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Filed Pursuant to Rule 424(a)
Registration No. 333-74599
The information in this prospectus is not complete and may be changed. We may
not sell these securities until the registration statement filed with the
Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This prospectus is not an offer
to sell these securities and we are not soliciting offers to buy these
securities in any state where the offer or sale is not permitted.
PROSPECTUS
SUBJECT TO COMPLETION. DATED MARCH 29, 1999.
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2,800,000 Shares
LOGO
Common Stock
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Harmonic Inc. is offering 2,000,000 shares to be sold in the offering. The
selling stockholders identified in this prospectus are offering an additional
800,000 shares. Harmonic will not receive any of the proceeds from the sale of
shares by the selling stockholders.
On March 24, the last reported sale price of the common stock on the Nasdaq
National Market was $25.125 per share. The common stock is traded under the
Nasdaq symbol "HLIT."
SEE "RISK FACTORS" BEGINNING ON PAGE 4 TO READ ABOUT CERTAIN FACTORS YOU
SHOULD CONSIDER BEFORE BUYING SHARES OF OUR COMMON STOCK.
-------------------------
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
PER SHARE TOTAL
--------- ----------
<S> <C> <C>
Public offering price....................................... $ $
Underwriting discount....................................... $ $
Proceeds, before expenses, to Harmonic...................... $ $
Proceeds, before expenses, to the selling stockholders...... $ $
</TABLE>
Delivery of the shares of common stock will be made on or about
, 1999, against payment in immediately available funds.
-------------------------
Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities
commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this
prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a
criminal offense.
WARBURG DILLON READ LLC
CIBC WORLD MARKETS
SG COWEN
SOUNDVIEW TECHNOLOGY GROUP
<PAGE> 2
[LOGO]
[Graphic depicting broadband hybrid fiber coax network delivery of video,
Internet and telephony services. Graphic displays various Harmonic products
throughout the network.]
<PAGE> 3
PROSPECTUS SUMMARY
You should read the following summary together with the more detailed
information regarding our company and the common stock being sold in this
offering and our consolidated financial statements and notes to those statements
appearing elsewhere in this prospectus.
HARMONIC INC.
Harmonic designs, manufactures and markets digital and fiber optic systems
for delivering video, voice and data services over cable, satellite and wireless
networks. Our advanced solutions enable cable television and other network
operators to provide a range of broadcast and interactive broadband services
that include high-speed Internet access, telephony and video on demand. We offer
an array of fiber optic transmission and digital headend products for hybrid
fiber coax, satellite and wireless networks. In addition, we have recently
developed and expanded our product offerings to include high-speed data delivery
hardware and software.
The demand for broadband access has increased significantly in recent years
due in large part to the dramatic growth of the Internet, which has facilitated
commercial applications such as telecommuting and electronic commerce as well as
widespread use of the Web for communicating and accessing information. Increased
demand for high-speed broadband access at home, combined with recent regulatory
reform, has spurred competition among communications service providers worldwide
to offer combinations of video, voice and data services. Bottlenecks in the
"last mile" of the communications infrastructure where homes connect to the
local network, however, have limited the ability of service providers to offer
such services. Cable networks, which pass more than 90% of U.S. homes, are
increasingly being recognized as an attractive alternative for delivery of these
interactive broadband services. In this regard, in March 1999, AT&T acquired TCI
for approximately $60 billion and has announced plans to offer these services,
including telephony, on a broad scale over TCI's cable systems in the next few
years.
Cable networks were originally designed for the one-way transmission of
broadcast video and, therefore, cable operators have been constrained in their
ability to offer two-way digital services, such as high-speed Internet access
and telephony. In order to reliably deliver interactive services to large
numbers of subscribers, cable networks will need to deploy fiber closer to the
subscriber and therefore increase the amount of optical fiber and fiber optic
equipment in a cable network. While many cable operators have been slow to
upgrade their networks due to capital constraints, recent consolidation and
substantial new investments in the cable industry are providing the capital
necessary to accelerate this upgrade. We believe that the upgrade of cable
networks to meet market demands presents a significant opportunity for broadband
communications equipment vendors such as Harmonic. Moreover, with the recent
expansion of our product offerings, we believe that Harmonic can benefit from
the growth in services offered by satellite, wireless and other broadband
service providers.
Harmonic's digital and fiber optic systems enable cable and other broadband
service providers to deliver a variety of interactive broadband services. Our
product offerings are comprised of fiber optic transmission systems, TRANsend
digital headend systems and CyberStream data delivery products. We will continue
to develop new products to assist cable operators in the introduction of new
broadband services and in the design of new network architectures. Our recently
introduced DWDM and scaleable node products, for example, illustrate our
commitment to assisting our customers to reliably and cost-effectively equip
their networks for the deployment of new services. In addition, our TRANsend
digital headend platform allows wireless and satellite providers to combine
content from a variety of sources for seamless integration and delivery of
digital video and high speed data.
Our products are primarily sold to cable television operators worldwide,
either directly or through our international distributors. We also sell products
designed for use by satellite and wireless network
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<PAGE> 4
operators, as well as telephone companies. Our U.S. customers include TCI, Time
Warner, Comcast and Cox, and our international customers include Rogers and
Videotron in Canada, a provincial PTT in China and Telewest in the U.K.
Harmonic was incorporated in California in June 1988 and reincorporated
into Delaware in May 1995. On March 22, 1999, we changed our corporate name from
Harmonic Lightwaves, Inc. to Harmonic Inc. Our principal offices are located at
549 Baltic Way, Sunnyvale, California 94089 and our telephone number is (408)
542-2500.
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<PAGE> 5
THE OFFERING
The following information assumes that the underwriters do not exercise the
option granted by Harmonic to purchase additional shares in the offering. See
"Underwriting."
Shares offered by Harmonic.............. 2,000,000 shares
Shares offered by the selling
stockholders............................ 800,000 shares
Shares to be outstanding after the
offering(1)............................. 13,743,582 shares
Nasdaq National Market symbol........... "HLIT"
Use of Proceeds......................... For general corporate purposes,
including working capital, capital
expenditures and repayment of debt.
SUMMARY CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL INFORMATION
(IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT SHARE AND PER SHARE DATA)
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
QUARTERS ENDED
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APRIL 3, JULY 3, OCTOBER 2, DECEMBER 31,
1998 1998 1998 1998
-------- ------- ---------- ------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C>
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF OPERATIONS DATA:
Net sales............................................... $ 16,204 $18,174 $22,382 $27,097
Cost of sales........................................... 11,114 11,512 13,948 16,728
-------- ------- ------- -------
Gross profit............................................ 5,090 6,662 8,434 10,369
Operating expenses:
Research and development.............................. 3,423 3,243 3,507 3,351
Sales and marketing................................... 4,072 4,797 4,436 4,857
General and administrative............................ 2,148 1,551 1,535 1,578
Acquired in-process technology........................ 14,000 -- -- --
-------- ------- ------- -------
Total operating expenses............................ 23,643 9,591 9,478 9,786
Income (loss) from operations(2)........................ (18,553) (2,929) (1,044) 583
Interest and other income, net.......................... 188 44 213 45
-------- ------- ------- -------
Income (loss) before income taxes(2).................... (18,365) (2,885) (831) 628
Provision for income taxes.............................. -- -- -- --
-------- ------- ------- -------
Net income (loss)(2).................................... $(18,365) $(2,885) $ (831) $ 628
======== ======= ======= =======
Diluted net income (loss) per share(3)................ $ (1.60) $ (0.25) $ (0.07) $ 0.05
Diluted weighted average common shares(3)............. 11,475 11,591 11,674 12,625
</TABLE>
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
DECEMBER 31, 1998
-------------------------
ACTUAL AS ADJUSTED(4)
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<S> <C> <C>
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET DATA:
Cash and cash equivalents................................... $ 9,178 $ 55,612
Working capital............................................. 32,318 78,929
Total assets................................................ 62,424 108,858
Long-term debt, less current portion........................ 400 --
Stockholders' equity........................................ 43,474 90,485
</TABLE>
- -------------------------
(1) Based upon shares outstanding as of December 31, 1998. Excludes 2,584,779
shares of common stock reserved for issuance under Harmonic's stock option
and stock purchase plans, of which 2,123,148 shares were subject to
outstanding options as of December 31, 1998. Includes 17,738 shares of
common stock issued upon the net exercise of a warrant subsequent to
December 31, 1998. Excludes 720,000 shares issuable upon the exercise of an
outstanding warrant held by Scientific-Atlanta with an exercise price of
$5.55 per share, which shares are offered hereby. The as adjusted number
excludes the proceeds payable to Harmonic upon exercise of the Scientific-
Atlanta warrant. See "Capitalization," "Management -- Incentive Stock
Plans," "Selling Stockholders," "Description of Capital Stock" and Notes 8,
9 and 14 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
(2) The 1998 loss from operations and net loss include a one-time charge of
$14.0 million for acquired in-process technology. See Note 2 of Notes to
Consolidated Financial Statements.
(3) See Note 5 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of
the shares used to compute diluted net income (loss) per share.
(4) Gives effect to the sale of the 2,000,000 shares of common stock offered by
Harmonic hereby at an assumed public offering price of $25.125 per share and
the application of the net proceeds therefrom, after deducting estimated
underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses
payable by Harmonic and the repayment of $577,000 of indebtedness. Does not
give effect to proceeds payable to Harmonic from the exercise of the
Scientific-Atlanta warrant for an aggregate exercise price of $3,996,000.
See "Use of Proceeds."
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<PAGE> 6
RISK FACTORS
You should carefully consider the risks described below together with all
of the other information included in or incorporated by reference into this
prospectus before making an investment decision. The risks and uncertainties
described below are not the only ones facing our company. If any of the
following risks actually occurs, our business, financial condition or results of
operations could be materially adversely affected. In such case, the trading
price of our common stock could decline, and you may lose all or part of your
investment.
OUR OPERATING RESULTS ARE LIKELY TO FLUCTUATE SIGNIFICANTLY AND MAY FAIL TO MEET
OR EXCEED THE EXPECTATIONS OF SECURITIES ANALYSTS OR INVESTORS, CAUSING OUR
STOCK PRICE TO DECLINE.
Our operating results have fluctuated in the past and are likely to
continue to fluctuate in the future, on an annual and a quarterly basis, as a
result of several factors, many of which are outside of our control. Some of the
factors that may cause these fluctuations include:
- the level of capital spending of our customers, both in the U.S. and in
foreign markets;
- changes in market demand;
- the timing and amount of customer orders;
- competitive market conditions;
- our unpredictable sales cycles;
- new product introductions by our competitors or by us;
- changes in domestic and international regulatory environments;
- market acceptance of new or existing products;
- the cost and availability of components, subassemblies and modules;
- the mix of our customer base and sales channels;
- the mix of our products sold;
- our development of custom products;
- the level of international sales; and
- economic conditions specific to the cable television industry and general
economic conditions.
In addition, we often recognize a substantial portion of our revenues in
the last month of the quarter. We establish our expenditure levels for product
development and other operating expenses based on projected sales levels, and
expenses are relatively fixed in the short term. Accordingly, variations in
timing of sales can cause significant fluctuations in operating results. In
addition, because a significant portion of our business is derived from orders
placed by a limited number of large customers, the timing of such orders can
also cause significant fluctuations in our operating results. Our expenses for
any given quarter are typically based on expected sales and if sales are below
expectations in any given quarter, the adverse impact of the shortfall on our
operating results may be magnified by our inability to adjust spending to
compensate for the shortfall. As a result of all these factors, our operating
results in one or more future periods may fail to meet or exceed the
expectations of securities analysts or investors. In that event, the trading
price of our common stock would likely decline.
WE DEPEND ON CABLE INDUSTRY CAPITAL SPENDING FOR SUBSTANTIALLY ALL OF OUR
REVENUE.
Almost all of our sales have been derived, directly or indirectly, from
sales to cable television operators and we expect these sales to constitute a
substantial majority for the foreseeable future. Demand for our products depends
to a significant extent upon the magnitude and timing of capital spending by
cable television operators for constructing, rebuilding or upgrading their
systems. The capital spending patterns
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<PAGE> 7
of cable television operators are dependent on a variety of factors, including:
- access to financing;
- cable television operators' annual budget cycles;
- the status of federal, local and foreign government regulation of
telecommunications and television broadcasting;
- overall demand for cable television services and the acceptance of new
broadband services;
- competitive pressures (including the availability of alternative video
delivery technologies such as satellite broadcasting); and
- discretionary customer spending patterns and general economic conditions.
Our net sales in the second half of 1997 and the first quarter of 1998 were
negatively affected by a slow-down in spending by cable television operators in
the U.S. and in foreign markets. The factors contributing to this slow-down in
capital spending included:
- consolidation and system exchanges by our domestic cable customers, which
generally have had the initial effect of delaying certain system
upgrades;
- uncertainty related to development of digital video and cable modem
industry standards;
- delays associated with the evaluation of new services and system
architectures by many cable television operators;
- emphasis on marketing and customer service strategies by some
international cable television operators instead of construction of
networks; and
- general economic conditions in international markets.
While our net sales increased in the last three quarters of 1998 from the
level achieved in the first quarter of 1998 due to increased spending in the
U.S. cable television industry, spending by international cable television
operators generally remained weak. We cannot predict when international cable
television spending will increase and whether U.S. cable television spending
will continue to grow. In addition, cable television capital spending can be
subject to the effects of seasonality, with fewer construction and upgrade
projects typically occurring in winter months and otherwise being affected by
inclement weather.
OUR CUSTOMER BASE IS CONCENTRATED AND THE LOSS OF ONE OR MORE OF OUR KEY
CUSTOMERS WOULD HARM OUR BUSINESS.
Historically, a significant majority of our sales have been to relatively
few customers. Sales to our ten largest customers in 1996, 1997 and 1998
accounted for approximately 72%, 56% and 66%, respectively, of net sales. Due in
part to the consolidation of ownership of domestic cable television systems, we
expect that sales to relatively few customers will continue to account for a
significant percentage of our net sales for the foreseeable future. For example,
in 1998, sales to Tele-Communications, Inc., or TCI, which was recently acquired
by AT&T, represented approximately 17% of our net sales and sales to a Chinese
distributor represented approximately 11%. Almost all of our sales are made on a
purchase order basis, and none of our customers has entered into a long-term
agreement requiring it to purchase our products. The loss of, or any reduction
in orders from, a significant customer would harm our business.
WE DEPEND ON OUR INTERNATIONAL SALES AND ARE SUBJECT TO THE RISKS ASSOCIATED
WITH INTERNATIONAL OPERATIONS.
Sales to customers outside of the United States in 1996, 1997 and 1998
represented 57%, 59% and 43% of net sales, respectively, and we expect that
international sales will continue to represent a substantial portion of our net
sales for the foreseeable future. Our international operations are subject to a
number of risks, including:
- changes in foreign government regulations and telecommunications
standards;
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<PAGE> 8
- import and export license requirements, tariffs, taxes and other trade
barriers;
- fluctuations in currency exchange rates;
- difficulty in collecting accounts receivable;
- the burden of complying with a wide variety of foreign laws, treaties and
technical standards;
- difficulty in staffing and managing foreign operations; and
- political and economic instability.
While our international sales are typically denominated in U.S. dollars,
fluctuations in currency exchange rates could cause our products to become
relatively more expensive to customers in a particular country, leading to a
reduction in sales or profitability in that country. We do not currently engage
in any foreign currency hedging transactions. Gains and losses on the conversion
to U.S. dollars of accounts receivable, accounts payable and other monetary
assets and liabilities arising from international operations may contribute to
fluctuations in operating results. Furthermore, payment cycles for international
customers are typically longer than those for customers in the United States.
Unpredictable sales cycles could cause us to fail to meet or exceed the
expectations of security analysts and investors for any given period. Further,
we cannot assure you that foreign markets will continue to develop.
In recent periods, certain Asian and Latin American currencies have
devalued significantly in relation to the U.S. dollar. We believe that financial
developments in Asia and Latin America were a major factor contributing to lower
international net sales in fiscal 1998 as compared to fiscal 1997. In addition,
the uncertain financial situation in Asia has placed financial pressure on some
of our distributors. In response, we increased accounts receivable reserves in
the first quarter of 1998. We are continuing to evaluate the effect on our
business of recent financial developments in Asia and Latin America. Given the
current political and economic uncertainties in China and throughout Asia, we
cannot assure you that shipment of orders to Asia, including China, will be made
as scheduled, or at all. We cannot assure you that our sales and collection
cycles in Asia and Latin America will not continue to be harmed by the uncertain
financial climate. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial
Condition and Results of Operations."
WE MUST BE ABLE TO MANAGE EXPENSES AND INVENTORY RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH MEETING
THE DEMAND OF OUR CUSTOMERS.
From time to time, we receive indications from our customers as to their
future plans and requirements to ensure that we will be prepared to meet their
demand for our products. In the past, however, we have received such indications
but, on occasion, we did not ultimately receive purchase orders for our
products. We must be able to effectively manage expenses and inventory risks
associated with meeting potential demand for our products. In addition, if we
fail to meet customers' supply expectations, we may lose business from such
customers. If we expend resources and purchase materials to manufacture products
and such products are not purchased, our business and operating results could
suffer.
THE MARKET IN WHICH WE OPERATE IS INTENSELY COMPETITIVE AND MANY OF OUR
COMPETITORS ARE LARGER AND MORE ESTABLISHED.
The market for cable television transmission equipment is extremely
competitive and has been characterized by rapid technological change. Harmonic's
current competitors include significantly larger corporations such as ADC
Telecommunications, ANTEC (a company owned in part by TCI), General Instrument,
Philips and Scientific-Atlanta. Additional competition could come from new
entrants in the broadband communications equipment market, such as Lucent
Technologies. Most of these companies are substantially larger and have greater
financial, technical, marketing and other resources than we do. Many of these
large organizations are in a better position to withstand any significant
reduction in capital spending by cable television operators. In addition, many
of our competitors have more long stand-
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ing and established relationships with domestic and foreign cable television
operators than we do. We cannot assure you that we will be able to compete
successfully in the future or that competition will not harm our business.
If any of our competitors' products or technologies were to become the
industry standard or if any of our smaller competitors were to enter into or
expand relationships with larger companies through mergers, acquisitions or
otherwise, our business could be seriously harmed. Further, our competitors may
bundle their products or incorporate functionality into existing products in a
manner that discourages users from purchasing our products. See
"Business -- Competition."
BROADBAND COMMUNICATIONS MARKETS ARE RELATIVELY IMMATURE AND CHARACTERIZED BY
RAPID TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE.
Broadband communications markets are relatively immature, making it
difficult to accurately predict the markets' future growth rate, size and
technological direction. In view of the evolving nature of these markets, it is
possible that cable television operators, telephone companies or other suppliers
of broadband wireless and satellite services will decide to adopt alternative
architectures or technologies that are incompatible with our current or future
products. If we are unable to design, develop, manufacture and sell products
that incorporate or are compatible with these new architectures or technologies,
our business would suffer.
WE NEED TO DEVELOP AND INTRODUCE NEW AND ENHANCED PRODUCTS IN A TIMELY MANNER TO
REMAIN COMPETITIVE.
Broadband communications markets are characterized by continuing
technological advancement, changes in customer requirements and evolving
industry standards. To compete successfully, we must design, develop,
manufacture and sell new or enhanced products that provide increasingly higher
levels of performance and reliability. However, we may not be able to
successfully develop or introduce these products. Moreover, these products may
not achieve broad commercial acceptance and may have lower gross margins than
our other products.
In addition, to successfully develop and market our planned products for
digital applications, we may be required to enter into technology development or
licensing agreements with third parties. We cannot assure you that we will be
able to enter into any necessary technology development or licensing agreement
on terms acceptable to us, or at all. The failure to enter into technology
development or licensing agreements when necessary could limit our ability to
develop and market new products and, accordingly, could materially and adversely
affect our business and operating results.
WE NEED TO EFFECTIVELY MANAGE OUR GROWTH.
The growth in Harmonic's business has placed, and is expected to continue
to place, a significant strain on Harmonic's personnel, management and other
resources. Harmonic's ability to manage any future growth effectively will
require us to attract, train, motivate and manage new employees successfully, to
integrate new employees into our overall operations, to retain key employees and
to continue to improve our operational, financial and management systems. If we
fail to manage our future growth effectively, our business could suffer.
COMPETITION FOR QUALIFIED PERSONNEL IS INTENSE, AND WE MAY NOT BE SUCCESSFUL IN
ATTRACTING AND RETAINING PERSONNEL.
Our future success will depend, to a significant extent, on the ability of
our management to operate effectively, both individually and as a group. We are
dependent on our ability to retain and motivate high caliber personnel, in
addition to attracting new personnel. Competition for qualified technical and
other personnel is intense, particularly in the San Francisco Bay Area and
Israel, and we may not be successful in attracting and retaining such personnel.
Competitors and others have in the past and may in the future attempt to
recruit our employees. While our employees are required to
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sign standard agreements concerning confidentiality and ownership of inventions,
we generally do not have employment contracts or noncompetition agreements with
any of our personnel. The loss of the services of any of our key personnel, the
inability to attract or retain qualified personnel in the future or delays in
hiring required personnel, particularly engineers and other technical personnel,
could negatively affect our business.
OUR ACQUISITION OF NMC HAS CREATED NUMEROUS RISKS AND CHALLENGES FOR US.
The acquisition of New Media Communications, Ltd. or NMC has placed, and is
expected to continue to place, a significant strain on our personnel, management
and other resources. The acquisition of NMC in January 1998 has allowed us to
develop and expand our product offerings to include broadband high-speed data
delivery hardware and software and increased the scope of our international
operations in Israel. The acquisition of NMC continues to impose challenges,
including:
- the dependence on the evolution and growth of the market for wireless and
satellite broadband services;
- difficulties in the assimilation of operations, research and development
efforts, products, personnel and cultures of Harmonic and NMC;
- our ability to successfully develop, manufacture and gain market
acceptance of the products of NMC; and
- the amortization of goodwill resulting from the acquisition of NMC.
We cannot assure you that we will be able to successfully address these
challenges, and our failure to do so could materially and adversely affect our
business, financial condition and operating results.
WE MAY BE SUBJECT TO RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH ACQUISITIONS.
We have made and may make investments in complementary companies, products
or technologies. If we make acquisitions, we could have difficulty assimilating
or retaining the acquired companies' personnel and operations or integrating the
acquired technology or products into ours. These difficulties could disrupt our
ongoing business, distract our management and employees and increase our
expenses. Moreover, our profitability may suffer because of acquisition-related
costs or amortization costs for acquired goodwill and other intangible assets.
Furthermore, we may have to incur debt or issue equity securities to pay for any
future acquisitions, the issuance of which could be dilutive to our existing
shareholders. If we are unable to successfully address any of these risks, our
business, financial condition and operating results could be harmed.
IF SALES FORECASTED FOR A PARTICULAR PERIOD ARE NOT REALIZED IN THAT PERIOD DUE
TO THE UNPREDICTABLE SALES CYCLES OF OUR PRODUCTS, OUR OPERATING RESULTS FOR
THAT PERIOD WILL BE HARMED.
The sales cycles of many of our products, particularly our newer products
and products sold internationally, are typically unpredictable and usually
involve:
- a significant technical evaluation;
- a commitment of capital and other resources by cable and other network
operators;
- delays associated with cable and other network operators' internal
procedures to approve large capital expenditures;
- time required to engineer the deployment of new technologies or services
within broadband networks; and
- testing and acceptance of new technologies that affect key operations.
For these and other reasons, our sales cycles generally last three to six
months, but can last up to 12 months. If orders forecasted for a specific
customer for a particular quarter do not occur in that quarter, our operating
results for that quarter could be substantially lower than anticipated.
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OUR FAILURE TO ADEQUATELY PROTECT OUR PROPRIETARY RIGHTS MAY ADVERSELY AFFECT
US.
We currently hold 12 issued United States patents and 9 issued foreign
patents, and have a number of patent applications pending. Although we attempt
to protect our intellectual property rights through patents, trademarks,
copyrights, maintaining certain technology as trade secrets and other measures,
we cannot assure you that any patent, trademark, copyright or other intellectual
property right owned by us will not be invalidated, circumvented or challenged,
that such intellectual property right will provide competitive advantages to us
or that any of our pending or future patent applications will be issued with the
scope of the claims sought by us, if at all. We cannot assure you that others
will not develop technologies that are similar or superior to our technology,
duplicate our technology or design around the patents that we own. In addition,
effective patent, copyright and trade secret protection may be unavailable or
limited in certain foreign countries in which we do business or may do business
in the future.
We believe that the future success of our business will depend on our
ability to translate the technological expertise and innovation of our personnel
into new and enhanced products. We generally enter into confidentiality or
license agreements with our employees, consultants, vendors and customers as
needed, and generally limit access to and distribution of our proprietary
information. Nevertheless, we cannot assure you that the steps taken by us will
prevent misappropriation of our technology. In addition, we have taken in the
past, and may take in the future, legal action to enforce our patents and other
intellectual property rights, to protect our trade secrets, to determine the
validity and scope of the proprietary rights of others, or to defend against
claims of infringement or invalidity. Such litigation could result in
substantial costs and diversion of resources and could harm our business and
operating results.
In order to successfully develop and market our planned products for
digital applications, we may be required to enter into technology development or
licensing agreements with third parties. Although many companies are often
willing to enter into such technology development or licensing agreements, we
cannot assure you that such agreements will be negotiated on terms acceptable to
us, or at all. The failure to enter into technology development or licensing
agreements, when necessary, could limit our ability to develop and market new
products and could cause our business to suffer.
As is common in our industry, we have from time to time received
notification from other companies of intellectual property rights held by those
companies upon which our products may infringe. Any claim or litigation, with or
without merit, could be costly, time consuming and could result in a diversion
of management's attention, which could harm our business. If we were found to be
infringing on the intellectual property rights of any third party, we could be
subject to liabilities for such infringement, which could be material, and could
be required to seek licenses from other companies or to refrain from using,
manufacturing or selling certain products or using certain processes. Although
holders of patents and other intellectual property rights often offer licenses
to their patent or other intellectual property rights, we cannot assure you that
licenses would be offered, that the terms of any offered license would be
acceptable to us or that failure to obtain a license would not cause our
operating results to suffer.
WE MAY NEED ADDITIONAL CAPITAL IN THE FUTURE AND MAY NOT BE ABLE TO SECURE
ADEQUATE FUNDS IN TERMS ACCEPTABLE TO US.
We currently anticipate that our existing cash balances and available line
of credit and cash flow expected to be generated from future operations will be
sufficient to meet our liquidity needs for at least the next twelve months.
However, we may need to raise additional funds if our estimates change or prove
inaccurate or in order for us to respond to unforeseen technological or
marketing hurdles or to take advantage of unanticipated opportunities.
In addition, we expect to review potential acquisitions that would
complement our existing
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product offerings or enhance our technical capabilities. While we have no
current agreements or negotiations underway with respect to any potential
acquisition, any future transaction of this nature could require potentially
significant amounts of capital. Funds may not be available at the time or times
needed, or available on terms acceptable to us. If adequate funds are not
available, or are not available on acceptable terms, we may not be able to take
advantage of market opportunities, to develop new products or to otherwise
respond to competitive pressures.
WE PURCHASE SEVERAL KEY COMPONENTS, SUBASSEMBLIES AND MODULES USED IN THE
MANUFACTURE OR INTEGRATION OF OUR PRODUCTS FROM SOLE OR LIMITED SOURCES, AND WE
ARE INCREASINGLY DEPENDENT ON CONTRACT MANUFACTURERS.
Many components, subassemblies and modules necessary for the manufacture or
integration of our products are obtained from a sole supplier or a limited group
of suppliers. Our reliance on sole or limited suppliers, particularly foreign
suppliers, and our increasing reliance on subcontractors involves several risks,
including a potential inability to obtain an adequate supply of required
components, subassemblies or modules and reduced control over pricing, quality
and timely delivery of components, subassemblies or modules. Certain key
elements of our digital headend products are provided by a sole foreign
supplier. We do not generally maintain long-term agreements with any of our
suppliers or subcontractors. An inability to obtain adequate deliveries or any
other circumstance that would require us to seek alternative sources of supply
could affect our ability to ship our products on a timely basis, which could
damage relationships with current and prospective customers and harm our
business. We attempt to limit this risk by maintaining safety stocks of these
components, subassemblies and modules. As a result of this investment in
inventories, we may be subject to an increasing risk of inventory obsolescence
in the future, which could harm our business. See "Business -- Manufacturing and
Suppliers."
WE FACE RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH HAVING IMPORTANT FACILITIES AND RESOURCES LOCATED
IN ISRAEL.
Harmonic maintains two facilities in the State of Israel with a total of
approximately 60 employees. The personnel at these facilities represent a
significant portion of our research and development operations. Accordingly, we
are directly influenced by the political, economic and military conditions
affecting Israel, and any major hostilities involving Israel or the interruption
or curtailment of trade between Israel and its present trading partners could
significantly harm our business.
In addition, most of our employees in Israel are currently obligated to
perform annual reserve duty in the Israel Defense Forces and are subject to
being called for active military duty at any time. We cannot predict the effect
of these obligations on Harmonic in the future.
OUR BUSINESS COULD BE ADVERSELY IMPACTED BY YEAR 2000 COMPLIANCE ISSUES.
During the next year, many software programs may not recognize calendar
dates beginning in the year 2000. This problem could force computers or machines
which utilize date dependent software to either shut down or provide incorrect
information. To address this problem, we have examined our computer and
information systems, contacted our software and hardware providers, and, where
necessary, made upgrades to our systems.
Based upon the assessments to date, all hardware products currently under
development or released, and all software products currently under development
are Y2K compliant. Certain software products currently installed at customer
sites are not Y2K compliant and Harmonic is working with its customers to
provide migration paths for each product. Undetected errors or defects may
remain. Disruptions to our business or unexpected costs may arise because of
undetected errors or defects in the technology used in our products,
manufacturing processes or internal information systems, which are comprised
predominantly of third party software and hardware. If we, or any of our key
10
<PAGE> 13
suppliers or customers, fail to mitigate internal and external Year 2000 risks,
we may temporarily be unable to process transactions, manufacture products, send
invoices or engage in similar normal business activities or we may experience a
decline in sales, which could materially and adversely affect our business,
financial condition and results of operations. See "Management's Discussion and
Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations -- Year 2000 Readiness
Disclosure."
OUR STOCK PRICE MAY BE VOLATILE.
The market price of our common stock has fluctuated in the past and is
likely to fluctuate in the future. In addition, the securities markets have
experienced significant price and volume fluctuations and the market prices of
the securities of technology companies have been especially volatile. Investors
may be unable to resell their shares of our common stock at or above the
offering price. In the past, companies that have experienced volatility in the
market price of their stock have been the object of securities class action
litigation. If we were the object of securities class action litigation, it
could result in substantial costs and a diversion of management's attention and
resources. See "Price Range of Common Stock."
OUR CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION AND BYLAWS AND DELAWARE LAW CONTAIN PROVISIONS
THAT COULD DISCOURAGE A TAKEOVER.
Provisions of our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation,
Bylaws, and Delaware law could make it more difficult for a third party to
acquire us, even if doing so would be beneficial to our stockholders. See
"Description of Capital Stock."
11
<PAGE> 14
SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
We have made forward-looking statements in this Prospectus (and in the
documents that are incorporated by reference) that are subject to risks and
uncertainties. Forward-looking statements include information concerning
possible or assumed future results of operations of Harmonic. Also, when we use
such words as "believes," "expects," "anticipates" or similar expressions, we
are making forward-looking statements. You should note that an investment in
securities of Harmonic involves certain risks and uncertainties that could
affect the future financial results of Harmonic. Our actual results could differ
materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a
result of certain factors, including those set forth in "Risk Factors" and
elsewhere in this Prospectus.
We believe it is important to communicate our expectations to our
investors. However, there may be events in the future that we are not able to
predict accurately or over which we have no control. The risk factors listed
above, as well as any cautionary language in this prospectus, provide examples
of risks, uncertainties and events that may cause our actual results to differ
materially from the expectations we describe in our forward-looking statements.
Before you invest in our common stock, you should be aware that the occurrence
of the events described in these risk factors and elsewhere in this prospectus
could materially and adversely affect our business, operating results and
financial condition.
USE OF PROCEEDS
The net proceeds to Harmonic from the sale of the 2,000,000 shares of
common stock offered by Harmonic are estimated to be $47.0 million at an assumed
public offering price of $25.125 per share, after deducting the estimated
underwriting discount and estimated offering expenses payable by Harmonic ($57.0
million if the over-allotment option is exercised in full.)
Harmonic expects to use the net proceeds from this offering for general
corporate purposes, including working capital and capital expenditures, and
repayment of $577,000 of indebtedness under an equipment term loan which bears
interest at the bank's prime rate plus 0.5% (prime rate plus 1.0% under the term
loan sublimit). In addition, Harmonic may use a portion of the net proceeds to
acquire complementary products, technologies or businesses. However, Harmonic
currently has no commitments or agreements and is not involved in any
negotiations with respect to any acquisition transactions. Pending use of the
net proceeds of this offering, Harmonic intends to invest the net proceeds in
interest-bearing, investment-grade securities. Although Harmonic will not
receive any proceeds from the sale of the shares being sold by the selling
stockholders, Harmonic will receive $3,996,000 in connection with the exercise
of the Scientific-Atlanta warrant. See "Selling Stockholders."
12
<PAGE> 15
PRICE RANGE OF COMMON STOCK
Harmonic common stock has been quoted on the Nasdaq National Market under
the symbol HLIT since Harmonic's initial public offering on May 22, 1995. Prior
to such time, there was no public market for the common stock of Harmonic. The
following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, the high and low sale
prices per share of the common stock as reported on the Nasdaq National Market.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
HIGH LOW
------ ------
<S> <C> <C>
Fiscal Year 1997
First Quarter............................................. $25.25 $12.75
Second Quarter............................................ $21.00 $11.25
Third Quarter............................................. $21.25 $14.88
Fourth Quarter............................................ $16.50 $10.25
Fiscal Year 1998
First Quarter............................................. $16.25 $10.63
Second Quarter............................................ $19.00 $12.13
Third Quarter............................................. $18.00 $ 7.63
Fourth Quarter............................................ $18.88 $ 8.75
Fiscal Year 1999
First Quarter (through March 24, 1999).................... $28.88 $14.88
</TABLE>
On March 24, 1999, the reported last sale price of the common stock on the
Nasdaq National Market was $25.125 per share. As of March 1, 1999, there were
approximately 111 stockholders of record of Harmonic's common stock.
DIVIDEND POLICY
Harmonic has never declared or paid any dividends on its capital stock.
Harmonic currently expects to retain future earnings, if any, for the use in the
operation and expansion of its business and does not anticipate paying any cash
dividends in the foreseeable future. The covenants made by Harmonic under its
existing line of credit prohibit the payment of dividends.
CORPORATE INFORMATION
Harmonic was incorporated in California in June 1988 and was reincorporated
into Delaware in May 1995. On March 22, 1999, we changed our corporate name from
Harmonic Lightwaves, Inc. to Harmonic Inc. References in this prospectus to
"Harmonic," "we," "our," and "us" refer to Harmonic Inc., a Delaware
corporation. Harmonic's principal executive offices are located at 549 Baltic
Way, Sunnyvale, California 94089 and Harmonic's telephone number is (408)
542-2500.
PWRLink and YAGLink are registered trademarks of Harmonic. CyberStream,
Enterprise1, eXchange, MAXLink, METROLink, NETWatch, PWRBlazer and TRANsend are
trademarks of Harmonic. Each trademark, trade name or service mark of any other
company appearing in this prospectus belongs to its holder.
13
<PAGE> 16
CAPITALIZATION
The following table sets forth the capitalization of Harmonic as of
December 31, 1998 (a) on an actual basis and (b) on an as adjusted basis to give
effect to the receipt by Harmonic of the estimated net proceeds from the sale of
2,000,000 shares of common stock offered by Harmonic hereby at an assumed public
offering price of $25.125 per share after deducting the estimated underwriting
discount and estimated offering expenses payable by Harmonic and the repayment
of $577,000 of indebtedness:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
DECEMBER 31, 1998
-----------------------
ACTUAL AS ADJUSTED
-------- -----------
(IN THOUSANDS)
<S> <C> <C>
Long-term debt, less current portion........................ $ 400 $ --
Stockholders' equity:
Preferred Stock: $0.001 par value; authorized: 5,000,000;
no shares issued and outstanding....................... -- --
Common Stock: $0.001 par value; authorized: 50,000,000;
issued and outstanding: 11,725,844, actual; 13,743,582,
as adjusted(1)......................................... 12 14
Capital in excess of par value.............................. 70,924 117,933
Accumulated deficit......................................... (27,472) (27,472)
Accumulated other comprehensive income...................... 10 10
-------- --------
Total stockholders' equity........................ 43,474 90,485
-------- --------
Total capitalization.............................. $ 43,874 $ 90,485
======== ========
</TABLE>
- -------------------------
(1) Excludes 2,584,779 shares of common stock reserved for issuance under
Harmonic's stock option and stock purchase plans, of which 2,123,148 shares
were subject to outstanding options as of December 31, 1998. Includes 17,738
shares of common stock issued upon the net exercise of a warrant subsequent
to December 31, 1998. Excludes 720,000 shares issuable upon the exercise of
an outstanding warrant held by Scientific-Atlanta with an exercise price of
$5.55 per share, which shares are offered hereby. The as adjusted number
excludes the proceeds payable to Harmonic upon exercise of the
Scientific-Atlanta warrant. See "Management -- Incentive Stock Plans,"
"Selling Stockholders," "Description of Capital Stock" and Notes 8, 9 and 14
of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
14
<PAGE> 17
SELECTED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL DATA
The selected consolidated financial data set forth below should be read in
conjunction with "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition
and Results of Operations" and the Consolidated Financial Statements and the
Notes thereto of Harmonic included elsewhere in this prospectus or incorporated
herein by reference. The consolidated statement of operations data and
consolidated balance sheet data set forth below for the fiscal years ended
December 31, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997 and 1998 have been derived from the audited
financial statements of Harmonic included elsewhere in this prospectus or
incorporated herein by reference, which have been audited by
PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, Independent Accountants. The historical results are
not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for any future period. See
"Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of
Operations."
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31,
----------------------------------------------------
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
------- ------- ------- ------- --------
(IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT SHARE AND PER SHARE DATA)
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF OPERATIONS
DATA:
Net sales............................... $18,224 $39,180 $60,894 $74,442 $ 83,857
Cost of sales........................... 11,757 21,329 33,163 39,837 53,302
------- ------- ------- ------- --------
Gross profit............................ 6,467 17,851 27,731 34,605 30,555
Operating expenses:
Research and development.............. 3,209 6,144 9,237 11,676 13,524
Sales and marketing................... 4,108 5,750 9,827 13,599 18,162
General and administrative............ 1,339 2,196 3,463 4,824 6,812
Acquired in-process technology........ -- -- -- -- 14,000
------- ------- ------- ------- --------
Total operating expenses........... 8,656 14,090 22,527 30,099 52,498
Income (loss) from operations(1)........ (2,189) 3,761 5,204 4,506 (21,943)
Interest and other income, net.......... (179) 577 1,025 682 490
------- ------- ------- ------- --------
Income (loss) before income taxes(1).... (2,368) 4,338 6,229 5,188 (21,453)
Provision for income taxes.............. -- 217 311 259 --
------- ------- ------- ------- --------
Net income (loss)(1).................... $(2,368) $ 4,121 $ 5,918 $ 4,929 $(21,453)
======= ======= ======= ======= ========
Net income (loss) per share(2)(3)
Basic................................. $ -- $ 0.71 $ 0.59 $ 0.48 $ (1.85)
Diluted............................... -- 0.40 0.52 0.43 (1.85)
Weighted average shares(3)
Basic................................. -- 5,797 10,106 10,345 11,622
Diluted............................... -- 10,382 11,474 11,523 11,622
</TABLE>
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
DECEMBER 31,
----------------------------------------------------
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
-------- ------- ------- ------- -------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET DATA:
Cash and cash equivalents............... $ 1,743 $22,126 $16,410 $13,670 $ 9,178
Total assets............................ 14,578 41,817 54,633 58,887 62,424
Current portion of long-term debt....... 643 -- -- -- 177
Long-term debt, less current portion.... 837 -- -- -- 400
Stockholders' equity (deficit).......... (20,717) 37,009 43,641 49,931 43,474
</TABLE>
- -------------------------
(1) The 1998 loss from operations and net loss include a one-time charge of
$14.0 million for acquired in-process technology. See Note 2 of Notes to
Consolidated Financial Statements.
(2) Net loss per share data for periods prior to the commencement of public
trading of the Company's common stock on May 22, 1995 have not been
presented as such presentation is not meaningful.
(3) See Note 5 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of
the shares used to compute net income (loss) per share.
15
<PAGE> 18
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION
AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
OVERVIEW
Harmonic designs, manufactures and markets digital and fiber optic systems
for delivering video, voice and data services over cable, satellite and wireless
networks. Almost all of our sales have been derived directly or indirectly from
sales of fiber optic transmission systems to cable television operators. With
the introduction of our TRANsend digital headend products in 1997 and the
subsequent purchase of New Media Communication, Ltd., we have broadened our
product offering to enable delivery of digital video, voice and data over
satellite and wireless networks in addition to cable systems.
To date, a substantial majority of Harmonic's net sales have been to
relatively few customers, and Harmonic expects this customer concentration to
continue in the foreseeable future. In 1998, sales to TCI accounted for 17% of
Harmonic's net sales and sales to a Chinese distributor accounted for 11% of
Harmonic's net sales. In 1997, sales to Capella, Harmonic's Canadian
distributor, accounted for 17% of Harmonic's net sales. In 1996, sales to
Tratec, Harmonic's former U.K. distributor, Capella and ANTEC accounted for 15%,
15% and 13%, respectively, of Harmonic's net sales.
Sales to customers outside of the United States in 1998, 1997 and 1996
represented 43%, 59% and 57% of net sales, respectively. International sales are
made primarily to distributors, which are generally responsible for importing
the products and providing installation and technical support and service to
customers within their territory. We expect international sales to continue to
account for a substantial portion of our net sales for the foreseeable future.
Harmonic's net sales in the second half of 1997 and the first quarter of
1998 were negatively affected by a slow-down in spending by cable television
operators in the U.S. and in foreign markets. The factors contributing to this
slow-down in capital spending included:
- consolidation and system exchanges by our domestic cable customers, which
generally have had the initial effect of delaying certain system
upgrades;
- uncertainty related to development of digital video and cable modem
industry standards;
- delays associated with the evaluation of new services and system
architectures by many cable television operators;
- emphasis on marketing and customer service strategies by some
international cable television operators instead of construction of
networks; and
- general economic conditions in international markets.
While Harmonic's net sales increased in the last three quarters of 1998
from the level achieved in the first quarter of 1998 due to increased spending
in the U.S. cable television industry, spending by international cable
television operators generally remained weak. Harmonic cannot predict when
international cable television spending will increase and whether U.S. cable
television spending will continue to grow. In addition, cable television capital
spending can be subject to the effects of seasonality, with fewer construction
and upgrade projects typically occurring in winter months and otherwise being
affected by inclement weather.
In 1998, 1997 and 1996, sales of optical transmitters accounted for
approximately 54%, 63%, and 71%, respectively, of net sales and sales of optical
node receivers, return path and network management products accounted for
approximately 35%, 37%, and 29%, respectively, of net sales. In
16
<PAGE> 19
1998, TRANsend and CyberStream digital products accounted for 11% of net sales.
There were no significant sales of digital products in 1997 or 1996.
Harmonic generally recognizes revenue upon shipment of product. Harmonic
does not provide for rights of return to end users or distributors. A provision
for the estimated cost of warranty is recorded at the time revenue is
recognized. To date, gross margins on sales of optical transmitter products have
been higher than sales of receiver and return path products. In addition, sales
made to customers outside of the United States have generally carried higher
gross margins. In 1999, we expect our gross margins to be below 1997 levels
principally due to anticipated softness in certain international markets,
continued pricing pressure, our expected mix of products sold and manufacturing
start-up costs associated with recent product introductions.
Harmonic often recognizes a substantial portion of its revenues in the last
month of the quarter. Harmonic establishes its expenditure levels for product
development and other operating expenses based on projected sales levels, and
expenses are relatively fixed in the short term. Accordingly, variations in
timing of sales can cause significant fluctuations in operating results. In
addition, because a significant portion of Harmonic's business is derived from
orders placed by a limited number of large customers, the timing of such orders
can also cause significant fluctuations in our operating results. Harmonic's
expenses for any given quarter are typically based on expected levels of future
sales and if sales are below expectations in any given quarter, the adverse
impact of the shortfall on operating results may be magnified by Harmonic's
inability to adjust spending to compensate for the shortfall. As a result of
these and other factors, Harmonic's operating results in one or more future
periods may fail to meet or exceed the expectations of securities analysts or
investors. In that event, the trading price of our common stock would likely
decline. See "Risk Factors -- Our operating results are likely to fluctuate
significantly and may fail to meet or exceed the expectations of securities
analysts or investors, causing our stock price to decline."
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Harmonic's historical consolidated statements of operations data for each
of the three years ended December 31, 1996, 1997 and 1998 as a percentage of net
sales, are as follows:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
FISCAL YEAR ENDED
DECEMBER 31,
--------------------
1996 1997 1998
---- ---- ----
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Net sales................................................... 100% 100% 100%
Cost of sales............................................... 54 54 64
--- --- ---
Gross profit................................................ 46 46 36
Operating expenses
Research and development.................................. 15 16 16
Sales and marketing....................................... 16 18 21
General and administrative................................ 6 6 8
Acquired in-process technology............................ -- -- 17
--- --- ---
Total operating expenses............................... 37 40 62
--- --- ---
Income (loss) from operations............................... 9 6 (26)
Interest and other income, net.............................. 1 1 --
--- --- ---
Income (loss) before income taxes........................... 10 7 (26)
Provision for income taxes.................................. -- -- --
=== === ===
Net income (loss)........................................... 10% 7% (26)%
--- --- ---
</TABLE>
17
<PAGE> 20
Net Sales
Harmonic's net sales increased by 13% to $83.9 million in 1998 as compared
to $74.4 million in 1997. This growth in net sales was primarily attributable to
the sale of new products, including TRANsend digital headend products, METROLink
DWDM systems and PWRBlazer Scaleable Nodes, which began volume shipment during
the middle of 1998, as well as to an increase in spending by our domestic
customers in the second half of 1998. During 1998 domestic sales increased by
55%, principally due to increased shipments to TCI, while international sales
decreased by 17% due to continued weakness in many international markets. The
increase in net sales was also due to higher unit sales of existing products
partially offset by lower selling prices for certain products. Net sales
increased by 22% to $74.4 million in 1997 from $60.9 million in 1996. This
growth in net sales in 1997 was primarily attributable to higher unit sales of
Harmonic's receiver and return path products and sales of the 1550nm MAXLink
transmission system, which began shipment during the second quarter of 1996.
These factors were partially offset by lower unit sales of YAGLink transmitters
due in part to the increasing acceptance of 1550nm transmitters among cable
operators for broadcast transmission.
Gross Profit
Gross profit decreased to $30.6 million (36% of net sales) in 1998 from
$34.6 million (46% of net sales) in 1997. The decreases in gross profit and
gross margins were principally due to a lower percentage of international sales
resulting from reduced demand, a less favorable product mix which included a
lower percentage of transmitters, and pricing pressure for certain products due
to increased competition. In addition, gross profit and gross margins were
negatively impacted by start-up costs associated with new product introductions
and an increase in inventory reserves for existing products following the
introduction of new products. Harmonic expects gross margins to continue to be
below 1997 levels in 1999 due to anticipated softness in certain international
markets, expected changes in product mix, pricing pressure for certain products
and manufacturing start-up costs associated with recent product introductions.
Gross profit increased to $34.6 million (46% of net sales) in 1997 from $27.7
million (46% of net sales) in 1996. The increase in gross profit was principally
due to higher unit sales volume and lower manufacturing costs, particularly for
Harmonic's MAXLink products, which commenced shipment during the second quarter
of 1996, and improved margins on return path products resulting from product
design changes. These factors were partially offset by a less favorable product
mix which included lower sales of transmitters as a percentage of net sales, and
lower selling prices for certain products.
Research and Development
Research and development expenses increased to $13.5 million (16% of net
sales) in 1998 from $11.7 million (16% of net sales) in 1997. The increase in
research and development expenses in 1998 was primarily due to increased
headcount, particularly at Harmonic's subsidiary in Caesarea, Israel which is
continuing to develop Harmonic's TRANsend digital headend products, and to the
inclusion of NMC's research and development expenses starting in January 1998.
Research and development expenses increased to $11.7 million (16% of net sales)
in 1997 from $9.2 million (15% of net sales) in 1996. The increase in research
and development expenses in 1997 both in absolute dollars and as a percentage of
net sales was principally attributable to increased headcount and higher
prototype material costs in connection with the node and digital development
programs. Research and development expenses for 1998, 1997 and 1996 are net of
grants of approximately $346,000, $120,000 and $140,000, respectively. Harmonic
anticipates that research and development expenses will continue to increase in
absolute dollars, although they may vary as a percentage of net sales.
18
<PAGE> 21
Sales and Marketing
Sales and marketing expenses increased to $18.2 million (21% of net sales)
in 1998 from $13.6 million (18% of net sales) in 1997. The increase in sales and
marketing expenses in 1998 both in absolute dollars and as a percentage of net
sales was primarily due to higher headcount and costs associated with expansion
and reorganization of the direct sales force, technical support and marketing
organizations, particularly to support the introduction of our new products.
This increase was due to expenses incurred in connection with the recruiting and
staffing for new international sales and technical support centers. In addition,
higher promotional expenses and the inclusion of NMC's sales and marketing
expenses starting in January 1998 contributed to the increase. Sales and
marketing expenses increased to $13.6 million (18% of net sales) in 1997 from
$9.8 million (16% of net sales) in 1996. The increase in sales and marketing
expenses in 1997 was primarily due to higher headcount associated with expansion
of the direct sales force, customer service and technical support organizations,
expenses associated with establishing international sales offices, and higher
promotional expenses. Harmonic expects that sales and marketing expenses will
continue to increase in absolute dollars, although they may vary as a percentage
of net sales.
General and Administrative
General and administrative expenses increased to $6.8 million (8% of net
sales) in 1998 from $4.8 million (6% of net sales) in 1997. The increase in
general and administrative expenses in 1998 was primarily due to the inclusion
of NMC's expenses starting in January 1998, as well as costs of supporting
Harmonic's growth in overall headcount, and the establishment of international
sales and support offices. General and administrative expenses increased to $4.8
million (6% of net sales) in 1997 from $3.5 million (6% of net sales) in 1996.
The increase in absolute expenses in 1997 was principally attributable to costs
of supporting Harmonic's growth in overall headcount and operations and
providing for a higher accounts receivable reserve. Harmonic expects to incur
higher levels of general and administrative expenses in the future, although
such expenses may vary as a percentage of net sales.
Acquired In-Process Technology
On January 5, 1998, Harmonic acquired NMC, a privately-held Israeli
development stage company with 15 employees, for $17.6 million in a
stock-for-stock transaction. Harmonic also assumed all outstanding stock options
of NMC. The transaction was accounted for as a purchase and, accordingly, the
fair value of the assets and liabilities were recorded based upon their fair
value at the time of the transaction. Harmonic determined, with the aid of an
independent appraisal, that technological feasibility of the acquired in-process
technology had not yet been established. Harmonic also believed that NMC's
existing technology would generate no further revenue on account of its
obsolescence. Accordingly, no value was assigned to the existing technology. In
accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, Harmonic wrote off
acquired in-process research and development expenses of $14.0 million as a
one-time charge to operations in the first quarter of 1998.
Historically, NMC had developed receiver cards for data transmission over
cable, wireless and satellite networks. These analog products operated at
transmission speeds of 5.5Mbps and had been sold only to a limited number of
customers. NMC concluded during 1997 that these analog products were rapidly
becoming obsolete and discontinued research and development efforts. Based on
customer feedback and expected market trends, NMC commenced technology
development of the CyberStream System, a digital system designed to provide
substantially increased transmission speeds of 48Mbps to 52Mbps and to
incorporate differentiated service capabilities and sophisticated network
management.
19
<PAGE> 22
At the time of the NMC acquisition, NMC had commenced development of the
CyberStream system, which was comprised of a data gateway at the satellite
uplink or cable headend, network management and control features at the headend,
and a receiver card for installation in a personal computer or a local area
network router device. Just prior to the acquisition, NMC had initiated
production of a limited number of prototype receiver cards in order to
participate in pilot trials with two prospective customers. Shipment of the
prototype cards commenced at the end of 1997.
Harmonic determined that since these products were intended for deployment
in networks with large numbers of subscribers, NMC would have to engage in
ongoing trials over an extended period to determine the products' technological
feasibility. As part of these trials, NMC also shipped initial versions of
operating software, but was several months away from completion of critical
elements of the CyberStream system, such as quality of service, simple network
management protocol and porting of the software to the Windows 98 and NT
platforms. Subsequent to the acquisition, Harmonic expended $1.9 million in 1998
in research and development costs to accelerate development and to incorporate
changes resulting from field trial evaluations.
To estimate the value of NMC's existing and in-process technology, the
total income forecasted was allocated to existing, in-process and future
technology based on the products' scheduled release dates and expected lives.
The forecasts assumed timely release of the products as anticipated by Harmonic
and that NMC would utilize Harmonic distribution channels. Estimated revenues
for the purchased in-process products were assumed to commence by the middle of
fiscal year 1998 and increase through fiscal year 2002, at which time they were
assumed to decrease through fiscal year 2007, as newer products would be
released.
Rapid change and improvements in technology characterize the high-speed
data delivery market. Harmonic's future success will depend on its ability to
achieve scientific and technological advances and to translate such advances
into commercially competitive products on a timely basis that keep pace with
competing technological developments and address the increasingly sophisticated
needs of our customers.
Interest and Other Income, Net
Interest and other income, net, consisting principally of interest income,
was $0.5 million in 1998, $0.7 million in 1997 and $1.0 million in 1996. The
decreases in 1998 and 1997 were due primarily to lower interest income on lower
average cash and cash equivalents balances.
Income Taxes
No provision for income taxes was recorded for 1998 due to the net loss
incurred. The provision for income taxes for 1997 and 1996 was based on an
estimated annual tax rate of 5% resulting from federal and state alternative
minimum taxes and utilization of net operating loss carryforwards. Harmonic had
available federal net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $2.0 million
at December 31, 1998. Under current tax law, Harmonic's utilization of its net
operating loss carryforwards and tax credits may be limited in certain
circumstances resulting from a change in ownership. In 1999, Harmonic expects to
have an effective annual tax rate substantially lower than statutory rates,
approximating 20% to 25%, due to the utilization of net operating loss
carryforwards and tax credit carryforwards. Beyond 1999, Harmonic expects to
have an effective annual tax rate that approximates statutory rates.
Quarterly Operating Results
The following table presents Harmonic's historical unaudited quarterly
consolidated results of operations for our most recent four fiscal quarters.
This data is derived from Harmonic's annual and quarterly consolidated financial
statements which are incorporated into this prospectus by reference.
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In the opinion of management, such quarterly financial information has been
prepared on the same basis as Harmonic's annual financial statements and
includes all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments,
necessary to present fairly the financial results set forth therein. Results of
operations for any previous quarter are not necessarily indicative of results
for any future period. The following discussion is qualified by the more
detailed discussion of these quarterly results by management which are contained
in Harmonic's quarterly filings for the respective periods.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
FISCAL 1998
-----------------------------------------------
QUARTER QUARTER QUARTER QUARTER
ENDED ENDED ENDED ENDED
APRIL 3 JULY 3 OCTOBER 2 DECEMBER 31
-------- ------- --------- -----------
(IN THOUSANDS)
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C>
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF OPERATIONS DATA:
Net sales.................................. $ 16,204 $18,174 $22,382 $27,097
Cost of sales.............................. 11,114 11,512 13,948 16,728
-------- ------- ------- -------
Gross profit............................... 5,090 6,662 8,434 10,369
Operating expenses:
Research and development................. 3,423 3,243 3,507 3,351
Sales and marketing...................... 4,072 4,797 4,436 4,857
General and administrative............... 2,148 1,551 1,535 1,578
Acquired in-process technology........... 14,000 -- -- --
-------- ------- ------- -------
Total operating expenses.............. 23,643 9,591 9,478 9,786
-------- ------- ------- -------
Income (loss) from operations.............. (18,553) (2,929) (1,044) 583
Interest and other income, net............. 188 44 213 45
-------- ------- ------- -------
Income (loss) before income taxes.......... (18,365) (2,885) (831) 628
Provision for income taxes................. -- -- -- --
-------- ------- ------- -------
Net income (loss).......................... $(18,365) $(2,885) $ (831) $ 628
======== ======= ======= =======
AS A PERCENTAGE OF NET SALES:
Net sales.................................. 100% 100% 100% 100%
Cost of goods sold......................... 69 63 62 62
======== ======= ======= =======
Gross profit............................... 31 37 38 38
Operating expenses:
Research and development................. 21 18 16 12
Sales and marketing...................... 25 26 20 18
General and administrative............... 13 9 7 6
Acquired in-process technology........... 86 -- -- --
-------- ------- ------- -------
Total operating expenses.............. 145 53 43 36
-------- ------- ------- -------
Income (loss) from operations.............. (114) (16) (5) 2
Interest and other income, net............. 1 -- 1 --
-------- ------- ------- -------
Income (loss) before income taxes.......... (113) (16) (4) 2
Provision for income taxes................. -- -- -- --
-------- ------- ------- -------
Net income (loss).......................... (113)% (16)% (4)% 2%
======== ======= ======= =======
</TABLE>
Harmonic's net sales increased in each consecutive quarter of 1998 due to
the commencement of volume shipment of new products including TRANsend digital
headend products, METROLink DWDM systems and PWRBlazer Scaleable Nodes during
the second quarter of 1998. In addition, net sales were significantly higher
during the second half of 1998 compared to the first half of 1998 due
principally to significantly higher sales to TCI as well as increased demand and
production
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volumes for the new products. Gross margins were lower in the first quarter of
1998 due primarily to an increase in inventory reserves for certain existing
products following the introduction of several new products and to lower sales
volume and corresponding lower factory absorption of fixed costs. General and
administrative expenses were higher in the first quarter of 1998 due principally
to adjustments to accounts receivable reserve levels as a result of the
financial situation in Asia, which has affected certain of Harmonic's
distributors.
Harmonic's quarterly operating results have fluctuated significantly in the
past and are likely to continue to fluctuate significantly in the future
depending upon a variety of factors, many of which are beyond Harmonic's
control. These fluctuations may be caused by such factors as:
- the level of capital spending of our customers, both in the U.S. and in
foreign markets;
- changes in market demand;
- the timing and amount of customer orders;
- competitive market conditions;
- our unpredictable sales cycles;
- new product introductions by our competitors or by us;
- changes in domestic and international regulatory environments;
- market acceptance of new or existing products;
- the cost and availability of components, subassemblies and modules;
- the mix of our customer base and sales channels;
- the mix of our products sold;
- our development of custom products;
- the level of international sales; and
- economic conditions specific to the cable television industry and general
economic conditions.
For a discussion of these and other factors that may affect Harmonic's
business, financial condition and operating results, See "Risk Factors."
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
Harmonic completed its initial public offering in May 1995, raising
approximately $24.2 million, net of offering costs. Prior to that, Harmonic
satisfied its liquidity needs primarily from the net proceeds of private sales
of preferred stock, and to a lesser extent, from capital equipment leases and
bank borrowings.
Cash used in operations was $2.0 million in 1998 compared to cash provided
by operations of $2.0 million in 1997 and $0.3 million in 1996. The increase in
cash used in operations in 1998 compared to 1997 was primarily due to the net
loss and higher inventory levels, partially offset by improved customer
collections and higher accounts payable and accrued liabilities. The increase in
cash provided by operations in 1997 compared to 1996 was principally
attributable to slower growth in receivables, inventory and prepaid expenses and
other assets, partially offset by lower net income, accounts payable and accrued
liabilities.
Net working capital was $32.3 million at December 31, 1998, including $9.2
million of cash and cash equivalents. During 1998, Harmonic had a bank line of
credit and equipment term loan facilities which provided up to $12.0 million and
$3.0 million in borrowings, respectively. There were no
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outstanding borrowings under the bank line at December 31, 1998, although
Harmonic had guaranteed certain borrowing facilities of its subsidiaries
totaling $0.9 million with letters of credit and had total letters of credit
issued under the line of $2.7 million, which expire at various dates throughout
fiscal year 1999. As of December 31, 1998, borrowings of $577,000 were
outstanding under the term loan. These facilities were available until December
1998. During the fourth quarter of 1998, Harmonic agreed to the principal terms
of an amended and restated bank line of credit facility, which was finalized in
March 1999. The new facility provides for borrowings of up to $10.0 million with
a $3.0 million equipment term loan sub-limit. This new line, which expires in
March 2000, bears interest at the bank's prime rate plus 0.5% (prime rate plus
1.0% under the term loan sub-limit). The line is secured by substantially all of
the assets of Harmonic.
Additions to property, plant and equipment were approximately $4.4 million
during 1998 compared to $4.8 million in 1997 and $6.7 million in 1996
respectively. While Harmonic currently has no material commitments, it expects
to spend approximately $5.0 million on capital expenditures in 1999, primarily
for manufacturing and test equipment.
Harmonic believes that its existing liquidity sources, including its new
bank line of credit facility, and anticipated funds from operations will satisfy
its cash requirements for at least the next twelve months.
QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Market risk represents the risk of loss that may impact the financial
position, results of operations or cash flows of Harmonic due to adverse changes
in market prices and rates. Harmonic is exposed to market risk because of
changes in foreign currency exchange rates as measured against the U.S. Dollar
and currencies of Harmonic's subsidiaries in Israel and in the United Kingdom.
Harmonic has not engaged in hedging activities as of December 31, 1998 and does
not expect to do so in the foreseeable future.
Harmonic has subsidiaries in Israel and the United Kingdom whose sales are
generally denominated in U.S. dollars. While Harmonic does not anticipate that
near-term changes in exchange rates will have a material impact on future
operating results, fair values or cash flows, Harmonic cannot assure you that a
sudden and significant change in the value of the Israeli Shekel or British
Pound would not harm Harmonic's financial condition and results of operations.
YEAR 2000 READINESS DISCLOSURE
Many currently installed computer systems and software products are coded
to accept only two digit entries in the date code field. These date code fields
will need to accept four digit entries to distinguish twenty-first century dates
from twentieth century dates. As a result, many companies' software and computer
systems may need to be upgraded or replaced in order to comply with such "Year
2000" or "Y2K" requirements.
Harmonic has established a corporate-wide program to address the Y2K issue.
This program encompasses product, internal systems and supplier and business
partner compliance. The project is comprised of identification of risks,
assessment of risks, development of remediation or contingency plans and
implementation and testing.
Based upon the assessments to date, all hardware products currently under
development or released, and all software products currently under development
are Y2K compliant. Certain software products currently installed at customer
sites are not Y2K compliant and Harmonic is working with its customers to
provide migration paths for each product. Harmonic's significant internal
systems have been purchased from outside vendors and are Y2K compliant. Harmonic
is in the process of upgrading internal systems that are not currently Y2K
compliant, and expects to have this process
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completed by mid-1999. To date, Y2K costs have not been material to Harmonic and
Harmonic does not expect that its Y2K costs will exceed $100,000 in the future.
Harmonic currently does not have a contingency plan to address Y2K issues
related to its products and internal systems, but will develop a contingency
plan by mid-1999 if its products and internal systems are not yet Y2K compliant.
In addition, Harmonic is working with its suppliers and business partners to
identify at what stage they are in the process of identifying and addressing the
Y2K issue and to assess the resulting risks and develop appropriate contingency
plans. Harmonic will continue to perform compliance reviews and tests to ensure
compliance on an ongoing basis. Harmonic currently does not anticipate that the
cost of its Y2K program will be material to its financial condition and results
of operations.
Although Harmonic has established and commenced its program to address Y2K
issues, the failure of Harmonic products to operate properly with regard to the
Y2K requirements could (a) cause Harmonic to incur unanticipated expenses to
remedy any problems, (b) cause a reduction in sales and (c) expose Harmonic to
related litigation by its customers, each of which could harm our business,
operating results and financial condition. In addition, Harmonic and third
parties with whom it conducts business may utilize equipment or software that
may not be Y2K compliant. Failure of Harmonic's or any such third party's
equipment or software to operate properly with regard to the Y2K requirements
could cause, among other things, Harmonic or any such third party to incur
unanticipated expenses or efforts to remedy any problems, which could have a
material adverse effect on its or their respective business, operating results
and financial condition. Furthermore, the purchasing patterns of customers or
potential customers may be affected by Y2K issues as companies expend
significant resources to evaluate and to correct their equipment or software for
Y2K compliance and as they simultaneously evaluate the preparedness of the third
parties with whom they deal. These expenditures may result in reduced funds
available to purchase products and services such as those offered by Harmonic,
which could have a material adverse effect on Harmonic business, operating
results and financial condition.
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BUSINESS
OVERVIEW
Harmonic designs, manufactures and markets digital and fiber optic systems
for delivering video, voice and data services over cable, satellite and wireless
networks. Our advanced solutions enable cable television and other network
operators to provide a range of broadcast and interactive broadband services
that include high-speed Internet access, telephony and video on demand. We offer
a broad range of fiber optic transmission and digital headend products for
hybrid fiber coax, satellite and wireless networks, and our acquisition of New
Media Communication, Ltd. in January 1998 has allowed us to develop and expand
our product offerings to include high-speed data delivery software and hardware.
INDUSTRY BACKGROUND
Demand for Broadband Access
The demand for broadband access has increased significantly in recent years
due in large part to the dramatic growth of the Internet, which has facilitated
commercial applications such as telecommuting and electronic commerce as well as
widespread use of the Web for communicating and accessing information. IDC
estimates that the number of devices that access the Internet worldwide will
increase from approximately 78 million at the end of 1997 to approximately 515
million by the end of 2002. Rapid growth in the number of Internet users and the
demand for more bandwidth-intensive video, voice and data content has strained
existing communications networks and created bottlenecks, especially in the
"last mile" of the communications infrastructure where homes connect to the
local network. Increasingly, individuals who experience the value of high-speed
Internet access from their work locations are demanding similar levels of speed
from their home or laptop connection. Access to the Internet over the last mile
using standard telephone dial-up connections, however, has been limited
generally to speeds of up to 56Kbps.
Competition and Deregulation
Increased demand for high-speed broadband access, combined with recent and
proposed regulatory reform, has spurred competition among communications service
providers worldwide to offer combinations of video, voice and data services.
Historically, U.S. long distance carriers and regional Bell operating companies,
or RBOCs, were generally limited to providing only telephony services in the
residential market. Cable television multiple system operators, or MSOs, also
were generally limited to providing video programming. As a result, neither the
RBOCs nor the cable operators had networks conducive to providing high-speed
data services to residential subscribers. The Telecommunications Act of 1996,
however, permitted cable operators, long-distance carriers and local exchange
carriers such as the RBOCs to enter each other's markets. As a result, AT&T has
acquired TCI and announced plans to offer broadband and interactive services,
including telephony, on a broad scale over TCI's cable systems in the next few
years. Similarly, RBOCs are deploying various digital subscriber line
technologies, or xDSL, for high-speed data services over their existing copper
networks. A number of RBOCs also have deployed alternative delivery systems such
as hybrid fiber coax, or HFC, fiber to the curb and wireless for data and video
transmission. In certain major metropolitan areas, new carriers have entered the
market. For example, companies such as RCN and 21st Century are building state
of the art HFC networks to compete with incumbent RBOCs and cable operators.
Similar deregulation of telecommunications and broadcasting abroad has
fostered substantial growth and competition in many foreign communications
markets. The emergence of direct broadcast satellite, or DBS, systems
internationally and in the United States has subjected cable operators to
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increasing competitive pressures. DBS systems offer consumers up to 200 channels
of digital video programming. In addition, operators in other countries with
more established DBS infrastructures are introducing data services to meet the
growing demand from residential and small business customers for Internet
access.
Response of the Cable Operators
To address increasing competition and demand for high-speed broadband
services, cable operators are introducing voice and data services in addition to
video. By offering bundled packages of broadband services, cable operators are
seeking to obtain a competitive advantage over telephone companies and DBS
providers and to create additional revenue streams.
In order to provide high-speed Internet access, cable operators are
beginning to deploy cable modems in a number of major metropolitan areas. Cable
modems provide significantly faster and easier access to the Internet than
traditional 28Kbps or 56Kbps telephone modems. Cable modems are frequently
offered in conjunction with Internet content services such as @Home or Road
Runner by cable operators, which seek to accelerate customer adoption by
providing a complete hardware and content package. The number of cable modem
subscribers in the U.S. at the end of 1998 was estimated to be approximately
500,000, compared to approximately 100,000 in 1997. Forecasts from Paul Kagan
Associates suggest that over five million cable modems will be deployed by 2001.
Similarly, cable operators are upgrading and rebuilding their networks to
offer digital video, which enables cable operators to provide more channels and
better picture quality. Paul Kagan Associates estimated that of the
approximately 65 million U.S. cable subscribers, approximately one million homes
would install digital set top boxes by the end of 1998 and approximately 7.7
million homes will install digital set top boxes by the end of 2000.
Additionally, the FCC has mandated that broadcasters convert to digital format
by 2006. Operators, nevertheless, will have to work with both analog and digital
video signals for many years.
As telephone carriers are planning to offer broadband voice, data and video
services, cable operators are also upgrading and building out their HFC network
architectures to provide telephony services. AT&T has set targets of 30% local
telephone market share in its initial deployments in TCI systems. In joint
venture agreements with partners such as Time Warner, AT&T has guaranteed
minimum levels of up to 25% telephony penetration within six years.
The ability of cable operators to deliver digital video, voice and
high-speed data services on a broad scale, however, is constrained by the
designs of their legacy networks. These networks, which pass more than 90% of
U.S. homes, were built initially for one-way broadcast analog television and
require substantial upgrades to make them capable of reliably supporting two-way
digital services, such as high-speed Internet access and telephony.
Development of the Cable System Network Architecture
The introduction and deployment of hybrid fiber coax network architectures
has significantly increased network capacity, quality and reliability. The
higher bandwidth of fiber can increase capacity to up to 110 analog channels.
Video compression technologies can further extend the capacity of cable
television systems to several hundred channels. However, to accommodate the
interactive nature of telephony and Internet services, these networks require
installation of return path equipment for the transmission of video, voice and
data on the return path from the subscriber to the headend. Additionally, the
introduction of telephony service will require the deployment of fiber closer to
the subscriber and therefore increase the amount of optical fiber and fiber
optic equipment in an HFC network. In order to reliably deliver telephony and
data services for large numbers of subscribers, optical fiber will need to serve
approximately 50-home groups, as opposed to the 500 to 1,000 home groups that
are common in today's networks.
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In addition to upgrading and extending network infrastructure with fiber
optics, it will be necessary for cable operators to invest in new digital
headend equipment that can receive and process content from a variety of sources
in different formats and protocols. Interfaces to wired and wireless, analog and
digital, and local and remote sources will increase the complexity of local
headends. Moreover, the desire to tailor services to specific groups of
customers will require flexibility and ease of configuration at the local
network headend.
The Market Opportunity
The upgrade and extension of existing networks to facilitate high-speed
broadband video, voice and data services require substantial expenditure and the
replacement of significant portions of the transmission network. To date, cable
operators have been slow to upgrade their cable plants and network
infrastructure due to capital constraints and the need to achieve significant
economies of scale to justify such expenditures. Competitive pressures and the
desire to capture new revenue opportunities, however, have induced major cable
operators to focus on achieving economies of scale by increasing the size of
their cable systems. This has been accomplished largely through cable system
exchanges and the acquisition of smaller cable operators and independent
operators, many of which could not afford the significant costs necessary to
upgrade their systems. Having achieved a significant degree of consolidation,
many cable operators are now turning their attention to investment in new
infrastructure equipment.
As a result of growing demand for broadband services, development and
deployment of enabling technologies, significant regulatory change, rapidly
increasing competition and considerable industry consolidation, substantial new
investments in the cable industry are providing the capital necessary to
accelerate the upgrade of the cable infrastructure. Recent examples of this
increased investment activity include:
- In 1997, Microsoft invested $1 billion in Comcast;
- In 1998, Paul Allen acquired Charter Communications for $4.5 billion and
purchased a controlling interest in Marcus Cable for $2.8 billion;
- In 1999, AT&T completed the acquisition of TCI for approximately $60
billion and has entered into joint ventures with Time Warner and a number
of smaller cable operators.
As cable operators upgrade their networks to meet market demands, we
believe that increased recognition of the value of cable networks as a medium
for high-speed, interactive video, voice and data, their strategic access to
homes and the improved financial strength of cable operators represent a
significant market opportunity for broadband communications equipment vendors.
Moreover, we believe that these equipment vendors will also benefit from growth
in the services offered by wireless, satellite and other broadband service
providers.
THE HARMONIC SOLUTION
Harmonic develops, manufactures and markets digital and fiber optic systems
for delivering video, voice and data services over cable, wireless and satellite
networks. Our technical strengths in optics have allowed us to develop reliable,
highly integrated systems that enable cable operators to transport digital
video, a greater number of channels and a choice of programming packages over
their fiber optic networks. In addition, our advanced solutions enable cable and
other network operators to provide a range of broadcast and interactive
broadband services that include high-speed Internet access, telephony and video
on demand.
Fiber Optics Products. Our optical transmission products, node and return
path products, and element management hardware and software allow operators to
deliver traditional broadcast video services while supporting the roll-out of
emerging interactive services and managing the fiber network.
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Our new METROLink dense wave division multiplexing, or DWDM, solution also
allows cable operators to provide video, voice and data services directly from
the network headend to distributed nodes, thereby simplifying network
architecture and eliminating the need to install complex electronics in multiple
hubs, which significantly reduces the size of hubs and the associated building
and maintenance costs.
TRANsend Digital Headend System. Our digital TRANsend platform gives cable,
wireless and satellite service providers the flexibility to combine and
customize content from a variety of sources for seamless integration and
delivery of voice, video and data to different subscriber groups. The TRANsend
system leverages our expertise in combining and transporting Internet Protocol,
or IP, data together with digital video. In addition, the TRANsend platform is
designed to be compliant with established international digital video standards,
providing interoperability with equipment from other manufacturers, such as
set-top boxes.
CyberStream System. Our CyberStream product line, which we developed and
introduced in 1998 following our purchase of New Media Communication, Ltd.,
provides a low cost, end to end hardware and software solution for high-speed
data delivery, primarily over satellite and wireless networks to residential and
business users. These products can support transmission rates of up to 48
Megabits per second.
Our products incorporate network management systems employing internally
developed hardware and software to monitor and control the network and increase
system availability. The "plug and play" design philosophy and network
management employed in our products further enhance ease of installation and
operation.
STRATEGY
The key elements of Harmonic's business strategy are as follows:
Develop New Products to Meet Cable Operators' Emerging Broadband Needs. We
will continue to develop products to assist cable operators in the introduction
of new broadband services and in the design of new network architectures. We
believe that the strength of our core technologies and the expertise of our
engineering and manufacturing personnel will contribute to the continued
development of products that address customer needs in both their transmission
networks and their headends. Our recently introduced DWDM and scaleable node
products, for example, illustrate our commitment to assisting our customers to
reliably and cost-effectively equip their networks for the deployment of new
services. Our digital headend products provide operators with the flexibility to
market services tailored to particular groups of subscribers. We will continue
to design and manufacture products to meet emerging and existing industry
standards to facilitate interoperability with other manufacturers' equipment.
Increase Penetration of Major Cable Operators. The five largest U.S. cable
operators, which serve a majority of domestic cable subscribers, have purchased
a significant amount of our products. We will continue to leverage our close
relationships with these and other cable operators to promote increased usage
and deployment of our products, particularly as they upgrade and expand their
networks through internal build-out or by acquisition of smaller systems. Our
sales force and technical personnel work closely with cable operators as part of
the sales process to ensure that our products meet cable operators' evolving
application needs and technical specifications. We have reorganized and intend
to expand our direct sales force to maintain close contact and further develop
our relationships with major cable operators.
Provide Highly Integrated Systems. We provide highly integrated systems
that allow network operators to manage increasingly complex networks and thereby
reduce maintenance and operating costs. To address cable operators' requirements
for comprehensive network and headend solutions, our
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products include a wide range of forward and return path optical transmitters
and receivers and a growing portfolio of products for digital headends. We also
incorporate network management functions into all of our products, enabling
operators to enhance network reliability and optimize system performance. As
operators introduce new services over more complex networks, the need for
integration and sophisticated network management is becoming more critical. We
also design "plug and play" capabilities into our products, enabling them to be
easily installed in an existing network without complex and lengthy setup
procedures.
Provide Fiber Optic Products to Telephone Companies. As RBOCs begin to
upgrade and deploy networks to provide video programming, we seek to provide the
high performance transmission systems required for delivery of this service. For
example, we have deployed our transmitters and optical amplifiers at one RBOC.
Our products are enabling this RBOC to provide video services in addition to
voice and high-speed data in a fiber to the curb application. In order to
address the needs of telephone company customers, we intend to expand our sales
force to support sales to telephone companies or develop a strategic alliance
with one or more current suppliers of telephony transmission equipment. We
intend to develop closer working relationships with telephone companies as they
deploy broadband services.
Expand in Broadband Wireless and Satellite Markets. Through our acquisition
of New Media Communication, Ltd., in January 1998, we have developed and now
offer our CyberStream high-speed, broadband data delivery hardware and software
products, which enable satellite and broadband wireless operators as well as
cable operators to offer high-speed Internet access and video distribution. In
addition, our TRANsend digital headend platform allows wireless and satellite
providers to combine content from a variety of sources for seamless integration
and delivery of digital video and high-speed data. We intend to expand our
presence in these emerging markets as wireless and satellite operators introduce
broadband services.
Increase Sales in International Markets. We currently supply products to a
number of large international customers, including cable operators in Canada,
Europe, Asia and Latin America. We intend to continue to supply complete network
and headend solutions to these and other operators in various international
markets. Although certain international markets are currently depressed, we
believe that many of the same factors which are driving the adoption of
broadband services in the U.S. are present in foreign markets and will, in time,
result in increasing opportunities for sales in these markets. Over the past
year we have added regional sales and support centers in Europe and Asia and we
intend to continue to expand our operations internationally to meet market
demands.
PRODUCTS
Harmonic designs, develops, manufactures and markets fiber optic
transmission and digital systems, comprised of three product families: fiber
optic products, TRANsend digital headend products and CyberStream data delivery
products. Our products employ internally developed hardware and software to
facilitate a high degree of system integration. The "plug and play" design
philosophy and network management employed in our products enhance ease of
installation and operation.
FIBER OPTIC PRODUCTS
We have applied our technical strengths in optics and electronics,
including expertise with lasers, modulators, and radio frequency technology, to
develop products which provide enhanced network reliability and allow broadband
service providers to deliver advanced services, including two-way interactive
services. We have provided the operator with end-to-end capability in the fiber
portion of the network.
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Optical Transmission Systems
We offer MAXLink transmitters and optical amplifiers, PWRLink transmitters
and the METROLink system for a wide range of optical transmission requirements.
MAXLink Transmitters and Optical Amplifiers. The MAXLink transmitters and
optical amplifiers operate at a wavelength of 1550nm and serve long-haul
applications and fiber dense architectures that are beyond the capability of
1310nm transmitters. This system is suited to evolving cable networks employing
such features as redundant rings, hub interconnects and broadcast layer
transmission.
PWRLink Transmitters. The PWRLink series of optical transmitters
incorporates semiconductor lasers and provides optical transmission primarily
for use at a headend or hub for local distribution to optical nodes and for
narrowcasting, which is the transmission of programming to a select set of
subscribers.
METROLink System. Our METROLink system, the first DWDM system for the cable
industry, allows operators to expand the capacity of a single strand of fiber
and also to provide high-speed narrowcast services directly from the headend to
nodes. This ability largely eliminates the need to locate expensive electronic
equipment in each network hub, which significantly reduces the size of hubs and
the associated building and equipment maintenance costs. By increasing the
downstream and upstream capacity of existing optical fiber, METROLink also can
eliminate the often significant expense associated with laying additional fiber.
Optical Node Receivers, Return Path and Network Management Products
We offer a number of optical nodes, return path transmitters and return
path receivers to provide two-way transmission capability. In addition, we offer
network management hardware and software to enable the network operator to
monitor and control the entire transmission network.
PWRBlazer Optical Node Receivers. Our PWRBlazer optical node receivers
convert optical signals received from the transmitters into radio frequency
signals for transmission to the home via coaxial cable. We offer a variety of
receiver products for applications including indoor and outdoor use, all of
which can be fitted to support two-way traffic.
PWRBlazer Scaleable Optical Node. Our PWRBlazer scaleable optical node is a
receiver which can be easily adapted to handle increasing traffic over a fiber
network without major reconstruction. It is particularly suited to networks that
are expected to handle increasing demands for two-way services and can be
flexibly configured to support specific operator requirements.
Return Path Transmitters and Receivers. Our return path transmitters
support two-way transmission capabilities by sending video, voice and data
signals from the optical node to the headend. Signals originating at the home
can be sent via the coaxial cable to the optical node and then transmitted in
optical form to the headend by the return path transmitter. Our return path
receivers operate at the headend to receive return path optical transmission
from the return path transmitters.
NETWatch Management System. Our NETWatch management system consists of
transponders and network management software. The transponders operate in
broadband networks to capture measurement data. Harmonic's software enables the
broadband service operator to monitor and control the entire HFC transmission
network from a central office or remote locations. Our NETWatch software is
designed to be integrated into larger network management systems through the use
of simple network management protocol, or SNMP.
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<PAGE> 33
TRANSEND DIGITAL HEADEND PRODUCTS
Our TRANsend digital headend platform consists of a number of products for
encoding, compressing, multiplexing and modulating digital signals prior to
transmission over broadband networks. It also provides interfaces to incoming
and outgoing data streams and various protocols and formats.
Video Transport Platform. Our VTP houses configurable combinations of
application modules necessary to perform a variety of functions required at a
digital headend. It includes a bus system which routes data and control
information between the application modules under network management control.
Encoders. Our encoders convert analog and digital video and audio signals
to compressed digital format fully compliant with the MPEG-2 standard.
Integrated Receiver eXchange Modules. Our IRX modules receive a number of
individually encoded digital program streams originating from multiple sources.
Multiplexers. Our multiplexer module combines multiple MPEG-2 streams into
one transport stream as well as authorizing conditional access.
Modulators. Our modulators accept digital signals for modulation on to a
radio frequency carrier for transmission over a broadband network.
The following diagram illustrates a TRANsend application.
LOGO
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<PAGE> 34
CYBERSTREAM PRODUCTS
CyberStream System. This system enables Internet access and high-speed data
delivery primarily over satellite or wireless networks to residential and
business subscribers. It is capable of supporting transmission rates of up to 48
Megabits per second which enables applications such as video distribution and
distance learning. This system includes a headend data encoder, a network
management system and an end-user receiver card which is installed in either a
PC or our Enterprise1 product.
Enterprise1. The Enterprise1 is a network router, which interfaces the
CyberStream System with a local area network. It provides desktop broadband
access by linking high-speed cable, satellite or wireless networks directly to a
LAN.
ProCast. Our ProCast system is a software package that allows service
providers to distribute multimedia information to selected groups of end-users
at pre-authorized service levels.
The following diagram illustrates a satellite application of our
CyberStream System.
LOGO
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<PAGE> 35
CUSTOMERS
We sell our products to a variety of broadband communications network
operators. Set forth below is a representative list of our customers during
1998.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL
<S> <C>
Armstrong A provincial PTT in China
Charter Golden Channels
Comcast NTL
Cox Rogers
Jones Intercable Shaw
MediaOne Tele-2
RCN Telewest
TCI Videotron
Time-Warner
</TABLE>
Historically, the majority of our sales have been to relatively few
customers, and we expect this customer concentration to continue in the
foreseeable future. In 1998, sales to TCI accounted for 17% of net sales and
sales to a Chinese distributor accounted for 11% of net sales. In 1997, Capella
(our Canadian distributor) accounted for 17% of net sales. In 1996, sales to
Tratec (our former U.K. distributor), Capella, and ANTEC accounted for 15%, 15%,
and 13%, respectively, of net sales. No other customer accounted for more than
10% of our net sales in 1998, 1997 or 1996. The loss of a significant customer
or any reduction in orders by any significant customer, or our failure to
qualify our products with a significant cable operator could adversely affect
our business and operating results.
Sales to customers outside of the United States in 1998, 1997 and 1996
represented 43%, 59% and 57% of net sales, respectively. We expect international
sales to continue to account for a substantial portion of our net sales for the
foreseeable future. International sales are subject to a number of risks,
including changes in foreign government regulations and telecommunications
standards, import and export license requirements, tariffs, taxes and other
trade barriers, fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, difficulty in
collecting accounts receivable, difficulty in staffing and managing foreign
operations, managing distributor relations and political and economic
instability. In recent periods certain Asian and Latin American currencies have
devalued significantly in relation to the U.S. dollar. We continue to evaluate
the effect of recent developments in Asia and Latin America on our business, and
we cannot assure you that our sales will not be materially adversely affected by
such developments. We also cannot assure you that international markets will
continue to develop or that we will receive future orders to supply our products
in international markets at rates equal to or greater than those experienced in
recent periods. See "Risk Factors -- We depend on our international sales and
are subject to the risks associated with international operations."
SALES AND MARKETING
We sell our products in the United States through our own direct sales
force which is organized geographically to support major network operators at
both the corporate level and in their individual systems. Our sales force is
supported by a highly qualified technical staff. Together, they work closely
with customers to design systems and develop technical proposals to optimize
system performance and economic benefits for the operators. The technical group
also assists customers with installation and post-sale support.
International sales are made primarily to distributors, which are generally
responsible for importing the products and providing installation and technical
support and service to customers in their territory. However, a small direct
sales force, based in Sunnyvale, California, and in Europe and
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<PAGE> 36
Asia, is responsible for account management and providing high-level technical
support directly to customers as well as to distributors. Our technical group
also supports the international sales force.
Because of the cable industry's 24 hour programming requirements, we
provide round-the-clock technical support, both directly and through our
distributors. We provide training for our customers and distributors, as
required, both in our facilities and on-site.
Our marketing organization develops strategies for product lines and, in
conjunction with our sales force, identifies evolving technical and application
needs of customers so that our product development resources can be most
effectively and efficiently deployed to meet anticipated product requirements.
Our marketing organization is also responsible for setting price levels, demand
forecasting and general support of the sales force, particularly at major
accounts. We have many programs in place to heighten industry awareness of
Harmonic and our products, including participation in technical conferences,
publication of articles in industry journals and exhibiting at trade shows.
MANUFACTURING AND SUPPLIERS
Our manufacturing processes consist primarily of integration, final
assembly and test, performed by highly trained personnel employing
technologically advanced electronic equipment and proprietary test programs. The
manufacturing of our products and subassemblies is a complex process and we
cannot assure you that we will not experience production problems or
manufacturing delays in the future. Because we utilize our own manufacturing
facility for this production, and because such manufacturing capabilities are
not readily available from third parties, any interruption in operations could
materially and adversely affect our business and operating results.
We use third party contract manufacturers like Sanmina to assemble certain
standard parts for our products, including such items as printed circuit boards,
metal chassis and power supplies. We intend to subcontract an increasing number
of tasks to third parties in the future. Our increasing reliance on
subcontractors involves several risks, and we may not be able to obtain an
adequate supply of components, subassemblies and modules on a timely basis.
Some components, subassemblies and modules necessary for the manufacture
and integration of our products are obtained from a sole supplier or a limited
group of suppliers. In particular, we rely on Fujitsu as a major source of
lasers for our PWRLink and return path transmitters, for which there are limited
alternative suppliers. In addition, certain optical components used in our
METROLink and MAXLink products are currently available only from Uniphase
Corporation and JDS FITEL, which recently announced their intention to merge.
Although we have qualified alternative suppliers for lasers, in the event that
the supply of optical components is interrupted for any reason, products from
alternative suppliers are unlikely to be immediately available in sufficient
volume to meet our production needs. Further, sole suppliers are providing
certain key elements of our digital products. The reliance on sole or limited
suppliers, particularly foreign suppliers, involves several risks, including a
potential inability to obtain an adequate supply of required components or
subassemblies and reduced control over pricing, quality and timely delivery of
components. Although we attempt to minimize supply risks by holding safety
stocks and continuously evaluating other sources, any interruption in supply
could materially adversely affect our business and operating results. We do not
maintain long-term agreements with any of our suppliers. While we have been able
historically to obtain adequate supplies of components in a timely manner from
our principal suppliers, we cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain
adequate supplies in the future. Because the purchase of certain key components
involves long lead times, in the event of unanticipated increases in demand for
our products, we could be unable to manufacture certain products in a quantity
sufficient to meet our customers' demand. If we cannot obtain adequate
deliveries of key components we may not be
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<PAGE> 37
able to ship products on a timely basis. Delays in shipment could damage
relationships with current and prospective customers and could harm our business
and operating results.
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
We currently hold 12 issued United States patents and 9 issued foreign
patents, and have a number of patent applications pending. Although we attempt
to protect our intellectual property rights through patents, trademarks,
copyrights, maintaining certain technology as trade secrets and other measures,
we cannot assure you that any patent, trademark, copyright or other intellectual
property right owned by us will not be invalidated, circumvented or challenged,
that such intellectual property right will provide competitive advantages to us
or that any of our pending or future patent applications will be issued with the
scope of the claims sought by us, if at all. We cannot assure you that others
will not develop technologies that are similar or superior to our technology,
duplicate our technology or design around the patents that we own. In addition,
effective patent, copyright and trade secret protection may be unavailable or
limited in certain foreign countries in which we do business or intend to do
business in the future.
We believe that the future success of our business will depend on our
ability to translate the technological expertise and innovation of our personnel
into new and enhanced products. We generally enter into confidentiality or
license agreements with our employees, consultants, vendors and customers as
needed, and generally limit access to and distribution of our proprietary
information. Nevertheless, we cannot assure you that the steps taken by us will
prevent misappropriation of our technology. In addition, we have taken in the
past, and may take in the future, legal action to enforce our patents and other
intellectual property rights, to protect our trade secrets, to determine the
validity and scope of the proprietary rights of others, or to defend against
claims of infringement or invalidity. Such litigation could result in
substantial costs and diversion of resources and could harm our business and
operating results.
In order to successfully develop and market our planned products for
digital headend applications, we may be required to enter into technology
development or licensing agreements with third parties. Although many companies
are often willing to enter into such technology development or licensing
agreements, we cannot assure you that such agreements will be negotiated on
terms acceptable to us, or at all. The failure to enter into technology
development or licensing agreements, when necessary, could limit our ability to
develop and market new products and could cause our business to suffer.
As is common in our industry, we have from time to time received
notification from other companies of intellectual property rights held by those
companies upon which our products may infringe. Any claim or litigation, with or
without merit, could be costly, time consuming and could result in a diversion
of management's attention, which could harm our business. If we were found to be
infringing on the intellectual property rights of any third party, we could be
subject to liabilities for such infringement, which could be material, and could
be required to seek licenses from other companies or to refrain from using,
manufacturing or selling certain products or using certain processes. Although
holders of patents and other intellectual property rights often offer licenses
to their patent or other intellectual property rights, no assurance can be given
that licenses would be offered, that the terms of any offered license would be
acceptable to us or that failure to obtain a license would not cause our
operating results to suffer.
BACKLOG
We schedule production of our systems based upon our backlog, informal
commitments from customers and sales projections. Our backlog consists of firm
purchase orders by customers for delivery within the next twelve months. At
December 31, 1998, order backlog amounted to
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<PAGE> 38
$20.8 million, compared to $5.5 million at December 31, 1997. Anticipated orders
from customers may fail to materialize and delivery schedules may be deferred or
canceled for a number of reasons, including reductions in capital spending by
cable television operators or changes in specific customer requirements. In
addition, due to weather-related seasonal factors and annual capital spending
budget cycles at many major end-users, our backlog at December 31, 1998 or any
other date, is not necessarily indicative of actual sales for any succeeding
period.
COMPETITION
The markets for cable television equipment and other broadband
communications equipment are extremely competitive and characterized by rapid
technological change. The principal competitive factors in these markets include
product performance, reliability, price, breadth of product line, network
management capabilities, sales and distribution capability, technical support
and service and relationships with network operators. Certain of these factors
are outside of our control.
Our competitors for fiber optic transmission products include established
suppliers of cable television and telecommunications equipment such as ADC
Telecommunications, ANTEC, General Instrument, Philips and Scientific-Atlanta,
as well as a number of smaller, more specialized companies. For digital headend
products, our competitors include many of the same competitors as in fiber optic
transmission products, and a number of new competitors, including Divicom, a
division of C-Cube and Lucent Technologies. Competitors for CyberStream products
in the satellite and wireless market include Broadlogic, Echostar, Hybrid
Networks, SAGEM and Philips. Most of our competitors are substantially larger
and have greater financial, technical, marketing and other resources than we do.
Many of our larger competitors are in a better position to withstand any
significant reduction in capital spending by cable television operators and
other broadband service providers. In addition, many of our competitors have
more long-standing and established relationships with domestic and foreign cable
operators than we do.
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
We have historically devoted a significant amount of our resources to
research and development. Research and development expenses in 1998, 1997 and
1996 were $13.5 million, $11.7 million, and $9.2 million, respectively. We
expect that research and development expenses will continue to increase in the
future.
Our success in designing, developing, manufacturing and selling new or
enhanced products will depend on a variety of factors, including the
identification of market demand for new products, product selection, timely
implementation of product design and development, product performance, effective
manufacturing and assembly processes and sales and marketing. Because of the
complexity inherent in such research and development efforts, we cannot assure
you that we will successfully develop new products, or that new products
developed by us will achieve market acceptance. Our failure to successfully
develop and introduce new products could harm our business and operating
results.
EMPLOYEES
As of December 31, 1998, we employed a total of 293 people, including 101
in manufacturing operations, 82 in research and development, 77 in sales and
marketing and 33 in a general and administrative capacity. We also employ a
number of temporary employees and consultants on a contract basis. None of our
employees is represented by a labor union with respect to his or her employment
by Harmonic. We have not experienced any work stoppages and we consider our
relations with our employees to be good. Our future success will depend, in
part, upon our ability to attract and retain qualified personnel. Competition
for qualified personnel in the communications
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<PAGE> 39
industry and in our immediate geographic area is intense, and we cannot assure
you that we will be successful in retaining our key employees or that we will be
able to attract skilled personnel as we grow.
PROPERTIES
Our principal operations are located at our corporate headquarters in
Sunnyvale, California. The lease on our headquarters building, of approximately
110,000 square feet, expires in July 2006. We have subleased approximately
25,000 square feet of our headquarters through December 1999. We also have
several sales offices in the United States, sales and support centers in Europe
and Asia and two subsidiaries, New Media Communication, Ltd., and a research and
development facility in Israel. We believe that our existing facilities will be
adequate to meet our needs for the foreseeable future.
LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
There are no material pending legal proceedings to which we are a party or
to which any of our properties is subject.
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<PAGE> 40
MANAGEMENT
The following table sets forth certain information regarding the directors
and executive officers of Harmonic and their ages as of March 1, 1999:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
NAME AGE POSITION
---- --- --------
<S> <C> <C>
Anthony J. Ley....................... 60 Chairman of the Board of Directors,
President and Chief Executive Officer
Moshe Nazarathy...................... 47 Senior Vice President, General Manager
Israel R&D Center, Director
Robin N. Dickson..................... 51 Chief Financial Officer
Michael Yost......................... 55 Vice President, Operations
D. Colin Boyd........................ 47 Vice President, Sales (North America) and
Marketing
Israel Levi.......................... 59 Vice President, Research and Development
E. Floyd Kvamme...................... 61 Director
David A. Lane........................ 40 Director
Barry D. Lemieux..................... 59 Director
Michel L. Vaillaud................... 67 Director
</TABLE>
Anthony J. Ley has served as Harmonic's President and Chief Executive
Officer since November 1988. Mr. Ley was elected Chairman of the Board of
Directors in February 1995. From 1963 to 1987, Mr. Ley was employed at
Schlumberger, both in Europe and the United States, holding various senior
business management and research and development positions, most recently as
Vice President, Research and Engineering at Fairchild Semiconductor/Schlumberger
in Palo Alto, California. Mr. Ley holds an M.A. in mechanical sciences from the
University of Cambridge and an S.M.E.E. from the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, is named as an inventor on 29 patents and is a Fellow of the I.E.E.
(U.K.) and a senior member of the I.E.E.E.
Moshe Nazarathy, a founder of Harmonic, has served as Senior Vice
President, General Manager of Israel R&D Center, since December 1993, as a
director of Harmonic since Harmonic's inception and as Vice President, Research,
from Harmonic's inception through December 1993. From 1985 to 1988, Dr.
Nazarathy was employed in the Photonics and Instruments Laboratory of Hewlett-
Packard Company, most recently serving as Principal Scientist from 1987 to 1988.
From 1982 to 1984, Dr. Nazarathy held post-doctoral and adjunct professor
positions at Stanford University. Dr. Nazarathy holds a B.S. and a Ph.D. in
electrical engineering from Technion-Israel Institute of Technology and is named
as an inventor on twelve patents.
Robin N. Dickson joined Harmonic in April 1992 as Chief Financial Officer.
From 1989 to March 1992, Mr. Dickson was corporate controller of Vitelic
Corporation, a semiconductor manufacturer. From 1976 to 1989, Mr. Dickson held
various positions at Raychem Corporation, a materials science company, including
regional financial officer of the Asia-Pacific Division of the International
Group. Mr. Dickson holds a Bachelor of Laws from the University of Edinburgh and
is a member of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland.
Michael Yost joined Harmonic in September 1991 as Vice President,
Operations. From 1983 until December 1990, Mr. Yost was employed at Vitalink
Communications, a satellite communications systems manufacturer, holding various
senior management positions, most recently as Vice President, Operations. Mr.
Yost holds a B.S. in management from San Jose State University.
D. Colin Boyd joined Harmonic in June 1998 as Vice President, Sales (North
America) and Marketing. From January 1997 to May 1998, Mr. Boyd was Vice
President of International Sales Operations, Satellite Networks Division at
General Instrument, a communications equipment manufacturer. Previously, Mr.
Boyd was employed at Scientific-Atlanta, a communications equipment
manufacturer, where he held the position of Director, Business Television and
Specialty Markets from
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<PAGE> 41
December 1994 to December 1996 and the position of Director, Domestic Product
Line from November 1989 until December 1994. Mr. Boyd holds an M.Sc. in
Electrical Engineering from the University of British Columbia and a B.Sc. in
Electronics Engineering from Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland.
Israel Levi joined Harmonic in July 1989 and has served as Vice President,
Research and Development since May 1996. Between July 1989 and May 1996, Mr.
Levi held various product management and product development positions at
Harmonic. From 1988 to 1989, Mr. Levi served in product development at DSC, a
telecommunications systems company, and from 1984 to 1988, Mr. Levi served as
Director of CATV Products Division at Catel Communications, a telecommunications
equipment manufacturer. Mr. Levi holds an M.S. in Electrical Engineering from
Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada and a B.S. in Electrical Engineering from
Technion-Israel Institute of Technology.
E. Floyd Kvamme has been a director of Harmonic since January 1990. Since
1984, Mr. Kvamme has been a general partner of Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers,
a venture capital firm. Mr. Kvamme is also a director of Brio Technology,
National Semiconductor, Prism Solutions, Photon Dynamics, Power Integrations,
TriQuint Semiconductor, and several private companies. Mr. Kvamme holds a
B.S.E.E. from the University of California, Berkeley and an M.S.E.E. from
Syracuse University.
David A. Lane has been a director of Harmonic since June 1992. Since
December 1994, Mr. Lane has been a general partner and co-founder of Alpine
Technology Ventures, a venture capital firm. From August 1987 to December 1994,
he was a Vice President at the Harvard Private Capital Group, the investment
affiliate through which the Harvard Management Company makes private and direct
investments. Mr. Lane is also a director of several private companies. Mr. Lane
holds a B.S.E.E. from the University of Southern California and an M.B.A. from
Harvard University.
Barry D. Lemieux has been a director of Harmonic since January 1996. Now
retired, from 1978 to 1988 Mr. Lemieux was with American Cablesystems
Corporation, most recently as President and Chief Operating Officer. In addition
to marketing and general management positions with the New York Telephone
Company and Continental Cablevision, Mr. Lemieux has served on numerous cable
television industry committees, is a former director of the Cable Advertising
Bureau (CAB) and past Chairman of the Cable Television Administration and
Marketing Society (CTAM). Mr. Lemieux holds a B.A. in history from Hofstra
University and an M.A.T. from Harvard University.
Michel L. Vaillaud has been a director of Harmonic since March 1997. Now
retired, from 1973 to 1986 Mr. Vaillaud was with Schlumberger, Limited, most
recently as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer. He is a graduate of Ecole
Polytechnique in Paris and Ecole Nationale Superieure des Mines in Paris. He
serves as a Trustee of the Institute of Advanced Studies in Princeton, New
Jersey.
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<PAGE> 42
SELLING STOCKHOLDERS
The following table sets forth information known to Harmonic with respect
to the beneficial ownership of its common stock held by each selling stockholder
as of March 1, 1999, and as adjusted to reflect the sale of common stock offered
hereby by such stockholder. As of March 1, 1999, there were 11,969,776 shares of
common stock outstanding.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
PERCENT BENEFICIALLY
OWNED(1)(2)
--------------------
NUMBER OF BEFORE AFTER
NAME AND ADDRESS SHARES OFFERED(2) OFFERING OFFERING
---------------- ----------------- -------- --------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Scientific-Atlanta, Inc.(3)......................... 720,000 5.7% --
One Technology Parkway, South
Norcross, Georgia 30092
N.M. New Media Entertainment, Ltd.(4)............... 45,000 3.6% 2.6%
10 Beit Shamai Street
Tel Aviv, Israel 67018
Anthony J. Ley(5)(6)................................ 30,000 2.8% 2.1%
Robin N. Dickson(5)(7).............................. 5,000 * *
</TABLE>
- -------------------------
* Less than 1%
(1) Based upon outstanding shares of Harmonic common stock as of March 1, 1999.
(2) Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the rules of the
Securities and Exchange Commission. The number of shares beneficially owned
by a person includes shares of common stock subject to options held by that
person that are currently exercisable or exercisable within 60 days of March
1, 1999. Such shares issuable pursuant to such options are deemed
outstanding for computing the percentage ownership of the person holding
such options but are not deemed outstanding for the purposes of computing
the percentage ownership of each other person.
(3) Includes 720,000 shares of Harmonic common stock issuable upon exercise of a
warrant granted to Scientific-Atlanta, Inc. See "Description of Capital
Stock -- Warrant."
(4) Includes 400,369 shares owned and 32,946 shares of Harmonic common stock
exercisable within 60 days of March 1, 1999 held by Effi Atad, an officer
and principal shareholder of N.M. New Media Entertainment, Ltd.
(5) This selling stockholder's address is: c/o Harmonic Inc., 549 Baltic Way,
Sunnyvale, California 94089.
(6) Includes 216,976 shares of Harmonic common stock subject to options to
purchase common stock exercisable within 60 days of March 1, 1999.
(7) Includes 54,641 shares of Harmonic common stock subject to options to
purchase common stock exercisable within 60 days of March 1, 1999.
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<PAGE> 43
DESCRIPTION OF CAPITAL STOCK
GENERAL
Harmonic is authorized to issue 50,000,000 shares of common stock, $0.001
par value, and 5,000,000 shares of undesignated preferred stock, $0.001 par
value. The following description of Harmonic's capital stock does not purport to
be complete and is subject to and qualified in its entirety by Harmonic's
restated certificate of incorporation and bylaws, and by the provisions of
applicable Delaware law.
COMMON STOCK
As of March 1, 1999, there were 11,969,776 shares of common stock
outstanding which were held of record by approximately 111 stockholders.
The holders of common stock are entitled to one vote per share on all
matters to be voted upon by the stockholders. Subject to preferences that may be
applicable to any outstanding preferred stock, the holders of common stock are
entitled to receive ratably such dividends, if any, as may be declared from time
to time by the Board of Directors out of funds legally available for that
purpose. See "Dividend Policy." In the event of a liquidation, dissolution or
winding up of Harmonic, the holders of common stock are entitled to share
ratably in all assets remaining after payment of liabilities, subject to prior
distribution rights of preferred stock, if any, then outstanding. The common
stock has no preemptive or conversion rights or other subscription rights. There
are no redemption or sinking fund provisions applicable to the common stock. All
outstanding shares of common stock are fully paid and nonassessable, and the
shares of common stock to be issued upon the closing of this offering will be
fully paid and nonassessable.
PREFERRED STOCK
The Board of Directors has the authority, without action by the
stockholders, to designate and issue preferred stock in one or more series and
to designate the rights, preferences and privileges of each series, any or all
of which may be greater than the rights of the common stock. It is not possible
to state the actual effect of the issuance of any shares of preferred stock upon
the rights of holders of the common stock until the Board of Directors
determines the specific rights of the holders of such preferred stock. However,
the effects might include, among other things, restricting dividends on the
common stock, diluting the voting power of the common stock, impairing the
liquidation rights of the common stock and delaying or preventing a change in
control of Harmonic without further action by the stockholders. Harmonic has no
present plans to issue any shares of preferred stock.
WARRANT
At March 1, 1999, there was one warrant outstanding to purchase a total of
798,748 shares of common stock. Pursuant to an agreement between the holder of
the warrant, Scientific-Atlanta, Inc., and Harmonic, subject to certain
restrictions, this warrant will become exercisable immediately prior to the
effectiveness of the registration statement relating to this offering. As
consideration for the acceleration of exercisability of this warrant and the
inclusion of the shares subject to this warrant in this offering,
Scientific-Atlanta has agreed to reduce the number of shares of Harmonic common
stock issuable upon exercise of the warrant to 720,000 shares.
REGISTRATION RIGHTS
Prior to the consummation of this offering, under the terms of a
registration rights agreement among Harmonic and certain holders of its
securities, a holder of a warrant to purchase 798,748 shares of common stock
(the "registrable securities") will be entitled to certain rights with
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<PAGE> 44
respect to the registration of such shares of common stock under the Securities
Act. However, in the event that this holder sells shares of common stock in this
offering, as is contemplated by this prospectus, no holders of shares of common
stock shall be entitled to registration rights under this registration rights
agreement. Under this registration rights agreement, if Harmonic proposes to
register any of its common stock under the Securities Act, some holders of
registrable securities are entitled to notice of such registration and to
include their registrable securities therein; provided that the underwriters
have the right to limit the number of shares included in any such registration.
Under the registration rights agreement, the holders of at least fifty percent
(50%) of the registrable securities have the right to require Harmonic, on not
more than two occasions, to file a registration statement under the Securities
Act in order to register all or any part of their registrable securities.
Harmonic may, in certain circumstances, defer such registration and the
underwriters have the right, subject to certain limitations, to limit the number
of shares included in such registrations. Further, the holders of registrable
securities may require Harmonic to register all or any portion of their
registrable securities on Form S-3, when such form becomes available to
Harmonic, subject to some conditions and limitations.
The holders (and their permitted transferees) of 425,222 shares of common
stock, which were received in connection with the acquisition of NMC, have
rights with respect to the registration of these shares under the Securities
Act. Of these shares, 45,000 shares are being offered hereby and 355,369 shares
are subject to a 90-day lock-up pursuant to which such shares cannot be sold.
Pursuant to these registration rights, Harmonic filed a Form S-3 registration
statement with the Commission on January 8, 1998 pursuant to which former
shareholders of NMC have sold and may continue to sell shares received in
connection with the acquisition of NMC. However, N.M. New Media Entertainment,
Ltd., a selling stockholder hereunder, has agreed not to sell more than an
aggregate of 448,259 shares of common stock prior to January 5, 2000. All
expenses in connection with such registration have been borne by Harmonic.
DELAWARE ANTI-TAKEOVER LAW AND CERTAIN CHARTER AND BYLAW PROVISIONS
Certain provisions of Delaware law and Harmonic's Restated Certificate of
Incorporation and Bylaws could make more difficult the acquisition of Harmonic
by means of a tender offer, a proxy contest or otherwise and removal of
incumbent officers and directors. These provisions, summarized below, are
expected to discourage certain types of coercive takeover practices and
inadequate takeover bids and to encourage persons seeking to acquire control of
Harmonic to first negotiate with Harmonic. Harmonic believes that the benefits
of increased protection of Harmonic's potential ability to negotiate with the
proponent of an unfriendly or unsolicited proposal to acquire or restructure
Harmonic outweigh the disadvantages of discouraging such proposals because,
among other things, negotiation of such proposals could result in an improvement
of their terms.
Harmonic is subject to Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law,
an anti-takeover law. In general, Section 203 prohibits a publicly held Delaware
corporation from engaging in a "business combination" with an "interested
stockholder" for a period of three years following the date the person became an
interested stockholder, unless (with certain exceptions) the "business
combination" or the transaction in which the person became an interested
stockholder is approved in a prescribed manner. Generally, a "business
combination" includes a merger, asset or stock sale, or other transaction
resulting in a financial benefit to the interested stockholder. Generally, an
"interested stockholder" is a person who, together with affiliates and
associates, owns (or within three years prior to the determination of interested
stockholder status, did own) 15% or more of a corporation's voting stock.
Existence of this provision would be expected to have an anti-takeover effect
with respect to transactions not approved in advance by the Board of Directors,
including discouraging attempts that might result in a premium over the market
price for the shares of common stock held by stockholders.
42
<PAGE> 45
Harmonic's Restated Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws do not provide
for cumulative voting in the election of directors. The authorization of
undesignated preferred stock makes it possible for the Board of Directors to
issue preferred stock with voting or other rights or preferences that could
impede the success of any attempt to change control of Harmonic. These and other
provisions may have the effect of deterring hostile takeovers or delaying
changes in control or management of Harmonic.
TRANSFER AGENT AND REGISTRAR
The transfer agent and registrar for the common stock is ChaseMellon
Shareholder Services, San Francisco, California.
43
<PAGE> 46
UNDERWRITING
Harmonic and the underwriters for the offering named below, for whom
Warburg Dillon Read LLC, CIBC Oppenheimer Corp., SG Cowen Securities Corporation
and SoundView Technology Group, Inc. are acting as representatives have entered
into an underwriting agreement with respect to the shares being offered. Subject
to certain conditions, each underwriter has severally agreed to purchase the
number of shares indicated in the following table.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
UNDERWRITERS NUMBER OF SHARES
------------ ----------------
<S> <C>
Warburg Dillon Read LLC.....................................
CIBC Oppenheimer Corp.......................................
SG Cowen Securities Corporation.............................
SoundView Technology Group, Inc. ...........................
---------
Total..................................................... 2,800,000
=========
</TABLE>
If the underwriters sell more than the total number set forth in the table
above, the underwriters have an option to buy up to an additional 420,000 shares
from Harmonic to cover such sales. They may exercise that option for 30 days. If
any shares are purchased pursuant to this option, the Underwriters will
severally purchase shares in approximately the same proportion as set forth in
the table above.
The following table shows the per share and total underwriting discounts
and commissions to be paid to the underwriters by Harmonic. Such amounts are
shown assuming both no exercise and full exercise of the underwriters' option to
purchase additional shares.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
PAID BY HARMONIC
---------------------------
NO EXERCISE FULL EXERCISE
----------- -------------
<S> <C> <C>
Per Share................................................ $ $
Total.................................................. $ $
</TABLE>
Shares sold by the underwriters to the public will initially be offered at
the public offering price set forth on the cover of this prospectus. Any shares
sold by the underwriters to securities dealers may be sold at a discount of up
to $ per share from the public offering price. Any such securities dealers
may resell any shares purchased from the underwriters to certain other brokers
or dealers at a discount of up to $ per share from the public offering
price. If all the shares are not sold at the offering price, the Representatives
may change the offering price and the other selling terms.
Harmonic, its directors and executive officers and certain other employees
have agreed with the underwriters not to dispose of or hedge any of their common
stock or securities convertible into or exchangeable for shares of common stock
during the period from the date of this prospectus continuing through the date
90 days after the date of this prospectus, except with the prior written consent
of Warburg Dillon Read LLC. This agreement does not apply to issuances or sales
by Harmonic pursuant to any existing employee benefit plans or upon conversion
or exchange of any currently outstanding convertible or exchangeable securities.
In connection with the offering, the underwriters may purchase and sell
shares of common stock in the open market. These transactions may include short
sales, stabilizing transactions and purchases to cover positions created by
short sales. Short sales involve the sale by the underwriters of a greater
number of shares than they are required to purchase in the offering. Stabilizing
transactions consist of certain bids or purchases made for the purpose of
preventing or retarding a decline in the market price of the Common Stock while
the offering is in progress.
The underwriters also may impose a penalty bid. This occurs when a
particular underwriter repays to the underwriters a portion of the underwriting
discount received by it because the
44
<PAGE> 47
representatives have repurchased shares sold by or for the account of such
underwriter in stabilizing or short covering transactions.
These activities by the underwriters may stabilize, maintain or otherwise
affect the market price of the common stock. As a result, the price of the
common stock may be higher than the price that otherwise might exist in the open
market. If these activities are commenced, they may be discontinued by the
underwriters at any time. These transactions may be effected on the Nasdaq
National Market, in the over-the-counter market or otherwise.
In connection with this offering, certain underwriters and selling group
members (if any) who are qualified market makers on the Nasdaq National Market
may engage in passive market making transactions in the Common Stock on the
Nasdaq National Market in accordance with Rule 103 of Regulation M under the
Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, during the business day prior to
the pricing of the offering before the commencement of offers or sales of the
common stock. Passive market makers must comply with applicable volume and price
limitations and must be identified as such. In general, a passive market maker
must display its bid at a price not in excess of the highest independent bid of
such security; if all independent bids are lowered below the passive market
makers' bid, however, such bid must then be lowered when certain purchase limits
are exceeded.
Harmonic estimates that its share of the total expenses of the offering,
excluding underwriting discounts and commissions, will be approximately
$475,000.
Harmonic has agreed to indemnify the several underwriters against certain
liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act of 1933.
45
<PAGE> 48
INDEMNIFICATION OF DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS
Harmonic's Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended, limits, to
the maximum extent permitted by Delaware law, the personal liability of
directors for monetary damages for breach of their fiduciary duties as a
director. Harmonic's Bylaws provide that Harmonic shall indemnify its officers
and directors and may indemnify its employees and other agents to the fullest
extent permitted by Delaware law. Harmonic has entered into indemnification
agreements with its officers and directors containing provisions which are in
some respects broader than the specific indemnification provisions contained in
the Delaware General Corporation Law. The indemnification agreements require
Harmonic, among other things, to indemnify such officers and directors against
certain liabilities that may arise by reason of their status or service as
directors or officers (other than liabilities arising from willful misconduct of
a culpable nature), to advance their expenses incurred as a result of any
proceeding against them as to which they could be indemnified, and to obtain
directors' and officers' insurance, if available on reasonable terms. Harmonic
believes that these agreements are necessary to attract and retain qualified
persons as directors and officers.
Section 145 of the Delaware General Corporation Law provides that a
corporation may indemnify a director, officer, employee or agent made a party to
an action by reason of that fact that he or she was a director, officer,
employee or agent of the corporation or was serving at the request of the
corporation against expenses actually and reasonably incurred by him or her in
connection with such action if he or she acted in good faith and in a manner he
or she reasonably believed to be in, or not opposed to, the best interests of
the corporation and with respect to any criminal action, had no reasonable cause
to believe his or her conduct was unlawful.
Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act
may be permitted to directors, officers or persons controlling Harmonic pursuant
to the foregoing provisions, Harmonic has been informed that, in the opinion of
the Securities and Exchange Commission, such indemnification is against public
policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is therefore unenforceable.
WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION
Harmonic files annual, quarterly and special reports, proxy statements and
other information with the Securities and Exchange Commission. You can inspect
and copy the Registration Statement on Form S-3 of which this prospectus is a
part, as well as reports, proxy statements and other information filed by
Harmonic, at the public reference facilities maintained by the Securities and
Exchange Commission at Room 1024, 450 Fifth Street, N.W., Washington, D.C.
20549, and at the following regional offices of the Securities and Exchange
Commission: 7 World Trade Center, Suite 1300, New York, New York 10048 and
Citicorp Center, 500 West Madison Street, Suite 1400, Chicago, Illinois 60661.
You can obtain copies of such material from the Public Reference Room of the
Securities and Exchange Commission at 450 Fifth Street, N.W., Washington, D.C.
20549, at prescribed rates. You can call the Securities and Exchange Commission
at 1-800-732-0330 for information regarding the operations of its Public
Reference Room. The Securities and Exchange Commission also maintains a World
Wide Web site at http:\\www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information
statements, and other information regarding registrants (like Harmonic) that
file electronically.
The Securities and Exchange Commission allows this Prospectus to
"incorporate by reference" certain other information that Harmonic files with
them (File No. 000-0851310), which means that we can disclose important
information to you by referring to those documents. The information incorporated
by reference is an important part of this prospectus, and information that
Harmonic files later with the Securities and Exchange Commission will
automatically update and replace this information. We incorporate by reference
the documents listed below and any future filings made by
46
<PAGE> 49
Harmonic with the Securities and Exchange Commission under Sections 13(a),
13(c), 14 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 until we have sold all
of the securities that we have registered.
1. Our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 1998
(including information specifically incorporated by reference into our Form
10-K from our definitive Notice and Proxy Statement for our 1999 Annual
Meeting); and
2. The description of our capital stock contained in a Registration
Statement on Form 8-A filed on April 7, 1995, including any amendments or
reports filed for the purpose of updating such descriptions.
If you make a request for such information in writing or by telephone, we
will provide you without charge, a copy of any or all of the information
incorporated by reference in the registration statement of which this prospectus
is a part. Requests for such information should be submitted in writing to Robin
N. Dickson, Chief Financial Officer, at our principal executive offices at
Harmonic Inc., 549 Baltic Way, Sunnyvale, California 94089 or by telephone at
(408) 542-2500.
LEGAL MATTERS
The validity of the securities offered hereby will be passed upon for
Harmonic by Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati, Professional Corporation, Palo
Alto, California. Jeffrey D. Saper, a member of Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati
and our corporate secretary, beneficially owns approximately 3,200 shares of
common stock. Certain legal matters will be passed upon for the underwriters by
Brobeck, Phleger & Harrison LLP.
EXPERTS
The consolidated financial statements of Harmonic as of December 31, 1998
and 1997 and for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 1998,
included in this Prospectus have been included in reliance on the report of
PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, independent accountants, given on the authority of
said firm as experts in auditing and accounting.
47
<PAGE> 50
INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
PAGE
----
<S> <C>
Report of Independent Accountants, PricewaterhouseCoopers
LLP....................................................... F-2
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 1997 and
1998...................................................... F-3
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended
December 31, 1996, 1997 and 1998.......................... F-4
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity for the
years ended December 31, 1996, 1997 and 1998.............. F-5
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended
December 31, 1996, 1997 and 1998.......................... F-6
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.................. F-7
</TABLE>
F-1
<PAGE> 51
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT ACCOUNTANTS
In our opinion, the accompanying consolidated balance sheets and the
related consolidated statements of operations and stockholders' equity and of
cash flows present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of
Harmonic Inc. and its subsidiaries at December 31, 1998 and 1997, and the
results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the three years in
the period ended December 31, 1998 in conformity with generally accepted
accounting principles. These financial statements are the responsibility of the
Company's management; our responsibility is to express an opinion on these
financial statements based on our audits. We conducted our audits of these
statements in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards which
require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about
whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit
includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and
disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles
used and significant estimates made by management, and evaluating the overall
financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a
reasonable basis for the opinion expressed above.
/s/ PRICEWATERHOUSECOOPERS LLP
--------------------------------------
PRICEWATERHOUSECOOPERS LLP
San Jose, CA
January 20, 1999, except as to
Note 14, which is as of March 15, 1999
F-2
<PAGE> 52
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
DECEMBER 31,
---------------------
1997 1998
-------- ---------
(IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT
SHARE DATA)
<S> <C> <C>
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents................................. $13,670 $ 9,178
Accounts receivable, net.................................. 16,458 17,646
Inventories............................................... 15,474 22,385
Prepaid expenses and other assets......................... 1,774 1,175
------- --------
Total current assets................................... 47,376 50,384
Notes receivable............................................ 1,300 --
Property and equipment, net................................. 10,077 10,726
Intangibles and other assets................................ 134 1,314
------- --------
$58,887 $ 62,424
======= ========
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable.......................................... $ 3,708 $ 7,534
Accrued liabilities....................................... 4,896 10,355
Current portion of long-term debt......................... -- 177
------- --------
Total current liabilities.............................. 8,604 18,066
Long-term debt, less current portion........................ -- 400
Other non-current liabilities............................... 352 484
Commitments and Contingencies (Notes 11 and 13)
Stockholders' equity:
Preferred Stock, $.001 par value, 5,000,000 shares
authorized; no shares issued or outstanding............ -- --
Common Stock, $.001 par value, 50,000,000 shares
authorized; 11,725,844 and 10,414,297 shares issued and
outstanding............................................ 10 12
Capital in excess of par value............................ 55,917 70,924
Accumulated deficit....................................... (6,019) (27,472)
Accumulated other comprehensive income.................... 23 10
------- --------
Total stockholders' equity............................. 49,931 43,474
------- --------
$58,887 $ 62,424
======= ========
</TABLE>
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial
statements.
F-3
<PAGE> 53
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF OPERATIONS
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31,
---------------------------------------
1996 1997 1998
---------- ---------- -----------
(IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA)
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Net sales................................................ $60,894 $74,442 $ 83,857
Cost of sales............................................ 33,163 39,837 53,302
------- ------- --------
Gross profit............................................. 27,731 34,605 30,555
------- ------- --------
Operating expenses:
Research and development............................... 9,237 11,676 13,524
Sales and marketing.................................... 9,827 13,599 18,162
General and administrative............................. 3,463 4,824 6,812
Acquired in-process technology......................... -- -- 14,000
------- ------- --------
Total operating expenses............................ 22,527 30,099 52,498
------- ------- --------
Income (loss) from operations............................ 5,204 4,506 (21,943)
Interest and other income, net........................... 1,025 682 490
------- ------- --------
Income (loss) before income taxes........................ 6,229 5,188 (21,453)
Provision for income taxes............................... 311 259 --
------- ------- --------
Net income (loss)........................................ $ 5,918 $ 4,929 $(21,453)
======= ======= ========
Net income (loss) per share:
Basic.................................................. $ 0.59 $ 0.48 $ (1.85)
======= ======= ========
Diluted................................................ $ 0.52 $ 0.43 $ (1.85)
======= ======= ========
Weighted average shares:
Basic.................................................. 10,106 10,345 11,622
======= ======= ========
Diluted................................................ 11,474 11,523 11,622
======= ======= ========
</TABLE>
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial
statements.
F-4
<PAGE> 54
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
COMMON STOCK CAPITAL IN ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE
---------------- EXCESS OF ACCUMULATED COMPREHENSIVE STOCKHOLDERS' INCOME
SHARES AMOUNT PAR VALUE DEFICIT INCOME EQUITY (LOSS)
------- ------ ---------- ----------- ----------------- ------------- -------------
(IN THOUSANDS)
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Balance at December
31, 1995............ 9,904 $10 $53,865 $(16,866) $ -- $37,009
Net income............ -- -- -- 5,918 -- 5,918 $ 5,918
--------
Other comprehensive
income.............. 5,918
========
Exercise of stock
options............. 208 -- 240 -- -- 240
Issuance of Common
Stock under Stock
Purchase Plan....... 49 -- 474 -- -- 474
------- --- ------- -------- ---- -------
Balance at December
31, 1996............ 10,161 10 54,579 (10,948) -- 43,641
Net income............ -- -- -- 4,929 -- 4,929 4,929
Currency
translation......... -- -- -- -- 23 23 23
--------
Other comprehensive
income.............. 4,952
========
Exercise of stock
options............. 185 -- 612 -- -- 612
Issuance of Common
Stock under Stock
Purchase Plan....... 68 -- 726 -- -- 726
------- --- ------- -------- ---- -------
Balance at December
31, 1997............ 10,414 10 55,917 (6,019) 23 49,931
Net loss.............. -- -- -- (21,453) -- (21,453) (21,453)
Currency
translation......... -- -- -- -- (13) (13) (13)
--------
Other comprehensive
loss................ $(21,466)
========
Exercise of stock
options............. 187 -- 784 -- -- 784
Issuance of Common
Stock under Stock
Purchase Plan....... 87 -- 830 -- -- 830
Acquisition of New
Media Communication,
Ltd. ............... 1,038 2 13,393 -- -- 13,395
------- --- ------- -------- ---- -------
Balance at December
31, 1998............ 11,726 $12 $70,924 $(27,472) $ 10 $43,474
======= === ======= ======== ==== =======
</TABLE>
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial
statements.
F-5
<PAGE> 55
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31,
------------------------------
1996 1997 1998
------- ------- --------
(IN THOUSANDS)
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income (loss)...................................... $ 5,918 $ 4,929 $(21,453)
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash
provided by (used in) operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization....................... 2,506 3,441 4,283
Acquired in-process technology...................... -- -- 14,000
Changes in assets and liabilities, net of effects of
acquisition:
Accounts receivable............................... (6,841) (3,815) (1,040)
Inventories....................................... (5,606) (692) (6,393)
Prepaid expenses and other assets................. (1,848) 139 1,697
Accounts payable.................................. 3,403 (1,896) 3,187
Accrued and other liabilities..................... 2,781 (140) 3,694
------- ------- --------
Net cash provided by (used in) operating
activities.................................. 313 1,966 (2,025)
Cash flows used in investing activities:
Acquisition of property and equipment.................. (6,743) (4,767) (4,384)
Acquisition of New Media Communication, Ltd., net of
cash received....................................... -- -- (280)
Long-term advances..................................... -- (1,300) --
------- ------- --------
Net cash used in investing activities............. (6,743) (6,067) (4,664)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from issuance of Common Stock................. 714 1,338 1,614
Borrowings under bank line and term loan............... -- -- 1,377
Repayments under bank line and term loan............... -- -- (800)
------- ------- --------
Net cash provided by financing activities......... 714 1,338 2,191
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash
equivalents............................................ -- 23 6
------- ------- --------
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents................ (5,716) (2,740) (4,492)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period......... 22,126 16,410 13,670
------- ------- --------
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period............... $16,410 $13,670 $ 9,178
======= ======= ========
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:
Interest paid during the period........................ $ 21 $ -- $ 80
Income taxes paid during the period.................... $ 285 $ 323 $ 146
======= ======= ========
</TABLE>
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial
statements.
F-6
<PAGE> 56
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 1: ORGANIZATION AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Harmonic Inc. (the "Company") designs, manufactures and markets digital and
fiber optic systems for delivering video, voice and data services over cable,
satellite and wireless networks. Our advanced solutions enable cable television
and other network operators to provide a range of broadcast and interactive
broadband services that include high-speed Internet access, telephony and video
on demand. We offer a broad range of fiber optic transmission and digital
headend products for hybrid fiber coax, satellite and wireless networks, and our
acquisition of New Media Communication, Ltd. in January 1998 has allowed us to
develop and expand our product offerings to include high-speed data delivery
software and hardware.
Reincorporation and Reverse Stock Split. The Company originally
incorporated in California in June 1988. In May 1995, the Company reincorporated
in Delaware. In conjunction with the reincorporation, all outstanding shares of
the predecessor California company were exchanged into common stock of the
Delaware company in a one-for-three reverse stock split.
Basis of Presentation. The consolidated financial statements of the Company
include the financial statements of the Company and its wholly-owned
subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and balances have been eliminated. The
Company's fiscal quarters end on the Friday nearest the calendar quarter end.
Use of Estimates. The preparation of financial statements in conformity
with generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make
estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amount of assets and
liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of
the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses
during the reported period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Cash Equivalents. The Company considers all highly liquid investments
purchased with an original maturity date of three months or less at the date of
purchase to be cash equivalents and are stated at amounts that approximate fair
value, based on quoted market prices. The Company's investments are classified
as held-to-maturity.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments. The carrying value of the Company's
financial instruments, including cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable,
accounts payable and accrued liabilities approximate fair value due to their
short maturities.
Revenue Recognition. Revenue is generally recognized upon shipment of
product. The Company does not provide rights of return to end users or
distributors. A provision for the estimated cost of warranty is recorded at the
time revenue is recognized.
Inventories. Inventories are stated at the lower of cost, using the
weighted average method, or market.
Property and Equipment. Property and equipment are recorded at cost.
Depreciation and amortization are computed using the straight-line method based
upon the shorter of the estimated useful lives of the assets, which range from
two to ten years, or the lease term of the respective assets, if applicable.
Depreciation and amortization expense related to equipment and improvements for
the years ended December 31, 1998 and 1997 was $3,979,000 and $3,441,000,
respectively.
Intangibles and Other Assets. Goodwill acquired in connection with the
acquisition of businesses is included in "Intangibles and other assets."
Amortization is provided on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life
of five years. See Notes 2 and 4.
F-7
<PAGE> 57
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
Long-Lived Assets. The Company records impairment losses on long-lived
assets used in operations, such as equipment and improvements, and intangible
assets when indicators of impairment are present and the undiscounted cash flows
estimated to be generated by those assets are less than the carrying amounts of
the assets.
Concentrations of Credit Risk. Financial instruments which subject the
Company to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash
equivalents and accounts receivable. Cash and cash equivalents are maintained
with high quality financial institutions and are invested in short-term, highly
liquid investment grade obligations of government and commercial issuers, in
accordance with the Company's investment policy. The investment policy limits
the amount of credit exposure to any one financial institution or commercial
issuer. The Company's accounts receivable are derived from sales to cable
television and other network operators and distributors as discussed in Note 12.
The Company performs ongoing credit evaluations of its customers and generally
does not require collateral. The Company provides for expected losses but to
date has not experienced any material losses. At December 31, 1998, receivables
from three customers represented 24%, 15%, and 14%, respectively. At December
31, 1997, receivables from one customer represented 25% of accounts receivable.
Currency Translation. The Company's Israeli operations' functional currency
is the U.S. dollar. All other foreign subsidiaries use the respective local
currency as the functional currency. When the local currency is the functional
currency gains and losses from translation are included in stockholders' equity.
Realized gains and losses resulting from foreign currency transactions have not
been material to the consolidated statements of operations for the years ended
December 31, 1998, 1997, and 1996.
Income Taxes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the
expected tax consequences of temporary differences between the tax bases of
assets and liabilities and their financial statement reported amounts under the
provisions of Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 109 ("SFAS 109"),
which has been applied for all periods presented.
Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation. The Company's stock-based
compensation plans are accounted for in accordance with Accounting Principles
Board Opinion No. 25, "Accounting for Stock Issued to Employees." In January
1996, the Company adopted the disclosure requirements of Statement of Financial
Accounting Standards 123 ("SFAS 123").
Comprehensive Income. Effective January 1, 1998, the Company adopted
Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 130, "Reporting Comprehensive
Income" ("SFAS 130"). SFAS 130 requires that all items recognized under
accounting standards as components of comprehensive income be reported in an
annual financial statement that is displayed with the same prominence as other
annual financial statements. The Company's comprehensive income has been
included in the Consolidated Statement of Stockholders' Equity for all periods
presented.
Accounting for Derivatives and Hedging Activities. In June 1998, the
Financial Accounting Standards Board issued Statement No. 133 "Accounting for
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities" ("SFAS 133"). SFAS 133 requires
companies to record derivatives on the balance sheet as assets or liabilities,
measured at fair value. Gains or losses resulting from changes in the values of
those derivatives will be reported in the statement of operations or as a
deferred item, depending on the use of the derivatives and whether they qualify
for hedge accounting. The Company does not expect SFAS 133 to have an impact
upon the Company's consolidated financial statements, as the Company does not
engage in hedging activities.
F-8
<PAGE> 58
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
Reclassification. Certain amounts in prior years' financial statements and
related notes have been reclassified to conform to the 1998 presentation. These
reclassifications are not material.
NOTE 2: ACQUISITION OF NEW MEDIA COMMUNICATION, LTD.
On January 5, 1998, the Company acquired New Media Communication, Ltd.
("NMC"), a privately held supplier of broadband, high-speed data delivery
software and hardware, in exchange for the issuance of 1,037,911 shares of
Harmonic Common Stock and the assumption of all outstanding NMC stock options.
The acquisition was accounted for using the purchase method of accounting.
Accordingly, the results of operations of NMC have been included in the
consolidated financial statements of the Company from the date of acquisition.
The purchase price of approximately $17.6 million was allocated to the acquired
assets, in-process technology and goodwill. A one-time charge of $14.0 million
was recorded in the first quarter of 1998 for in-process technology acquired.
Goodwill of approximately $1.5 million is being amortized on a straight-line
basis over the estimated useful life of five years. NMC has been a development
stage company since its founding in 1996 and its revenues through 1998 were not
material in relation to those of the Company.
The following table sets forth the pro-forma net sales, net income and net
income per share of the Company for the year ended December 31, 1997, giving
effect to the acquisition of NMC as if it had occurred as of the beginning of
the period presented:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
PRO FORMA
(UNAUDITED)
-----------
1997
----
(IN THOUSANDS,
EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA)
<S> <C>
Net sales................................................... $75,086
Net income.................................................. $ 1,903
Net income per share:
Basic..................................................... $ 0.17
Diluted................................................... $ 0.15
Weighted average shares:
Basic..................................................... 11,383
Diluted................................................... 12,561
</TABLE>
NOTE 3: CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS
At December 31, 1998 and 1997, the Company had the following amounts in
cash and cash equivalents, with original maturity dates of three months or less
at the date of purchase. Realized gains and losses for the years ended December
31, 1998 and 1997 and the difference between gross amortized cost and estimated
fair value at December 31, 1998 and 1997 were immaterial.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
DECEMBER 31,
----------------
1997 1998
------- ------
(IN THOUSANDS)
<S> <C> <C>
Commercial paper............................................ $ 7,956 $2,154
Cash and money market accounts.............................. 5,714 7,024
------- ------
Total cash and cash equivalents................... $13,670 $9,178
======= ======
</TABLE>
F-9
<PAGE> 59
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
NOTE 4: BALANCE SHEET DETAILS
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
DECEMBER 31,
-------------------
1997 1998
------- --------
(IN THOUSANDS)
<S> <C> <C>
Accounts receivable:
Gross accounts receivable................................ $17,208 $ 18,646
Less: allowance for doubtful accounts.................... (750) (1,000)
------- --------
$16,458 $ 17,646
======= ========
Inventories:
Raw materials............................................ $ 4,356 $ 3,747
Work-in-process.......................................... 3,127 4,557
Finished goods........................................... 7,991 14,081
------- --------
$15,474 $ 22,385
======= ========
Property and equipment:
Furniture and fixtures................................... $ 1,585 $ 2,051
Machinery and equipment.................................. 15,692 19,854
Leasehold improvements................................... 2,779 2,779
------- --------
20,056 24,684
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization.......... (9,979) (13,958)
------- --------
$10,077 $ 10,726
======= ========
Intangibles and other assets:
Other assets............................................. $ 134 $ 98
Goodwill................................................. -- 1,520
------- --------
134 1,618
Less: accumulated amortization........................... -- (304)
------- --------
$ 134 $ 1,314
======= ========
Accrued liabilities:
Accrued compensation..................................... $ 1,837 $ 3,655
Customer deposits........................................ 101 2,234
Deferred revenue......................................... 402 1,466
Accrued warranties....................................... 626 575
Other.................................................... 1,930 2,425
------- --------
$ 4,896 $ 10,355
======= ========
</TABLE>
NOTE 5: NET INCOME (LOSS) PER SHARE
During the quarter ended December 31, 1997, the Company adopted Statement
of Financial Accounting Standards No. 128, "Earnings Per Share" ("SFAS 128").
SFAS 128 requires presentation of both Basic EPS and Diluted EPS on the face of
the statement of operations. Basic EPS, which replaces primary EPS, is computed
by dividing net income available to common stockholders (numerator) by the
weighted average number of common shares outstanding (denominator) during the
period. Unlike the computation of primary EPS, Basic EPS excludes the dilutive
effect of stock options and warrants. Diluted EPS replaces fully diluted EPS and
gives effect to all dilutive potential common shares outstanding during a
period. In computing Diluted EPS, the
F-10
<PAGE> 60
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
average price for the period is used in determining the number of shares assumed
to be purchased from exercise of stock options and warrants rather than the
higher of the average or ending price as used in the computation of fully
diluted EPS.
Following is a reconciliation of the numerators and denominators of the
Basic and Diluted EPS computations:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
1996 1997 1998
---------- ---------- -----------
(IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA)
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Net income (loss) (numerator)............................ $ 5,918 $ 4,929 $(21,453)
======= ======= ========
Shares calculation (denominator):
Average shares outstanding -- basic...................... 10,106 10,345 11,622
Effect of Dilutive Securities:
Potential Common Stock relating to stock options and
warrants............................................... 1,368 1,178 --
------- ------- --------
Average shares outstanding -- diluted.................... 11,474 11,523 11,622
======= ======= ========
Net income (loss) per share -- basic..................... $ 0.59 $ 0.48 $ (1.85)
======= ======= ========
Net income (loss) per share -- diluted................... $ 0.52 $ 0.43 $ (1.85)
======= ======= ========
</TABLE>
Options and warrants to purchase 2,944,118, 514,150 and 79,750 shares of
Common Stock were outstanding during 1998, 1997 and 1996, respectively, but were
not included in the computation of diluted EPS because either the option's
exercise price was greater than the average market price of the common shares or
inclusion of such options would have been antidilutive. The price ranges of
these options and warrants were from $0.30 to $22.75 per share for 1998, $16.50
to $22.75 per share for 1997 and $16.88 to $22.75 per share for 1996.
NOTE 6: LINE OF CREDIT
During 1998, the Company had a bank line of credit facility (the "line"),
providing for borrowings of up to $12,000,000. The line was available until
December 1998. As discussed in Note 14, the Company renegotiated its bank line
of credit facility in the fourth quarter of 1998 and finalized the amended and
restated facility in March 1999. The line contained certain financial covenants
and interest on borrowings was at the bank's prime rate or LIBOR plus 2%. The
Company has guaranteed certain borrowings of its subsidiaries totaling $0.9
million with letters of credit and has total letters of credit issued under the
line of $2.7 million, which expire at various dates throughout fiscal year 1999.
There were no outstanding borrowings at December 31, 1998 and 1997.
NOTE 7: LONG-TERM DEBT
During 1998, the Company had an equipment term loan (the "term loan")
facility, providing for borrowings of up to $3,000,000 on a secured basis. The
outstanding principal balance of the term loan on December 31, 1998 is payable
in 36 monthly installments beginning January 1999. As of December 31, 1998,
borrowings of $577,000 were outstanding under the term loan. Interest on
borrowings is at the bank's prime rate plus 0.5%, payable monthly. Aggregate
principal payments required under the term loan are $177,000, $191,000, and
$209,000 for the years ending December 31, 1999, 2000, and 2001, respectively.
The term loan was available until December 1998. As discussed in Note 14, the
Company renegotiated its term loan facility in the fourth quarter of 1998 and
finalized the amended and restated facility in March 1999.
F-11
<PAGE> 61
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
Long-term debt consists of the following:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
DECEMBER 31,
---------------
1997 1998
----- ------
(IN THOUSANDS)
<S> <C> <C>
Equipment term loan......................................... $ -- $ 577
Less: current portion....................................... -- (177)
---- -----
$ -- $ 400
==== =====
</TABLE>
NOTE 8: CAPITAL STOCK
Initial Public Offering. In May 1995, the Company completed its initial
public offering ("IPO") of 2,600,000 shares of Common Stock, 600,000 of which
were sold by existing stockholders, at a price of $13.50 per share. Net proceeds
to the Company were approximately $24.2 million, after underwriter commissions
and associated costs. Upon the closing of the IPO, all outstanding shares of
Mandatorily Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock automatically converted into
7,094,748 shares of Common Stock. Also effective with the closing of the IPO,
the Company was authorized to issue 5,000,000 shares of undesignated Preferred
Stock, of which none were issued or outstanding at December 31, 1998 and 1997.
Common Stock Warrants. In June 1994, the Company entered into a
distribution agreement, in connection with which it issued a warrant to purchase
up to 798,748 shares of Common Stock at $5.55 per share. The warrant had a fair
value of $200,000, which was charged to results of operations in the second
quarter of 1994. The warrant will become exercisable in June 1999 and expire at
the earlier of six years from the date of issuance or the closing of a
significant acquisition transaction, as defined in the warrant. The Company has
reserved 798,748 shares of Common Stock for issuance upon exercise of this
warrant.
In 1993, the Company issued a warrant to purchase up to 22,222 shares of
the Company's Common Stock at an exercise price of $4.50 per share in
conjunction with an equipment lease line facility. The fair value of the warrant
was nominal, and the warrant expires at the earlier of seven years from the date
of issuance or the merger or sale of the Company meeting certain criteria. The
Company has reserved 22,222 shares of Common Stock for issuance upon exercise of
this warrant.
NOTE 9: BENEFIT AND COMPENSATION PLANS
Stock Option Plans. In 1988, the Company adopted an incentive and
non-statutory stock option plan (the "1988 Plan") for which 1,125,917 shares
have been reserved for issuance. Following adoption of the 1995 Stock Plan (the
"1995 Plan") at the effectiveness of the Company's IPO, no further grants have
been, or will be, made under the 1988 Plan. Options granted under the 1988 Plan
and the 1995 Plan are for periods not to exceed ten years. Exercise prices of
incentive stock option grants under both plans must be at least 100% of the fair
market value of the stock at the date of grant and for nonstatutory stock
options must be at least 85% of the fair market value of the stock at the date
of grant. Under both plans, the options generally vest 25% at one year from date
of grant, and an additional 1/48th per month thereafter. The Company has
reserved 1,620,000 shares of Common Stock for issuance under the 1995 Plan. Upon
the closing of the acquisition of New Media Communication, Ltd. ("NMC") in
January 1998, the 1997 Non-Statutory Option Plan (the "1997 Plan") became
effective. The Company assumed all outstanding NMC options and issued new
options at the closing totaling 400,000 shares. No further grants have been, or
will be, made under
F-12
<PAGE> 62
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
the 1997 Plan. Options granted under the 1997 Plan were at fair market value and
for periods not to exceed ten years with vesting generally under the same terms
as the 1988 and 1995 plans.
Director Option Plan. Effective upon the IPO, the Company adopted the 1995
Director Option Plan (the "Director Plan") and reserved 50,000 shares of Common
Stock for issuance thereunder. The Director Plan provides for the grant of
nonstatutory stock options to certain nonemployee directors of the Company
pursuant to an automatic, nondiscretionary grant mechanism.
The following table summarizes activities under the Plans:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
WEIGHTED
SHARES AVAILABLE STOCK OPTIONS AVERAGE
FOR GRANT OUTSTANDING EXERCISE PRICE
---------------- ------------- --------------
(IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT EXERCISE PRICE)
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Balance at December 31, 1995................ 442 1,153 $ 3.67
Options granted............................. (344) 344 12.72
Options exercised........................... -- (208) 0.98
Options canceled............................ 7 (48) 5.75
------ ----- ------
Balance at December 31, 1996................ 105 1,241 6.56
Shares authorized........................... 480 -- --
Options granted............................. (504) 504 18.08
Options exercised........................... -- (185) 3.31
Options canceled............................ 154 (177) 14.26
------ ----- ------
Balance at December 31, 1997................ 235 1,383 10.22
Shares authorized........................... 975 -- --
Options granted............................. (1,064) 1,064 12.48
Options exercised........................... -- (187) 4.21
Options canceled............................ 120 (137) 14.56
------ ----- ------
Balance at December 31, 1998................ 266 2,123 $11.60
====== ===== ======
</TABLE>
The following table summarizes information regarding stock options
outstanding at December 31, 1998:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
STOCK OPTIONS OUTSTANDING STOCK OPTIONS EXERCISABLE
---------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------
NUMBER WEIGHTED-AVERAGE NUMBER
OUTSTANDING AT REMAINING EXERCISABLE AT
RANGE OF DECEMBER 31, CONTRACTUAL LIFE WEIGHTED-AVERAGE DECEMBER 31, WEIGHTED-AVERAGE
EXERCISE PRICES 1998 (YEARS) EXERCISE PRICE 1998 EXERCISE PRICE
--------------- -------------- ---------------- ---------------- -------------- ----------------
(IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT EXERCISE PRICE AND LIFE)
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
$ 0.30 - 1.80.............. 345 3.8 $ 0.72 345 $ 0.72
2.25 - 4.65.............. 125 8.1 3.36 118 3.35
7.20 - 13.75.............. 788 8.2 11.40 284 11.16
14.13 - 22.75.............. 865 8.9 17.30 181 18.55
----- --- ------ --- ------
2,123 7.7 $11.60 928 $ 7.73
===== === ====== === ======
</TABLE>
The weighted-average fair value of options granted in 1998 was $13.58. The
weighted-average fair value of options granted in 1997 and 1996 was $18.28 and
$12.95, respectively.
Employee Stock Purchase Plan. Effective upon the IPO, the Company adopted
the 1995 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the "Purchase Plan") for which 400,000
shares have been reserved for issuance. The Purchase Plan enables employees to
purchase shares at 85% of the fair market
F-13
<PAGE> 63
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
value of the Common Stock at the beginning or end of each six month purchase
period. The Purchase Plan is intended to qualify as an "employee stock purchase
plan" under Section 423 of the Internal Revenue Code. 87,238, 68,271 and 48,977
shares were issued under the Purchase Plan during 1998, 1997 and 1996,
respectively.
Fair Value Disclosures. The Company accounts for its stock-based
compensation plans in accordance with the provisions of Accounting Principles
Board Opinion No. 25. If compensation cost for the Company's stock-based
compensation plans had been determined based on the fair value method at the
grant dates, as prescribed in SFAS 123, the Company's net income (loss) and net
income (loss) per share would have been as follows:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
1996 1997 1998
------ ------ --------
(IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT
PER SHARE DATA)
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Net income (loss):
As reported.............................................. $5,918 $4,929 $(21,453)
Pro forma................................................ 4,474 3,209 (26,457)
Basic net income (loss) per share:
As reported.............................................. $ 0.59 $ 0.48 $ (1.85)
Pro forma................................................ 0.44 0.31 (2.28)
Diluted net income (loss) per share:
As reported.............................................. $ 0.52 $ 0.43 $ (1.85)
Pro forma................................................ 0.39 0.28 (2.28)
</TABLE>
The fair value of each option grant is estimated on the date of grant using
the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the following weighted average
assumptions:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
EMPLOYEE STOCK OPTIONS EMPLOYEE STOCK PURCHASE PLAN
------------------------------ ------------------------------
1996 1997 1998 1996 1997 1998
-------- -------- -------- ------ --------- ---------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Dividend yield.................... 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Volatility........................ 47.5% 55% 65% 47.5% 55% 65%
Risk-free interest rate........... 5.2-6.5% 5.6-6.7% 4.4-5.6% 5.7% 5.1-6.3% 4.6-5.5%
Expected life (years)............. 4 4 4 2 2 2
</TABLE>
Retirement/Savings Plan. The Company has a retirement/savings plan which
qualifies as a thrift plan under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code.
This plan allows participants to contribute up to 20% of total compensation,
subject to applicable Internal Revenue Service limitations. Effective April 1,
1997, the Company began to make discretionary contributions to the plan of $0.25
per dollar contributed by eligible participants up to a maximum contribution per
participant of $750 per year.
F-14
<PAGE> 64
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
NOTE 10: INCOME TAXES
The provision for income taxes consists of the following:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
DECEMBER 31,
--------------------
1996 1997 1998
---- ---- ----
(IN THOUSANDS)
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Current:
Federal................................................... $246 $168 $ --
Foreign................................................... 41 90 --
State..................................................... 24 1 --
---- ---- ----
$311 $259 $ --
==== ==== ====
</TABLE>
The income tax provision reconciles to the provision at the federal
statutory rate as follows:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
DECEMBER 31,
-----------------------------
1996 1997 1998
------- ------- -------
(IN THOUSANDS)
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Provision at statutory rate............................... $ 2,118 $ 1,764 $(7,294)
Differential in rates on foreign earnings................. -- (111) 774
State taxes, net of federal benefit....................... 16 1 --
Foreign sales corporation benefit......................... -- (176) --
Acquired in-process technology and non-deductible
goodwill................................................ -- -- 4,863
Utilization of net operating loss carryovers.............. (2,490) (1,661) --
Future benefits not currently recognized.................. 429 364 2,116
Alternative minimum tax................................... 162 51 --
Other..................................................... 76 27 (459)
------- ------- -------
$ 311 $ 259 $ --
======= ======= =======
</TABLE>
Deferred tax assets comprise the following:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
DECEMBER 31,
-----------------------------
1996 1997 1998
------- ------- -------
(IN THOUSANDS)
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Net operating loss carryovers............................. $ 1,964 $ 303 $ 845
Research and development credit carryovers................ 2,112 2,452 3,285
Capitalized research and development costs................ 254 234 71
Reserves not currently deductible......................... 1,187 1,657 2,814
Other..................................................... 12 96 419
------- ------- -------
Total deferred tax assets............................... 5,529 4,742 7,434
Valuation allowance....................................... (5,529) (4,742) (7,434)
------- ------- -------
Net deferred assets....................................... $ -- $ -- $ --
======= ======= =======
</TABLE>
The deferred tax assets valuation allowance at December 31, 1998, 1997 and
1996 is attributed to federal and state deferred tax assets. Management believes
that sufficient uncertainty exists regarding the realizability of these items
such that a full valuation allowance has been recorded.
At December 31, 1998, the Company had approximately $1,968,000 of net
operating loss carryovers for federal tax reporting purposes available to offset
future taxable income; such carryovers
F-15
<PAGE> 65
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
will expire in the years ending 2009 through 2019. The federal net operating
loss carryovers do not include approximately $4,887,000 resulting from
disqualifying dispositions or exercises of non-incentive stock options, the tax
benefit of which, when realized, will be accounted for as an addition to capital
in excess of par value, rather than as a reduction of the provision for income
taxes. At December 31, 1998, the Company also had approximately $2,175,000, and
$1,110,000, of research and development credit carryovers for federal and state
tax reporting purposes, respectively. The federal research and development
credit carryovers will expire in the years ending 2004 through 2019. The state
research and development carryovers will be carried forward indefinitely, until
utilized.
The amounts of and the benefit from net operating losses and tax credits
that can be carried forward may be limited in the event of a cumulative stock
ownership change of greater than 50% over a three year period.
NOTE 11: RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT GRANTS
BIRD. In accordance with separate agreements signed with the Israel - U.S.
Binational Industrial Research and Development Foundation ("BIRD") in December
1994 and December 1997, the Company obtained grants for research and development
projects amounting to 50% of the actual expenditures incurred on each of the two
projects subject to a maximum of $560,000 and $845,000, respectively. The
Company earned the maximum of $560,000 under the first grant, which was offset
against research and development expenses from 1995 through 1997. Under the
second grant, the Company earned approximately $81,000 in 1998, which was also
offset against research and development expenses for the same period. The
Company is not obligated to repay the grants regardless of the outcome of its
development efforts; however, it is obligated to pay the BIRD royalties at the
rate of 2.5% - 5% of sales of any products or development resulting from such
research, but not in excess of 150% of each grant. During 1998, approximately
$175,000 of royalty expense was incurred.
Chief Scientist. An agreement was signed in May 1998 with the Israeli Chief
Scientist Office ("Chief Scientist") in which the Company obtained a grant for a
research and development project amounting to 50% of the actual expenditures
incurred, subject to a maximum of 1,113,000 Israeli Shekels which translated at
the December 31, 1998 exchange rate approximates $265,000. The Company earned
$265,000 during 1998, which was offset against research and development expense
for the same period. The Company is not obligated to repay the grants regardless
of the outcome of its development efforts; however, it is obligated to pay the
Chief Scientist royalties at the rate of 3% - 5% of sales of any products or
development resulting from such research, but not in excess of 100% of the
grant. During 1998, royalty expenses incurred were not significant.
NOTE 12: GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION AND SIGNIFICANT CUSTOMERS
The Company operates in one industry segment and markets its products
worldwide through its own direct sales force and through systems integrators and
distributors. The Company has a manufacturing facility located in the U.S.,
international sales and support centers in Europe and Asia, and its New Media
Communication, Ltd. subsidiary and a research and development facility in
Israel.
F-16
<PAGE> 66
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
Geographic information consists of the following:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31,
-----------------------------
1996 1997 1998
------- ------- -------
(IN THOUSANDS)
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Net sales:
United States........................................... $26,122 $30,651 $47,422
Canada.................................................. 9,119 12,806 7,208
China................................................... 1,139 8,254 11,647
United Kingdom.......................................... 9,323 5,530 3,511
Other foreign countries................................. 15,191 17,201 14,069
------- ------- -------
Total................................................ $60,894 74,442 $83,857
======= ======= =======
Long-lived assets:
United States........................................... $ 8,076 $ 8,617 $10,384
Israel.................................................. 675 1,373 1,501
Other foreign countries................................. -- 87 57
------- ------- -------
Total................................................ $ 8,751 $10,077 $11,942
======= ======= =======
</TABLE>
The Company sells to a significant number of its end users through
distributors. In 1998 sales to one domestic customer and one foreign distributor
represented 17% and 11% of total net sales, respectively. In 1997, sales to one
distributor represented 17% of total net sales. In 1996, sales to three
distributors represented 15%, 15% and 13% of total net sales, respectively.
NOTE 13: COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
Commitments. The Company leases its facilities under noncancelable
operating leases which expire at various dates through 2006. Total rent expense
related to these operating leases were $1,602,000, $1,413,000, and $828,000, for
1998, 1997 and 1996, respectively. Future minimum lease payments under
noncancelable operating leases at December 31, 1998, were as follows:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
(IN THOUSANDS)
<S> <C>
1999.............................................. $ 1,479
2000.............................................. 1,511
2001.............................................. 1,415
2002.............................................. 1,324
2003.............................................. 1,352
Thereafter........................................ 3,848
-------
$10,929
=======
</TABLE>
The Company has subleased a portion of its headquarters through December
1999. Under the terms of the sublease, the sublessee is required to make
payments aggregating $399,000 for 1999.
Contingencies. The Company is a party to certain litigation matters and
claims which are normal in the course of its operations and, while the results
of litigation and claims cannot be predicted with certainty, management believes
that the final outcome of such matters will not have a materially adverse effect
on the Company's consolidated financial position or results of operations.
F-17
<PAGE> 67
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)
NOTE 14: SUBSEQUENT EVENTS
Amendment of Line of Credit. On March 5, 1999, the Company's amended and
restated bank line of credit facility (the "line") was finalized, providing for
borrowings of up to $10,000,000 with a $3,000,000 equipment term loan sub-limit
(the "term loan"). The line contains certain financial covenants and is
available until March 2000. Borrowings pursuant to the line bear interest at the
bank's prime rate plus 0.5% (prime rate plus 1.0% under the term loan) and are
payable monthly. The line is secured by substantially all of the assets of the
Company. The outstanding principal balance of the term loan on March 5, 2000
will be payable in 36 monthly installments beginning April 2000.
Amendment of Common Stock Warrant. In March 1999, the Common Stock warrant
issued in connection with the 1994 distribution agreement was amended whereby
the warrant shall become exercisable immediately prior to the effectiveness of a
registration statement of the Company's Common Stock, subject to certain
conditions. In consideration of the acceleration of exercisability of the
warrant, the warrant holder agreed to reduce the number of shares issuable under
the warrant from 798,748 shares to 720,000 shares.
F-18
<PAGE> 68
[Photographs of Harmonic's Network management system, lightwave and digital
headend products, hub and node products, and a TRANsend digital platform.]
<PAGE> 69
- ------------------------------------------------------
- ------------------------------------------------------
YOU SHOULD RELY ONLY ON THE INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THIS PROSPECTUS. WE HAVE
NOT AUTHORIZED ANYONE TO PROVIDE YOU WITH INFORMATION DIFFERENT FROM THAT
CONTAINED IN THIS PROSPECTUS. WE ARE OFFERING TO SELL, AND SEEKING OFFERS TO BUY
SHARES OF HARMONIC COMMON STOCK ONLY IN JURISDICTIONS WHERE OFFERS AND SALES ARE
PERMITTED. THE INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THIS PROSPECTUS IS ACCURATE ONLY AS OF
THE DATE OF THIS PROSPECTUS, REGARDLESS OF THE TIME OF DELIVERY OF THIS
PROSPECTUS OR OF ANY SALE OF THE HARMONIC COMMON STOCK.
-------------------------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
PAGE
----
<S> <C>
Prospectus Summary.................. 1
Risk Factors........................ 4
Special Note Regarding Forward-
Looking Statements................ 12
Use of Proceeds..................... 12
Price Range of Common Stock......... 13
Dividend Policy..................... 13
Corporate Information............... 13
Capitalization...................... 14
Selected Consolidated Financial
Data.............................. 15
Management's Discussion and Analysis
of Financial Condition and Results
of
Operations........................ 16
Business............................ 25
Management.......................... 38
Selling Stockholders................ 40
Description of Capital Stock........ 41
Underwriting........................ 44
Indemnification of Directors and
Officers.......................... 46
Where You Can Find More
Information....................... 46
Legal Matters....................... 47
Experts............................. 47
Index to Consolidated Financial
Statements........................ F-1
</TABLE>
- ------------------------------------------------------
- ------------------------------------------------------
- ------------------------------------------------------
- ------------------------------------------------------
2,800,000 Shares
LOGO
Common Stock
-------------------------
WARBURG DILLON READ LLC
CIBC WORLD MARKETS
SG COWEN
SOUNDVIEW TECHNOLOGY GROUP
Representatives of the Underwriters
, 1999
- ------------------------------------------------------
- ------------------------------------------------------
