted as follows:
(A) the Merger Consideration shall be reduced by subtracting the
number of shares of GMO Stock equal to the quotient obtained by dividing (i) the
aggregate fees payable by PharmaGenics to PaineWebber Incorporated
("PaineWebber") in connection with the Merger by (ii) $7.00 (the "GMO Per Share
Value"), and
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(B) if the expenses of PharmaGenics paid or incurred in connection
with the preparation, execution and performance of this Agreement and the
transactions contemplated hereby, including any brokerage, investment banking,
accounting and legal fees exceed $1,000,000 in the aggregate, the Merger
Consideration shall be reduced by subtracting the number of shares of GMO Stock
equal to the quotient obtained by dividing (i) the aggregate of such excess by
(ii) the GMO Per Share Value.
(ii) All shares of PharmaGenics Common Stock, $0.01 par value per
share ("PharmaGenics Common Stock") outstanding at the Effective Time shall be
canceled without any conversion thereof and no payment shall be made with
respect thereto.
(iii) All shares of PharmaGenics Stock held at the Effective Time
by PharmaGenics as treasury stock shall be canceled without any conversion
thereof and no payment shall be made with respect thereto.
(iv) All shares of PharmaGenics Stock owned beneficially at the
Effective Time by Genzyme or any Subsidiary of Genzyme shall be canceled without
any conversion thereof and no payment shall be made with respect thereto.
(v) All Dissenting Shares shall be treated in accordance with
Section 1.12. (vi) All shares of Genzyme capital stock outstanding immediately
prior to the Effective Time shall remain outstanding as shares of the Surviving
Corporation without any conversion thereof.
(b) The Merger Consideration shall be allocated among the holders of
PharmaGenics Preferred Stock outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time
(other than Dissenting Shares) by allocating to each such holder that number of
shares of GMO Stock determined by multiplying the number of shares of each class
of PharmaGenics Preferred Stock held by such holder by the applicable conversion
factor set forth below:
Series A Conversion Factor: 0.000000058451 multiplied by the number of
shares comprising the Merger Consideration (without reduction for Dissenting
Shares of PharmaGenics Preferred Stock and the shares issuable upon exercise of
the Comdisco Warrant).
Series B Conversion Factor: 0.000000235690 multiplied by the number of
shares comprising the Merger Consideration (without reduction for Dissenting
Shares of PharmaGenics Preferred Stock and the shares issuable upon exercise of
the Comdisco Warrant).
Series C Conversion Factor: 0.000000067564 multiplied by the number of
shares comprising the Merger Consideration (without reduction for Dissenting
Shares of PharmaGenics Preferred Stock and the shares issuable upon exercise of
the Comdisco Warrant).
If, prior to Closing, Genzyme pays a dividend or makes a distribution on any
class of Genzyme capital stock payable in GMO Stock, other than a distribution
of the GMO Designated Shares (as defined in Section 7.a. of the GMO Series
Designation or in Section 8.k. of the GMO Charter Amendment, whichever is in
effect at the Effective Time), or subdivides, combines, reclassifies or takes
other similar actions with respect to the GMO Stock, the conversion factors
described above shall be appropriately adjusted.
1.9 Warrant to Purchase PharmaGenics Series A Stock. At the Effective
Time, the warrant issued by PharmaGenics to Comdisco, Inc. on April 30, 1991
(the "Comdisco Warrant") for the purchase of shares of PharmaGenics Series A
Stock, to the extent outstanding and unexercised, shall cease to represent a
right to acquire shares of PharmaGenics Series A Stock and shall be converted
automatically into a warrant to purchase the number of shares of GMO Stock in an
amount and at an exercise price determined as follows and the right to receive
payment of cash for any fractional shares (as provided in Section 1.11). The
number of shares of GMO Stock subject to the Comdisco Warrant shall be equal to
the product obtained by multiplying (i) the number of shares of PharmaGenics
Series A Stock subject to the original Comdisco Warrant by (ii) the Series A
Conversion Factor set forth above. The exercise price per share of GMO Stock
under the new Comdisco Warrant shall be equal to the quotient obtained by
dividing (i) the exercise price per share of
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PharmaGenics Series A Stock under the original Comdisco Warrant by (ii) the
Series A Conversion Factor, provided that such exercise price shall be rounded
to the nearest cent.
1.10 Exchange of Certificates.
(a) At the Effective Time, the stock transfer books of PharmaGenics
shall be closed and no transfers of shares of PharmaGenics Stock may be made
thereafter. Genzyme shall authorize one or more persons (not affiliated with
Genzyme) to act, until such time as all certificates representing shares of
PharmaGenics Preferred Stock shall have been exchanged in accordance herewith,
as exchange agent hereunder (the "Exchange Agent"). As soon as practicable after
the Effective Time, Genzyme shall cause the Exchange Agent to mail to all former
holders of record of PharmaGenics Preferred Stock instructions for surrendering
their certificates representing PharmaGenics Preferred Stock in exchange for a
certificate or certificates representing shares of GMO Stock (determined in
accordance with Section 1.8(b). Upon such surrender of a PharmaGenics Preferred
Stock certificate to the Exchange Agent, the holder of such certificate shall be
entitled to receive in exchange therefor, at the time specified in Section
1.10(b), a certificate representing that number of whole shares of GMO Stock
into which the shares of PharmaGenics Preferred Stock theretofore represented by
such certificate so surrendered shall have been converted pursuant to the
provisions of this Agreement (together with any cash in lieu of fractional
shares pursuant to Section 1.11), and the certificate so surrendered shall
forthwith be canceled. Until surrendered in accordance with the provisions of
this Section, each PharmaGenics Preferred Stock certificate (other than
certificates for shares to be canceled in accordance with Section 1.8(a)(ii),
(iii) and (iv) hereof and Dissenting Shares, if any) shall represent for all
purposes the right to receive shares of GMO Stock and the right to receive
payment of cash for fractional shares, if any, pursuant to Section 1.11 hereof.
Until such certificates are surrendered, the holders thereof shall not be
entitled to receive any dividend or other distribution payable to holders of
shares of GMO Stock. Upon such surrender, there shall be paid to the record
holder of the certificates representing shares of GMO Stock issued upon such
exchange, the amount of dividends or other distributions that became payable
following the Effective Time and were not paid because of the failure to
surrender certificates for exchange. In no event shall the persons entitled to
receive such dividends or distributions be entitled to receive interest thereon.
GMO Stock into which the PharmaGenics Preferred Stock shall be converted in the
Merger shall be deemed to have been issued at the Effective Time. If any GMO
Stock certificates are to be issued in a name other than that in which the
PharmaGenics Preferred Stock certificate surrendered is registered, it shall be
a condition of such exchange that the person requesting such exchange shall
deliver to the Exchange Agent all documents necessary to evidence and effect
such transfer and shall pay to the Exchange Agent any transfer or other taxes
required by reason of the issuance of certificates for such shares of GMO Stock
in a name other than that of the registered holder of the certificate
surrendered or establish to the satisfaction of the Exchange Agent that such tax
has been paid or is not applicable.
(b) All certificates for GMO Stock issued in exchange for PharmaGenics
Preferred Stock shall be held by the Exchange Agent, no delivery thereof to the
former holders of PharmaGenics Preferred Stock, or transfers thereof on the
books of Genzyme, may be made until the earlier of:
(i) in the case of certificates to be issued to executive officers
and directors of PharmaGenics and the beneficial owners of five percent (5%) or
more of the PharmaGenics Common Stock (on an as converted basis) and each of
HealthCare Ventures II, L.P., HealthCare Ventures III, L.P., HealthCare Ventures
IV, L.P., Hudson Trust, Everest Trust and PaineWebber R&D Partners III, L.P.,
and their respective affiliates:
(A) 270 days after the effectiveness of a registration statement
for an initial public offering of GMO Stock, (B) three (3) years following the
Closing Date or (C) the distribution or sale of GMO Designated Shares by Genzyme
to the public; provided, however, that in the case of clauses (A) or (B), if
Genzyme, as of such date, has filed a registration statement for a public
offering of GMO Stock (other than the initial public offering of GMO Stock),
such date shall be extended until 90 days after the effective date of such
registration statement, and
(ii) in the case of certificates to be issued to all other holders
of PharmaGenics Preferred Stock:
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(A) 180 days after the effectiveness of a registration statement
for an initial public offering of GMO Stock, (B) three (3) years following the
Closing Date or (C) the distribution or sale of GMO Designated Shares by Genzyme
to the public; provided, however, that in the case of clauses (A) or (B), if
Genzyme, as of such date, has filed a registration statement for a public
offering of GMO Stock (other than the initial public offering of GMO Stock),
such date shall be extended until 90 days after the effective date of such
registration statement.
1.11 No Fractional Shares. No certificates representing fractional
shares of GMO Stock shall be issued upon the surrender for exchange of
PharmaGenics Preferred Stock certificates. No fractional interest shall entitle
the owner to vote or to any rights of a security holder. In lieu of fractional
shares, each record holder of shares of PharmaGenics Preferred Stock who would
otherwise have been entitled to a fractional share of GMO Stock, will receive
upon surrender of a PharmaGenics Preferred Stock certificate an amount in cash
(without interest) determined by multiplying such fraction by the GMO Per Share
Value. Genzyme shall not be liable to any holder of shares of PharmaGenics
Preferred Stock for any cash in lieu of fractional interests delivered to a
public official pursuant to applicable escheat or abandoned property laws.
1.12 Dissenting Shares.
(a) Shares of PharmaGenics Stock held by a stockholder who has properly
exercised appraisal rights with respect thereto in accordance with Section 262
of the DGCL are referred to herein as "Dissenting Shares". Shares of
PharmaGenics Preferred Stock that constitute Dissenting Shares shall not be
converted into Merger Consideration and shares of GMO Stock shall not be issued
pursuant to Section 1.8(b) in exchange therefor. From and after the Effective
Time, a stockholder who has properly exercised such appraisal rights shall no
longer retain any rights of a stockholder of PharmaGenics or the Surviving
Corporation, except those provided under the DGCL.
(b) PharmaGenics shall give Genzyme (i) prompt notice of any written
notices and demands under Section 262 of the DGCL with respect to any shares of
capital stock of PharmaGenics, any withdrawal of any such demands and any other
instruments served pursuant to the DGCL and received by PharmaGenics and (ii)
the right to participate in all negotiations and proceedings with respect to any
demands under Section 262 with respect to any shares of capital stock of
PharmaGenics. PharmaGenics shall cooperate with Genzyme concerning, and shall
not, except with the prior written consent of Genzyme, voluntarily make any
payment with respect to, or offer to settle or settle, any such demands.
(c) If any holder of PharmaGenics Common Stock has properly exercised
appraisal rights with respect to shares of PharmaGenics Common Stock
("Dissenting Common Shares"), Genzyme shall have the right to offset any payment
made, or reasonably expected to be made, by it to such holder in respect
thereof, against the shares of GMO Stock to be delivered as the Merger
Consideration. Such offset shall be made prior to any issuance of certificates
for GMO Stock pursuant to Section 1.10 by subtracting from the Merger
Consideration the number of shares of GMO Stock determined by dividing (i) all
payments made or reasonably expected to be made by Genzyme to the holders of
Dissenting Common Shares by (ii) the GMO Per Share Value. In such event, the
number of shares of GMO Stock allocable pursuant to Section 1.8(b) in respect of
each share of PharmaGenics Preferred Stock shall be recalculated in accordance
with such section using the Merger Consideration as so reduced.
1.13 Indemnification. If, at any time prior to the delivery to the
former holders of PharmaGenics Preferred Stock of certificates for GMO Stock
pursuant to Section 1.10, any holder of PharmaGenics Stock (as of the Effective
Time) has commenced or threatened (in writing) to commence any action, suit, or
legal, administrative or arbitration proceeding (collectively referred to herein
as a "Proceeding") against either PharmaGenics or Genzyme, challenging the
Merger or seeking damages or injunctive relief in connection with PharmaGenics's
entering into this Agreement (a "Challenging Stockholder"), Genzyme shall have
the right to offset any cash payment and the value of any noncash payment made,
or reasonably expected to be made, by it to such Challenging Stockholder (and
any reasonably anticipated additional Challenging Stockholders) in respect
thereof and any expenses (including legal expenses) incurred or reasonably
expected to be incurred in connection therewith, against the shares of GMO Stock
to be delivered as the Merger Consideration. Such
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offset shall be made prior to any issuance of certificates for GMO Stock
pursuant to Section 1.10 by subtracting from the Merger Consideration the number
of shares of GMO Stock determined by dividing (i) all payments and expenses made
or reasonably expected to be made by Genzyme to such Challenging Stockholders by
(ii) the GMO Per Share Value. In such event, the number of shares of GMO Stock
allocable pursuant to Section 1.8(b) in respect of each share of PharmaGenics
Preferred Stock shall be recalculated in accordance with such section using the
Merger Consideration as so reduced or in accordance with any judicial
determination regarding such allocation. If the amount subsequently paid upon
final adjudication or settlement of a Proceeding is less than any offset
previously made with respect to such Proceeding, such excess shall be allocated
in accordance with Section 1.8(b) or in accordance with any judicial
determination made in such Proceeding.
SECTION 2 - REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES OF PHARMAGENICS
Except as set forth on the disclosure schedule delivered to Genzyme on
the date hereof (the "PharmaGenics Disclosure Schedule"), the section numbers of
which are numbered to correspond to the section numbers of this Agreement to
which they refer, PharmaGenics represents and warrants to Genzyme as follows.
2.1 Organization and Qualification.
(a) PharmaGenics is a corporation duly organized, validly existing and
in good standing under the laws of the State of Delaware and has full corporate
power and authority to own, lease and operate its assets and to carry on its
business as now being and as heretofore conducted. PharmaGenics is qualified or
otherwise authorized to transact business as a foreign corporation in all
jurisdictions in which such qualification or authorization is required by law,
except for jurisdictions in which the failure to be so qualified or authorized
would not have a material adverse effect on the assets, properties, business,
results of operations or financial condition of PharmaGenics taken as a whole
(the "Business of PharmaGenics"). The PharmaGenics Disclosure Schedule sets
forth each jurisdiction in which PharmaGenics is qualified or otherwise
authorized to transact business as a foreign corporation or other entity.
(b) PharmaGenics has previously provided to Genzyme true and complete
copies of the charter and by-laws of PharmaGenics as in effect on the date
hereof, and PharmaGenics is not in default in the performance, observation or
fulfillment of either its charter or by-laws. The minute books of PharmaGenics
contain true and complete records of all meetings and consents in lieu of
meetings of the Board of Directors (and any committees thereof) and of the
stockholders since the time of its incorporation and accurately reflect in all
material respects all transactions referred to in such minutes and consents in
lieu of meetings. The stock books or other record of equity interests of
PharmaGenics are true and complete in all material respects.
2.2 Authority to Execute and Perform Agreements. PharmaGenics has the
corporate power and authority to enter into, execute and deliver this Agreement
and, subject to the adoption of this Agreement by the stockholders of
PharmaGenics, to perform fully its obligations hereunder. The execution and
delivery of this Agreement and the consummation of the transactions contemplated
hereby have been duly authorized by the Board of Directors of PharmaGenics. No
other corporate action on the part of PharmaGenics is necessary to consummate
the transactions contemplated hereby (other than approval by the stockholders of
PharmaGenics of this Agreement). This Agreement has been duly executed and
delivered by PharmaGenics and, subject to the foregoing, constitutes a valid and
binding obligation of PharmaGenics, enforceable in accordance with its terms,
subject to bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium or similar laws of
general application affecting the rights and remedies of creditors and to
general principles of equity.
2.3 Capitalization and Title to Shares.
(a) The authorized capital stock of PharmaGenics consists of 15,000,000
shares of PharmaGenics Common Stock, of which 455,108 shares were issued and
outstanding as of the date hereof, and 10,000,000 shares of Preferred Stock . Of
such Preferred Stock, 2,500,000 shares have been designated PharmaGenics Series
A Stock, of which 2,160,000 shares are issued and outstanding; 2,500,000 shares
have been designated PharmaGenics Series B Stock, of which 2,138,399 shares are
issued and outstanding; and
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4,717,700 shares have been designated PharmaGenics Series C Stock, of which
3,076,556 shares are issued and outstanding. Such shares are owned of record by
the persons and in the amounts set forth on the PharmaGenics Disclosure
Schedule. No other class of capital stock of PharmaGenics is authorized or
outstanding. All of the issued and outstanding shares of PharmaGenics Stock are
duly authorized and are validly issued, fully paid, nonassessable and free of
preemptive rights. Upon the issuance of shares of PharmaGenics Preferred Stock
to JHU (as defined in Section 4.17) in connection with the amendment of the SAGE
license described in Section 6.9 and upon the exercise by the Partnership (as
defined in Section 6.12) of the option referred to in Section 6.12, the number
of outstanding shares of PharmaGenics Series A, B and Series C Stock will be
2,458,420, 2,270,463 and 4,717,700 respectively.
(b) The issued and outstanding shares of PharmaGenics capital stock
have not been issued in violation of any federal or state law or any preemptive
right or rights to subscribe for or purchase such securities, except for
violations that would not in the aggregate, have a material adverse effect on
the transactions contemplated hereby or the Business of PharmaGenics.
(c) The PharmaGenics Disclosure Schedule includes a true and complete
list of all outstanding rights, subscriptions, warrants, calls, preemptive
rights, options or other agreements of any kind to purchase or otherwise receive
from PharmaGenics any shares of the capital stock or any other security of
PharmaGenics, and all outstanding securities of any kind convertible into or
exchangeable for such securities. True and complete copies of all instruments
(or the forms of such instruments) referred to in this Section 2.3(c) have been
previously furnished to Genzyme. There are no shareholder agreements, voting
trusts, proxies or other similar agreements or understandings with respect to
the outstanding shares of capital stock of PharmaGenics to which PharmaGenics is
a party.
2.4 Subsidiaries.
(a) PharmaGenics does not own, directly or indirectly, any
Subsidiaries, and does not have any investment in the capital stock of, and is
not a party to a partnership or joint venture with, any other person. As used in
this Agreement, "Subsidiary" or "Subsidiaries" means any corporation or other
legal entity of which a party to this Agreement owns fifty percent (50%) or more
of the stock or other equity interest entitled to vote for the election of
directors or comparable governing body.
2.5 SEC Reports. PharmaGenics has previously delivered to Genzyme its
(i) Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 1995 (the
"PharmaGenics 10-K"), as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the
"SEC"), (ii) all proxy statements relating to PharmaGenics's meetings of
stockholders held or to be held since December 31, 1995 and (iii) all other
reports filed by PharmaGenics with the SEC under the Securities Exchange Act of
1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"), since December 31, 1995. As of their
respective dates, such reports complied in all material respects with applicable
SEC requirements and did not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or
omit to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make
the statements therein, in light of the circumstances under which they were
made, not misleading. PharmaGenics has timely filed with the SEC all reports
required to be filed under Sections 13, 14 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act since
December 31, 1995.
2.6 Financial Statements. The consolidated financial statements
contained in the PharmaGenics 10-K and in PharmaGenics's quarterly report on
Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 1996 (the "PharmaGenics 10-Q")
have been prepared from, and are in accordance with, the books and records of
PharmaGenics and fairly present the consolidated financial condition, results of
operations and cash flows of PharmaGenics as of the dates and for the periods
presented therein, all in accordance with generally accepted accounting
principles applied on a consistent basis, except as otherwise indicated therein
and subject (in the case of the unaudited financial statements included in the
PharmaGenics 10-Q) to normal year-end and audit adjustments and footnote
disclosures, which in the aggregate are not material.
2.7 Absence of Undisclosed Liabilities. At December 31, 1995,
PharmaGenics had no material liabilities of any nature, whether accrued,
absolute, contingent or otherwise (including without limitation, liabilities as
guarantor or otherwise with respect to obligations of others or liabilities for
taxes due or then
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accrued or to become due), required to be reflected or disclosed in the balance
sheet dated December 31, 1995 (or the notes thereto) included in the
PharmaGenics 10-K (the "PharmaGenics Balance Sheet") that were not adequately
reflected or reserved against on the PharmaGenics Balance Sheet. PharmaGenics
has no liabilities of the type required to be reflected or disclosed on a
balance sheet in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, other
than liabilities (i) adequately reflected or reserved against on the
PharmaGenics Balance Sheet, (ii) reflected in PharmaGenics's unaudited balance
sheet dated September 30, 1996 included in the PharmaGenics 10-Q (the
"PharmaGenics Interim Balance Sheet"), (iii) incurred since September 30, 1996
in the ordinary course of business and consistent with past practice, (iv) that
would not, in the aggregate, have a material adverse effect on the Business of
PharmaGenics or (v) set forth in Section 2.7 of the PharmaGenics Disclosure
Schedule.
2.8 No Material Adverse Change. Since December 31, 1995, except as set
forth in the PharmaGenics 10-K or the PharmaGenics 10-Q, there has not been (i)
any material adverse change in the Business of PharmaGenics (provided, however,
that no material adverse change in the Business of PharmaGenics shall be deemed
to have occurred solely by reason of the fact that the opinion of PharmaGenics's
independent auditors on PharmaGenics financial statements as of and for the year
ended December 31, 1996 includes a paragraph expressing concern about
PharmaGenics's ability to continue as a going concern) or (ii) action by
PharmaGenics which, if taken on or after the date hereof, would require the
consent or approval of Genzyme pursuant to Section 4.1.
2.9 No Breach. Except for (a) the filing of a Proxy Statement (as
defined in Section 4.7) with the SEC pursuant to the Exchange Act, (b) the
filing of the Certificate of Merger with the Secretary of State of Delaware, and
(c) the filing of the Articles of Merger with the Secretary of the Commonwealth
of Massachusetts, the execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement by
PharmaGenics and the consummation by PharmaGenics of the transactions
contemplated hereby will not (i) violate any provision of the certificate of
incorporation or by-laws of PharmaGenics; (ii) violate or result in a breach of
any of the terms or conditions of, result in modification of the effect of, or
otherwise give any other contracting party the right to terminate, or constitute
(or with notice or lapse of time or both constitute) a default under, any
instrument, contract or other agreement to which PharmaGenics is a party or by
which its assets or properties are bound or subject; (iii) violate any law,
ordinance or regulation or any order, judgment, injunction, decree or other
requirement of any court, arbitrator or governmental or regulatory body
applicable to PharmaGenics, or by which its assets or properties are bound; (iv)
violate any Permit (as defined in Section 2.12); (v) require any filing with,
notice to, or permit, consent or approval of, any governmental or regulatory
body; or (vi) result in the creation of any lien or other encumbrance on the
assets or properties of PharmaGenics, excluding from the foregoing clauses (ii),
(iii), (iv), (v) and (vi) any exceptions to the foregoing that, in the
aggregate, would not have a material adverse effect on the Business of
PharmaGenics or on the ability of PharmaGenics to consummate the transactions
contemplated hereby.
2.10 Actions and Proceedings. There are no outstanding orders,
judgments, injunctions or decrees of any court, arbitrator or governmental or
regulatory body against PharmaGenics. There are no actions, suits,
investigations or claims or legal, administrative or arbitration proceedings
pending or, to the best knowledge of PharmaGenics, threatened against
PharmaGenics. To the best knowledge of PharmaGenics, there is no fact, event or
circumstance now in existence that reasonably could be expected to give rise to
any action, suit, claim, proceeding or investigation that individually or in the
aggregate would have a material adverse effect upon the transactions
contemplated hereby or upon the Business of PharmaGenics.
2.11 Tax Matters.
(a) PharmaGenics has filed all tax reports and returns required to be
filed by it and has paid or will timely pay all taxes and other charges shown as
due on such reports and returns. PharmaGenics is not delinquent in the payment
of any material tax assessment or other governmental charge (including without
limitation applicable withholding taxes). Any provision for taxes reflected in
the PharmaGenics Balance Sheet or the PharmaGenics Interim Balance Sheet is
adequate for payment of any and all tax liabilities for periods ending on or
before September 30, 1996 and there are no tax liens on any assets of
PharmaGenics except liens for current taxes not yet due.
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(b) There has not been any audit of any tax return filed by
PharmaGenics and no audit of any such tax return is in progress and PharmaGenics
has not been notified in writing by any tax authority that any such audit is
contemplated or pending. PharmaGenics has no actual knowledge of any tax
deficiency or claim for additional taxes asserted against PharmaGenics by any
taxing authority and PharmaGenics knows of no grounds for assessment of any
additional taxes. No extension of time with respect to any date on which a tax
return was or is to be filed by PharmaGenics is in force, and no waiver or
agreement by PharmaGenics is in force for the extension of time for the
assessment or payment of any tax. For purposes of this Agreement, the term "tax"
includes all federal, state, local and foreign taxes or assessments, including
income, sales, excise, use, franchise, payroll, withholding, property and import
taxes and any interest or penalties applicable thereto.
(b) PharmaGenics does not, and is not required to, file any franchise,
income or other tax return in any jurisdiction (in the United States or outside
of the United States) other than its jurisdiction of incorporation, based upon
the ownership or use of property therein or the derivation of income therefrom.
(c) PharmaGenics has not agreed to, nor is required to, make any
adjustments under Section 481(a) of the Code by reason of a change in accounting
method or otherwise.
2.12 Compliance with Laws.
(a) PharmaGenics has all licenses, permits, franchises, orders or
approvals of any federal, state, local or foreign governmental or regulatory
body material to the present conduct of its business (collectively, "Permits");
such Permits are in full force and effect; and no proceeding is pending or, to
the best knowledge of PharmaGenics, threatened to revoke or limit any such
Permit. The PharmaGenics Disclosure Schedule contains a true and complete list
of all such Permits as of the date hereof.
(b) PharmaGenics is not in violation of any applicable law, ordinance
or regulation or any order, judgment, injunction, decree or other requirement of
any court, arbitrator or governmental or regulatory body, except for violations
that would not, in the aggregate, have a material adverse effect on the Business
of PharmaGenics. During the last three years, PharmaGenics has not received
notice of, and there has not been any citation, fine or penalty imposed against
PharmaGenics for, any such violation or alleged violation. To the best knowledge
of PharmaGenics, PharmaGenics has not received any such notice of violation more
than three years ago which has not been resolved.
2.13 Contracts and Other Agreements. PharmaGenics is not a party to or
bound by, and its properties are not subject to, any contract or other agreement
required to be disclosed in or filed as an exhibit to SEC Form 10-K or Form 10-Q
which is not disclosed in or filed as an exhibit to the PharmaGenics 10-K or a
subsequent 10-Q filed by PharmaGenics. All contracts and other agreements
disclosed in or filed as exhibits to the PharmaGenics 10-K or a subsequent 10-Q
and each of the contracts set forth on the PharmaGenics Disclosure Schedule are
valid, subsisting, in full force and effect, binding upon PharmaGenics, and to
the best knowledge of PharmaGenics, binding upon the other parties thereto in
accordance with their terms, and PharmaGenics is not in default under any of
them, nor, to the best knowledge of PharmaGenics, is any other party to any such
contract or other agreement in default thereunder, nor does any condition exist
that with notice or lapse of time or both would constitute a default by
PharmaGenics or, to the best knowledge of PharmaGenics, by any other party
thereunder, or that would give rise to a termination right on the part of any
party thereto, except in each case, such defaults and conditions as would not,
individually or in the aggregate, have a material adverse effect on the Business
of PharmaGenics.
The PharmaGenics Disclosure Schedule sets forth as of the date hereof a
list of the following contracts and other agreements to which PharmaGenics is a
party or by or to which its assets or properties are bound or subject:
(a) any agreement or series of related agreements that requires
aggregate payment by or to PharmaGenics of more than $100,000;
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(b) any indenture, trust agreement, loan agreement or note that
involves or evidences outstanding indebtedness, obligations or liabilities for
borrowed money (it being understood that amounts owing to trade creditors for
goods or services in the ordinary course of business are excluded);
(c) any agreement of surety, guarantee or indemnification, other than
(i) an agreement in the ordinary course of business with respect to obligations
in an amount not in excess of $10,000 or (ii) indemnification provisions
contained in leases not otherwise required to be disclosed;
(d) any written agreement with or for the benefit of any officer,
director, employee, consultant or stockholder of PharmaGenics;
(e) any agreement containing covenants of PharmaGenics not to compete
in any line of business, in any geographic area or with any person or covenants
of any other person not to compete with PharmaGenics or in any line of business
of PharmaGenics; and
(f) any agreement granting to or restricting the right of,
PharmaGenics to use a trade name, trademark, logo or Proprietary Right (as
defined in Section 2.15 hereof).
True and complete copies of all of the contracts and other agreements disclosed
in or filed as exhibits to the PharmaGenics 10-K or a subsequent 10-Q or set
forth on the PharmaGenics Disclosure Schedule have been previously provided to
Genzyme.
2.14 Properties. PharmaGenics owns and has good title to all of its
assets and properties reflected as owned on the PharmaGenics Balance Sheet, free
and clear of any lien, claim or other encumbrance, except for (i) the liens,
claims or other encumbrances reflected on the PharmaGenics Balance Sheet, (ii)
assets and properties disposed of, or subject to purchase or sales orders, in
the ordinary course of business since the date of the PharmaGenics Balance
Sheet, (iii) liens, claims or other encumbrances securing the liens of
materialmen, carriers, landlords and like persons, all of which are not yet due
and payable, (iv) liens for taxes not yet delinquent and (v) liens, claims,
other encumbrances or defects in title that, in the aggregate, are not material
to the Business of PharmaGenics. PharmaGenics does not own any real property and
does not have any options or contractual obligations to purchase or acquire any
interest in real property. PharmaGenics owns or has a valid leasehold interest
in all of the buildings, structures, leasehold improvements, equipment and other
tangible property material to the Business of PharmaGenics, all of which are in
good and sufficient operating condition and repair, ordinary wear and tear
excepted. PharmaGenics has not received notice that any of such property is in
violation in any material respect of any existing law or any building, zoning,
health, safety or other ordinance, code or regulation.
2.15 Intellectual Property.
(a) PharmaGenics owns, or is licensed to use, or otherwise has the
right to use all patents, trademarks, service marks, trade names, trade secrets,
logos, franchises, and copyrights, and all applications for any of the
foregoing, and all technology, inventions, trade secrets, know-how, computer
software and processes to the extent material to the Business of PharmaGenics
(collectively, the "Proprietary Rights"). PharmaGenics has previously delivered
to Genzyme a certified list of all such patents and registered copyrights and
trademarks, and all applications therefor (the "PharmaGenics Registered
Rights"). All of the PharmaGenics Registered Rights owned by PharmaGenics, and
to the best knowledge of PharmaGenics, all PharmaGenics Registered Rights
licensed to PharmaGenics, have been registered in, filed in or issued by the
United States Patent and Trademark Office, the United States Register of
Copyrights, or the corresponding offices of other jurisdictions as identified in
Section 2.15 of the PharmaGenics Disclosure Schedule, and have been properly
maintained and renewed in accordance with all applicable provisions of law and
administrative regulations in the United States and in each such other
jurisdiction.
(b) To the best knowledge of PharmaGenics, the Business of
PharmaGenics as currently conducted does not infringe upon the proprietary
rights of others, nor has PharmaGenics received any notice or claim from any
third party of such infringement by PharmaGenics. PharmaGenics is not aware of
any material unlicensed
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infringement by any third party on, or any issued competing claim of right to
use or own any of, the Proprietary Rights of PharmaGenics. To the best knowledge
of PharmaGenics, none of the activities of the employees of PharmaGenics on
behalf of PharmaGenics violates any agreements or arrangements that any such
employees have with former employers. Any exceptions to the representations in
this Section 2.15 are set forth on the certified list of PharmaGenics Registered
Rights.
2.16 Employee Benefit Plans. The PharmaGenics Disclosure Schedule sets
forth a complete list of all pension, profit sharing, stock option, stock
purchase, retirement, deferred compensation, welfare, insurance, disability,
bonus, vacation and sick pay, severance pay and similar plans, programs or
arrangements, including without limitation all employee benefit plans as defined
in Section 3 of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended
("ERISA"), maintained by PharmaGenics (the "Plans"). PharmaGenics does not
maintain or contribute to any "multiemployer plan" as defined in Section
4001(a)(3) of ERISA, and PharmaGenics has not incurred any material liability
under Sections 4062, 4063 or 4201 of ERISA. Each Plan maintained by PharmaGenics
which is intended to be qualified under either Section 401(a) or 501(c)(9) of
the Code is so qualified. Each Plan has been administered in all material
respects in accordance with the terms of such Plan and the provisions of any and
all statutes, orders or governmental rules or regulations, including without
limitation ERISA and the Code, and nothing has been done or omitted to be done
with respect to any Plan that would result in any material liability on the part
of PharmaGenics under Title I of ERISA or Section 4975 of the Code. All reports
required to be filed with respect to all Plans, including without limitation
annual reports on Form 5500, have been timely filed except where the failure to
so file would not have a material adverse effect on the Business of
PharmaGenics. PharmaGenics does not maintain any pension plan subject to Title
IV of ERISA. All claims for welfare benefits incurred by employees on or before
the Closing are or will be fully covered by third-party insurance policies or
programs. Except for continuation of health coverage to the extent required
under Section 4980B of the Code or as otherwise set forth in this Agreement,
there are no obligations under any welfare plan (within the meaning of Section
3(1) of ERISA) providing benefits after termination of employment.
2.17 Employee Relations. PharmaGenics has approximately 36 full-time
equivalent employees. PharmaGenics is not delinquent in payments to any of their
employees or consultants for any wages, salaries, commissions, bonuses or other
compensation for any services performed by them to the date hereof or amounts
required to be reimbursed to such employees. Upon termination of the employment
of any employees, neither PharmaGenics nor Genzyme will by reason of the Merger
or anything done prior to the Effective Time be liable to any such employees for
severance pay or any other payments (other than accrued salary, vacation or sick
pay in accordance with PharmaGenics's normal policies). True and complete
information as to the current compensation of all current directors, officers,
employees or consultants of PharmaGenics including, in each case, name, current
job title, annual rate of compensation, bonus potential, commissions and
termination obligations has been previously provided to Genzyme.
2.18 Insurance. The PharmaGenics Disclosure Schedule sets forth a true
and complete list of all insurance policies and bonds maintained by
PharmaGenics. All of such policies and bonds are in full force and effect and,
to the knowledge of PharmaGenics, are valid and enforceable in accordance with
their terms. PharmaGenics has not received any notice of cancellation or
amendment of any such policy or bond or is in default thereunder, no coverage
thereunder is being disputed and all material claims thereunder have been filed
in a timely fashion.
2.19 Brokerage. No broker, finder, agent or similar intermediary (other
than PaineWebber pursuant to the agreement described in Section 2.19 of the
PharmaGenics Disclosure Schedule) has acted on behalf of PharmaGenics in
connection with this Agreement or the transactions contemplated hereby, and
there are no brokerage commissions, finders' fees or similar fees or commissions
payable in connection herewith based on any agreement, arrangement or
understanding with PharmaGenics, or any action taken by it.
2.20 Hazardous Materials.
(a) The PharmaGenics Disclosure Schedule includes a true and correct
list of all Hazardous Materials (as hereinafter defined) generated, used,
handled or stored by PharmaGenics, the proper disposal of
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which has required or will require any material expenditure by PharmaGenics.
There has been no generation, use, handling, storage or disposal of any
Hazardous Materials in violation of common law or any applicable environmental
law at any site owned or premises leased by PharmaGenics, during the period of
PharmaGenics's ownership or lease or, to the best knowledge of PharmaGenics,
prior thereto, excluding any such events that would not, in the aggregate, have
a material adverse effect on the Business of PharmaGenics. Nor has there been or
is there threatened any release of any Hazardous Materials on or at any such
site or premises during such period or to the best knowledge of PharmaGenics,
prior thereto, in violation of common law or any applicable environmental law or
which created or will create an obligation to report or remediate such release,
excluding any such events that would not, in the aggregate, have a material
adverse effect on the Business of PharmaGenics. "Hazardous Materials" means any
"hazardous waste" as defined in either the Resource Conservation and Recovery
Act, 42 U.S.C. Sections 6901-6991i, or regulations adopted pursuant to said
Act, any "hazardous substances" or "hazardous materials" as defined in the
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act, 42 U.S.C.
Sections 9601 to 9675, and, to the extent not included in the foregoing,
any medical or laboratory waste.
(b) There is no environmental, health or safety matter now in
existence that reasonably could be expected to have a material adverse effect on
the Business of PharmaGenics. PharmaGenics has previously provided to Genzyme
copies of all documents concerning any environmental or health and safety matter
that could have a material adverse effect on the Business of PharmaGenics, if
any, and copies of any environmental audits, risk assessments or site
assessments, documentation regarding off-site disposal of Hazardous Materials,
spill control plans and material correspondence with any governmental agency
regarding the foregoing.
2.21 Fairness Opinion. The Board of Directors of PharmaGenics has
received the opinion of PaineWebber to the effect that, as of the date on which
the Board of Directors authorized this Agreement, the Merger is fair from a
financial point of view to PharmaGenics and its stockholders, and such opinion
has not, as of the date hereof, been withdrawn.
2.22 State Anti-Takeover Laws. Prior to the time this Agreement was
executed, the Board of Directors of PharmaGenics has taken all action necessary
to exempt under or make not subject to Section 203 of the DGCL: (i) the
execution of this Agreement and the Stockholder Agreements (as defined in
Section 4.13); (ii) the Merger; and (iii) the transactions contemplated hereby
and by the Stockholder Agreements.
2.23 Disclosure. The representations, warranties and statements made by
PharmaGenics in this Agreement and in the other documents and certificates
delivered in connection herewith do not contain any untrue statement of a
material fact, and, when taken together, do not omit to state any material fact
necessary to make such representations, warranties and statements, in light of
the circumstances under which they are made, not misleading.
SECTION 3 - REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES OF GENZYME
Except as set forth on the disclosure schedule delivered to
PharmaGenics on the date hereof (the "Genzyme Disclosure Schedule"), the section
numbers of which are numbered to correspond to the section numbers of this
Agreement to which they refer, Genzyme represents and warrants, as follows.
3.1 Organization. Genzyme is a corporation duly organized, validly
existing and in good standing under the laws of the Commonwealth of
Massachusetts and has full corporate power and authority to own, lease and
operate its assets and to carry on its business as now being conducted.
3.2 Authority to Execute and Perform Agreement. Genzyme has the
corporate power and authority to enter into, execute and deliver this Agreement
and, subject to the approval of this Agreement by Genzyme's stockholders, to
perform fully its obligations hereunder. The execution and delivery of this
Agreement and the consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby have been
duly authorized by the Board of Directors of Genzyme. No other corporate action
on the part of Genzyme is necessary to consummate the transactions contemplated
hereby (other than approval of this Agreement by the stockholders of Genzyme).
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This Agreement has been duly executed and delivered by Genzyme and, subject to
the foregoing, constitutes a valid and binding obligation of Genzyme,
enforceable in accordance with its terms, subject to bankruptcy, insolvency,
reorganization, moratorium or similar laws of general application affecting the
rights and remedies of creditors and to general principles of equity.
3.3 Capitalization. The authorized capital stock of Genzyme consists of
200,000,000 shares of General Division Common Stock, $0.01 par value per share
("GGD Stock"), of which 70,586,660 shares were issued and outstanding as of
October 31, 1996, 40,000,000 shares of Tissue Repair Division Common Stock,
$0.01 par value per share ("GTR Stock"), of which 12,892,671 shares were issued
and outstanding as of October 31, 1996, and 10,000,000 shares of preferred
stock, $0.01 par value per share ("Genzyme Preferred Stock"), issuable in
series, none of which are outstanding. Of the Genzyme Preferred Stock, 2,000,000
and 400,000 shares have been designated as Series A Junior Participating
Preferred Stock and Series B Junior Participating Preferred Stock, respectively,
and reserved for issuance under Genzyme's shareholder rights plan. The shares of
GMO Stock to be issued in the Merger will be, when issued, duly and validly
issued, fully paid and nonassessable, and not subject to any restriction on
transfer imposed by the articles of organization or by-laws of Genzyme. As of
October 31, 1996, except for (a) an aggregate of 15,894,202 shares of GGD Stock
and an aggregate of 3,763,978 shares of GTR Stock reserved for issuance under
various stock option, stock purchase and savings plans of Genzyme, (b) an
aggregate of 4,821,710 and 325,465 shares of GGD Stock and GTR Stock,
respectively, reserved for issuance upon the exercise of outstanding warrants,
and (c) the Series A and B Junior Participating Preferred Stock reserved for
issuance under Genzyme's shareholder rights plan, there is no outstanding right,
subscription, warrant, call, preemptive right, option or other agreement of any
kind to purchase or otherwise to receive from Genzyme any shares of the capital
stock of Genzyme and there is no outstanding security of any kind convertible
into or exchangeable for such capital stock. All issued and outstanding shares
of GGD Stock and GTR Stock are validly issued, fully paid, non-assessable and
free of any preemptive rights.
3.4 SEC Reports. Genzyme has previously delivered to PharmaGenics its
(i) Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 1995 (the
"Genzyme 10-K"), as filed with the SEC, (ii) all proxy statements relating to
Genzyme's meetings of stockholders held since December 31, 1995 and (iii) all
other reports filed by Genzyme with the SEC under the Exchange Act since
December 31, 1995. As of their respective dates, such reports complied in all
material respects with applicable SEC requirements and did not contain any
untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact required to
be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein, in light of the
circumstances under which they were made, not misleading. Genzyme has timely
filed with the SEC all reports required to be filed under Sections 13, 14 or
15(d) of the Exchange Act since December 31, 1995.
3.5 Financial Statements. The consolidated financial statements
contained in the Genzyme 10-K and in Genzyme's quarterly report on Form 10-Q for
the quarter ended September 30, 1996 (the "Genzyme 10-Q") have been prepared
from, and are in accordance with, the books and records of Genzyme and fairly
present the consolidated financial condition, results of operations and cash
flows of Genzyme and its consolidated subsidiaries as of and for the periods
presented therein, all in accordance with generally accepted accounting
principles applied on a consistent basis, except as otherwise indicated therein
and subject (in the case of the unaudited financial statements included in the
Genzyme 10-Q) to normal year-end and audit adjustments and footnote disclosures,
which in the aggregate, are not material.
3.6 Absence of Undisclosed Genzyme Liabilities. At December 31, 1995,
Genzyme had no material liabilities of any nature, whether accrued, absolute,
contingent or otherwise (including, without limitation, liabilities as guarantor
or otherwise with respect to obligations of others or liabilities for taxes due
or then accrued or to become due), required to be reflected or disclosed in the
balance sheet dated December 31, 1995 (or the notes thereto) included in the
Genzyme 10-K that were not adequately reflected or reserved against on such
balance sheet. Genzyme has no liabilities of the type required to be reflected
or disclosed in a balance sheet under generally accepted accounting principles,
other than liabilities (i) adequately reflected or reserved against on such
balance sheet, (ii) reflected in Genzyme's unaudited consolidated balance sheet
included in the Genzyme 10-Q, (iii) incurred since September 30, 1996 in the
ordinary course of business, (iv) that would not, in the aggregate, have a
material adverse effect on the assets, properties, business, results of
operations or
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financial condition of Genzyme and its Subsidiaries taken as a whole (the
"Business of Genzyme") or (v) set forth in Section 3.6 of the Genzyme Disclosure
Schedule.
3.7 No Material Adverse Change. Since December 31, 1995, except as set
forth in the Genzyme 10-K or the Genzyme 10-Q, there has not been any material
adverse change in the Business of Genzyme or in the assets and research programs
of Genzyme to be initially allocated to the Molecular Oncology Division pursuant
to Section 4.15 hereof, excluding the assets and research programs of
PharmaGenics (the "Genzyme GMO Business").
3.8 No Breach. Except for (a) the filing of the Proxy Statement with
the SEC pursuant to the Exchange Act, (b) the registration of the GMO Stock
under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"), (c) filings
with various blue sky authorities, (d) the filing of the Certificate of Merger
with the Secretary of State of Delaware and (e) the filing of the Articles of
Merger and the Series Designation, if appropriate, with the Secretary of the
Commonwealth of Massachusetts, the execution, delivery and performance of this
Agreement by Genzyme and the consummation by Genzyme of the transactions
contemplated hereby will not (i) violate any provision of the charter or by-laws
of Genzyme; (ii) violate or result in a breach of any of the terms or conditions
of, result in modification of the effect of, or otherwise give any other
contracting party the right to terminate, or constitute (or with notice or lapse
of time or both constitute) a default under, any instrument, contract or other
agreement to which Genzyme is party or by which any of its assets or properties
is bound or subject; (iii) violate any law, ordinance or regulation or any
order, judgment, injunction, decree or requirement of any court, arbitrator or
governmental or regulatory body applicable to Genzyme or by which any of its
assets or properties is bound; (iv) require any filing with, notice to, or
permit, consent or approval of, any governmental or regulatory body; or (v)
result in the creation of any lien or other encumbrance on the assets or
properties of Genzyme, excluding from the foregoing clauses (ii), (iii), (iv)
and (v) any exceptions to the foregoing that, in the aggregate, would not have a
material adverse effect on the Business of Genzyme, the Genzyme GMO Business or
the ability of Genzyme to consummate the transactions contemplated hereby.
3.9 Actions and Proceedings. There are no actions, suits,
investigations or claims or legal, administrative or arbitration proceedings
pending or, to the best knowledge of Genzyme, threatened against Genzyme or any
Subsidiary of Genzyme that individually or in the aggregate would have a
material adverse effect upon the transactions contemplated hereby, the Business
of Genzyme or the Genzyme GMO Business. To the best knowledge of Genzyme, there
is no fact, event or circumstance now in existence that reasonably could be
expected to give rise to any suit, action, claim, investigation or proceeding
that individually or in the aggregate would have a material adverse effect upon
the transactions contemplated hereby, the Business of Genzyme or the Genzyme GMO
Business.
3.10 Compliance with Laws.
(a) Genzyme has all licenses, permits, franchises, orders or approvals
of any federal, state, local or foreign governmental or regulatory body material
to the present conduct and ownership of the Genzyme GMO Business (collectively,
the "GMO Permits"); such GMO Permits are in full force and effect; and no
proceeding is pending or, to the best knowledge of Genzyme, threatened to revoke
or limit any such GMO Permit.
(b) The Business of Genzyme is not being conducted in violation of any
applicable law, ordinance or regulation or any order, judgment, injunction,
decree or other requirement of any court, arbitrator or governmental or
regulatory body, except for violations that would not, in the aggregate, have a
material adverse effect on the Genzyme GMO Business. During the last three
years, Genzyme has not received notice of, and there has not been any citation,
fine or penalty imposed against the Genzyme GMO Business for, any such violation
or alleged violation. To the best knowledge of Genzyme, Genzyme has not received
any such notice of violation more than three years ago which has not been
resolved.
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3.11 Intellectual Property.
(a) Genzyme and its Subsidiaries own, or are licensed to use, or
otherwise have the right to use all patents, trademarks, servicemarks, trade
names, trade secrets, franchises, and copyrights, and all applications for any
of the foregoing, and all technology, know-how and processes to the extent
material to the Genzyme GMO Business as now conducted (collectively, the "GMO
Proprietary Rights"). Genzyme has previously delivered to PharmaGenics a
certified list of all such patents and registered copyrights and trademarks, and
all applications therefor (the "Genzyme Registered Rights"). All of the Genzyme
Registered Rights owned by Genzyme or its Subsidiaries, and to the best
knowledge of Genzyme, all Genzyme Registered Rights licensed to Genzyme or its
Subsidiaries, have been registered in, filed in or issued by the United States
Patent and Trademark Office, the United States Register of Copyrights, or the
corresponding offices of other jurisdictions, and have been properly maintained
and renewed in accordance with all applicable provisions of law and
administrative regulations in the United States and in each such other
jurisdiction.
(b) To the best knowledge of Genzyme, the Genzyme GMO Business as
currently conducted does not infringe upon the proprietary rights of others, nor
has Genzyme or its Subsidiaries received any notice or claim from any third
party of such infringement by Genzyme or any of its Subsidiaries. Genzyme is not
aware of any infringement by any material unlicensed third party on, or any
issued competing claim of right to use or own any of, the GMO Proprietary
Rights. To the best knowledge of Genzyme, none of the activities of the
employees of Genzyme and its Subsidiaries on behalf of Genzyme and its
Subsidiaries violates any agreements or arrangements that any such employees
have with former employers in a way which is materially adverse to the Genzyme
GMO Business. Any exceptions to the representations in this Section 3.11 are set
forth on the certified list of Genzyme Registered Rights previously delivered.
3.12 Contracts and Other Agreements. All contracts and agreements of
Genzyme that are material to the conduct of the Genzyme GMO Business are set
forth on the Genzyme Disclosure Schedule and are valid, subsisting, in full
force and effect, binding upon Genzyme, and to the best knowledge of Genzyme,
binding upon the other parties thereto in accordance with their terms and
Genzyme is not in default under any of them, nor, to the best knowledge of
Genzyme, is any other party to any such contract or other agreement in default
thereunder, nor does any condition exist that with notice or lapse of time or
both would constitute a default by Genzyme or, to the best knowledge of Genzyme,
by any other party thereunder, or that would give rise to a termination right on
the part of any party thereto, except in each case, such defaults and conditions
as would not, individually or in the aggregate, have a material adverse effect
on the Genzyme GMO Business.
3.13 Authorization of Credit Facility. Genzyme has the corporate power
and authority to enter into the Credit Facility (as defined in Section 4.17), to
fully perform its obligations under the Credit Facility, with or without
stockholder approval of this Agreement. The Credit Facility has been duly
authorized by all necessary corporate action on the part of Genzyme and
constitutes a valid and binding obligation of Genzyme, enforceable in accordance
with its terms, subject to bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium or
similar laws of general application affecting the rights and remedies of
creditors and to general principles of equity.
3.14 Disclosure. The representations, warranties and statements made by
Genzyme in this Agreement and in the other documents and certificates delivered
in connection herewith do not contain any untrue statement of a material fact,
and, when taken together, do not omit to state any material fact necessary to
make such representations, warranties and statements, in light of the
circumstances under which they are made, not misleading.
SECTION 4 - COVENANTS AND AGREEMENTS
4.1 Conduct of Business. Except with the prior written consent of
Genzyme which will not be unreasonably withheld or delayed, and except as
otherwise contemplated by this Agreement, during the period from the date hereof
to the Effective Time, PharmaGenics shall observe the following covenants:
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(a) Affirmative Covenants Pending Closing. PharmaGenics will:
(i) Preservation of Personnel. Subject to compliance by
PharmaGenics with Section 4.1(b)(iii) of this Agreement, use commercially
reasonable efforts to preserve intact its business organization and keep
available the services of its present employees, it being understood that
PharmaGenics's termination of employees with poor performance ratings or
employees whom Genzyme has indicated that it does not wish to employ after the
Merger shall not constitute a violation of this covenant;
(ii) Insurance. Use commercially reasonable efforts to keep in
effect casualty, public liability, worker's compensation and other insurance
policies in coverage amounts not less than those in effect at the date of this
Agreement;
(iii) Preservation of the Business; Maintenance of Properties. Use
commercially reasonable efforts to preserve its business, keep its properties
intact, preserve its goodwill and maintain all physical properties in good
operating condition;
(iv) Intellectual Property Rights. Use commercially reasonable
efforts to preserve and protect the Proprietary Rights;
(v) Stock Options. Take appropriate action (which shall not
include the making of any cash payment) to effect the termination of all
outstanding employee stock options that are not exercised prior to the Effective
Time, it being understood that any action taken by PharmaGenics to accelerate
the vesting schedule of any such stock options shall not constitute a violation
of this covenant;
(vi) Ordinary Course of Business. Operate its business solely in
the ordinary course.
(vii) Diagnostics Collaboration with Hoffmann-La Roche Inc. Use
commercially reasonable efforts to enter into an agreement with Hoffmann-La
Roche Inc. on terms reasonably acceptable to Genzyme.
(b) Negative Covenants Pending Closing. PharmaGenics will not:
(i) Disposition of Assets. Sell or transfer, or mortgage, pledge
or create or suffer to exist any lien on, any of its assets other than sales or
transfers in the ordinary course of business or liens disclosed hereunder and
liens permitted under Section 2.14;
(ii) Liabilities. Except as set forth on Section 4.1(b) of the
PharmaGenics Disclosure Schedule, (A) Incur any obligation or liability other
than in the ordinary course of its business, (B) incur any indebtedness for
borrowed money other than to Genzyme or (C) enter into any contracts or
commitments other than purchase orders and commitments for inventory, materials
and supplies in the ordinary course of business and consistent with past
practice;
(iii) Compensation. Except as may be required by applicable law,
(A) change the compensation or fringe benefits of any officer, director,
employee or agent, except for ordinary merit increases for employees other than
officers based on periodic reviews in accordance with past practices and
increases required pursuant to agreements set forth in Section 4.1(b) of the
PharmaGenics Disclosure Schedule or (B) enter into or modify any plan or any
employment, severance or other agreement with any officer, director, consultant
or employee.
(iv) Capital Stock. Except as set forth on Section 4.1(b) of the
PharmaGenics Disclosure Schedule, make any change in the number of shares of its
capital stock authorized, issued or outstanding or grant any option, warrant or
other right to purchase, or to convert any obligation into, shares of its
capital stock, or declare or pay any dividend or other distribution with respect
to any shares of its capital stock, or sell or transfer any shares of its
capital stock, except upon the exercise of options or warrants outstanding on
the date hereof and disclosed on the PharmaGenics Disclosure Schedule;
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(v) Charter and By-Laws. Amend the certificate of incorporation or
amend the by-laws of PharmaGenics;
(vi) Acquisitions. Except as set forth on Section 4.1(b) of the
PharmaGenics Disclosure Schedule, make any material acquisition of property
other than in the ordinary course of PharmaGenics's business; or
(vii) Material Agreements. Enter into or modify any material
contract, including any license, technology development or technology transfer
agreement with any other person or entity, other than as contemplated by clause
(vii) of Section 4.1(a) and the agreements referenced in Sections 6.9 and 6.10.
4.2 Corporate Examinations and Investigations. Prior to the Effective
Time, Genzyme and PharmaGenics shall each be entitled, through its employees and
representatives, to have such access to the assets, properties, business and
operations of PharmaGenics and Genzyme, as is reasonably necessary or
appropriate in connection with its investigation of the other with respect to
the transactions contemplated hereby. Any such investigation and examination
shall be conducted at reasonable times and under reasonable circumstances so as
to minimize any disruption to or impairment of either party's business and each
party shall cooperate fully therein. No investigation by Genzyme or PharmaGenics
shall diminish or obviate any of the representations, warranties, covenants or
agreements of the other contained in this Agreement. In order that each party
may have full opportunity to make such investigation, Genzyme and PharmaGenics
shall each furnish the representatives of the other with all such information
and copies of such documents concerning its affairs as such representatives may
reasonably request and cause its officers, employees, consultants, agents,
accountants and attorneys to cooperate fully with such representatives in
connection with such investigation.
4.3 Expenses. Whether or not the Merger is consummated, PharmaGenics
and Genzyme shall each bear their own expenses incurred in connection with the
preparation, execution and performance of this Agreement and the transactions
contemplated hereby. PharmaGenics hereby agrees that such expenses paid or
incurred by it, whether before or after the Closing, including brokerage,
investment banking, accounting and legal fees, will not exceed $1,000,000 in the
aggregate, including not more than $500,000 in fees payable to PaineWebber.
4.4 Authorization from Others. Prior to the Closing Date, the parties
shall use commercially reasonable efforts to obtain all authorizations, consents
and permits of others required to permit the consummation of the transactions
contemplated by this Agreement.
4.5 Consummation of Agreement. Each party shall use commercially
reasonable efforts to perform and fulfill all conditions and obligations to be
performed and fulfilled by it under this Agreement, including without limitation
taking no action which would preclude delivery of the opinions referred to in
Sections 6.5 and 7.3, and to ensure that to the extent within its control or
capable of influence by it, no breach of any of its respective representations,
warranties and agreements hereunder occurs or exists on or prior to the
Effective Time, all to the end that the transactions contemplated by this
Agreement shall be fully carried out in a timely fashion. In connection with the
foregoing, each of PharmaGenics and Genzyme shall provide, and PharmaGenics
shall use commercially reasonable efforts to cause its stockholders to provide,
to counsel to PharmaGenics and counsel to Genzyme a letter setting forth facts,
assumptions and representations on which such counsel may rely in rendering
their respective opinions referred to in Sections 6.5 and 7.3.
4.6 Further Assurances. Each of the parties shall execute such
documents, further instruments of transfer and assignment and other papers and
take such further actions as may be reasonably required or desirable to carry
out the provisions hereof and the transactions contemplated hereby.
4.7 Proxy Statement; Registration Statement. The parties shall
cooperate in the preparation and filing with the SEC as soon as practicable of a
registration statement on Form S-4 (the "Registration Statement") under the
Securities Act with respect to the GMO Stock to be issued in the Merger, and
will use commercially reasonable efforts to have the Registration Statement
declared effective by the SEC as promptly as practicable and promptly thereafter
will mail the Proxy Statement (as defined below)
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and the prospectus included in the Registration Statement to the stockholders of
PharmaGenics and Genzyme. The prospectus in the Registration Statement will also
constitute a proxy statement (the "Proxy Statement") of Genzyme and PharmaGenics
for their respective stockholder meetings referred to in Section 4.8. Prior to
the Effective Time, Genzyme shall use commercially reasonable efforts to qualify
the shares of GMO Stock to be issued in the Merger under the securities or "blue
sky" laws of every state of the United States, except any such state with
respect to which counsel for Genzyme has determined that such qualification is
not required under the securities or "blue sky" laws of such state and except
that in no event shall Genzyme be obligated to qualify as a foreign corporation
or to execute a general consent to service of process in any state in which it
has not previously so qualified or has not previously so consented.
4.8 Stockholder Meetings.
(a) PharmaGenics Stockholder Meeting. PharmaGenics, acting through its
Board of Directors, shall, in accordance with applicable law and its certificate
of incorporation and by-laws:
(i) duly hold a meeting of its stockholders as soon as practicable
after the effective date of the Registration Statement for the purpose of
considering and acting on this Agreement;
(ii) include in the Proxy Statement the recommendation of its
Board of Directors that stockholders of PharmaGenics vote in favor of the
adoption of this Agreement; and
(iii) use commercially reasonable efforts (A) to obtain and
furnish the information required to be included by it in the Proxy Statement
and, after consultation with Genzyme, to respond promptly to any comments made
by the SEC with respect to the Proxy Statement and any preliminary version
thereof, (B) to cause the Proxy Statement to be mailed to its stockholders at
the earliest practicable time after the effective date of the Registration
Statement and (C) to obtain the necessary approvals by its stockholders of this
Agreement.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, in the event of a proposed Acquisition
Transaction (as defined in Section 4.14), nothing contained in this Section
4.8(a) shall require the Board of Directors of PharmaGenics to take any action
or refrain from taking any action with respect to such Acquisition Transaction
that the Board of Directors determines in good faith on the written advice of
outside counsel would cause it to breach its fiduciary obligations under
applicable law.
(b) Genzyme Stockholder Meeting. Genzyme, acting through its Board of
Directors, shall, in accordance with applicable law and its articles of
organization and by-laws:
(i) duly hold a meeting of its stockholders as soon as practicable
after the effective date of the Registration Statement for the purpose of
considering and acting on this Agreement;
(ii) include in the Proxy Statement the recommendation of its
Board of Directors that stockholders of Genzyme vote in favor of the approval of
this Agreement; and
(iii) use commercially reasonable efforts (A) to obtain and
furnish the information required to be included by it in the Proxy Statement
and, after consultation with PharmaGenics, to respond promptly to any comments
made by the SEC with respect to the Proxy Statement and any preliminary version
thereof, (B) to cause the Proxy Statement to be mailed to its stockholders at
the earliest practicable time after the effective date of the Registration
Statement and (C) to obtain the necessary approvals by its stockholders of this
Agreement.
4.9 PharmaGenics Compliance with Exchange Act and Securities Act.
PharmaGenics covenants and agrees that the information relating to PharmaGenics
in (a) the Proxy Statement at the time the Proxy Statement is mailed and at the
time of the meeting of Genzyme's stockholders to vote on this Agreement and (b)
the Registration Statement at the time the Registration Statement becomes
effective and at the time of the meeting of Genzyme's stockholders to vote on
this Agreement, including in each case as then amended or supplemented, will
comply as to form in all material respects with the applicable provisions of the
Exchange Act and the Securities Act, respectively, and the rules and regulations
thereunder, and will not contain any untrue
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statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact required to be
stated therein or necessary in order to make the statements therein, in light of
the circumstances under which they are made, not misleading (subject, if
required, to a reasonable period of time for the parties hereto to take such
action as may be necessary to amend or supplement the Proxy Statement or
Registration Statement). All filings made by PharmaGenics after the date hereof
pursuant to the Exchange Act will be made in a timely fashion, will comply as to
form in all material respects with the applicable provisions of the Exchange Act
and the rules and regulations thereunder and will not contain any untrue
statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact required to be
stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein, in light of the
circumstances under which they are made, not misleading.
4.10 Genzyme Compliance with Exchange Act and Securities Act. Genzyme
covenants and agrees that the information relating to Genzyme in (a) the Proxy
Statement at the time the Proxy Statement is mailed and at the time of the
meeting of PharmaGenics's stockholders to vote on this Agreement and (b) the
Registration Statement, at the time the Registration Statement becomes effective
and at the time of the meeting of PharmaGenics's stockholders to vote on this
Agreement, including in each case as then amended or supplemented, will comply
as to form in all material respects with the applicable provisions of the
Exchange Act and the Securities Act, respectively, and the rules and regulations
thereunder, and will not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit
to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary in order to
make the statements therein, in light of the circumstances under which they are
made, not misleading (subject, if required, to a reasonable period of time for
the parties hereto to take such action as may be necessary to amend or
supplement the Proxy Statement or Registration Statement). All filings made by
Genzyme after the date hereof pursuant to the Exchange Act will be made in a
timely fashion, will comply as to form in all material respects with the
applicable provisions of the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations
thereunder and will not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit
to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the
statements therein, in light of the circumstances under which they are made, not
misleading.
4.11 Public Announcements and Confidentiality. Any press release or
other information to the press or any third party with respect to this Agreement
or the transactions contemplated hereby shall require the prior approval of
Genzyme and PharmaGenics, which approval shall not be unreasonably withheld,
provided that a party shall not be prevented from making such disclosure as it
shall be advised by counsel is required by law. Each party agrees to provide
reasonable notice to the other party of any such required disclosure and to
limit such disclosure to what is required by law. Each party shall also keep
confidential and shall not use in any manner any information or documents
obtained from the other party or its representatives concerning such other
party's assets, properties, business and operations, unless readily
ascertainable from public information, already known or subsequently developed
independently, received from a third party not under an obligation to keep such
information confidential or otherwise required by law. If this Agreement
terminates, all copies of any documents obtained by a party or its
representatives from the other party or its representatives will be returned,
except that one copy thereof may be retained by counsel to the party returning
such documents in order to evidence compliance hereunder. The obligations set
forth in the previous two sentences of this Section 4.11 shall survive
termination of this Agreement.
4.12 Affiliate Letters. Prior to the Closing Date, PharmaGenics shall
identify to Genzyme all persons who at the time of the meeting of PharmaGenics's
stockholders for the purpose of voting on this Agreement PharmaGenics believes
may be deemed to be "affiliates" of PharmaGenics within the meaning of Rule 145
under the Securities Act. PharmaGenics shall provide Genzyme with such
information as Genzyme shall reasonably request for purposes of making its own
determination of persons who may be deemed to be affiliates of PharmaGenics.
PharmaGenics shall use commercially reasonable efforts to cause to be delivered
to Genzyme prior to the Closing Date, to the extent not provided concurrently
with the execution of this Agreement, a letter from each of such affiliates
identified by PharmaGenics or Genzyme in substantially the form attached hereto
as Exhibit C (the "Affiliate Letters").
4.13 Stockholder Agreements. Concurrently with the execution of this
Agreement, each executive officer and director of PharmaGenics and the
beneficial owners of five percent (5%) or more of the PharmaGenics Common Stock
(on an as converted basis) and each of HealthCare Ventures II, L.P., HealthCare
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Ventures III, L.P., HealthCare Ventures IV, L.P., Hudson Trust, Everest Trust
and PaineWebber R&D Partners III, L.P., will have executed and delivered to
Genzyme an agreement substantially in the form attached hereto as Exhibit D (the
"Stockholder Agreements"), which may be combined with an Affiliate Letter if
applicable.
4.14 No Solicitation. PharmaGenics will not, and will not permit any of
its directors, officers, employees, agents or other representatives to, (i)
solicit or initiate discussions with any person, other than Genzyme, relating to
the possible acquisition of PharmaGenics or all or a material portion of the
assets or any of the capital stock of PharmaGenics or any merger or other
business combination involving PharmaGenics (an "Acquisition Transaction") or
(ii) except to the extent required by fiduciary obligations under applicable law
as advised in writing by outside legal counsel, participate in any negotiations
regarding, or furnish to any other person information with respect to, any
effort or attempt by any other person to do or to seek any Acquisition
Transaction (any such activities permitted by the exception described in this
clause (ii) being referred to herein as "Permissible Negotiations").
PharmaGenics agrees to inform Genzyme orally and in writing and in reasonable
detail (including without limitation the applicable terms and conditions and
identity of the other person) within one business day of its receipt of any
offer, proposal or inquiry relating to any Acquisition Transaction and any
modification thereof or any proposed agreement, to promptly furnish to Genzyme
copies of any material written communications or documents received with respect
to the foregoing and to promptly inform Genzyme orally and in writing of the
nature and status of any discussions or negotiations regarding the foregoing.
4.15 Molecular Oncology Division. As of the Effective Time, Genzyme
will establish the "Molecular Oncology Division" within Genzyme. The assets and
liabilities initially allocated to the Molecular Oncology Division are described
in Exhibit E hereto. The Board of Directors of Genzyme will adopt policies to
govern the management of the Molecular Oncology Division and its relationship to
the other divisions of Genzyme subsequent to the Effective Date, including
provisions providing for the class vote of holders of GMO Stock as therein
described, substantially as set forth in Exhibit F hereto. Such policies shall
be set forth or described in the prospectus included in the Registration
Statement.
4.16 Designated Shares. The initial number of GMO Designated Shares
shall be 6,000,000.
4.17 Stand-by Credit Facility. Until the earlier of the Closing or the
termination of this Agreement, Genzyme will make available to PharmaGenics a
stand-by credit facility (as described below, the "Credit Facility") to fund its
documented operating costs. Monthly draws against the Credit Facility may be
made once each month starting in December 1996 up to a maximum amount in each
month as set forth below:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Month Maximum Draw
----- ------------
<S> <C>
December 1996 $250,000
January 1997 $750,000
February 1997 $650,000
March 1997 $450,000
April 1997 $550,000
May 1997 $550,000
</TABLE>
Amounts not drawn by PharmaGenics in a designated month shall be
available to cover documented operating expenses in any later month (subject to
the limitations described below), provided, however, that in the event that such
draws involve individual expenditures in excess of $25,000, such expenditures
shall require Genzyme's consent. The maximum amount of monthly draws shall be
reduced by 60% of gross revenues
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received by PharmaGenics in the prior month. If PharmaGenics's gross revenues in
any month beginning with November 1996 exceed the product of 1.6667 times the
maximum draw for the succeeding month, the amount of such excess shall be
applied first against the maximum amount drawable in the succeeding month, any
remaining excess shall then be applied against amounts drawable that may be
carried forward from previous months and then any remaining excess shall be
carried forward and shall reduce the maximum amount drawable in subsequent
months. Monthly draws shall be made on the third business day after written
notice from PharmaGenics to Genzyme, which notice shall specify the amount
requested to be drawn and shall include a certification by PharmaGenics as to
its gross revenues received in the prior month and documentation (including a
cash balance and statement of accounts payable) of its operating costs
reasonably satisfactory to Genzyme. In addition to the foregoing, PharmaGenics
will provide Genzyme no later than the end of the following month an unaudited
balance sheet as of the end of such month, an unaudited statement of operations
for the month then ended and an unaudited statement of cash flows for the month
then ended. An additional draw of $250,000 may be made under the Credit Facility
if the SAGE patent licensed under the SAGE license referred to in Section 6.9
issues while the Credit Facility is in effect; provided that such draw shall be
utilized by PharmaGenics to satisfy its obligations to Johns Hopkins University
("JHU"). PharmaGenics shall provide prompt written notice to Genzyme of the
issuance of such patent, including a copy of the notice of issuance received
from the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Amounts advanced under the Credit
Facility shall be evidenced by a promissory note substantially in the form of
Exhibit G attached hereto (the "Promissory Note").
SECTION 5 - CONDITIONS PRECEDENT TO THE OBLIGATIONS
OF EACH PARTY TO CONSUMMATE THE MERGER
The respective obligations of each party to consummate the Merger shall
be subject to the satisfaction, at or before the Effective Time, of each of the
following conditions:
5.1 Approvals. This Agreement shall have been approved by the
affirmative vote of the holders of (i) a majority of the outstanding shares of
PharmaGenics Common Stock, PharmaGenics Series A Stock, PharmaGenics Series B
Stock and PharmaGenics Series C Stock voting as a single class, (ii) a majority
of the outstanding shares of PharmaGenics Common Stock, PharmaGenics Series A
Stock and PharmaGenics Series B Stock voting as a single class and (iii) a
majority in interest of the outstanding shares of GGD Stock and GTR Stock voting
together as a single class; and all consents and approvals referred to in
Sections 2.9 and 3.8 of this Agreement or in the corresponding sections of each
party's Disclosure Schedule, shall have been obtained; provided, however, that
if Genzyme waives the obtaining of any consent set forth in Section 2.9 of the
PharmaGenics Disclosure Schedule, such consent shall not be a condition to
PharmaGenics's obligation to consummate the Merger.
5.2 Registration Statement. The Registration Statement shall have been
declared effective and shall remain effective and shall not be subject to a stop
order at the Effective Time.
5.3 Absence of Order. No restraining order or injunction of any court
or order of any governmental authority of competent jurisdiction which prohibits
consummation of the Merger shall be in effect.
SECTION 6 - CONDITIONS PRECEDENT TO THE OBLIGATION OF
GENZYME TO CONSUMMATE THE MERGER
The obligation of Genzyme to consummate the Merger is subject to the
satisfaction or waiver, at or before the Effective Time, of the following
conditions:
6.1 Representations, Warranties and Covenants. Except as contemplated
or permitted by this Agreement, the representations and warranties of
PharmaGenics contained in this Agreement, individually and in the aggregate,
shall be true and correct at and as of the Effective Time with the same force
and effect as though made on and as of the Effective Time; there shall not have
been any material adverse change in the Business of PharmaGenics since the date
hereof; and PharmaGenics shall have performed and complied in all
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material respects with all covenants and agreements required by this Agreement
to be performed or complied with by it at or prior to the Effective Time.
PharmaGenics shall have delivered to Genzyme a certificate, dated the Closing
Date, to the foregoing effect.
6.2 Affiliate Letters. Genzyme shall have received the Affiliate
Letters referred to in Section 4.12.
6.3 Stockholder Agreements. Genzyme shall have received the
Stockholder Agreements referred to in Section 4.13.
6.4 Opinions of Counsel to PharmaGenics. Genzyme shall have received
an opinion of Ballard Spahr Andrews & Ingersoll, counsel to PharmaGenics, dated
the Closing Date substantially in the form attached as Exhibit H.
6.5 Tax Matters. Genzyme shall have received an opinion of Palmer &
Dodge LLP substantially to the effect that: on the basis of facts and
representations set forth therein or set forth in writing elsewhere and referred
to therein, under the provisions of the Code, for federal income tax purposes,
(i) the Merger will constitute a reorganization within the meaning of Section
368(a) of the Code and (ii) no gain or loss will be recognized by and there
shall be no corporate income tax liability to Genzyme or PharmaGenics by reason
of the Merger.
6.6 Dissenting Shares. The Dissenting Shares shall not exceed two
percent (2%) of the shares of PharmaGenics Common Stock outstanding on the
Closing Date, assuming conversion of all shares of PharmaGenics Preferred Stock.
The number of shares of GGD Stock and GTR Stock held by stockholders who
properly exercise appraisal rights under the MBCL with respect thereto shall not
have an aggregate market value in excess of $28,000,000.
6.7 Certificate of Merger. PharmaGenics shall have executed and
delivered the Articles of Merger and the Certificate of Merger referred to in
Section 1.2.
6.8 Comfort Letter. Genzyme shall have received "comfort letters",
dated as of a date not more than two days prior to the date the Registration
Statement is declared effective and as of a date not more than two days prior to
the Closing Date, from Arthur Andersen LLP, independent public accountants for
PharmaGenics, in the form, scope and content contemplated by Statement of
Auditing Standards No. 72 issued by the American Institute of Certified Public
Accountants, Inc. relating to the financial statements and other financial data
with respect to PharmaGenics included or incorporated by reference in the Proxy
Statement and Registration Statement and such other matters as may be reasonably
requested by Genzyme.
6.9 SAGE License. The SAGE (Serial Analysis of Gene Expression)
license from JHU to PharmaGenics shall have been amended to delete the
requirement of a $5,000,000 payment to JHU upon consummation of the Merger in
the form attached as exhibit 6.9 to the PharmaGenics Disclosure Schedule.
6.10 Unsigned Agreements. All unsigned agreements between PharmaGenics
and JHU listed in Section 6.10 of the PharmaGenics Disclosure Schedule shall
have been signed in forms reasonably satisfactory to Genzyme and PharmaGenics.
6.11 Amendment of PaineWebber Engagement Letter. The engagement letter
between PharmaGenics and PaineWebber dated as of August 15, 1996 shall have been
amended to provide that PaineWebber's fees with respect to the "Opinion" and the
"sale transaction" (both as therein defined) shall be an aggregate of $500,000,
payable in cash no earlier than December 15, 1997.
6.12 Exercise of Stock Purchase Option and Transfer of Technology.
PaineWebber R&D Partners III, L.P. (the "Partnership") shall have exercised its
option pursuant to Article III of the Stock Purchase Agreement dated March 15,
1995 by and among PharmaGenics and the Partnership (the "Stock Purchase
Agreement") to exchange all of its rights in and to the Fund Technology,
Background Technology,
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Targets and related Products and Abandoned Targets and related Products (all as
defined in the Stock Purchase Agreement, collectively referred to herein as the
"Technology") for shares of PharmaGenics Preferred Stock or PharmaGenics shall
have otherwise satisfied or been released from its obligations under the Stock
Purchase Agreement and the transfer of the Technology shall have been completed.
6.13 Delivery of Cancelled Warrants. The Partnership shall have
delivered cancelled warrant certificates numbered C-1 (for 1,000,000 shares of
PharmaGenics Common Stock) and P-1 (for 666,667 shares of PharmaGenics Common
Stock) each dated April 1, 1994.
6.14 Commitment Letter. PaineWebber shall have delivered to
PharmaGenics and Genzyme a commitment letter stating that it will use its best
efforts to raise not less than $20 million for the Molecular Oncology Division
in a private placement to be commenced within forty-five (45) days after the
Effective Time upon terms mutually agreeable to Genzyme and PaineWebber.
6.15 Legal Proceedings. No holder of PharmaGenics Stock shall have
commenced or threatened (in writing) to commence any action, suit, or legal,
administrative or arbitration proceeding against either PharmaGenics or Genzyme,
challenging or seeking to enjoin the Merger or seeking damages in connection
with PharmaGenics's entering into this Agreement. In the event that Genzyme
waives compliance with this condition and the Merger is consummated, the
provisions of Section 1.13 shall apply.
6.16 Certificates. PharmaGenics shall have furnished Genzyme with such
certificates of public officials and of PharmaGenics officers as may be
reasonably requested by Genzyme.
SECTION 7 - CONDITIONS PRECEDENT TO THE OBLIGATION OF
PHARMAGENICS TO CONSUMMATE THE MERGER
The obligation of PharmaGenics to consummate the Merger is subject to
the satisfaction or waiver, at or before the Effective Time, of the following
conditions:
7.1 Representations, Warranties and Covenants. Except as contemplated
or permitted by this Agreement, the representations and warranties of Genzyme
contained in this Agreement, individually and in the aggregate, shall be true
and correct at and as of the Effective Time with the same force and effect as
though made on and as of the Effective Time; Genzyme shall have performed and
complied in all material respects with all covenants and agreements required by
this Agreement to be performed or complied with by it on or prior to the
Effective Time. Genzyme shall have delivered to PharmaGenics a certificate,
dated the Effective Time, to the foregoing effect.
7.2 Opinion of Counsel to Genzyme. PharmaGenics shall have received
the opinion of Palmer & Dodge LLP, counsel to Genzyme, dated the Closing Date
and in substantially the form attached as Exhibit I.
7.3 Tax Opinion. PharmaGenics shall have received an opinion of
Ballard Spahr Andrews & Ingersoll substantially to the effect that: on the basis
of facts and representations set forth therein or set forth in writing elsewhere
and referred to therein, which representations are reasonably consistent with
the facts existing at the Effective Time, for federal income tax purposes, (i)
the Merger will constitute a reorganization within the meaning of Section 368(a)
of the Code, (ii) no gain or loss will be recognized by PharmaGenics's
stockholders upon the exchange of their shares of PharmaGenics Preferred Stock
solely for shares of GMO Stock (it being understood that such opinion will not
extend to cash received in lieu of fractional share interests), and (iii) no
gain or loss will be recognized by PharmaGenics by reason of the Merger.
7.4 Merger Documents. Genzyme shall have executed and delivered the
Articles of Merger and the Certificate of Merger referred to in Section 1.2.
7.5 Certificates. Genzyme shall have furnished PharmaGenics with such
certificates of public officials and of Genzyme officers as may be reasonably
requested by PharmaGenics.
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SECTION 8 - TERMINATION, AMENDMENT AND WAIVER
8.1 Termination. This Agreement may be terminated at any time prior to
the Effective Time, whether prior to or after approval by Genzyme's or
PharmaGenics's stockholders, as follows:
(a) by either PharmaGenics or Genzyme, by written notice to the other,
if the Effective Time shall not have occurred on or before May 31, 1997;
provided, however, that the right to terminate this Agreement under this Section
8.1(a) shall not be available to any party whose breach of a representation or
warranty or failure to fulfill any covenant or agreement under this Agreement
has been the cause of or resulted in the failure of the Merger to occur on or
before such date.
(b) by PharmaGenics, by written notice to Genzyme, if there shall have
been a material breach of any of the covenants or agreements or any of the
representations or warranties contained in this Agreement on the part of
Genzyme, which breach is either not cured within twenty (20) days following
written notice to Genzyme or by its nature cannot be cured prior to the Closing;
provided, however, that PharmaGenics shall not have the right to terminate this
Agreement pursuant to this Section 8.1(b) because of the breach of any
representation or warranty unless such breach, together with all such other
breaches, would entitle PharmaGenics not to consummate the transactions
contemplated hereby under Section 7.1;
(c) by Genzyme, by written notice to PharmaGenics, if there shall have
been a material breach of any of the covenants or agreements or any of the
representations or warranties contained in this Agreement on the part of
PharmaGenics, which breach is either not cured within twenty (20) days following
written notice to PharmaGenics or by its nature cannot be cured prior to the
Closing; provided, however, that Genzyme shall not have the right to terminate
this Agreement pursuant to this Section 8.1(c) because of the breach of any
representation or warranty unless such breach, together with all such other
breaches, would entitle Genzyme not to consummate the transactions contemplated
hereby under Section 6.1;
(d) by either Genzyme or PharmaGenics, by written notice to the other,
if any court or governmental entity shall have issued any injunction or taken
any other action permanently restraining, enjoining or otherwise prohibiting the
consummation of the Merger and such injunction or other action shall have become
final and nonappealable;
(e) by either Genzyme or PharmaGenics, by written notice to the other,
if the required approval of the stockholders of either Genzyme or PharmaGenics
of this Agreement shall not have been obtained within seventy-five (75) days
after the Registration Statement has been declared effective by the SEC;
(f) by Genzyme, by written notice to PharmaGenics, if PharmaGenics's
Board of Directors (i) for any reason fails to call and hold a meeting of
stockholders for the purpose of voting on, or otherwise fails to seek
stockholder approval of, this Agreement as provided in Section 4.8(a) or to
include in the Proxy Statement its recommendation that PharmaGenics's
stockholders vote to approve or consent to this Agreement, (ii) withdraws or
modifies in a manner adverse to Genzyme its approval of or its recommendation
that stockholders vote to approve or consent to this Agreement or (iii) adopts
resolutions approving or otherwise authorizes or recommends an Acquisition
Transaction;
(g) by PharmaGenics, prior to approval of the Merger by its
stockholders, if PharmaGenics's Board of Directors shall, as a result of a
possible Acquisition Transaction that does not involve a breach of
PharmaGenics's covenant under Section 4.14, determines in good faith that the
fiduciary obligations of such Board under applicable law require that such
Acquisition Transaction be accepted; provided, however, that PharmaGenics may
not effect such termination pursuant to this Section 8.1(g) unless and until:
(i) PharmaGenics gives Genzyme at least seven (7) days' prior
written notice of its intention to effect such termination pursuant to
this Section 8.1(g);
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(ii) during such period, PharmaGenics shall, and shall
cause its respective financial and legal advisors to, negotiate in good
faith with Genzyme to make adjustments in the terms and conditions of
this Agreement as would enable Genzyme to proceed with the transactions
contemplated herein; and
(iii) PharmaGenics's Board of Directors shall have been
advised in writing by outside counsel that, notwithstanding a binding
commitment to consummate this Agreement entered into in proper exercise
of their fiduciary obligations, such fiduciary obligations would also
require such Board to reconsider and terminate such commitment as a
result of such Acquisition Transaction; or
(h) At any time with the written consent of Genzyme and
PharmaGenics.
8.2 Effect of Termination. If this Agreement is terminated as
provided in Section 8.1, this Agreement shall forthwith become void and have no
effect, without liability on the part of Genzyme, PharmaGenics and their
respective directors, officers or stockholders, except that (i) the provisions
of this Section 8.2, Section 4.3 relating to expenses, Section 4.11 relating to
publicity and confidentiality, and Section 8.3 to the extent provided therein,
shall survive; and (ii) no such termination shall relieve any party from
liability by reason of any willful breach by such party of any of its
representations, warranties, covenants or agreements contained in this
Agreement.
8.3 Termination Fee. In the event of a termination of this
Agreement by Genzyme other than pursuant to Section 8.1(c) or (f) and other than
pursuant to Section 8.1(e) as a result of a failure to obtain the requisite
approval of the PharmaGenics stockholders of this Agreement, Genzyme will loan
PharmaGenics up to $1,500,000 (the "Termination Payment"), payable in three
equal monthly advances, the first such monthly advance to be made within 10 days
of termination. In the event that a draw has already been made that month under
the Credit Facility, the first advance shall be reduced by the amount of funds
from such draw still available to PharmaGenics on the date of termination as
evidenced by the balance on deposit in PharmaGenics's bank account at First
Union as of such date, which evidence shall be dispositive in the absence of
manifest error or demonstrated fraud. The second and third advances of the
Termination Payment will be made 30 and 60 days, respectively, after the first
advance. The Termination Payment shall be reduced by 60% of the cumulative gross
revenues received by PharmaGenics beginning with the month prior to the first
advance and by the amount of any revenues carried forward pursuant to the fourth
sentence of Section 4.17 and not previously utilized to reduce a draw under the
Credit Facility. No advance of a Termination Payment will be made absent a
certification from PharmaGenics as to the proper offset to be made for its gross
revenues. The Termination Payment will be increased by $250,000 if the SAGE
patent issues within three months following a termination which requires a
Termination Payment under this Section 8.3. The Termination Payment shall be
evidenced by the Promissory Note.
8.4 Amendment. This Agreement may not be amended except by an
instrument signed by each of the parties hereto; provided, however, that after
adoption of this Agreement by the stockholders of Genzyme or PharmaGenics and
prior to the Effective Time, (a) without the further approval of the
stockholders of PharmaGenics no amendment may be made that alters or changes the
amount or kind of consideration to be received as provided in Section 1.8 and
(b) without the further approval of the stockholders of Genzyme or PharmaGenics,
as applicable, no amendment may be made that alters or changes any of the terms
and conditions of this Agreement if such alteration or change would materially
adversely affect the stockholders of Genzyme or PharmaGenics.
8.5 Waiver. At any time prior to the Effective Time, any party
hereto may (a) extend the time for the performance of any of the obligations or
other acts of any other party hereto or (b) waive compliance with any of the
agreements of any other party or any conditions to its own obligations, in each
case only to the extent such obligations, agreements and conditions are intended
for its benefit; provided that any such extension or waiver shall be binding
upon a party only if such extension or waiver is set forth in a writing executed
by such party.
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SECTION 9 - MISCELLANEOUS
9.1 No Survival. None of the representations, warranties,
covenants and agreements of any party in this Agreement or in any certificate
delivered by any party pursuant hereto shall survive the Merger, except the
provisions of Sections 1, 4.15 and paragraph 7 of Exhibit F.
9.2 Notices. Any notice or other communication required or
permitted hereunder shall be in writing and shall be deemed given when so
delivered in person, by overnight courier which provides evidence of delivery,
by facsimile transmission (with receipt confirmed by telephone or by automatic
transmission report) or two business days after being sent by registered or
certified mail (postage prepaid, return receipt requested), as follows:
(i) If to Genzyme, to:
Genzyme Corporation
One Kendall Square
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
Attention: Chief Legal Counsel
Tel: (617) 252-7882
FAX: (617) 252-7553
with a copy to:
Palmer & Dodge LLP
One Beacon Street
Boston, Massachusetts 02108
Attention: Maureen P. Manning, Esq.
Tel: (617) 573-0210
FAX: (617) 227-4420
(ii) If to PharmaGenics, to:
PharmaGenics, Inc.
4 Pearl Court
Allendale, New Jersey 07401
Attention: President
Tel: (201) 818-1000
FAX: (201) 818-9044
with a copy to:
Ballard Spahr Andrews & Ingersoll
1735 Market Street, 51st Floor
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103-7599
Attention: Raymond Agran, Esq.
Tel: (215) 864-8524
FAX: (215) 864-8999
Any party may by notice given in accordance with this Section 9.2 designate
another address or person for receipt of notices hereunder.
9.3 Entire Agreement. This Agreement, including the exhibits, the
PharmaGenics Disclosure Schedule, the Genzyme Disclosure Schedule and the other
documents referred to herein contains the entire agreement among the parties
with respect to the Merger and related transactions, and supersedes all prior
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agreements, written or oral, with respect thereto, including the letter
agreement between the parties dated October 29, 1996.
9.4 No Third Party Beneficiaries. Nothing in this Agreement shall be
construed to create any rights or obligations except among the parties hereto,
and no person or entity shall be regarded as a third-party beneficiary of this
Agreement, except that the provisions of Sections 1, 4.15 and 8.3 and paragraph
7 of Exhibit F shall be enforceable by, and shall inure to the benefit of, the
persons entitled to the benefit thereof.
9.5 Governing Law. This Agreement shall be governed and construed in
accordance with the laws of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts without regard to
its conflict of law provisions, except to the extent that the laws of the State
of Delaware apply to the Merger and the rights of PharmaGenics stockholders
relative to the Merger.
9.6 Binding Effect; No Assignment. This Agreement shall be binding upon
and inure to the benefit of the parties and their respective successors and
permitted assigns. This Agreement is not assignable by either party without the
prior written consent of the other.
9.7 Variations in Pronouns. All pronouns and any variations thereof
refer to the masculine, feminine or neuter, singular or plural, as the context
may require.
9.8 Counterparts. This Agreement may be executed in two or more
counterparts, each of which shall be deemed an original, and all of which
together shall constitute one and the same instrument.
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IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties have executed this Agreement under seal
as of the date first stated above.
GENZYME CORPORATION
By /s/ David J. McLachlan
----------------------------------
David J. McLachlan
Executive Vice President, Finance
By /s/ Evan M. Lebson
----------------------------------
Evan M. Lebson
Treasurer
PHARMAGENICS, INC.
By /s/ Michael I. Sherman
----------------------------------
Michael I. Sherman
President
By /s/ A. Steven Franchak
----------------------------------
A. Steven Franchak
Treasurer
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Exhibit A
TERMS OF THE
GENZYME MOLECULAR ONCOLOGY DIVISION COMMON STOCK
VOTED, that pursuant to paragraph IV.B. of this Corporation's Articles
of Organization, the Board of Directors hereby establishes a series of Common
Stock of the Corporation with the following designation, preferences, voting
powers, qualifications and special or relative rights or privileges:
1. AUTHORIZED AMOUNTS AND DESIGNATIONS. Forty million
(40,000,000) shares of Common Stock are designated as a series of Common Stock
with the following designation: Genzyme Molecular Oncology Division Common Stock
(the "GMO Stock"). To the extent legally permitted, such numbers of shares may
be increased or decreased by vote of the Board of Directors, provided that no
decrease shall reduce the number of shares of GMO Stock to a number less than
the number of shares of such series then outstanding plus the number of shares
of such series reserved for issuance upon the exercise of outstanding options,
rights or warrants or upon the conversion of any outstanding securities issued
by the Corporation convertible into such series of Common Stock.
2. DIVIDENDS AND DISTRIBUTIONS. Subject to the express terms of
any outstanding series of Preferred Stock, dividends may be declared and paid
upon the GMO Stock, in such amounts and at such times as the Board of Directors
may determine, only out of the lesser of (a) funds of the Corporation legally
available therefor and (b) the Available GMO Dividend Amount.
3. VOTING RIGHTS. The holders of GMO Stock, voting together with
the holders of shares of all other series of Common Stock as a single class of
stock, shall have the exclusive right to vote for the election of directors and
on all other matters requiring action by the stockholders or submitted to the
stockholders for action, except as may be determined by the Board of Directors
in establishing any series of Common or Preferred Stock or as may otherwise be
required by law. Each share of GMO Stock shall entitle the holder thereof to .25
votes through December 31, 1998. On January 1, 1999 and on each January 1 every
two years thereafter, the number of votes to which the holder of each share of
GMO Stock shall be entitled shall be adjusted and fixed for two-year periods to
equal the quotient (expressed as a decimal and rounded to the nearest two
decimal places) obtained by dividing (i) the Fair Market Value of one share of
GMO Stock by (ii) Fair Market Value of one share of GGD Stock as of such date.
If no shares of GGD Stock are outstanding on such date, then all other series of
voting Common Stock outstanding on such date shall have a number of votes such
that each share of the series of outstanding Common Stock that has the highest
Fair Market Value per share on such date (the "Base Series") shall have one vote
and each share of each other series of outstanding Common Stock shall have the
number of votes determined according to the immediately preceding sentence,
treating, for such purpose, the Base Series as the GGD Stock in such sentence.
If shares of GMO Stock are entitled to vote separately as a class, each share of
GMO Stock shall have one vote.
4. LIQUIDATION, DISSOLUTION OR WINDING UP. Upon any voluntary or
involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Corporation, the
rights of the holders of GMO Stock shall be as follows:
a. After the Corporation has satisfied or made provision for
its debts and obligations and for the payment to the holders of shares of any
class or series of capital stock having preferential rights to receive
distributions of the net assets of the Corporation (including any accumulated
and unpaid dividends), the holders of GMO Stock shall be entitled to receive the
net assets of the Corporation remaining for distribution, on a per share basis
in proportion to the respective liquidation units per share of all series of
Common Stock. Each share of GMO Stock shall, subject to paragraph IV.E.4. of the
Corporation's Articles of Organization, have 25 liquidation units.
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b. For the purposes of paragraph 4.a. any merger or
business combination involving the Corporation or any sale of all or
substantially all of the assets of the Corporation shall not be treated as a
liquidation.
5. SPECIAL VOTING RIGHTS. The Corporation shall not, without
approval by the holders of the GMO Stock at a meeting at which a quorum is
present and the votes cast in favor of the proposal exceed those cast against:
(1) allow any proceeds from the Disposition of
the properties or assets allocated to the Molecular Oncology Division to be used
in the business of any other Division without fair compensation being allocated
to the Molecular Oncology Division as determined by the Board of Directors;
(2) allow any properties or assets allocated to
the Molecular Oncology Division to be used in the business of any other Division
or for the declaration or payment of any dividend or distribution on any series
of Common Stock other than the GMO Stock without fair compensation being
allocated to the Molecular Oncology Division as determined by the Board of
Directors;
(3) issue, sell or otherwise distribute shares
of GMO Stock without allocating the proceeds or other benefits of such issuance,
sale or distribution to the Molecular Oncology Division; provided, however, that
the Corporation may without such approval issue GMO Designated Shares;
(4) change the rights or preferences of the GMO
Stock so as to affect the GMO Stock adversely; or
(5) effect any merger or business combination
involving the Corporation as a result of which (a) the holders of all series of
Common Stock of the Corporation shall no longer own, directly or indirectly, at
least fifty percent (50%) of the voting power of the surviving corporation and
(b) the holders of all series of Common Stock of the Corporation do not receive
the same form of consideration, distributed among such holders in proportion to
the Market Capitalization of each series of Common Stock as of the date of the
first public announcement of such merger or business combination.
6. EXCHANGE OF GMO STOCK. Shares of GMO Stock are subject to
exchange upon the terms and conditions set forth below:
a. Optional Exchange of GMO Stock. The Board of
Directors may at any time declare that each of the outstanding shares of GMO
Stock shall be exchanged, on an Exchange Date set forth in a notice to holders
of GMO Stock pursuant to paragraph IV.E.1(1) of the Corporation's Articles of
Organization, for (a) a number of fully paid and nonassessable shares of GGD
Stock (calculated to the nearest five decimal places) equal to (1) 130% of the
Fair Market Value of one share of the GMO Stock (the "Exchange Amount") as of
the date of the first public announcement by the Corporation (the "Announcement
Date") of such exchange divided by (2) the Fair Market Value of one share of GGD
Stock as of such Announcement Date or (b) cash equal to the Exchange Amount, or
(c) any combination of GGD Stock and cash equal to the Exchange Amount as
determined by the Board of Directors.
b. MANDATORY EXCHANGE OF GMO STOCK. In the event of the
Disposition, in one transaction or a series of related transactions, by the
Corporation of all or substantially all of the properties and assets allocated
to the Molecular Oncology Division (other than in connection with the
Disposition by the Corporation of all or substantially all of its properties and
assets in one transaction or a series of related transactions) to any person,
entity or group (other than (x) any entity in which the Corporation, directly or
indirectly, owns all of the equity interest or (y) any entity formed at the
direction of the Corporation in connection with obtaining financing for the
programs or products of the Molecular Oncology Division under an arrangement
which provides the Corporation with an option to reacquire such properties and
assets or retain or obtain substantial manufacturing or marketing rights with
respect to any products developed by such entity, in
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each case for the benefit of the Molecular Oncology Division), the Corporation
shall, on or prior to the first Business Day after the 90th day following the
consummation of such Disposition, exchange each outstanding share of GMO Stock
for (a) a number of fully paid and nonassessable shares of GGD Stock (calculated
to the nearest five decimal places) equal to (1) the Exchange Amount as of the
Announcement Date of such Disposition divided by (2) the Fair Market Value of
one share of GGD Stock as of such Announcement Date or (b) cash equal to the
Exchange Amount, or (c) any combination of GGD Stock and cash equal to the
Exchange Amount as determined by the Board of Directors. For purposes of this
paragraph:
(1) "substantially all of the properties and
assets allocated to the Molecular Oncology Division" shall mean a portion of the
properties and assets allocated to the Molecular Oncology Division (A) that
represents at least 80% of the then-current fair value (as determined by the
Board of Directors) of, or (B) to which is attributable at least 80% of the
aggregate revenues for the immediately preceding twelve fiscal quarterly periods
of the Corporation derived from, the properties and assets allocated to the
Molecular Oncology Division; and
(2) in the case of a Disposition of properties
and assets in a series of related transactions, such Disposition shall not be
deemed to have been consummated until the consummation of the last of such
transactions.
7. DEFINITIONS. As used in this Certificate of Vote of Directors
Establishing a Series of a Class of Stock, the following terms shall have the
following meanings (with terms defined in the singular having comparable meaning
when used in the plural and vice versa), unless another definition is provided
or the context otherwise requires. Capitalized terms used but not defined herein
shall have the meanings given them in paragraph IV.E.7. of the Corporation's
Articles of Organization.
a. "Available GMO Dividend Amount," on any date, shall
mean the greater of:
(a) the excess of
(i) the greater of (x) the fair value on such
date of the net assets of the Molecular Oncology Division and (y) an amount
equal to $20,500,000 (stockholders' equity allocated to the Molecular
Oncology Division at September 30, 1996), such dollar amount to be increased or
decreased, as appropriate, to reflect, after September 30, 1996, (A) the
Earnings Attributable to the Molecular Oncology Division, (B) any dividends or
other distributions (including by reclassification or exchange) declared or paid
with respect to, or repurchases or issuances of, any shares of GMO Stock or any
other class of capital stock attributed to the Molecular Oncology Division, but
excluding dividends or other distributions paid in shares of GMO Stock to the
holders thereof or in shares of any other class of capital stock attributed to
the Molecular Oncology Division to the holders thereof, and (C) any other
adjustments to the stockholders' equity of the Molecular Oncology Division made
in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, over
(ii) the sum of (x) the aggregate par value of
all outstanding shares of GMO Stock and any other class of capital stock
attributed to the Molecular Oncology Division and (y) unless these Articles of
Organization permit otherwise, the aggregate amount that would be needed to
satisfy any preferential rights to which holders of all outstanding Preferred
Stock attributed to the Molecular Oncology Division are entitled upon
dissolution of the Corporation in excess of the aggregate par value of such
Preferred Stock, provided that such excess shall be reduced by any amount
necessary to enable the Molecular Oncology Division to pay its debts as they
become due, and
(b) the amount legally available for the payment of
dividends determined in accordance with Massachusetts law applied as if the
Molecular Oncology Division were a separate corporation.
b. "Earnings Attributable" to the Molecular Oncology
Division for any period, shall mean the net income or loss of the Molecular
Oncology Division for such period (or for the fiscal periods of the
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Corporation commencing prior to the GMO Effective Date and after September 30,
1996, pro forma net income or loss of the Molecular Oncology Division as if the
GMO Effective Date were September 30, 1996) determined in accordance with
generally accepted accounting principles, with all income and expenses of the
Corporation being allocated between Divisions in a reasonable and consistent
manner in accordance with policies adopted by the Board of Directors; provided,
however, that as of the end of any fiscal quarter of the Corporation, any
projected annual tax benefit attributable to any Division that cannot be
utilized by such Division to offset or reduce its allocated tax liability may be
allocated to any other Division without any compensating payment or allocation.
c. "Exchange Date" shall mean the date, if any, fixed
for the exchange of shares of GMO Stock, as set forth in a notice to holders of
GMO Stock pursuant to paragraph IV.E.1(1) of the Corporation's Articles of
Organization.
d. "GMO Designated Shares" as of any date shall mean a
number of shares of GMO Stock that, as of the GMO Effective Date, shall be
6,000,000, which number shall be subject to adjustment as provided in the next
sentence. The number of GMO Designated Shares shall from time to time be
(i) adjusted as appropriate to reflect
subdivisions (by stock split or otherwise) and combinations (by reverse stock
split or otherwise) of the GMO Stock and dividends or distributions of shares of
GMO Stock to holders of GMO Stock and other reclassifications of GMO Stock,
(ii) decreased by (A) the number of any shares of
GMO Stock issued by the Corporation, the proceeds of which are allocated to the
General Division, (B) the number of any shares of GMO Stock issued upon the
exercise or conversion of Convertible Securities attributed to the General
Division, and (C) the number of any shares of GMO Stock issued by the
Corporation as a dividend or distribution or by reclassification, exchange or
otherwise to holders of GGD Stock, and
(iii) increased by (A) the number of any
outstanding shares of GMO Stock repurchased by the Corporation, the
consideration for which was allocated to the General Division, (B) the number
equal to the fair value (as determined by the Board of Directors) of assets or
properties allocated to the General Division that are reallocated to the
Molecular Oncology Division (other than reallocations that represent sales at
fair value between such Divisions) divided by the Fair Market Value of one share
of GMO Stock as of the date of such reallocation, (C) the number equal to the
the number of shares into which the Board of Directors elects to convert the
promissory note dated February 10, 1997 issued by PharmaGenics, Inc. to the
Corporation pursuant to the terms of such promissory note and (D) with respect
to the $25 million equity line from the General Division to the Molecular
Oncology Division approved by the Corporation's Board of Directors on January
30, 1997 (the "Equity Line"), if
(a) the closing of the first public offering by the
Corporation of GMO Stock has occurred prior to the third anniversary of the GMO
Effective Date, then, upon such closing, a number equal to the aggregate of the
quotients obtained by dividing (i) the amount of each advance made under the
Equity Line by (ii) the dollar amount determined for each such advance by the
following formula: 7.00 + [(IPOGMO - 7.00) x (ADATE/IPODATE)]; where IPOGMO =
the offering price of the GMO Stock in the first such public offering, ADATE =
the number of days from the GMO Effective Date to the time of such advance, and
IPODATE = the number of days from the Effective Time to the time of the first
such public offering; and, thereafter, upon each advance made under the Equity
Line, a number equal to the quotient obtained by dividing (i) the amount of each
such advance by (ii) the Fair Market Value of the GMO Stock on the date of such
advance; or
(b) the closing of the first public offering by the
Corporation of GMO Stock has not occurred prior to the third anniversary of the
GMO Effective Date, then, upon the election of the Corporation's Board of
Directors, a number equal to the quotient obtained by dividing (i) the aggregate
amount of all advances made under the Equity Line by (ii) the Fair Market Value
of the GMO Stock on the date of such third anniversary;
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provided, that the Corporation shall take no action which would have the effect
of reducing the GMO Designated Shares to a number which is less than zero.
Within 45 days after the end of each fiscal quarter of the Corporation, the
Corporation shall prepare and file a statement of such change with the transfer
agent for the GMO Stock and with the Clerk of the Corporation.
e. "GMO Effective Date" shall mean the effective date of
the Certificate of Vote of Directors Establishing a Series of a Class of Stock
authorizing the GMO Stock.
f. "Molecular Oncology Division" shall mean, at any
time, the Corporation's interest in (i) the following businesses, products, or
development or research programs: (A) the use of the Serial Analysis of Gene
Expression ("SAGE") technology licensed from Johns Hopkins University School of
Medicine for third parties; (B) the clinical program developing adenovirus
vectors containing the tumor antigens MART 1 or gp100 for treatment of
melanoma: (C) the "suicide" gene therapy research program developing adenovirus
and lipid vectors containing genes to enhance chemotherapy for oncology
indications; (D) the research program developing adenovirus and lipid vectors
containing tumor suppressor genes for oncology indications; (E) the research
program developing adenovirus and lipid containing genes to regulate the immune
system for oncology indications, including heat shock proteins; (F) the research
program developing antibody-targeted gene therapy for treatment of tumors; (G)
the research program developing small molecule compounds to inhibit
angiogenesis and stimulate apoptosis; (H) the research program developing small
molecule compounds to regulate tumor suppressor gene function; and (I) the
research program developing diagnostic applications for tumor suppressor genes
and other cancer-related genes licensed from Hoffmann-La Roche Inc. or
identified by Johns Hopkins University using SAGE technology or other genomic
technology; (ii) all assets and liabilities of the Corporation to the extent
allocated to any such businesses, products, or development or research programs
in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles consistently
applied for all of the Corporation's business units; (iii) to the extent not
described above, all assets and liabilities of PharmaGenics, Inc. as of the GMO
Effective Date; and (iv) such businesses, products, or development or research
programs developed in, or acquired by the Corporation for, the Molecular
Oncology Division after the GMO Effective Date, in each case as determined by
the Board of Directors; provided, however, that, from and after any Disposition
or transfer to the General Division of any business, product, development
program, research project, assets or properties, the Molecular Oncology
Division shall no longer include the business, product, development program,
research project, assets or properties so disposed of or transferred. The
Molecular Oncology Division shall be represented by the GMO Stock.
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Exhibit B
Article IV of Genzyme's Articles of Organization is amended and
restated as follows:
ARTICLE IV
DESCRIPTION OF CAPITAL STOCK
A. AUTHORIZED CAPITAL STOCK
The total number of shares of all classes of capital stock which the
Corporation shall be authorized to issue is two hundred ninety million
(290,000,000) shares, consisting of two hundred million (200,000,000) shares of
Genzyme General Division Common Stock, $.01 par value per share ("GGD Stock"),
forty million (40,000,000) shares of Genzyme Tissue Repair Division Common
Stock, $.01 par value per share ("GTR Stock"), forty million (40,000,000) shares
of Genzyme Molecular Oncology Division Common Stock, $.01 par value per share
("GMO Stock" and, collectively with the GGD Stock and the GTR Stock, the "Common
Stock"), and ten million (10,000,000) shares of Preferred Stock, $.01 par value
per share (the "Preferred Stock").
B. DESCRIPTION OF COMMON STOCK
A description of each class of Common Stock and a statement of their
respective preferences, voting powers, qualifications and special or relative
rights or privileges is as follows:
1. DIVIDENDS AND DISTRIBUTIONS
Subject to the express terms of any outstanding series of Preferred
Stock, dividends may be declared and paid upon each class of Common Stock upon
the terms provided for below, in such amounts and at such times as the Board of
Directors may determine.
a. DIVIDENDS ON GGD STOCK. Dividends on GGD Stock may be
declared and paid only out of the lesser of (a) funds of the Corporation legally
available therefor and (b) the Available GGD Dividend Amount.
b. DIVIDENDS ON GTR STOCK. Dividends on GTR Stock may be
declared and paid only out of the lesser of (a) funds of the Corporation legally
available therefor and (b) the Available GTR Dividend Amount.
c. DIVIDENDS ON GMO STOCK. Dividends on GMO Stock may be
declared and paid only out of the lesser of (a) funds of the Corporation legally
available therefor and (b) the Available GMO Dividend Amount.
d. DISCRIMINATION BETWEEN CLASSES OF COMMON STOCK.
Subject to the provisions of paragraphs IV.B.1.a., IV.B.1.b., and IV.B.1.c., the
Board of Directors may, in its sole discretion, declare and pay dividends
exclusively on any class of Common Stock, or all classes, in equal or unequal
amounts, notwithstanding the amounts available for the payment of dividends on
each class, the respective voting and liquidation rights of each class, the
amounts of prior dividends declared on each class or any other factor.
2. EXCHANGE OF COMMON STOCK. Shares of Common Stock are subject
to exchange upon the terms and conditions set forth below:
a. OPTIONAL EXCHANGE OF GTR STOCK. The Board of
Directors may at any time declare that each of the outstanding shares of GTR
Stock shall be exchanged, on an Exchange Date set forth in a notice to holders
of GTR Stock pursuant to paragraph IV.B.2.d.(1), for (a) a number of fully paid
and nonassessable shares of GGD Stock (calculated to the nearest five decimal
places) equal to (1) 130% of the Fair Market Value
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of one share of GTR Stock (the "GTR Exchange Amount") as of the date of the
first public announcement by the Corporation (here, and as used in paragraph
IV.B.2.b. and IV.B.2.c., the "Announcement Date") of such exchange divided by
(2) the Fair Market Value of one share of GGD Stock as of such Announcement
Date, (b) cash equal to the GTR Exchange Amount, or (c) any combination of GGD
Stock and cash equal to the GTR Exchange Amount as determined by the Board of
Directors.
b. OPTIONAL EXCHANGE OF GMO STOCK. The Board of
Directors may at any time declare that each of the outstanding shares of GMO
Stock shall be exchanged, on an Exchange Date set forth in a notice to holders
of GMO Stock pursuant to paragraph IV.B.2.d.(1), for (a) a number of fully paid
and nonassessable shares of GGD Stock (calculated to the nearest five decimal
places) equal to (1) 130% of the Fair Market Value of one share of GMO Stock
(the "GMO Exchange Amount") as of the Announcement Date of such exchange divided
by (2) the Fair Market Value of one share of GGD Stock as of such Announcement
Date, (b) cash equal to the GMO Exchange Amount, or (c) any combination of GGD
Stock and cash equal to the GMO Exchange Amount as determined by the Board of
Directors.
c. MANDATORY EXCHANGE OF COMMON STOCK. In the event of
the Disposition, in one transaction or a series of related transactions, by the
Corporation of all or substantially all of the properties and assets allocated
to any Division other than the General Division (other than in connection with
the Disposition by the Corporation of all or substantially all of its properties
and assets in one transaction or a series of related transactions) to any
person, entity or group (other than (x) any entity in which the Corporation,
directly or indirectly, owns all of the equity interest or (y) any entity formed
at the direction of the Corporation in connection with obtaining financing for
the programs or products of such Division under an arrangement which provides
the Corporation with an option to reacquire such properties and assets or retain
or obtain substantial manufacturing or marketing rights with respect to any
products developed by such entity, in each case for the benefit of such
Division), the Corporation shall, on or prior to the first Business Day after
the 90th day following the consummation of such Disposition, exchange each
outstanding share of the class of Common Stock representing such Division for
(a) a number of fully paid and nonassessable shares of GGD Stock (calculated to
the nearest five decimal places) equal to (1) the Exchange Amount applicable to
such shares as of the Announcement Date of such Disposition divided by (2) the
Fair Market Value of one share of GGD Stock as of such Announcement Date, (b)
cash equal to the Exchange Amount applicable to such shares, or (c) any
combination of GGD Stock and cash equal to the Exchange Amount applicable to
such shares, as determined by the Board of Directors. For purposes of this
paragraph:
(1) "substantially all of the properties and
assets allocated to any Division other than the General Division" shall mean a
portion of the properties and assets allocated to any such Division (A) that
represents at least 80% of the then-current fair value (as determined by the
Board of Directors) of, or (B) to which is attributable at least 80% of the
aggregate revenues for the immediately preceding twelve fiscal quarterly periods
of the Corporation derived from, the properties and assets allocated to such
Division; and
(2) in the case of a Disposition of properties
and assets in a series of related transactions, such Disposition shall not be
deemed to have been consummated until the consummation of the last of such
transactions.
d. GENERAL EXCHANGE PROVISIONS. In the event of any
exchange of shares of a class of Common Stock (the "Exchange Stock") for shares
of GGD Stock pursuant to this Section IV.B.2., the following provisions shall
apply:
(1) The Corporation shall cause to be given to
each record holder of shares of the Exchange Stock, a notice stating (a) that
shares of the Exchange Stock shall be exchanged for shares of GGD Stock or for
cash or a combination thereof, (b) the date on which the exchange shall become
effective (the "Exchange Date"), (c) the number of shares of GGD Stock or cash
or combination thereof to be received by such holder with respect to each share
of the Exchange Stock held by such holder, including details as to the
calculation thereof and (d) the place or places where certificates for shares of
the Exchange Stock, properly endorsed or assigned for transfer are to be
surrendered for delivery of certificates for shares of GGD Stock or cash or a
combination thereof (unless the Corporation shall waive such requirement). Such
notice shall be sent
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by first-class mail, postage prepaid, not less than 30 nor more than 60 days
prior to the Exchange Date to each holder of shares of the Exchange Stock at
such holder's address as the same appears on the stock transfer books of the
Corporation. Neither the failure to mail such notice to any particular holder of
shares of Exchange Stock nor any defect therein shall affect the sufficiency
thereof with respect to any other holder of shares of Exchange Stock.
(2) The Corporation shall not be required to
issue or deliver fractional shares of GGD Stock to any holder of shares of
Exchange Stock upon any such exchange. If more than one share of Exchange Stock
shall be held by the same holder of record, the Corporation shall aggregate the
number of shares of GGD Stock that shall be issuable to such holder upon any
such exchange. If the total number of shares of GGD Stock to be so issued to any
holder of record of shares of Exchange Stock includes a fraction, the
Corporation shall, if such fraction is not issued or delivered to such holder,
either arrange for the disposition of such fraction by or on behalf of such
holder or pay the fair value of such fraction, based upon the Fair Market Value
of the GGD Stock on the Exchange Date.
(3) No adjustments in respect of dividends shall
be made upon the exchange of any shares of Exchange Stock; provided, however,
that if the Exchange Date shall be subsequent to the record date for determining
holders of Exchange Stock entitled to the payment of a dividend or other
distribution thereon or with respect thereto, the holders of shares of Exchange
Stock at the close of business on such record date shall be entitled to receive
the dividend or other distribution payable on or with respect to such shares on
the date set for payment of such dividend or other distribution, notwithstanding
the exchange of such shares.
(4) Before any holder of shares of Exchange
Stock shall be entitled to receive certificates representing shares of GGD Stock
or cash or a combination thereof to be received by such holder with respect to
the exchange of such shares of Exchange Stock, such holder shall surrender at
such place as the Corporation shall specify certificates for such shares of
Exchange Stock, properly endorsed or assigned for transfer (unless the
Corporation shall waive such requirement). The Corporation will as soon as
practicable after such surrender of certificates representing such shares of
Exchange Stock deliver to the person for whose account such shares of Exchange
Stock were so surrendered, or to the nominee or nominees of such person,
certificates representing the number of shares of GGD Stock or cash or a
combination thereof to which such person shall be entitled as aforesaid,
together with any fractional share payment contemplated by paragraph
IV.B.2.d.(2).
(5) From and after the Exchange Date, all rights
of a holder of shares of Exchange Stock shall cease except for the right, upon
surrender of the certificates representing such shares of Exchange Stock, to
receive certificates representing shares of GGD Stock or cash or a combination
thereof, together with any fractional share payment contemplated by paragraph
IV.B.2.d.(2), and rights to dividends as provided in paragraph IV.B.2.d.(3). No
holder of a certificate that immediately prior to the Exchange Date represented
shares of Exchange Stock shall be entitled to receive any dividend or other
distribution with respect to the GGD Stock to be issued in exchange until
surrender of such holder's certificate for a certificate or certificates
representing shares of GGD Stock (unless the Corporation shall waive such
requirement). Upon such surrender, there shall be paid to the holder the amount
of any dividends or other distributions (without interest) which theretofore
became payable with respect to a record date after the Exchange Date, but that
were not paid by reason of the foregoing, with respect to the number of shares
of GGD Stock represented by the certificate or certificates issued upon such
surrender. From and after the Exchange Date, the Corporation shall, however, be
entitled to treat the certificates for Exchange Stock that have not yet been
surrendered for exchange as evidencing the ownership of the number of shares of
GGD Stock for which the shares of Exchange Stock represented by such
certificates shall have been exchanged, notwithstanding the failure to surrender
such certificates.
(6) The Corporation will pay any and all
documentary, stamp or similar issue or transfer taxes that may be payable in
respect of the issue or delivery of any shares of GGD Stock in exchange for
shares of Exchange Stock pursuant hereto. The Corporation shall not, however, be
required to pay any tax that may be payable in respect of any transfer involved
in the issue and delivery of any shares of GGD Stock issued in exchange in a
name other than that in which the shares of Exchange Stock so exchanged were
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registered and no such issue or delivery shall be made unless and until the
person requesting such issue has paid to the Corporation the amount of any such
tax, or has established to the satisfaction of the Corporation that no such tax
is due or that such tax has been paid.
(7) After the Exchange Date, any share of
Exchange Stock issued upon conversion or exercise of any Convertible Security
shall, immediately upon issuance pursuant to such conversion or exercise and
without any notice or any other action on the part of the Corporation or its
Board of Directors or the holder of such share of Exchange Stock, be exchanged
for the number of shares of GGD Stock or cash or combination thereof (together
with any payments in lieu of fractional shares or dividends, if any) that a
holder of such Convertible Security would have been entitled to receive pursuant
to the terms of such Convertible Security had such terms provided that the
conversion privilege in effect immediately prior to any exchange by the
Corporation of any shares of Exchange Stock for shares of any other capital
stock of the Corporation would be adjusted so that the holder of any such
Convertible Security thereafter surrendered for conversion would be entitled to
receive the number of shares of capital stock of the Corporation he or she would
have owned immediately following such action had such Convertible Security been
converted immediately prior to such exchange. The foregoing provisions shall not
apply to the extent that equivalent adjustments are otherwise made pursuant to
the provisions of such Convertible Security.
3. VOTING RIGHTS
a. GGD STOCK. The holders of GGD Stock, voting together
with the holders of all other classes of Common Stock as a single class of
stock, shall have the exclusive right to vote for the election of directors and
on all other matters requiring action by the stockholders or submitted to the
stockholders for action, except as may be determined by the Board of Directors
in establishing any class of Common Stock or series of Preferred Stock or as may
otherwise be required by law. Each share of the GGD Stock shall entitle the
holder thereof to one vote.
b. GTR STOCK. The holders of GTR Stock, voting together
with the holders of all other classes of Common Stock as a single class of
stock, shall have the exclusive right to vote for the election of directors and
on all other matters requiring action by the stockholders or submitted to the
stockholders for action, except as may be determined by the Board of Directors
in establishing any series of Preferred Stock or as may otherwise be required by
law. Each share of GTR Stock shall entitle the holder thereof to .33 votes
through December 31, 1998. On January 1, 1999 and on each January 1 every two
years thereafter, the number of votes to which the holder of each share of GTR
Stock shall be entitled shall be adjusted and fixed for two-year periods to
equal the quotient (expressed as a decimal and rounded to the nearest two
decimal places) obtained by dividing (i) the Fair Market Value of one share of
GTR Stock by (ii) the Fair Market Value of one share of GGD Stock as of such
date. If no shares of GGD Stock are outstanding on such date, then all other
classes of Common Stock outstanding on such date shall have a number of votes
such that each share of the class of outstanding Common Stock that has the
highest Fair Market Value per share on such date (the "Base Series") shall have
one vote and each share of each other class of outstanding Common Stock shall
have the number of votes determined according to the immediately preceding
sentence, treating, for such purpose, the Base Series as the GGD Stock in such
sentence. If shares of GTR Stock are entitled to vote separately as a class,
each share of GTR Stock shall have one vote.
c. GMO STOCK. The holders of GMO Stock, voting together
with the holders of all other classes of Common Stock as a single class of
stock, shall have the exclusive right to vote for the election of directors and
on all other matters requiring action by the stockholders or submitted to the
stockholders for action, except as may be determined by the Board of Directors
in establishing any series of Preferred Stock or as may otherwise be required by
law. Each share of GMO Stock shall entitle the holder thereof to .25 votes from
the GMO Effective Date through December 31, 1998. On January 1, 1999 and on each
January 1 every two years thereafter, the number of votes to which the holder of
each share of GMO Stock shall be entitled shall be adjusted and fixed for
two-year periods to equal the quotient (expressed as a decimal and rounded to
the nearest two decimal places) obtained by dividing (i) the Fair Market Value
of one share of GMO Stock by (ii) the Fair Market Value of one share of GGD
Stock as of such date. If no shares of GGD Stock are outstanding on such date,
then all other classes of Common Stock outstanding on such date shall have a
number of votes such that
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each share of the class of outstanding Common Stock that has the highest Fair
Market Value per share on such date (the "Base Series") shall have one vote and
each share of each other class of outstanding Common Stock shall have the number
of votes determined according to the immediately preceding sentence, treating,
for such purpose, the Base Series as the GGD Stock in such sentence. If shares
of GMO Stock are entitled to vote separately as a class, each share of GMO Stock
shall have one vote.
d. VOTING OF CONTROLLED SHARES. Shares of any class of
Common Stock held by a corporation or other entity controlled by the Corporation
(other than an employee benefit plan) shall be voted on any proposal requiring a
vote of the holders of such class in the same proportion as votes are cast for
or against such proposal by all other holders of such class.
e. SPECIAL VOTING RIGHTS. The Corporation shall not,
without approval by the holders of the affected class of Common Stock at a
meeting at which a quorum is present and the votes cast in favor of the proposal
exceed those cast against:
(1) allow any proceeds from the Disposition of
the properties or assets allocated to any Division represented by such class of
Common Stock to be used in the business of any other Division not represented by
such class of Common Stock without fair compensation being allocated to the
Division whose properties or assets are disposed of as determined by the Board
of Directors;
(2) allow any properties or assets allocated to
any Division represented by a class of Common Stock to be used in the business
of any other Division not represented by such class of Common Stock or for the
declaration or payment of any dividend or distribution on any such other class
of Common Stock without fair compensation being allocated to the Division to
which such properties or assets were allocated as determined by the Board of
Directors;
(3) issue, sell or otherwise distribute shares
of any class of Common Stock without allocating the proceeds or other benefits
of such issuance, sale or distribution to the Division represented by such class
of Common Stock; provided, however, that the Corporation may without such
approval issue GTR Designated Shares or GMO Designated Shares;
(4) change the rights or preferences of any
class of Common Stock so as to affect the class adversely; or
(5) effect any merger or business combination
involving the Corporation as a result of which (a) the holders of all classes of
Common Stock of the Corporation shall no longer own, directly or indirectly, at
least fifty percent (50%) of the voting power of the surviving corporation and
(b) the holders of all classes of Common Stock of the Corporation do not receive
the same form of consideration, distributed among such holders in proportion to
the Market Capitalization of each class of Common Stock as of the date of the
first public announcement of such merger or business combination.
4. LIQUIDATION, DISSOLUTION OR WINDING UP
Upon any voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding
up of the Corporation, the rights of the holders of Common Stock shall be as
follows:
a. After the Corporation has satisfied or made provision
for its debts and obligations and for the payment to the holders of shares of
any class or series of capital stock having preferential rights to receive
distributions of the net assets of the Corporation (including any accumulated
and unpaid dividends), the holders of each class of Common Stock shall be
entitled to receive the net assets of the Corporation remaining for
distribution, on a per share basis in proportion to the respective liquidation
units per share of each such class. Each share of GGD Stock shall have one
hundred liquidation units, each share of GTR Stock shall, subject to paragraph
5. below, have 58 liquidation units (100 multiplied by the number of votes to
which one share of GTR
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Stock was entitled on the GTR Effective Date, as adjusted pursuant to paragraph
5 below), and each share of GMO Stock shall, subject to paragraph 5. below, have
25 liquidation units.
b. For the purposes of paragraph IV.B.4.a., any merger
or business combination involving the Corporation or any sale of all or
substantially all of the assets of the Corporation shall not be treated as a
liquidation.
5. ADJUSTMENTS RELATIVE TO VOTING RIGHTS AND LIQUIDATION
If the Corporation shall in any manner subdivide (by stock split,
reclassification or otherwise) or combine (by reverse stock split,
reclassification or otherwise) the outstanding shares of any class of Common
Stock, or pay a dividend or make a distribution in shares of any class of Common
Stock to holders of such class, the per share voting rights and the liquidation
units of each class of Common Stock other than the GGD Stock shall be
appropriately adjusted so as to avoid dilution in the aggregate voting and
liquidation rights of any class. The issuance by the Corporation of shares of
any class of Common Stock (whether by a dividend or otherwise) to the holders of
any other class of Common Stock shall not require adjustment pursuant to this
paragraph.
6. RANK
The Common Stock shall rank junior with respect to the payment of
dividends and the distribution of assets to all series of the Corporation's
Preferred Stock that specifically provide that they shall rank prior to the
Common Stock. Nothing herein shall preclude the Board from creating any series
of Preferred Stock ranking on a parity with or prior to the Common Stock as to
the payment of dividends or the distribution of assets.
7. FRACTIONAL SHARES
Shares of any class of Common Stock may be issued in fractions of a
share which shall entitle the holder, in proportion to such holder's fractional
shares, to exercise voting rights, receive dividends, participate in
distributions and to have the benefit of all other rights of holders of such
class of Common Stock.
8. DEFINITIONS
As used in these Articles of Organization, the following terms shall
have the following meanings (with terms defined in the singular having
comparable meaning when used in the plural and vice versa), unless another
definition is provided or the context otherwise requires:
a. "Available GGD Dividend Amount," on any date, shall
mean the greater of:
(a) the excess of
(i) the greater of (x) the fair value on such
date of the net assets of the General Division and (y) an amount equal to
$335,378,000 (stockholders' equity allocated to the General Division at June 30,
1994), such dollar amount to be increased or decreased, as appropriate, to
reflect, after June 30, 1994, (A) the Earnings Attributable to the General
Division, (B) any dividends or other distributions (including by
reclassification or exchange) declared or paid with respect to, or repurchases
or issuances of, any shares of GGD Stock or any other class of capital stock
attributed to the General Division, but excluding dividends or other
distributions paid in shares of GGD Stock to the holders thereof or in shares of
any other class of capital stock attributed to the General Division to the
holders thereof, and (C) any other adjustments to the stockholders' equity of
the General Division made in accordance with generally accepted accounting
principles, over
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(ii) the sum of (x) the aggregate par value of
all outstanding shares of GGD Stock and any other class of capital stock
attributed to the General Division and (y) unless these Articles of Organization
permit otherwise, the aggregate amount that would be needed to satisfy any
preferential rights to which holders of all outstanding Preferred Stock
attributed to the General Division are entitled upon dissolution of the
Corporation in excess of the aggregate par value of such Preferred Stock,
provided that such excess shall be reduced by any amount necessary to enable the
General Division to pay its debts as they become due, and
(b) the amount legally available for the payment of dividends
determined in accordance with Massachusetts law applied as if the General
Division were a separate corporation.
b. "Available GTR Dividend Amount," on any date, shall
mean the greater of:
(a) the excess of
(i) the greater of (x) the fair value on such
date of the net assets of the Tissue Repair Division and (y) an amount equal to
$28,712,000 (stockholders' equity allocated to the Tissue Repair Division at
June 30, 1994), such dollar amount to be increased or decreased, as appropriate,
to reflect, after June 30, 1994, (A) the Earnings Attributable to the Tissue
Repair Division, (B) any dividends or other distributions (including by
reclassification or exchange) declared or paid with respect to, or repurchases
or issuances of, any shares of GTR Stock or any other class of capital stock
attributed to the Tissue Repair Division, but excluding dividends or other
distributions paid in shares of GTR Stock to the holders thereof or in shares of
any other class of capital stock attributed to the Tissue Repair Division to the
holders thereof, and (C) any other adjustments to the stockholders' equity of
the Tissue Repair Division made in accordance with generally accepted accounting
principles, over
(ii) the sum of (x) the aggregate par value of
all outstanding shares of GTR Stock and any other class of capital stock
attributed to the Tissue Repair Division and (y) unless these Articles of
Organization permit otherwise, the aggregate amount that would be needed to
satisfy any preferential rights to which holders of all outstanding Preferred
Stock attributed to the Tissue Repair Division are entitled upon dissolution of
the Corporation in excess of the aggregate par value of such Preferred Stock,
provided that such excess shall be reduced by any amount necessary to enable the
Tissue Repair Division to pay its debts as they become due, and
(b) the amount legally available for the payment of dividends
determined in accordance with Massachusetts law applied as if the Tissue Repair
Division were a separate corporation.
c. "Available GMO Dividend Amount," on any date, shall
mean the greater of:
(a) the excess of
(i) the greater of (x) the fair value on such
date of the net assets of the Molecular Oncology Division and (y) an amount
equal to $20,500,000 (stockholders' equity allocated to the Molecular Oncology
Division at September 30, 1996), such dollar amount to be increased or
decreased, as appropriate, to reflect, after September 30, 1996, (A) the
Earnings Attributable to the Molecular Oncology Division, (B) any dividends or
other distributions (including by reclassification or exchange) declared or paid
with respect to, or repurchases or issuances of, any shares of GMO Stock or any
other class of capital stock attributed to the Molecular Oncology Division, but
excluding dividends or other distributions paid in shares of GMO Stock to the
holders thereof or in shares of any other class of capital stock attributed to
the Molecular Oncology Division to the holders thereof, and (C) any other
adjustments to the stockholders' equity of the Molecular Oncology Division made
in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, over
(ii) the sum of (x) the aggregate par value of
all outstanding shares of GMO Stock and any other class of capital stock
attributed to the Molecular Oncology Division and (y) unless these Articles of
Organization permit otherwise, the aggregate amount that would be needed to
satisfy any preferential rights to
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which holders of all outstanding Preferred Stock attributed to the Molecular
Oncology Division are entitled upon dissolution of the Corporation in excess of
the aggregate par value of such Preferred Stock, provided that such excess shall
be reduced by any amount necessary to enable the Molecular Oncology Division to
pay its debts as they become due, and
(b) the amount legally available for the payment of dividends
determined in accordance with Massachusetts law applied as if the Molecular
Oncology Division were a separate corporation.
d. "Business Day" shall mean each weekday other than any
day on which any relevant class of Common Stock is not traded on any national
securities exchange or the Nasdaq National Market or in the over-the-counter
market.
e. "Convertible Securities" shall mean any securities
(including employee stock options) of the Corporation that are convertible into
or evidence the right to purchase any shares of any class of Common Stock.
f. "Disposition" shall mean the sale, transfer,
assignment or other disposition (whether by merger, consolidation, sale or
contribution of assets or stock or otherwise) of any properties or assets, other
than by pledge, hypothecation or grant of any security interest in such
properties or assets.
g. "Earnings Attributable" to a particular Division for
any period, shall mean the net income or loss of such Division for such period
(or for the fiscal periods of the Corporation commencing prior to the GTR
Effective Date and after June 30, 1994, pro forma net income or loss of the
Tissue Repair Division and the General Division as if the GTR Effective Date was
June 30, 1994, and, for the fiscal periods of the Corporation commencing prior
to the GMO Effective Date and after September 30, 1996, pro forma net income or
loss of the Molecular Oncology Division as if the GMO Effective Date were
September 30, 1996) determined in accordance with generally accepted accounting
principles, with all income and expenses of the Corporation being allocated
between Divisions in a reasonable and consistent manner in accordance with
policies adopted by the Board of Directors; provided, however, that as of the
end of any fiscal quarter of the Corporation, any projected annual tax benefit
attributable to any Division that cannot be utilized by such Division to offset
or reduce its allocated tax liability may be allocated to any other Division
without any compensating payment or allocation.
h. "Exchange Date" shall mean the date, if any, fixed
for the exchange of shares of a class of Common Stock, as set forth in a notice
to holders of such class of Common Stock pursuant to paragraph IV.B.2.d.(1).
i. "Fair Market Value" as to shares of any class of
stock shall as of any date mean the average of the daily closing prices for the
20 consecutive trading days commencing on the 30th trading day prior to such
date. The closing price for each day shall be (x) if the shares of such class of
stock are listed or admitted to trading on a national securities exchange, the
closing price on the New York Stock Exchange Composite Tape (or any successor
composite tape reporting transactions on national securities exchanges) or, if
such composite tape shall not be in use or shall not report transactions in such
shares, the last reported sales price regular way on the principal national
securities exchange on which such shares are listed or admitted to trading
(which shall be the national securities exchange on which the greatest number of
shares of such class of stock has been traded during such consecutive trading
days), or, if there is no such sale on any such day, the mean of the bid and
asked prices on such day, or (y) if such shares are not listed or admitted to
trading on any such exchange, the closing price, if reported, or, if the closing
price is not reported, the mean of the closing bid and asked prices as reported
by the Nasdaq National Market or a similar source selected from time to time by
the Corporation for the purpose. In the event such closing prices are
unavailable, Fair Market Value shall be determined by the Board of Directors.
j. "General Division" shall mean, at any time, the
Corporation's interest in (i) all of the businesses, products, or development or
research programs in which the Corporation or any of its subsidiaries (or
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any of their predecessors or successors) is or has been engaged, directly or
indirectly, other than those allocated to any Division of the Corporation
represented by a class of Common Stock other than the GGD Stock; and (ii) all
assets and liabilities of the Corporation to the extent allocated to any such
businesses, products, or development or research programs in accordance with
generally accepted accounting principles consistently applied for all of the
Corporation's business units. From and after the date on which all of the
outstanding shares of any class of Common Stock other than the GGD Stock are
exchanged for shares of GGD Stock, cash or a combination thereof, all of the
businesses, products, and development and research programs, assets and
liabilities of the Division represented by such class of Common Stock shall be
included in the General Division. The General Division shall be represented by
the GGD Stock.
k. "GMO Designated Shares" as of any date shall mean a
number of shares of GMO Stock that, as of the GMO Effective Date, shall be
6,000,000, which number shall be subject to adjustment as provided in the next
sentence. The number of GMO Designated Shares shall from time to time be
(i) adjusted as appropriate to reflect
subdivisions (by stock split or otherwise) and combinations (by reverse stock
split or otherwise) of the GMO Stock and dividends or distributions of shares of
GMO Stock to holders of GMO Stock and other reclassifications of GMO Stock,
(ii) decreased by (A) the number of any shares of
GMO Stock issued by the Corporation, the proceeds of which are allocated to the
General Division, (B) the number of any shares of GMO Stock issued upon the
exercise or conversion of Convertible Securities attributed to the General
Division, and (C) the number of any shares of GMO Stock issued by the
Corporation as a dividend or distribution or by reclassification, exchange or
otherwise to holders of GGD Stock, and
(iii) increased by (A) the number of any
outstanding shares of GMO Stock repurchased by the Corporation, the
consideration for which was allocated to the General Division, (B) the number
equal to the fair value (as determined by the Board of Directors) of assets or
properties allocated to the General Division that are reallocated to the
Molecular Oncology Division (other than reallocations that represent sales at
fair value between such Divisions) divided by the Fair Market Value of one share
of GMO Stock as of the date of such reallocation, (C) the number equal to the
number of shares into which the Board of Directors elects to convert the
promissory note dated February 10, 1997 issued by PharmaGenics, Inc. to the
Corporation pursuant to the terms of such promissory note and (D) with respect
to the $25 million equity line from the General Division to the Molecular
Oncology Division approved by the Corporation's Board of Directors on January
30, 1997 (the "Equity Line"), if
(a) the closing of the first public offering by the
Corporation of GMO Stock has occurred prior to the third anniversary of the GMO
Effective Date, then, upon such closing, a number equal to the aggregate of the
quotients obtained by dividing (i) the amount of each advance made under the
Equity Line by (ii) the dollar amount determined for each such advance by the
following formula: 7.00 + [(IPOGMO - 7.00) x (ADATE/IPODATE)]; where IPOGMO =
the offering price of the GMO Stock in the first such public offering, ADATE =
the number of days from the GMO Effective Date to the time of such advance, and
IPODATE = the number of days from the Effective Time to the time of the first
such public offering; and, thereafter, upon each advance made under the Equity
Line, a number equal to the quotient obtained by dividing (i) amount of each
such advance by (ii) the Fair Market Value of the GMO Stock on the date of such
advance; or
(b) the closing of the first public offering by the
Corporation of GMO Stock has not occurred prior to the third anniversary of the
GMO Effective Date, then, upon the election of the Corporation's Board of
Directors, a number equal to the quotient obtained by dividing (i) the aggregate
amount of all advances made under the Equity Line by (ii) the Fair Market Value
of the GMO Stock on the date of such third anniversary; provided, that the
Corporation shall take no action which would have the effect of reducing the GMO
Designated Shares to a number which is less than zero. Within 45 days after the
end of each fiscal quarter of the
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Corporation, the Corporation shall prepare and file a statement of such change
with the transfer agent for the GMO Stock and with the Clerk of the Corporation.
l. "GMO Effective Date" shall mean the effective date of
the Amendment to these Articles of Organization authorizing the GMO Stock.
m. "GTR Designated Shares" as of any date shall mean a
number of shares of GTR Stock that, as of the GTR Effective Date, shall be
5,000,000, which number shall be subject to adjustment as provided in the next
sentence. The number of GTR Designated Shares shall from time to time be
(i) adjusted as appropriate to reflect
subdivisions (by stock split or otherwise) and combinations (by reverse stock
split or otherwise) of the GTR Stock and dividends or distributions of shares of
GTR Stock to holders of GTR Stock and other reclassifications of GTR Stock,
(ii) decreased by (A) the number of any shares of
GTR Stock issued by the Corporation, the proceeds of which are allocated to the
General Division, (B) the number of any shares of GTR Stock issued upon the
exercise or conversion of Convertible Securities attributed to the General
Division, and (C) the number of any shares of GTR Stock issued by the
Corporation as a dividend or distribution or by reclassification, exchange or
otherwise to holders of GGD Stock, and
(iii) increased by (A) the number of any
outstanding shares of GTR Stock repurchased by the Corporation, the
consideration for which was allocated to the General Division, (B) one for each
$10.00 reallocated from the General Division to the Tissue Repair Division from
time to time in satisfaction of the funding commitment or the purchase option of
the General Division set forth in sections 4.17 and 4.18 of the Agreement and
Plan of Reorganization among the Corporation, Phoenix Acquisition Corporation
and BioSurface Technology, Inc. dated as of July 25, 1994, up to a maximum of
$30,000,000, and (C) the number equal to the fair value (as determined by the
Board of Directors) of assets or properties allocated to the General Division
that are reallocated to the Tissue Repair Division (other than reallocations
that represent sales at fair value between such Divisions) divided by the Fair
Market Value of one share of GTR Stock as of the date of such reallocation;
provided, that the Corporation shall take no action which would have the effect
of reducing the GTR Designated Shares to a number which is less than zero.
Within 45 days after the end of each fiscal quarter of the Corporation, the
Corporation shall prepare and file a statement of such change with the transfer
agent for the GTR Stock and with the Clerk of the Corporation.
n. "GTR Effective Date" shall mean December 16, 1994,
the effective date of the amendment to these Articles of Organization
authorizing the GTR Stock.
o. "Market Capitalization" of any class of Common Stock
on any date shall mean the product of (i) the Fair Market Value of one share of
such class of Common Stock on such date and (ii) the number of shares of such
class of Common Stock outstanding on such date.
p. "Molecular Oncology Division" shall mean, at any
time, the Corporation's interest in (i) the following businesses, products, or
development or research programs: (A) the use of the Serial Analysis of Gene
Expression ("SAGE") technology licensed from Johns Hopkins University School of
Medicine for third parties; (B) the clinical program developing adenovirus
vectors containing the tumor antigens MART 1 or gp100 for treatment of
melanoma: (C) the "suicide" gene therapy research program developing adenovirus
and lipid vectors containing genes to enhance chemotherapy for oncology
indications; (D) the research program developing adenovirus and lipid vectors
containing tumor suppressor genes for oncology indications; (E) the research
program developing adenovirus and lipid containing genes to regulate the immune
system for oncology indications, including heat shock proteins; (F) the research
program developing antibody-targeted gene therapy for treatment of tumors; (G)
the research program developing small molecule compounds to inhibit
angiogenesis and stimulate apoptosis; (H) the research program developing small
molecule compounds to regulate tumor
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suppressor gene function; and (I) the research program developing diagnostic
applications for tumor suppressor genes and other cancer-related genes licensed
from Hoffmann-La Roche Inc. or identified by Johns Hopkins University using SAGE
technology or other genomic technology; (ii) all assets and liabilities of the
Corporation to the extent allocated to any such businesses, products, or
development or research programs in accordance with generally accepted
accounting principles consistently applied for all of the Corporation's business
units; (iii) to the extent not described above, all assets and liabilities of
PharmaGenics, Inc. as of the GMO Effective Date; and (iv) such businesses,
products, or development or research programs developed in, or acquired by the
Corporation for, the Molecular Oncology Division after the GMO Effective Date,
in each case as determined by the Board of Directors; provided, however, that,
from and after any Disposition or transfer to the General Division of any
business, product, development or research program, assets or properties, the
Molecular Oncology Division shall no longer include the business, product,
development program, research project, assets or properties so disposed of or
transferred. The Molecular Oncology Division shall be represented by the GMO
Stock.
q. "Tissue Repair Division" shall mean, at any time, the
Corporation's interest in (i) the following businesses, products, or development
or research programs: (A) Vianain(R) for debridement of necrotic or damaged
tissue; (B) TGF-(beta)2 for all indications licensed from Celtrix
Pharmaceuticals, Inc. on the GTR Effective Date; (C) Epicel(TM) cultured
epithelial cell autografts for tissue replacement or repair, including but not
limited to skin, ocular or oral tissue; (D) Acticel(TM) cultured epithelial cell
allografts for tissue replacement or repair, including but not limited to skin,
ocular or oral tissue; (E) Chondrograft cultured chondrocyte auto- and
allografts; (F) tissue-type plasminogen activator ("tPA") for all tissue repair
indications licensed by the Corporation from Genentech, Inc. on the GTR
Effective Date; (G) the leukocyte-derived growth factor ("LDGF") research
program; (H) the dermal replacement research program; (I) the cultured
fibroblast dermal replacement research program and (J) the research program on
cultured keratinocyte or fibroblast cell extracts or derivatives, each as being
conducted by the Corporation on the GTR Effective Date; (ii) all assets and
liabilities of the Corporation to the extent allocated to any such businesses,
products, or development or research programs in accordance with generally
accepted accounting principles consistently applied for all of the Corporation's
business units; and (iii) such businesses, products, or development or research
programs developed in, or acquired by the Corporation for, the Tissue Repair
Division after the GTR Effective Date, in each case as determined by the Board
of Directors; provided, however, that, from and after any Disposition or
transfer to the General Division of any business, product, development program,
research project, assets or properties, the Tissue Repair Division shall no
longer include the business, product, development program, research project,
assets or properties so disposed of or transferred. The Tissue Repair Division
shall be represented by the GTR Stock.
9. DETERMINATIONS BY THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS
Any determinations with respect to any Division or the rights of
holders of any class of Common Stock made by the Board of Directors of the
Corporation in good faith pursuant to or in furtherance of any provision of this
paragraph B. shall be final and binding on all stockholders of the Corporation.
C. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED STOCK
Shares of Preferred Stock may be issued from time to time in one or
more series. The Board of Directors may determine, in whole or in part, the
preferences, voting powers, qualifications and special or relative rights or
privileges of any such series before the issuance of any shares of that series.
The Board of Directors shall determine the number of shares constituting each
series of Preferred Stock and each series shall have a distinguishing
designation.
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Exhibit C
Form of Affiliate Letter
See summary on page 62 of the Prospectus/Proxy Statement under the
caption "Resales of GMO Stock."
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Exhibit D
Form of Stockholder Agreement
See summary on page 36 of the Prospectus/Proxy Statement under the
caption "The PharmaGenics Special Meeting - Agreements to Vote in Favor."
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Exhibit E
GENZYME MOLECULAR ONCOLOGY DIVISION ASSETS AND LIABILITIES
The Genzyme Molecular Oncology Division consists at the outset of the
following businesses, products, development and research programs:
1. PharmaGenics's use of the Serial Analysis of Gene
Expression ("SAGE") technology licensed from Johns Hopkins University School of
Medicine for third parties;
2. Genzyme's clinical program developing adenovirus
vectors containing the tumor antigens MART 1 or gp100 for treatment of
melanoma;
3. Genzyme's "suicide" gene therapy research program
developing adenovirus and lipid vectors containing genes to enhance chemotherapy
for oncology indications;
4. PharmaGenics's and Genzyme's research programs
developing adenovirus and lipid vectors containing tumor suppressor genes for
oncology indications;
5. Genzyme's research program developing adenovirus and
lipid containing genes to regulate the immune system for oncology indications,
including heat shock proteins;
6. Genzyme's research program developing
antibody-targeted gene therapy for treatment of tumors;
7. Genzyme's research program developing small molecule
compounds to inhibit angiogenesis and stimulate apoptosis;
8. PharmaGenics's and Genzyme's research programs
developing small molecule compounds to regulate the function of tumor suppressor
and other cancer-related genes;
9. PharmaGenics's and Genzyme's research programs
developing diagnostic applications for tumor suppressor genes and other
cancer-related genes licensed by PharmaGenics from Hoffmann-La Roche Inc or
identified by Johns Hopkins University or PharmaGenics using the SAGE technology
or other genomic technology;
10. All assets and liabilities of Genzyme associated with
the above programs, including the contracts identified in the Genzyme Disclosure
Schedule to the extent such contracts relate to the above programs; and
11. All assets and liabilities of PharmaGenics as of the
Effective Time.
Each of the first 6 products or programs listed above, and any additional
molecular oncology program or product being developed from time to time in the
Molecular Oncology Division which (a) shall have constituted 20% or more of the
R&D budget of the Molecular Oncology Division in any of the three most recently
completed fiscal years or (b) has had a cumulative investments of $8 million or
more for research and development by the Molecular Oncology Division, shall be
considered a "Key GMO Program."
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Exhibit F
Policies of Genzyme Subsequent to Closing
See pages 92 through 97 of the Prospectus/Proxy Statement under the
caption "Management and Accounting Policies Governing the Relationship of
Genzyme Divisions."
F-1
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Exhibit G
Form of Promissory Note
See pages 75 through 77 of the Prospectus/Proxy Statement under the
caption "Certain Transactions/Credit Facility."
G-1
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Exhibits H and I
Form of Opinion of Ballard Spahr Andrews & Ingersoll
and
Form of Opinion of Palmer & Dodge LLP
Omitted
H-I-1
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Annex II
BUSINESS
The following is a description of the business of Genzyme Molecular Oncology
("GMO") after giving effect to the acquisition of PharmaGenics, Inc. References
herein to GMO assume that the Merger has been completed and refer either to
PharmaGenics, Inc. or to the activities of Genzyme in the field of oncology.
Statements made in the following description of the business of GMO relating to
revenue expectations and plans for clinical trials, product development and
sales and marketing, or that otherwise relate to future periods, are
forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities
Act and Section 21E of the Exchange Act. Actual results could differ materially
from those anticipated in the forward-looking statements as a result of certain
factors described under Risk Factors or elsewhere in the Prospectus (including
Genzyme's Annual Report on Form 10-K and other documents incorporated herein by
reference). Such risks should be considered carefully in evaluating an
investment in GMO Stock.
INTRODUCTION
GMO was formed to develop and commercialize novel therapeutics and
diagnostics for cancer based on molecular tools and genomics information. GMO's
products and services include a genomics service business based on its SAGE
differential gene expression technology, two gene therapy programs currently in
Phase I clinical trials for melanoma, additional gene therapy programs based on
immunotherapy, cytotoxic (suicide) genes and tumor suppressor genes and a drug
discovery program to identify small molecules that interact with five different
cancer- related targets.
GMO has strong capabilities in four major technology areas related to the
development of therapeutics and diagnostics for cancer:
Genomics. SAGE, a proprietary genomics tool, enables the rapid
identification of genes that are differentially expressed in tumors as
opposed to normal tissues.
Gene Therapy. A broad portfolio of clinically tested viral and non-viral
vectors and an established development infrastructure are available to GMO
for oncology applications as a result of Genzyme's work in cystic fibrosis
gene therapy and in gene delivery technology.
Small Molecule Drug Discovery. Robotically driven combinatorial chemistry,
high throughput screens for drug development and a diverse, 750,000
compound library are expected to facilitate rapid identification of
compounds active against cancer-related targets.
Diagnostics. Joint development and marketing with Genzyme Genetics, a
market leader in genetic testing, provides GMO access to proprietary
technologies such as Multiplex Allele-Specific Diagnostic Assay (MASDA) for
accurate, cost effective molecular tests, a federally certified clinical
laboratory for the development of diagnostic services and an established
service laboratory network for their commercialization.
GMO operates as a division of Genzyme with its own dedicated personnel and
financial resources. It has access to Genzyme's extensive research and
development capabilities, manufacturing facilities, worldwide clinical
development and regulatory affairs staff and marketing infrastructure. GMO
believes that the availability of these resources will enable it to
commercialize its products and services more rapidly, mitigate the risks
inherent in product development and commercialization and reduce GMO's future
capital investment requirements. The GMO Stock is intended to reflect the value
and track the performance of this business.
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BACKGROUND
Cancer is a heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled
proliferation of abnormal cells. This uncontrolled proliferation is often caused
by genetic defects or mutations, which in some cases are inherited and in others
may result from environmental or lifestyle factors or simply from random errors
in DNA replication as cells grow and divide. In many cases, it is the
accumulation of a number of mutations that ultimately gives the cancer cell a
selective growth and survival advantage over normal cells. As a result, it may
be several years from the time of an initial mutation until a detectable tumor
appears.
Although some advances have been made in the diagnosis and treatment of
cancer, existing diagnostic tools and therapeutic regimens are far from adequate
for most cancers. Current methods for diagnosis are based primarily on detection
of the tumor itself. Diagnosis at this stage, particularly in hidden cancers
such as those of the breast, ovaries and lung, often occurs so late that only
aggressive, risky and often ineffective therapies can be attempted. Early
detection dramatically improves the survival rates of most cancer patients.
Current treatments for cancer consist primarily of chemotherapy, surgery
and radiation. Chemotherapy drugs are most lethal to rapidly dividing cells
(including cancer cells), but are toxic to some degree to all cells and
frequently cause serious adverse side effects that limit therapy. Surgery and
radiation are limited to defined tumor masses and often fail to eliminate the
entire tumor. GMO believes that early detection, differential diagnosis of
specific cancer cell-related defects and therapies that better target abnormal
cells should result in improved outcomes for cancer patients.
CANCER MARKET
Cancer ranks second to cardiovascular disease as the leading cause of death
in the U.S. Despite certain advances in cancer treatment, incidence rates for
many cancers are rising. The National Cancer Institute ("NCI") projects that
within five years, cancer will be the leading cause of death in the U.S.
The U.S. market for therapeutic cancer drugs is currently approximately $3
billion and is comprised predominantly of chemotherapeutic and related agents.
Industry surveys predict that, within ten years, this market will increase to
approximately $9 billion, with novel treatments such as tumor vaccines, gene
therapies, monoclonal antibodies and antisense treatments accounting for the
majority of this increase.
The market for in vitro cancer diagnostics is in an early stage of
development. Growth thus far has been driven primarily by the advent of
immunoassays that test for the presence or levels of certain tumor markers that
indicate cancer, the best known being prostate specific antigen (PSA).
Historical limitations to growth in this market include the poor predictive
power of many tumor markers, the paucity of predictive cancer-related genes, the
high cost of genetic testing, reimbursement constraints and the inability of
additional diagnostic information to improve therapeutic intervention. GMO
believes, however, that the relevance and utility of molecular diagnostics will
improve as new genomics tools accelerate the identification of cancer-related
genes, advanced technologies decrease the cost of molecular testing, and
gene-based and other novel therapeutics are developed.
Although there are approximately 5,500 board certified medical and
hematological related oncologists in the U.S., much of the leading edge therapy
is provided through the 55 NCI funded cancer centers. As a result, GMO believes
it will be possible to market its products and services with a relatively small,
focused sales force. Since new therapies will most likely be used in combination
with existing therapies, it should be possible to penetrate and expand the
oncology market currently dominated by large pharmaceutical companies without
directly competing with their established products and sales organizations. The
willingness of oncologists to try new treatments should also accelerate market
acceptance and penetration. GMO believes that these market characteristics will
make it possible for new entrants with novel products to compete in the oncology
market.
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ENABLING TECHNOLOGY
GMO has strong capabilities in four areas that it believes will be
essential to the commercialization of gene- based therapies and diagnostics for
cancer. The principal components of these capabilities are summarized in the
following chart:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GENOMICS GENE THERAPY
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C>
- - SAGE (differential gene expression) - Proprietary adenoviral and cationic
- - Positional cloning lipid gene delivery vectors
- - Bioinformatics - In vitro and in vivo models
- - Computational and biological - Clinical grade vector production
functional analysis and target - U.S. and European clinical/
validation regulatory experience
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SMALL MOLECULE DRUG DISCOVERY DIAGNOSTICS
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- - Robotically driven combinatorial - MASDA and other proprietary test
chemistry platforms
- - Diverse, 750,000 compound library - Market-leading service laboratory network
- - High throughput screens - Established genetic counseling services
- - Computationally driven lead - Clinical trials laboratory
enhancement
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
BUSINESS STRATEGY
GMO believes that the complex genetic basis of cancer, together with the
dynamics of the oncology market, will cause it to be one of the earliest disease
areas in which gene-based medicine is commercialized. The key elements of GMO's
strategy are as follows:
- Utilize its four core technologies to maintain a diverse product and
service development portfolio focused on cancer. GMO will employ an integrated
approach to translate the information gained through the use of its genomics
capabilities into multiple product and service opportunities. For example, a
single gene, once identified and characterized, may be used to develop a
diagnostic assay, a gene therapy and a screen for small molecule therapeutics.
Likewise, a gene therapy vector, optimized for delivery to a specific target,
may be used to transport any of a number of relevant genes identified using
GMO's genomics tools.
- Exploit the SAGE technology by utilizing it both in its own internal
product development efforts and for third parties under service contracts,
sublicenses or subscription arrangements. Although no meaningful revenues from
SAGE have been generated to date, GMO expects that SAGE service contracts,
sublicenses and subscriptions to pharmaceutical, genomics and biotechnology
companies may provide revenues that will cover a portion of its research and
development expenses over the next three to five years.
- Form additional academic and commercial collaborations and licensing
arrangements to provide access to complementary technologies, enhance its
expertise in specific cancer indications and out-license products it does not
choose to pursue internally. GMO believes that such collaborations will have
many benefits, including access to the expertise of leading academic researchers
in the field of cancer, expansion and diversification of its product and service
portfolio and broader and more rapid application of its core technologies.
Commercial alliances may also provide near-term contract revenues and,
potentially, longer-term milestone and royalty payments.
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PRODUCT AND SERVICE DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS
<TABLE>
GMO's products and services under development include the following:
<CAPTION>
PRODUCT/SERVICE DESCRIPTION INDICATION/PURPOSE COLLABORATOR STATUS
- --------------------------- -------------------------- --------------------- -------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
GENOMICS
SAGE Genomics services JHU Marketing
GENE THERAPY
Tumor Vaccines
MART-1 Melanoma NCI Phase I
clinical trials
gp100 Melanoma NCI Phase I
clinical trials
Immunomodulatory Genes Various NCI Research
Stress Genes Lung cancer StressGen Preclinical studies
Suicide Genes Liver cancer Massachusetts General Research
Hospital
Tumor Suppressor Genes
p53* Various GTI Preclinical studies
SMALL MOLECULES
MDM2 p53 deficient tumors Xenova; Memorial- Research
Sloan Kettering
p53 p53 deficient tumors Xenova; Memorial- Research
Sloan Kettering
Thymidine Phosphorylase Inhibition of angiogenesis -- Research
Insulin Like Growth Factor-1 Stimulation of apoptosis -- Research
Receptor Tyrosine Kinase
Inhibitors of ras Pathway Regulation of signal Georgetown University Research
transduction pathways
DIAGNOSTICS
Various Colon cancer; breast cancer Kaiser Permanente of Clinical testing
Northern California;
UCSF; Dana Farber
</TABLE>
* GMO has sublicensed its p53 gene therapy rights to Genetic Therapy, Inc.
("GTI").
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GENOMICS
Overview
Genomics is the study of genes and their function. Genomics research
conducted by academic and commercial groups in the last decade has accelerated
the identification of genes, genetic mutations and patterns of expression of
certain proteins that are responsible for the initiation and progression of
cancer. GMO believes that understanding the genetic basis of cancer will help
clarify which genes, proteins and metabolic pathways may be the best targets for
therapeutic intervention. An increased number of relevant targets should lead to
the development of more specific therapies that attack cancer cells effectively
while sparing normal cells, that correct the defective aspect of cancer cells or
that enhance the immune system's ability to destroy the cancer cells.
GMO also believes that the knowledge gained through the use of genomics
tools can be used to develop diagnostic tests that will facilitate early
diagnosis of cancer, aid in the selection of appropriate therapies and allow
more effective monitoring of therapeutic progress. For example, the
identification of genes that are involved in inherited cancers could lead to
diagnostic tools that more accurately assess an individual's risk of developing
a particular inherited cancer. Individuals at risk could undergo more frequent
monitoring and may be able to alter their lifestyles so as to minimize their
cancer risk and improve their prognosis. Testing for tumor markers, which
indicate biochemical or other changes in the body that are linked to early
stages of cancer or pre-cancerous conditions, could also enable earlier
detection of cancer, thus potentially improving outcomes. In addition, detection
of specific alterations in cancer-related genes may help oncologists predict how
patients will respond to various forms of therapy.
SAGE
GMO's SAGE technology is a high throughput, high efficiency method of
analyzing differential gene expression. Differential gene expression is the
comparison of how, when and in what amounts genes are expressed in normal versus
diseased tissues. GMO believes that an understanding of differential gene
expression may have important utility in the development of cancer therapeutics
and diagnostics. For example, understanding which genes are differentially
expressed in tumors and normal tissue, or at different stages of tumorigenesis,
may offer an improved rationale for drug design or therapy selection. In
addition, comparing gene expression patterns in tissues treated with a
therapeutic agent with untreated tissues may provide insights into the
mechanisms of action of drug candidates. Understanding differential expression
patterns of genes may also facilitate the rapid identification of tumor markers,
which could be important diagnostic tools.
Technology
Historically, differential gene expression technologies have been limited
by a number of technological and experimental restrictions, including that (i)
transcripts (copies of genes that are used by the cell to produce or "express"
the protein encoded by the gene) of many genes involved in disease processes are
present in such low levels that they escape detection and (ii) data comparisons
are often limited to a single analysis of two tissue samples as a result of
difficulties in maintaining experimental consistency. SAGE overcomes these
restrictions in a cost-effective and timely manner.
SAGE is based on two principles. First, because SAGE uses a nucleotide
sequence from a defined region of the transcript as an identifying "tag," the
tag can be considerably shorter than those used in other techniques to identify
and compare transcripts. Each transcript is represented by a unique tag; these
tags comprise the "library" of information about gene expression in a particular
tissue. Second, because the tags are short, many of them can be linked together
and sequenced serially and rapidly with standard technology. This physical
sequence information is then entered into an electronic database that provides a
permanent record of gene expression data. The sequence data can be used multiple
times for comparison against data from other tissue libraries. GMO's SAGE
technology and related software thus enable electronic evaluation of gene
expression data between tissues over time without the need to repeat wet lab
experimentation. In addition, the efficiency of SAGE permits deeper analysis,
thereby increasing the probability of detecting rare, but potentially important,
transcripts.
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GMO's SAGE database can be analyzed against both proprietary and public
sequence databases, such as GenBank, to determine matches to previously
identified genes. Sequences that do not match represent novel gene fragments,
and conventional techniques can be used to recover longer or complete sequences
of these genes from the tissue sample. As discussed below, the function of both
novel and known genes can then be determined and analyzed using bioinformatics
or wet lab assays.
GMO believes that SAGE is more accurate, more efficient and less costly
than existing methods of transcript identification and quantification. Over 1.3
million tags from a variety of normal and tumor tissues have been sequenced and
catalogued using SAGE by GMO and through a collaboration with researchers at The
Johns Hopkins University ("JHU"). In another study at JHU using SAGE to measure
gene expression in yeast, researchers believe that they were able to accurately
and rapidly identify virtually all of the genes expressed during cell growth and
division. Based on these results, GMO believes the utility of the technology
extends beyond mammalian tissues and cancer into model organisms and
developmental biology.
GMO has an exclusive, worldwide license to the SAGE technology from JHU.
See "Collaborative Arrangements."
Development Status
GMO uses SAGE internally to identify and analyze the expression of
cancer-related genes in its product development programs. GMO will also prepare
custom libraries for, and provide services and database access to, third parties
in both cancer and non-cancer related fields. GMO believes SAGE will be an
attractive tool for pharmaceutical, genomics and biotechnology companies
involved in drug discovery or genomics activities.
SAGE LIBRARIES AND SERVICES. GMO will prepare custom SAGE libraries for
clients from transcripts or tissue samples provided by the client. GMO will
offer SAGE libraries either as a physical library of unsequenced nucleic acid
tags or as an electronic library of sequence and expression data.
Clients purchasing unsequenced tag libraries will perform their own
sequencing and analysis. These clients may license proprietary SAGE software
from GMO to assist in this analysis or rely on their own bioinformatics
capabilities. GMO expects to generate tag libraries primarily in non-cancer
fields and that the main customers for these libraries will be genomics and
pharmaceutical companies with established sequencing and bioinformatics
capabilities.
Alternatively, GMO will provide the service of sequencing the tag library
and evaluating the data using SAGE software and publicly available databases for
determination of gene expression frequency and, where known, gene
identification. This information will be provided to the customer in software
readout form. On request, GMO will provide the full length DNA corresponding to
the transcript sequence of interest on a fee for service basis. GMO expects this
comprehensive information service will be utilized by companies that have
outsourced their genomics efforts.
In either case, customers will generally retain all proprietary rights to
discoveries generated from the tag library or information furnished by GMO. GMO
is in discussions with several genomics and pharmaceutical companies to provide
SAGE services.
SAGE DATABASE ACCESS. SAGE database subscriptions will provide customers
with non-exclusive access to library sequence and expression information for use
in their drug discovery and development programs. Proprietary SAGE software can
be used to evaluate and correlate client samples with information in GMO's SAGE
database and other publicly available databases. Fees for this access will be
based on volume of use and length of the contract. Initially, customers will
only have access to database information; options to further rights to
proprietary sequences or genes will be negotiated on an individual basis and may
involve the payment of license fees, milestones and royalties to GMO.
The combined database of GMO and JHU currently contains sequence
information on over 1.3 million tags
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from normal and tumor tissue, including tissues of the colon, prostate, breast,
lung and pancreas. GMO plans to offer initial subscriptions to its database to
companies working in oncology and other disease areas beginning in 1998 and
believes that interest in the database will increase as the database grows over
time.
Positional Cloning
GMO is using positional cloning to isolate and identify genes associated
with cancers that have been mapped to a specific region in the human genome. The
region containing a cancer-associated gene may be recognized in one of two ways:
by the absence of a particular chromosomal region in tumor cells or by the
analysis of DNA marker inheritance in families with inherited cancers. In the
first case, the smallest region of missing chromosomal material shared by many
tumors defines the location of a tumor suppressor gene. In the second case, the
cancer gene location is detected by correlating the inheritance of certain
subsections of chromosomes with the presence or absence of disease. As a result
of either of these approaches, the search for cancer genes is effectively
narrowed or "mapped" to specific regions of particular chromosomes.
SAGE analysis can then be used to identify genes that are differentially
expressed in a tumor, and the genes identified can be tested for localization in
the chromosomal region known to be associated with the specific cancer. Genes
that are both differentially expressed and mapped to a specific region of a
chromosome are likely to be genes involved in cancer. Genzyme Genetics has
successfully used positional cloning to identify a variety of genes with
potential therapeutic and diagnostic utility.
Bioinformatics
SAGE and positional cloning studies generate enormous amounts of raw
sequence data. Bioinformatics is the science that allows this diverse
information to be efficiently organized, stored, analyzed and interpreted.
Genzyme has an agreement with Molecular Informatics Inc. ("MII"), a leader
in bioinformatics, in which MII is building a single database and analytical
system that combines Genzyme's proprietary databases with the growing number of
publicly available databases. Through this relationship, GMO gains access to
MII's comprehensive software system for the integration, analysis, management
and dissemination of genomics data. This state of the art system supports a
variety of database functions, including direct daily feed of public databases,
DNA sequence analysis, similarity searches and queries for biological structure
and function. In addition, MII provides custom bioinformatics support and
applications development to GMO.
Functional Analysis and Target Validation
Once new genes are identified using SAGE, positional cloning or other
techniques, the genes need to be analyzed to determine their function before
appropriate therapeutic and diagnostic targets can be selected and validated.
This functional analysis and validation is an essential step in translating
genomics discoveries into product candidates.
Functional analysis can be conducted using both computer driven analysis of
DNA sequence data ("computational analysis") and biological studies. In
computational analysis, GMO employs sophisticated data comparison and pattern
recognition programs to compare electronically the DNA sequences of novel genes
with those of known genes in order to predict their function. This computational
analysis, as well as the relative level of expression as determined by SAGE, is
used in selected candidates for further study in the laboratory. The specific
biological analyses to be performed depend on the nature of the chosen target.
GMO draws on Genzyme's capabilities in molecular biology for the
characterization and functional analysis of targets. These capabilities include
in vitro expression and interaction analyses, two-hybrid screens, tissue
profiling and site-directed mutagenesis in cells. In addition, Genzyme's gene
delivery vectors and its ability to contract with Genzyme Transgenics
Corporation, a 43%-owned subsidiary of Genzyme, for the development of
transgenic animal models may also facilitate in vivo studies. Based upon these
analyses, assays will be created as appropriate for gene therapy, small molecule
drug discovery and diagnostics development programs.
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GENE THERAPY
Overview
Gene therapy is a new technology being developed to treat cancer and other
genetically based diseases. Gene therapy involves the delivery of a gene
responsible for production of a particular protein of interest into cells of a
patient in order to trigger the cell to produce the encoded protein for some
therapeutic purpose.
Genzyme's gene therapy research began in 1991 as part of its efforts to
develop novel treatments for cystic fibrosis. Since that time, Genzyme has
expended over $60 million in gene therapy research and has established a broad
proprietary core technology base that includes gene delivery systems, in vitro
and in vivo model systems, production capabilities and a dedicated clinical and
regulatory staff. GMO has access to all of Genzyme's existing and future core
gene therapy technologies and capabilities for use in oncology. GMO and Genzyme
General will fund the costs of Genzyme's gene therapy groups in proportion to
their respective utilization of these resources. GMO believes that Genzyme's
prior experience in gene therapy will enable it to move oncology products from
research into clinical testing at a faster rate than it would be able to do so
independently. Genzyme's capabilities in gene therapy include:
Vectors. Genzyme has developed a broad portfolio of gene delivery vehicles
(vectors) for the transfer of genetic material into appropriate cells. This
portfolio includes adenovirus, adeno-associated virus and cationic lipid
vectors, which have different routes of administration and performance
characteristics. Genzyme believes that it was the first company to have
clinically tested both viral and non-viral vectors. Genzyme has
successfully targeted adenovirus vectors to various organs and tissues in
the body using different routes of administration, including via aerosol
delivery to the lung, intravenous delivery to the lung and liver and
intramuscular and subcutaneous injection.
Model Systems. Genzyme has developed high throughput in vitro screens to
enable rapid testing of new gene delivery vectors and a variety of
quantitative assays to evaluate and compare gene delivery efficiency for
the various vectors. In vivo animal models, covering different methods of
administration of the vectors, are used to assess resulting expression
levels and duration of the gene product, as well as safety.
Manufacturing. Genzyme has manufacturing capabilities to support research,
preclinical and clinical material requirements for all of its vectors.
Clinical Experience. Genzyme has significant clinical and regulatory
experience through its participation in nine gene therapy clinical studies
to date. Its clinical and regulatory staff generates preclinical and
clinical data, establishes protocols, prepares regulatory submissions and
initiates and monitors clinical sites.
There are currently several approaches that can be taken to treat cancer
using gene therapy. Some of these approaches are limited by the inability of
current gene delivery technology to affect every cell in a tissue. To address
these limitations, GMO has focused on three approaches that it believes may be
effective with the current generation of gene delivery vehicles: (i)
immunotherapy employing tumor vaccines, immunomodulatory genes and heat shock
proteins, (ii) suicide genes and (iii) tumor suppressor gene therapies. GMO
believes that a combination of strategies employing two or more gene therapy
approaches, or a gene therapy approach with traditional chemotherapy or
radiation therapy, will be useful in treating aggressive forms of the disease,
particularly metastatic cancer.
GMO has a broad-based collaboration with ICRT, a wholly-owned subsidiary of
the Imperial Cancer Research Fund ("ICRF"), for the purpose of developing cancer
gene therapies. See "Collaborative Arrangements."
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Immunotherapy - Tumor Vaccines
Technology
The concept behind a tumor vaccine is that a patient's own immune system
can be mobilized to attack and destroy an existing tumor. Certain types of
cancer cells have been found to exhibit markers (antigens) on the cell surface
that are not found on the surface of most normal cells. White blood cells
produced by the body's immune system, called cytotoxic T lymphocytes ("CTLs"),
recognize these markers as foreign and act to destroy the abnormal cells. In
cancer cells, however, the normal function of the immune system is disrupted
such that the cancer cells are able to evade detection by the CTLs or the CTL
response is not stimulated because of the absence of required co-stimulatory
molecules.
One approach to eliciting potent and systemic destruction of cancer cells
by CTLs entails delivery of a gene encoding a tumor antigen to "professional"
antigen presenting cells. Antigen presenting cells present foreign antigens to
CTLs and are equipped with a complement of co-stimulatory molecules needed to
stimulate CTL activity. Consequently, antigen presenting cells have been found
to be potent stimulators of CTL responses.
Delivery of the tumor antigen gene to antigen presenting cells at a
location in the body away from the tumor site avoids the local immunosuppressive
environment of the cancer cells. In effect, the gene encoding the tumor antigen
is a cancer vaccine that can be used to immunize the patient by "educating" his
or her immune system to recognize and destroy cancer cells, wherever they might
be.
Numerous tumor antigens have been identified to date for melanoma
(including MART-1 and gp100) and cancers of the breast, prostate and lung. As
described below, GMO's lead program in cancer gene therapy is the development of
a tumor vaccine against melanoma in collaboration with the NCI. GMO believes,
however, that the SAGE technology and its access to certain other Genzyme
capabilities, such as phage display antibodies, may accelerate the
identification of additional tumor antigens and thus expand the number of
opportunities for which such a tumor vaccine approach could be employed.
Development Status
MART-1 AND GP100 IMMUNOTHERAPY FOR MELANOMA. Melanoma is a cancer of the
skin affecting melanocytes, the normal cells that color the skin, and is
commonly associated with overexposure to the sun. Melanoma is far more serious
than other types of skin cancer, accounting for three quarters of all deaths
from skin cancer despite representing only 5% of all such cases. The incidence
of melanoma is increasing at a faster rate than that of any other type of cancer
in the U.S. Over 38,000 new cases of melanoma will be diagnosed and more than
7,000 deaths from this disease are projected to occur in the U.S. during 1997.
Worldwide, incidence of melanoma is estimated to be 90,000 new cases per year.
It is projected that one in 75 white Americans born in the year 2000 will
develop malignant melanoma during their lifetime.
As with many cancers, early detection of melanoma is crucial. When
localized to its primary site, most melanomas are curable with surgical removal
of the lesion and the five year survival rate is 90%. Once the disease has
metastasized to the regional lymph nodes and beyond, however, the prognosis for
long-term survival is poor, with a five-year survival rate of only 15% and most
cases being fatal within the first 12 months after diagnosis of metastasis.
GMO's melanoma gene therapy program has centered on the delivery of the
MART-1 and gp100 genes to antigen presenting cells to elicit systemic
anti-melanoma CTL responses. Under a CRADA with the NCI, GMO has constructed, in
conjunction with Dr. Steven Rosenberg at the NCI, adenoviral vectors
incorporating the MART- 1 or gp100 tumor antigen genes. In vitro studies have
demonstrated that cells which do not express either tumor antigen become targets
for destruction by antigen specific CTLs following infection with an adenovirus
incorporating the appropriate tumor antigen gene. Subsequent preclinical animal
studies at the NCI demonstrated that: (i) prior immunization with an adenovirus
incorporating the gp100 tumor antigen gene can provide protection against
melanoma cells; (ii) adoptive transfer of spleen cells derived from animals
immunized with the adenovirus carrying
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the gene encoding gp100 can confer protection against melanoma tumor cells,
suggesting that the virus is indeed able to elicit CTL response and (iii)
immunization with the gp100 virus can dramatically reduce the number of lung
metastases in a mouse model of established melanoma, particularly when
co-administered with a cytokine. Cytokines are particular classes of proteins
normally produced by the body to regulate the immune system.
These promising preclinical results led to the initiation of two Phase I
clinical trials, designed by Dr. Rosenberg, which are currently underway at the
NCI. In these trials, adenovirus vectors carrying either the MART- 1
(Ad2/MART-1) or gp100 (Ad2/gp100) gene are being evaluated for safety,
immunologic reactivity and potential therapeutic effect when administered alone
or in conjunction with recombinant interleukin-2. Patients in these studies have
metastatic melanoma and have not received alternative therapies for four weeks
prior to administration.
Preliminary results from these clinical trials indicate that the adenoviral
vectors are safe and well tolerated, and that a small but notable number of the
36 patients immunized with Ad2/MART-1 have shown clinically significant tumor
regression following administration of the adenovirus. Clinical evaluation is in
process to determine whether immunization with the adenoviral vector leads to
the generation of an anti-melanoma antigen specific CTL response. Data gathered
from these clinical trials should enable GMO to identify baseline clinical
parameters that correlate with a favorable response to the vaccine and establish
patient inclusion criteria for a Phase II clinical trial at the NCI planned for
the second half of 1997.
GMO has the option to license rights to the MART-1 and gp100 genes from the
NCI for use in adenoviral gene therapy for melanoma. See "Collaborative
Arrangements."
Immunotherapy - Immunomodulatory Genes
Cancer cells frequently develop mechanisms to evade immune surveillance.
This challenge may be addressed by delivering genes encoding cytokines directly
to cancer cells to stimulate the immune system to mount an anti-cancer response.
This approach may potentially lead to immune cell mobilization and infiltration
of a tumor mass, but may not lead to cancer cell eradication if those cells
cannot be perceived as being foreign. Thus, this approach may be most
efficacious when applied in conjunction with a tumor vaccine. GMO is exploring
the use of cytokines as an adjunct therapy in its tumor vaccine collaboration
with the NCI.
Immunotherapy - Stress Genes
Technology
Stress genes produce strongly immunogenic proteins (heat shock proteins)
for protection during periods of cellular stress. The delivery of stress genes
directly to cancer cells may render such cells more immunogenic either by
triggering an immune response upon expression of the heat shock protein in a
tumor cell or by participating in antigen presentation, thus enhancing the
immune response to a tumor antigen. Recent studies by researchers at the U.K.
National Institute of Heart and Lung in a mouse model of established cancer
demonstrated that delivery of a stress gene to tumors can result in significant
regression in tumor size and generation of a potent anti-cancer immune response.
StressGen Biotechnologies Corporation ("StressGen"), a Canadian company,
has a strong proprietary position in the use of heat shock proteins, alone or in
combination with tumor vaccines, for cancer gene therapy. Genzyme and StressGen
have signed a letter of intent relating to the formation of a joint venture to
combine StressGen's proprietary immunomodulatory technology with Genzyme's gene
delivery technology to generate unique therapeutic strategies and products. See
"Collaborative Arrangements."
Development Status
HEAT SHOCK GENE THERAPY FOR LUNG CANCER. Lung cancer is responsible for
more deaths in the U.S. than any other form of cancer. Over 170,000 new cases of
lung cancer are diagnosed in the U.S. annually, with more than 150,000 deaths
expected. Most lung cancer patients die within the first 12 months following
diagnosis.
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The five-year survival rates for lung cancer remain low, being only 50% for
localized cancer and less than two percent for metastatic disease. Lung cancer
has been selected by GMO and StressGen as the initial target indication for heat
shock protein gene therapy because of the large market size and unmet medical
need.
Subject to successful completion of preclinical studies, the joint venture
intends to initiate a Phase I clinical trial with physicians at the U.K.
National Institute of Heart and Lung during 1998.
Suicide Genes
Technology
The use of suicide genes is an entirely different approach to treating
cancer from immunotherapy. In this approach, a gene encoding an enzyme that
catalyzes the conversion of a non-toxic precursor compound (a "prodrug") into a
toxic drug is inserted into the tumor cells. The tumor is then treated with the
prodrug. Cells containing the enzyme convert the prodrug into the toxic
compound, which causes the tumor cells to die -- hence the term "suicide gene."
The appeal of this approach is that it can augment the efficacy of cytotoxic
drugs that are already approved and widely used in chemotherapeutic treatments
of cancer. GMO is exploring the use of vectors containing cancer cell-specific
promoters in order to restrict expression of suicide genes to cancer cells. GMO
believes that this approach will prove to be effective if the drug can diffuse
out of cells and destroy neighboring cancer cells that do not have to be in
direct physical contact with the cell that generated the toxin (the "bystander
effect"). GMO is evaluating the efficacy of several suicide genes, focusing on
those that have been shown in vitro to generate potent bystander effects and
which activate drugs that are currently used in cancer treatment. Following this
evaluation, GMO expects to select the optimal suicide gene/prodrug combination
for different cancers and establish proprietary positions for their development.
Development Status
SUICIDE GENE THERAPY FOR LIVER CANCER. Approximately 18,000 new cases of
primary liver cancer are diagnosed in the U.S. each year, and the disease
accounts for approximately 14,000 deaths in the U.S. annually. The annual number
of deaths worldwide from liver cancer is estimated to exceed 250,000, with the
five-year survival rate for localized liver cancer being only 15%. If detected
at an early stage, surgical removal (resection) of the affected portion of the
liver is possible, but diagnosis usually occurs too late for this treatment to
be of benefit. The median survival for patients with non-resectable liver cancer
is about six months.
GMO is collaborating with Dr. Jack Wands at Massachusetts General Hospital
on the development of gene therapies to treat liver cancer. Dr. Wands has
developed proprietary antibodies that can be utilized to target the delivery of
a gene therapy vector to hepatocellular carcinoma ("HCC") cells. GMO is also
exploring in this collaboration the use of antibody targeted vectors to deliver
suicide genes to HCC cells. GMO has an option to license the antibody reagents
for gene therapy of HCC. See "Collaborative Arrangements."
Tumor Suppressor Genes
Technology
Cancer can result from the activation of growth promoting agents and/or
from the inactivation or loss of growth inhibiting agents in the cell. Tumor
suppressor genes are a class of genes encoding proteins that inhibit cell
division. Tumor suppressor gene therapy seeks to control proliferation of cancer
cells by either restoring or augmenting expression of proteins that inhibit cell
division.
Loss of function of the tumor suppressor gene p53 is implicated in
approximately 60% of all human cancers, including breast, colon, lung and
prostate cancers. The p53 gene expresses a protein that, when functional, binds
to and thereby triggers expression of a number of genes, the products of which
are important in the control of cell division. When cells are exposed to
conditions that might lead to DNA damage, the p53 protein triggers a series of
events that appears to slow or stop cell division. Under extreme conditions and
in certain cells, including
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certain cancer cells, the p53 protein appears to trigger a pathway that leads to
apoptosis (programmed cell death).
In tumors with mutated p53 function, the p53 gene expresses an altered form
of the protein that fails to bind to the appropriate genes. As a result, certain
regulatory genes are not turned on and an important pathway for controlling cell
division is unavailable, with uncontrolled cell growth being the result. p53
gene therapy is aimed at restoring this pathway for controlling cell growth, and
thus suppressing the growth of tumors.
The adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene is a tumor suppressor gene
implicated in colorectal cancer. Mutations in this gene are associated with the
earliest stages of the disease.
GMO has licensed patent rights to certain tumor suppressor genes, including
p53 and APC, from JHU to develop therapies that restore the cellular pathways
controlling cell division, thus suppressing tumor growth.
Development Status
P53 GENE THERAPY. Based on model experiments conducted by scientists using
human tumors grown in mice, GMO believes that p53 tumor suppressor genes can be
placed into cancer cells in such a way that lost p53 gene function might be
restored, thus potentially resulting in a meaningful anticancer response.
Clinical support for this hypothesis was recently reported by a group at M.D.
Anderson Medical Center, which obtained local tumor regression following
intratumoral injection of an adenoviral vector incorporating the p53 gene.
GMO's rights to p53 for gene therapy are sublicensed to GTI, a subsidiary
of Novartis AG. Animal studies are being carried out by an academic collaborator
of GTI.
APC GENE THERAPY FOR COLORECTAL CANCER. While the incidence of colon cancer
has been declining steadily since the 1950s, it still represents a major health
risk. About 100,000 new cases will be treated in the U.S. this year, and over
45,000 people will die of the disease. The risk factors associated with colon
cancer include a family history of the disease, certain genetic mutations that
are linked to the formation of polyps, which can progress to colon cancer,
physical inactivity and a high-fat or low-fiber diet. The five-year survival
rate for localized colorectal cancer is about 90%, but for metastatic disease,
the rate is under 10%. Treatment typically entails surgical removal of the tumor
followed by radiation or chemotherapy.
GMO is evaluating the use of the APC gene in gene therapy for colorectal
carcinoma.
SMALL MOLECULE DRUG DISCOVERY
Technology
Small molecule drugs are therapeutic compounds typically designed to be
administered orally. Historical methods for small molecule drug discovery have
characteristically relied upon the screening of natural product extracts and
collections of chemically synthesized compounds to determine their biological
activity. Despite the advent of automated screening technology, this process
remains time-consuming and expensive and the rate of lead candidate discovery is
low, in part because the compounds determined to be active are not always
amenable to ready modification. One way to increase the efficiency of the
screening process and generate lead candidates more quickly is through the use
of combinatorial chemistry technology.
Combinatorial chemistry is a rapid and efficient procedure for synthesizing
large and highly diverse mixtures (known as "libraries") of candidate compounds,
often in an automated fashion. The compounds can then be tested for activity
against therapeutically-relevant targets. Once an active compound has been
identified, or if structural information about the target is available,
specialized or secondary libraries can be generated to optimize or speed lead
selection.
Optimization entails the synthesis and testing of successive rounds of
analogs of the active compound, with the emphasis on large numbers of compounds
per round. Thus, synthesis and screening proceed in an iterative
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fashion until more potent in vitro biological activity and specificity have been
achieved.
Genzyme's drug discovery group has expertise in combinatorial chemistry,
which enables it to produce compound libraries in-house. The number of compounds
in Genzyme's libraries is roughly 750,000 and is expected to increase at a rate
of approximately 75,000 compounds per month to over 1,000,000 by the end of
1997. GMO has access to all of Genzyme's compound libraries in its small
molecule drug discovery efforts. In addition, Genzyme has an agreement with
ArQule, Inc. ("ArQule") under which GMO can screen ArQule's small molecule
compound libraries against GMO's cancer-related assays.
GMO has five oncology assays currently in use, two screening for compounds
involved in the p53 tumor suppressor pathway, one screening for potential
inhibitors of blood vessel formation in tumor cells, one screening for compounds
that induce apoptosis and one screening for compounds involved in the ras signal
transduction pathway. GMO expects to design additional small molecule drug
discovery assays that target the genes and gene products discovered using GMO's
genomics capabilities.
Development Status
P53 CELLULAR PATHWAY INTERVENTION TO CONTROL CELL GROWTH. GMO believes it
may be possible to design small molecule drugs that restore the normal tumor
suppression activity of the protein encoded by the p53 protein gene directly or
by blocking proteins that interact in undesirable ways with the p53 protein,
such as MDM2.
Restoration of p53 Function. GMO is using high throughput screening assays
and combinatorial chemistry approaches to identify small molecules that have the
potential to restore the function of mutated p53 protein.
MDM2/p53. The MDM2 gene codes for a protein that binds to the p53 protein
and prevents it from carrying out its normal function of activating genes that
can control cell division. Drs. Vogelstein and Kinzler and their colleagues at
JHU have discovered elevated levels of MDM2 protein in cancers known as
sarcomas. Other investigators have since found evidence of overexpression of
MDM2 in cells of other cancers, including neural, bladder, renal and breast
cancers, as well as leukemias.
GMO, on its own and in collaboration with Xenova, Ltd. ("Xenova"), has
identified compounds in initial screens that appear to block the undesirable
interaction between MDM2 and p53. Some of these compounds are now being tested
in cell-based systems. GMO is also using combinatorial chemistry approaches to
identify other compounds that block the interaction between p53 and MDM2.
THYMIDINE PHOSPHORYLASE INHIBITION TO RESTRICT ANGIOGENESIS. In order to
grow, solid tumors rely on the constant formation of new blood vessels
(angiogenesis) for nutrients. New blood vessels in solid tumors tend to be
poorly formed and have thin walls and abnormal enervation. Such vessels provide
an inferior source of blood to the tumor and many tumor cells in the center of
the tumor mass die as a result. Further restriction of the tumor's blood supply
could control the growth and spread of many tumors. Since many solid tumors
remain virtually untreatable by standard cytotoxic drug therapies, the poor
vasculature of malignant tumors provides an attractive target for small molecule
drugs.
An increase in the activity of the thymidine phosphorylase enzyme has been
observed in tissues demonstrating angiogenesis. Thus, the inhibition of
thymidine phosphorylase activity could result in the disruption of angiogenesis
and control the growth and spread of solid tumors. GMO is screening
combinatorial libraries for small molecule inhibitors of thymidine phosphorylase
activity and believes that such compounds could be used in combination with
other therapies.
INSULIN LIKE GROWTH FACTOR-1 RECEPTOR TYROSINE KINASE ("IGF-1R") INHIBITION
TO STIMULATE APOPTOSIS. Apoptosis is an orderly process by which the cell
dismantles itself. It is understood that many standard cancer treatments,
including radiation therapy and standard chemotherapy, act by inducing
apoptosis. These standard treatments, however, are not selective for cancer
cells so their use is limited by their toxicity to healthy cells. Signal
transduction through the IGF pathway sends a "survival" message to a transformed
cell, preventing it from
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undergoing apoptosis. GMO has devised cell-based and biochemical assays to test
several lead candidates for activity against IGF-1r in a variety of malignant
tumors as a means of stimulating apoptosis specifically in cancer cells.
RAS SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION INHIBITION TO CONTROL CELL GROWTH. Signal
transduction is the process by which extracellular stimuli (signals) are
communicated to the interior of the cell. Cell surface receptors transmit the
signal from outside the cell to the internal cellular regulatory mechanism(s)
via intracellular effectors. The ras family of genes produce proteins that
normally transmit growth stimulatory signals from receptors on the cell surface
to other proteins within the cell. Mutations in the ras genes, however, can
cause the encoded protein to continuously transmit growth signals even when not
activated by growth factor receptors. Ras abnormalities have been seen in tumors
in the colon and pancreas. In collaboration with scientists at Georgetown
University, GMO is screening lead compounds and assaying their activity as
potential small molecule inhibitors of proteins involved in the ras signaling
pathway.
DIAGNOSTICS
Overview
Genzyme General has been actively involved in diagnostics through two of
its business units. Genzyme Genetics is a leading provider of genetic diagnostic
services with over 500 employees in an extensive national network of
laboratories. Genzyme Genetics also employs over 70 board certified genetics
professionals who interpret results and provide genetic counseling and support
services to medical practitioners and their patients. Testing services currently
marketed by Genzyme Genetics include prenatal and cancer cytogenetics and
DNA-based diagnosis of a wide range of genetic diseases, including some cancers.
In addition to the broad spectrum of testing techniques that are commercially
available, Genzyme Genetics has developed Multiplex Allele-Specific Diagnostic
Assay (MASDA), a patented testing technology that is particularly well suited to
complex cancer gene testing. Another unit of Genzyme General, Genzyme
Diagnostics, has considerable experience and success developing and marketing
test kits to various types of laboratories.
GMO has access to all of Genzyme's diagnostic technologies and to the
laboratory infrastructure and counseling and marketing experience of these
businesses for its own gene-based cancer testing. GMO shares certain costs and
profits with Genzyme General as a result of this arrangement in accordance with
Genzyme's management policies. See "Management and Accounting Policies Governing
the Relationship of Genzyme Divisions."
Technology
MASDA. Accurate tests for detection of the genetic components of cancer are
likely to require the analysis of multiple genes as well as multiple mutations
within these genes. For example, defects in any one of at least four genes can
result in hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer ("HNPCC"), and in just two of
those genes more than 100 mutations have been reported. Thus, there is a crucial
need for methods of rapidly detecting mutations in genes of known sequence. To
meet this need, Genzyme Genetics developed its patented MASDA, which can analyze
in a single assay up to 500 samples simultaneously for hundreds of known
mutations.
To use MASDA, a mixture of hundreds of probes is constructed with each
probe specific to one mutation. Individual DNA samples from numerous patients
are then placed in a specific location in an array and exposed to the probe
mixture. Patient samples that contain at least one mutation will be detected
with a positive "signal." By identifying which probe(s) bind to the patient
sample, the exact mutation(s) are revealed. Positive samples are also treated to
produce a visual banding pattern that is unique for each mutation. This pattern
is automatically interpreted by computer analysis to provide results.
MASDA not only analyzes different patient samples with different disease
indications in a single assay, it also identifies multiple mutations in one or
more genes in a single patient's DNA sample. An inherent economic benefit to the
MASDA approach is that only those samples with a positive signal need to be
tested further in the second, or mutation identification, step. Eliminating many
samples from further analysis because they do not have
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a mutation produces considerable cost savings when compared to conventional
testing methods in which each sample has to undergo extensive analysis before a
negative report can be confirmed.
MASDA is designed to detect known mutations, thus making it an ideal
technology for testing for a defined set of specific mutations where the number
of relevant mutations is large or where they occur on more than one gene. Many
cancers fit these criteria. Genzyme Genetics is also developing related
technology designed to detect and identify unknown mutations. These techniques
address situations where many different mutations in a gene give rise to cancer,
but where no single mutation is responsible for a significant percentage of
disease.
Development Status
After a cancer-related gene is identified, a number of studies is required
in order to format an assay, including those for mutation detection, mutation
frequency analysis and the correlation of specific mutations and clinical
outcome. Genzyme Genetics has established a federally certified laboratory to
support diagnostic assay development. Ongoing oncology studies in this
laboratory include studies of HNPCC with Kaiser Permanente of Northern
California and the University of California, San Francisco and of breast cancer
with the Dana Farber Cancer Institute.
In addition, the laboratory provides study population segmentation services
for internal drug development programs and external customers. These studies are
designed to identify genetic markers that might provide information about the
severity of a disease as well as the likelihood that a patient might respond
either favorably or adversely to a therapy.
Both GMO and Genzyme Genetics are developing cancer diagnostics. GMO is
currently developing, and will continue to develop, cancer diagnostics based on
genes that it has discovered or has licensed under its agreements with JHU and
Hoffmann La-Roche Inc. ("Roche"). GMO will have access to the laboratories and
other development capabilities of Genzyme Genetics in commercializing cancer
diagnostics. Because of the speed of gene- based diagnostic development and the
frequent modification of tests as additional mutations are identified, GMO
expects that it will choose to offer most, if not all, of its tests as a service
of Genzyme Genetics with GMO and Genzyme Genetics sharing equally in the
development costs and in the profits of such service. Where appropriate, GMO
will develop selected tests into diagnostic products in collaboration with
Genzyme Diagnostics.
GMO's diagnostic development program focuses on three primary areas:
screening tests based on tumor markers; diagnosis, differential diagnosis and
staging tests based on specific tumor types and tests for cancer cell cycle
genes that can be used for diagnosis as well as in differential diagnosis,
staging, therapy selection and therapy management. Differential diagnosis is
important for setting treatment protocols in cases where individuals have
similar clinical symptoms, but whose disease has a different underlying cause.
GMO's SAGE technology is a particularly useful tool to identify possible
tumor markers and pinpoint genes that might be effective diagnostic targets. GMO
and Genzyme General seek to build an important portfolio of gene- based cancer
diagnostics using SAGE and GMO's expertise in positional cloning.
COLLABORATIVE ARRANGEMENTS
GMO is currently a party to a number of academic and commercial
collaborations and licensing arrangements to provide access to complementary
technologies, enhance its expertise in specific cancer indications and
out-license products it does not choose to pursue internally. GMO's key
collaborative arrangements are discussed below.
National Cancer Institute
GMO has a CRADA with the NCI relating to the development of treatments for
metastatic melanoma. The CRADA, which is effective until August 1999, covers the
use of adenoviral vectors that incorporate the genes for the proprietary
melanoma tumor antigens MART-1 and gp100. Under the CRADA, GMO provides Dr.
Steven
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Rosenberg with clinical grade adenoviral vectors, research funding and support
for the conduct of clinical trials at the NCI relating to these vectors in
exchange for an option to obtain either an exclusive or non-exclusive license to
the technology developed under the CRADA. Dr. Rosenberg is also collaborating
with third parties regarding the use of non-adenoviral vectors for the MART-1
and gp100 tumor antigen genes. See "Competition."
JHU and Dr. Kinzler - SAGE
GMO has exclusively licensed the SAGE technology from JHU in exchange for
license fees, milestone payments upon the issuance of patents relating to the
technology and royalties on sublicenses by GMO of SAGE patent rights and
revenues generated from the provision of SAGE services and the sale of SAGE
products. The PTO has issued a notice of allowance of the first of such patent
applications. GMO is negotiating a research agreement with JHU and Dr. Kenneth
Kinzler (the "Kinzler Research Agreement") under which GMO will provide funding
for Dr. Kinzler's SAGE-related research at JHU in exchange for an option to
obtain an exclusive worldwide license to technology developed as a part of that
research. Under the Kinzler Research Agreement, GMO will be obligated to make
milestone payments upon the generation of certain numbers of tags and pay
royalties on the sale of any therapeutic or diagnostic product discovered from
data generated using the SAGE technology.
JHU, Roche and Drs. Vogelstein and Kinzler
Under the terms of a research agreement (the "1989 Research Agreement")
among GMO, JHU and Roche, GMO and Roche funded research conducted at JHU by Dr.
Bert Vogelstein. In return for this financial support, JHU granted GMO and Roche
worldwide, exclusive, royalty bearing licenses to all technology developed by
Dr. Vogelstein in the field of diagnostics and therapeutics relating to cancer
and infectious diseases (including technology relating to tumor suppressor
genes).
Pursuant to the 1989 Research Agreement, JHU, GMO and Roche entered into a
broad-based license agreement (the "1992 License Agreement") relating to the
development and commercialization of technology developed by Dr. Vogelstein
under the 1989 Research Agreement. Under the 1992 License Agreement, JHU granted
an exclusive license, with the right to sublicense, to GMO for any
oligonucleotide-based therapeutic applications of Dr. Vogelstein's research, a
co-exclusive license to GMO and Roche for any therapeutic applications of such
research that are not oligonucleotide-based and an exclusive license to Roche
for any diagnostic applications of such research. While the licenses from JHU
are exclusive as to all rights that JHU possesses, some of the genes licensed
from JHU are covered by patent applications that are co-owned with entities from
which GMO and Roche have not obtained a license. GMO will owe royalties to JHU
on net sales by GMO and its sublicensees of therapeutic products incorporating
technology licensed under the 1992 License Agreement. The 1992 License Agreement
also provides that, should Roche determine not to pursue research and
development with respect to an application for which it has exclusive rights,
GMO has the first option to obtain an exclusive license to such application. In
this regard, GMO has notified JHU of its intent to assume Roche's rights under a
number of diagnostic and therapeutic patents.
In April 1997, GMO and Roche entered into an agreement providing for the
grant of a non-exclusive sublicense to GMO of Roche's rights in diagnostics as
well as the grant to GMO of Roche's exclusive right to sublicense diagnostic
rights. GMO will owe royalties to Roche on net sales by GMO and its sublicensees
of diagnostic products incorporating technology licensed under the 1992 License
Agreement.
While the 1992 License Agreement continues to be in effect, the 1989
Research Agreement terminated on February 28, 1995. GMO and Dr. Kinzler, a
long-time collaborator of Dr. Vogelstein's at JHU, are in late-stage
negotiations with respect to an additional research agreement with JHU pursuant
to which GMO will sponsor certain cancer-based research in Dr. Kinzler's
laboratory in exchange for an option to obtain an exclusive license to any
inventions developed in the course of such research. Once executed, the
agreement will be retroactive to the fourth quarter of 1996. In addition, GMO
has retained Dr. Vogelstein's services on a non-exclusive basis through a
consulting agreement that is effective through April 2000. GMO has an exclusive
consulting arrangement with Dr. Kinzler through October 1997.
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StressGen
GMO, StressGen and the Canadian Medical Discoveries Fund ("CMDF") have
signed a letter of intent for the formation of a joint venture that will fund
research and development on the use of stress genes for cancer gene therapy.
CMDF will make a cash investment of approximately $10 million (Canadian) in the
joint venture in exchange for commercialization rights to the products developed
by the joint venture. CMDF will also receive warrants to purchase approximately
160,000 shares of GMO Stock.
The joint venture will fund research and development activities at GMO and
StressGen, with the parties having the option to reacquire the commercialization
rights of CMDF at designated prices during years three to five. If the parties
exercise this option, CMDF will be entitled to receive, upon the initial filing
of a New Drug Application with the FDA, additional warrants to purchase
approximately 160,000 shares of GMO Stock. If GMO and StressGen do not exercise
this option, CMDF has the right to sell the commercialization rights to any
products that the joint venture may develop to a third party and will be
entitled to a partial return of its initial investment in the joint venture and
additional warrants to purchase approximately 160,000 shares of GMO Stock.
GTI/Novartis
Under a license agreement with GTI, a subsidiary of Novartis AG, GMO has
granted GTI an exclusive, worldwide royalty-bearing license, for the use of the
p53 tumor suppressor gene technology that GMO licensed from JHU, for gene
therapy applications. The license agreement entitles GMO to milestone payments
and royalties on net product sales. GMO is obligated to pass through to JHU a
portion of any royalties it may receive from GTI. GMO has retained the rights to
co-promote any products covered by the agreement within North America.
Xenova
GMO is a party to a Discovery and Development Collaboration Agreement with
Xenova pursuant to which GMO works with Xenova to search for compounds involved
in the p53 pathway. Under this collaboration, each party pays the costs of its
own activities. Certain of the parties' costs, however, are offset by a grant
from the NCI to GMO, Xenova and Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Institute. NCI
has granted GMO $877,500 to support research during the period ending September
1997, and GMO anticipates that approximately $1.4 million will be awarded to GMO
over the remaining three year period of the grant, subject to funding
availability and satisfactory progress of the research project.
GMO has exclusive rights in the Western Hemisphere to any products
developed through the collaboration, while Xenova retains rights to any such
products elsewhere in the world. With the exception of royalties or other sums
due to any third party, GMO's exclusive rights in the Western Hemisphere to any
products developed through the collaboration are royalty-free. If GMO should
choose to pursue development of a natural compound identified under the Xenova
screening program outside of the collaboration, GMO is required to pay Xenova a
royalty on net sales of such a compound.
Imperial Cancer Research Fund
GMO collaborates with the ICRT, a wholly-owned subsidiary of the ICRF, for
the purpose of developing cancer gene therapies. Under the collaboration
agreement, GMO provides the ICRF with viral and non-viral gene therapy vectors
and funds an investigator to identify gene therapy projects that are of mutual
interest to GMO and the ICRF. Once the ICRF identifies an appropriate project,
GMO has the first right to sponsor further work on the project at the ICRF in
exchange for an option to license the results of such research.
RELATIONSHIP TO THE OTHER DIVISIONS OF GENZYME
The relationship between GMO and Genzyme General is governed by a series of
policies adopted by the Genzyme Board. For a complete description of these
policies, see "Management and Accounting Policies Governing the Relationship of
Genzyme Divisions."
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Technology
In addition to having its own dedicated resources, GMO is able to utilize
the technological advances derived from Genzyme's substantial commitments to
research and development in the areas of genomics, gene therapy, small molecule
drug discovery and diagnostics for non-oncology applications. For example, GMO
and Genzyme General will jointly fund the costs of Genzyme's gene therapy and
small molecule drug discovery efforts in proportion to each division's use of
the relevant resources. GMO believes that sharing access to these technologies
will enable it to maintain a competitive position in each of these areas at far
less cost than would be required to do so independently. GMO will develop and
market its diagnostic tests jointly with Genzyme Genetics, a business unit
within Genzyme General, with both divisions sharing in the expenses of, and the
profits from, such efforts.
Manufacturing
GMO has access to Genzyme's extensive manufacturing facilities and
production expertise for the production of research and clinical materials on a
cost basis and for the manufacture of commercial products on terms that would be
obtainable in an arms-length transaction with an unaffiliated third party. These
facilities include a fast-track production system to supply a wide variety of
adenovirus constructs for research use and a clinical grade pilot facility for
production of preclinical and clinical material, extensive commercial-scale
facilities for microbial fermentation that can be employed for production of
plasmid DNA, the active component in non-viral vector systems, and facilities
for the production of clinical grade viral vectors and the synthesis of chemical
intermediates and therapeutics. With access to these facilities, GMO will be
able to avoid much of the capital expense necessary to commercialize its
products under development.
Sales and Marketing
GMO currently has no dedicated sales and marketing capabilities, but plans
to develop such capability quickly in order to support its SAGE products and
services. GMO may collaborate with Genzyme General in marketing its therapeutic
products. For diagnostic services, GMO will initially rely on the sales and
marketing resources of Genzyme Genetics.
Equity Line
The Genzyme Board has approved the allocation of up to $25 million in cash
from Genzyme General to GMO, subject to a dollar-for-dollar reduction by the net
proceeds of the initial public offering of the GMO Stock (the "GMO IPO").
Amounts drawn under the Equity Line prior to the completion of the GMO IPO
automatically convert into GMO Designated Shares upon the completion of the GMO
IPO at a price that will be between $7.00 and the price to the public in the GMO
IPO, with the exact price to be dependent upon the date of each advance and the
appreciation or depreciation in the value of the GMO Stock as of such date,
assuming straight line appreciation or depreciation on a daily basis over the
period from the closing date of the acquisition of PharmaGenics, Inc. to the
closing date of the GMO IPO. Advances made under the Equity Line after the GMO
IPO will convert upon the date of each advance into such number of GMO
Designated Shares determined by dividing the amount of such advance by the Fair
Market Value of GMO Stock on such date.
COMPETITION
Competition in the field of cancer therapeutics and diagnostics is intense.
GMO faces, and will continue to face, significant competition from organizations
such as large pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, universities,
government agencies and other research institutions in each of these fields.
Many of these organizations have greater financial and human resources, more
experience in research, preclinical and clinical development, superior expertise
in obtaining regulatory approvals and more extensive production and marketing
infrastructure than GMO. In particular, GMO is aware of clinical trials
sponsored by Rhone-Poulenc Rorer relating to p53 gene therapy and expects that
other large companies will be initiating clinical trials in the near future for
p53 and other genes.
Competition may arise from the use of the same or similar technologies as
those currently used or
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contemplated to be used by GMO, as well as from existing therapeutics and
diagnostics, any or all of which may be more effective or less expensive than
those developed by GMO. In addition, technological advances or different
approaches developed by one or more of GMO's competitors may render GMO's
products and services obsolete, less effective or uneconomical. For instance,
other companies provide genomics services that are competitive with SAGE.
GMO relies on its strategic partners for support in certain of its research
and development programs and intends to rely on partners for preclinical
evaluation and clinical development of certain potential products and services.
Certain of GMO's strategic partners are conducting multiple product development
programs in fields similar to those that are the subject of such partner's
strategic alliance with GMO, since the agreements relating to these alliances
often define the scope of the collaboration narrowly or do not restrict the
partner from pursuing competing development programs. For instance, the NCI,
with whom GMO is collaborating regarding the use of adenoviral vectors
incorporating the MART-1 and gp100 tumor antigen genes for the treatment of
melanoma, is currently working with others on non-adenoviral vector delivery
systems for these antigens. Any product candidate of GMO, therefore, may be
subject to competition with a potential product under development by a strategic
partner. See "Risk Factors - Risks Relating to GMO - Intense Competition."
PATENTS AND PROPRIETARY RIGHTS
Genzyme pursues a policy of obtaining patent protection both in the U.S.
and in selected foreign countries for subject matter considered patentable and
important to its business. In addition, a portion of Genzyme's proprietary
position is based upon patents that Genzyme has licensed from others. These
license agreements generally require Genzyme to pay royalties upon
commercialization of products covered by the licensed technology.
GMO's SAGE technology was devised and developed by Drs. Kenneth Kinzler,
Bert Vogelstein and their colleagues at JHU and has been licensed exclusively to
GMO for commercial applications. GMO and Roche have also licensed a number of
patents and pending patent applications from JHU covering tools directly
applicable to genomics-based research and development of oncology products, as
well as to various cancer-related genes. While the licenses from JHU are
exclusive as to all rights that JHU possesses, some of the genes licensed from
JHU are covered by patent applications that are co-owned with entities from
which GMO and Roche have not obtained a license. Because many foreign
jurisdictions do not accept license grants as valid unless all owners of the
licensed technology consent to the grant, such jurisdictions may not recognize
the validity of JHU's license to GMO and Roche. No assurance can be given such
consents will be obtained. Unless and until such consents are obtained, GMO's
rights to practice the pertinent inventions in foreign countries remain unclear
and may adversely affect GMO's activities in those countries.
Among the genes licensed from JHU is p53, which is the subject of a patent
application. GMO is aware of third party patent applications and issued patents
directed to p53 gene therapy, as well as to general methods for delivering genes
therapeutically, including for the treatment of cancer (the "Additional Gene
Therapy Patents"). GMO believes that the PTO will declare a patent interference
between certain of the Additional Gene Therapy Patents and the p53 patent
application licensed to it from JHU and sublicensed to GTI. See "Risk Factors --
Risks Related to GMO -- Uncertainty Regarding Patents and Protection of
Proprietary Technology."
Genzyme also licenses the APC gene from JHU, which is covered by an issued
patent. During prosecution of the APC patent application, the examiner evaluated
a patent issued to the ICRT that purports to cover a probe residing in a
specified chromosomal area linked to the APC gene. The area specified by the
ICRT is a broad region within which the APC gene is located. The examiner found
the ICRT patent not to teach the APC gene or make it obvious and allowed the
application to issue. If ICRT were to allege successfully that any unlicensed
activity engaged in by GMO related to APC was infringing and the ICRT patent is
found valid, any GMO program involving APC in colorectal cancer could be subject
to preliminary and/or permanent injunction and possible damages, although to
date no commercial activity has taken place.
Genzyme has filed a number of applications covering its adenoviral vector
constructs and novel lipid compounds, which have been demonstrated to be useful
for transferring genetic material to targeted tissues. Genzyme is also co-owner
of pending patent applications covering gene delivery methods involving lipids
and
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aerosol administration. GMO has access to patent and patent applications of
Genzyme for use in its cancer gene therapy programs.
Many patent applications have been filed relating to gene therapy, most of
which cover the composition and production of genetic material and viral and
lipid delivery vehicles for the delivery of such material. Genzyme has obtained
licenses or options to license a number of these patents and patent applications
through its collaborations with academic groups.
Genzyme holds issued and pending patents covering its proprietary MASDA
technology and related uses. As with Genzyme's gene therapy patents and patent
applications, GMO has access to MASDA for its research and development programs
in cancer.
GOVERNMENT REGULATION
All therapeutic and certain diagnostic products developed by GMO will be
subject to regulation by the FDA and other governmental agencies as well as
foreign regulatory authorities. See "Risks Related to Genzyme."
Regulation of Gene Therapy Products
In addition to FDA requirements, the National Institutes of Health ("NIH")
has established guidelines providing that transfers of recombinant DNA into
human subjects at NIH laboratories or with NIH funds must be approved by the NIH
Director. The NIH Director has the authority to approve a procedure only if it
is determined that no significant risk to health or the environment is
presented. NIH has established the Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee ("RAC") to
review gene therapy protocols. GMO expects that all of its gene therapy
protocols will be subject to RAC review. While there has been significant
discussion concerning limiting or possibly eliminating the RAC and its role in
regulating gene therapy clinical testing, operating policies currently remain
substantially unchanged. In the U.K., GMO's gene therapy protocols will be
subject to review by the Gene Therapy Advisory Committee (GTAC).
Cancer Drug Approval Reform
During 1996 the Clinton administration announced a number of administrative
changes at the FDA designed to speed the development and approval of therapies
for life-threatening illnesses such as cancer. Three of these changes are
directly relevant to GMO: accelerated approval for cancer drugs, increased
cancer patient representation at FDA advisory committee meetings and less
regulation of "off-label" uses of approved cancer drugs. It is intended that
these reforms will result in a reduction in the amount of time the FDA takes to
review relevant drugs from twelve to six months. With these changes, the FDA
will also begin to rely on a reasonably high rate of verifiable objective
partial response to a therapy as a basis for approval without requiring evidence
of measurable clinical benefits such as improved survival or quality of life,
which previously had been required to be demonstrated prior to approval. GMO
believes that these changes could serve to reduce the regulatory burden and
reduce the time to obtain approval for its cancer therapeutic products. GMO's
experience under the new regime, however, is limited and it cannot be predicted
accurately whether these reforms will translate into shorter, less expensive
trials with more rapid approval for its products.
Orphan Drug Act
The Orphan Drug Act provides incentives to manufacturers to develop and
market drugs for rare diseases and conditions affecting fewer than 200,000
persons in the U.S. at the time of application for orphan drug designation. See
"Risks Related to Genzyme." Certain of GMO's products, such as the melanoma
tumor antigen products, may benefit from protection under the Orphan Drug Act.
GMO has obtained orphan drug designation for the MART-1 and gp100 melanoma tumor
antigen products, and intends to file for orphan drug designation on any of its
other products that may qualify for orphan drug protection.
II-20
<PAGE> 212
Regulation of Diagnostic Services
The Clinical Laboratories Improvement Act ("CLIA") provides for the
regulation of clinical laboratories by the U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services. Regulations promulgated under CLIA affect the genetics laboratories of
Genzyme General. These regulations mandate that all clinical laboratories be
certified to perform testing on human specimens and enumerate specific
conditions that must be met for certification. These regulations also contain
guidelines for the qualification, responsibilities, training, working conditions
and oversight of clinical laboratory employees. In addition, specific standards
are imposed by these regulations for each type of test that is performed in a
laboratory. CLIA and the regulations promulgated thereunder are enforced through
quality inspections of test methods, equipment, instrumentation, materials and
supplies on a periodic basis. Any change in CLIA or these regulations or in
their interpretation could have a material adverse effect on GMO's ability to
provide new cancer genetic diagnostic services through the genetics laboratories
of Genzyme General, which may have direct impact upon GMO's business, prospects,
financial condition and results of operations.
While the FDA does not currently regulate genetic tests offered by Genzyme
General or contemplated by GMO if used in the genetics laboratories of Genzyme
General, the FDA has stated that it has the right to do so, and there can be no
assurance that the FDA will not seek to regulate such tests in the future. If
the FDA should require that these tests receive FDA approval prior to their use
in the genetics laboratories of Genzyme General, there can be no assurance such
approval would be received on a timely basis, if at all, or without the
expenditure of substantial resources.
SENIOR MANAGEMENT
<TABLE>
The senior management of GMO will consist of the following individuals:
<CAPTION>
Name Age Position
- ---- --- --------
<S> <C> <C>
Gail J. Maderis 39 President, GMO
Alan E. Smith, Ph.D. 51 Research and Development
Clifford L. Hendrick 45 Operations
Mark Goldberg, M.D. 42 Medical Affairs
</TABLE>
MS. MADERIS joined Genzyme in 1992 in Corporate Development and has served
as Vice President, Gene Therapy since 1993. Prior to joining Genzyme, Ms.
Maderis practiced strategy and health care consulting at Bain & Company, a
management consulting firm, from 1985 to 1992.
DR. SMITH has been a Senior Vice President, Research of Genzyme since
August 1989 and was appointed Chief Scientific Officer in September 1996. Prior
to joining Genzyme, he was Vice President-Scientific Director of Integrated
Genetics, Inc. from November 1984 until its acquisition by Genzyme in August
1989. From October 1980 to October 1984, Dr. Smith was head of the Biochemistry
Division of the National Institute for Medical Research in London. From 1972 to
1980, Dr. Smith was a member of the scientific staff at the ICRF in London.
MR. HENDRICK joined Genzyme in 1989 through its merger with Integrated
Genetics and has been Senior Director of Development, Gene Therapy since 1995.
From 1990 to 1995, Mr. Hendrick was Director, Market Development in Genzyme
Pharmaceuticals. From 1983 to 1990, he held various positions in research &
development and operations for Integrated Genetics, including the management of
a GMP mammalian cell culture facility.
DR. GOLDBERG joined the Medical Affairs Department at Genzyme Corporation
in 1996 as Medical Director, Oncology. He has been a member of the
Hematology/Oncology staff at Brigham and Women's Hospital since 1987, and he is
an Associate Professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School.
II-21
<PAGE> 213
GENZYME MOLECULAR ONCOLOGY DIVISION
INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
PAGE(S)
-------
<S> <C>
I. COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS:
Report of Independent Accountants .......................................................... II-23
Combined Statements of Operations for the Period from December 1, 1994 (Date of Inception)
to December 31, 1994, for the Years Ended December 31, 1995 and 1996, and Cumulative from
December 1, 1994 (Date of Inception) to December 31, 1996 ................................ II-24
Combined Balance Sheets as of December 31, 1995 and 1996 ................................... II-25
Combined Statements of Cash Flows for the Period from December 1, 1994 (Date of Inception)
to December 31, 1994, for the Years Ended December 31,1995 and 1996, and Cumulative from
December 1, 1994 (Date of Inception) to December 31, 1996 ................................ II-26
Combined Statements of Division Equity for the Period from December 1, 1994 (Date of
Inception) to December 31, 1994 and for the Years Ended December 31 1995 and 1996 ........ II-27
Notes to Combined Financial Statements ..................................................... II-28
II. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations ...... II-37
UNAUDITED PRO FORMA FINANCIAL STATEMENTS:
III. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................... II-40
Pro Forma Combined Balance Sheets as of December 31, 1996 .................................. II-41
Pro Forma Combined Statements of Operations for the Year Ended December 31, 1996 ........... II-42
Notes to Unaudited Pro Forma Financial Statements .......................................... II-43
</TABLE>
II-22
<PAGE> 214
GENZYME MOLECULAR ONCOLOGY
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT ACCOUNTANTS
To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of GENZYME CORPORATION:
We have audited the accompanying combined balance sheets of Genzyme Molecular
Oncology (a development stage enterprise, as described in Note 1) as of December
31, 1995 and 1996 and the related combined statements of operations, cash flows
and division equity for the period from December 1, 1994 (Date of Inception)
through December 31, 1994, for the years ended December 31, 1995 and 1996 and
cumulative for the period from December 1, 1994 (Date of Inception) through
December 31, 1996. The combined financial statements are the responsibility of
the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these
combined financial statements based on our audits.
We conducted our audits in accordance with generally accepted auditing
standards. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain
reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material
misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting
the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes
assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by
management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation.
We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, the combined financial statements referred to above present
fairly, in all material respects, the combined financial position of Genzyme
Molecular Oncology (a development stage enterprise) as of December 31, 1995 and
1996 and the combined results of its operations and its cash flows for the
period December 1, 1994 (Date of Inception) through December 31, 1994, for the
years ended December 31, 1995 and 1996 and cumulative for the period from
December 1, 1994 (Date of Inception) through December 31, 1996, in conformity
with generally accepted accounting principles.
As more fully described in Note 1 to these financial statements, Genzyme
Molecular Oncology (a development stage enterprise) is a business group of
Genzyme Corporation; accordingly, the combined financial statements of Genzyme
Molecular Oncology should be read in connection with the audited consolidated
financial statements of Genzyme Corporation and subsidiaries.
Coopers & Lybrand L.L.P.
Boston, Massachusetts
April 7, 1997
II-23
<PAGE> 215
GENZYME MOLECULAR ONCOLOGY
COMBINED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(A DEVELOPMENT STAGE ENTERPRISE)
(dollars in thousands)
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
FOR THE CUMULATIVE
PERIOD FROM
DECEMBER 1, DECEMBER 1,
1994 (DATE OF FOR THE FOR THE 1994 (DATE OF
INCEPTION) YEAR YEAR INCEPTION)
THROUGH ENDED ENDED THROUGH
DECEMBER 31, DECEMBER 31, DECEMBER 31, DECEMBER 31,
1994 1995 1996 1996
------------- ------------ ------------ -------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Operating Expenses:
General and administrative .. $ 8 $ 87 $ 185 $ 280
Research and development .... 29 377 818 1,224
---- ----- ------- -------
Total operating expenses .... 37 464 1,003 1,504
---- ----- ------- -------
Net loss ...................... $(37) $(464) $(1,003) $(1,504)
==== ===== ======= =======
</TABLE>
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these
combined financial statements.
II-24
<PAGE> 216
GENZYME MOLECULAR ONCOLOGY
COMBINED BALANCE SHEETS
(A DEVELOPMENT STAGE ENTERPRISE)
(dollars in thousands)
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
DECEMBER 31,
1996 1995
---- ----
<S> <C> <C>
LIABILITIES AND DIVISION EQUITY
COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES (See notes 1, 3, 4 and 6)
DIVISION EQUITY
Parent Company investment ......................... $ 1,504 $ 501
Deficit accumulated during the development stage .. (1,504) (501)
------- -----
Total division equity ............................... $ 0 $ 0
======= =====
</TABLE>
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these
combined financial statements.
II-25
<PAGE> 217
GENZYME MOLECULAR ONCOLOGY
COMBINED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(A DEVELOPMENT STAGE ENTERPRISE)
(dollars in thousands)
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
FOR THE CUMULATIVE
PERIOD FROM
DECEMBER 1, DECEMBER 1,
1994 (DATE OF FOR THE FOR THE 1994 (DATE OF
INCEPTION) YEAR YEAR INCEPTION)
THROUGH ENDED ENDED THROUGH
DECEMBER 31, DECEMBER 31, DECEMBER 31, DECEMBER 31,
1994 1995 1996 1996
------------- ------------ ------------ -------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C>
OPERATING ACTIVITIES
Net loss $(37) $(464) $(1,003) $(1,504)
---- ----- ------- -------
Net cash used by operating activities (37) (464) (1,003) (1,504)
FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Parent Company investment 37 464 1,003 1,504
---- ----- ------- -------
CHANGE IN CASH $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0
==== ===== ======= =======
</TABLE>
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these
combined financial statements.
II-26
<PAGE> 218
GENZYME MOLECULAR ONCOLOGY
COMBINED STATEMENTS OF DIVISION EQUITY
(A DEVELOPMENT STAGE ENTERPRISE)
(dollars in thousands)
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
DEFICIT
ACCUMULATED
PARENT DURING THE TOTAL
COMPANY DEVELOPMENT DIVISION
INVESTMENT STAGE EQUITY
---------- ----------- --------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
BALANCE AT DECEMBER 1, 1994
(DATE OF INCEPTION) $ 0 $ 0 $ 0
Net loss -- (37) (37)
Parent Company Investment 37 -- 37
------ ------- -------
BALANCE AT DECEMBER 31, 1994 37 (37) 0
Net loss -- (464) (464)
Parent Company Investment 464 -- 464
------ ------- -------
BALANCE AT DECEMBER 31, 1995 501 (501) 0
Net loss -- (1,003) (1,003)
Parent Company Investment 1,003 -- 1,003
------ ------- -------
BALANCE AT DECEMBER 31, 1996 $1,504 $(1,504) $ 0
====== ======= =======
</TABLE>
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these
combined financial statements.
II-27
<PAGE> 219
GENZYME MOLECULAR ONCOLOGY DIVISION
NOTES TO COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(A DEVELOPMENT STAGE ENTERPRISE)
NOTE 1. BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
BUSINESS
Genzyme Molecular Oncology ("GMO"), a division of Genzyme Corporation (the
"Company" or "Genzyme"), conducts research and development programs in the areas
of molecular oncology and gene therapy for the treatment of cancer. Through GMO,
Genzyme seeks to create a focused, integrated oncology business that will
develop and commercialize novel diagnostic and therapeutic products and services
based on molecular tools and genomic information. GMO on its own, and in
combination with partners, will develop, manufacture and market technologically
advanced products and services for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of
cancer. GMO operations under the existing Genzyme programs being combined to
form GMO commenced December 1, 1994 (the "Date of Inception"). Since that date
GMO's principal activity has been to perform research and development and no
revenues have been earned.
BASIS OF PRESENTATION
The combined financial statements of GMO include the balance sheets, results of
operations and cash flows of Genzyme's molecular oncology operations, which were
part of Genzyme General Division ("Genzyme General") during the periods
presented. GMO's financial statements are prepared using the amounts included in
Genzyme's consolidated financial statements. Corporate allocations reflected in
these financial statements are determined based upon methods which management
believes to be reasonable (see Note 2).
As described in more detail in the Prospectus/Proxy Statement for which these
financial statements have been prepared, the stockholders of Genzyme and
PharmaGenics, Inc. ("PharmaGenics") are being asked to approve a merger
agreement between Genzyme and PharmaGenics (the "Merger Proposal", see also Note
7 "PharmaGenics Merger"). The merger agreement provides for the merger of
PharmaGenics into Genzyme ("the Merger") in exchange for shares of a new Genzyme
security to be designated Genzyme Molecular Oncology Division Common Stock ("GMO
Stock"). The GMO Stock is intended to reflect the value and track the
performance of GMO.
The stockholders of Genzyme are also being asked to approve the amendment and
restatement of Genzyme's Restated Articles of Organization (the "Genzyme
Charter") to (i) redesignate each of Genzyme's existing classes of common stock
as a series of a single class of common stock and (ii) authorize 150,000,000
shares of undesignated common stock which may be issued from time to time by the
Genzyme Board of Directors (the "Genzyme Board") in one or more additional
series (the "Genzyme Charter Proposal"). The Genzyme Charter Proposal is also
described in more detail in the Prospectus/Proxy Statement.
If the Genzyme Charter Proposal is approved and the Merger is completed, the
Genzyme Board will designate the GMO Stock as a new series of authorized common
stock of Genzyme. If the Genzyme stockholders do not approve the Genzyme Charter
Proposal, but approve the Merger Proposal and the Merger is completed, the
Merger Proposal authorizes an amendment to the Genzyme Charter that would create
the GMO Stock as a separate class of Genzyme common stock. This capital
structure has not been reflected in these financial statements because its
creation is contingent upon approval by Genzyme's stockholders.
If the Merger is completed, Genzyme will provide to holders of GMO Stock
separate financial statements, management's discussion and analysis,
descriptions of business and other relevant information for GMO. Notwithstanding
the attribution of assets and liabilities, including contingent liabilities,
between Genzyme General, Genzyme Tissue Repair Division ("GTR") and GMO for the
purposes of preparing their respective financial statements, this attribution
and the change in the capital structure of Genzyme contemplated by the Genzyme
Charter Proposal will not affect legal title to such assets or responsibility
for such liabilities of Genzyme or any of its subsidiaries. Holders of GMO Stock
will be common stockholders of Genzyme, which will continue to be responsible
for all of its liabilities. Liabilities or contingencies of Genzyme General, GTR
or of GMO could affect the financial condition or results of operations of the
other Divisions. Accordingly, the GMO combined financial statements should be
read in connection with Genzyme's consolidated financial statements.
Under the terms of the Genzyme Charter, dividends to be paid to the holders of
GMO Stock will be limited to the lesser of funds of Genzyme legally available
for the payment of dividends and the Available GMO Dividend Amount, as defined
in the Genzyme Charter. Although there is no requirement to do so, the Genzyme
Board would declare and pay cash dividends on GMO Stock, if any, based primarily
on earnings, financial condition, cash flow and business requirements of GMO.
There is currently no intention of paying cash dividends.
II-28
<PAGE> 220
GENZYME MOLECULAR ONCOLOGY DIVISION
NOTES TO COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(A DEVELOPMENT STAGE ENTERPRISE)
Except as otherwise provided in such policies, the management and accounting
policies applicable to the presentation of the financial statements of GMO may
be modified or rescinded at the sole discretion of the Genzyme Board without
approval of the stockholders, subject only to the Genzyme Board's fiduciary duty
to Genzyme's stockholders.
PRINCIPLES OF COMBINATION
The accompanying combined financial statements reflect the combined accounts of
all of Genzyme's programs in the area of molecular oncology and Genzyme's rights
under its agreements with third parties relating to gene therapies for the
treatment of cancer. All material intercompany items and transactions have been
eliminated in combination.
USE OF ESTIMATES
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted
accounting principles requires management to make certain estimates and
assumptions. These estimates and assumptions affect the reporting of assets,
liabilities, revenues, expenses and contingencies reported. Actual results could
differ from these estimates.
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Research and development costs are expensed as incurred.
INCOME TAXES
GMO uses the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. The
provision for income taxes includes income taxes currently payable and those
deferred because of temporary differences between the financial statement and
the tax basis of assets and liabilities (see Note 2).
NET LOSS PER SHARE
Historical loss per share information is omitted from the statements of
operations as the GMO Stock was not part of the capital structure of Genzyme for
the periods presented. Following issuance of the GMO Stock, the method of
calculating earnings per share for GMO would reflect the terms of the Restated
Articles of Organization, which provide that dividends may be declared and paid
out of the lesser of funds of Genzyme legally available for the payment of
dividends and the Available GMO Dividend Amount, as defined. GMO would compute
earnings (loss) per share by dividing the earnings attributable to GMO by the
weighted average number of shares of GMO Stock and dilutive common stock
equivalents outstanding during the applicable period. Earnings (loss)
attributable to GMO would generally equal GMO's net income or (loss) for the
relevant period determined in accordance with generally accepted accounting
principles in effect at such time, adjusted by the amount of tax benefits
allocated to or from GMO pursuant to the management and accounting policies
adopted by the Genzyme Board. The policies provide that, as of the end of any
fiscal quarter of Genzyme, any projected annual tax benefit attributable to any
division that cannot be utilized by such division to offset or reduce its
current or deferred income tax expense may be allocated to the other divisions
without any compensating payment or allocation.
ACCOUNTING FOR STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION
If the amendments to the Genzyme 1990 Equity Incentive Plan (the "Equity Plan")
and the 1988 Director Stock Option Plan (the "Director Stock Option Plan")
described in the Prospectus/Proxy Statement are approved by the Genzyme
stockholders and the Merger is completed, the Plan will permit the granting of
options to purchase GMO Stock to employees. No options to purchase GMO Stock
have been granted under the Plan (see Note 3, Division Equity, "Stock Options").
GMO has adopted the disclosure-only alternative for accounting for stock-based
employee compensation as required by Statement of Financial Accounting Standards
No. 123, "Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation" ("SFAS 123") and GMO will
disclose pro forma net income and pro forma earnings per share information in
the footnotes to the combined financial statements using the fair value based
method when employee stock options are granted.
II-29
<PAGE> 221
GENZYME MOLECULAR ONCOLOGY DIVISION
NOTES TO COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(A DEVELOPMENT STAGE ENTERPRISE)
UNCERTAINTIES
GMO is subject to risks common to companies in the biotechnology industry,
including but not limited to, development by GMO or its competitors of new
technological innovations, dependence on key personnel, protection of
proprietary technology, health care cost containment initiatives, product
liability and compliance with the government regulations, including those of the
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and the U.S. Food and Drug
Administration.
NOTE 2. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
Genzyme allocates certain corporate general and administrative expenses,
research and development expenses and income taxes in accordance with the
policies described below. Effective upon completion of the Merger, the Genzyme
Board has amended the policies which govern the management of Genzyme General
and GTR to include the management of GMO and to add certain new policies
governing interdivision transactions. The following policies, with the exception
of Interdivision Asset Transfers, may be further modified or rescinded by action
of the Genzyme Board, or the Genzyme Board may adopt additional policies,
without approval of the stockholders of Genzyme, subject only to the Genzyme
Board's fiduciary duty to the Genzyme stockholders, although the Genzyme Board
has no present intention to do so.
FINANCIAL MATTERS
As a matter of policy, the Company manages the financial activities of
Genzyme General, GTR and GMO on a centralized basis. These financial
activities include the investment of surplus cash, the issuance, repayment
and repurchase of short-term and long-term debt and the issuance and
repurchase of common stock. During the period December 1, 1994 (Date of
Inception) to December 31, 1996, the Company attributed none of its
short-term and long-term debt to GMO based upon the specific purpose for
which the debt was incurred and the cash flow requirements of GMO.
Accordingly, none of the Company's interest expense has been allocated to
GMO. The Company believes this method of allocation to be equitable and a
reasonable estimate of such costs as if GMO operated on a stand-alone basis.
Loans may be made from time to time between divisions. Any such loan of $1
million or less will mature within 18 months and interest will accrue at the
lowest borrowing rate available to Genzyme for a loan with similar terms and
duration. Amounts borrowed in excess of $1 million will require approval of
the Genzyme Board, which approval shall include a determination by the
Genzyme Board that the material terms of such loan, including the interest
rate and maturity date, are fair and reasonable to each participating
division and to holders of the common stock representing such division. To
date no such borrowings have occurred.
SHARED SERVICES
GMO will operate as a division of Genzyme with its own personnel and
financial resources, however, GMO will have access to Genzyme's extensive
research and development capabilities, manufacturing facilities, and
worldwide clinical development the costs of which are allocated to each
division in a reasonable and consistent manner based on utilization by the
division of the services to which such costs relate. Genzyme's corporate
general and administrative functions are performed primarily by Genzyme
General. General and administrative expenses and research and development
expenses have been allocated to GMO as if GMO operated on a stand-alone
basis. Management believes that such allocation is a reasonable estimate of
such expenses.
INCOME TAXES
GMO is included in the consolidated U.S. federal income tax return filed by
Genzyme. Genzyme allocates current and deferred taxes to the Divisions using
the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes and as if the
Divisions were separate taxpayers. Accordingly, the realizability of deferred
tax assets is assessed at the division level. The sum of the amounts
calculated for individual divisions of Genzyme may not equal the consolidated
amount under this approach.
Pursuant to the management and accounting policies adopted by the Genzyme
Board, as of the end of any fiscal quarter of Genzyme, any projected tax
benefit attributable to any division that cannot be utilized by such division
to offset or reduce its current or deferred income tax expense may be
allocated to any other division without any compensating payment or
allocation. The treatment of such allocation for purposes of earnings per
share computation is discussed in Note 1, "Net Loss Per Share".
II-30
<PAGE> 222
GENZYME MOLECULAR ONCOLOGY DIVISION
NOTES TO COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(A DEVELOPMENT STAGE ENTERPRISE)
ACCESS TO TECHNOLOGY AND KNOW-HOW
GMO has free access to all technology and know-how of Genzyme that may prove
useful in GMO's business, subject to any obligations or limitations
applicable to Genzyme. The costs of developing this technology remain in the
business unit responsible for its development.
INTERDIVISION ASSET TRANSFERS
The following policy regarding the transfer of assets between divisions may
not be changed by the Genzyme Board without the approval of the holders of
Genzyme Tissue Repair Common Stock ("GTR Stock") and the GMO Stock, each
voting as a separate class; provided, however, that if a policy change
affects GTR or GMO alone, only holders of shares representing the affected
division will be entitled to a class vote on such matter.
The Genzyme Board may at any time and from time to time reallocate any
program, product or other asset from one division to any other division. All
such reallocations will be done at fair market value, determined by the
Genzyme Board, taking into account, in the case of a program under
development, the commercial potential of the program, the phase of clinical
development of the program, the expenses associated with realizing any income
from the program, the likelihood and timing of any such realization and other
matters that the Genzyme Board and its financial advisors deem relevant. The
consideration for such reallocation may be paid by one division to another in
cash or other consideration, in lieu of cash, with a value equal to the fair
market value of the assets being reallocated or, in the case of a
reallocation of assets from Genzyme General to GTR or GMO, the Genzyme Board
may elect to account for such reallocation of assets as an increase in
Designated Shares representing the division to which such assets are
reallocated. Notwithstanding the foregoing, no Key GMO Program, as defined in
the management and accounting policies, may be transferred out of GMO without
a class vote of the holders of GMO Stock and no Key GTR Program, as defined
in the management and accounting policies, may be transferred out of GTR
without a class vote of the holders of GTR Stock.
OTHER INTERDIVISION TRANSACTIONS
From time to time, a division may engage in transactions with one or more
other divisions or jointly with one or more other divisions and one or more
third parties. Such transactions may include agreements by one division to
provide products and services for use by another division and joint ventures
or other collaborative arrangements involving more than one division to
develop new products and services jointly and with third parties. Research
and development performed by one division for the benefit of another division
will be charged to the division for which work is performed on a cost basis.
The division performing the research will not recognize revenue as a result
of performing such research. Corporate general and administrative services
will be provided by each division to any other division requesting such
services on a cost basis. Other interdivisional transactions shall be on
terms and conditions that would be obtainable in transactions negotiated at
arm's length with unaffiliated third parties. Any interdivisional transaction
to be performed on terms and conditions other than those previously set forth
and that is material to one or more of the participating divisions will
require the approval of the Genzyme Board, which approval shall include a
determination by the Genzyme Board that the transaction is fair and
reasonable to each participating division and to holders of the common stock
representing each division.
If a division (the "Purchasing Division") requires any product or service
from which another division ( the "Selling Division") derives revenues from
sales to third parties (a "Commercial Product or Service"), the Purchasing
Division may solicit from the Selling Division a bid to provide such
Commercial Product or Service in addition to any bids solicited by the
Purchasing Division from third parties. Subject to determination by the
Genzyme Board that the bid of the Selling Division is fair and reasonable to
each division and to their respective stockholders and that the Purchasing
Division is willing to accept the Selling Division's bid, the Purchasing
Division may accept any bid deemed to offer the most favorable terms and
conditions for providing the Commercial Product or Service sought by the
Purchasing Division.
II-31
<PAGE> 223
GENZYME MOLECULAR ONCOLOGY DIVISION
NOTES TO COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(A DEVELOPMENT STAGE ENTERPRISE)
NOTE 3. DIVISION EQUITY
The presentation of Division Equity reflects the amounts expended by Genzyme on
programs being attributed to GMO and, accordingly, such amounts are reflected as
a parent company investment.
As described in Note 1, "Basis of Presentation", GMO Stock will be created as
either a separate class or a separate series of Genzyme Common Stock depending
upon whether both the Merger Proposal and the Genzyme Charter Proposal are
approved. If the Genzyme stockholders approve the Genzyme Charter Proposal and
the Merger is completed, the Genzyme Board will designate the GMO Stock as a new
series of authorized common stock of Genzyme. If the Genzyme stockholders do not
approve the Genzyme Charter Proposal but approve the Merger Proposal and the
Merger is completed, the Merger Agreement authorizes an amendment to the Genzyme
Charter that would create the GMO Stock as a new class of authorized common
stock of Genzyme. In either event, 40 million shares of GMO Stock will be
authorized and will have the same voting rights and privileges described below.
Of the authorized shares, 4 million will be issued to effect the Merger (see
Note 7, "PharmaGenics Merger"). In addition, 6 million GMO Designated Shares
will be created as a result of the Merger.
GMO DESIGNATED SHARES
Pursuant to the Genzyme Charter, if the Charter Proposal or Merger Proposal is
approved, GMO Designated Shares are authorized shares of GMO stock which are not
issued or outstanding, but which the Genzyme Board may from time to time issue,
sell or otherwise distribute without allocating the proceeds or other benefits
of such issuance, sale or distribution to GMO. Designated shares are not
eligible to receive any GMO dividends, have no liquidation rights and cannot be
voted until they are sold, dividended to Genzyme General stockholders or
otherwise distributed. GMO Designated Shares may be (i) issued upon the exercise
or conversion of outstanding stock options, warrants or securities allocated to
Genzyme General as a result of antidilution adjustments required by the terms of
such instruments or approved by the Genzyme Board, (ii) distributed as a
dividend to the holders of shares of Genzyme General Division Common Stock ("GGD
Stock"), or (iii) sold for any valid business purpose, subject to certain
restrictions, subject to the following policies regarding annual distributions
determined at the sole discretion of the Genzyme Board. An Equity Line providing
for the allocation of up to $25 million of cash from Genzyme General to GMO in
exchange for GMO Designated Shares was approved by the Board (see "GMO Equity
Line").
If, as of November 30 of each year starting November 30, 1998, the number of GMO
Designated Shares on such date (not including those reserved for issuance with
respect to Genzyme General Convertible Securities as a result of anti-dilution
adjustments required by the terms of such instruments or approved by the Genzyme
Board) exceeds ten percent (10%) of the number of shares of GMO Stock then
issued and outstanding, then substantially all GMO Designated Shares will be
distributed to holders of record of GGD Stock, subject to reservation of a
number of such shares equal to the sum of (a) the number of GMO Designated
Shares reserved for issuance upon the exercise or conversion of Genzyme General
Convertible Securities and (b) the number of GMO Designated Shares reserved by
the Genzyme Board as of such date for sale not later than six months after such
date, the proceeds of which sale will be allocated to Genzyme General; provided,
however, that if prior to November 30, 1998, Genzyme has completed an initial
public offering of GMO Stock (the "GMO IPO"), Genzyme may defer the distribution
of GMO Designated Shares provided in this policy until the later of November 30,
1998 or 360 days after the date the GMO IPO was completed.
EXCHANGE OF GMO STOCK
Genzyme, subject to certain conditions, will have the right to exchange each
outstanding share of GMO Stock for cash or shares of GGD Stock at a 30% premium
over fair market value, as defined. Following a disposition of all or
substantially all assets of GMO, GMO Stock will be subject to mandatory exchange
by Genzyme for cash or shares of GGD Stock at a 30% premium over fair market
value, as defined. GGD Stock is not subject to exchange.
VOTING RIGHTS
Holders of GMO Stock will be entitled to 0.25 vote (equal to the ratio of $7.00
to the closing price of one share of GGD Stock as of the date of the Merger
Agreement) per share through December 31, 1998. Immediately following
consummation of the Merger, holders of GMO Stock will have approximately 1.2% of
the voting power of Genzyme. The number of votes to which holders of
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GENZYME MOLECULAR ONCOLOGY DIVISION
NOTES TO COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(A DEVELOPMENT STAGE ENTERPRISE)
GMO Stock will be entitled will be adjusted to equal the quotient obtained by
dividing (i) the fair market value of one share of GMO Stock by (ii) the fair
market value of one share of GGD Stock, on and as of January 1, 1999 and on and
as of each January 1 every two years thereafter. If no shares of GGD Stock are
outstanding on such date, or if shares of GMO Stock are entitled to vote
separately as a series, each share of GMO Stock shall have one vote. Holders of
shares of GGD Stock, GTR Stock and GMO Stock vote together as a single series on
all matters as to which common stockholders are generally entitled to vote.
Except in limited circumstances provided under Massachusetts law and in
Genzyme's Restated Articles of Organization, and in the management and
accounting policies adopted by the Genzyme Board, holders of common stock of
each of the Divisions will have no rights to vote on matters as a separate
series. If, when a stockholder vote is taken on any matter as to which a
separate vote by either series is not required and the holders of either series
of common stock would have more than the number of votes required to approve any
such matter, the holders of that series will control the outcome of the vote on
that matter.
STOCK OPTIONS
If the proposed amendments to the Equity Plan are approved and the Merger is
completed, 1,500,000 shares of GMO Stock will be authorized for issuance under
the Equity Plan. Subsequent to the completion of the PharmaGenics Merger (see
Note 7), options under the Equity Plan to purchase GMO Stock will be granted to
employees of GMO, to employees of other divisions of Genzyme who will devote a
substantial portion of their efforts to GMO and to officers of Genzyme. These
options will: (i) have an exercise price equal to the fair market value of GMO
Stock on the date of grant, (ii) become exercisable 20% on the Effective Date
and 20% on each of the next four anniversaries thereof and (iii) have a term of
ten years.
If the proposed amendments to the Director Stock Option Plan are approved and
the Merger is completed, 70,000 shares of GMO Stock will be authorized for
issuance under the Director Stock Option Plan. These options, which may be
granted to all directors of Genzyme who are not employees of Genzyme, will: (i)
have an exercise price of equal to the fair market value of GMO Stock on the
date of grant, (ii) be exercisable in full on the date of the grant and (iii)
have a term of ten years.
EMPLOYEE STOCK PURCHASE PLAN
Upon approval of the proposal to amend the Genzyme 1990 Employee Stock Purchase
Plan included in the Prospectus/Proxy Statement for which these financials have
been prepared, employees will be permitted to purchase GMO shares at 85% the
lower of its fair market value on the first day of an offering period or the
applicable exercise date. Under this plan 500,000 shares of GMO Stock are
authorized, none are issued.
PREFERRED STOCK
Shares of Preferred Stock may be issued from time to time in one or more series.
The Genzyme Board may determine, in whole or in part, the preferences, voting
powers, qualifications and special or relative rights and privileges of any such
series before the issuance of any shares of that series. The Genzyme Board shall
determine the number of shares constituting each series of Preferred Stock and
each series shall have a distinguishing designation.
GMO EQUITY LINE
To assist GMO in financing its operations prior to the consummation of the
private placement (see Note 7) or GMO IPO, the Genzyme Board approved the
allocation of up to $25 million in cash from Genzyme General to GMO, subject to
reduction by the proceeds of outside financing received by GMO. Amounts drawn
under the Equity Line prior to the GMO IPO automatically convert into GMO
Designated Shares upon the closing of the GMO IPO at a price that will be
between $7.00 and the price to the public in the GMO IPO, with the exact price
to be dependent upon the date of each advance and the assumed appreciation or
depreciation in the value of the GMO Stock as of such date, assuming straight
line appreciation or depreciation over the period from the closing date of the
Merger to the closing date of the GMO IPO. Advances made after the GMO IPO will
convert upon the date of each advance into such number of GMO Designated Shares
determined by dividing the amount of such advance by the Fair Market Value of
GMO Stock on such date. The Equity Line will terminate on the third anniversary
of the Closing Date. If the GMO IPO has not been completed as of such date, all
amounts drawn under the Equity Line as of such date will be repaid in cash or,
at the option of the Genzyme Board, may be exchanged for the number of GMO
Designated Shares determined by dividing the aggregate of such
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GENZYME MOLECULAR ONCOLOGY DIVISION
NOTES TO COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(A DEVELOPMENT STAGE ENTERPRISE)
amounts by the Fair Market Value of GMO Stock on such date. The amount available
under the Equity Line will be reduced by the proceeds of any public or private
sale by Genzyme of shares of GMO Stock or securities convertible into shares of
GMO Stock or otherwise allocable to the Molecular Oncology Division, other than
sales pursuant to Genzyme's employee benefit and stock option plans.
NOTE 4. LICENSE AND DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENTS
The following rights under Genzyme's agreements with third parties relating to
gene therapies for the treatment of cancer are considered research and
development programs of GMO.
IMPERIAL CANCER RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY LIMITED Genzyme entered into a broad based
collaboration with the Imperial Cancer Research Technology Limited ("ICRT"), a
wholly-owned subsidiary of the Imperial Cancer Research Fund ("ICRF"), in
January 1996 for the purpose of developing cancer gene therapies. Genzyme has
committed to provide at total of (pound sterling) 100,000 to ICRF over a two
year period under this agreement. Under the agreement, Genzyme also funds a
technology manager at the ICRT to identify ICRF gene therapy projects with
commercial potential. Genzyme will select specific research projects proposed by
ICRF and will receive commercial development rights for these projects in
exchange for financial consideration, including research funding and royalties.
In conjunction with this Agreement, Genzyme also provides the ICRF with viral
and non-viral gene therapy vectors for research use.
NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE
In September 1996, Genzyme entered into a three year Collaborative Research and
Development Agreement ("CRADA") with the National Cancer Institute ("NCI") to
develop treatments for metastatic melanoma. The CRADA covers the use of
adenoviral vectors that incorporate the genes for the proprietary melanoma tumor
antigen genes, MART-1 and gp100. Under the agreement, Genzyme provides clinical
grade adenoviral vectors and research and development funding to support
clinical trials at NCI in exchange for an option to an exclusive license to
technology developed under the CRADA. Genzyme has committed to provide a total
of $300,000 to NCI over a three year period under the CRADA. Research and
development expenses incurred under these collaborations were allocated to GMO,
and were $85,000 during the year ended December 31, 1996.
NOTE 5. INCOME TAXES
There was no provision for income taxes due to GMO's operating losses.
The components of net deferred tax assets were as follows:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
DECEMBER 31,
----------------------------------
1994 1995 1996
---- ----- -------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
DEFERRED TAX ASSETS:
Net operating loss carryforwards $ 37 $ 501 $ 1,504
Valuation Allowance (37) (501) (1,504)
---- ----- -------
Net deferred tax assets $ 0 $ 0 $ 0
==== ===== =======
</TABLE>
At the time GMO recognizes these tax assets for generally accepted accounting
principles purposes, the resulting deferred tax benefits will be reflected in
the tax provision for GMO, however, the benefit of these deferred tax assets has
been previously allocated to Genzyme General and will be reflected as a
reduction of net income to determine net income attributable to GMO Stock.
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GENZYME MOLECULAR ONCOLOGY DIVISION
NOTES TO COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(A DEVELOPMENT STAGE ENTERPRISE)
NOTE 6. BENEFIT PLANS
Genzyme has a domestic employee savings plan under Section 401(k) of the
Internal Revenue Code covering substantially all of its domestic employees. The
plan allows employees to make contributions up to a specified percentage of
their compensation, a portion of which are matched by Genzyme. Genzyme's
contributions are allocated to GMO as a component of general and administrative
expenses.
NOTE 7. PHARMAGENICS MERGER
CONSIDERATION
Genzyme entered into a definitive Agreement and Plan of Merger (the "Merger
Agreement") dated as of January 31, 1997 to acquire PharmaGenics, a Delaware
corporation engaged in the research and development of pharmaceuticals for the
treatment of cancer based in Allendale, New Jersey, through a merger of
PharmaGenics with and into Genzyme. The business of PharmaGenics will be
allocated to GMO upon consummation of the Merger. Pursuant to the Merger
Agreement, the preferred stockholders of PharmaGenics will receive, in the
aggregate, 4,000,000 shares of GMO Stock (subject to adjustment as described
below), representing the initial equity interest in GMO, and all outstanding
shares of common stock of PharmaGenics will be cancelled without receiving any
payment. As compensation to Genzyme General for the assets it will contribute to
GMO, 6,000,000 shares of GMO Stock, representing the right to an equity interest
in GMO, will be reserved for issuance for the benefit of Genzyme General or its
stockholders. Such reserved shares are referred to as the initial GMO Designated
Shares. The Genzyme Board may issue the initial GMO Designated Shares as a stock
dividend to the holders of GGD Stock or it may sell such shares in a public or
private sale and allocate the proceeds to Genzyme General.
The Merger Consideration will be reduced by, among other things, (i) the number
of GMO shares having a value equal to the fees payable by PharmaGenics to
PaineWebber Incorporated ("PaineWebber") in connection with the Merger and (ii)
the number of shares of GMO Stock having value equal to the amount by which the
aggregate fees and expenses (investment banking, legal, accounting and other)
payable by PharmaGenics in connection with the Merger exceeds $1,000,000.
Genzyme and PharmaGenics have agreed in the Merger Agreement that the value of
each share of GMO Stock is $7.00 (the "GMO Per Share Value").
ACCOUNTING
The GMO Stock issued, excluding the effects, if any, of downward adjustments,
will be valued at approximately $28.0 million, based on an independent
valuation, and the transaction will be accounted for as a purchase. It is
anticipated that the purchase price of $27.5 million (net of a downward
adjustment of $0.5 million which represents the estimated fees payable by
PharmaGenics to PaineWebber in connection with the Merger), plus estimated
acquisition costs of $4.0 million and assumed liabilities of $1.7 million will
be allocated as $1.5 million to the acquired tangible and intangible assets of
PharmaGenics based on their respective fair values, $20 million to acquired
completed technology rights (to be amortized over 5 years), $7 million to
incomplete technology rights acquired, and $4.7 million to Goodwill (to be
amortized over 5 years). The nonrecurring charge for in-process technology in
the amount of $7 million will be charged to operations in the period in which
the Merger is consummated, presently anticipated to be the second quarter of
1997.
BEST EFFORTS PRIVATE PLACEMENT
As a condition to the consummation of the Merger, waivable at Genzyme's
discretion, PaineWebber must deliver to Genzyme a commitment letter stating that
it will use its best efforts to raise no less than $20 million for GMO in a
private placement of GMO Stock or securities convertible into GMO Stock or
otherwise allocable to GMO to be commenced within 45 days of the effective time
of the Merger on terms mutually agreeable to Genzyme and PaineWebber.
COMDISCO WARRANT
In connection with the PharmaGenics Merger, a warrant to purchase certain shares
of PharmaGenics Series A Stock will be converted to a warrant to purchase
approximately 9,563 shares of GMO Stock (the "Comdisco Warrant") at $8.04 per
share.
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GENZYME MOLECULAR ONCOLOGY DIVISION
NOTES TO COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(A DEVELOPMENT STAGE ENTERPRISE)
CREDIT FACILITY
Genzyme has made a credit facility (the "Credit Facility") available to
PharmaGenics to fund PharmaGenics documented operating costs. Monthly draws
against the Credit Facility may be made monthly, up to a maximum amount during
December 1996, January 1997, February 1997, March 1997, April 1997 and May 1997
of $250,000, $750,000, $650,000, $450,000, $550,000 and $550,000, respectively.
Amounts not drawn by PharmaGenics in a designated month shall be available to
cover documented expenses in any later month (subject to limitations described
below). The maximum amount of monthly draws is subject to downward adjustment
based on the amount of the gross revenues received by PharmaGenics in the prior
month. An additional draw of $250,000 may be made under the Credit Facility if
the SAGE patent licensed by PharmaGenics to Johns Hopkins University ("JHU")
issues while the Credit Facility is in effect, provided, however, that such draw
must be used by PharmaGenics to fulfill its obligation to JHU. In February and
March 1997, PharmaGenics borrowed $1,000,000 and $650,000, respectively, under
the Credit Facility having provided Genzyme with a projected cash disbursements
list of operating costs for the months of February and March.
Amounts advanced under the Credit Facility are evidenced by a Subordinate
Convertible Promissory Note which bears interest from the date of each advance
at the rate of 8 1/4% per annum and matures on February 10, 2002 (the "Maturity
Date"). The Maturity Date will be accelerated upon the closing of one or more
financing transactions resulting in aggregate gross proceeds to PharmaGenics of
$10 million. Upon consummation of the Merger, the Note will become a liability
allocated to GMO, and any outstanding principal amount will be treated as an
intracompany loan by Genzyme General to GMO, due on the Maturity Date and
convertible at any time prior thereto, at the Genzyme Board's option, into GMO
Designated Shares.
If the Merger Agreement is terminated prior to the closing of the Merger, any
outstanding principal amount and accrued interest under the Note, or any portion
thereof, at any time at Genzyme's option, will be (i) convertible into fully
paid and nonassessable shares of preferred stock of PharmaGenics having rights
equivalent with the other then-outstanding series of preferred stock of
PharmaGenics and having a liquidation preference equal to the initial
PharmaGenics Conversion Price (as defined below); (ii) redeemable for SAGE
services on commercially reasonable terms; or (iii) applicable against payment
of all or any portion of a license fee for a license to the SAGE technology on
terms no less favorable than those offered by PharmaGenics to unaffiliated third
party licensees. The number of shares of preferred stock issuable upon such a
conversion of the Note will be determined by dividing the principal and interest
being converted by the PharmaGenics Conversion Price. The initial PharmaGenics
Conversion Price is $2.15 and is subject to adjustment upon declaration of any
stock dividend on completion of any subdivision or combination of such preferred
stock.
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GENZYME MOLECULAR ONCOLOGY
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION
AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
OVERVIEW
The purpose of GMO, a division of Genzyme, is to develop and commercialize novel
therapeutics and diagnostics for cancer based on molecular tools and genomics
information. GMO seeks to establish collaborations and licensing arrangements
where appropriate in order to generate research funding, access complementary
technologies, and expand and accelerate development of its product and service
portfolio. GMO will operate as a division of Genzyme with its own personnel and
financial resources and has access to Genzyme's extensive research and
development capabilities, manufacturing facilities, worldwide clinical
development and regulatory affairs staff and marketing structure on the bases
and subject to the conditions set forth in the management and accounting
policies governing the operations of and relationships among Genzyme's
Divisions. (See "Management and Accounting Policies Governing the Relationship
of Genzyme's Divisions" in the Prospectus/Proxy Statement). Operations under the
existing Genzyme programs that are being combined to form GMO commenced December
1, 1994 (date of inception).
This discussion contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of
Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. These
forward-looking statements represent the expectations of GMO's management as of
the filing date of this Prospectus/Proxy Statement. GMO's actual results could
differ materially from those anticipated by the forward-looking statements due
to the risks and uncertainties described under the caption "Factors Affecting
Future Operating Results". Stockholders and potential investors should consider
carefully these risks and uncertainties in evaluating GMO's financial condition
and results of operations.
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Since the date of inception, research and development functions with respect to
development programs which have been attributed to GMO have been provided solely
by Genzyme General. In accordance with Genzyme's management and accounting
policies, expenses for research and development performed by Genzyme General for
GMO are charged to GMO on a cost basis. Genzyme's corporate and general and
administrative expenses or other indirect costs are allocated to GMO in a
reasonable and consistent manner based on utilization by GMO of the services to
which such costs relate. In accordance with Genzyme's management and accounting
policies, general and administrative expenses and research and development
expenses have been allocated to GMO as if GMO operated on a stand-alone basis.
Management believes that such allocation is a reasonable estimate of such
expenses.
1996 AS COMPARED TO 1995
No revenues have been earned by GMO since the date of inception. Research and
development expenses for the year ended December 31, 1996 increased $441,000 to
$818,000 or 117% in comparison to the corresponding period of 1995 due primarily
to increased cancer research efforts with respect to GMO's drug discovery
programs, GMO's internal gene therapy programs and activities related to GMO's
collaboration with the Imperial Cancer Research Technology Limited to develop
cancer gene therapies, which commenced in January 1996 and GMO's Collaborative
Research and Development Agreement with the National Cancer Institute to develop
treatments for metastatic melanoma.
General and administrative expenses increased $98,000 to $185,000 or 113%
primarily due to increased administrative support corresponding to the growth in
GMO's programs.
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1995 AS COMPARED TO THE PERIOD DECEMBER 1, 1994 (DATE OF
INCEPTION) TO DECEMBER 31, 1994
Research and development expenses and general and administrative expenses were
$377,000 and $87,000, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 1995 as
compared to $29,000 and $8,000, respectively, for the period from the date of
inception to December 31, 1994. The increases are due primarily to a full year
of operations in 1995 as compared to only one month of operations in 1994.
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<PAGE> 229
LIQUIDITY AND FINANCIAL RESOURCES
GMO has historically financed its operations and capital requirements through
funding from Genzyme and has not maintained cash or investment balances. Since
the date of inception, GMO's principal activity has been to engage in research
and development as a development stage enterprise and as such has generated no
revenues. GMO has incurred cumulative net losses of $1,504,000 in the period
from the date of inception to December 31, 1996. GMO is expected to experience
significant operating losses at least through fiscal 2001 subsequent to the
acquisition by Genzyme of PharmaGenics, Inc. and as its research and development
and clinical trial programs expand. There can be no assurance that GMO will ever
achieve a profitable level of operations or that profitability, if achieved, can
be sustained on an ongoing basis. In addition, Genzyme's management and
accounting policies provide that to the extent GMO is unable to utilize its
operating losses or other projected tax benefits to reduce its current or
deferred income tax expense, such losses or benefits may be reallocated to
another division on a quarterly basis. Accordingly, although the actual payment
of taxes is a corporate liability of Genzyme as a whole, separate financial
statements will be prepared for each division and any losses that cannot be
utilized by GMO will not be carried forward to reduce the taxes allocable to
GMO's earnings in the future. This could result in GMO being charged a greater
portion of the total corporate tax liability and reporting lower earnings
available to GMO stockholders in the future than would have been the case if GMO
had retained its losses or other benefits in the form of a net operating loss
carryforward.
To assist GMO in financing its operations prior to the consummation of the
private placement (See "PharmaGenics Merger-Best Efforts Private Placement") or
GMO IPO, the Genzyme Board approved the allocation of up to $25 million in cash
from Genzyme General to GMO, subject to dollar-for-dollar reduction by the
proceeds of outside financing received by GMO. Amounts drawn under the Equity
Line prior to the GMO IPO automatically convert into GMO Designated Shares upon
the closing of the GMO IPO at a price that will be between $7.00 and the price
to the public in the GMO IPO, with the exact price to be dependent upon the date
of each advance and the assumed appreciation or depreciation in the value of the
GMO Stock as of such date, assuming straight line appreciation or depreciation
on a daily basis over the period from the closing date of the Merger to the
closing date of the GMO IPO. Advances made after the GMO IPO will convert upon
the date of each advance into such number of GMO Designated Shares determined by
dividing the amount of such advance by the Fair Market Value of GMO Stock on
such date. The Equity Line will terminate on the third anniversary of the
Closing Date. If the GMO IPO has not been completed as of such date, all amounts
drawn under the Equity Line as of such date will be repaid in cash or, at the
option of the Genzyme Board, may be exchanged for the number of GMO Designated
Shares determined by dividing the aggregate of such amounts by the Fair Market
Value of GMO Stock on such date. The amount available under the Equity Line will
be reduced by the proceeds of any public or private sale by Genzyme of shares of
GMO Stock or securities convertible into shares of GMO Stock or otherwise
allocable to the Molecular Oncology Division, other than sales pursuant to
Genzyme's employee benefit and stock option plans.
Genzyme anticipates that revenues generated from the sale of SAGE services, a
high-speed, differential gene identification technology which will be acquired
upon consummation of the Merger, SAGE license fees and cash available from
Genzyme General pursuant to the Equity Line will be sufficient to fund GMO's
operations through April 1998. Significant additional funds will be required to
complete the clinical testing and commercialization of GMO's products and
services. In this regard, Genzyme has filed a registration statement relating to
the GMO IPO with the Securities and Exchange Commission and expects to commence
the offering as soon as practicable after the completion of the Merger and
effectiveness of the registration statement. There can be no assurance, however,
that the GMO IPO or any private sale of GMO securities in lieu of the GMO IPO
will be completed on favorable terms to GMO or to the existing holders of GMO
Stock, if at all.
In addition, GMO's cash requirements may vary materially from those now planned
as a result of including progress of GMO's research and development programs,
achievement of milestones under strategic alliance arrangements, the ability of
GMO to establish and maintain additional strategic alliances and licensing
arrangements, the progress of development efforts of GMO's strategic partners,
competing technological and marketing developments, the costs involved in
enforcing patent claims and other intellectual property rights and the cost and
timing of regulatory approvals. Insufficient funds may require GMO to delay,
scale back or eliminate certain of its programs or to license to third parties
to commercialize technologies or products that GMO would otherwise undertake
itself. Such actions may adversely affect the value of the GMO Stock.
FACTORS AFFECTING FUTURE OPERATING RESULTS
GMO's future success will be largely dependent upon its ability to develop,
manufacture and market its products under development, in addition to continuing
to provide SAGE services which will be acquired upon consummation of the Merger.
The majority of the products and services to be included in GMO are in the early
stage of development. GMO is subject to risks common to companies in the
biotechnology industry, including but not limited to, development by GMO or its
competitors of new technological innovations, dependence on key
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<PAGE> 230
personnel, protection of proprietary technology, health care cost containment
initiatives, product liability and compliance with the government regulations of
the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and the U.S. Food and Drug
Administration (See "Risk Factors" in the Prospectus/Proxy Statement).
SUBSEQUENT EVENT
Genzyme entered into a definitive Agreement and Plan of Merger
dated as of January 31, 1997 to acquire PharmaGenics (See "The Merger Proposal"
in the Prospectus/Proxy Statement).
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GENZYME MOLECULAR ONCOLOGY
UNAUDITED PRO FORMA FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
INTRODUCTION:
These unaudited pro forma financial statements of GMO and the related notes are
presented to give effect to the acquisition of PharmaGenics, Inc.
("PharmaGenics") by Genzyme Corporation ("Genzyme") through a merger (the
"Merger") of PharmaGenics with and into Genzyme using shares of Genzyme
Molecular Oncology ("GMO") Division Common Stock ("GMO Stock")(as described in
Note 1). Pro forma statements of operations have been presented for GMO assuming
that the Merger occurred as of January 1, 1996, using the purchase accounting
method. A pro forma balance sheet has been presented for GMO assuming that the
Merger occurred as of December 31, 1996. Pro forma consolidated financial
statements for Genzyme have not been included because the Merger is not
considered to have a significant impact on the financial conditions or results
of operations of Genzyme. Pro forma financial statements for Genzyme General and
GTR have not been included because with respect to Genzyme General, the creation
of GMO is not considered to have a material effect and the Merger will have no
effect on the financial condition or results of operations of Genzyme General
and with respect to GTR, both the creation of GMO and the Merger have no impact
on the financial condition and results of operations of GTR.
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<PAGE> 232
GENZYME MOLECULAR ONCOLOGY
UNAUDITED PRO FORMA CONDENSED COMBINED BALANCE SHEETS
AS OF DECEMBER 31, 1996
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Historical Pro Forma
Genzyme Historical Pro Foot- Genzyme
Molecular PharmaGenics, Forma note Molecular
Oncology Inc. Adjs. Ref. Oncology
--------- ------------- ----- ---- ---------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents ......................... $ -- $ 486 $ -- $ 486
Accounts receivable ............................... -- 186 -- 186
Prepaid expenses and other current assets ......... -- 38 -- 38
-------- -------- -------- -------
Total current assets .............................. -- 710 -- 710
Property, plant & equipment, net .................. -- 783 -- 783
Intangibles, net .................................. -- -- 20,000 [A] 20,000
Goodwill .......................................... -- -- 4,739 [A]
7,600 [A] 12,339
Other assets ...................................... -- 40 -- 40
-------- -------- -------- -------
Total assets .................................... $ -- $ 1,533 $ 32,339 $33,872
======== ======== ======== =======
LIABILITIES AND
DIVISION/STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable and accrued expenses ............. $ -- $ 1,600 $ 4,000 [B] 5,600
Deferred revenue .................................. -- 315 (315) [C] --
Current portion of capital lease obligations ...... -- 147 -- 147
-------- -------- -------- -------
Total current liabilities ......................... -- 2,062 3,685 5,747
Long-term capital lease obligations ............... -- 25 -- 25
Deferred tax liability ............................ -- -- 7,600 [A] 7,600
-------- -------- -------- -------
-- 25 7,600 7,625
Division equity ................................... -- -- 27,500 [A]
(7,000) [A]
1,504 [D]
(1,504) [D] 20,500
PharmaGenics, Inc. convertible preferred stock .... -- 74 (74) [C]
PharmaGenics, Inc. common stock ................... -- 5 (5) [C] --
Parent Company investment ......................... 1,504 -- (1,504) [D] --
Additional paid-in capital ........................ -- 26,066 (26,066) [C] --
Accumulated deficit ............................... (1,504) (26,693) 1,504 [D]
26,693 [C] --
Deferred compensation ............................. -- (6) 6 [C] --
-------- -------- -------- -------
Total division/stockholders' equity ............... -- (554) 21,054 20,500
-------- -------- -------- -------
Total liabilities and division/stockholders' equity $ -- $ 1,533 $ 32,339 $33,872
======== ======== ======== =======
</TABLE>
See notes to unaudited pro forma financial statements.
II-41
<PAGE> 233
GENZYME MOLECULAR ONCOLOGY
PRO FORMA COMBINED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1996
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE AMOUNTS)
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Historical Pro Forma
Genzyme Historical Pro Foot- Genzyme
Molecular PharmaGenics, Forma note Molecular
Oncology Inc. Adjs. Ref. Oncology
--------- ------------- ----- ---- ---------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Revenue:
Research and development revenue ....... $ -- $ 1,418 $ -- $ 1,418
Operating costs and expenses
General and administrative expenses .... 185 1,756 -- 1,941
Research and development expenses ...... 818 4,499 -- 5,317
Amortization of intangibles ............ -- -- 6,468 [E] 6,468
------- ------- -------- --------
Total operating expenses ............ 1,003 6,255 6,468 13,726
------- ------- -------- --------
Operating loss .......................... (1,003) (4,837) (6,468) (12,308)
Other income (expenses):
Interest income ........................ -- 120 -- 120
Interest expense ....................... -- (36) -- (36)
------- ------- -------- --------
Net loss ................................ $(1,003) $(4,753) $(6,468) $(12,224)
======= ======= ======== ========
Per PharmaGenics common share:
Net loss ............................... $(10.49)
=======
Weighted average shares outstanding ..... 453 (453) [F]
=== ====
Per Pro Forma Molecular Oncology Division
common share:
Pro forma net loss ..................... $(3.11)
======
Pro forma average shares outstanding ... 3,929 [G] 3,929
===== ======
</TABLE>
See notes to unaudited pro forma financial statements.
II-42
<PAGE> 234
GENZYME MOLECULAR ONCOLOGY
NOTES TO UNAUDITED PRO FORMA CONDENSED COMBINED BALANCE SHEETS
(1) COMMENCEMENT OF GMO OPERATIONS AND CREATION OF GMO STOCK
GMO operations under the existing Genzyme General programs being combined
to form GMO, commenced December 1, 1994 (the "Date of Inception"). Since
that date GMO's principal activity has been to perform research and
development and no revenues have been earned. Upon approval of the Genzyme
Charter Proposal included in the Genzyme proxy statement for which these
financial statements have been prepared, a new series of Genzyme Common
Stock will be created, Genzyme Molecular Oncology Division Common Stock
("GMO Stock"). If Genzyme stockholders do not approve the Genzyme Charter
Proposal, but approve the PharmaGenics Merger Proposal also included in the
Genzyme proxy statement for which these financial statements have been
prepared (the "Merger Proposal") (see Note 7, "PharmaGenics Merger") and
the PharmaGenics Merger (the "Merger") is completed, the Merger Proposal
authorizes the amendment to Genzyme's Articles of Organization that would
create the GMO Stock as a separate class of common stock intended to track
the performance of GMO.
PHARMAGENICS MERGER
Genzyme entered into a definitive Agreement and Plan of Merger (the "Merger
Agreement") dated January 31, 1997 to acquire PharmaGenics, a Delaware
corporation engaged in the research and development of pharmaceuticals for
the treatment of cancer, based in Allendale, New Jersey, through a merger
of PharmaGenics with and into Genzyme. The business of PharmaGenics's will
be allocated to GMO upon consummation of the Merger. Pursuant to the Merger
Agreement, the preferred stockholders of PharmaGenics will receive, in the
aggregate, 4,000,000 shares of GMO Stock (subject to adjustment as
described below), representing the initial equity interest in GMO, and all
outstanding shares of common stock of PharmaGenics will be cancelled
without receiving any payment. As compensation to Genzyme General for the
assets it will contribute to GMO, 6,000,000 shares of GMO Stock,
representing the right to equity interest in GMO, will be reserved for
issuance for the benefit of Genzyme General or its stockholders. Such
reserved shares are referred to as the initial GMO Designated Shares. The
Genzyme Board may issue the GMO Designated Shares as a stock dividend to
the holders of GGD Stock or it may sell such shares in a public or private
sale and allocate the proceeds to Genzyme General.
The pro forma GMO balance sheet as of December 31, 1996 gives effect to the
Merger as of December 31, 1996, using the purchase accounting method and
assumes that the GMO Stock issued will be valued at approximately $28
million which was determined through a combination of an independent
valuation of the business of PharmaGenics, an internal review of the future
market potential for the PharmaGenics programs and a similar review of the
programs allocated from Genzyme General to GMO. The allocation of the
purchase price is discussed in Note 2A.
(2) PRO FORMA ADJUSTMENTS RELATED TO THE ACQUISITION
(A) Purchase Price Allocation
The aggregate purchase price of $27.5 million (net of a downward adjustment
of $0.5 million which represents the estimated fees payable by PharmaGenics
to PaineWebber in connection with the Merger), plus estimated acquisition
costs of $4.0 million and assumed liabilities of $1.7 million will be
allocated to the acquired tangible and intangible assets based on their
estimated respective fair values (amounts in thousands):
<TABLE>
<S> <C>
Cash $ 486
Accounts receivable-U.S. National Cancer Institute 186
Prepaid expenses 38
Property, plant & equipment 783
Other assets 40
Completed technology rights 20,000
Goodwill (to be amortized over 5 years) 12,339
Deferred tax liability (7,600)
Charge for incomplete technology 7,000
--------
$ 33,272
========
</TABLE>
II-43
<PAGE> 235
GENZYME MOLECULAR ONCOLOGY
NOTES TO UNAUDITED PRO FORMA CONDENSED COMBINED BALANCE SHEETS
The portion of the purchase price to be allocated to technology rights will
be allocated as $20 million to completed technology rights and $7 million
to incomplete technology rights. The charge for in-process technology of $7
million represents the value assigned to PharmaGenics's programs which are
still in the development stage and for which there is no alternative use.
The value assigned to these programs has been determined by selecting the
maximum anticipated value of these programs, as provided by an independent
valuation of the PharmaGenics business, based on comparable technologies.
The pro forma adjustments to the pro forma statements of operations for the
year ended December 31, 1996 do not give effect to the charge for
in-process technology in the amount of $7 million which will be charged to
operations upon consummation of the Merger, presently anticipated to occur
in the second quarter of 1997.
The deferred tax liability of $7.6 million results from the temporary
difference between the book and tax basis of the Completed Technology
computed at a 38% incremental tax rate.
(B) The pro forma adjustment in the amount of $4.0 million to accrued expenses
to reflect the accrual of the estimated acquisition costs which have not
been reflected in the historical balances as of December 31, 1996.
(C) To eliminate (i) PharmaGenics's historical stockholders' deficit amounts
totaling $(0.5) million and (ii) deferred revenue totaling $0.3 million
which represents advanced funding received by PharmaGenics pursuant to a
research and development agreement with PaineWebber R&D Partners III, L.P.
(the "R&D Partnership"). As a condition to the Merger, certain technology
rights held by the R&D Partnership will be transferred to PharmaGenics and,
therefore, PharmaGenics will no longer be obligated to perform services
under the research and development agreement but will retain the $0.3
million of funding.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
(in thousands)
--------------
<S> <C>
Convertible preferred stock $ 74
Common stock 5
Additional paid-in capital 26,066
Accumulated deficit (26,693)
Deferred compensation (6)
--------
PharmaGenics's historical stockholders' deficit: (554)
Deferred revenue 315
--------
Net elimination: $ (239)
========
</TABLE>
(D) Reclassify GMO's historical Parent Company Investment of $1.7 million and
accumulated deficit of $1.5 million to Division equity.
(E) To record the amortization of acquired intangible assets and goodwill
(amounts in thousands):
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Full
Assigned Year
Value Amortization
-------- ------------
<S> <C> <C>
Completed Technology (5 year life) ..................... $20,000 $4,000
Goodwill (5 year life) ................................. 12,339 2,468
-------
Pro forma adjustment for amortization of intangibles ... $ 6,468
=======
</TABLE>
(F) To eliminate PharmaGenics's weighted average shares outstanding.
II-44
<PAGE> 236
GENZYME MOLECULAR ONCOLOGY
NOTES TO UNAUDITED PRO FORMA CONDENSED COMBINED BALANCE SHEETS
(G) The pro forma statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 1996
assume that the Merger Consideration was adjusted downward, pursuant to the
terms of the Merger Agreement, resulting in a net distribution of 3,928,572
GMO shares to the PharmaGenics preferred stockholders. The computation of
Merger Consideration and adjustments are as follows:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
GMO Shares
----------
<S> <C> <C>
Aggregate shares of GMO Stock to be distributed to the preferred
stockholders of PharmaGenics 4,000,000
Reduction for the number of GMO shares having a value equal to
the fees payable by PharmaGenics to PaineWebber Incorporated:
Estimated Fees Payable to PaineWebber $ 500,000
Divided by the GMO Per Share Value $ 7.00 71,428
---------- ---------
Adjusted Merger Consideration: 3,928,572
=========
</TABLE>
II-45
<PAGE> 237
Annex III
Federal Identification
Number: 06-1047163
----------
THE COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS
William Francis Galvin
Secretary of the Commonwealth
One Ashburton Place, Boston, Massachusetts 02108-1512
RESTATED ARTICLES OF ORGANIZATION
(GENERAL LAWS, CHAPTER 156B, SECTION 74)
We, HENRI A. TERMEER, *President and PETER WIRTH, *Clerk of Genzyme Corporation
located at One Kendall Square, Cambridge, MA 02139 do hereby certify that the
following Restatement of the Articles of Organization was duly adopted at a
meeting held on ___________, 19__ by a vote of the directors
_____ shares of _________________ of _________ shares outstanding
_____ shares of _________________ of _________ shares outstanding, and
_____ shares of _________________ of _________ shares outstanding,
**being at least a majority
of each type, class or series outstanding and entitled to vote thereon:/**being
at least two-thirds of each type, class or series outstanding and entitled to
vote thereon and of each type, class or series of stock whose rights are
adversely affected thereby:
ARTICLE I
The name of the corporation is:
GENZYME CORPORATION
ARTICLE II
The purpose of the corporation is to engage in the following business
activities:
TO DEVELOP, MANUFACTURE AND SELL HUMAN HEALTH CARE PRODUCTS AND TO
ENGAGE GENERALLY IN ANY BUSINESS THAT MAY LAWFULLY BE CARRIED ON BY A
CORPORATION FORMED UNDER CHAPTER 156B OF THE GENERAL LAWS OF
MASSACHUSETTS.
* Delete the inapplicable words. ** Delete the inapplicable clause.
(1) For amendments adopted pursuant to Chapter 156B, Section 70.
(2) For amendments adopted pursuant to Chapter 156B, Section 71.
<PAGE> 238
ARTICLE III
State the total number of shares and par value, if any, of each class of stock
which the corporation is authorized to issue:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
================================================================================
WITHOUT PAR VALUE WITH PAR VALUE
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TYPE NUMBER OF SHARES TYPE NUMBER OF PAR VALUE
SHARES
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C>
Common: Common: 390,000,000 $.01
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Preferred: Preferred: 10,000,000 $.01
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
================================================================================
</TABLE>
ARTICLE IV
If more than one class of stock is authorized, state a distinguishing
designation for each class. Prior to the issuance of any shares of a class, if
shares of another class are outstanding, the corporation must provide a
description of the preferences, voting powers, qualifications, and special or
relative rights or privileges of that class and of each other of which shares
are outstanding and of each series then established within any class.
DESCRIPTION OF CAPITAL STOCK
A. AUTHORIZED CAPITAL STOCK
The total number of shares of all classes of capital stock which the
Corporation shall be authorized to issue is four hundred million (400,000,000)
shares, consisting of three hundred ninety million (390,000,000) shares of
Common Stock, $.01 par value per share (the "Common Stock") and ten million
(10,000,000) shares of Preferred Stock, $.01 par value per share (the "Preferred
Stock").
Upon the effectiveness of these Restated Articles of Organization, and
without any further action on the part of the Corporation or its stockholders,
each share of the Corporation's General Division Common Stock and Tissue Repair
Division Common Stock then issued and outstanding shall automatically be
redesignated as one fully paid and nonassessable share of Genzyme General
Division Common Stock and Genzyme Tissue Repair Division Common Stock,
respectively, each being a share of a series of a single class of common stock.
B. UNDESIGNATED COMMON STOCK
Shares of Common Stock not at the time designated as shares of a
particular series pursuant to this paragraph IV.B. or any other provision of
these Articles of Organization may be issued from time to time in one or more
additional series. The Board of Directors may determine, in whole or in part,
the preferences, voting powers, qualifications and special or relative rights or
privileges of any such series before the issuance of any shares of that series,
provided that in no event shall the holder of a share of any series of Common
Stock be entitled to more than one vote per share at the time that shares of
such series are first issued. The Board of
III-2
<PAGE> 239
Directors shall determine the number of shares constituting each series of
Common Stock and each series shall have a distinguishing designation.
C. GENZYME GENERAL DIVISION COMMON STOCK.
Two hundred million (200,000,000) shares of Common Stock are designated as
a series of Common Stock with the following designation: Genzyme General
Division Common Stock (the "GGD Stock"). To the extent legally permitted, such
number of shares may be increased or decreased by vote of the Board of
Directors, provided that no decrease shall reduce the number of shares of GGD
Stock to a number less than the number of shares of such series then outstanding
plus the number of shares of such series reserved for issuance upon the exercise
of outstanding options, rights or warrants or upon the conversion of any
outstanding securities issued by the Corporation convertible into such series of
Common Stock. A description of the GGD Stock and a statement of its preferences,
voting powers, qualifications and special or relative rights or privileges is as
follows:
1. DIVIDENDS AND DISTRIBUTIONS. Subject to the express terms of any
outstanding series of Preferred Stock, dividends may be declared and paid upon
the GGD Stock, in such amounts and at such times as the Board of Directors may
determine, only out of the lesser of (a) funds of the Corporation legally
available therefor and (b) the Available GGD Dividend Amount.
2. VOTING RIGHTS. The holders of GGD Stock, voting together with the
holders of shares of all other series of Common Stock as a single class of
stock, shall have the exclusive right to vote for the election of directors and
on all other matters requiring action by the stockholders or submitted to the
stockholders for action, except as may be determined by the Board of Directors
in establishing any series of Common or Preferred Stock or as may otherwise be
required by law. Each share of the GGD Stock shall entitle the holder thereof to
one vote.
3. LIQUIDATION, DISSOLUTION OR WINDING UP. Upon any voluntary or
involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Corporation, the
rights of the holders of GGD Stock shall be as follows:
a. After the Corporation has satisfied or made provision for its
debts and obligations and for the payment to the holders of shares of any class
or series of capital stock having preferential rights to receive distributions
of the net assets of the Corporation (including any accumulated and unpaid
dividends), the holders of GGD Stock shall be entitled to receive the net assets
of the Corporation remaining for distribution, on a per share basis in
proportion to the respective liquidation units per share of all series of Common
Stock. Each share of GGD Stock shall have one hundred liquidation units. (100
multiplied by the number of votes to which one share of GTR Stock was entitled
on the GTR Effective Date, as adjusted pursuant to paragraph E.4. below.)
b. For the purposes of paragraph IV.C.3.a., any merger or business
combination involving the Corporation or any sale of all or substantially all of
the assets of the Corporation shall not be treated as a liquidation.
4. SPECIAL VOTING RIGHTS. The Corporation shall not, without approval by
the holders of the GGD Stock at a meeting at which a quorum is present and the
votes cast in favor of the proposal exceed those cast against:
(1) allow any proceeds from the Disposition of the properties or
assets allocated to the General Division to be used in the business of any other
Division without fair compensation being allocated to the General Division as
determined by the Board of Directors;
III-3
<PAGE> 240
(2) allow any properties or assets allocated to the General
Division to be used in the business of any other Division or for the declaration
or payment of any dividend or distribution on any series of Common Stock other
than the GGD Stock without fair compensation being allocated to the General
Division as determined by the Board of Directors;
(3) issue, sell or otherwise distribute shares of GGD Stock
without allocating the proceeds or other benefits of such issuance, sale or
distribution to the General Division;
(4) change the rights or preferences of the GGD Stock so as to
affect the GGD Stock adversely; or
(5) effect any merger or business combination involving the
Corporation as a result of which (a) the holders of all series of Common Stock
of the Corporation shall no longer own, directly or indirectly, at least fifty
percent (50%) of the voting power of the surviving corporation and (b) the
holders of all series of Common Stock of the Corporation do not receive the same
form of consideration, distributed among such holders in proportion to the
Market Capitalization of each series of Common Stock as of the date of the first
public announcement of such merger or business combination.
5. DEFINITIONS. As used in this paragraph IV.C., the following terms
shall have the following meanings (with terms defined in the singular having
comparable meaning when used in the plural and vice versa), unless another
definition is provided or the context otherwise requires:
a. "Available GGD Dividend Amount," on any date, shall mean the
greater of:
(a) the excess of
(i) the greater of (x) the fair value on such date of the net
assets of the General Division and (y) an amount equal to $335,378,000
(stockholders' equity allocated to the General Division at June 30, 1994), such
dollar amount to be increased or decreased, as appropriate, to reflect, after
June 30, 1994, (A) the Earnings Attributable to the General Division, (B) any
dividends or other distributions (including by reclassification or exchange)
declared or paid with respect to, or repurchases or issuances of, any shares of
GGD Stock or any other class of capital stock attributed to the General
Division, but excluding dividends or other distributions paid in shares of GGD
Stock to the holders thereof or in shares of any other class of capital stock
attributed to the General Division to the holders thereof, and (C) any other
adjustments to the stockholders' equity of the General Division made in
accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, over
(ii) the sum of (x) the aggregate par value of all outstanding
shares of GGD Stock and any other class of capital stock attributed to the
General Division and (y) unless these Articles of Organization permit otherwise,
the aggregate amount that would be needed to satisfy any preferential rights to
which holders of all outstanding Preferred Stock attributed to the General
Division are entitled upon dissolution of the Corporation in excess of the
aggregate par value of such Preferred Stock, provided that such excess shall be
reduced by any amount necessary to enable the General Division to pay its debts
as they become due, and
(b) the amount legally available for the payment of dividends
determined in accordance with Massachusetts law applied as if the General
Division were a separate corporation.
b. "Earnings Attributable" to the General Division for any period,
shall mean the net income or loss of the General Division for such period (or
for the fiscal periods of the Corporation commencing prior to the GTR Effective
Date and after June 30, 1994, pro forma net income or loss of the General
Division as if the GTR Effective Date were June 30, 1994) determined in
accordance with generally accepted accounting
III-4
<PAGE> 241
principles, with all income and expenses of the Corporation being allocated
between Divisions in a reasonable and consistent manner in accordance with
policies adopted by the Board of Directors; provided, however, that as of the
end of any fiscal quarter of the Corporation, any projected annual tax benefit
attributable to any Division that cannot be utilized by such Division to offset
or reduce its allocated tax liability may be allocated to any other Division
without any compensating payment or allocation.
c. "General Division" shall mean, at any time, the Corporation's
interest in (i) all of the businesses, products, or development or research
programs in which the Corporation or any of its subsidiaries (or any of their
predecessors or successors) is or has been engaged, directly or indirectly,
other than those allocated to the any Division of the Corporation represented by
a series of Common Stock other than the GGD Stock; and (ii) all assets and
liabilities of the Corporation to the extent allocated to any such businesses,
products, or development or research programs in accordance with generally
accepted accounting principles consistently applied for all of the Corporation's
business units. From and after the date on which all of the outstanding shares
of any series of Common Stock are exchanged for shares of GGD Stock, cash or a
combination thereof, all of the businesses, products, development or research
programs, assets and liabilities of the Division represented by such series of
Common Stock shall be included in the General Division. The General Division
shall be represented by the GGD Stock.
d. "GTR Effective Date" shall mean December 16, 1994.
D. GENZYME TISSUE REPAIR DIVISION COMMON STOCK.
Forty million (40,000,000) shares of Common Stock are designated as a
series of Common Stock with the following designation: Genzyme Tissue Repair
Division Common Stock (the "GTR Stock"). To the extent legally permitted, such
number of shares may be increased or decreased by vote of the Board of
Directors, provided that no decrease shall reduce the number of shares of GTR
Stock to a number less than the number of shares of such series then outstanding
plus the number of shares of such series reserved for issuance upon the exercise
of outstanding options, rights or warrants or upon the conversion of any
outstanding securities issued by the Corporation convertible into such series of
Common Stock. A description of the GTR Stock and a statement of its preferences,
voting powers, qualifications and special or relative rights or privileges is as
follows:
1. DIVIDENDS AND DISTRIBUTIONS. Subject to the express terms of any
outstanding series of Preferred Stock, dividends may be declared and paid upon
the GTR Stock, in such amounts and at such times as the Board of Directors may
determine, only out of the lesser of (a) funds of the Corporation legally
available therefor and (b) the Available GTR Dividend Amount.
2. VOTING RIGHTS. The holders of GTR Stock, voting together with the
holders of shares of all other series of Common Stock as a single class of
stock, shall have the exclusive right to vote for the election of directors and
on all other matters requiring action by the stockholders or submitted to the
stockholders for action, except as may be determined by the Board of Directors
in establishing any series of Common or Preferred Stock or as may otherwise be
required by law. Each share of GTR Stock shall entitle the holder thereof to .33
votes through December 31, 1998. On January 1, 1999 and on each January 1 every
two years thereafter, the number of votes to which the holder of each share of
GTR Stock shall be entitled shall be adjusted and fixed for two-year periods to
equal the quotient (expressed as a decimal and rounded to the nearest two
decimal places) obtained by dividing (i) the Fair Market Value of one share of
GTR Stock by (ii) Fair Market Value of one share of GGD Stock as of such date.
If no shares of GGD Stock are outstanding on such date, then all other series of
voting Common Stock outstanding on such date shall have a number of votes such
that each share of the series of outstanding Common Stock that has the highest
Fair Market Value per share on such date (the "Base Series") shall have one vote
and each share of each other series of outstanding Common Stock shall have the
number of votes determined according to the immediately preceding sentence,
treating, for
III-5
<PAGE> 242
such purpose, the Base Series as the GGD Stock in such sentence. If shares of
GTR Stock are entitled to vote separately as a class, each share of GTR Stock
shall have one vote.
3. LIQUIDATION, DISSOLUTION OR WINDING UP. Upon any voluntary or
involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Corporation, the
rights of the holders of GTR Stock shall be as follows:
a. After the Corporation has satisfied or made provision for its
debts and obligations and for the payment to the holders of shares of any class
or series of capital stock having preferential rights to receive distributions
of the net assets of the Corporation (including any accumulated and unpaid
dividends), the holders of GTR Stock shall be entitled to receive the net assets
of the Corporation remaining for distribution, on a per share basis in
proportion to the respective liquidation units per share of all series of Common
Stock. Each share of GTR Stock shall, subject to paragraph E.4. below, have 58
liquidation units (100 multiplied by the number of votes to which one share of
GTR Stock was entitled on the GTR Effective Date, as adjusted pursuant to
paragraph E.4. below).
b. For the purposes of paragraph IV.D.3.a., any merger or business
combination involving the Corporation or any sale of all or substantially all of
the assets of the Corporation shall not be treated as a liquidation.
4. SPECIAL VOTING RIGHTS. The Corporation shall not, without approval by
the holders of the GTR Stock at a meeting at which a quorum is present and the
votes cast in favor of the proposal exceed those cast against:
(1) allow any proceeds from the Disposition of the properties or
assets allocated to the Tissue Repair Division to be used in the business of any
other Division without fair compensation being allocated to the Tissue Repair
Division as determined by the Board of Directors;
(2) allow any properties or assets allocated to the Tissue
Repair Division to be used in the business of any other Division or for the
declaration or payment of any dividend or distribution on any series of Common
Stock other than the GTR Stock without fair compensation being allocated to the
Tissue Repair Division as determined by the Board of Directors;
(3) issue, sell or otherwise distribute shares of GTR Stock
without allocating the proceeds or other benefits of such issuance, sale or
distribution to the Tissue Repair Division; provided, however, that the
Corporation may without such approval issue GTR Designated Shares;
(4) change the rights or preferences of the GTR Stock so as to
affect the GTR Stock adversely; or
(5) effect any merger or business combination involving the
Corporation as a result of which (a) the holders of all series of Common Stock
of the Corporation shall no longer own, directly or indirectly, at least fifty
percent (50%) of the voting power of the surviving corporation and (b) the
holders of all series of Common Stock of the Corporation do not receive the same
form of consideration, distributed among such holders in proportion to the
Market Capitalization of each series of Common Stock as of the date of the first
public announcement of such merger or business combination.
5. EXCHANGE OF GTR STOCK. Shares of GTR Stock are subject to exchange
upon the terms and conditions set forth below:
a. OPTIONAL EXCHANGE OF GTR STOCK. The Board of Directors may at any
time declare that each of the outstanding shares of GTR Stock shall be
exchanged, on an Exchange Date set forth in a notice
III-6
<PAGE> 243
to holders of GTR Stock pursuant to paragraph IV.E.1(1), for (a) a number of
fully paid and nonassessable shares of GGD Stock (calculated to the nearest five
decimal places) equal to (1) 130% of the Fair Market Value of one share of the
GTR Stock (the "Exchange Amount") as of the date of the first public
announcement by the Corporation (the "Announcement Date") of such exchange
divided by (2) the Fair Market Value of one share of GGD Stock as of such
Announcement Date or (b) cash equal to the Exchange Amount, or (c) any
combination of GGD Stock and cash equal to the Exchange Amount as determined by
the Board of Directors.
b. MANDATORY EXCHANGE OF GTR STOCK. In the event of the Disposition,
in one transaction or a series of related transactions, by the Corporation of
all or substantially all of the properties and assets allocated to the Tissue
Repair Division (other than in connection with the Disposition by the
Corporation of all or substantially all of its properties and assets in one
transaction or a series of related transactions) to any person, entity or group
(other than (x) any entity in which the Corporation, directly or indirectly,
owns all of the equity interest or (y) any entity formed at the direction of the
Corporation in connection with obtaining financing for the programs or products
of the Tissue Repair Division under an arrangement which provides the
Corporation with an option to reacquire such properties and assets or retain or
obtain substantial manufacturing or marketing rights with respect to any
products developed by such entity, in each case for the benefit of the Tissue
Repair Division), the Corporation shall, on or prior to the first Business Day
after the 90th day following the consummation of such Disposition, exchange each
outstanding share of GTR Stock for (a) a number of fully paid and nonassessable
shares of GGD Stock (calculated to the nearest five decimal places) equal to (1)
the Exchange Amount as of the Announcement Date of such Disposition divided by
(2) the Fair Market Value of one share of GGD Stock as of such Announcement Date
or (b) cash equal to the Exchange Amount, or (c) any combination of GGD Stock
and cash equal to the Exchange Amount as determined by the Board of Directors.
For purposes of this paragraph:
(1) "substantially all of the properties and assets allocated to
the Tissue Repair Division" shall mean a portion of the properties and assets
allocated to the Tissue Repair Division (A) that represents at least 80% of the
then-current fair value (as determined by the Board of Directors) of, or (B) to
which is attributable at least 80% of the aggregate revenues for the immediately
preceding twelve fiscal quarterly periods of the Corporation derived from, the
properties and assets allocated to the Tissue Repair Division; and
(2) in the case of a Disposition of properties and assets in a
series of related transactions, such Disposition shall not be deemed to have
been consummated until the consummation of the last of such transactions.
6. DEFINITIONS. As used in this paragraph IV.D., the following terms
shall have the following meanings (with terms defined in the singular having
comparable meaning when used in the plural and vice versa), unless another
definition is provided or the context otherwise requires:
a. "Available Tissue Repair Dividend Amount," on any date, shall
mean the greater of:
(a) the excess of
(i) the greater of (x) the fair value on such date of the net
assets of the Tissue Repair Division and (y) an amount equal to $28,712,000
(stockholders' equity allocated to the Tissue Repair Division at June 30, 1994),
such dollar amount to be increased or decreased, as appropriate, to reflect,
after June 30, 1994, (A) the Earnings Attributable to the Tissue Repair
Division, (B) any dividends or other distributions (including by
reclassification or exchange) declared or paid with respect to, or repurchases
or issuances of, any shares of GTR Stock or any other class of capital stock
attributed to the Tissue Repair Division, but excluding dividends or other
distributions paid in shares of GTR Stock to the holders thereof or in shares of
any other class of capital stock attributed to the Tissue Repair Division to the
holders thereof, and (C) any other adjustments to the
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stockholders' equity of the Tissue Repair Division made in accordance with
generally accepted accounting principles, over
(ii) the sum of (x) the aggregate par value of all outstanding
shares of GTR Stock and any other class of capital stock attributed to the
Tissue Repair Division and (y) unless these Articles of Organization permit
otherwise, the aggregate amount that would be needed to satisfy any preferential
rights to which holders of all outstanding Preferred Stock attributed to the
Tissue Repair Division are entitled upon dissolution of the Corporation in
excess of the aggregate par value of such Preferred Stock, provided that such
excess shall be reduced by any amount necessary to enable the Tissue Repair
Division to pay its debts as they become due, and
(b) the amount legally available for the payment of dividends
determined in accordance with Massachusetts law applied as if the Tissue Repair
Division were a separate corporation.
b. "Earnings Attributable" to the Tissue Repair Division for any
period, shall mean the net income or loss of the Tissue Repair Division for such
period (or for the fiscal periods of the Corporation commencing prior to the GTR
Effective Date and after June 30, 1994, pro forma net income or loss of the
Tissue Repair Division as if the GTR Effective Date were June 30, 1994)
determined in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, with all
income and expenses of the Corporation being allocated between Divisions in a
reasonable and consistent manner in accordance with policies adopted by the
Board of Directors; provided, however, that as of the end of any fiscal quarter
of the Corporation, any projected annual tax benefit attributable to any
Division that cannot be utilized by such Division to offset or reduce its
allocated tax liability may be allocated to any other Division without any
compensating payment or allocation.
c. "Exchange Date" shall mean the date, if any, fixed for the
exchange of shares of GTR Stock, as set forth in a notice to holders of GTR
Stock pursuant to paragraph IV.E.1(1).
d. "GTR Effective Date" shall mean December 16, 1994.
e. "Tissue Repair Division" shall mean, at any time, the
Corporation's interest in (i) the following businesses, products, or development
or research programs: (A) Vianain(R) for debridement of necrotic or damaged
tissue; (B) TGF-(beta)2 for all indications licensed from Celtrix
Pharmaceuticals, Inc. on the GTR Effective Date; (C) Epicel(TM) cultured
epithelial cell autografts for tissue replacement or repair, including but not
limited to skin, ocular or oral tissue; (D) Acticel(TM) cultured epithelial cell
allografts for tissue replacement or repair, including but not limited to skin,
ocular or oral tissue; (E) Chondrograft cultured chondrocyte auto- and
allografts; (F) tissue-type plasminogen activator ("tPA") for all tissue repair
indications licensed by the Corporation from Genentech, Inc. on the GTR
Effective Date; (G) the leukocyte-derived growth factor ("LDGF") research
program; (H) the dermal replacement research program; (I) the cultured
fibroblast dermal replacement research program and (J) the research program on
cultured keratinocyte or fibroblast cell extracts or derivatives, each as being
conducted by the Corporation on the GTR Effective Date; (ii) all assets and
liabilities of the Corporation to the extent allocated to any such businesses,
products, or development or research programs in accordance with generally
accepted accounting principles consistently applied for all of the Corporation's
business units; and (iii) such businesses, products, or development or research
programs developed in, or acquired by the Corporation for, the Tissue Repair
Division after the GTR Effective Date, in each case as determined by the Board
of Directors; provided, however, that, from and after any Disposition or
transfer to the General Division of any business, product, development or
research program, assets or properties, the Tissue Repair Division shall no
longer include the business, product, development program, research project,
assets or properties so disposed of or transferred. The Tissue Repair Division
shall be represented by the GTR Stock.
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f. "GTR Designated Shares" as of any date shall mean a number of
shares of GTR Stock that shall initially be 5,000,000, which number shall be
subject to adjustment as provided in the next sentence. The number of GTR
Designated Shares shall from time to time be
(i) adjusted as appropriate to reflect subdivisions (by stock
split or otherwise) and combinations (by reverse stock split or otherwise) of
the GTR Stock and dividends or distributions of shares of GTR Stock to holders
of GTR Stock and other reclassifications of GTR Stock,
(ii) decreased by (A) the number of any shares of GTR Stock
issued by the Corporation, the proceeds of which are allocated to the General
Division, (B) the number of any shares of GTR Stock issued upon the exercise or
conversion of Convertible Securities attributed to the General Division, and (C)
the number of any shares of GTR Stock issued by the Corporation as a dividend or
distribution or by reclassification, exchange or otherwise to holders of GGD
Stock, and
(iii) increased by (A) the number of any outstanding shares of
GTR Stock repurchased by the Corporation, the consideration for which was
allocated to the General Division, (B) one for each $10.00 reallocated from the
General Division to the Tissue Repair Division from time to time in satisfaction
of the funding commitment or the purchase option of the General Division set
forth in sections 4.17 and 4.18 of the Agreement and Plan of Reorganization
among the Corporation, Phoenix Acquisition Corporation and BioSurface
Technology, Inc. dated as of July 25, 1994, up to a maximum of $30,000,000, and
(C) the number equal to the fair value (as determined by the Board of Directors)
of assets or properties allocated to the General Division that are reallocated
to the Tissue Repair Division (other than reallocations that represent sales at
fair value between such Divisions or reallocations described in the foregoing
clause (B)) divided by the Fair Market Value of one share of GTR Stock as of the
date of such reallocation;
provided, that the Corporation shall take no action which would have the effect
of reducing the GTR Designated Shares to a number which is less than zero.
Within 45 days after the end of each fiscal quarter of the Corporation, the
Corporation shall prepare and file a statement of such change with the transfer
agent for the GTR Stock and with the Clerk of the Corporation.
E. GENERAL PROVISIONS REGARDING THE COMMON STOCK
1. GENERAL EXCHANGE PROVISIONS. In the event of any exchange of any
series of Common Stock (the "Exchange Stock") for shares of GGD Stock pursuant
to the provisions of these Articles of Organization, the following provisions
shall apply:
(1) The Corporation shall cause to be given to each record
holder of shares of the Exchange Stock a notice stating (a) that shares of
Exchange Stock shall be exchanged for shares of GGD Stock or for cash or a
combination thereof, (b) the date on which the exchange shall become effective
(the "Exchange Date"), (c) the number of shares of GGD Stock or cash or
combination thereof to be received by such holder with respect to each share of
the Exchange Stock held by such holder, including details as to the calculation
thereof and (d) the place or places where certificates for shares of Exchange
Stock, properly endorsed or assigned for transfer are to be surrendered for
delivery of certificates for shares of GGD Stock or cash or a combination
thereof (unless the Corporation shall waive such requirement). Such notice shall
be sent by first-class mail, postage prepaid, not less than 30 nor more than 60
days prior to the Exchange Date to each holder of shares of Exchange Stock at
such holder's address as the same appears on the stock transfer books of the
Corporation. Neither the failure to mail such notice to any particular holder of
shares Exchange Stock nor any defect therein shall affect the sufficiency
thereof with respect to any other holder of shares of Exchange Stock.
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(2) The Corporation shall not be required to issue or
deliver fractional shares of GGD Stock to any holder of shares of Exchange Stock
upon any such exchange. If more than one share of Exchange Stock shall be held
by the same holder of record, the Corporation shall aggregate the number of
shares of GGD Stock that shall be issuable to such holder upon any such
exchange. If the total number of shares of GGD Stock to be so issued to any
holder of record of shares of Exchange Stock includes a fraction, the
Corporation shall, if such fraction is not issued or delivered to such holder,
either arrange for the disposition of such fraction by or on behalf of such
holder or pay the fair value of such fraction, based upon the Fair Market Value
of the GGD Stock on the Exchange Date.
(3) No adjustments in respect of dividends shall be made
upon the exchange of any shares of Exchange Stock; provided, however, that if
the Exchange Date shall be subsequent to the record date for determining holders
of Exchange Stock entitled to the payment of a dividend or other distribution
thereon or with respect thereto, the holders of shares of Exchange Stock at the
close of business on such record date shall be entitled to receive the dividend
or other distribution payable on or with respect to such shares on the date set
for payment of such dividend or other distribution, notwithstanding the exchange
of such shares.
(4) Before any holder of shares of Exchange Stock shall be
entitled to receive certificates representing shares of GGD Stock or cash or a
combination thereof to be received by such holder with respect to the exchange
of such shares of Exchange Stock, such holder shall surrender at such place as
the Corporation shall specify certificates for such shares of Exchange Stock,
properly endorsed or assigned for transfer (unless the Corporation shall waive
such requirement). The Corporation will as soon as practicable after such
surrender of certificates representing such shares of Exchange Stock deliver to
the person for whose account such shares of Exchange Stock were so surrendered,
or to the nominee or nominees of such person, certificates representing the
number of shares of GGD Stock or cash or a combination thereof to which such
person shall be entitled as aforesaid, together with any fractional share
payment contemplated by paragraph IV.E.1(2).
(5) From and after the Exchange Date, all rights of a
holder of shares of Exchange Stock shall cease except for the right, upon
surrender of the certificates representing such shares of Exchange Stock, to
receive certificates representing shares of GGD Stock or cash or a combination
thereof, together with any fractional share payment contemplated by paragraph
IV.E.1(2), and rights to dividends as provided in paragraph IV.E.1(3). No holder
of a certificate that immediately prior to the Exchange Date represented shares
of Exchange Stock shall be entitled to receive any dividend or other
distribution with respect to the GGD Stock to be issued in exchange until
surrender of such holder's certificate for a certificate or certificates
representing shares of GGD Stock (unless the Corporation shall waive such
requirement). Upon such surrender, there shall be paid to the holder the amount
of any dividends or other distributions (without interest) which theretofore
became payable with respect to a record date after the Exchange Date, but that
were not paid by reason of the foregoing, with respect to the number of shares
of GGD Stock represented by the certificate or certificates issued upon such
surrender. From and after the Exchange Date, the Corporation shall, however, be
entitled to treat the certificates for Exchange Stock that have not yet been
surrendered for exchange as evidencing the ownership of the number of shares of
GGD Stock for which the shares of Exchange Stock represented by such
certificates shall have been exchanged, notwithstanding the failure to surrender
such certificates.
(6) The Corporation will pay any and all documentary, stamp
or similar issue or transfer taxes that may be payable in respect of the issue
or delivery of any shares of GGD Stock in exchange for shares of Exchange Stock
pursuant hereto. The Corporation shall not, however, be required to pay any tax
that may be payable in respect of any transfer involved in the issue and
delivery of any shares of GGD Stock issued in exchange in a name other than that
in which the shares of Exchange Stock so exchanged were registered and no such
issue or delivery shall be made unless and until the person requesting such
issue has paid
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to the Corporation the amount of any such tax, or has established to the
satisfaction of the Corporation that such tax has been paid or that no such tax
is due.
(7) After the Exchange Date, any share of Exchange Stock
issued upon conversion or exercise of any Convertible Security shall,
immediately upon issuance pursuant to such conversion or exercise and without
any notice or any other action on the part of the Corporation or its Board of
Directors or the holder of such share of Exchange Stock, be exchanged for the
number of shares of GGD Stock or cash or combination thereof (together with any
payments in lieu of fractional shares or dividends, if any) that a holder of
such Convertible Security would have been entitled to receive pursuant to the
terms of such Convertible Security had such terms provided that the conversion
privilege in effect immediately prior to any exchange by the Corporation of any
shares of Exchange Stock for shares of any other capital stock of the
Corporation would be adjusted so that the holder of any such Convertible
Security thereafter surrendered for conversion would be entitled to receive the
number of shares of capital stock of the Corporation he or she would have owned
immediately following such action had such Convertible Security been converted
immediately prior to such exchange. The foregoing provisions shall not apply to
the extent that equivalent adjustments are otherwise made pursuant to the
provisions of such Convertible Security.
2. VOTING OF CONTROLLED SHARES. Shares of any series of Common Stock held
by a corporation or other entity controlled by the Corporation (other
than an employee benefit plan) shall be voted on any proposal
requiring a vote of the holders of such series in the same proportion
as votes are cast for or against such proposal by all other holders of
such series.
3. DISCRIMINATION BETWEEN CLASSES OF COMMON STOCK. Subject to the
provisions of each series of Common Stock regarding the payment of dividends on
such series of Common Stock, the Board of Directors may, in its sole discretion,
declare and pay dividends exclusively on any series of Common Stock, or all
series, in equal or unequal amounts, notwithstanding the amounts available for
the payment of dividends on any series, the respective voting and liquidation
rights of each series, the amounts of prior dividends declared on each series or
any other factor.
4. ADJUSTMENTS RELATIVE TO VOTING RIGHTS AND LIQUIDATION. If at any time
the Corporation shall in any manner subdivide (by stock split, reclassification
or otherwise) or combine (by reverse stock split, reclassification or otherwise)
the outstanding shares of any series of Common Stock, or pay a dividend or make
a distribution in shares of any series of Common Stock to holders of such
series, the per share voting rights and the liquidation units of each series of
Common Stock other than the GGD Stock shall be appropriately adjusted so as to
avoid dilution in the aggregate voting and liquidation rights of any series. The
issuance by the Corporation of shares of any series of Common Stock (whether by
a dividend or otherwise) to the holders of any other series of Common Stock
shall not require adjustment pursuant to this paragraph.
5. RANK. All series of Common Stock shall rank junior with respect to the
payment of dividends and the distribution of assets to all series of the
Corporation's Preferred Stock that specifically provide that they shall rank
prior to the Common Stock. Nothing herein shall preclude the Board from creating
any series of Preferred Stock ranking on a parity with or prior to the Common
Stock as to the payment of dividends or the distribution of assets.
6. FRACTIONAL SHARES. Any series of Common Stock may be issued in
fractions of a share which shall entitle the holder, in proportion to such
holder's fractional shares, to exercise voting rights, receive dividends,
participate in distributions and to have the benefit of all other rights of
holders of such series of Common Stock.
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7. DEFINITIONS. As used in these Articles of Organization, the following
terms shall have the following meanings (with terms defined in the singular
having comparable meaning when used in the plural and vice versa), unless
another definition is provided or the context otherwise requires:
a. "Business Day" shall mean each weekday other than any day on
which any relevant series of common stock is not traded on any national
securities exchange or the Nasdaq National Market or in the over-the-counter
market.
b. "Convertible Securities" shall mean any securities (including
employee stock options) of the Corporation that are convertible into or evidence
the right to purchase any shares of any series of Common Stock.
c. "Disposition" shall mean the sale, transfer, assignment or other
disposition (whether by merger, consolidation, sale or contribution of assets or
stock or otherwise) of any properties or assets, other than by pledge,
hypothecation or grant of any security interest in such properties or assets.
d. "Fair Market Value" as to shares of any series of stock shall as
of any date mean the average of the daily closing prices for the 20 consecutive
trading days commencing on the 30th trading day prior to such date. The closing
price for each day shall be (x) if the shares of such series of stock are listed
or admitted to trading on a national securities exchange, the closing price on
the New York Stock Exchange Composite Tape (or any successor composite tape
reporting transactions on national securities exchanges) or, if such composite
tape shall not be in use or shall not report transactions in such shares, the
last reported sales price regular way on the principal national securities
exchange on which such shares are listed or admitted to trading (which shall be
the national securities exchange on which the greatest number of shares of such
series of stock has been traded during such consecutive trading days), or, if
there is no such sale on any such day, the mean of the bid and asked prices on
such day, or (y) if such shares are not listed or admitted to trading on any
such exchange, the closing price, if reported, or, if the closing price is not
reported, the mean of the closing bid and asked prices as reported by the Nasdaq
National Market or a similar source selected from time to time by the
Corporation for the purpose. In the event such closing prices are unavailable,
Fair Market Value shall be determined by the Board of Directors.
e. "Market Capitalization" of any series of Common stock on any date
shall mean the product of (i) the Fair Market Value of one share of such series
of Common Stock on such date and (ii) the number of shares of such series of
Common Stock outstanding on such date.
8. DETERMINATIONS BY THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS. Any determinations with
respect to any Division or the rights of holders of any series of Common Stock
made by the Board of Directors of the Corporation in good faith pursuant to or
in furtherance of any provision of these Articles of Organization relating to
the Common Stock shall be final and binding on all stockholders of the
Corporation.
F. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED STOCK
1. UNDESIGNATED PREFERRED STOCK
Shares of Preferred Stock may be issued from time to time in one or more
series. The Board of Directors may determine, in whole or in part, the
preferences, voting powers, qualifications and special or relative rights or
privileges of any such series before the issuance of any shares of that series.
The Board of Directors shall determine the number of shares constituting each
series of Preferred Stock and each series shall have a distinguishing
designation.
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ARTICLE V
The restrictions, if any, imposed by the Articles of Organization upon the
transfer of shares of stock of any class are:
NONE
ARTICLE VI
**Other lawful provisions, if any, for the conduct and regulation of the
business and affairs of the corporation, for its voluntary dissolution, or for
limiting, defining, or regulating the powers of the corporation, or of its
directors or stockholders, or of any class of stockholders:
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Other Lawful Provisions
-----------------------
A. Board of Directors
------------------
1. CLASSIFICATION. The directors shall be divided into three classes, as
nearly equal in number as the then total number of directors constituting the
entire Board permits, with the term of office of one class expiring each year.
The initial directors of all classes shall be elected by the incorporator and
shall serve until their respective successors shall be elected and shall
qualify. Thereafter, the directors of the first class shall be elected to hold
office for a term expiring at the first annual meeting of stockholders, the
directors of the second class shall be elected to hold office for a term
expiring at the second annual meeting of stockholders and the directors of the
third class shall be elected to hold office for a term expiring at the third
annual meeting of stockholders. At each annual meeting of stockholders,
successors to the class of directors whose term expires at that meeting shall be
elected for a term expiring at the third annual meeting following their election
and until their successors shall be elected and qualified, subject to prior
death, resignation, retirement or removal. If the number of directors is
changed, any increase or decrease shall be apportioned among the classes so as
to maintain the number of directors in each class as nearly equal as possible,
but in no event will a decrease in the number of directors shorten the term of
any incumbent director. Notwithstanding the foregoing, and except as otherwise
required by law, whenever the holders of any one or more series of Preferred
Stock shall have the right, voting separately as a class, to elect one or more
directors of the Corporation, the election, terms of office and other features
of such directorships shall be governed by the terms of the vote establishing
such series, and such directors so elected shall not be divided into classes
pursuant to this Article VI unless expressly provided by such terms.
2. VACANCIES. Except as otherwise determined by the Board of Directors in
establishing a series of Preferred Stock as to directors elected by holders of
such series, any vacancies in the Board of Directors, including a vacancy
resulting from the enlargement of the Board, may be filled by the directors then
in office, though less than a quorum. Each director so chosen to fill a vacancy
shall be elected to complete the term of office of the director who is being
succeeded. In the case of any election of a new director to fill a directorship
created by an enlargement of the Board, the Board shall in such election assign
the class of directors to which such additional director is being elected, and
each director so elected shall hold office for the same term as the other
members of the class to which the director is assigned.
3. REMOVAL. Except as otherwise determined by the Board of Directors in
establishing a series of Preferred Stock as to directors elected by holders of
such series, at any special meeting of the stockholders called at least in part
for the purpose, any director or directors may, by the affirmative vote of the
holders of at least a majority of the stock entitled to vote for the election of
directors, be removed from office for cause. The provisions of this subsection
shall be the exclusive method for the removal of directors.
B. STOCKHOLDER VOTE REQUIRED FOR CERTAIN ACTIONS
---------------------------------------------
The Corporation, by vote of a majority in interest of the stock outstanding
and entitled to vote thereon may (i) authorize any amendment to these Articles
of Organization, (ii) authorize the sale, lease or exchange of all or
substantially all of the Corporation's property and assets, including its
goodwill and (iii) approve a merger or consolidation of the Corporation with or
into any other corporation; so long as such amendment, sale, lease, exchange,
merger or consolidation shall have been approved by the Board of Directors.
C. ADDITIONAL PROVISIONS
---------------------
1. Meetings of the stockholders may be held anywhere within the United
State.
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2. No contract or other transaction of this corporation with any other
person, corporation, association, or partnership shall be affected or
invalidated by the fact that (i) this corporation is a stockholder or partner in
such other corporation, association, or partnership, or (ii) any one or more of
the officers or directors of this corporation is an officer, director or partner
of such other corporation, association or partnership, or (iii) any officer or
director of this corporation, individually or jointly with others, is a party to
or is interested in such contract or transaction. Any director of this
corporation may be counted in determining the existence of a quorum at any
meeting of the board of directors for the purpose of authorizing or ratifying
any such contract or transaction, and may vote thereon, with like force and
effect as if he were not so interested or were not an officer, director, or
partner of such other corporation, association, or partnership.
3. The corporation may be a partner in any business enterprise which it
would have power to conduct itself.
4. The by-laws may provide that the directors may make, amend, or repeal
the by-laws in whole or in part, except with respect to any provision thereof
which by law, these Articles of Organization, or the by-laws requires action by
the stockholders.
5. A director shall not be liable to the corporation or its stockholders
for monetary damages for any breach of fiduciary duty as a director, except to
the extent that the elimination or limitation of liability is not permitted
under the Massachusetts Business Corporation Law as in effect when such
liability is determined. No amendment or repeal of this provision shall deprive
a director of the benefits hereof with respect to any act or omission occurring
prior to such amendment or repeal.
6. Except as otherwise required by law, any action required or permitted
to be taken by the stockholders of the Corporation must be taken at a duly
called annual or special meeting of such holders and may not be taken by any
consent in writing by such holders.
**If there are no provisions state "None".
NOTE: The preceding six (6) articles are considered to be permanent and may ONLY
be changed by filing appropriate Articles of Amendment.
ARTICLE VII
The effective date of the Restated Articles of Organization of the
corporation shall be the date approved and filed by the Secretary of the
Commonwealth. If a later effective date is desired, specify such date which
shall nor be more than thirty days after the date of filing.
ARTICLE VIII
THE INFORMATION CONTAINED IN ARTICLE VIII IS NOT A PERMANENT PART OF THE
ARTICLES OF ORGANIZATION.
a. The street address (post office boxes are not acceptable) of the principal
office of the Corporation in MASSACHUSETTS is:
One Kendall Square, Cambridge, MA 02139
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b. The name, residential address and post office address of each director and
officer is as follows:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
NAME RESIDENTIAL ADDRESS POST OFFICE ADDRESS
<S> <C> <C>
President:
Henri A. Termeer 65-3 Commercial Wharf c/o Genzyme Corporation
Boston, MA 02110 One Kendall Square
Cambridge, MA 02139
Treasurer:
Evan M. Lebson 5 Arbetter Drive same as above
Framingham, MA 01701
Clerk:
Peter Wirth 37 Hancock Street same as above
Boston, MA 02114
Directors:
Henri A. Termeer same as above same as above
Douglas A. Berthiaume 114 Cara Drive same as above
N. Andover, MA 01845
Robert J. Carpenter 9 Lowell Road same as above
Wellesley, MA 02181
Henry R. Lewis 35 Clover Street same as above
Belmont, MA 02178
Constantine Anagstopoulos 29 Portland Drive same as above
St. Louis, MO 63131
Henry E. Blair 2580 Main Street same as above
Barnstable, MA 02630
Charles L. Cooney 35 Chestnut Street same as above
Brookline, MA 02139
</TABLE>
c. The fiscal year (i.e. tax year) of the corporation shall end on the last
day of the month of: December
d. The name and business address of the resident agent, if any, of the
corporation is:
** We further certify that the foregoing Restated Articles of Organization
affect no amendments to the Articles of Organization of the corporation as
heretofore amended, except amendments to the following article. Briefly describe
amendments below:
ARTICLE III: INCREASE AUTHORIZED COMMON STOCK FROM 240,000,000 TO
390,000,000 SHARES.
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ARTICLE IV: REDESIGNATE THE FOLLOWING CLASSES OF COMMON STOCK AS SERIES
OF COMMON STOCK: GENERAL DIVISION COMMON STOCK AND TISSUE
REPAIR DIVISION COMMON STOCK.
AUTHORIZE THE BOARD TO ISSUE THE UNDESIGNATED COMMON STOCK
IN ONE OR MORE SERIES AND TO DETERMINE THE RIGHTS AND
PREFERENCES OF ANY SUCH SERIES.
ELIMINATE THE SERIES A AND SERIES B JUNIOR PARTICIPATING
PREFERRED STOCK.
SIGNED UNDER THE PENALTIES OF PERJURY, this ____ day of _________, 19___,
President
- -----------------------------
Clerk
- -----------------------------
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Annex IV
Investment Banking
PaineWebber Incorporated
1285 Avenue of the Americas
New York, NY 10019
212-713-2000
February 2, 1997
Board of Directors
PharmaGenics, Inc.
4 Pearl Court
Allendale, New Jersey 07401
Gentlemen:
PharmaGenics, Inc. (the "Company") proposes to enter into an Agreement and
Plan of Merger (the "Agreement") with Genzyme Corporation ("Genzyme") pursuant
to which the Company shall be merged with and into Genzyme (the "Transaction").
Pursuant to the Agreement, all shares of PharmaGenics Series A Convertible
Preferred Stock, $0.01 par value per share, Series B Convertible Preferred
Stock, $0.01 par value per share (the "Series B Preferred Stock"), and Series C
Convertible Preferred Stock, $0.01 par value per share (the "Series C Preferred
Stock"; and collectively the "PharmaGenics Preferred Stock"), shall be converted
into and become the right to receive, in the aggregate, 4,000,000 shares
(subject to adjustment) of Genzyme Molecular Oncology Division Common Stock,
$0.01 par value per share (the "GMO Stock"), to be allocated among the holders
of the PharmaGenics Preferred Stock in accordance with the Agreement (the
"Consideration").
You have asked us whether or not, in our opinion, the proposed
Consideration to be received by the holders of the PharmaGenics Preferred Stock
in the Transaction, taken as a whole, is fair, from a financial point of view,
to the Company. Our opinion does not address the allocation of the Consideration
among the shareholders of the Company, whether pursuant to the Agreement, the
Company's certificate of incorporation or otherwise.
In arriving at the opinion set forth below, we have, among other things:
(1) Reviewed, among other public information, the Company's Forms 10-K and
related financial information for the three fiscal years ended
December 31, 1995 and the Company's Form 10-Q and the related
unaudited financial information for the period ended September 30,
1996;
(2) Reviewed, among other public information, Genzyme's Annual Reports,
Forms 10-K and related financial information for the three fiscal
years ended December 31, 1995 and Genzyme's Form 10-Q and the related
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unaudited financial information for the period ended September 30,
1996;
(3) Reviewed certain information, including financial forecasts, relating
to the business, earnings, cash flow, assets and prospects of the
Company and the Molecular Oncology Division of Genzyme (the "GMO
Division") furnished to us by the Company and Genzyme, respectively;
(4) Conducted discussions with members of senior management of the Company
and Genzyme concerning their respective businesses and prospects;
(5) Compared the financial position and results of operations of the
Company with those of certain publicly-traded companies which we
deemed relevant;
(6) Compared the proposed financial terms of the Transaction with the
financial terms of certain other business combinations which we deemed
relevant;
(7) Reviewed the draft of the Agreement dated January 29, 1997;
(8) Reviewed the Form of Amendment to the Articles of Incorporation of
Genzyme (the "Amendment"); and
(9) Reviewed such other financial studies and analyses and performed such
other investigations and took into account such other matters as we
deemed necessary, including our assessment of general economic, market
and monetary conditions.
In preparing our opinion, we have (i) relied on the accuracy and
completeness of all information that was publicly available or supplied or
otherwise made available to us by or on behalf of the Company and Genzyme, (ii)
assumed that the terms of the GMO Stock will be as set forth in the Amendment
and (iii) assumed the financial forecasts examined by us were reasonably
prepared on bases reflecting the best currently available estimates and good
faith judgments of the Company's and Genzyme's management as to the future
performance of the Company and the GMO Division, respectively. We have not
independently verified any such information or assumptions, including financial
forecasts, or undertaken (and have assumed no responsibility to undertake), and
have not been provided with, an independent evaluation or appraisal of the
assets or liabilities (contingent or otherwise) of the Company or Genzyme and
have assumed that all assets or liabilities (contingent or otherwise, known or
unknown) of the Company and Genzyme are as set forth in their respective
consolidated financial statements. Our opinion is based upon the regulatory,
general economic, market and monetary conditions existing on the date hereof.
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Our opinion is directed to the Board of Directors and does not constitute a
recommendation to any shareholder of the Company as to how such shareholder
should vote his or her shares pursuant to the Transaction. Our opinion does not
address the relative merits of the Transaction and any other transactions or
business strategies discussed by the Board of Directors of the Company as
alternatives to the Transaction or the decision of the Board of Directors of the
Company to proceed with the Transaction. No opinion is expressed herein as to
the price at which the GMO Stock to be issued in the Transaction to the
shareholders of the Company may trade at any time or as to whether any trading
market for the GMO Stock will develop or be maintained.
This opinion has been prepared at the request and for the use of the Board
of Directors of the Company and shall not be reproduced, summarized, described
or referred to, or given to any other person or otherwise made public without
the prior written consent of PaineWebber Incorporated ("PaineWebber"); provided,
however, that this letter may be reproduced in full in the Proxy Statement to be
filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission in connection with the
Transaction.
PaineWebber has from time to time acted as financial advisor to the Company
and is currently acting as financial advisor to the Company in connection with
the Transaction and will receive a fee upon delivery of this opinion and upon
consummation of the Transaction. In November 1991, PaineWebber acted as sales
agent in the private placement of 1,944,000 shares of Series B Preferred Stock
and warrants to purchase common stock of the Company for which PaineWebber
received customary selling commissions and marketing fees as well as warrants to
purchase common stock in the Company, which warrants expired unexercised in
November 1996. In conjunction with the private placement, PaineWebber received
the right to nominate a representative of PaineWebber to the Board of Directors
of the Company; such representative is currently a member of the Board of
Directors of the Company. PaineWebber R&D Partners III, L.P., owns 480,242
shares of Series C Preferred Stock and holds an option to exchange all of its
rights in certain technology of the Company for shares of PharmaGenics Preferred
Stock. PaineWebber Development Corporation, an indirect, wholly-owned subsidiary
of PaineWebber Group Inc. and an affiliate of PaineWebber Incorporated, is the
general partner and manager of PaineWebber R&D Partners III, L.P. From time to
time PaineWebber has provided, and may in the future provide, investment banking
services to Genzyme and affiliates of Genzyme for which it has received, and may
in the future receive, customary compensation. In addition, PaineWebber
maintains a market in securities of Genzyme and certain of its affiliates,
trades in such shares and from time to time produces research materials
regarding Genzyme and certain of its affiliates. PaineWebber has committed to
the Company and Genzyme to use its "best efforts" to raise not less than $20
million for the GMO Division through a private placement of Genzyme securities.
If such private placement is consummated, PaineWebber would receive customary
compensation for acting as sales agent.
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On the basis of, and subject to the foregoing, we are of the opinion that
the Consideration to be received by the holders of the PharmaGenics Preferred
Stock in the Transaction, taken as a whole, is fair, from a financial point of
view, to the Company, as of the date of this letter.
Very truly yours,
PAINEWEBBER INCORPORATED
/s/ PaineWebber Incorporated
--------------------------------------
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ANNEX V
PROVISIONS OF THE DELAWARE GENERAL CORPORATION LAW
RELATING TO RIGHTS OF DISSENTING STOCKHOLDERS
SECTION 262 - APPRAISAL RIGHTS.
(a) Any stockholder of a corporation of this State who holds shares of
stock on the date of the making of a demand pursuant to subsection (d) of this
section with respect to such shares, who continuously holds such shares through
the effective date of the merger or consolidation, who has otherwise complied
with subsection (d) of this section and who has neither voted in favor of the
merger or consolidation nor consented thereto in writing pursuant to Section 228
of this title shall be entitled to an appraisal by the Court of Chancery of the
fair value of his shares of stock under the circumstances described in
subsections (b) and (c) of this section. As used in this section, the word
"stockholder" means a holder of record of stock in a stock corporation and also
a member of record of a nonstock corporation; the words "stock" and "share" mean
and include what is ordinarily meant by those words and also membership or
membership interest of a member of a nonstock corporation; and the rods
"depository receipt" mean a receipt or other instrument issued by a depository
representing an interest in one or more shares, or fractions thereof, solely of
stock of a corporation, which stock is deposited with the depository.
(b) Appraisal rights shall be available for the shares of any class or
series of stock of a constituent corporation in a merger or consolidation to be
effected pursuant to Section 251, (other than a merger effected pursuant to
Section 251(g) of this title), 252, 254, 257, 258, 263 or 264 of this title:
(1) Provided, however, that no appraisal rights under this section
shall be available for the shares of any class or series of stock, which stock,
or depository receipts in respect thereof, at the record date fixed to determine
the stockholders entitled to receive notice of and to vote at the meeting of
stockholders to act upon the agreement of merger or consolidation, were either
(i) listed on a national securities exchange or designated as a national market
system security on an interdealer quotation system by the National Association
of Securities Dealers, Inc. or (ii) held of record by more than 2,000 holders;
and further provided that no appraisal rights shall be available for any shares
of stock of the constituent corporation surviving a merger if the merger did not
require for its approval the vote of the holders of the surviving corporation as
provided in subsection (f) of Section 251 of this title.
(2) Notwithstanding paragraph (1) of this subsection, appraisal rights
under this section shall be available for the shares of any class or series of
stock of a constituent corporation if the holders thereof are required by the
terms of an agreement of merger or consolidation pursuant to Sections 251,
252,254, 258, 263 and 264 of this title to accept for such stock anything
except:
a. Shares of stock of the corporation surviving or resulting from
such merger or consolidation, or depository receipts in respect thereof;
b. Shares of stock of any other corporation, or depository receipts
in respect thereof, which shares of stock or depository receipts at the
effective date of the merger or consolidation will be either listed on a
national securities exchange or designated as a national market system security
on an interdealer quotation system by the National Association of Securities
Dealers, Inc. or held of record by more than 2,000 holders;
c. Cash in lieu of fractional shares or fractional depository
receipts described in the foregoing subparagraphs a. and b. of this paragraph;
or
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d. Any combination of the shares of stock, depository receipts and
cash in lieu of fractional shares or fractional depository receipts described in
the foregoing subparagraphs a, b, and c, of this paragraph.
(3) In the event all of the stock of a subsidiary Delaware corporation
party to a merger effected under Section 253 of this title is not owned by the
parent corporation immediately prior to the merger, appraisal rights shall be
available for the shares of the subsidiary Delaware corporation.
(c) Any corporation may provide in its certificate of incorporation
that appraisal rights under this section shall be available for the shares of
any class or series of its stock as a result of an amendment to its certificate
of incorporation, any merger or consolidation in which the corporation is a
constituent corporation or the sale of all or substantially all of the assets of
the corporation. If the certificate of incorporation contains such a provision,
the procedures of this section, including those set forth in subsections (d) and
(e) of this section, shall apply as nearly as is practicable.
(d) Appraisal rights shall be perfected as follows:
(1) If a proposed merger or consolidation for which appraisal rights
are provided under this section is to be submitted for approval at a meeting of
stockholders, the corporation, not less than 20 days prior to the meeting, shall
notify each of its stockholders who was such on the record date for such meeting
with respect to shares for which appraisal rights are available pursuant to
subsections (b) or (c) hereof that appraisal rights are available for any or all
of the shares of the constituent corporations, and shall include in such notice
a copy of this section. Each stockholder electing to demand the appraisal of his
shares shall deliver to the corporation, before the taking of the vote on a
merger or consolidation, a written demand for appraisal of his shares. Such
demand will be sufficient if it reasonably informs the corporation of the
identity of the stockholder and that the stockholder intends thereby to demand
the appraisal of his shares. A proxy or vote against the merger or consolidation
shall not constitute such a demand. A stockholder electing to take such action
must do so by a separate written demand as herein provided. Within 10 days after
the effective date of such merger or consolidation, the surviving or resulting
corporation shall notify each stockholder of each constituent corporation who
has complied with this subsection and has not voted in favor of or consented to
the merger or consolidation of the date that the merger or consolidation has
become effective; or
(2) If the merger or consolidation was approved pursuant to Section
228 or Section 253 of this title, each constituent corporation, either before
or after the effective date of the merger or consolidation or within ten
days thereafter, shall notify each of the holders of any class of series of
stock of such constituent corporation who are entitled to appraisal rights of
the approval of the merger or consolidation and that appraisal rights are
available for any or all shares of such class or series of stock of such
constituent corporation, and shall include in such notice a copy of this
section; provided that, if the notice is given on or after the effective date
of the merger or consolidation, such notice shall be given by the surviving or
resulting corporation to all such holders of any class or series os stock of a
constituent corporation that are entitled to appraisal rights. Such notice may,
and, if given on or after the effective date of the merger or consolidation,
shall, also notify such stockholders of the effective date of the merger or
consolidation. Any stockholder entitled to appraisal rights may, within 20 days
after the mailing of such notice, demand in writing from the surviving or
resulting corporation the appraisal of such holders shares. Such demand will be
sufficient if it reasonably informs the corporation of the identity of the
stockholder and that the stockholder intends thereby to demand the appraisal of
such holder's shares. If such notice did not notify stockholders of the
effective date of the merger or consolidation, either (1) each such constituent
corporation shall send a second notice before the effective date of the merger
or consolidation notifying each of the holders of any class or series of stock
of such constituent corporation that are entitled to appraisal rights of the
effective date of the merger or consolidation or (ii) the surviving or
resulting corporation shall send such a second notice to all such holders on or
within 10 days after such effective date; provided, however, that if such
second notice is sent more than 20 days following the sending of the first
notice, such second notice need only be sent to each stockholder who is
entitled to appraisal rights and who has demanded appraisal of such holder's
shares in accordance with this subsection. An affidavit of the secretary or
assistant secretary or of the transfer agent of the corporation that is
required to give either notice that such notice has been given shall, in the
absence of fraud, be prima facie evidence of the facts stated therein. For
purposes of determining the stockholders entitled to receive either notice,
each constituent corporation may fix, in advance, a record date that shall be
not more than 10 days prior to the date the notice is given, provided, that if
the notice is given on or after the effective date of the merger or
consolidation, the record date shall be such effective date. If no record date
is fixed and the notice is given prior to the effective date, the record date
shall be the close of business on the day next preceding the day on which the
notice is given.
(e) Within 120 days after the effective date of the merger or
consolidation, the surviving or resulting corporation or any stockholder who has
complied with subsections (a) and (d) hereof and who is otherwise entitled to
appraisal rights, may file a petition in the Court of Chancery demanding a
determination of the value of the stock of all such stockholders.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, at any time within 60 days after the effective
date of the merger or consolidation, any stockholder shall have the right to
withdraw his demand for appraisal and to accept the terms offered upon the
merger or consolidation. Within 120 days after the effective date of the merger
or consolidation, any stockholder who has complied with the requirements of
subsections (a) and (d) hereof, upon written request, shall be entitled to
receive from the corporation surviving the merger or resulting from the
consolidation a statement setting forth the aggregate number of shares not
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voted in favor of the merger or consolidation and with respect to which demands
for appraisal have been received and the aggregate number of holders of such
shares. Such written statement shall be mailed to the stockholder within 10 days
after his written request for such a statement is received by the surviving or
resulting corporation or within 10 days after expiration of the period for
delivery of demands for appraisal under subsection (d) hereof, whichever is
later.
(f) Upon the filing of any such petition by a stockholder, service of
a copy thereof shall be made upon the surviving or resulting corporation, which
shall within 20 days after such service file in the office of the Register in
Chancery in which the petition was filed a duly verified list containing the
names and addresses of all stockholders who have demanded payment for their
shares and with whom agreements as to the value of their shares have not been
reached by the surviving or resulting corporation. If the petition shall be
filed by the surviving or resulting corporation, the petition shall be
accompanied by such a duly verified list. The Register in Chancery, if so
ordered by the Court, shall give notice of the time and place fixed for the
hearing of such petition by registered or certified mail to the surviving or
resulting corporation and to the stockholders shown on the list at the addresses
therein stated. Such notice shall also be given by 1 or more publications at
least 1 week before the day of the hearing, in a newspaper of general
circulation published in the City of Wilmington, Delaware or such publication as
the Court deems advisable. The forms of the notices by mail and by publication
shall be approved by the court, and the costs thereof shall be borne by the
surviving or resulting corporation.
(g) At the hearing on such petition, the Court shall determine the
stockholders who have complied with this section and who have become entitled to
appraisal rights. The Court may require the stockholders who have demanded an
appraisal for their shares and who hold stock represented by certificates to
submit their certificates of stock to the Register in Chancery for notation
thereon of the pendency of the appraisal proceedings; and if any stockholder
fails to comply with such direction, the Court may dismiss the proceedings as to
such stockholder.
(h) After determining the stockholders entitled to an appraisal, the
Court shall appraise the shares, determining their fair value exclusive of any
element of value arising from the accomplishment or expectation of the merger or
consolidation, together with a fair rate of interest, if any, to be paid upon
the amount determined to be the fair value. In determining such fair value, the
Court shall take into account all relevant factors. In determining the fair rate
of interest, the Court may consider all relevant factors, including the rate of
interest which the surviving or resulting corporation would have had to pay to
borrow money during the pendency of the proceeding. Upon application by the
surviving or resulting corporation or by any stockholder entitled to participate
in the appraisal proceeding, the Court may,in its discretion, permit discovery
or other pretrial proceedings and may proceed to trial upon the appraisal prior
to the final determination of the stockholder entitled to an appraisal. Any
stockholder whose name appears on the list filed by the surviving or resulting
corporation pursuant to subsection (f) of this section and who has submitted his
certificates of stock to the Register in Chancery, if such is required, may
participate fully in all proceedings until it is finally determined that he is
not entitled to appraisal rights under this section.
(i) The Court shall direct the payment of the fair value of the
shares, together with interest, if any, by the surviving or resulting
corporation to the stockholders entitled thereto. Interest may be simple or
compound, as the Court may direct. Payment shall be so made to each such
stockholder, in the case of holders of uncertificated stock forthwith, and the
case of holders of shares represented by certificates upon the surrender to the
corporation of the certificates representing such stock. The Court's decree may
be enforced as other decrees in the Court of Chancery may be enforced, whether
such surviving or resulting corporation be a corporation of this State or of any
state.
(j) The costs of the proceeding may be determined by the Court and
taxed upon the parties as the Court deems equitable in the circumstances. Upon
application of a stockholder, the Court may order all or a
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portion of the expenses incurred by any stockholder in connection with the
appraisal proceeding, including, without limitation, reasonable attorney's fees
and the fees and expenses of experts, to be charged pro rata against the value
of all the shares entitled to an appraisal.
(k) From and after the effective date of the merger or consolidation,
no stockholder who has demanded his appraisal rights as provided in subsection
(d) of this section shall be entitled to vote such stock for any purpose or to
receive payment of dividends or other distributions on the stock (except
dividends or other distributions payable to stockholders of record at a date
which is prior to the effective date of the merger or consolidation); provided,
however, that if no petition for an appraisal shall be filed within the time
provided in subsection (e) of this section, or if such stockholder shall deliver
to the surviving or resulting corporation a written withdrawal of his demand for
an appraisal and an acceptance of the merger or consolidation, either within 60
days after the effective date of the merger or consolidation as provided in
subsection (e) of this section or thereafter with the written approval of the
corporation, then the rights of such stockholder to an appraisal shall cease.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, no appraisal proceeding in the Court of Chancery
shall be dismissed as to any stockholder without the approval of the Court, and
such approval may be conditioned upon such terms as the Court deems just.
(l) The shares of the surviving or resulting corporation to which the
shares of such objecting stockholders would have been converted had they
assented to the merger or consolidation shall have the status of authorized and
unissued shares of the surviving or resulting corporation. (Last amended by Ch.
299, L. '96, eff. 2-1-96 and Ch. 349, L. '96, eff. 7-1-96)
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PART II
INFORMATION NOT REQUIRED IN PROSPECTUS
ITEM 20. INDEMNIFICATION OF DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS.
Section 67 of chapter 156B of the Massachusetts Business Corporation
Law grants Genzyme the power to indemnify any director, officer, employee or
agent to whatever extent permitted by Genzyme's Restated Articles of
Organization, By-Laws or a vote adopted by the holders of a majority of the
shares entitled to vote thereon, unless the proposed indemnitee has been
adjudicated in any proceeding not to have acted in good faith in the reasonable
belief that his or her actions were in the best interests of the Company or, to
the extent that the matter for which indemnification is sought relates to
service with respect to an employee benefit plan, in the best interests of the
participants or beneficiaries of such employee benefit plan. Such
indemnification may include payment by Genzyme of expenses incurred in defending
a civil or criminal action or proceeding in advance of the final disposition of
such action or proceeding, upon receipt of an undertaking by the person
indemnified to repay such payment if he or she shall be adjudicated to be not
entitled to indemnification under the statute.
Article VI of Genzyme's By-Laws provides that Genzyme shall, to the
extent legally permissible, indemnify each person who may serve or who has
served at any time as a director or officer of the Company or of any of its
subsidiaries, or who at the request of the Company may serve or at any time has
served as a director, officer or trustee of, or in a similar capacity with,
another organization or an employee benefit plan, against all expenses and
liabilities (including counsel fees, judgments, fines, excise taxes, penalties
and amounts payable in settlements) reasonably incurred by or imposed upon such
person in connection with any threatened, pending or completed action, suit or
other proceeding, whether civil, criminal, administrative or investigative, in
which he or she may become involved by reason of his or her serving or having
served in such capacity (other than a proceeding voluntarily initiated by such
person unless he or she is successful on the merits, the proceeding was
authorized by the Company or the proceeding seeks a declaratory judgment
regarding his or her own conduct). Such indemnification shall include payment by
Genzyme of expenses incurred in defending a civil or criminal action or
proceeding in advance of the final disposition of such action or proceeding,
upon receipt of an undertaking by the person indemnified to repay such payment
if he or she shall be adjudicated to be not entitled to indemnification under
Article VI, which undertaking may be accepted without regard to the financial
ability of such person to make repayment.
The indemnification provided for in Article VI is a contract right
inuring to the benefit of the directors, officers and others entitled to
indemnification. In addition, the indemnification is expressly not exclusive of
any other rights to which such director, officer or other person may be entitled
by contract or otherwise under law, and inures to the benefit of the heirs,
executors and administrators of such a person.
Genzyme also has in place agreements with certain officers and
directors which affirm Genzyme's obligation to indemnify them to the fullest
extent permitted by law and contain various procedural and other provisions
which expand the protection afforded by Genzyme's By-Laws.
Section 13(b)(1 1/2) of chapter 156B of the Massachusetts Business
Corporation Law provides that a corporation may, in its articles of
organization, eliminate a director's personal liability to the corporation and
its stockholders for monetary damages for breaches of fiduciary duty, except in
circumstances involving (i) a breach of the director's duty of loyalty to the
corporation or its stockholders, (ii) acts or omissions not in good faith or
which involve intentional misconduct or a knowing violation of law, (iii)
unauthorized distributions and loans to insiders and (iv) transactions from
which the director derived an improper personal benefit. Article VI.C.5. of
Genzyme's Restated Articles of Organization provides that no director shall be
personally liable to the Company or its stockholders for monetary damages for
any breach of fiduciary duty as a director, except to the extent that
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such exculpation is not permitted under the Massachusetts Business Corporation
Law as in effect when such liability is determined.
ITEM 21. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES.
(a) EXHIBITS.
See Exhibit Index immediately following signature page.
(b) FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES.
None.
ITEM 22. UNDERTAKINGS.
(a) The undersigned Registrant hereby undertakes:
(1) To file, during any period in which offers or sales are being
made, a post-effective amendment to this registration statement:
(i) To include any prospectus required by Section 10(a)(3) of
the Securities Act of 1933;
(ii) To reflect in the prospectus any facts or events arising
after the effective date of this Registration Statement (or the most recent
post-effective amendment thereof) which, individually or in the aggregate,
represents a fundamental change in the information set forth in this
Registration Statement;
(iii) To include any material information with respect to the
plan of distribution not previously disclosed in this Registration Statement or
any material change to such information in this Registration Statement;
provided, however, that paragraphs (a)(1)(i) and (a)(1)(ii) do not apply if the
information required to be included in a post-effective amendment by those
paragraphs is contained in periodic reports filed by the Registrant pursuant to
Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 that are
incorporated by reference in this Registration Statement.
(2) That, for the purpose of determining any liability under the
Securities Act of 1933, each such post-effective amendment shall be deemed to be
a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the
offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona
fide offering thereof.
(3) To remove from registration by means of a post-effective
amendment any of the securities being registered which remain unsold at the
termination of the offering.
(b) Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the
Securities Act of 1933 may be permitted to directors, officers and controlling
persons of the Registrant pursuant to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise,
the Registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the Securities and
Exchange Commission such indemnification is against public policy as expressed
in the Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for
indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the
Registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling
person of the Registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or
proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in
connection with the securities being registered, the Registrant will, unless in
the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent,
submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such
indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Act and will
be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.
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(c) The undersigned Registrant hereby undertakes that, for purposes of
determining any liability under the Securities Act of 1933, each filing of the
Registrant's annual report pursuant to Section 13(a) or Section 15(d) of the
Securities Exchange Act of 1934 that is incorporated by reference in this
Registration Statement shall be deemed to be a new registration statement
relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities
at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.
(d) The undersigned Registrant hereby undertakes to respond to
requests for information that is incorporated by reference into the prospectus
pursuant to Items 4, 10(b), 11 or 13 of this Form within one business day of
receipt of such request, and to send the incorporated documents by first class
mail or other equally prompt means. This includes information contained in
documents filed subsequent to the effective date of the Registration Statement
through the date of responding to the request.
(e) The undersigned Registrant hereby undertakes to supply by means of
a post-effective amendment all information concerning a transaction, and the
company being acquired involved therein, that was not the subject of and
included in the Registration Statement when it became effective.
(f) The undersigned Registrant hereby undertakes as follows: that
prior to any public reoffering of the securities registered hereunder through
use of a prospectus which is part of this registration statement, by any person
or party who is deemed to be an underwriter within the meaning of Rule 145(c),
the issuer undertakes that such reoffering prospectus will contain the
information called for by the applicable registration form with respect to
reofferings by persons who may be deemed underwriters, in addition to the
information called for by the other items of the applicable form.
(g) The Registrant undertakes that every prospectus: (i) that is filed
pursuant to paragraph (f) immediately preceding, or (ii) that purports to meet
the requirements of Section 10(a)(3) of the Securities Act of 1933 and is used
in connection with an offering of securities subject to Rule 415, will be filed
as a part of an amendment to the registration statement and will not be used
until such amendment is effective, and that, for purposes of determining any
liability under the Securities Act of 1933, each such post-effective amendment
shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities
offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be
deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, the
registrant certifies that it has reasonable grounds to believe that it meets all
of the requirements for filing on Form S-4 and has duly caused this Amendment
No. 1 to Registration Statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned,
thereunto duly authorized, in the City of Cambridge, Commonwealth of
Massachusetts, on May 9, 1997.
GENZYME CORPORATION
By: /s/ David J. McLachlan
--------------------------------
David J. McLachlan, Executive
Vice President, Finance and
Chief Financial Officer
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, this
Amendment No. 1 to Registration Statement has been signed by the following
persons in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
SIGNATURE TITLE
- --------- -----
/s/ Henri A. Termeer* Director and Principal May 9, 1997
- ------------------------------------ Executive Officer
Henri A. Termeer
/s/ David J. McLachlan Principal Financial and May 9, 1997
- ------------------------------------ Accounting Officer
David J. McLachlan
/s/ Constantine E. Anagnostopoulos* Director May 9, 1997
- ------------------------------------
Constantine E. Anagnostopoulos
/s/ Douglas A. Berthiaume* Director May 9, 1997
- ------------------------------------
Douglas A. Berthiaume
/s/ Henry E. Blair* Director May 9, 1997
- -----------------------------------
Henry E. Blair
Director
- ------------------------------------
Charles L. Cooney
/s/ Henry R. Lewis* Director May 9, 1997
- ------------------------------------
Henry R. Lewis
Director
- ------------------------------------
Robert J. Carpenter
*By: /s/ David J. McLachlan
-------------------------------
David J. McLachlan
Attorney-in-fact
Part II - 4
<PAGE> 266
EXHIBIT INDEX
EXHIBIT SEQUENTIAL
NO. DESCRIPTION PAGE NO.
- ------- ----------- --------
2 Composite conformed copy of Agreement and Plan of Merger
dated as of January 31, 1997, as amended, between
Genzyme Corporation and PharmaGenics, Inc. Filed
herewith as Annex I to the Prospectus/Proxy Statement.
Pursuant to Item 601(b)(2) of Regulation S-K, the
schedules referred to in the Agreement and Plan of
Merger are omitted. The Registrant hereby undertakes to
furnish supplementally a copy of any omitted schedule to
the Commission upon request.
3.1 Form of amended and restated Articles of Organization of
Genzyme Corporation to be filed with the Secretary of
the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Filed herewith as
Annex III to the Prospectus/Proxy Statement.
3.2 Form of Series Designation for Genzyme Molecular
Oncology Division Common Stock to be filed with the
Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Previously
filed upon the initial filing of this Registration
Statement.
3.3 By-laws of Genzyme Corporation. Filed as Exhibit 3.2 to
Genzyme's Form 8-K dated December 31, 1991 (File No.
0-14680), and incorporated herein by reference.
4.1 Form of Amended and Restated Rights Agreement between
Genzyme and American Stock Transfer and Trust Company.
Previously filed upon the initial filing of this
Registration Statement.
4.2 Specimen stock certificate representing shares of
Molecular Oncology Common Stock of Genzyme. Previously
filed upon the initial filing of this Registration
Statement.
5.1 Opinion of Palmer & Dodge LLP. Previously filed upon
the initial filing of this Registration Statement.
8.1 Opinion of Palmer & Dodge LLP with respect to certain
federal income tax matters. Filed herewith.
8.2 Opinion of Ballard Spahr Andrews & Ingersoll with respect
to certain federal income tax matters. Filed herewith.
23.1 Consent of Coopers & Lybrand L.L.P., independent
accountants to Genzyme Corporation. Filed herewith.
23.2 Consent of Arthur Andersen LLP, independent accountants
to PharmaGenics, Inc. Filed herewith.
23.3 Consent of Palmer & Dodge LLP (contained in Exhibit
5.1).
23.4 Consent of Ballard Spahr Andrews & Ingersoll (contained
in Exhibit 8.2).
Part II - 5
<PAGE> 267
23.5 Consent of PaineWebber Incorporated, financial advisor
to PharmaGenics, Inc. Previously filed upon the initial
filing of this Registration Statement.
24.1 Power of Attorney. Previously filed upon the initial
filing of this Registration Statement.
99.1 Fairness Opinion of PaineWebber Incorporated. Filed
herewith as Annex IV to the Prospectus/Proxy Statement.
Part II - 6
<PAGE> 1
Exhibit 8.1
PALMER & DODGE LLP
ONE BEACON STREET
BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS 02108
Telephone: (617) 573-0100 Facsimile: (617) 227-4420
May 9, 1997
Genzyme Corporation
One Kendall Square
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
We have acted as counsel to Genzyme Corporation ("Genzyme") in
connection with the merger described in the Registration Statement on Form S-4
(the "Registration Statement") of which this exhibit is a part. As counsel to
Genzyme, we prepared the description of the federal income tax consequences of
the merger set forth in the Registration Statement under the heading "Certain
Federal Income Tax Consequences." That description fairly and accurately
represents our opinion as to the material federal income tax consequences of the
Merger and the Distribution, assuming that the merger is carried out in the
manner described in the Registration Statement. Defined terms used herein and
not otherwise defined have the meanings ascribed to them in the Registration
Statement.
We hereby consent to the use of our name under the caption "Certain
Federal Income Tax Consequences" in the Registration Statement and to the filing
of this opinion as an exhibit to the Registration Statement.
Very truly yours,
/s/ Palmer & Dodge LLP
<PAGE> 1
EXHIBIT 8.2
[Ballard Spahr Andrews & Ingersoll Letterhead]
May 9, 1997
PharmaGenics, Inc.
4 Pearl Court
Allendale, NJ 07401
Gentlemen:
With reference to the Registration Statement on Form S-4 (the
"Registration Statement") to be filed by Genzyme Corporation, a Massachusetts
corporation ("Genzyme"), with the Securities and Exchange Commission in
connection with the registration under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended,
of shares of its Genzyme Molecular Oncology Division Stock ("GMO Stock"), to be
issued in connection with the transactions contemplated by the Agreement and
Plan of Merger (the "Merger Agreement") dated as of January 31, 1997 between
Genzyme and PharmaGenics, Inc., a Delaware corporation ("PharmaGenics"), which
Merger Agreement is described therein and filed as an annex to the Registration
Statement, we hereby confirm that we have reviewed the discussion set forth
under the captions "Summary -- Certain Federal Income Tax Consequences" and
"Certain Federal Income Tax Consequences of the Merger and Possible Distribution
of GMO Designated Shares" in the Registration Statement, but excluding the
discussion set forth under the caption "Possible Distribution of GMO Designated
Shares and Certain Tax Consequences of Owning GMO Stock," and that such
discussion fairly and accurately represents our opinion as to the material
federal income tax consequences to the PharmaGenics stockholders of the receipt
of GMO Stock pursuant to the Merger Agreement that are anticipated under current
law, assuming that the Merger is carried out in the manner described in the
Registration Statement, including that (i) the Merger will constitute a
reorganization within the meaning of Section 368(a) of the Internal Revenue
Code; (ii) no gain or loss will be recognized by PharmaGenics stockholders who
exchange their shares of PharmaGenics preferred stock solely for shares of GMO
Stock pursuant to the Merger (except with respect to cash received in lieu of a
fractional share interest in GMO Stock); and (iii) no gain or loss will be
recognized by PharmaGenics or Genzyme by reason of the Merger.
Our delivery of an opinion as to certain of these federal income tax
consequences pursuant to Section 7.3 of the Merger Agreement is conditioned,
among other things, upon there being no intervening change in the law applicable
to the Merger and upon our receiving such executed letters of representation
from PharmaGenics and Genzyme as we shall request. In the event that we are
unable to deliver an opinion confirming such federal income tax consequences at
the closing of the Merger, this opinion shall be deemed to be withdrawn.
<PAGE> 2
PharmaGenics, Inc.
May 9, 1997
Page 2
We hereby consent to the filing of this opinion as Exhibit 8.2 to the
Registration Statement and to the use of our name in the Registration Statement
and in the Prospectus included therein. In giving such consent, we do not
thereby admit that we are in the category of persons whose consent is required
under Section 7 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the rules and
regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission promulgated thereunder.
Very truly yours,
/s/ Ballard Spahr Andrews & Ingersoll
<PAGE> 1
Exhibit 23.1
CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT ACCOUNTANTS
----------------------------------
We consent to the incorporation by reference in this Amendment No. 1 to
the Registration Statement on Form S-4 of Genzyme Corporation (File No.
333-26351) for its Proxy Statement of our reports dated February 27, 1997 on
our audits of the consolidated financial statements and financial statement
schedule of Genzyme Corporation, the combined financial statements and
financial statement schedule of Genzyme General Division and the combined
financial statements and financial statement schedule of Genzyme Tissue Repair
Division as of December 31, 1995 and 1996 and for each of the three years in
the period ended December 31, 1996, which reports are included in Genzyme
Corporation's 1996 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
We also consent to the inclusion in this Registration Statement on Form
S-4 of Genzyme Corporation of our report dated April 7, 1997 on our audit of
the combined financial statements of Genzyme Molecular Oncology as of December
31, 1995 and 1996 and for the period from December 1, 1994 (Date of Inception)
through December 31, 1994 for the years ended December 31, 1995 and 1996 and
cumulative for the period from December 1, 1994 (Date of Inception) through
December 31, 1996.
We also consent to the references to our firm in the Registration
Statement under the captions "Experts" and "Selected Financial Data."
/s/ Coopers & Lybrand, L.L.P.
Boston, Massachusetts
May 9, 1997
<PAGE> 1
Exhibit 23.2
ARTHUR ANDERSEN LLP
CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT PUBLIC ACCOUNTANTS
-----------------------------------------
To PharmaGenics:
As independent public accountants, we hereby consent to the incorporation by
reference in this registration statement of our report dated March 3, 1997
included in PharmaGenics, Inc.'s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 1996
and to all references to our firm included in or made as part of this
registration statement.
/s/ ARTHUR ANDERSEN LLP
Roseland, New Jersey
May 9, 1997
