<PAGE> 1
FILED PURSUANT TO RULE 424(B)(1)
REGISTRATION NO. 333-22303
3,000,000 SHARES
[LOGO] VERTEX PHARMACEUTICALS INCORPORATED
COMMON STOCK
------------------------------
All of the shares of Common Stock, $.01 par value per share (the "Common
Stock"), offered hereby are being sold by Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated
("Vertex" or the "Company"). The Common Stock is quoted on the Nasdaq National
Market under the symbol "VRTX." The last sale price of the Common Stock on March
6, 1997, as reported by the Nasdaq National Market, was $46.00 per share.
------------------------------
THIS OFFERING INVOLVES A HIGH DEGREE OF RISK.
SEE "RISK FACTORS" BEGINNING ON PAGE 6 OF THIS PROSPECTUS.
------------------------------
THESE SECURITIES HAVE NOT BEEN APPROVED OR DISAPPROVED BY THE SECURITIES AND
EXCHANGE COMMISSION OR ANY STATE SECURITIES COMMISSION NOR HAS THE SECURITIES
AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION OR ANY STATE SECURITIES COMMISSION PASSED UPON THE
ACCURACY OR ADEQUACY OF THIS PROSPECTUS. ANY REPRESENTATION TO THE CONTRARY IS A
CRIMINAL OFFENSE.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
==================================================================================================================
UNDERWRITING
PRICE TO DISCOUNTS AND PROCEEDS TO
PUBLIC COMMISSIONS(1) COMPANY(2)
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Per Share....................................... $ 45.50 $ 2.25 $ 43.25
Total(3)........................................ $136,500,000 $6,750,000 $129,750,000
==================================================================================================================
</TABLE>
(1) The Company has agreed to indemnify the Underwriters against certain
liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act of 1933. See
"Underwriting."
(2) Before deducting expenses payable by the Company estimated to be $350,000.
(3) The Company has granted the Underwriters an option, exercisable within 30
days of the date hereof, to purchase an aggregate of up to 450,000
additional shares at the Price to Public less Underwriting Discounts and
Commissions to cover over-allotments, if any. If all such additional shares
are purchased, the total Price to Public, Underwriting Discounts and
Commissions and Proceeds to Company will be $156,975,000, $7,762,500 and
$149,212,500, respectively. See "Underwriting."
------------------------------
The shares of Common Stock are offered by the several Underwriters named
herein when, as and if received and accepted by them, and subject to their right
to reject orders in whole or in part and subject to certain other conditions. It
is expected that delivery of the certificates for the shares will be made at the
offices of Cowen & Company, New York, New York on or about March 12, 1997.
------------------------------
COWEN & COMPANY
BEAR, STEARNS & CO. INC.
ROBERTSON, STEPHENS & COMPANY
J.P. MORGAN & CO.
March 7, 1997
<PAGE> 2
CERTAIN PERSONS PARTICIPATING IN THIS OFFERING MAY ENGAGE IN TRANSACTIONS
THAT STABILIZE, MAINTAIN OR OTHERWISE AFFECT THE PRICE OF THE COMPANY'S COMMON
STOCK INCLUDING BY ENTERING STABILIZING BIDS, EFFECTING SYNDICATE COVERING
TRANSACTIONS OR IMPOSING PENALTY BIDS. FOR A DESCRIPTION OF THESE ACTIVITIES,
SEE "UNDERWRITING."
IN CONNECTION WITH THIS OFFERING, CERTAIN UNDERWRITERS (AND SELLING GROUP
MEMBERS) MAY ENGAGE IN PASSIVE MARKET MAKING TRANSACTIONS IN THE COMMON STOCK ON
NASDAQ IN ACCORDANCE WITH RULE 10b-6A UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
OR ANY SUCCESSOR RULE OR REGULATION THERETO. SEE "UNDERWRITING."
------------------------
AVAILABLE INFORMATION
The Company is subject to the informational requirements of the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"), and in accordance
therewith files reports, proxy statements and other information with the
Securities and Exchange Commission (the "Commission"). Such reports, proxy
statements and other information filed by the Company pursuant to the Exchange
Act may be inspected and copied at the public reference facilities maintained by
the Commission at 450 Fifth Street, N.W., Washington D.C. 20549 and at the
Commission's Regional Offices at Seven World Trade Center, New York, New York
10048 and Northwestern Atrium Center, 500 West Madison Street, Suite 1400,
Chicago, Illinois 60661. Reports, proxy and information statements and other
information filed electronically by the Company with the Commission are
available at the Commission's World Wide Web site at http://www.sec.gov. Copies
of such materials can be obtained from the Public Reference Section of the
Commission at 450 Fifth Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20549 at prescribed
rates. The Company's Common Stock is quoted on the Nasdaq National Market, and
such reports, proxy statements and other information can be inspected at the
offices of Nasdaq Operations, 1735 K Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20006.
The Company has filed with the Commission a Registration Statement on Form
S-3 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"), with
respect to the Common Stock offered hereby. This Prospectus, which constitutes
part of the Registration Statement, omits certain of the information contained
in the Registration Statement and the exhibits and schedules thereto on file
with the Commission pursuant to the Securities Act and the rules and regulations
of the Commission thereunder. Statements contained in this Prospectus as to the
contents of any contract or other document referred to are not necessarily
complete, and in each instance, reference is made to the copy of such contract
or other document filed as an exhibit to the Registration Statement, each such
statement being qualified in all respects by such reference. The Registration
Statement, including exhibits and schedules thereto, may be inspected and copied
at the facilities of the Commission referred to above.
------------------------
INCORPORATION OF CERTAIN DOCUMENTS BY REFERENCE
The following documents or portions of documents filed by the Company (File
No. 0-19319) with the Commission are incorporated herein by reference:(a) Annual
Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 1995; (b) Quarterly
Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 1996; (c) Quarterly Report
on Form 10-Q/A for the quarter ended March 31, 1996 filed with the Commission on
May 22, 1996; (d) Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q/A-2 for the quarter ended March
31, 1996 filed with the Commission on July 23, 1996; (e) Quarterly Report on
Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 1996; (f) Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q
for the quarter ended September 30, 1996; (g) Current Report on Form 8-K filed
with the Commission on February 25, 1997; (h) the description of the Company's
Common Stock which is contained in its Registration Statement on Form 8-A filed
with the Commission on May 30, 1991; and (i) the description of rights to
purchase Series A Junior Participating Preferred Stock, par value $.01 per
share, contained in the Company's Registration Statement on Form 8-A filed with
the Commission on May 30, 1991.
All reports and other documents filed by the Company pursuant to Section
13(a), 13(c), 14 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act subsequent to the date of this
Prospectus and prior to the termination of this offering shall be deemed to be
incorporated by reference herein and to be a part hereof from the date of the
filing of such reports and documents. Any statement contained in a document, all
or a portion of which is incorporated by reference herein, shall be deemed to be
modified or superseded for purposes of this Prospectus to the extent that a
statement contained or incorporated by reference herein modifies or supersedes
such statement. Any statement so modified or superseded shall not be deemed,
except as so modified or superseded, to constitute a part of this Prospectus.
Upon written or oral request, the Company will provide without charge to
each person to whom this Prospectus is delivered a copy of any or all of such
documents which are incorporated herein by reference (other than exhibits to
such documents unless such exhibits are specifically incorporated by reference
into the documents that this Prospectus incorporates). Requests for such copies
should be directed to Thomas G. Auchincloss, Jr., Vice President of Finance and
Treasurer, Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02139-4242, (617) 577-6000.
------------------------
Vertex(R), the Vertex logo and CLEC(R) are registered trademarks and
ChiroCLEC(TM) and PeptiCLEC(TM) are trademarks of Vertex.
Unless the context requires otherwise, "Vertex" or the "Company" refers to
Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated and its subsidiaries.
------------------------
2
<PAGE> 3
PROSPECTUS SUMMARY
The following summary is qualified in its entirety by the more detailed
information and financial data appearing elsewhere or incorporated by reference
in this Prospectus. Except as otherwise noted, all information in this
Prospectus assumes no exercise of the Underwriters' over-allotment option.
Investors should consider carefully the information set forth under the heading
"Risk Factors."
THE COMPANY
Vertex is engaged in the discovery, development and commercialization of
novel, small molecule pharmaceuticals for the treatment of diseases for which
there are currently limited or no effective treatments. The Company is a leader
in the use of structure-based drug design, an approach to drug discovery that
integrates advanced biology, biophysics and chemistry in a coordinated and
simultaneous fashion. The Company believes that this integrated approach is
applicable to therapeutic targets in a broad range of diseases. Vertex's goal is
to create a portfolio of highly specific, proprietary, small molecule drugs
based on its knowledge of the atomic structure of proteins involved in the
control of disease processes. The Company's drug candidates for the treatment of
human immunodeficiency virus ("HIV") infection and acquired immune deficiency
syndrome ("AIDS"), cancer multidrug resistance ("MDR") and two genetic
hemoglobin disorders are currently undergoing human clinical trials. In
addition, the Company has research programs aimed at developing orally available
small molecule compounds to treat autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases,
neurodegenerative diseases and hepatitis C infection.
The Company currently has products undergoing clinical trials in the
following disease areas:
HIV Infection and AIDS: Vertex is developing orally deliverable antiviral
drugs to treat HIV infection and AIDS. The Company is collaborating with Glaxo
Wellcome plc. ("Glaxo Wellcome") and Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. ("Kissei")
in the development of its HIV protease inhibitor, VX-478. In February 1997,
Glaxo Wellcome began a multi-center Phase III clinical trial in the United
States, Canada and Europe to assess the safety and efficacy of VX-478 in
combination with AZT and 3TC. Approximately 290 HIV-positive adults are expected
to enroll in the trial. Glaxo Wellcome plans to begin in the first half of 1997
a multi-center Phase III clinical trial in the United States and Europe to
assess the safety and efficacy of VX-478 in children. In addition, through a
series of clinical studies underway or planned by Glaxo Wellcome, the use of
VX-478 will be assessed in combination with the Glaxo Wellcome anti-HIV agents
AZT, 3TC and 1592U89, as well as with other HIV protease inhibitors. Vertex
expects that Kissei will begin Phase II/III efficacy trials in 1997 in
HIV-positive patients that will be designed based on clinical data from Glaxo
Wellcome. In addition, VX-478 is being evaluated as a single agent through a
collaboration with the AIDS Clinical Trial Group (the "ACTG"), Glaxo Wellcome
and Kissei. In January 1997, Glaxo Wellcome reported preliminary results from
the Phase I/II clinical trial suggesting that VX-478 is well-tolerated and
displays potent antiviral activity. In January 1997, Glaxo Wellcome also
reported preliminary data from the Phase I/II clinical trial suggesting that HIV
in participants in this trial did not develop resistance to VX-478 administered
as a single agent over four weeks of administration.
Cancer MDR: Vertex is developing novel compounds to treat and prevent the
occurrence of drug resistance associated with the failure of cancer chemotherapy
by inhibiting cellular mechanisms responsible for MDR. Certain cellular
mechanisms cause chemotherapeutic drug resistance in a broad range of human
cancers, including in a variety of solid tumors of the liver, breast, ovary,
lung and colon/rectum and in a number of blood cancers. In June 1996, Vertex
commenced a Phase II multi-center clinical trial to assess the safety and
efficacy of the co-administration of VX-710 and doxorubicin in patients with
liver cancer. Vertex plans to initiate in 1997 a Phase II multi-center clinical
trial to assess the safety and efficacy of co-administration of VX-710 and
paclitaxel in patients with breast cancer. The Company is collaborating with
BioChem Therapeutic, Inc. ("BioChem"), a subsidiary of BioChem Pharma
(International) Inc., for the development and commercialization of VX-710 in
Canada. BioChem is planning to initiate in 1997 Phase II clinical trials of
VX-710 in combination with doxorubicin in patients with soft tissue sarcoma and
in combination with paclitaxel in patients with
3
<PAGE> 4
ovarian cancer. Preliminary results of an earlier Phase I/II trial suggest that
the VX-710/doxorubicin regimen was well-tolerated and that VX-710 was blocking
the targeted protein implicated in MDR. In April 1996, the Company commenced a
Phase I/II dose-escalating clinical trial with a second MDR inhibitor, VX-853,
an orally administered compound, in combination with doxorubicin in patients
with solid tumors.
Hemoglobin Disorders: Vertex is developing drugs to treat sickle cell
disease and beta thalassemia, inherited blood disorders for which treatment is
currently limited. Vertex is collaborating with Alpha Therapeutic Corporation
("Alpha") and Ravizza Farmaceutici S.p.A. ("Ravizza") on the development of
VX-366. In 1996, Ravizza completed a pilot Phase II trial of VX-366 in Italy in
patients with beta thalassemia.
The Company's most advanced preclinical and research programs are in the
following disease areas:
Autoimmune Diseases: The Company is developing orally available drugs to
treat autoimmune diseases by blocking inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase
("IMPDH"), an enzyme which controls DNA synthesis in lymphocytes. The activation
and proliferation of lymphocytes are associated with a variety of autoimmune
diseases, including asthma, rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus, as well as
with transplant rejection. In December 1996, Vertex selected VX-497 as a lead
drug development candidate for autoimmune diseases and began preclinical
development of the compound. Vertex intends to evaluate VX-497 for psoriasis, an
autoimmune disease of the skin, as the first clinical indication for the
compound. The Company plans to initiate clinical trials in 1998 to evaluate the
safety and pharmacokinetics of VX-497 in healthy volunteers.
Inflammation: Vertex is developing novel drugs to treat acute and chronic
inflammatory diseases. The Company is collaborating with Hoechst Marion Roussel
("HMR") for the development of compounds to block interleukin-1 beta converting
enzyme ("ICE"), which mediates the production and release of the inflammatory
cytokine IL-1 beta, as well as the production of gamma interferon. In February
1997, Vertex selected VX-740 as a lead drug development candidate for
inflammatory diseases.
Additional Research Programs: The Company has an ongoing research program
in collaboration with Glaxo Wellcome to develop additional classes of HIV
protease inhibitors. This research is focused on designing compounds with
resistance profiles distinct from VX-478. The Company also is developing
neurophilin compounds to treat neurodegenerative diseases. These compounds have
been shown to stimulate nerve growth in disease models. The Company also is
conducting research to design orally available drugs to act as (i) inhibitors of
caspase CPP32 for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, (ii) inhibitors
of hepatitis C protease for the treatment of hepatitis C infection and (iii)
inhibitors of MAP kinases for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
The Company believes it has developed a technological advantage in the
process of drug discovery and development due to its ability to integrate a
variety of disciplines and techniques to design synthetic compounds based on the
detailed three dimensional structure of protein targets. The Company also
believes that its structure-based drug design approach improves the chances for
accelerated discovery, optimization and development of novel synthetic compounds
that are specific to the drug target and have desirable pharmacokinetic and
safety profiles.
In addition to the Company's core scientific platform for drug discovery,
the Company has established capabilities in product development, including
preclinical testing and process chemistry. The Company also is manufacturing
through third parties each of its lead compounds for use in preclinical and
clinical trials. The Company's business strategy is to form collaborations with
pharmaceutical companies in programs for which they can provide resources and
access to competencies complementary to Vertex's in-house capabilities.
Vertex has its headquarters and research facilities at 130 Waverly Street,
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, and its telephone number is (617) 577-6000. The
Company was incorporated under the laws of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in
1989.
4
<PAGE> 5
THE OFFERING
<TABLE>
<S> <C>
Common Stock offered......................... 3,000,000 shares
Common Stock to be outstanding after the
offering................................... 24,097,117 shares(1)
Use of proceeds.............................. For research and product development
programs, including clinical trials, and
other general corporate purposes.
Nasdaq National Market symbol................ VRTX
</TABLE>
- ---------------
(1) Based on the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding as of December 31,
1996. Does not include 4,032,609 shares of Common Stock reserved for
issuance upon exercise of outstanding options as of December 31, 1996.
SUMMARY CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL DATA
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31,
----------------------------------------------
1994 1995 1996
-------- -------- --------
(IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE AMOUNTS)
<S> <C> <C> <C>
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF OPERATIONS DATA:
Revenues:
Collaborative and other research and development revenues........... $ 19,571 $ 22,081 $ 13,341
Interest income..................................................... 3,574 5,453 5,257
-------- -------- --------
Total revenues................................................ 23,145 27,534 18,598
Costs and expenses:
Research and development............................................ 34,761 41,512 35,212
General and administrative.......................................... 5,540 7,069 7,929
License payment..................................................... -- -- 15,000
Interest............................................................ 439 481 462
-------- -------- --------
Total costs and expenses...................................... 40,740 49,062 58,603
-------- -------- --------
Net (loss)............................................................ $(17,595) $(21,528) $(40,005)
======== ======== ========
Net (loss) per common share........................................... $ (1.11) $ (1.25) $ (2.13)
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding.................. 15,818 17,231 18,798
</TABLE>
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
DECEMBER 31, 1996
---------------------------
ACTUAL AS ADJUSTED(1)
-------- --------------
<S> <C> <C>
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET DATA:
Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments...................................... $130,359 $259,759
Total assets........................................................................... 143,499 272,899
Obligations under capital leases, excluding current portion............................ 5,617 5,617
Accumulated deficit.................................................................... (96,944) (96,944)
Total stockholders' equity............................................................. 130,826 260,226
</TABLE>
- ---------------
(1) Adjusted to reflect the sale of the 3,000,000 shares of Common Stock offered
hereby, at a public offering price of $45.50 per share and net proceeds to
the Company of approximately $129,400,000.
This Prospectus contains, in addition to historical information,
forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. The Company's
actual results could differ materially from the results discussed in the
forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such
differences include those discussed in "Risk Factors," as well as those
discussed elsewhere in this Prospectus.
5
<PAGE> 6
RISK FACTORS
An investment in the shares of Common Stock offered hereby involves a high
degree of risk. Prospective investors should consider the following factors, in
addition to the other information in this Prospectus, in evaluating the Company
and its business before purchasing any shares of the Common Stock offered
hereby.
EARLY STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT; TECHNOLOGICAL UNCERTAINTY
The Company was founded in 1989 and has not generated any pharmaceutical
product sales. To achieve profitable operations, the Company, alone or with
others, must successfully develop, clinically test, market and sell its
products. Any products resulting from the Company's product development efforts
are not expected to be available for sale in the near future, if at all.
The development of new pharmaceutical products is highly uncertain and
subject to a number of significant risks. Potential products that appear to be
promising at early stages of development may not reach the market for a number
of reasons. Such reasons include the possibilities that the potential products
are found ineffective or cause harmful side effects during preclinical testing
or clinical trials, fail to receive necessary regulatory approvals, are
difficult or uneconomical to manufacture on a large scale, fail to achieve
market acceptance or are precluded from commercialization by proprietary rights
of third parties.
The products that the Company is pursuing will require extensive additional
development, testing and investment, as well as regulatory approvals, prior to
commercialization. No assurance can be given that the Company's product
development efforts will be successful, that required regulatory approvals will
be obtained or that any products, if introduced, will be commercially
successful. Further, the Company has no sales and marketing capabilities, and
even if the Company's products in development are approved for marketing, there
can be no assurance that the Company will be able to develop such capabilities.
In addition, only a limited number of drugs developed through structure-based
drug design have completed clinical trials successfully, been approved by the
U.S. Food and Drug Administration ("FDA") and been marketed. One of the
Company's potential products, VX-478, is an HIV protease inhibitor which is
currently in Phase II clinical trials. The Company and its collaborative
partners recently began Phase III clinical trials. To date, HIV has been shown
to develop resistance to antiviral drugs, including currently marketed HIV
protease inhibitors. There can be no assurance that such disease resistance or
other factors will not limit the efficacy of the Company's HIV protease
inhibitor. The clinical efficacy of the suppression of mechanisms of action of
MDR in chemotherapy in the treatment of cancer is unproven, and, therefore,
there can be no assurance that the Company's MDR compounds in development will
improve the efficacy of chemotherapy. There also can be no assurance that drug
candidates being pursued by the Company will be safe and efficacious, will
receive regulatory approvals or will result in commercially successful products.
If any of the Company's development programs is not successfully completed,
required regulatory approvals are not obtained, or products for which approvals
are obtained are not commercially successful, the Company's business, financial
condition and results of operations would be materially adversely affected. See
"Business -- Product Development and Research Programs."
UNCERTAINTIES RELATED TO CLINICAL TRIALS
Before obtaining required regulatory approvals for the commercial sale of
products under development, the Company must demonstrate through preclinical
studies and clinical trials that such products are safe and efficacious for use
in each target indication. The results of preclinical and initial clinical
trials of products under development by the Company are not necessarily
predictive of results that will be obtained from large-scale clinical testing,
and there can be no assurance that clinical trials of products under development
will demonstrate the safety and efficacy of such products or will result in a
marketable product. The safety and efficacy of a therapeutic product under
development by the Company must be supported by extensive data from clinical
trials. A number of companies have
6
<PAGE> 7
suffered significant setbacks in advanced clinical trials, despite promising
results in earlier trials. The Company currently has four product candidates
undergoing clinical trials, VX-478, VX-710, VX-853 and VX-366. In addition, the
Company has a number of products undergoing preclinical development. The data
observed to date is preliminary, and there can be no assurance that the results
of ongoing and future trials will be consistent with results observed in earlier
clinical trials or will be sufficient for approval. The failure to demonstrate
adequately the safety and efficacy of a therapeutic drug under development could
delay or prevent regulatory approval of the product and could have a material
adverse effect on the Company. In addition, the FDA may require additional
clinical trials, which could result in increased costs and significant
development delays.
The administration alone or in combination with other drugs of any product
developed by the Company may produce undesirable side effects in humans. The
occurrence of such side effects could interrupt, delay or halt clinical trials
of such products and could ultimately prevent their approval by the FDA or
foreign regulatory authorities for any or all targeted indications. The Company
or the FDA may suspend or terminate clinical trials at any time if it is
believed that the trial participants are being exposed to unacceptable health
risks. Even after approval by the FDA and foreign regulatory authorities,
products may later exhibit adverse effects that discourage widespread use or
necessitate their withdrawal from the market. There can be no assurance that any
products under development by the Company will be safe when administered to
patients.
The rate of completion of clinical trials of the Company's products is
dependent upon, among other factors, the rate of patient accrual. Patient
accrual is a function of many factors, including the size of the patient
population, the proximity of patients to clinical sites, the eligibility
criteria for the trial and the availability of clinical trial material. Delays
in planned patient enrollment in clinical trials may result in increased costs,
program delays or both, which could have a material adverse effect on the
Company. There can be no assurance that if clinical trials are completed the
Company will be able to submit a New Drug Application ("NDA") or that any such
application will be reviewed and approved by the FDA in a timely manner, if at
all. See "Business -- Government Regulation."
DEPENDENCE ON COLLABORATIVE PARTNERS
The Company is engaged in research and development collaborations with
Glaxo Wellcome, HMR, Kissei, Alpha and BioChem pursuant to which these parties
have agreed to fund portions of the Company's research and development programs
and/or to conduct certain research and development relating to specified
products, in exchange for certain technology, product and marketing rights
relating to those products. Some of the Company's current corporate partners
have certain rights to control the planning and execution of product development
and clinical programs, and there can be no assurance that such corporate
partners' rights to control aspects of such programs will not impede the
Company's ability to conduct such programs in accordance with the schedules and
in the manner currently contemplated by the Company for such programs.
If any of the Company's corporate collaborators were to terminate its
relationship with Vertex, it could have a material adverse effect on the
Company's ability to fund related and other programs and to develop, manufacture
and market any products that may have resulted from such collaboration. There
can be no assurance that these collaborations will be completed or successful,
or that the collaborative partners will not pursue alternative means of
developing treatments for the diseases targeted by their collaborative programs
with the Company. Glaxo Wellcome has the right to terminate the research
collaboration under its agreement with the Company without cause at any time
upon twelve months' notice and has the right to terminate the license
arrangements under its agreement with the Company without cause upon twelve
months' notice, provided such notice is not given before the research
collaboration has been terminated. Termination by Glaxo Wellcome of the research
collaboration under its agreement with the Company will relieve Glaxo Wellcome
of its obligation to make further research support payments under the agreement.
Termination by Glaxo Wellcome of the license arrangements under the agreement
will relieve it of its obligation to make further commercialization and
development milestone and royalty payments and will end any license
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<PAGE> 8
granted to Glaxo Wellcome by Vertex. HMR has the right to terminate its
agreement with the Company without cause upon twelve months' notice at any time.
Termination by HMR will relieve HMR of any further payment obligations under its
agreement with the Company. In addition, for a period of one year after any such
termination, HMR retains the right to select one or more compounds for
development and to license such compound or compounds from Vertex, provided HMR
resumes research funding and commercialization milestone payments and makes all
such payments that would otherwise have been due but for such termination. Alpha
has the right to terminate its agreement with the Company without cause upon six
months' notice at any time. Termination will relieve Alpha of any further
payment obligations under its agreement with the Company and will also terminate
any license granted to Alpha by Vertex. BioChem has the right to terminate its
agreement with the Company without cause upon six month's notice at any time
after May 8, 1997. Termination will relieve BioChem of any further payment
obligations under its agreement with the Company and will terminate any license
granted to BioChem thereunder.
The Company may seek additional collaborative arrangements to develop and
commercialize its products in the future. There can be no assurance that the
Company will be able to establish acceptable collaborative arrangements in the
future or that such collaborative arrangements will be successful. In addition,
there can be no assurance that collaborative partners will not pursue
alternative technologies or develop alternative compounds either on their own or
in collaboration with others, including the Company's competitors, as a means
for developing treatments for the diseases targeted by their collaborative
programs with the Company or that disagreements over rights to technology, other
proprietary information or the course of the research and development program
will not occur. Such events could result in the delay or cancellation of
programs or product introduction even if regulatory approvals are obtained. See
"Business -- Corporate Collaborations."
RAPID TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE AND COMPETITION
The Company is engaged in pharmaceutical fields characterized by extensive
research efforts, rapid technological progress and intense competition. There
are many public and private companies, including pharmaceutical companies,
chemical companies and biotechnology companies, engaged in developing products
for the human therapeutic applications targeted by Vertex. Further, the Company
believes that interest in the application of structure-based drug design and
related technologies may continue and may accelerate as the technologies become
more widely understood. The Company is aware of efforts by others to develop
products in each of the areas in which the Company has products in development.
For example, Merck & Co., Inc., Abbott Laboratories, Inc. and Hoffmann-La Roche
have HIV protease inhibitors which have been approved by the FDA for marketing,
and Agouron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. has filed an NDA for an HIV protease
inhibitor. The Company is also aware of other companies that have HIV protease
inhibitors in development. There also are a number of competitors that have
products under development for the treatment of MDR in cancer and for the
treatment of hemoglobin disorders. In order for the Company to compete
successfully in these areas, it must demonstrate improved safety, efficacy, ease
of manufacturing and market acceptance over its competitors, who have received
regulatory approval and are currently marketing. Furthermore, academic
institutions, governmental agencies and other public and private research
organizations are conducting research to develop technologies and products that
may compete with those under development by the Company. In addition, other
technologies are, or may in the future become, the basis for competing products.
There can be no assurance that the Company's competitors will not succeed in
developing technologies and products that are more effective than any being
developed by the Company or that would render the Company's technology and
products obsolete or noncompetitive. In addition, there can be no assurance that
the Company's products in development will be able to compete effectively with
products which are currently on the market.
Many of the Company's competitors have substantially greater financial,
technical and human resources than those of the Company. In addition, many of
the Company's competitors have significantly greater experience than the Company
in conducting preclinical testing and human
8
<PAGE> 9
clinical trials of new pharmaceutical products, and in obtaining FDA and other
regulatory approvals of products. Accordingly, certain of the Company's
competitors may succeed in obtaining regulatory approval for products more
rapidly than the Company. If the Company obtains regulatory approval and
commences commercial sales of its products, it will also compete with respect to
manufacturing efficiency and sales and marketing capabilities, areas in which it
currently has no experience. See "Business -- Competition."
MANUFACTURING UNCERTAINTIES; RELIANCE ON THIRD PARTY MANUFACTURERS
The Company's ability to conduct clinical trials and its ability to
commercialize its potential products will depend, in part, on its ability to
manufacture its products on a large scale, either directly or through third
parties, at a competitive cost and in accordance with FDA and other regulatory
requirements. Furthermore, for all of the Company's drugs in development,
completion of clinical trials and submission of an NDA will be subject to the
establishment of a commercial formulation and manufacturing process. As
manufacturing process development and formulation activities are ongoing
throughout the development process, the Company or its collaborators may
encounter difficulties at any time that could result in delays in clinical
trials, regulatory submissions and commercialization of its products, or cause
potential negative financial and competitive consequences. Manufacturing process
development and formulation activities for VX-478 by the Company and Glaxo
Wellcome are continuing while clinical trials are underway. There can be no
assurance that such activities will be completed in a timely and successful
manner, if at all. The failure to complete such activities in a timely and
successful manner could have a material adverse effect on the business,
financial condition or results of operations of the Company.
The Company currently does not have the capacity to manufacture its
potential products and is dependent on third party manufacturers or
collaborative partners for the production of its compounds for preclinical
research and clinical trial purposes. The Company expects to be dependent on
such manufacturers or collaborative partners for some or all commercial
production of any of its compounds that are approved for marketing. In the event
that the Company is unable to obtain contract manufacturing, or obtain such
manufacturing on commercially reasonable terms, it may not be able to conduct or
complete clinical trials or, if FDA approval is obtained, commercialize its
products as planned. The Company has no experience in manufacturing
pharmaceutical or other products or in conducting manufacturing testing programs
required to obtain FDA and other regulatory approvals, and there can be no
assurance that the Company will successfully develop such capabilities.
Some of the Company's current corporate partners have certain manufacturing
rights with respect to the Company's products under development, and there can
be no assurance that such corporate partners' manufacturing rights will not
impede the Company's ability to conduct the development programs and
commercialize any resulting products in accordance with the schedules and in the
manner currently contemplated by the Company. See "Business -- Manufacturing."
EXTENSIVE GOVERNMENT REGULATION; UNCERTAINTY OF PRODUCT CLEARANCE AND APPROVAL
The FDA and comparable agencies in foreign countries impose substantial
requirements on the introduction of therapeutic pharmaceutical products through
lengthy and detailed laboratory and clinical testing procedures, sampling
activities and other costly and time-consuming procedures. Satisfaction of these
requirements typically takes several years or longer and may vary substantially
based upon the type, complexity and novelty of the pharmaceutical product. The
Company has had only limited experience in conducting preclinical testing and
human clinical trials. In addition, the Company has not received FDA or other
regulatory approvals for any of its product candidates. Data obtained from
preclinical and clinical activities are susceptible to varying interpretations,
which could delay, limit or prevent regulatory approval. In addition, delays or
rejections may be encountered based on changes in, or additions to, regulatory
policies for drug approval during the period of product development and
regulatory review.
9
<PAGE> 10
The effect of government regulation may be to delay or prevent the
commencement of clinical trials or marketing of Company products, if any are
developed and submitted for approval, for a considerable period of time, to
impose costly procedures upon the Company's activities and to provide a
competitive advantage to larger companies or companies more experienced in
regulatory affairs that compete with the Company. There can be no assurance that
FDA or other regulatory approval for clinical trials or marketing of any
products developed by the Company will be granted on a timely basis or at all.
Delay in obtaining or failure to obtain such approvals would adversely affect
the marketing of the Company's products and the Company's liquidity and capital
resources. Moreover, even if approval is granted, such approval may entail
limitations on the indicated uses for which a compound may be marketed. Even if
such regulatory approval is obtained, a marketed drug or compound and its
manufacturer are subject to continual review, and later discovery of previously
unknown problems with a product or manufacturer may result in restrictions on
such product or manufacturer, including withdrawal of the product from the
market. Failure to comply with applicable regulatory requirements can, among
other things, result in fines, suspensions of regulatory approvals, product
recalls, operating restrictions and criminal prosecution. Further, additional
government regulation may be established which could prevent or delay regulatory
approval of the Company's products.
The Company has obtained orphan drug status for VX-366 for the treatment of
beta thalassemia and sickle cell disease and may apply for orphan drug status
for certain indications of MDR in cancer. Orphan drug status may, under present
regulations, entitle the Company to certain marketing exclusivity and tax
benefits. While the marketing exclusivity of an orphan drug would prevent other
sponsors from obtaining approval of the same compound for the same indication,
it would not prevent chemically distinct drugs from being approved for the same
use. There can be no assurance that the Company will receive FDA orphan drug
status for any of its compounds under development for which the Company seeks
that status. Moreover, there can be no assurance that the scope of protection or
the level of exclusivity that is currently afforded by orphan drug status will
remain in effect in the future. See "Business -- Government Regulation."
The Company's research and development activities involve the controlled
use of hazardous materials, chemicals and various radioactive compounds. The
risk of accidental contamination or injury from these materials cannot be
completely eliminated. In the event of an accident, the Company could be held
liable for any damages or fines that result, and the liability could have a
material adverse effect on the Company's business, financial condition and
results of operations. There can be no assurance that statutes or regulations,
applicable to the Company's business which impose substantial additional costs
or otherwise materially adversely affect the Company's operations, will not be
adopted.
UNCERTAINTY RELATED TO PATENTS AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION
The Company's success will depend, in part, on its ability to obtain United
States and foreign patent protection for its products and their uses, to
preserve its trade secrets and to operate without infringing the proprietary
rights of third parties. Because of the substantial length of time and expense
associated with bringing new products through development and regulatory
approval to the marketplace, the pharmaceutical industry places considerable
importance on obtaining patents and maintaining trade secret protection for new
technologies, products and processes. Patent protection may not be available,
however, for compounds for use in certain medical indications, without a
demonstration of how to use the compounds and proof in clinical trials that such
compounds may be useful for such target indications. As of February 20, 1997,
the Company had a total of six United States patents and 63 pending United
States patent applications. As of that date, the Company also had a non-
exclusive, worldwide license under certain G.D. Searle & Company ("Searle")
patent applications claiming HIV protease inhibitors. The Company also has been
granted an exclusive license under four United States patents, one of which is
subject to a reissue application. The Company also has filed foreign
counterparts to some of its United States patents and patent applications. There
can be no
10
<PAGE> 11
assurance that patents will issue from any of the Company's pending or future
patent applications. There can be no assurance that any issued, licensed,
pending or future patent will not be infringed by the products of others or
provide sufficient protection to exclude others from the Company's present or
future technology or products. The Company has in the past licensed and may in
the future license patent rights from others. There can be no assurance,
however, that such licenses will provide adequate protection for the Company's
products.
Issued United States patents are presumed valid under United States patent
law. No assurance can be given, however, that one or more of the Company's
issued patents will not be declared invalid by a court. Legal standards relating
to the validity of patents and the proper scope of their claims in the
biopharmaceutical field are still evolving, and there is no consistent law or
policy regarding the valid breadth of claims in biopharmaceutical patents or the
effect of prior art on them. Furthermore, no assurance can be given as to the
degree of protection any patents will afford to the Company's technology or as
to the Company's ability to avoid infringing the claims of the patents held by
third parties. Further, there can be no assurance that a license to such patents
would be available on terms acceptable to the Company, if at all. There also can
be no assurance that any patents issued to or licensed by the Company will not
be infringed by others.
In addition to being a potential party to patent infringement litigation,
the Company could become involved in interference proceedings declared by the
United States Patent and Trademark Office. Defense and prosecution of patent
claims, as well as participation in interference proceedings, can be expensive
and time-consuming, even in those instances in which the outcome is favorable to
the Company. If the outcome of any such litigation or proceeding were adverse,
the Company could be subject to significant liabilities to third parties, could
be required to obtain licenses from third parties or could be required to cease
sales of the affected products, any of which could have a material adverse
effect on the Company.
The Company has licensed on an exclusive basis four United States patents
and one United States reissue application from Children's Hospital Medical
Center of Oakland (California) ("Children's Hospital"). Three of these patents
and the reissue application claim the use of compounds, including VX-366, in the
treatment of hemoglobin disorders, including sickle cell disease and beta
thalassemia. Because Children's Hospital did not foreign file the application
corresponding to the reissue application within one year of filing its
corresponding United States application, the Company's foreign patent rights may
be limited. In addition, there can be no assurance that others will not develop
independently substantially equivalent technology, obtain access to the
Company's know-how or be issued patents which may prevent the sale of the
Company's products or require licensing and the payment of significant fees or
royalties by the Company in order for it to carry on its business. Furthermore,
there can be no assurance that any such license will be available.
The Company's management and scientific personnel have been recruited from
other pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies and academic institutions. In
many cases these individuals are conducting research in similar areas with which
they were involved prior to joining Vertex. As a result, the Company, as well as
these individuals, could be subject to allegations of violation of trade secrets
and similar claims. See "-- Dependence on Collaborative Partners" and
"Business -- Corporate Collaborations" and "-- Patents and Proprietary
Information."
FUTURE CAPITAL NEEDS; UNCERTAINTY OF ADDITIONAL FUNDING
The Company expects to incur substantially increased research and
development and related supporting expenses as it designs and develops existing
and future compounds and undertakes clinical trials of potential drugs resulting
from such compounds. The Company also expects to incur substantial
administrative and commercialization expenditures in the future and substantial
expenses related to the filing, prosecution, defense and enforcement of patent
and other intellectual property claims. The Company's future capital
requirements will depend on many factors, including the progress of its research
and development programs, the scope and results of preclinical studies and
clinical trials, the
11
<PAGE> 12
cost, timing and outcome of regulatory reviews, the costs involved in filing,
prosecuting and enforcing patent claims, competing technological and market
developments, the establishment of additional collaborative arrangements and the
cost of manufacturing facilities and of commercialization activities and
arrangements. The Company anticipates that it will finance these substantial
cash needs with the net proceeds of this offering and its existing cash
reserves, together with interest earned thereon, future payments under its
collaborative agreements with Glaxo Wellcome, HMR, Kissei, Alpha and BioChem,
facilities and equipment financing and additional collaborative agreements. To
the extent that funds from these sources are not sufficient to fund the
Company's activities, it will be necessary to raise additional funds through
public offerings or private placements of debt or equity securities or other
methods of financing. Any equity financings could result in dilution to the
Company's then existing stockholders. Any debt financing, if available at all,
may be on terms which, among other things, restrict the Company's ability to pay
dividends (although the Company does not intend to pay dividends for the
foreseeable future). If adequate funds are not available, the Company may be
required to curtail significantly or discontinue one or more of its research,
drug discovery or development programs, including clinical trials, or attempt to
obtain funds through arrangements with collaborative partners or others that may
require the Company to relinquish rights to certain of its technologies or
products in research or development. No assurance can be given that additional
financing will be available on acceptable terms, if at all. See "Management's
Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations."
HISTORY OF OPERATING LOSSES AND ACCUMULATED DEFICIT
Vertex has incurred losses since its inception in January 1989. As of
December 31, 1996, the Company's accumulated deficit was approximately $96.9
million. Losses have resulted principally from costs incurred in research and
development of the Company's compounds in development, including clinical trials
and material manufacturing costs, the Company's other research programs and from
general and administrative costs. These costs have exceeded the Company's
revenues, which to date have been generated solely from collaborative
arrangements, interest income and research grants. The Company expects to incur
additional significant operating losses in the future and does not expect to
achieve profitability from sales of its products in development for several
years, if ever. The Company expects that losses will fluctuate from quarter to
quarter and that such fluctuations may be substantial. There can be no assurance
that the Company will ever achieve product revenues or profitable operations.
Based on the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and changes in the
Company's ownership, utilization of net operating loss carryforwards and
research and development credits for federal income tax purposes may be subject
to annual limitations. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial
Condition and Results of Operations."
UNCERTAINTY RELATED TO PHARMACEUTICAL PRICING AND REIMBURSEMENT
The Company's ability to commercialize its products successfully will
depend in part on the extent to which appropriate reimbursement levels for the
cost of such products and related treatment are obtained from government
authorities, private health insurers and other organizations, such as health
maintenance organizations ("HMOs"). Third party payors and government
authorities are continuing efforts to contain or reduce the cost of health care.
For example, in certain foreign markets, pricing and/or profitability of
prescription pharmaceuticals are subject to government control. There can be no
assurance that similar controls will not be implemented in the United States.
Also, the trend toward managed health care in the United States and the
concurrent growth of organizations such as HMOs, which could control or
significantly influence the purchase of health care services and products, may
result in lower prices for the Company's products. The cost containment measures
that health care providers and third party payors are instituting and any
proposed or future health care reform measures, including any reductions in
government reimbursement programs such as Medicaid and Medicare, could affect
the Company's ability to sell its products and may have a material adverse
effect on the Company.
12
<PAGE> 13
The success of the Company's products in the United States and other
significant markets will depend, in part, upon the extent to which a consumer
will be able to obtain reimbursement for the cost of such products from
government health administration authorities, third-party payors and other
organizations. Significant uncertainty exists as to the reimbursement status of
newly approved therapeutic products. Even if a product is approved for
marketing, there can be no assurance that adequate reimbursement will be
available. The Company is unable to predict what additional legislation or
regulation relating to the health care industry or third-party coverage and
reimbursement may be enacted in the future or what effect the legislation or
regulation would have on the Company's business. Failure to obtain reimbursement
could have a material adverse effect on the Company.
ABSENCE OF SALES AND MARKETING EXPERIENCE
The Company currently has no experience in marketing or selling
pharmaceutical products. The Company must either develop a marketing and sales
force or enter into arrangements with third parties to market and sell any of
its product candidates which are approved by the FDA. In the territories where
the Company retains marketing and co-promotion rights, there can be no assurance
that the Company will successfully develop its own sales and marketing
experience or that it will be able to enter into marketing and sales agreements
with others on acceptable terms, if at all. If the Company develops its own
marketing and sales capability, it will compete with other companies that
currently have experienced and well-funded marketing and sales operations. To
the extent that the Company has or enters into co-promotion or other sales and
marketing arrangements with other companies, any revenues to be received by the
Company will be dependent on the efforts of others, and there can be no
assurance that such efforts will be successful.
DEPENDENCE ON KEY MANAGEMENT AND QUALIFIED PERSONNEL
The Company is highly dependent upon the efforts of its senior management
and scientific team. The loss of the services of one or more members of the
senior management and scientific team might impede the achievement of the
Company's development objectives. Due to the specialized scientific nature of
the Company's business, the Company is also highly dependent upon its ability to
attract and retain qualified scientific, technical and key management personnel.
There is intense competition for qualified personnel in the areas of the
Company's activities, and there can be no assurance that the Company will be
able to continue to attract and retain qualified personnel necessary for the
development of its existing business and its expansion into areas and activities
requiring additional expertise, such as clinical testing, government approvals,
production and marketing. See "Management."
PRODUCT LIABILITY AND AVAILABILITY OF INSURANCE
The Company's business will expose it to potential product liability risks
that are inherent in the testing, manufacturing and marketing of pharmaceutical
and other products developed by the Company. The use of the Company's products
in clinical trials also exposes the Company to the possibility of product
liability claims and possible adverse publicity. These risks will increase to
the extent the Company's products receive regulatory approval and are
commercialized. The Company maintains product liability insurance for clinical
trials. The Company does not currently have any other product liability
insurance. There can be no assurance that the Company will be able to maintain
its existing insurance or be able to obtain or maintain such additional
insurance as it may need in the future on acceptable terms or that the Company's
existing insurance or any such additional insurance will provide adequate
coverage against potential liabilities.
VOLATILITY OF SHARE PRICE; OPTION GRANTS
Market prices for securities of companies such as Vertex are highly
volatile, and the market for the securities of such companies, including the
Common Stock of the Company, has from time to time experienced significant price
and volume fluctuations that are unrelated to the operating performance of these
particular companies. Factors such as announcements of results of clinical
trials, technological
13
<PAGE> 14
innovations or new products by Vertex or its competitors, government regulatory
action, public concern as to the safety of products developed by the Company or
others, patent or proprietary rights developments and market conditions for
pharmaceutical and biotechnology stocks, in general, could have a significant
adverse effect on the future market price of the Common Stock.
The Directors and officers of the Company and certain other stockholders
holding in the aggregate approximately 1,162,268 shares of Common Stock have
agreed not to sell their shares within 90 days following the effective date of
the Registration Statement of which this Prospectus is a part. As of December
31, 1996, the Company had outstanding options for the purchase of 4,032,609
shares of Common Stock at exercise prices ranging from $6.48 per share to $37.50
per share. Options for the purchase of 1,624,862 shares of Common Stock were
exercisable as of that date. See "Price Range of Common Stock."
ANTI-TAKEOVER PROVISIONS
The Company's charter provides for staggered terms for the members of the
Board of Directors. The Company's By-laws grant the Directors a right to adjourn
annual meetings of stockholders, and certain provisions of the By-laws may be
amended only with an 80% stockholder vote. Pursuant to the Company's Stockholder
Rights Plan, each share of Common Stock has an associated preferred share
purchase right (a "Right"). The Rights will not trade separately from the Common
Stock until, and are exercisable only upon, the acquisition or the potential
acquisition through tender offer by a person or group of 15% or more of the
outstanding Common Stock. These charter and By-law provisions and the Company's
Stockholder Rights Plan may discourage certain types of transactions involving
an actual or potential change in control of the Company which might be
beneficial to the Company or its stockholders. See "Description of Capital Stock
- -- Stockholder Rights Plan."
Shares of any class or series of preferred stock may be issued by the
Company in the future without stockholder approval and upon such terms as the
Board of Directors may determine. The rights of the holders of Common Stock will
be subject to, and may be adversely affected by, the rights of the holders of
any class or series of preferred stock that may be issued in the future. The
issuance of preferred stock, while providing desirable flexibility in connection
with possible acquisitions and other corporate purposes, could have the effect
of discouraging a third party from acquiring a majority of the outstanding
Common Stock of the Company. The Company has no present plans to issue any
shares of any class or series of Preferred Stock.
DILUTION
Purchasers of shares of Common Stock in this offering will experience
immediate and substantial dilution in net tangible book value per share.
Additional dilution is likely to occur upon exercise of outstanding stock
options. See "Dilution."
14
<PAGE> 15
USE OF PROCEEDS
The net proceeds to be received by the Company from the sale of the Common
Stock offered hereby are estimated to be approximately $129,400,000
($148,862,500 if the Underwriters' over-allotment option is exercised in full),
at a public offering price of $45.50 per share and after deducting the
underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses.
The Company intends to use the net proceeds of this offering primarily to
fund research and product development programs, including clinical trials, and
for general corporate purposes. In addition, a portion of the net proceeds may
be used to acquire technology, products or companies that complement the
business of the Company, although no such acquisition transactions are planned
or are being negotiated as of the date of this Prospectus. The actual amounts
and timing of expenditures for each purpose, however, will depend on the
progress of the Company's research and development programs, technological
advances, determinations as to commercial potential of products, the terms of
any collaborative arrangements entered into by the Company for development and
licensing, regulatory approvals and other factors, many of which are beyond the
Company's control.
Pending such uses, the Company intends to invest the net proceeds of this
offering primarily in interest-bearing, investment-grade securities.
PRICE RANGE OF COMMON STOCK
The Company's Common Stock is quoted on the Nasdaq National Market under
the symbol "VRTX." The following table sets forth the high and low last sale
prices for the Common Stock as reported on the Nasdaq National Market for the
periods indicated.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
HIGH LOW
----- -----
<S> <C> <C>
1995
First Quarter...................................................... $16 3/4 $13
Second Quarter..................................................... 16 3/4 12 3/4
Third Quarter...................................................... 23 13 1/2
Fourth Quarter..................................................... 26 1/2 16 1/4
1996
First Quarter...................................................... $29 7/8 $22
Second Quarter..................................................... 38 26
Third Quarter...................................................... 36 1/4 23 1/4
Fourth Quarter..................................................... 40 1/4 28 7/8
1997
First Quarter (through March 6, 1997).............................. $50 1/4 $38 1/4
</TABLE>
The last sale price of the Common Stock on March 6, 1997, as reported on
the Nasdaq National Market, was $46.00 per share. As of March 5, 1997, there
were 297 holders of record of the Common Stock.
DIVIDEND POLICY
The Company has never declared or paid any cash dividends on its Common
Stock and does not anticipate doing so in the foreseeable future. The Company
intends to retain future earnings, if any, for use in its business.
15
<PAGE> 16
CAPITALIZATION
The following table sets forth the capitalization of the Company as of
December 31, 1996 and as adjusted to reflect the issuance and sale of the
3,000,000 shares of Common Stock offered hereby, after deducting underwriting
discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
DECEMBER 31, 1996
------------------------
ACTUAL AS ADJUSTED
-------- -----------
(IN THOUSANDS)
<S> <C> <C>
Obligations under capital leases, excluding current portion........... $ 5,617 $ 5,617
Stockholders' equity:
Preferred stock, $.01 par value; 1,000,000 shares authorized; none
issued(1)........................................................ -- --
Common stock, $.01 par value; 50,000,000 shares authorized;
21,097,117 shares issued and outstanding; 24,097,117 shares
issued and outstanding as adjusted(2)............................ 211 241
Additional paid-in capital.......................................... 227,510 356,880
Equity adjustments.................................................. 49 49
Accumulated deficit................................................. (96,944) (96,944)
-------- --------
Total stockholders' equity....................................... 130,826 260,226
-------- --------
Total capitalization........................................ $136,443 $265,843
======== ========
</TABLE>
- ---------------
(1) Does not reflect shares of Series A Junior Participating Preferred Stock,
$.01 par value per share, issuable upon the exercise of Rights under the
Company's Stockholder Rights Plan.
(2) Excludes an aggregate of 4,032,609 shares of Common Stock reserved for
issuance upon exercise of outstanding options as of December 31, 1996.
DILUTION
The net tangible book value of the Company at December 31, 1996 was
$130,826,000, or $6.20 per share of Common Stock. Without taking into account
changes in net tangible book value after December 31, 1996 other than to give
effect to the sale of the 3,000,000 shares of Common Stock offered hereby, after
deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering
expenses, the Company's pro forma net tangible book value at December 31, 1996
would have been $260,226,000, or $10.80 per share. This represents an immediate
dilution in net tangible book value of $34.70 per share to new investors
purchasing shares in the offering and an immediate increase in net tangible book
value of $4.60 per share to existing stockholders. The following table
illustrates the per share dilution.
<TABLE>
<S> <C> <C>
Public offering price per share............................................. $45.50
Net tangible book value before the offering............................... $6.20
Increase in net tangible book value attributable to this offering......... 4.60
Pro forma net tangible book value after the offering(1)..................... 10.80
------
Dilution to new investors(2)................................................ $34.70
======
</TABLE>
- ---------------
(1) Pro forma net tangible book value per share represents the amount of total
tangible assets of the Company less total liabilities, divided by
24,097,117, the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding as of December
31, 1996, after giving effect to the sale of the 3,000,000 shares of Common
Stock offered hereby.
(2) Dilution is determined by subtracting pro forma net tangible book value per
share after the offering from the amount of cash paid by a new investor for
a share of Common Stock.
16
<PAGE> 17
SELECTED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL DATA
The selected financial data presented below for each of the five years
ended December 31, have been derived from the Company's consolidated financial
statements which have been audited by Coopers & Lybrand L.L.P., independent
accountants. Results for a particular period are not necessarily indicative of
the results to be expected for particular future periods. See "Risk
Factors -- History of Operating Losses and Accumulated Deficit." This data
should be read in conjunction with "Management's Discussion and Analysis of
Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and the Company's Financial
Statements and related Notes incorporated herein by reference. No dividends were
declared or paid for any of the periods presented.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31,
----------------------------------------------------------
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
------- ------- -------- -------- --------
(IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE AMOUNTS)
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF OPERATIONS DATA:
Revenues:
Collaborative and other research and development
revenues.......................................... $ 3,767 $27,885 $ 19,571 $ 22,081 $ 13,341
Interest income..................................... 1,983 1,409 3,574 5,453 5,257
------- ------- -------- -------- --------
Total revenues............................... 5,750 29,294 23,145 27,534 18,598
Costs and expenses:
Research and development............................ 11,505 23,164 34,761 41,512 35,212
General and administrative.......................... 2,278 3,520 5,540 7,069 7,929
License payment..................................... -- -- -- -- 15,000
Interest............................................ 453 493 439 481 462
------- ------- -------- -------- --------
Total costs and expenses..................... 14,236 27,177 40,740 49,062 58,603
------- ------- -------- -------- --------
Net (loss) profit before taxes........................ (8,486) 2,117 (17,595) (21,528) (40,005)
Tax provision......................................... -- 80 -- -- --
------- ------- -------- -------- --------
Net (loss) profit..................................... $(8,486) $ 2,037 $(17,595) $(21,528) $(40,005)
======= ======= ======== ======== ========
Net (loss) profit per common share.................... $ (0.70) $ 0.16 $ (1.11) $ (1.25) $ (2.13)
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding.. 12,110 12,451 15,818 17,231 18,798
</TABLE>
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
DECEMBER 31,
---------------------------------------------------------
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
------- ------- -------- ------- --------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET DATA:
Cash, cash equivalents and short-term
investments.............................. $43,701 $52,103 $106,470 $86,978 $130,359
Total assets............................... 51,043 60,992 116,175 98,981 143,499
Obligations under capital leases, excluding
current portion.......................... 3,338 4,208 4,729 4,912 5,617
Accumulated deficit........................ (19,853) (17,816) (35,411) (56,939) (96,944)
Total stockholders' equity................. 43,850 49,520 105,478 85,272 130,826
</TABLE>
17
<PAGE> 18
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION
AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
This Prospectus contains, in addition to historical information,
forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. The Company's
actual results could differ materially from the results discussed in the
forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such
differences include those discussed below, as well as those discussed under Risk
Factors and elsewhere in this Prospectus.
OVERVIEW
The Company is engaged in the discovery, development and commercialization
of novel, small molecule pharmaceuticals for the treatment of major diseases for
which there are currently limited or no effective treatments. The Company is a
leader in the use of structure-based drug design, an approach to drug discovery
that integrates advanced biology, biophysics and chemistry. The Company is
conducting nine significant pharmaceutical research and development programs to
develop pharmaceuticals for the treatment of viral diseases, multidrug
resistance in cancer, hemoglobin disorders, autoimmune diseases, inflammatory
diseases and neurodegenerative disorders. Three of these programs are in the
development phase, and the other six are in the research phase.
To date, the Company has not received any revenues from the sale of
pharmaceutical products and does not expect to receive such revenues, if any, in
the near future. The Company has incurred since its inception, and expects to
incur over the next several years, significant operating losses as a result of
expenditures for its research and development programs. The Company expects that
losses will fluctuate from quarter to quarter and that such fluctuations may be
substantial.
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Year Ended December 31, 1996 Compared with Year Ended December 31, 1995
The Company's total revenues decreased to $18,598,000 in 1996 from
$27,534,000 in 1995. In 1996, revenues consisted of $12,013,000 under the
Company's collaborative agreements, $5,257,000 in interest earned on invested
funds and $1,328,000 in government grants and other income. Revenue from
collaborative agreements consisted of $6,289,000 from the Glaxo Wellcome
collaboration, $4,196,000 from the HMR collaboration, $692,000 from the Kissei
collaboration, $225,000 from the Alpha collaboration, $577,000 from the BioChem
collaboration and $34,000 from the Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. ("Chugai")
collaboration. The research funding requirements of the Chugai and Kissei
collaborative agreements concluded in 1995, although Kissei continues to have
certain development funding obligations. In 1995, revenues consisted of
$21,587,000 under the Company's collaborative agreements, $5,453,000 in interest
earned on invested funds and $494,000 in government grants and other income.
Revenue from collaborative agreements consisted of $10,053,000 from the Glaxo
Wellcome collaboration, $5,370,000 from the Kissei collaboration, $3,749,000
from the HMR collaboration, $1,915,000 from the Chugai collaboration and
$500,000 from the Alpha collaboration.
The Company's total costs and expenses increased to $58,603,000 in 1996
from $49,062,000 in 1995. The increase in total costs and expenses resulted
principally from the Company's payment of $15,000,000 to obtain a non-exclusive,
world-wide license under certain Searle patent applications claiming HIV
protease inhibitors. Research and development expenses declined to $35,212,000
in 1996 from $41,512,000 in 1995. Although the Company's scientific staffing and
facilities expansion added to expense in 1996, the overall decrease in research
and development expense was due primarily to higher costs incurred in 1995 for
the manufacturing of bulk intermediate drug substance for use in clinical
trials. In addition, general and administrative expenses increased to $7,929,000
in 1996 from $7,069,000 in 1995. The increase in general and administrative
expense principally reflects the impact of personnel additions, the Company's
facilities expansion and an increase in marketing costs including the addition
of marketing and support personnel for the Company's subsidiary Altus Biologics
Inc.
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<PAGE> 19
("Altus"). Interest expense decreased to $462,000 in 1996 from $481,000 in 1995
on higher levels of equipment lease financing due to lower blended rates of
interest charged.
The Company recorded a net loss of $40,005,000 or $2.13 per share in 1996
compared to a net loss of $21,528,000 or $1.25 per share in 1995.
Year Ended December 31, 1995 Compared with Year Ended December 31, 1994
The Company's total revenues increased to $27,534,000 in 1995 from
$23,145,000 in 1994. In 1995, revenues consisted of $21,587,000 under the
Company's collaborative agreements, $5,453,000 in interest earned on invested
funds and $494,000 in government grants and other income. Revenue from
collaborative agreements consisted of $10,053,000 from the Glaxo Wellcome
collaboration, $5,370,000 from the Kissei collaboration, $3,749,000 from the HMR
collaboration, $1,915,000 from the Chugai collaboration and $500,000 from the
Alpha collaboration. The research funding requirements of the Chugai and Kissei
collaborative agreements concluded in 1995, although Kissei continues to have
certain development funding obligations. In 1994, revenues consisted of
$19,327,000 from collaborative agreements, $3,574,000 in interest earned on
invested funds and $244,000 in government grants and other income. Revenue in
1994 from collaborative agreements consisted of $5,346,000 from the Glaxo
Wellcome collaboration, $5,498,000 from the Kissei collaboration, $3,514,000
from the HMR collaboration and $4,969,000 from the Chugai collaboration.
The Company's total costs and expenses increased to $49,062,000 in 1995
from $40,740,000 in 1994. Research and development expenses increased 19% to
$41,512,000 in 1995 from $34,761,000 in 1994, due, in part, to the costs
associated with manufacturing drug product for use in ongoing clinical trials of
the Company's drug candidates and, to a lesser extent, increases in the
Company's research staff. General and administrative expenses increased by 28%
to $7,069,000 from $5,540,000 between 1995 and 1994. The increase in general and
administrative expense principally reflects the full year impact of personnel
additions and the opening of an office in the United Kingdom in 1994 to support
the Company's research and business development efforts. Also contributing to
the increase were costs associated with the addition of marketing and support
personnel for Altus. In addition, the Company experienced higher legal fees
associated with its patent activities. Interest expense increased 10% to
$481,000 in 1995 from $439,000 in 1994 as a result of higher levels of equipment
leasing.
The Company recorded a net loss of $21,528,000 or $1.25 per share in 1995
compared to a net loss of $17,595,000 or $1.11 per share in 1994.
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
The Company's operations have been funded principally through strategic
collaborative agreements, public offerings and private placements of the
Company's equity securities, equipment lease financing, government grants and
interest income. The Company expects to incur increased research and development
and related supporting expenses and, consequently, continued losses on a
quarterly and annual basis as it continues to develop existing and future
compounds and to conduct clinical trials of potential drugs. The Company also
expects to incur substantial administrative and commercialization expenditures
in the future and additional expenses related to the filing, prosecution,
defense and enforcement of patent and other intellectual property rights.
The Company expects to finance these substantial cash needs with the
proceeds of this offering, its existing cash and investments of approximately
$130.4 million, together with interest earned thereon, future payments under its
existing collaborative agreements and facilities and equipment financing. To the
extent that funds from these sources are not sufficient to fund the Company's
activities, it will be necessary to raise additional funds through public
offerings or private placements of securities or other methods of financing.
There can be no assurance that such financing will be available on acceptable
terms, if at all.
The Company and BioChem are collaborating on the development and
commercialization in Canada of VX-710, the Company's lead multidrug resistance
reversal agent. Under the development
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<PAGE> 20
agreement, BioChem is obligated to pay the Company up to $4.0 million comprised
of an initial licensing fee and payments for development and commercialization
milestones. From the inception of the agreement in May 1996 through the year
ended December 31, 1996, $500,000 has been recognized as revenue. BioChem will
fund development of VX-710 in Canada, including planned Phase II clinical trials
in two different cancer indications. Vertex will supply BioChem clinical and
commercial drug supply needs. In 1996, the Company received additional revenues
related to the sale of clinical trial material to BioChem. BioChem will pay
Vertex a portion of its net sales, which will cover Vertex's cost of supplying
material and will provide a profit to Vertex.
The Company and Alpha are collaborating on the development and
commercialization of VX-366 for the treatment of sickle cell anemia and beta
thalassemia. Under the collaborative agreement, Alpha is obligated to pay the
Company up to $5.0 million comprised of an initial license fee and payments for
development and commercialization milestones. From the inception of the
agreement in October 1995 through the year ended December 31, 1996, $500,000 has
been recognized as revenue. In addition, Alpha is obligated to bear the costs of
development of VX-366 under the collaboration. The Company received additional
revenue related to reimbursements for clinical material during 1996. Alpha has
the right to terminate the agreement without cause upon six months notice at any
time. Termination will relieve Alpha of any further payment obligations under
the agreement and will end the license granted to Alpha by Vertex.
The Company and Glaxo Wellcome are collaborating on the development of
compounds in connection with the Company's HIV Program. Under the collaborative
agreement, Glaxo Wellcome is obligated to pay the Company up to $42.0 million
comprised of a $15.0 million initial license payment paid in 1993, $14.0 million
of product research funding over five years and $13.0 million of development and
commercialization milestone payments. From the inception of the agreement in
December 1993 through the year ended December 31, 1996, $25.0 million has been
recognized as revenue. Glaxo Wellcome is also obligated to pay to Vertex
additional development and commercialization milestone payments for subsequent
drug candidates. In addition, Glaxo Wellcome agreed to bear the costs of
development of drug candidates under the collaboration. The Company has received
additional revenue related to reimbursements for clinical development. Under the
agreement, Glaxo Wellcome is also required to pay Vertex a royalty on sales.
Glaxo Wellcome has the right to terminate the research collaboration without
cause upon twelve months notice given at any time and has the right to terminate
the license arrangements without cause upon twelve months notice given at any
time provided such notice is not given before the research collaboration has
been terminated. Termination by Glaxo Wellcome of the research collaboration
will relieve Glaxo Wellcome of its obligation to make further research support
payments under the agreement. Termination by Glaxo Wellcome of the license
arrangements under the agreement will relieve it of its obligation to make
further commercialization and development milestone and royalty payments and
will end any license granted to Glaxo Wellcome by Vertex thereunder. In June
1996, the Company and Glaxo Wellcome obtained a worldwide, non-exclusive license
under certain Searle patent applications in the area of HIV protease inhibition.
Vertex paid $15.0 million and Glaxo paid $10.0 million to Searle for the
license. The Company also agreed to pay Searle a royalty on sales of VX-478, the
Company's lead HIV compound.
The Company and HMR are collaborating on the development of interleukin-1
beta converting enzyme inhibitors as anti-inflammatory agents. Under the
collaborative agreement, HMR is obligated to pay the Company up to $30.5
million, comprised of $18.5 million of product research funding over five years
and $12.0 million of development and commercialization milestone payments. From
the inception of the agreement in September 1993 through the year ended December
31, 1996, $14.5 million has been recognized as revenue. HMR has the right to
terminate the agreement without cause upon twelve months notice at any time. For
a period of one year after any such termination, HMR retains the right to select
one or more compounds for development and to license such compound or compounds
from Vertex, provided HMR resumes all research funding and commercialization
milestone payments and makes all such payments that would otherwise have been
due but for such
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<PAGE> 21
termination. Otherwise, in the case of such termination, all rights to compounds
developed under the research and license agreements will revert to Vertex.
The Company and Kissei are collaborating on the development of Vertex's
VX-478 protease inhibitor. Under the collaborative agreement, Kissei is
obligated to pay the Company up to $20.0 million, comprised of $9.8 million of
product research funding through 1995, $7.0 million of development milestone and
territory option payments and a $3.2 million equity investment. From the
inception of the agreement in April 1993 through the year ended December 31,
1996, $17.8 million has been received, including $14.6 million recognized as
revenue and $3.2 million as an equity investment. The Company received
additional revenue related to reimbursements for clinical development during
this period. Under the collaboration, Kissei is also required to pay Vertex a
royalty on sales.
In August 1996, the Company completed a public offering of 3,450,000 shares
of its common stock, which included an over-allotment option exercised by the
underwriters for 450,000 shares, at a price to the public of $24.00 per share,
with net proceeds to the Company of approximately $77,515,000. In June 1996,
Glaxo Wellcome purchased 151,792 shares of the Company's Common Stock at a price
of $32.94 per share, with net proceeds to the Company of approximately $5.0
million. In November 1994, the Company sold an additional 1,200,000 shares of
common stock in a private placement to a subsidiary of BB Biotech AG at a price
of $12.50 per share, with net proceeds to the Company of approximately
$15,000,000. In February 1994, the Company sold 3,450,000 shares of Common Stock
in a public offering at a price to the public of $18.00 per share, with net
proceeds to the Company of approximately $58,062,000.
In March 1995, the Company signed a ten-year operating lease for additional
facilities for occupancy in early 1996. The Company has occupied approximately
53,000 square feet of space under this lease and has agreed to occupy
approximately 60,000 square feet in total during the lease period in order to
meet its longer-term expansion needs. The costs to lease and equip these
facilities will be funded, in whole or in part, through existing cash and
investments and through lease financing, which has been made available to the
Company on acceptable terms. During 1995, the Company deposited $2,316,000 with
its bank to collateralize a conditional letter of credit in the name of the
landlord. The letter of credit is redeemable only if the Company defaults on the
lease under specific criteria. These funds are restricted from the Company's
use, although the Company is entitled to all interest earned on the funds. The
Company expects to continue its current practice of leasing most of its capital
equipment, provided such lease financing continues to be available to the
Company on commercially acceptable terms.
The Company's aggregate cash and investments were $130,359,000 at December
31, 1996, an increase of $43,381,000 from December 31, 1995. Cash used by
operations was $40,253,000 in the year ended December 31, 1996. The Company
expended $3,983,000 to acquire property and equipment, principally for research
equipment and facilities. To fund these expenditures, the Company entered into
equipment lease financing in the aggregate amount of $3,727,000. In addition,
the Company repaid $2,187,000 of its lease obligations during 1996. The Company
anticipates that its existing available cash and investments, including the net
proceeds from this offering, will be adequate to satisfy its working capital
requirements for its current and planned operations at least for the next 12
months.
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<PAGE> 22
BUSINESS
Vertex is engaged in the discovery, development and commercialization of
novel, small molecule pharmaceuticals for the treatment of diseases for which
there are currently limited or no effective treatments. The Company is a leader
in the use of structure-based drug design, an approach to drug discovery that
integrates advanced biology, biophysics and chemistry in a coordinated and
simultaneous fashion. The Company believes that this integrated approach is
applicable to therapeutic targets in a broad range of diseases. Vertex's goal is
to create a portfolio of highly specific, proprietary, small molecule drugs
based on its knowledge of the atomic structure of proteins involved in the
control of disease processes. The Company's drug candidates for the treatment of
HIV infection and AIDS, MDR in cancer and two genetic hemoglobin disorders are
currently in clinical development. In addition, the Company has preclinical and
research programs aimed at developing orally available small molecule compounds
to treat autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases, neurodegenerative diseases
and hepatitis C infection.
STRUCTURE-BASED DRUG DESIGN
Drugs are natural or synthetic compounds that interact with a target
molecule, typically a protein, either to induce or to inhibit that molecule's
function within the human body. Traditionally, pharmaceutical products have been
discovered through the screening of thousands of compounds, either from existing
chemical libraries or from fermentation broths, against a predictive assay for a
particular disease target. The Company believes that traditional pharmaceutical
discovery is an essentially random process which is costly and inefficient.
Advances in biotechnology have led to another method of developing drugs based
on the isolation and production of human recombinant proteins. The Company
believes that this approach also has limitations because the resulting
pharmaceuticals are large molecules that cannot be administered orally, are
difficult to manufacture and have applications which are limited to the disease
state in which the protein is involved.
Vertex is developing pharmaceutical products using a structure-based drug
design approach, which is distinct from the traditional pharmaceutical and
biotechnological approaches. By determining and modeling the three dimensional
atomic structure of a target protein, the Company intends to rationally design
or alter chemical compounds to specifically interact with the targeted protein.
The Company believes that structure-based drug design increases the chances for
the discovery of multiple lead compounds for selected protein targets, including
targets for which traditional drug discovery has met with limited success.
Moreover, the Company believes that the structure-based drug design process may
accelerate optimization of lead compounds, since modification of a lead compound
may be undertaken with knowledge of the relationship between the compound's
structure and its desired therapeutic effect, rather than through
experimentation with randomly generated modifications to that compound.
The Company's approach to structure-based design is an integrated approach
combining efforts in biology, biophysics and chemistry in a coordinated and
simultaneous fashion. To acquire structural information, Vertex applies advanced
biophysical and computational tools, including x-ray crystallography, nuclear
magnetic resonance spectroscopy and high resolution computer modeling. As
structural information is gathered, the Company uses combinatorial,
computational and medicinal chemistry to design and produce novel, highly
specific small molecule compounds that possess the characteristics required for
therapeutic benefit. To arrive at initial lead compounds, the Company may use
traditional approaches, such as screening chemical libraries, natural products
or combinatorial libraries in addition to using known chemical compounds or may
apply direct computational methods (de novo design). Throughout the process, the
Company develops biological assays and proprietary animal models, some of which
employ the latest advances in genomics techniques, in order to analyze the
function of target proteins. Using these tools, the Company optimizes compounds
for potency and pharmaceutical properties, including tolerability and
pharmacokinetics, and manufacturability. The Company selects clinical candidates
from among optimized compounds based on the results of in vitro and in vivo
tests designed to predict the compounds' safety and efficacy.
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Vertex expects to employ all of its core technologies from the initial
phases of a program through the entire discovery process. Information generated
through the application of one scientific technique becomes part of the
information base from which further advances may be made by Vertex scientists
using other development techniques. Using its approach to structure-based drug
design, Vertex has demonstrated that it is able to solve atomic structures of
target proteins, generate lead compounds that bind to the target in vitro and
optimize those compounds to produce drug candidates with desirable
pharmaceutical attributes. The Company believes that its integrated
structure-based approach to drug discovery and the applicability of this
approach to a broad range of protein targets provides the Company with
significant competitive advantages in the discovery and development of novel
therapeutics for a variety of diseases.
CORPORATE STRATEGY
Vertex is concentrating on the discovery and development of drugs for the
treatment of viral diseases, multidrug resistance in cancer, hemoglobin
disorders, autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and neurodegenerative
diseases. The Company's research and development strategy is to identify
therapeutic areas in which there is (i) an unmet clinical need, (ii) evidence
that interaction with known protein targets will produce a therapeutic effect
and (iii) evidence that the protein targets will be appropriate for structural
analysis using Vertex's scientific approach. The Company's business strategy is
to form collaborations with pharmaceutical companies in programs for which they
can provide resources and access to competencies complementary to Vertex's
in-house capabilities.
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PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT AND RESEARCH PROGRAMS
The following table outlines the Company's most advanced product
development and research programs.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
COMPOUND/PROGRAM INDICATION(S) STATUS(1) COMMERCIAL RIGHTS
- ------------------ ------------- --------- -----------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
VX-478
HIV/AIDS Phase III(2) Glaxo Wellcome/Kissei(3)
HIV Protease
Inhibitors
HIV/AIDS Research Glaxo Wellcome
VX-710
Cancers susceptible to Phase II BioChem/Vertex(4)
MDR
VX-853
Cancers susceptible to Phase I/II Vertex
MDR
VX-366
Sickle cell disease and Phase II Alpha/Ravizza/Vertex(5)
beta thalassemia
VX-497
Autoimmune diseases Preclinical Vertex
VX-740
Inflammatory diseases Preclinical HMR/Vertex(6)
Neurophilins
Neurodegenerative Research Vertex
diseases
Apoptosis
Neurodegenerative Research Vertex
diseases
Hepatitis C
Hepatitis C infection Research Vertex
MAP Kinases
Inflammatory diseases Research Vertex
</TABLE>
- ---------------
(1) "Research" includes the discovery or creation of prototype compounds, in
vitro studies of those compounds and preliminary evaluation in animals.
"Preclinical" includes toxicologic assessment of candidate compounds in
animal models and formulation of a product in an appropriate dosage form,
development of chemical processes suitable for production of clinical grade
material, and appropriate pharmacological evaluation. "Phase I" clinical
trials indicates that the compound is being tested in healthy humans for
safety, dose tolerance, absorption, bioavailability, biodistribution,
metabolism, excretion, clinical pharmacology and/or, if possible, early
information on efficacy. "Phase I/II" clinical trials indicates that the
compound is being tested in a limited patient population for safety and
preliminary indications of biological activity in patients with the targeted
disease. "Phase II" clinical trials indicates that the compound is being
tested in a limited patient population to assess the efficacy of the drug
for a specific indication, to determine dose tolerance and the optimal dose
range and to gather additional information relating to safety and potential
adverse effects. "Phase III" clinical trials indicates that the compound is
being further evaluated for clinical safety and efficacy in an expanded
patient population at geographically dispersed study sites, to determine the
overall risk-benefit ratio of the drug and to provide an adequate basis for
physician labeling. See "-- Government Regulation."
(2) VX-478 is currently in one Phase III clinical trial in the U.S. and Europe,
with additional Phase III trials planned, and has completed Phase I clinical
trials in Japan.
(3) Glaxo Wellcome has worldwide rights except for the Far East. Kissei has
rights for the Far East. See "-- Corporate Collaborations -- Glaxo Wellcome
plc." and "-- Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd."
(4) BioChem has rights for VX-710 in Canada. Vertex retains worldwide rights for
VX-710, except for Canada. See "-- Corporate Collaborations -- BioChem
Therapeutic, Inc."
(5) Alpha has rights for VX-366 for North, Central and South America. Vertex
retains worldwide rights, except for North, Central and South America.
Vertex has an arrangement with Ravizza under which Ravizza is conducting
clinical studies and will share data with the Company and which includes a
framework for negotiation of an agreement for clinical development and
commercialization of compounds in Europe. See "-- Corporate Collaborations
-- Alpha Therapeutic Corporation" and "-- Ravizza Farmaceutici S.p.A."
(6) HMR has rights for any ICE inhibitors developed for Europe, Africa and the
Middle East. Vertex and HMR have joint rights for the Far East. Vertex
retains rights for the Americas and the rest of the world. See "-- Corporate
Collaborations -- Hoechst Marion Roussel."
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<PAGE> 25
CLINICAL PROGRAMS
HIV PROGRAM
Overview
Vertex is developing orally deliverable antiviral drugs to treat HIV
infection and AIDS. The Company is collaborating with Glaxo Wellcome plc. and
Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. in the development of its most advanced HIV
protease inhibitor, VX-478. Glaxo Wellcome has initiated multi-center Phase III
clinical trials to assess the safety and efficacy of VX-478 in HIV-positive
individuals. The Phase III clinical trials are intended to support the
submission of an NDA for market approval in the United States and equivalent
submissions in Europe and other territories. However, there can be no assurance
that these clinical trials will result in the submission or approval of an NDA
for VX-478.
Background
As of June 1996, approximately 548,000 cases of AIDS had been reported to
the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the current population
of surviving AIDS patients in the U.S. was estimated to be approximately
205,000. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control also estimates that more than
700,000 additional people in the United States are infected with HIV. In 1996,
the World Health Organization reported that approximately 1,500,000 AIDS cases
had been reported worldwide, but it is estimated that the actual total number of
cases was over 8,400,000.
AIDS is caused by infection with HIV. HIV infection causes severe
immunosuppression and, eventually, death by attacking and destroying T-cells,
which coordinate much of the network of normal immune responses. Progression
from HIV infection to AIDS may take many years. Currently, there are two classes
of antiviral drugs approved for the treatment of AIDS, reverse transcriptase
inhibitors and protease inhibitors. AZT, ddI, ddC and 3TC are drugs that act by
inhibiting reverse transcriptase, an enzyme required for viral replication. The
clinical utility of each of these drugs is limited by significant side effects
and by the development of viral resistance. While certain anti-HIV drugs may be
used alone, the clinical utility of these drugs may be improved if these drugs
are administered in combination. Such combination therapy can delay the onset of
viral resistance. Due to the limitations of AZT and other reverse transcriptase
inhibitors, there has been significant interest in developing anti-HIV agents
that work by alternative mechanisms, such as HIV protease inhibitors which act
by blocking another viral enzyme involved in HIV replication. The FDA has
approved for marketing HIV protease inhibitors developed by Merck & Co., Inc.,
Hoffmann-La Roche and Abbott Laboratories, Inc.
The Company believes that the market for protease inhibitors is competitive
and that a protease inhibitor compound's utility may be evaluated based on
several key characteristics. These characteristics include efficacy, convenient
dosing regimen, high bioavailability and pharmacokinetics (i.e., high absorption
into and sustained presence in the bloodstream), the ability to penetrate the
brain and lymph systems from the bloodstream, an acceptable resistance profile,
a favorable side effect profile and practical manufacture.
Clinical Status
Vertex's HIV and AIDS program is focused on the development of a highly
specific protease inhibitor designed to effectively block the replication of HIV
and to possess key competitive characteristics. In February 1997, Glaxo Wellcome
began a multi-center Phase III clinical trial in the United States, Canada and
Europe to evaluate the tolerability, antiviral efficacy, and durability of the
antiviral response of VX-478 in combination with AZT and 3TC. The protocol calls
for VX-478 to be administered orally at a dose of 1200 mg twice daily in
combination with AZT and 3TC. A second group treated with AZT and 3TC will
provide a comparison arm for the clinical trial. Approximately 290 HIV-positive
adults are expected to enroll in the trial. In addition, the Company anticipates
that Glaxo Wellcome will begin in the first half of 1997 a second multi-center
Phase III clinical trial in the United States and Europe to assess the safety
and efficacy of VX-478 in children. There can be no assurance that clinical
trials will result in the submission or approval of an NDA for VX-478 or that
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<PAGE> 26
trials that have not yet begun will commence. See "Risk Factors -- Uncertainties
Related to Clinical Trials" and "-- Manufacturing Uncertainties; Reliance on
Third Party Manufacturers."
In addition to the Phase III trials with AZT and 3TC discussed above,
clinical trials of VX-478 alone and in combination with other anti-HIV agents
are being conducted. In September 1996, Glaxo Wellcome initiated a 12-week
dose-range finding Phase II clinical trial testing the safety and efficacy of
VX-478 in combination with AZT and 3TC. This study has completed enrollment of
approximately 80 participants and the duration of the study has been extended to
24 weeks. In January 1997, Glaxo Wellcome initiated a 24-week Phase II clinical
trial of VX-478 in double protease regimens, pairing VX-478 with saquinavir
(Roche), indinavir (Merck) or nelfinavir (Agouron). Approximately 48 patients
are expected to enroll in the study. Through a collaboration with the ACTG,
Glaxo Wellcome, Kissei and Vertex, a 24-week Phase II clinical trial was
initiated in February 1997 to evaluate the safety and efficacy of VX-478 as a
single agent. A second group treated with VX-478, AZT and 3TC will provide a
comparison for the clinical trial. The trial will be conducted in the United
States at 10 ACTG clinical centers and is expected to enroll approximately 84
HIV-positive individuals. In 1997, Glaxo Wellcome plans to initiate a clinical
trial to assess the use of VX-478 in combination with 1592U89, a new reverse
transcriptase inhibitor in development by Glaxo Wellcome. There can be no
assurance, however, that these clinical trials will commence or proceed as
currently anticipated. See "Risk Factors -- Uncertainties Related to Clinical
Trials" and "-- Dependence on Collaborative Partners."
In January 1997, Glaxo Wellcome reported preliminary results from a
60-patient multi-center Phase I/II clinical trial conducted in the United States
and Europe suggesting that VX-478 is well-tolerated and displays potent
antiviral activity. At the three highest doses of VX-478 administered as a
single agent (900 mg, 1050 mg or 1200 mg twice daily), the median maximal
decrease in viral load ranged from 1.69 to 1.89 logs, indicating potent
antiviral activity. The results indicated that the antiviral activity of VX-478
was dose-dependent, with increasing doses providing better antiviral effect. The
trial also included the administration of VX-478 at a dose of 900 mg (twice
daily) in combination with 1592U89 (300 mg twice daily). For the combination,
five of seven patients had viral loads below the level of detection (<400
copies/ml) at four weeks. The median maximal decrease in viral load in this
combination group was 2.08 logs. Adverse events reported in the trial, such as
rash, nausea and loose stool/diarrhea, were mild and reversible in most cases.
The combination of VX-478 and 1592U89 was well-tolerated, with nausea being the
most commonly reported adverse event in this combination. Of the 60 participants
in the trial, five withdrew based on adverse events. The data from this trial is
preliminary and incomplete. There can be no assurance that these results are
predictive of results that will be obtained in any future clinical trials. See
"Risk Factors -- Uncertainties Related to Clinical Trials."
In January 1997, Glaxo Wellcome also reported preliminary data from the
Phase I/II clinical trial suggesting that resistance did not develop to VX-478
administered as a single agent over the four week time period. The results of
the genotype (sequence) and phenotype (drug sensitivity) analyses of virus
isolated from patients participating in the Phase I/II study (at doses of 300 mg
twice daily; 300 mg three times daily; 900 mg twice daily or 1200 mg twice
daily) indicated that resistance did not appear to develop to VX-478, whether at
the lower doses or at the higher doses, where potent antiviral activity was
observed. There can be no assurance that resistance will not occur when VX-478
is administered for longer periods or in combination with other antiviral
agents. See "Risk Factors -- Early Stage of Development; Technological
Uncertainty."
In 1995, Kissei completed single dose and multi-dose, placebo-controlled,
Phase I clinical trials. Results from these trials reported in May 1996
indicated that VX-478 was well-tolerated, with no significant adverse
experiences or laboratory test abnormalities observed at the doses tested.
Vertex expects that Kissei will initiate Phase II/III efficacy trials in 1997 in
HIV-positive patients that will be designed based on clinical data from Glaxo
Wellcome. There can be no assurance, however, that these clinical trials will
commence or proceed as currently anticipated. See "Risk Factors -- Uncertainties
Related to Clinical Trials," "-- Manufacturing Uncertainties; Reliance on Third
Party Manufacturers" and "-- Dependence on Collaborative Partners."
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<PAGE> 27
In collaboration with Glaxo Wellcome, Vertex also is engaged in research to
develop additional lead classes of HIV protease inhibitors. This research is
focused on designing compounds with resistance profiles distinct from VX-478.
The Company has one issued United States patent, ten United States patent
applications pending, and foreign counterparts to some of those applications,
that claim classes of chemical compounds and/or their uses which include within
their scope the Company's lead drug candidates for treating HIV infection and
AIDS. The issued patent and five of the ten United States patent applications,
have claims that include VX-478 within their literal scope. Vertex recently
received a Notice of Allowance for claims covering the use of VX-478 to treat
AIDS-related central nervous system disorders. In addition, the Company has one
United States patent application that claims processes for preparing synthetic
intermediates useful in the synthesis of a class of compounds that includes
VX-478. The Company also has a non-exclusive, worldwide license under certain
Searle patent applications claiming HIV protease inhibitors. See "Risk
Factors -- Uncertainly Related to Patents and Proprietary Information."
CANCER MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE PROGRAM
Overview
Vertex is developing novel compounds to treat and prevent the occurrence of
drug resistance associated with the failure of cancer chemotherapy by inhibiting
cellular mechanisms believed to be responsible for MDR. Two cellular mechanisms
implicated in MDR are P-glycoprotein, or "MDR1," and multidrug resistance
associated protein, or "MRP." In June 1996, Vertex commenced a Phase II
multi-center clinical trial to assess the safety and efficacy of the
co-administration of VX-710 and doxorubicin in patients with liver cancer. In
1997, Vertex plans to initiate a Phase II multi-center clinical trial to assess
the safety and efficacy of the co-administration of VX-710 and paclitaxel in
patients with breast cancer. Vertex is collaborating with BioChem Therapeutic,
Inc., a subsidiary of Biochem Pharma (International) Inc., for the development
and commercialization of VX-710 in Canada. The Company expects that BioChem will
initiate Phase II clinical trials of VX-710 for two additional cancers in Canada
in 1997. In April 1996, the Company commenced a Phase I/II dose escalating
clinical trial with a second MDR inhibitor, VX-853, an orally-administered
compound in a chemical class distinct from intravenously administered VX-710, in
combination with doxorubicin in patients with solid tumors.
Background
According to the American Cancer Society, there will be an estimated
530,000 new cases of breast, ovarian, lung, liver and colorectal tumors in the
United States in 1997. In addition, the American Cancer Society also estimates
that there will be an estimated 95,000 new patients each year in the United
States afflicted with blood cancers, such as multiple myeloma, acute myeloid
leukemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The Company believes that a significant
number of these patients may not be effectively treated by chemotherapy because
of MDR.
Multidrug resistance is frequently associated with the failure of
chemotherapy. A major contributing factor to MDR is the presence of molecular
pumps that function to expel toxins out of the cell. MDR occurs when these
pumps, including MDR1 and MRP, expel chemotherapeutic agents from cancer cells,
preventing the sustained delivery of potent levels of the chemotherapeutic
agents required for therapeutic benefit. As a consequence, such resistant tumor
cells cannot be killed efficiently by anticancer drugs such as methotrexate,
doxorubicin, vincristine and paclitaxel. MDR1 has been implicated in MDR in a
variety of cancers including liver cancer, colon cancer, pancreatic cancer,
chronic myelogenous leukemia and certain lung cancers. MRP was recently
identified as another drug efflux pump and is believed responsible for
resistance observed in additional tumor types.
No drug has been approved by the FDA specifically for the treatment of MDR,
however, several compounds are in advanced clinical studies. Certain agents,
such as dex-verapamil and an analog of
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cyclosporin A, have been shown in preliminary human studies to have some
effectiveness in overcoming clinical resistance to certain commonly used
chemotherapeutic agents. The Company believes these drugs may have side effects
that could limit broad use.
Clinical Status
Vertex's lead compound, VX-710, has displayed potent activity in vitro as
an inhibitor of MDR for a number of chemotherapeutic agents in a variety of
tumor types. In June 1996, Vertex initiated a Phase II multi-center clinical
trial to assess the safety and efficacy of the co-administration of VX-710 and
doxorubicin in patients with liver cancer. The comparison arm for the study
involves the administration of doxorubicin alone. Cross-over from the comparison
arm to the study arm is allowed. The clinical trial is expected to enroll up to
70 patients. The Company has recently added additional investigative sites in
order to accelerate enrollment in the trial. In 1997, Vertex plans to initiate a
Phase II multi-center trial to assess the safety and efficacy of the
co-administration of VX-710 and paclitaxel in patients with breast cancer. The
primary efficacy endpoints in both trials will be response rate and time to
disease progression. In addition, BioChem is planning to initiate Phase II
clinical trials of VX-710 in Canada in 1997 in combination with paclitaxel in
patients with ovarian cancer and in combination with doxorubicin in patients
with soft tissue sarcoma. There can be no assurance, however, that clinical
trials will commence or proceed as currently anticipated. See "Risk Factors --
Uncertainties Related to Clinical Trials," "-- Manufacturing Uncertainties;
Reliance on Third Party Manufacturers" and "-- Dependence on Collaborative
Partners."
In April 1996, a principal investigator for the ongoing Phase I/II trial
reported preliminary results for the VX-710/doxorubicin combination. The
findings, based on 22 patients receiving intravenous doses of up to 160
mg/m(2)/hr, suggest that the regimen was well-tolerated, with generally mild and
reversible side effects at the doses tested. The results also showed that the
regimen can be successfully administered to achieve blood levels shown to
reverse MDR in vitro and in preclinical studies. The investigator also reported
that VX-710 did not appear to alter markedly the clearance or half-life of
doxorubicin, which the Company believes will provide future flexibility for
dosage. Investigators used an imaging agent, which is ordinarily expelled from
the liver by MDR1, as a marker for MDR1 inhibition by VX-710. In this trial, the
level of retention of the imaging agent in the liver suggested that VX-710 was
blocking the activity of MDR1.
Vertex's research has identified several proprietary compounds, in addition
to VX-710, that are able to return drug resistant cells to a state of drug
sensitivity in vitro. In November 1995, Vertex scientists reported in vitro MDR
inhibition results for VX-853, an orally administered compound in a chemical
class distinct from VX-710. The research showed that VX-853 potently blocks MDR
mediated by both MDR1 and MRP. In April 1996, the Company commenced a Phase I/II
dose-escalating clinical trial of VX-853 in combination with doxorubicin in
patients with solid tumors.
The Company has one issued United States patent, five United States patent
applications pending and several foreign counterpart applications claiming
VX-710 and other compounds for treating multidrug resistance. Vertex recently
received a Notice of Allowance for claims covering VX-710 and structurally
related compounds. The issued United States patent claims VX-853 and
structurally related compounds. The Company may seek orphan drug status for
certain indications of its MDR compounds.
HEMOGLOBIN DISORDERS PROGRAM
Overview
Vertex is developing VX-366, a drug to treat sickle cell disease and beta
thalassemia, two inherited blood disorders for which there currently are a
limited number of treatments. The Company is collaborating with Alpha
Therapeutic Corporation, a subsidiary of Green Cross Corporation, and Ravizza
Farmaceutici, a subsidiary of BASF, in the development of its hemoglobin
disorder compounds.
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Background
Sickle cell disease affects one in 375 African-Americans and, to a lesser
extent, persons of Eastern Mediterranean, Indian or Saudi Arabian ancestry.
There were an estimated 75,000 sickle cell cases and 10,000 beta thalassemia
cases in the United States and Europe as of 1994.
Sickle cell disease and beta thalassemia are inherited disorders caused by
defects in the gene for adult hemoglobin. These diseases are associated with
life-threatening organ damage, cause chronic and recurrent pain and predispose
affected individuals to severe infection.
There are currently a limited number of treatments for beta thalessemia and
sickle cell disease. Hydroxyurea, an oral compound currently marketed as an
anti-cancer agent, has been shown, in a Phase III study conducted by the
National Institutes of Health, to improve the symptoms of patients with sickle
cell disease. The Company believes, however, that this compound has limitations
due to toxic side effects. Other treatments used to combat symptoms of sickle
cell disease and beta thalassemia include antibiotics, pain killers and blood
transfusions. Several compounds are in clinical development by a number of
companies for the treatment of these diseases.
Clinical Status
Vertex's drug in development for hemoglobin disorders is VX-366. Vertex
acquired VX-366, a butyrate compound, in August 1993 under an exclusive license
from Children's Hospital Medical Center of Oakland. In June 1996, Ravizza
reported results of a four-week Phase II trial in 12 patients with beta
thalassemia, which indicated that VX-366 increased participants' levels of
hemoglobin F, a form of hemoglobin that has been shown to improve symptoms and
extend the life span of individuals with sickle cell disease and beta
thalassemia. In September 1995, Vertex entered into a license agreement with
Alpha for the development and commercialization of VX-366 in North, Central and
South America. There can be no assurance, however, that clinical trials
involving VX-366 will proceed or that future trials will commence. See "Risk
Factors -- Uncertainties Related to Clinical Studies," "-- Manufacturing
Uncertainties; Reliance on Third Party Manufacturers" and "-- Dependence on
Collaborative Partners."
Four United States patents have issued, which are licensed exclusively by
Vertex from Children's Hospital. Three of these patents claim the use of VX-366
in the treatment of hemoglobin disorders, including sickle cell disease and beta
thalassemia. Because Children's Hospital did not foreign file the application
corresponding to that reissue application within one year of filing its
corresponding United States application, the Company's foreign patent rights may
be limited. Vertex has filed three United States patent applications claiming
various compounds and their use in the treatment of hemoglobin disorders.
PRECLINICAL PROGRAMS
IMPDH PROGRAM
Overview
Vertex is developing novel, orally deliverable immunosuppressive drugs that
it believes could selectively halt the growth of lymphocytes by blocking inosine
monophosphate dehydrogenase ("IMPDH"), an enzyme which controls DNA synthesis in
lymphocytes. In December 1996, Vertex selected VX-497 as a lead drug development
candidate for autoimmune diseases. Vertex currently is conducting preclinical
trials of VX-497 and plans to initiate clinical trials of VX-497 in 1998.
Background
The activation and proliferation of lymphocytes are associated with a
variety of autoimmune diseases, including asthma, psoriasis, rheumatoid
arthritis and systemic lupus, as well as with transplant rejection. Vertex
believes that blocking the enzyme IMPDH with an oral compound designed to
specifically bind to the active site of IMPDH may provide a novel way to inhibit
the progress of
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autoimmune diseases. The Company is aware of only one specific inhibitor of
IMPDH currently on the market in the United States, Hoffmann-La Roche's
mycophenolate mofetil, which is approved for acute kidney transplant rejection.
The Company believes that compound-specific side effects of mycophenolate
mofetil may limit its use for chronic autoimmune disorders.
Preclinical Status
Vertex has identified novel lead classes of IMPDH inhibitors. In December
1996, Vertex selected VX-497 as a lead drug development candidate for autoimmune
diseases. In laboratory tests and in models of autoimmune disease and
transplantation performed to date, VX-497 has been a potent and well-tolerated
immunosuppressive agent. Vertex currently is conducting preclinical trials of
VX-497. The Company plans to initiate clinical trials of VX-497 in 1998. Vertex
intends to evaluate VX-497 for psoriasis, an autoimmune disease of the skin, as
the first clinical indication for the compound. There can be no assurance,
however, that clinical trials will commence or proceed as currently anticipated.
See"Risk Factors -- Early Stages of Development; Technological Uncertainty," "--
Manufacturing Uncertainties; Reliance on Third Party Manufacturers" and " --
Uncertainties Related to Clinical Trials."
The Company has two United States patent applications pending, claiming
inhibitors of IMPDH, including VX-497 and related compounds. The Company has
another United States patent application pending that claims the crystal
structure of IMPDH and the use of that structure to design inhibitors.
INFLAMMATION PROGRAM
Overview
Vertex is developing novel drugs to treat acute and chronic inflammatory
conditions, including pancreatitis, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. The
Company is collaborating with Hoechst Marion Roussel in the development of
compounds to block interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme ("ICE"), which mediates
the production and release of the inflammatory cytokine IL-1 beta, as well as
the production of gamma interferon. In February 1997, Vertex selected VX-740 as
a lead drug development candidate for inflammatory diseases.
Background
Elevation of IL-1 beta levels has been correlated to a number of acute and
chronic inflammatory diseases such as asthma, inflammatory bowel disease,
osteoarthritis, pancreatitis and rheumatoid arthritis. There are approximately
2,500,000 cases of rheumatoid arthritis in the United States alone. ICE was
first characterized in late 1991 and represents a novel target for
anti-inflammatory drug discovery. Although several companies are pursuing ICE as
a drug target, Vertex is not aware of any company with an ICE-inhibiting
compound in clinical development, and there currently are no IL-1 beta
inhibitors approved for marketing.
Preclinical Status
Vertex and HMR have designed potential small molecule inhibitors of ICE
that could be used for the treatment of both acute and chronic inflammatory
disorders such as asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, osteoarthritis,
pancreatitis and rheumatoid arthritis. In February 1997, Vertex selected VX-740
as a lead drug development candidate for inflammatory diseases.
Vertex scientists recently discovered that ICE plays a key role in the
production of gamma interferon, a key immunoregulator that modulates antigen
presentation, T-cell activation, and cell adhesion. This research was published
in the January 10, 1997 issue of the journal Science. Based on the discovery of
a new role for ICE in the production of gamma interferon, Vertex plans to
investigate ICE inhibitors for additional therapeutic uses such as in metastatic
cancer, diabetes and sepsis. See "Risk Factors -- Early Stages of Development;
Technological Uncertainty," "-- Manufacturing Uncertainties; Reliance on Third
Party Manufacturers" and " -- Uncertainties Related to Clinical Trials."
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The Company has fourteen patent applications pending in the United States
and several foreign counterpart patent applications claiming inhibitors of ICE.
Vertex recently received a Notice of Allowance in one of those applications. The
Company has three patent applications pending in the United States and several
foreign counterpart applications claiming the crystal structure of ICE and
derivatives thereof and various uses of those structures.
RESEARCH PROGRAMS
Neurophilins
Vertex has designed novel, orally deliverable, small molecule compounds
that have the potential to be developed as drugs to treat neurodegenerative
diseases, including stroke, peripheral neuropathies and Parkinson's disease and
Alzheimer's disease. Vertex has conducted laboratory experiments the results of
which suggest that certain of its compounds stimulate nerve growth. In 1996,
Vertex reported results in a rat model of peripheral nerve injury. The
neurophilin compound accelerated the onset of foot movement and walking compared
to the control. In addition, the compound produced a 50 percent increase in the
average size of nerve cells in the injured area as compared to the control
animals. Vertex has identified several promising lead compounds and plans to
test those compounds in additional models of nerve growth.
The Company has five United States patent applications claiming the use of
certain of its immunosuppressive compounds and certain of its multidrug
resistance compounds for nerve growth applications. The Company also has one
issued United States patent and nine United States patent applications pending
that claim compounds useful in nerve growth applications.
Caspases (Apoptosis)
The goal of Vertex's caspases program is to discover and develop drugs
useful for treating neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and
Parkinson's disease as well as for the prevention of tissue damage resulting
from myocardial and cerebral ischemia.
Vertex is conducting research to design novel drugs for apoptosis
(programmed cell death) for neurodegenerative diseases and other
neurodegenerative conditions. This drug discovery effort is based on the
Company's knowledge of ICE and its homologues, the caspases. Vertex has gained a
detailed understanding of apoptotic pathways using biological, genomic, and
structural data from ICE homologues. Vertex has solved the X-ray structure of
CPP32, a caspase believed to be important in neuronal apoptosis, and is using
structural information to design small molecule lead compounds that selectively
block CPP32 and other caspases.
The Company has one United States patent application claiming a protein
involved in apoptosis.
Hepatitis C Protease
The Company is conducting discovery research to design orally deliverable
drugs to inhibit hepatitis C protease, an enzyme generally believed to be
essential for replication of the hepatitis C virus ("HCV"). Discovered in 1989,
HCV causes chronic inflammation in the liver. In a majority of patients, HCV
establishes a chronic infection that can persist for decades and eventually lead
to cirrhosis, liver failure and liver cancer. HCV infection represents a
significant medical problem worldwide for which there is inadequate or no
therapy for a majority of patients. Sources at the U.S. Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention recently estimated that approximately 3.9 million
Americans, or more than one percent of the population, may be infected with HCV.
Currently, there is no vaccine available to prevent hepatitis C infection. In
addition, the only drug approved for the treatment of hepatitis C, interferon
alpha, provides long-term therapeutic benefit to less than 25 percent of
patients treated.
In 1996, Vertex solved the structure of the hepatitis C protease, using
X-ray crystallography. Vertex is utilizing a variety of advanced techniques, as
well as its experience with HIV protease inhibitors, to design inhibitors of HCV
protease enzyme.
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Vertex has one United States patent application pending claiming inhibitors
of HCV protease. Vertex also has one United States patent application pending
claiming the crystal structure of HCV protease and the use of that structure to
design inhibitors. Vertex has an additional United States patent application
claiming methods of identifying HCV protease inhibitors.
MAP Kinases
Vertex is conducting research to design novel anti-inflammatory drugs based
on small molecule inhibitors of MAP kinases. MAP kinases regulate both
interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor, hormones involved in inflammation and
programmed cell death. In 1996, Vertex solved the structure of p38 MAP kinase
using X-ray crystallography. Vertex is conducting research to solve additional
related MAP kinases. Together with the structural information now available,
Vertex is using structure-directed high throughput screening to identify novel
lead inhibitors of p38 MAP kinase.
Vertex has one United States patent application pending claiming inhibitors
of p38 MAP kinase.
CORPORATE COLLABORATIONS
Vertex has entered into corporate collaborations with pharmaceutical
companies that provide financial and other resources, including capabilities in
research, development and sales and marketing, to support the Company's research
and development programs. To date, the Company has entered into the following
major corporate collaborations.
Glaxo Wellcome plc.
Vertex and Glaxo Wellcome are collaborating on the development of Vertex's
HIV protease inhibitors. Under the collaborative agreement, which commenced in
December 1993, Glaxo Wellcome is obligated to pay Vertex up to $42.0 million,
comprised of a $15.0 million initial license payment paid in December 1993,
$14.0 million of product research funding over five years and $13.0 million of
development and commercialization milestone payments for an initial drug
candidate. From the inception of the agreement in December 1993 through December
31, 1996, Vertex has recognized as revenue $25.0 million. Glaxo Wellcome is also
obligated to pay to Vertex additional development and commercialization
milestone payments for subsequent drug candidates. In addition, Glaxo Wellcome
is required to bear the costs of development in its territory under the
collaboration. Glaxo Wellcome has exclusive rights to develop and commercialize
Vertex HIV protease inhibitors in all parts of the world except the Far East and
will pay Vertex a royalty on sales. Vertex has retained certain bulk drug
manufacturing rights and certain co-promotion rights in the territories licensed
to Glaxo Wellcome. See "-- HIV Program."
Glaxo Wellcome has the right to terminate the research collaboration under
its agreement with the Company without cause upon twelve months' notice given at
any time and has the right to terminate the license arrangements under its
agreement with the Company without cause upon twelve months' notice, provided
such notice is not given before the research collaboration has been terminated.
Termination by Glaxo Wellcome of the research collaboration under its agreement
with the Company will relieve Glaxo Wellcome of its obligation to make further
research support payments under the agreement. Termination by Glaxo Wellcome of
the license arrangements under the agreement will relieve Glaxo Wellcome of its
obligation to make further commercialization and development milestone and
royalty payments, and will end any license granted to Glaxo Wellcome by Vertex
thereunder, and could have a material adverse effect on the Company's business
and result of operations. See "Risk Factors -- Dependence on Collaborative
Partners."
In June 1996, Vertex and Glaxo Wellcome obtained a non-exclusive, worldwide
license under certain Searle patent applications claiming HIV protease
inhibitors to permit Vertex and Glaxo Wellcome to develop, manufacture and
market VX-478 free of the risk of intellectual property claims by Searle. Vertex
and Glaxo Wellcome paid Searle $15.0 million and $10.0 million, respectively,
for the license. In addition, the terms of the license require Vertex to pay
Searle a royalty on sales. In
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connection with this transaction, Glaxo Wellcome purchased 151,792 shares of the
Company's Common Stock at a price of $32.94 per share, with net proceeds to the
Company of approximately $5.0 million.
Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.
Vertex and Kissei are collaborating on the development of Vertex's VX-478
HIV protease inhibitor. Under the collaborative agreement, which commenced in
April 1993, Kissei is obligated to pay to Vertex up to $20.0 million, comprised
of $9.8 million of product research funding over three years, $7.0 million of
development and commercialization milestone payments and a $3.2 million equity
investment. From the inception of the agreement in April 1993 through December
31, 1996, $17.8 million has been received, including $14.6 million recognized as
revenue and $3.2 million as an equity investment. The Company has received the
full amount of research funding specified under the agreement. Kissei has
exclusive rights to develop and commercialize VX-478 in Japan, the People's
Republic of China and several other countries in the Far East and will pay
Vertex a royalty on sales. Vertex will manufacture bulk product for Kissei. See
"-- HIV Program."
Hoechst Marion Roussel
Vertex and HMR are collaborating on the development of ICE inhibitors as
anti-inflammatory agents. Under the collaborative agreement, which commenced in
September 1993, HMR is obligated to pay to Vertex up to $30.5 million, comprised
of $18.5 million of product research funding over five years and $12.0 million
of development and commercialization milestone payments. From the inception of
the agreement in September 1993 through December 31, 1996, $14.5 million has
been recognized as revenue. HMR has exclusive rights to develop and market drugs
resulting from the collaborative effort in Europe, Africa and the Middle East,
and Vertex has exclusive development and marketing rights in the rest of the
world, except the Far East, where Vertex shares those rights with HMR. HMR is
obligated to pay a royalty to Vertex on any sales made in Europe, and Vertex is
obligated to pay a royalty to HMR on any sales made in the United States or the
rest of the Americas. Each party will have the option to co-promote products in
the other party's exclusive territory. Vertex and HMR will each have rights to
develop and market the drugs in Far Eastern countries including Japan.
HMR has the right to terminate the agreement at any time without cause upon
twelve months' notice. For a period of one year after any such termination, HMR
retains the right to select one or more compounds for development and to license
such compound or compounds from Vertex, provided HMR resumes research funding
and commercialization milestone payments and makes all such payments that would
otherwise have been due but for such termination. See "-- Inflammation Program."
BioChem Therapeutic, Inc.
The Company and BioChem are collaborating on the development and
commercialization of VX-710, the Company's lead compound in its cancer multidrug
resistance program. Under the collaborative agreement, which commenced in May
1996, BioChem is obligated to pay the Company up to $4.0 million comprised of an
initial license payment of $500,000 and development and commercialization
milestone payments. BioChem also is obligated to bear the costs of development
of VX-710 in Canada. BioChem has exclusive rights to develop and commercialize
VX-710 in Canada. The Company will supply BioChem's requirements of bulk and
finished forms of VX-710. BioChem will make payments to the Company for those
materials based on sales of products by BioChem, which will cover Vertex's cost
of supplying materials and will provide a profit to Vertex.
BioChem has the right to terminate the agreement without cause upon six
months' notice at any time after May 8, 1997. Termination will relieve BioChem
of any further payment obligations and will end any license granted to BioChem
by Vertex under the agreement. See "-- Cancer Multidrug Resistance Program."
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Alpha Therapeutic Corporation
Vertex and Alpha are collaborating on the development and commercialization
of VX-366 for the treatment of sickle cell disease and beta thalassemia. Under
the collaborative agreement, which commenced in October 1995, Alpha has agreed
to pay Vertex up to $5.0 million comprised of an initial license payment and
development and commercialization milestone payments. From the inception of the
agreement in October 1995 through December 31, 1996, $500,000 has been
recognized as revenue. In addition, Alpha is obligated to pay the costs of
development of VX-366 under the collaboration. Alpha has exclusive rights to
develop and commercialize VX-366 in North, Central and South America. Vertex
retains rights in the rest of the world and retains all manufacturing rights
worldwide. Alpha will pay Vertex a royalty based on commercial product sales and
will purchase from Vertex its requirements for drug product.
Alpha has the right to terminate the agreement without cause upon six
months' notice at any time. Termination will relieve Alpha of any further
payment obligations under the agreement and will end any license granted to
Alpha by Vertex thereunder. See "-- Hemoglobin Disorders Program."
Ravizza Farmaceutici S.p.A.
Vertex and Ravizza are collaborating to conduct clinical trials with VX-366
for beta thalassemia and sickle cell disease. Under the collaboration, which
commenced in September 1994, Vertex and Ravizza will share data generated in
their respective clinical trial programs. Ravizza has completed a Phase II
clinical trial of VX-366 in Italy in patients with beta thalassemia. In
addition, the arrangement creates a framework for negotiation of an agreement
for clinical development and commercialization of VX-366 in Europe. There can be
no assurance, however, that the parties will enter into any such agreement. See
"-- Hemoglobin Disorders Program."
ALTUS BIOLOGICS INC.
Altus Biologics Inc. is a subsidiary of Vertex established in January 1993
to develop, manufacture and sell a class of industrial catalysts based on a
novel and proprietary technology for stabilizing proteins. Altus' initial
products use the Company's CLEC technology to produce cross-linked enzyme
crystals.
Although enzymes are among nature's most efficient catalysts, their
large-scale commercial use has been limited by their instability and general
incompatibility with many industrial chemical processes. As a result of
experiments conducted by Altus and several commercial partners and prospective
customers, the Company believes that CLEC products have properties that overcome
many of these limitations and make them superior to conventional catalysts and
enzymes in certain commercial and industrial processes. The Company believes
that CLEC products can be used as catalysts in the manufacture of
pharmaceuticals, fine chemicals, foods and sweeteners, among other things.
Since mid-1994, Altus has launched nine commercial catalyst products in two
product families: ChiroCLEC, for the preparation of optically pure
pharmaceuticals and specialty chemicals, and PeptiCLEC, for use in peptide
coupling reactions. Altus expects to launch additional products in 1997.
Approximately 215 companies worldwide have purchased CLEC products for
feasibility testing. Altus recently entered into a research and development
collaboration with Ciba-Geigy Limited for the development of CLEC technology for
commercial use in detergents.
Altus is conducting research and development aimed at expanding the uses of
its CLEC technology to such applications as nerve gas detoxification,
detergenting and anti-oxidants for cosmetics. Some of this research is supported
by grants from U.S. government agencies including the National Institutes of
Health, National Science Foundation and the Department of Defense.
The Company has ten United States patent applications and several foreign
counterpart applications and patents relating to its CLEC technology. The
Company recently received a Notice of Allowance in one of these applications.
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PATENTS AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION
The Company has rights in certain patents and pending patent applications
that relate to compounds it is developing and methods of using such compounds.
The Company actively seeks, when appropriate, protection for its products and
proprietary information by means of United States and foreign patents,
trademarks and contractual arrangements. In addition, the Company relies upon
trade secrets and contractual arrangements to protect certain of its proprietary
information and products.
As of February 20, 1997, the Company had a total of six United States
patents and 63 United States pending patent applications. The Company also has
an exclusive license under four United States patents, one of which is subject
to a reissue application and a non-exclusive, worldwide license under certain
Searle patent applications claiming HIV protease inhibitors. Three of the
licensed patents and the reissue application claim the use of compounds,
including VX-366, for treating hemoglobin disorders, including sickle cell
disease and beta thalassemia. The Company has one issued United States patent
and ten United States patent applications claiming antiviral compounds, and/or
their uses, for treating HIV infection and AIDS. The issued patent and five of
the ten applications have claims that include VX-478, the Company's lead drug
candidate, within their literal scope. Vertex recently received a Notice of
Allowance for claims covering the use of VX-478 to treat AIDS-related central
nervous system disorders. Another of the Company's United States patent
applications claims processes for preparing synthetic intermediates useful in
the synthesis of a class of compounds that includes VX-478. The Company's
non-exclusive, worldwide license permits Vertex to develop, manufacture and
market VX-478 free of intellectual property claims by Searle. The Company has
one issued United States patent and five United States patent applications
claiming VX-710 and other compounds for treating multidrug resistance. Vertex
recently received a Notice of Allowance for claims covering VX-710 and
structurally related compounds. The issued patent claims VX-853 and structurally
related compounds. The Company has two United States patent applications
pending, claiming inhibitors of IMPDH, including VX-497 and related compounds.
The Company has another United States patent application pending that claims the
crystal structure of IMPDH and the use of that structure to design inhibitors.
The Company has fourteen United States patent applications pending claiming
inhibitors of ICE. Vertex recently received a Notice of Allowance in one of
those applications. The Company has three patent applications pending in the
United States claiming the crystal structure of ICE and derivatives thereof and
various uses of those structures. The Company has five United States patent
applications pending claiming the use of certain of its immunosuppressive
compounds and certain of its multidrug resistance compounds for nerve growth
applications. The Company also has one issued United States patent and nine
patent applications pending that claim compounds useful in nerve growth
application. The Company has three United States patents and four United States
patent applications claiming specific immunosuppressive compounds. Vertex
recently received a Notice of Allowance in two of those four applications. The
Company has one United States patent application claiming a protein involved in
apoptosis. The Company has one United States patent application pending claiming
inhibitors of p38 MAP kinase. The Company also has one United States patent
application pending claiming inhibitors of HCV protease. The Company has one
United States patent application pending claiming the crystal structure of HCV
protease and the use of that structure to design inhibitors. The Company has ten
United States patent applications claiming CLEC technology. The Company recently
received a Notice of Allowance in one of these applications. The Company has one
United States patent claiming a novel device useful in pharmaceutical research.
The Company also has filed international and foreign counterparts based on
several of its United States patents and patent applications.
There can be no assurance that any patents will issue from any of the
Company's patent applications or, even if patents issue or have issued, that the
claims thereof will provide the Company with any significant protection against
competitive products or otherwise be valuable commercially. Legal standards
relating to the validity of patents and the proper scope of their claims in the
biopharmaceutical field are still evolving, and there is no consistent policy
regarding the breadth of claims allowed in biopharmaceutical patents. No
assurance can be given as to the Company's ability to avoid infringing, and thus
having to negotiate a license under, any patents issued to others, or that a
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<PAGE> 36
license to such patents would be available on commercially acceptable terms, if
at all. Further, there can be no assurance that any patents issued to or
licensed by the Company will not be infringed by the products of others, which
may require the Company to engage in patent infringement litigation. In addition
to being a party to patent infringement litigation, the Company could be
required to participate in interference proceedings declared by the United
States Patent and Trademark Office. Defense or prosecution of patent
infringement litigation, as well as participation in interference proceedings,
can be expensive and time consuming, even in those instances in which the
outcome is favorable to the Company. If the outcome of any such litigation or
proceeding were adverse, the Company could be subject to significant liabilities
to third parties, could be required to obtain licenses from third parties or
could be required to cease sales of the affected products, any of which could
have a material adverse effect on the Company. See "Risk Factors -- Uncertainty
Related to Patents and Proprietary Information."
The Company has licensed on an exclusive basis four United States patents
and one United States issue application from Children's Hospital. Three of these
patents and the reissue application claim the use of compounds, including
VX-366, in the treatment of hemoglobin disorders, including sickle cell disease
and beta thalassemia. Because Children's Hospital did not foreign file the
application corresponding to the reissue application within one year of filing
its corresponding United States application, the Company's foreign patent rights
may be limited. In addition, there can be no assurance that others will not
develop independently substantially equivalent technology, obtain access to the
Company's know-how or be issued patents which may prevent the sale of Company
products or require licensing and the payment of significant fees or royalties
by the Company in order for it to carry on its business. Furthermore, there can
be no assurance that any such license will be available.
Much of the Company's technology and many of its processes are dependent
upon the knowledge, experience and skills of key scientific and technical
personnel. To protect its rights to its proprietary know-how and technology, the
Company requires all employees, consultants, advisors and collaborators to enter
into confidentiality agreements that prohibit the disclosure of confidential
information to anyone outside the Company. These agreements require disclosure
and assignment to the Company of ideas, developments, discoveries and inventions
made by employees, consultants, advisors and collaborators. There can be no
assurance that these agreements will effectively prevent disclosure of the
Company's confidential information or will provide meaningful protection for the
Company's confidential information if there is unauthorized use or disclosure.
Furthermore, in the absence of patent protection, the Company's business may be
adversely affected by competitors who independently develop substantially
equivalent technology. See "-- Corporate Collaborations," and "Risk
Factors -- Dependence on Collaborative Partners" and "-- Uncertainty Relating to
Patents and Proprietary Information."
MANUFACTURING
The Company relies on third party manufacturers to produce its compounds
for preclinical and clinical purposes and may do so for commercial production of
any compounds that are approved for marketing. The Company has established a
quality assurance program, including a set of standard operating procedures,
intended to ensure that third party manufacturers under contract produce the
Company's compounds in accordance with the FDA's current Good Manufacturing
Practices ("cGMP") and other applicable regulations. See "-- Government
Regulation."
The Company believes that all of its existing compounds can be produced
using established manufacturing methods, primarily through standard techniques
of pharmaceutical synthesis. The Company currently does not have the capacity to
manufacture its potential products, is dependent on third party manufacturers or
collaborative partners for the production of its compounds for preclinical
research and clinical trial purposes and expects to be dependent on such
manufacturers or collaborative partners for some or all commercial production of
any of its compounds that are approved for marketing. The Company believes that
it will be able to continue to negotiate such arrangements on commercially
reasonable terms and that it will not be necessary for it to develop internal
manufacturing capability in order to successfully commercialize its products. In
the event that
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<PAGE> 37
the Company is unable to obtain contract manufacturing, or obtain such
manufacturing on commercially reasonable terms, it may not be able to
commercialize its products as planned. The Company's objective is to maintain
flexibility in deciding whether to develop internal manufacturing capabilities
for certain of its potential products. The Company has no experience in
manufacturing pharmaceutical or other products or in conducting manufacturing
testing programs required to obtain FDA and other regulatory approvals, and
there can be no assurance that the Company will develop such capabilities
successfully.
Since the Company's potential products are at an early stage of
development, the Company will need to improve or modify its existing
manufacturing processes and capabilities to produce commercial quantities of any
drug product economically. The Company cannot quantify the time or expense that
may ultimately be required to improve or modify its existing process
technologies, but it is possible that such time or expense could be substantial.
The production of Vertex's compounds is based in part on technology that
the Company believes to be proprietary. Vertex may license this technology to
contract manufacturers to enable them to manufacture compounds for the Company.
There can be no assurance that such manufacturers will abide by any limitations
or confidentiality restrictions in licenses with Vertex. In addition, any such
manufacturer may develop process technology related to the manufacture of
Vertex's compounds that such manufacturer owns either independently or jointly
with the Company. This would increase the Company's reliance on such
manufacturer or require the Company to obtain a license from such manufacturer
in order to have its products manufactured. There can be no assurance that any
such license would be available on terms acceptable to the Company, if at all.
Some of the Company's current corporate partners have certain manufacturing
rights with respect to the Company's products under development, and there can
be no assurance that such corporate partners' rights will not impede the
Company's ability to conduct the development programs and commercialize any
resulting products in accordance with the schedules and in the manner currently
contemplated by the Company. See "Risk Factors -- Manufacturing Uncertainties;
Reliance on Third Party Manufacturers."
COMPETITION
The Company is engaged in pharmaceutical fields characterized by extensive
research efforts, rapid technological progress and intense competition. There
are many public and private companies, including pharmaceutical companies,
chemical companies and biotechnology companies, engaged in developing products
for the human therapeutic applications targeted by Vertex. Further, the Company
believes that interest in the application of structure-based drug design and
related technologies may continue and may accelerate as the technologies become
more widely understood. The Company is aware of efforts by others to develop
products in each of the areas in which the Company has products in development.
For example, Merck & Co., Inc., Abbott Laboratories, Inc. and Hoffmann-La Roche
have HIV protease inhibitors which have been approved by the FDA for marketing,
and Agouron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. has filed an NDA for an HIV protease
inhibitor. The Company is also aware of other companies that have HIV protease
inhibitors in development. There also are a number of competitors that have
products under development for the treatment of MDR in cancer and for the
treatment of hemoglobin disorders. In order for the Company to compete
successfully in these areas, it must demonstrate improved safety, efficacy, ease
of manufacturing and market acceptance over its competitors, who have received
regulatory approval and are currently marketing. Furthermore, academic
institutions, governmental agencies and other public and private research
organizations are conducting research to develop technologies and products that
may compete with those under development by the Company. In addition, other
technologies are, or may in the future become, the basis for competing products.
There can be no assurance that the Company's competitors will not succeed in
developing technologies and products that are more effective than any being
developed by the Company or that would render the Company's technology and
products obsolete or noncompetitive. In addition, there can be no assurance that
the Company's products in development will be able to compete effectively with
products which are currently on the market.
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Many of the Company's competitors have substantially greater financial,
technical and human resources than those of the Company. In addition, many of
the Company's competitors have significantly greater experience than the Company
in conducting preclinical testing and human clinical trials of new
pharmaceutical products, and in obtaining FDA and other regulatory approvals of
products. Accordingly, certain of the Company's competitors may succeed in
obtaining regulatory approval for products more rapidly than the Company. If the
Company obtains regulatory approval and commences commercial sales of its
products, it will also compete with respect to manufacturing efficiency and
sales and marketing capabilities, areas in which it currently has no experience.
See "Risk Factors -- Rapid Technological Change and Competition."
PHARMACEUTICAL PRICING AND REIMBURSEMENT
The Company's ability to commercialize its products successfully will
depend in part on the extent to which appropriate reimbursement levels for the
cost of such products and related treatment are obtained from government
authorities, private health insurers and other organizations, such as health
maintenance organizations ("HMOs"). Third party payors and government
authorities are continuing efforts to contain or reduce the cost of health care.
For example, in certain foreign markets, pricing and/or profitability of
prescription pharmaceuticals are subject to government control. There can be no
assurance that similar controls will not be implemented in the United States.
Also, the trend toward managed health care in the United States and the
concurrent growth of organizations such as HMOs, which could control or
significantly influence the purchase of health care services and products, may
result in lower prices for the Company's products. The cost containment measures
that health care providers and third party payors are instituting and any
proposed or future health care reform measures, including any reductions in
Government reimbursement programs such as Medicaid and Medicare, could affect
the Company's ability to sell its products and may have a material adverse
effect on the Company.
The success of the Company's products in the United States and other
significant markets will depend, in part, upon the extent to which a consumer
will be able to obtain reimbursement for the cost of such products from
government health administration authorities, third-party payors and other
organizations. Significant uncertainty exists as to the reimbursement status of
newly approved therapeutic products. Even if a product is approved for
marketing, there can be no assurance that adequate reimbursement will be
available. The Company is unable to predict what additional legislation or
regulation relating to the health care industry or third-party coverage and
reimbursement may be enacted in the future or what effect the legislation or
regulation would have on the Company's business. Failure to obtain reimbursement
could have a material adverse effect on the Company.
GOVERNMENT REGULATION
The Company's development, manufacture and potential sale of therapeutics
are subject to extensive regulation by United States and foreign governmental
authorities. In particular, pharmaceutical products are subject to rigorous
preclinical and clinical testing and to other approval requirements by the FDA
in the United States under the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act and by comparable
agencies in most foreign countries.
As an initial step in the FDA regulatory approval process, preclinical
studies are typically conducted in animals to identify potential safety
problems. For certain diseases, animal models exist that are believed to be
predictive of human efficacy. For such diseases, a drug candidate is tested in
an animal model. The results of the studies are submitted to the FDA as a part
of the IND, which is filed to comply with FDA regulations prior to commencement
of human clinical testing. For other diseases for which no appropriately
predictive animal model exists, no such results can be filed. For several of the
Company's drug candidates, no appropriately predictive model exists. As a
result, no in vivo evidence of efficacy would be available until such compounds
progress to human clinical trials.
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Clinical trials are typically conducted in three sequential phases,
although the phases may overlap. In Phase I, which frequently begins with the
initial introduction of the drug into healthy human subjects prior to
introduction into patients, the compound will be tested for safety, dosage
tolerance, absorption, bioavailability, biodistribution, metabolism, excretion,
clinical pharmacology and, if possible, for early information on effectiveness.
Phase II typically involves studies in a small sample of the intended patient
population to assess the efficacy of the drug for a specific indication, to
determine dose tolerance and the optimal dose range and to gather additional
information relating to safety and potential adverse effects. Phase III trials
are undertaken to further evaluate clinical safety and efficacy in an expanded
patient population at geographically dispersed study sites, to determine the
overall risk-benefit ratio of the drug and to provide an adequate basis for
physician labeling. Each trial is conducted in accordance with certain standards
under protocols that detail the objectives of the study, the parameters to be
used to monitor safety and the efficacy criteria to be evaluated. Each protocol
must be submitted to the FDA as part of the IND. Further, each clinical study
must be evaluated by an independent Institutional Review Board ("IRB") at the
institution at which the study will be conducted. The IRB will consider, among
other things, ethical factors, the safety of human subjects and the possible
liability of the institution.
Data from preclinical testing and clinical trials are submitted to the FDA
in an NDA for marketing approval. The process of completing clinical testing and
obtaining FDA approval for a new drug is likely to take a number of years and
require the expenditure of substantial resources. Preparing an NDA involves
considerable data collection, verification, analysis and expense, and there can
be no assurance that approval will be granted on a timely basis, if at all. The
approval process is affected by a number of factors, including the severity of
the disease, the availability of alternative treatments and the risks and
benefits demonstrated in clinical trials. The FDA may deny an NDA if applicable
regulatory criteria are not satisfied or may require additional testing or
information. Among the conditions for marketing approval is the requirement that
the prospective manufacturer's quality control and manufacturing procedures
conform to the FDA's cGMP regulations, which must be followed at all times. In
complying with standards set forth in these regulations, manufacturers must
continue to expend time, monies and effort in the area of production and quality
control to ensure full technical compliance. Manufacturing establishments, both
foreign and domestic, also are subject to inspections by or under the authority
of the FDA and by or under the authority of other federal, state or local
agencies.
Even after initial FDA approval has been obtained, further studies,
including post-marketing studies, may be required to provide additional data on
safety and will be required to gain approval for the use of a product as a
treatment for clinical indications other than those for which the product was
initially tested. Also, the FDA will require post-marketing reporting to monitor
the side effects of the drug. Results of post-marketing programs may limit or
expand further marketing of the products. Further, if there are any
modifications to the drug, including changes in indication, manufacturing
process, labeling or manufacturing facilities, an NDA supplement may be required
to be submitted to the FDA.
The Orphan Drug Act provides incentives to drug manufacturers to develop
and manufacture drugs for the treatment of diseases or conditions that affect
fewer than 200,000 individuals in the United States. Orphan drug status can also
be sought for diseases or conditions that affect more than 200,000 individuals
in the United States if the sponsor does not realistically anticipate its
product becoming profitable from sales in the United States. Under the Orphan
Drug Act, a manufacturer of a designated orphan product can seek tax benefits,
and the holder of the first FDA approval of a designated orphan product will be
granted a seven-year period of marketing exclusivity for that product for the
orphan indication. While the marketing exclusivity of an orphan drug would
prevent other sponsors from obtaining approval of the same compound for the same
indication, it would not prevent other types of drugs from being approved for
the same use. The Company has obtained orphan drug status for VX-366 for the
treatment of beta thalessemia and sickle cell disease and, in the future, may
apply for orphan drug status for certain indications of MDR in cancer.
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Under the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984, a
sponsor may be granted marketing exclusivity for a period of time following FDA
approval of certain drug applications if FDA approval is received before the
expiration of the patent's original term. This marketing exclusivity would
prevent a third party from obtaining FDA approval for a similar or identical
drug through an Abbreviated New Drug Application ("ANDA"), which is the
application form typically used by manufacturers seeking approval of a generic
drug. The statute also allows a patent owner to extend the term of the patent
for a period equal to one-half the period of time elapsed between the filing of
an IND and the filing of the corresponding NDA plus the period of time between
the filing of the NDA and FDA approval. The Company intends to seek the benefits
of this statute, but there can be no assurance that the Company will be able to
obtain any such benefits.
Whether or not FDA approval has been obtained, approval of a drug product
by regulatory authorities in foreign countries must be obtained prior to the
commencement of commercial sales of the product in such countries. Historically,
the requirements governing the conduct of clinical trials and product approvals,
and the time required for approval, have varied widely from country to country.
In addition to the statutes and regulations described above, the Company is
also subject to regulation under the Occupational Safety and Health Act, the
Environmental Protection Act, the Toxic Substances Control Act, the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act and other present and potential future federal,
state and local regulations. See "Risk Factors -- Extensive Government
Regulation."
HUMAN RESOURCES
As of December 31, 1996, Vertex had 178 full-time employees, including 136
in research and development, 23 in laboratory support services and 19 in general
and administrative functions, and three part-time employees. The Company's
scientific staff members (58 of whom hold Ph.D. and/or M.D. degrees) have
diversified experience and expertise in molecular and cell biology,
biochemistry, animal pharmacology, synthetic organic chemistry, protein x-ray
crystallography, protein nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, computational
chemistry, biophysical chemistry, medicinal chemistry, clinical pharmacology and
clinical medicine. In addition, the Company's Altus subsidiary had 19 full-time
employees as of December 31, 1996. The Company's employees are not covered by a
collective bargaining agreement, and the Company considers its relations with
its employees to be good.
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SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY BOARD
The Company's Scientific Advisory Board consists of individuals with
demonstrated expertise in various fields who advise the Company concerning
long-term scientific planning, research and development. The Scientific Advisory
Board also evaluates the Company's research programs, recommends personnel to
the Company and advises the Company on technological matters. The members of the
Scientific Advisory Board, which is chaired by Dr. Vicki L. Sato, are:
<TABLE>
<S> <C>
Vicki L. Sato, Ph.D. ............. Senior Vice President of Research and Development
and Chief Scientific Officer, Vertex
Pharmaceuticals Incorporated.
Steven J. Burakoff, M.D. ......... Chair, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-
Farber Cancer Institute; Professor of Pediatrics,
Harvard Medical School.
Eugene H. Cordes, Ph.D. .......... Professor of Pharmacy and Chemistry, University
of Michigan at Ann Arbor.
Jerome E. Groopman, M.D. ......... Chief of the Division of Experimental Medicine,
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Recanti
Chair in Immunology and Professor of Medicine,
Harvard Medical School.
Stephen C. Harrison, Ph.D. ....... Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,
Harvard University; Investigator, Howard Hughes
Medical Institute; Professor of Biological
Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and
Professor of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School.
Jeremy R. Knowles, D. Phil. ...... Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harvard
University; Amory Houghten Professor of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Harvard University.
Robert T. Schooley, M.D. ......... Head, Infectious Disease Division, University of
Colorado Health Sciences Center; Professor of
Medicine, University of Colorado.
</TABLE>
Other than Dr. Sato, none of the members of the Scientific Advisory Board
is employed by the Company, and members may have other commitments to or
consulting or advisory contracts with their employers or other entities that may
conflict or compete with their obligations to the Company. Accordingly, such
persons are expected to devote only a small portion of their time to the
Company. In addition to its Scientific Advisory Board, Vertex has established
consulting relationships with a number of scientific and medical experts who
advise the Company on a project-specific basis.
FACILITIES
The Company leases an aggregate of approximately 110,000 square feet of
laboratory and office space in five adjacent facilities at 40 Allston Street,
625 Putnam Avenue, 618 Putnam Avenue, 240 Sidney Street and 130 Waverly Street
in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The lease to the 40 Allston Street, 618 Putnam
Avenue and 240 Sidney Street facilities will expire in December 2003. The lease
to the 625 Putnam Avenue facility expires in December 1998, subject to an
option, at the Company's election, to extend the term through December 2000. The
lease to the 130 Waverly Street facility will expire in December 2005. The
Company has occupied approximately 53,000 square feet of space under this lease,
with approximately 7,000 square feet of additional space available for
expansion. The Company believes its facilities are adequate for its current
needs. The Company believes it can obtain additional space on commercially
reasonable terms.
LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
The Company is not a party to any material legal proceedings.
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MANAGEMENT
DIRECTORS AND EXECUTIVE OFFICERS
The names, ages and positions held by the directors and executive officers
of the Company are as follows:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
NAME AGE POSITION
- ---------------------------------------- --- -------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C>
Joshua S. Boger, Ph.D................... 45 President and Chief Executive Officer,
Director
Richard H. Aldrich...................... 42 Senior Vice President and Chief Business
Officer
Vicki L. Sato, Ph.D..................... 48 Senior Vice President of Research and
Development and Chief Scientific Officer;
Chair of the Scientific Advisory Board
Iain P. M. Buchanan..................... 43 Vice President of European Operations;
Managing Director of Vertex Pharmaceuticals
(Europe) Limited
Thomas G. Auchincloss, Jr............... 35 Vice President of Finance and Treasurer
Benno C. Schmidt........................ 84 Chairman of the Board
Barry M. Bloom, Ph.D.(1)(3)............. 68 Director
Roger W. Brimblecombe, Ph.D., D.Sc.(1).. 67 Director
Donald R. Conklin(2)(3)................. 60 Director
William W. Helman IV(2)................. 38 Director
Charles A. Sanders, M.D................. 65 Director
</TABLE>
- ---------------
(1) Member of the Compensation Committee
(2) Member of the Audit Committee
(3) Member of the Nominating Committee
The Board of Directors is divided into three classes, as nearly equal in
number as possible. At each annual meeting of stockholders, the successors to
the class of directors whose term expires at the meeting will be elected to hold
office for a term continuing until the annual meeting held in the third year
following the year of their election and until their successors are duly elected
and qualified. All executive officers are elected annually by the Board of
Directors to serve in their respective capacities until their successors are
elected and qualified or until their earlier resignation or removal.
Dr. Boger is a founder of the Company and was its President and Chief
Scientific Officer from its inception in 1989 until May 1992, when he became
President and Chief Executive Officer. Dr. Boger has been a director since the
Company's inception. Prior to founding the Company in 1989, Dr. Boger held the
position of Senior Director of Basic Chemistry at Merck Sharp & Dohme Research
Laboratories in Rahway, New Jersey, where he headed both the Department of
Medicinal Chemistry of Immunology & Inflammation and the Department of
Biophysical Chemistry. Dr. Boger is also a Director of Millennium
Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Dr. Boger holds a B.A. in chemistry and philosophy from
Wesleyan University and M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in chemistry from Harvard
University.
Mr. Aldrich served as Vice President of Business Development of the Company
from June 1989 to May 1992, when he became Vice President and Chief Business
Officer. In December 1993, Mr. Aldrich was promoted to Senior Vice President and
Chief Business Officer. He joined Vertex from Integrated Genetics, where he
headed that company's business development group. Previously, he served as
Program Executive at Biogen, Inc., where he coordinated worldwide commercial
development of several biopharmaceuticals, and as Licensing Manager at Biogen
S.A. in Geneva, Switzerland, where he
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managed European and Far Eastern licensing. Mr. Aldrich previously worked at the
Boston Consulting Group, an international management consulting firm. Mr.
Aldrich received a B.S. degree from Boston College and an M.B.A. from the Amos
Tuck School of Business, Dartmouth College.
Dr. Sato joined Vertex in September 1992 as Vice President of Research and
was appointed Senior Vice President of Research and Development in September
1994. Previously, she was Vice President, Research and a member of the
Scientific Board of Biogen, Inc. As research head at Biogen, she directed
research programs in the fields of inflammation, immunology, AIDS therapy and
cardiovascular therapy from early research into advanced product development.
Dr. Sato received an A.B. in biology from Radcliffe College and A.M. and Ph.D.
degrees from Harvard University. Following postdoctoral work in chemistry and
immunology at the University of California at Berkeley and Stanford Medical
School, she was appointed to the faculty of Harvard University in the Department
of Biology.
Mr. Buchanan joined the Company in April 1994 from Cilag AG, a subsidiary
of Johnson & Johnson based in Zug, Switzerland, where he served as its Regional
Licensing Director since 1987. He previously held the position of Marketing
Director of Biogen, Inc. in Switzerland. Prior to Biogen, Mr. Buchanan served in
Product Management at Merck Sharp & Dohme (UK) Limited. Mr. Buchanan holds a
B.Sc. from the University of St. Andrews, Scotland.
Mr. Auchincloss joined the Company in October 1994 after serving as an
investment banker at Bear, Stearns & Co. Inc. since 1988, most recently as
Associate Director of the Corporate Finance Department. Prior to Bear Stearns,
Mr. Auchincloss was a financial analyst for PaineWebber, Inc. Mr. Auchincloss
holds a B.S. from Babson College and an M.B.A. from The Wharton School,
University of Pennsylvania.
Mr. Schmidt has served as a member of the Board of Directors since April
1989 and as Chairman of the Board since 1991. He is a General Partner of J.H.
Whitney & Co., a New York City-based venture capital firm. He is Honorary
Co-Chairman of the Board of Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, senior
member of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences and
trustee of the General Motors Cancer Research Foundation. He has served as
Chairman of the President's Cancer Panel under three United States Presidents.
He is currently Chairman Emeritus of Freeport-McMoRan Copper & Gold, Inc. and
Director Emeritus of Freeport-McMoRan Inc. and McMoRan Oil & Gas Co.
Dr. Bloom has served as a member of the Board of Directors since February
1994. Dr. Bloom was formerly with Pfizer Inc., as Executive Vice President of
Research and Development from 1992 to 1993, as Senior Vice President from 1990
to 1992, as Vice President from 1971 to 1990 and as a director since 1973. Dr.
Bloom is also a Director of Incyte Pharmaceuticals Inc., Neurogen Corporation,
Southern New England Telecommunications Corp., Cubist Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and
Catalytica Fine Chemicals.
Dr. Brimblecombe has served as a member of the Board of Directors since
March 1993. Dr. Brimblecombe is currently Chairman of Vanguard Medica Ltd.,
Surrey, UK. Previously, he spent seventeen years at Smith Kline & French, most
recently as Vice President, Collaborative Research and Development and Compound
Acquisition (Worldwide), and as Chairman of Smith Kline & French Research Ltd.
Prior to joining Smith Kline & French, he held positions in the UK National
Health Service, Medical Research Council and Scientific Civil Service. Dr.
Brimblecombe is also a director of Intercardia, Inc., Ontogeny, Inc. and several
companies located in the United Kingdom.
Mr. Conklin has served as a member of the Board of Directors since February
1994. Mr. Conklin was Executive Vice President of Schering-Plough from 1986 to
1996. He retired from Schering-Plough at the end of 1996. Mr. Conklin is also a
director of BioTransplant Inc. and Cytotherapeutics, Inc.
Mr. Helman has served as a member of the Board of Directors since April
1989. Mr. Helman is a General Partner of Greylock Equity Limited Partnership,
Greylock Limited Partnership and Greylock Capital Limited Partnership, an
original investor in the Company. He is a director of Millennium
Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and several private companies.
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<PAGE> 44
Dr. Sanders joined the Board of Directors in December 1996. Dr. Sanders
retired in 1995 as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Glaxo Inc. From 1989
to 1995 he was a member of the Board of Glaxo plc. From 1981 to 1989, Dr.
Sanders held a number of posts at the Squibb Corporation, including that of Vice
Chairman. Prior to that he was General Director of Massachusetts General
Hospital. He has served on the Boards of Merrill Lynch and Co., Reynolds Metals
Co. and Molton International Inc. Currently he is a member of the Board of
Staffmark, Inc. and Magainin Pharmaceuticals.
DESCRIPTION OF CAPITAL STOCK
The Company's authorized capital stock consists of 50,000,000 shares of
Common Stock, $.01 par value, and 1,000,000 shares of Preferred Stock, $.01 par
value.
COMMON STOCK
Holders of Common Stock are entitled to one vote for each share held on all
matters submitted to a vote of stockholders and do not have cumulative voting
rights. Accordingly, holders of a majority of the shares of Common Stock
entitled to vote in any election of directors may elect all of the directors
standing for election. Holders of Common Stock are entitled to receive ratably
such dividends, if any, as may be declared by the Board of Directors out of
funds legally available therefor, subject to any preferential dividend rights of
any outstanding Preferred Stock. Upon the liquidation, dissolution or winding up
of the Company, the holders of Common Stock are entitled to receive ratably the
net assets of the Company available after the payment of all debts and other
liabilities and subject to any prior rights of any outstanding Preferred Stock.
Holders of Common Stock have no preemptive, subscription, redemption or
conversion rights. The outstanding shares of Common Stock are, and the shares
offered by the Company in this offering, when issued and paid for, will be,
fully paid and nonassessable. The rights, preferences and privileges of holders
of Common Stock are subject to, and may be adversely affected by, the rights of
the holders of shares of any series of Preferred Stock which the Company may
designate and issue in the future.
As of December 31, 1996, there were 21,097,117 shares of Common Stock
outstanding. Based upon the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding as of
that date, and giving effect to the issuance of the 3,000,000 shares of Common
Stock offered by the Company hereby (assuming that the Underwriters'
over-allotment option is not exercised), there will be 24,097,117 shares of
Common Stock outstanding upon the completion of this offering.
OPTIONS
As of December 31, 1996, the Company had outstanding options for the
purchase of 4,032,609 shares of Common Stock at exercise prices ranging from
$6.48 per share to $37.50 per share. Options for the purchase of 1,624,862
shares were exercisable as of that date.
STOCKHOLDER RIGHTS PLAN
Pursuant to the Company's Stockholder Rights Plan, each share of Common
Stock has an associated preferred share purchase right (a "Right"). Each Right
entitles the holder to purchase from the Company one one-hundredth of a share of
Series A Junior Participating Preferred Stock, $.01 par value (the "Junior
Preferred Shares"), of the Company at a price of $270 per one one-hundredth of a
Junior Preferred Share, subject to adjustment (the "Purchase Price"). The Rights
are not exercisable until after the acquisition by a person or group of 15% or
more of the outstanding Common Stock (an "Acquiring Person") or after the
announcement of an intention to make or commencement of a tender offer or
exchange offer the consummation of which would result in the beneficial
ownership by a person or group of 15% or more of the outstanding Common Stock
(the earlier of such dates being called the "Distribution Date"). Until a Right
is exercised, the holder thereof will have no rights as a
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<PAGE> 45
stockholder of the Company. Until the Distribution Date (or earlier redemption
or expiration of the Rights), the Rights will be transferred with and only with
the Common Stock.
In the event that any person or group becomes an Acquiring Person, each
holder of a Right, other than Rights beneficially owned by the Acquiring Person,
will thereafter have the right to receive upon exercise that number of shares of
Common Stock having a market value of two times the Purchase Price, and in the
event that the Company is acquired in a business combination transaction or 50%
or more of its assets are sold, each holder of a Right will thereafter have the
right to receive upon exercise that number of shares of common stock of the
acquiring company which at the time of the transaction will have a market value
of two times the Purchase Price.
At any time after any person becomes an Acquiring Person and prior to the
acquisition by such person or group of 50% or more of the outstanding Common
Stock, the Board of Directors of the Company may cause the Rights (other than
Rights owned by such person or group) to be exchanged, in whole or in part, for
Common Stock or Junior Preferred Shares, at an exchange rate of one share of
Common Stock per Right or one one-hundredth of a Junior Preferred Share per
Right.
At any time prior to the acquisition by a person or group of beneficial
ownership of 15% or more of the outstanding Common Stock or the potential
acquisition through tender offer by a person or group of 15% or more of the
outstanding Common Stock, the Board of Directors of the Company may redeem the
Rights in whole at a price of $.01 per Right.
The Rights have certain anti-takeover effects, in that they will cause
substantial dilution to a person or group that attempts to acquire a significant
interest in the Company on terms not approved by the Board of Directors.
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<PAGE> 46
UNDERWRITING
Subject to the terms of and conditions of the Underwriting Agreement, the
Underwriters named below (the "Underwriters"), through their Representatives,
Cowen & Company, Bear, Stearns & Co. Inc., Robertson, Stephens & Company LLC and
J.P. Morgan Securities Inc. have severally agreed to purchase from the Company
the following respective numbers of shares of Common Stock at the public
offering price less the underwriting discounts and commissions set forth on the
cover page of this Prospectus:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
NUMBER OF
SHARES OF
UNDERWRITER COMMON STOCK
--------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------
<S> <C>
Cowen & Company...................................................... 984,000
Bear, Stearns & Co. Inc. ............................................ 492,000
Robertson, Stephens & Company LLC.................................... 492,000
J.P. Morgan Securities Inc........................................... 492,000
Hambrecht & Quist LLC................................................ 120,000
Lehman Brothers Inc.................................................. 120,000
Furman Selz LLC...................................................... 60,000
Genesis Merchant Group Securities.................................... 60,000
Josephthal Lyon & Ross Incorporated.................................. 60,000
Raymond James & Associates, Inc...................................... 60,000
Vector Securities International, Inc................................. 60,000
-----------
Total...................................................... 3,000,000
===========
</TABLE>
The Underwriting Agreement provides that the obligations of the
Underwriters are subject to certain conditions precedent and that the
Underwriters will purchase all shares of the Common Stock offered hereby if any
such shares are purchased.
The Company has been advised by the Representatives of the Underwriters
that the Underwriters propose to offer the shares of Common Stock to the public
at the public offering price set forth on the cover page of this Prospectus and
to certain dealers at such price less a concession not in excess of $1.28 per
share. The Underwriters may allow, and such dealers may reallow, a concession
not in excess of $.10 per share to certain other dealers. After the public
offering, the offering price and other selling terms may be changed by the
Representatives of the Underwriters.
The Company has granted to the Underwriters an option, exercisable not
later than 30 days after the date of this Prospectus, to purchase up to 450,000
additional shares of Common Stock at the public offering price less the
underwriting discounts and commissions set forth on the cover page of this
Prospectus. To the extent that the Underwriters exercise such option, each of
the Underwriters will have a firm commitment to purchase approximately the same
percentage thereof that the number of shares of Common Stock to be purchased by
it shown in the above table bears to 3,000,000, and the Company will be
obligated, pursuant to the option, to sell such shares to the Underwriters. The
Underwriters may exercise such option only to cover over-allotments made in
connection with the sale of Common Stock offered hereby. If purchased, the
Underwriters will offer such additional shares on the same terms as those on
which the 3,000,000 shares are being offered.
The Company has agreed to indemnify the several Underwriters against
certain liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act, as amended.
The Company, its directors, executive officers and certain of its
stockholders, holding in the aggregate approximately 1,162,268 shares of Common
Stock outstanding prior to this offering, have entered into agreements providing
that, for a period of 90 days after the effective date of the Registration
Statement of which this Prospectus is a part, they will not, without the prior
written consent of Cowen & Company, offer for sale, sell or otherwise dispose of
(or enter into any transaction
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<PAGE> 47
which is designed to, or could reasonably be expected to, result in the
disposition by any person of) any shares of Common Stock or securities
convertible or exchangeable for shares of Common Stock, or sell or grant
options, rights or warrants with respect to any shares of Common Stock.
In connection with this offering, certain Underwriters and selling group
members may engage in passive market making transactions in the Common Stock on
the Nasdaq National Market in accordance with Rule 10b-6A under the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934 or any successor rule or regulation thereto. Passive market
making consists of displaying bids on the Nasdaq National Market limited by the
prices of independent market makers and effecting purchases limited by such
prices and in response to order flow. Net purchases by a passive market maker on
each day are limited in amount to a specified percentage of the passive market
maker's average daily trading volume in Common Stock during a specified prior
period and must be discontinued when such limit is reached. Passive market
making may stabilize the market price of Common Stock at a level above that
which might otherwise prevail and, if commenced, may be discontinued at any
time.
In connection with this offering, the Underwriters may over-allot or effect
transactions which stabilize, maintain or otherwise affect the market price of
the Company's Common Stock at levels above those which might otherwise prevail
in the open market, including by entering stabilizing bids, effecting syndicate
covering transactions or imposing penalty bids. A stabilizing bid means the
placing of any bid, or effecting of any purchase, for the purpose of pegging,
fixing or maintaining the price of the Company's Common Stock. A syndicate
covering transaction means the placing of any bid on behalf of the underwriting
syndicate or the effecting of any purchase to reduce a short position created in
connection with the offering. A penalty bid means an arrangement that permits
Cowen & Company to reclaim a selling concession from a syndicate member in
connection with the offering when shares of the Company's Common Stock sold by
the syndicate member are purchased in syndicate covering transactions. Such
transactions may be effected on the Nasdaq National Market, in the over-the-
counter market, or otherwise. Such stabilizing, if commenced, may be
discontinued at any time.
LEGAL OPINIONS
The validity of the Common Stock being offered hereby will be passed upon
for the Company by Warner & Stackpole LLP, Boston, Massachusetts. Kenneth S.
Boger, a partner of Warner & Stackpole LLP, is an Assistant Clerk of the Company
and a brother of Joshua Boger, Ph.D, the President of the Company. Warner &
Stackpole LLP provides significant legal services to the Company. Mr. Boger and
one of his partners are co-trustees of a trust for the benefit of Dr. Boger's
children which owns Common Stock of the Company. Certain legal matters relating
to the offering will be passed upon for the Underwriters by Testa, Hurwitz &
Thibeault, LLP.
EXPERTS
The consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 1995 and 1996, and the
related consolidated statements of operations, stockholders' equity and cash
flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 1996 and the
consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 1994 and 1995, and the related
consolidated statements of operations, stockholders' equity and cash flows for
each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 1995 are incorporated
by reference in this Prospectus and have been incorporated herein in reliance on
the reports of Coopers & Lybrand L.L.P., independent accountants, given on the
authority of that firm as experts in accounting and auditing.
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<PAGE> 48
================================================================================
NO DEALER, SALESPERSON OR OTHER PERSON HAS BEEN AUTHORIZED TO GIVE ANY
INFORMATION OR TO MAKE ANY REPRESENTATIONS OTHER THAN THOSE CONTAINED IN THIS
PROSPECTUS, AND, IF GIVEN OR MADE, SUCH INFORMATION OR REPRESENTATIONS MUST NOT
BE RELIED UPON AS HAVING BEEN AUTHORIZED BY THE COMPANY OR ANY OF THE
UNDERWRITERS OR ANY OTHER PERSON. THIS PROSPECTUS DOES NOT CONSTITUTE AN OFFER
TO SELL OR A SOLICITATION OF AN OFFER TO BUY ANY SECURITY OTHER THAN THE SHARES
OF COMMON STOCK OFFERED HEREBY, NOR DOES IT CONSTITUTE AN OFFER TO SELL OR A
SOLICITATION OF AN OFFER TO BUY ANY OF THE SECURITIES OFFERED HEREBY TO ANY
PERSON IN ANY JURISDICTION IN WHICH IT IS UNLAWFUL TO MAKE SUCH AN OFFER OR
SOLICITATION TO SUCH PERSON. NEITHER THE DELIVERY OF THIS PROSPECTUS NOR ANY
SALE MADE HEREUNDER SHALL UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES CREATE ANY IMPLICATION THAT
THE INFORMATION CONTAINED HEREIN IS CORRECT AS OF ANY DATE SUBSEQUENT TO THE
DATE HEREOF.
------------------------------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
PAGE
-----
<S> <C>
Available Information................. 2
Incorporation of Certain Documents by
Reference........................... 2
Prospectus Summary.................... 3
Risk Factors.......................... 6
Use of Proceeds....................... 15
Price Range of Common Stock........... 15
Dividend Policy....................... 15
Capitalization........................ 16
Dilution.............................. 16
Selected Consolidated Financial
Data................................ 17
Management's Discussion and Analysis
of Financial Condition and Results
of
Operations.......................... 18
Business.............................. 22
Management............................ 42
Description of Capital Stock.......... 44
Underwriting.......................... 46
Legal Opinions........................ 47
Experts............................... 47
</TABLE>
================================================================================
================================================================================
3,000,000 SHARES
VERTEX PHARMACEUTICALS
INCORPORATED
LOGO
COMMON STOCK
------------------------------
PROSPECTUS
------------------------------
COWEN & COMPANY
BEAR, STEARNS & CO. INC.
ROBERTSON, STEPHENS & COMPANY
J.P. MORGAN & CO.
MARCH 7, 1997
================================================================================
