March 30, 1999
Securities and Exchange Commission
Washington, D.C. 20549
Gentlemen:
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, we are
transmitting herewith the attached Form 10-K for TIG Holdings, Inc.
Should you have any questions regarding this submission, please do not hesitate
to contact me at (972)831-5013.
/s/Patricia S. Pickard
Senior Vice President and Controller,
TIG Insurance Company
(Principal Accounting Officer)
<PAGE>
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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K
Annual Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15 (d)
of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
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For the Fiscal Year Ended Commission File Number
December 31, 1998 1-11856
TIG HOLDINGS, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware 94-3172455
(State of Incorporation) (IRS Employer Identification No.)
65 East 55th Street, 28th Floor, New York, New York 10022
(Address of principal executive offices) (zip code)
Telephone: 212-446-2700
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Securities registered pursuant to Section 12 (b) of the Act:
Common Stock, $0.01 Par Value Registered -- New York Stock Exchange
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12 (g) of the Act: None
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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required
to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during
the preceding twelve (12) months and (2) has been subject to such filing
requirements for the past 90 days. Yes X No
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405
of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the
best of registrant's knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements
incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this
Form 10-K.
The aggregate market value of voting stock held by non-affiliates of the
registrant as of March 8, 1999, was $821,735,162.
The number of shares outstanding of the issuer's common stock as of March 8,
1999:
Common Stock, $0.01 Par Value; 51,319,226 shares outstanding, excluding
16,258,097 Treasury Shares.
Documents Incorporated by Reference:
Portions of the definitive proxy statement for the Special Meeting of
Stockholders held on March, 8, 1999, are hereby incorporated by reference into
Parts II and III.
Exhibit Index is on page ___.
<PAGE>
INDEX
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PART I
Item 1. Description of Business.........................................1
1.1 General.........................................................1
1.2 Reinsurance.....................................................2
1.3 Commercial Specialty............................................5
1.4 Custom Markets..................................................8
1.5 Other Lines.....................................................10
1.6 Reserves........................................................11
1.7 Regulation......................................................17
Item 2. Business Properties.............................................19
Item 3. Legal Proceedings...............................................20
Item 4. Submission of Matters to a Vote of Security Holders.............21
PART II
Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity and Related
Shareholder Matters.............................................22
Item 6. Selected Financial Data.........................................23
Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition
and Results of Operations......................................24
7.1 Consolidated Results............................................24
7.2 Reinsurance.....................................................28
7.3 Commercial Specialty............................................30
7.4 Custom Markets..................................................33
7.5 Other Lines.....................................................35
7.6 Exposure Management.............................................37
7.7 Investments.....................................................41
7.8 Liquidity and Capital Resources.................................44
7.9 Financial Condition.............................................46
7.10 Year 2000.......................................................48
7.11 Forward-Looking Statements......................................50
7.12 Glossary........................................................51
Item 7A. Disclosure Concerning Market Risk...............................55
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.....................56
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on
Accounting and Financial Disclosures............................99
PART III
Item 10. Directors and Executive Officers of the Registrant.............100
Item 11. Executive Compensation.........................................110
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial
Owners and Management..........................................110
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions.................110
PART IV
Item 14. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules and
Reports on Form 8-K............................................111
<PAGE>
PART I
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ITEM 1. DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS
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1.1 GENERAL
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TIG Holdings, Inc. ("IG Holdings") is a holding company organized in 1993 as a
Delaware corporation. Prior to April 27, 1993, TIG Holdings was wholly-owned by
Transamerica Corporation ("Transamerica"). On April 27, 1993, an initial public
offering of TIG Holdings' common stock closed, reducing to 27% Transamerica's
ownership interest. In December 1993, Transamerica sold this remaining interest
through a secondary public offering. TIG Holdings is primarily engaged in the
business of property/casualty insurance and reinsurance through its 14 domestic
insurance subsidiaries (collectively "TIG" or "the Company"), one or more of
which is licensed to write substantially all lines of property/casualty
insurance in all states of the United States. Reinsurance products are offered
through TIG Reinsurance Company ("TIG Re") which is based in Stamford,
Connecticut. Primary property/casualty insurance products are offered through
TIG Insurance Company ("TIG Insurance") and the remaining general insurance
subsidiaries. Primary products are marketed through two operating segments,
Commercial Specialty and Custom Markets, which are based in Irving, Texas.
As of December 31, 1998, TIG had approximately 1,100 salaried employees
providing sales, underwriting, claims and service support in 43 active offices.
Of direct premium written by TIG in 1998, 21% was written in California, 9% in
Florida, 7% in Michigan, 6% in New York, and 5% in Hawaii. No other geographical
area, including foreign operations, accounted for more than 5% of direct premium
written. Premium produced through Aon Corporation and its subsidiaries ("Aon"),
an unaffiliated company that owns among other businesses numerous insurance
agencies and brokers, accounted for 34%, 32% and 23% of consolidated net premium
written in 1998, 1997 and 1996, respectively. Premium produced by Aon
significantly increased in 1997 due to the acquisition by Aon early in 1997 of
another of TIG's significant producers.
The following table sets forth consolidated net premium written, classified by
statutory line of business:
<TABLE>
Years Ended December 31,
------------------------------------------
(In millions) 1998 1997 1996
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<S> <C> <C> <C>
Reinsurance operations
net premium written $418 $515 $548
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Workers' compensation 359 295 260
Automobile liability 213 236 244
General liability 132 135 110
Automobile physical damage 86 118 133
Commercial multiple peril 45 45 59
Lloyd's Syndicates 79 29 -
Homeowners 11 33 80
Other 75 30 95
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Primary operations net premium written 1,000 921 981
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Total net premium written $1,418 $1,436 $1,529
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</TABLE>
Financial information about TIG's operating segments is set forth in Note P of
the Consolidated Financial Statements at Item 8 of this Form 10-K. A description
of TIG's three operating segments, Reinsurance, Commercial Specialty and Custom
Markets, follows at Items 1.2, 1.3, and 1.4, respectively. Lines of business
that have been de-emphasized are discussed at Item 1.5. Statements contained in
the Description of Business and elsewhere in this document that are not based on
historical information are forward-looking statements and are based on
management's projections, estimates and assumptions. Management would like to
caution readers regarding its forward-looking statements (see Item 7.11 -
Forward-Looking Statements). Key industry terms that appear in the Description
of Business and elsewhere in this document are defined at Item 7.12. Certain
reclassifications of prior years' amounts have been made to conform with the
1998 presentation.
1
<PAGE>
PART I
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1.2 REINSURANCE
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Products. Reinsurance is a form of insurance whereby an insurance company (the
"reinsurer") agrees to indemnify another insurance company (the "ceding
company") for all or a portion of the insurance risks underwritten by the ceding
company under an insurance policy or policies. There are two basic types of
reinsurance agreements: treaty contracts and facultative certificates. A treaty
is an agreement under which the ceding company is required to cede and the
reinsurer is required to assume a specified portion or category of risks under
all qualifying policies issued by the ceding company during the term of the
treaty contract. Facultative reinsurance arrangements are separately negotiated
for each insurance policy to be reinsured and result in a facultative
certificate under which the ceding company cedes, and the reinsurer assumes, all
or part of the risk under a specific insurance policy.
Reinsurance can be written on either a pro-rata or excess of loss basis. Under
pro-rata reinsurance, the reinsurer receives a predetermined percentage of the
insurance premium charged by the ceding company and indemnifies the ceding
company against a predetermined percentage of the losses and loss adjustment
expenses ("LAE") incurred by the ceding company under the covered primary policy
or policies. Under excess of loss reinsurance, the reinsurer, in return for a
negotiated premium, indemnifies the ceding company against all or a specified
portion of losses and LAE on underlying insurance policies in excess of a
specified dollar amount, known as the ceding company's retention, subject to a
negotiated policy limit. Excess of loss reinsurance is often written in layers,
with one or a group of reinsurers assuming the risk for each layer. The layer or
layers just above the ceding company's retention are termed "working layers".
Excess of loss also includes contracts which are a proportional share of excess
of loss policies written over the policyholders primary coverage. The following
table shows TIG Re's net premium written by statutory line of business:
<TABLE>
Years Ended December 31,
---------------------------------
(In millions) 1998 1997 1996
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
General liability $94 $77 $88
Property 91 118 95
Automobile liability 67 107 80
Errors and omissions 41 46 88
Workers' compensation 38 49 33
Umbrella 31 31 32
Directors and officers 22 25 26
Automobile physical damage 22 23 21
Medical malpractice 7 34 85
Accident and health 5 5 -
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Total net premium written $418 $515 $548
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Percentage of consolidated
net premium written 29% 36% 36%
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</TABLE>
Approximately 46%, 42% and 52% of TIG Re's net premium written in 1998, 1997 and
1996, respectively, was written on an excess of loss basis. TIG Re's primary
strategy for excess of loss treaties is to take large participations in working
layers of a limited number of programs. By assuming a significant participation
in each treaty, TIG Re exercises significant control over the terms and
structure of each treaty. Management believes that its emphasis on writing
excess of loss treaties in lines of business for which it has specific expertise
improves its underwriting results by allowing it to price reinsurance based on
its own underwriting rather than on the premium charged by the primary insurer.
TIG Re generally seeks to write treaties with working or low layers of
attachment, where losses are more quantifiable and which typically carry higher
premium.
2
<PAGE>
PART I
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Approximately 54%, 58% and 48% of TIG Re's net premium written in 1998, 1997 and
1996, respectively, was written on a pro-rata basis. TIG Re's philosophy is to
provide pro-rata coverages when the ceding company's underwriting capabilities
are considered superior and where the relationship with the ceding company
provides an opportunity for long-term profitability. Pro-rata coverage is
preferred in certain segments of the reinsurance market where low limits are
sold by the ceding company. Non-standard auto is the prime example of this type
of business. Certain other highly volatile lines such as directors and officers
liability also merit a pro-rata position as the losses are infrequent but
potentially large. The reinsurer would thus want to capture a pro-rata share of
the premium to cover this volatile exposure.
The decrease in automobile liability net premium written in 1998 is primarily
due to the non-renewal of one large account within the Traditional Treaty
business unit (see Item 7.2 - Reinsurance). The decrease in medical malpractice
and errors and omissions net premium written in 1997 is due to the termination
or reduced participation in several significant treaties (see Item 7.2 -
Reinsurance).
Distribution System. TIG Re's predominant source of business is through
reinsurance intermediaries. TIG Re writes through approximately 86 brokers, the
largest of which accounted for approximately 32%, 31% and 26% of TIG Re's net
premium written in 1998, 1997 and 1996, respectively. The five largest brokers
accounted for 81%, 65% and 71% of TIG Re's net premium written during the same
periods. There was no change in the top three brokers in 1998 from 1997 or 1996.
In early 1997, Aon Corporation acquired TIG Re's largest broker. Aon Corporation
and its subsidiaries accounted for 32%, 31% and 19% of TIG Re's net premium
written in 1998, 1997 and 1996, respectively. There are no commitments that
require subsidiaries of Aon Corporation to continue to place business with TIG
Re.
TIG Re has approximately 775 insurance company "clients". TIG Re's top five
insurance company clients represented 33% of TIG Re's 1998 net premium written,
exclusive of business assumed from TIG Insurance. Approximately $48 million, $58
million and $50 million of TIG Re's net premium written in 1998, 1997 and 1996,
respectively, was assumed from the Commercial Specialty operating segment of TIG
Insurance. Of premium assumed from TIG Insurance, $43 million, $49 million and
$18 million was "reverse flow" business in 1998, 1997 and 1996, respectively.
Reverse flow is an alternative distribution mechanism whereby TIG Re works with
a reinsurance intermediary to identify a primary insurer to the transaction who
will issue the primary policy and then cede a significant portion of the risk to
TIG Re. During the second quarter of 1998, TIG Re announced that the management
and reporting of reverse flow business would be transferred at natural
expiration to the Commercial Specialty operating segment of TIG Insurance.
TIG Re maintains a London office, which operates as a branch and underwrites
stipulated classes of general insurance business in the U.K. Net premium
produced by the London office was $73 million, $64 million and $29 million in
1998, 1997 and 1996, respectively. Approximately 76% of the 1998 London office
net premium written pertained to international risks.
During 1996, TIG Re established a fully integrated Lloyd's vehicle with a wholly
owned managing agent that manages, and a wholly owned corporate name that
provides sole support for syndicate 1218. The formation of syndicate 1218 allows
TIG Re to write insurance and reinsurance worldwide. The syndicate produced net
written premium of $23 million in 1998 and $13 million in 1997 and has stamp
capacity of (pounds) 25 million (approximately $40 million) for the 1999
account. The syndicate allows TIG Re expanded access to international non-marine
casualty and property business.
3
<PAGE>
PART I
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In late 1996, TIG Re established a new business unit composed of eight branch
offices dedicated to the marketing and underwriting of direct facultative
reinsurance on an automatic and individual risk basis. This initiative is
designed to diversify TIG Re's premium base by allowing it access to a new
market segment that will broaden its product base and provide for new
opportunities. The facultative unit produced net premium written of $37 million
in 1998 and $23 million in 1997. During the first quarter of 1999, the
Facultative business unit was sold to Gerling Global Reinsurance Corporation of
America.
During 1996, TIG Re was approved as a licensed reinsurer in Canada. In addition,
during 1997, TIG Re established a Miami branch as the center for expansion into
the Latin America market place. Satellite offices will be opened in target areas
depending on the political environment, the insurance and reinsurance market,
and licensing requirements. Currently, TIG Re has opened a satellite office in
Santiago, Chile. The Latin America unit produced net premium written of $5
million in 1998.
Competition. Competition in the highly competitive reinsurance market has
intensified during the past several years as a result of an oversupply of
capital in both the reinsurance and primary insurance markets. Reinsurance
prices and conditions are not normally subject to the same state regulation
applicable to the primary insurance market because reinsurers contract solely
with other insurance companies. Reinsurers compete based on many factors,
including the financial strength of the reinsurer, the A.M. Best Co. ("Best")
rating of the reinsurer, premium charged, other terms and conditions of the
reinsurance offered, services offered, timeliness of claims payments, ongoing
business relationships, reputation and experience. Based on net premium written,
TIG Re is the eleventh largest property/casualty reinsurer in the United States
as of September 30, 1998, according to the Reinsurance Association of America.
TIG Re has a stand-alone rating of "A" (Excellent) by Best and a financial size
category X which corresponds to policyholder surplus levels from $500 million to
$750 million. The ratings assigned by Best are based upon factors of concern to
policyholders, agents and intermediaries. The rating is under review (see Item
7.9 - Financial Condition).
TIG Re competes with independent reinsurance companies, subsidiaries or
affiliates of established domestic or worldwide insurance companies, reinsurance
departments of certain primary insurance companies, and underwriting syndicates.
TIG Re, as a broker market reinsurer, competes with the four major direct
marketers of reinsurance. TIG Re also competes with a number of reinsurers who
write reinsurance through brokers, although in most instances, TIG Re
participates on treaties with one or more of these companies as a co-reinsurer.
4
<PAGE>
PART I
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1.3 COMMERCIAL SPECIALTY
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Products. Commercial insurance policies are generally issued to business and
governmental entities, organizations, associations and individual professionals.
Commercial coverages provide protection against property loss and legal
liability for injuries to other persons or damage to their property arising from
the policyholder's business operations. Workers' compensation products provide
benefits to employees as mandated by state laws for employment-related
accidents, injuries or illness. The principal benefits provided by workers'
compensation policies are medical and indemnity. Medical benefits cover
physician, hospitalization and rehabilitation expenses incurred as a result of a
work related injury while indemnity benefits compensate the employee for lost
wages. The table below shows Commercial Specialty net premium written by
statutory line of business:
<TABLE>
Years Ended December 31,
----------------------------
(In millions) 1998 1997 1996
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Workers' compensation $358 $305 $203
Other liability 148 127 108
Lloyd's syndicates 79 29 -
Automobile liability 39 40 29
Commercial multiple peril 38 35 24
Other accident and health 21 26 25
Medical malpractice 15 6 1
Automobile physical damage 14 14 20
Products liability 12 14 9
Ocean marine 10 9 6
Inland marine 10 10 6
Other 3 (2) 9
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Total net premium written $747 $592 $440
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Percentage of consolidated net premium written 53% 41% 29%
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</TABLE>
Commercial Specialty offers products that are distinctive due to the unique
nature of risks covered or due to the discrete composition of insured groups.
Significant business units include Sports and Leisure, Workers' Compensation,
Lloyd's Syndicates, Primary Casualty, Excess Casualty and Special Risk
Operations ("SRO"). The Sports and Leisure unit offers coverages for
professional and amateur sports events and represents 26% of Commercial
Specialty 1998 net premium written. The unit offers spectator liability, legal
liability to participants and participant accident coverages, including property
and liability packages for a variety of activities such as motorsports, fairs,
festivals, ice skating rinks, stadiums, arenas, gaming facilities, ski resorts
and bowling facilities. In addition, the book includes retail operations
associated with sports and leisure activities, such as motorcycle and boat
dealerships and marinas. In 1998, the typical casualty retention on any one
policy or event was $2 million. Effective January 1, 1999, casualty retentions
were reduced to $1 million.
5
<PAGE>
PART I
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The Workers' Compensation business unit produced approximately 43% of Commercial
Specialty net premium written in 1998. Among the products offered are
non-participating plans, sliding scale and group participating plans, deferral
plans and small deductible plans. TIG primarily targets workers' compensation
premium growth in states where management believes that reasonable reform has
occurred and a favorable long-term operating environment exists. During 1998 and
1997, this unit built upon its template underwritten workers' compensation
business by focusing on reducing the overall cost of workers' compensation
injuries. This was accomplished through a series of occupational care management
initiatives including: formation of an occupational medical management and case
management company; entering into a long-term strategic relationship with a
general agent that will also provide loss management services to TIG; and,
establishment of 24 hour toll free injury reporting and early intervention
services. Management believes that these initiatives, combined with TIG's
contracted network of Preferred Provider Organizations and medical bill review
platform, have positioned TIG as a leader in managed care workers' compensation
services. Approximately 33%, 33% and 65% of workers' compensation business was
underwritten using the template approach in 1998, 1997 and 1996, respectively.
Net premium written by state for the Workers' Compensation business unit of
Commercial Specialty (excluding incidental workers' compensation premium written
by other units) is shown in the table below:
<TABLE>
Years Ended December 31,
-------------------------------------------
(In millions) 1998 1997 1996
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Florida $40 $24 $2
Illinois 38 36 65
California 32 30 21
Texas 17 12 3
Wisconsin 16 15 13
Georgia 14 14 2
Massachusetts 14 10 -
New York 12 12 3
Pennsylvania 12 14 1
Arizona 11 7 1
All Other 115 113 88
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total net premium written $321 $287 $199
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
The Primary Casualty unit focuses on commercial auto, professional liability,
construction and marine programs. These programs generally offer a customized
package of coverages designed for a specific "niche" market and are produced
through a limited number of program administrators and general agents ("GAs").
The Excess Casualty unit principally offers lead umbrella and excess umbrella
policies. Lead umbrella policies provide liability protection for manufacturing,
financial and service businesses above the limits of the primary coverage.
Excess umbrella policies provide similar coverage above the lead excess limits.
The SRO unit focuses on excess property, healthcare liability and excess
casualty coverages. The standard retention on a primary casualty policy is $1
million. For excess casualty policies, retentions vary from $1 million up to $5
million in limited cases.
Distribution System. Commercial Specialty and Workers' Compensation programs are
generally marketed through selected program administrators and GAs which have a
demonstrated knowledge of the particular specialty class, the coverages offered,
the competition, and the pricing. Management's objective is to develop
profitable strategic long-term relationships with these producers by developing
tailored programs for these key producers and providing exemplary service.
Management believes that these strategic relationships will enable TIG to
maintain an optimal cost structure while developing specialized underwriting
expertise. TIG sometimes has exclusive contracts with GAs. Sports and Leisure
business is produced under an exclusive contract with K&K Insurance Agency,
Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Aon Corporation. TIG's strategic relationship
with Aon Corporation, which includes lines of business other than Sports and
Leisure, accounted for approximately 46% of Commercial Specialty operations'
1998 net premium written, compared to 51% in 1997 and 54% in 1996.
6
<PAGE>
PART I
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The majority of excess casualty policies are marketed through 9 hub locations
throughout the United States that work with large national and regional
independent agents and brokers. In addition, a regional office in Hartford,
Connecticut assists with sales, underwriting and administrative functions for
specialty program business.
In December 1996, TIG Insurance purchased a majority interest in a Lloyd's
managing agency, which manages three syndicates. In addition, TIG Insurance
established a corporate name with an approximate 60% share of the managed
syndicates' 1999 stamp capacity, which has increased from an approximate share
of stamp capacity of 40% in 1998 and 18% in 1997. Stamp capacity in 1999 totals
(pounds) 206 million (approximately $340 million). The syndicates principally
write marine, property, and aviation business.
Competition. The commercial insurance market remains highly competitive across
all property/casualty lines of business. TIG competes with other specialty and
multi-line property/casualty companies and specialty workers' compensation
carriers, some of which are substantially larger and have greater financial
resources than TIG. With respect to Commercial Specialty lines of business, TIG
distinguishes itself versus its competitors through the application of its
expertise in finding value added solutions to products and services for its
select distribution (producer) partners. With respect to workers' compensation,
management's strategy has been to distinguish TIG from its competitors in four
areas: dedicated workers' compensation underwriting, state and substate
segmentation, dedicated and local market-focused claims expertise and intensive
loss management. Recent legislative reforms in most states have restored the
price/cost balance in the workers' compensation system. These reforms, affecting
benefits, fraud and managed care policies, have significantly increased
competition in the workers' compensation market.
7
<PAGE>
PART I
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1.4 CUSTOM MARKETS
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Products. Custom Markets products provide property and liability coverages for
individuals and small businesses. Automobile policies cover liability to third
parties for bodily injury and property damage, and cover physical damage to the
insured's own vehicle resulting from collision or various other causes of loss.
Homeowners/commercial property policies protect against loss of
dwellings/buildings and contents arising from a variety of perils, as well as
liability arising from ownership or occupancy.
In the third quarter of 1998, a contract dispute arose between the Company and
MBNA America Bank, N.A., the producer of an automobile insurance program within
the Custom Markets operating segment ("the MBNA program"). The dispute related
to certain underwriting and pricing changes to be made by TIG to produce
contractually guaranteed rates of return. In September 1998, the MBNA program
was terminated by MBNA ("MBNA"). MBNA elected under the termination provisions
of the agency contract to require TIG to provide a renewal market through
September 1, 1999. Results for this unit will continue to be reported within the
Custom Markets operating segment. The financial results of this action are
further discussed at Item 7 - Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial
Condition and Results of Operations and Note C to the Consolidated Financial
Statements at Item 8.
The following table shows Custom Markets net premium written by statutory line
of business:
Years Ended December 31,
-------------------------------
(In millions) 1998 1997 1996
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Automobile liability $173 $116 $44
Automobile physical damage 74 42 29
Homeowners 11 9 10
All other 22 18 16
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total net premium written $280 $185 $99
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Percentage of consolidated net premium written 20% 13% 6%
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Approximately 49% of 1998 automobile policies written by Custom Markets were for
non-standard risks. Non-standard auto policies are purchased by insureds who
have difficulty obtaining insurance through normal distribution channels,
because of characteristics that place them in a higher risk profile. For
preferred and standard automobile policies, substantially all have liability
coverage and over 77% have comprehensive and collision coverage. Preferred and
standard automobile policies are template underwritten for insureds with
"acceptable" driving records and insureds who have standard performance
automobiles. With the exception of Hawaii business, all personal lines
automobile policies are template underwritten.
Standard and upscale homeowners' lines are primarily written in Hawaii. Standard
homeowners' policies provide maximum property limits of $350,000 with a minimum
required limit of $50,000. A liability limit of $100,000 is typical but may be
increased in $100,000 increments up to $500,000. The Excel upscale homeowner's
policy provides property limits of up to $10 million with the same liability
limits applicable as standard homeowners' policies.
The small business owner's product consists primarily of small package policies
and business owners policies ("BOP"), both having premiums of $50,000 or less.
Both products are written for low to medium hazard classes. The BOP is
completely automated and is template underwritten. Template BOP eligibility is
restricted to property location limits of $10 million for lessors' risk,
$5million for retail risks, $3 million for office risks, and a $3 million
property aggregate limit for all other eligible classes. Commercial package
policies have a property location limit of $25 million, which includes auto
physical damage. Maximum net retention on any one policy is $1 million. During
1998, the BOP book of business was placed in runoff due to the unit's failure to
meet profitability standards.
8
<PAGE>
PART I
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Distribution System. The distribution of Custom Markets net premium written by
state is displayed in the following table:
Years Ended December 31,
------------------------------------
(In millions) 1998 1997 1996
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
California $86 $66 $31
Hawaii 56 58 55
Florida 29 9 -
Pennsylvania 21 5 -
Texas 13 19 7
Minnesota 11 5 -
Other 64 23 6
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total net premium written $280 $185 $99
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Custom Markets' principal distribution strategy is to develop strategic
relationships with general agents ("GAs") and other key distribution partners.
GAs are the predominate production source for California and Hawaii. Premium
production in other states is generated through a number of sources, including
GAs, alternative distribution channels and a limited number of independent
retail agents. Of the 59 production sources in 1998, 12 generated premiums in
excess of $5 million. As additional states are implemented in the non-standard
and alternative distribution channels, the geographic distribution of net
premium written is expected to shift.
Competition. TIG's Custom Markets operations compete against direct writers,
national (upscale) companies and regional companies, some of which are
substantially larger and have greater financial resources than TIG. Competition
is principally based on price (including differentiation on policy limits,
coverages offered, and deductibles), agent commissions, customer service and
claims handling reputation.
9
<PAGE>
PART I
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.5 OTHER LINES
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Products. Other Lines principally includes the Independent Agents unit, which
was sold in December 1997, commercial products which have been placed in run-off
due to failure to meet profitability standards and inter-divisional reinsurance
activity. Most Other Lines net premium written represents contractually or
regulatory required renewals. The following table shows net premium written by
statutory line of business:
Years Ended December 31,
---------------------------------
(In millions) 1998 1997 1996
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Automobile liability $ - $48 $154
Automobile physical damage (1) 54 86
Commercial multiple peril (2) (1) 17
Fire and allied lines - 3 5
Homeowner - 70 79
Other (24) (30) 101
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total net premium written ($27) $144 $442
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Percentage of consolidated
net premium written (2%) 10% 29%
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
On December 31, 1997, TIG completed the sale of the Retail Independent Agents
business (See Item 7.1 - Consolidated Results). As a result, net premium written
has declined to $0 in 1998 from $155 million in 1997 and $262 million in 1996.
In February 1996, TIG announced the reorganization of its commercial operations
and plans to exit certain lines of business that failed to meet profitability
standards. Net premium written from lines of business placed in run-off as a
result of this restructure has significantly decreased over time from $140
million in 1996 to $4 million in 1997 and ($1) in 1998.
10
<PAGE>
PART I
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.6 RESERVES
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
General. The reserve liabilities for property/casualty losses and loss
adjustment expenses represent estimates of the ultimate net cost of all unpaid
losses and LAE incurred through December 31 of each year. The reserves are
determined using estimates of losses for individual claims ("case basis
reserves") and statistical projections of reserves for incurred but not reported
("IBNR") claims, allocated LAE and unallocated LAE. Both TIG Insurance and TIG
Re maintain actuarial departments that evaluate the adequacy of each
subsidiary's loss and LAE reserves. Oversight is provided by TIG Holdings' chief
actuary. As described below, reserve procedures differ somewhat between primary
insurance and reinsurance.
TIG Insurance. The claims department of TIG Insurance oversees the establishment
of case basis reserves for all primary lines policies and is managed centrally
from TIG's offices in Irving, Texas. As of December 31, 1998, TIG's dedicated
claims staff totaled approximately 160, of which 75 are located in 7 offices
across the United States and the remainder are located in Irving, Texas.
Approximately two-thirds of the primary lines claims are processed by
approximately 80 third party administrators located across the United States.
The adequacy of case basis reserves is evaluated by TIG Insurance's actuarial
department, which concentrates on those lines of business (third party liability
coverages and workers' compensation) for which claims settle over a long period
of time. The actuarial evaluation uses accepted actuarial reserving techniques
that combine quantitative and qualitative information. The loss projection
procedures used in this analysis implicitly incorporate the effect of inflation
on loss payments expected to be made in the future. Accident year methodology is
used to calculate IBNR reserves that provide for both case reserve deficiency
and late reported claims emergence.
The IBNR reserve is based on the historical emergence of reported claims. The
calculations make appropriate adjustments for changes in rate adequacy in
instances where premiums are used in the reserve calculations. The effect of
inflation is implicitly, and sometimes explicitly, reflected in the
calculations.
LAE is comprised of allocated and unallocated expenses. Allocated LAE reserves
are based on long-term historical relationships of paid loss adjustment expenses
to ultimate incurred losses. By using incurred losses as a base, inflation
assumptions applicable to loss reserves apply equally to allocated expense
reserves. Unallocated LAE reserves are based on historical relationships of paid
unallocated expenses to paid losses for some lines of business and by direct
projection of claim closures and average unallocated LAE costs for others.
TIG Re. Case basis reserves for TIG Re are established based on bordereaux and
individual case estimates received from ceding companies and additional
estimates provided by TIG Re's claims department, which consists of 15 employees
located in Stamford, Connecticut. Loss reserves are based upon underwriting year
projections that provide for both case reserve deficiency as well as late
reported claim emergence. Analyses are conducted either by class of business or
by individual program/account. Supplemental ceding company information is used
to increase the reliability of the estimates. The actuarial evaluation uses
accepted actuarial reserving techniques that combine quantitative and
qualitative information. The calculations make appropriate adjustments for
changes in rate adequacy in instances where premiums are used in the reserve
calculations. The effect of inflation is implicitly, and sometimes explicitly,
reflected in the calculations. Losses and allocated LAE are typically projected
together.
Unallocated LAE reserves are based upon historical relationships of paid
unallocated loss adjustment expenses to paid losses. The inflation assumptions
built into the loss reserves are presumed to apply to the unallocated loss
adjustment expense reserves as well.
11
<PAGE>
PART I
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Inherent Uncertainties. The process of estimating reserves involves the active
participation of an experienced actuarial staff with input from the
underwriting, claims, reinsurance, financial and legal departments. Management,
using the advice of loss reserve specialists, makes a judgment as to the
appropriate amount to record in the financial statements. Because reserves are
estimates of ultimate losses and LAE, management monitors reserve adequacy over
time, evaluating new information as it becomes known and adjusting reserves, as
necessary. Such adjustments are reflected in current operations.
The inherent uncertainty in estimating reserves is increased when significant
changes occur. Examples of such changes include: (i) changes in production
sources for existing lines of business; (ii) writings of significant blocks of
new business; (iii) changes in economic conditions; and (iv) changes in state or
federal laws and regulations, particularly insurance reform measures. TIG has
experienced significant changes in each of these areas during the past several
years. The inherent uncertainties in estimating reserves are greater with
respect to reinsurance than for primary insurance due to the diversity of the
development patterns among different types of reinsurance contracts, the
necessary reliance on ceding companies for information regarding reported claims
and differing reserving practices among ceding companies.
Management considers many factors when setting reserves, including: (i) current
legal interpretations of coverage and liability; (ii) economic conditions; and
(iii) internal methodologies that analyze TIG's experience with similar cases,
information from ceding companies and historical trends, such as reserving
patterns, loss payments, pending levels of unpaid claims and product mix. Based
on these considerations, management believes that adequate provision has been
made for TIG's loss and LAE reserves. Actual losses and LAE paid may deviate,
perhaps substantially, from such reserves.
12
<PAGE>
PART I
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Analysis of Loss and Loss Adjustment Expense Development. The following table
shows the cumulative amount paid against the previously recorded liability at
the end of each succeeding year and the cumulative development of the estimated
liability for the ten years ended December 31, 1998:
<TABLE>
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(In millions) 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Net estimated ultimate
liability for losses $1,501 $1,668 $1,916 $2,085 $2,437 $2,738 $2,721 $2,752 $2,634 $2,531 $2,312
and LAE
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cumulative paid as of:
One year later 580 646 719 794 787 796 778 882 837 999
Two years later 925 1,035 1,210 1,286 1,316 1,304 1,368 1,405 1,481
Three years later 1,160 1,338 1,508 1,641 1,650 1,681 1,678 1,808
Four years later 1,328 1,493 1,727 1,848 1,895 1,857 1,920
Five years later 1,405 1,627 1,856 2,010 1,981 2,001
Six years later 1,484 1,698 1,952 2,044 2,080
Seven years later 1,521 1,748 1,948 2,117
Eight years later 1,553 1,721 1,998
Nine years later 1,532 1,755
Ten years later 1,578
Net liability re-estimated
as of:
One year later 1,525 1,712 1,946 2,343 2,582 2,663 2,697 2,768 2,709 2,556
Two years later 1,538 1,752 2,129 2,459 2,598 2,638 2,700 2,824 2,669
Three years later 1,549 1,850 2,209 2,512 2,559 2,608 2,700 2,770
Four years later 1,637 1,871 2,263 2,465 2,525 2,602 2,642
Five years later 1,646 1,929 2,228 2,436 2,505 2,575
Six years later 1,674 1,915 2,212 2,425 2,504
Seven years later 1,660 1,904 2,209 2,432
Eight years later 1,660 1,907 2,220
Nine years later 1,657 1,920
Ten years later 1,672
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Net cumulative redundancy
(deficiency) ($171) ($252) ($304) ($347) ($67) $163 $79 ($18) ($35) ($25)
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Gross liability - end of $3,405 $3,845 $3,873 $3,886 $3,760 $3,935 $4,100
year
Reinsurance recoverable (1,107) (1,152) (1,134) (1,126) (1,404) (1,788)
(968)
Net liability - end of year $2,437 $2,738 $2,721 $2,752 $2,634 $2,531 $2,312
Gross re-estimated $3,331 $3,421 $3,586 $3,890 $3,772 $3,917
liability
Re-estimated recoverable (944) (1,120) (1,103) (1,361)
(827) (846)
Net re-estimated liability $2,504 $2,575 $2,642 $2,770 $2,669 $2,556
Gross cumulative redundancy
(deficiency) $74 $424 $287 ($4) ($12) $18
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
Conditions and trends that have affected the development of these reserves and
payments in the past will not necessarily recur in the future. Accordingly, it
would not be appropriate to use this cumulative history to project future
performance. The re-estimated liability portion of the preceding table shows the
year by year development of the previously estimated liability at the end of
each succeeding year.
13
<PAGE>
PART I
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The variability in reserve estimates was affected in 1988 and subsequent periods
as a result of TIG's acquisition of Fairmont Insurance Company, a workers'
compensation insurer in 1987. The acquisition resulted in TIG's existing
workers' compensation operation being merged into the Fairmont operation and new
operating procedures and automation support being developed to integrate these
two dissimilar operations. In 1994, TIG centralized its reinsurance ceded
program and increased minimum retentions that changed the pattern of net reserve
development for some business units. For the Sports and Leisure business unit,
excess of loss covers will attach at higher amounts, lengthening the development
tail.
The re-estimated liabilities are increased or decreased as additional
information becomes known about the frequency and severity of claims for
individual years. The increases or decreases are reflected in the current year's
operating earnings. Each column shows the reserve held at the indicated calendar
year end and cumulative data on re-estimated liabilities for the year and all
prior years making up that calendar year end liability. The effect on income of
the change during the current period (i.e., the difference between the estimated
one year later) is shown in the following table for each of the three most
recent years as "Increase (decrease) in estimated ultimate losses and LAE for
prior years' claims".
Rollforward of Net Liability for Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses. The
following table provides a reconciliation of beginning and ending liability
balances, net of reinsurance recoverable, for the years indicated:
Years Ended December 31,
-----------------------------------
(In millions) 1998 1997 1996
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Net liability for losses and LAE
at beginning of year $2,531 $2,634 $2,752
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Provision for losses and LAE
for current year claims 1,016 1,076 1,122
Increase (decrease) in estimated
ultimate losses and LAE for
prior years' claims 25 75 16
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total losses and LAE incurred 1,041 1,151 1,138
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Loss and LAE payments for claims
attributable to:
Current year 313 417 374
Prior years 999 837 882
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total losses and LAE payments 1,312 1,254 1,256
Retroactive reinsurance assumed 52 - -
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Balance December 31, net of
reinsurance recoverable 2,312 2,531 2,634
Reinsurance recoverable, excluding
amounts recoverable on
retroactive reinsurance
ceded of $210 million in 1998 1,788 1,404 1,126
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Gross loss and LAE reserves $4,100 $3,935 $3,760
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In 1998, TIG recognized unfavorable prior year loss and LAE reserve development
of $25 million, of which unfavorable development of $24 million was attributable
to TIG Insurance and $1 million of unfavorable development was attributable to
TIG Re. The unfavorable development in TIG Insurance is primarily attributable
to $11 million of development in unallocated LAE costs related to the
termination of programs in Other Lines, unallocated LAE reserve strengthening of
$7 million, and $6 million of unfavorable loss and allocated LAE development.
Retroactive reinsurance assumed represents reserves assumed from third parties
for insurable events that have already occurred in exchange for cash and/or
investment consideration. These reserves relate to new programs in TIG's
workers' compensation lines and Lloyd's Syndicates. No additional premiums or
return premiums have been accrued as a result of prior years affects.
14
<PAGE>
PART I
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In 1997, TIG recognized unfavorable prior year loss and LAE reserve development
of $75 million, of which unfavorable development of $106 million was
attributable to TIG Re reserve strengthening and favorable development of $31
million was attributable to TIG Insurance. The reserve strengthening by TIG Re
in December 1997 was based on actuarial evaluations of loss data through
September 30, 1997, which incorporated enhancements to TIG Re's actuarial
process and previously unavailable data. This intensive actuarial review
indicated that reserving issues were concentrated in a limited number of large
proportional programs, the majority of which were restructured or non-renewed
effective January 1, 1997. TIG Re also increased 1997 accident year reserves by
$39 million as a result of the September 30, 1997 actuarial study. The total
$145 million reserve increase recorded by TIG Re in December 1997 was net of
corporate aggregate stop loss reinsurance coverage, including $40 million under
a 1995 intercompany agreement with TIG Insurance. The favorable prior year loss
reserve development of $31 million for primary lines written by TIG Insurance
was principally attributable to continuing favorable workers' compensation
development. The majority of this favorable development was reallocated to the
1997 accident year for workers' compensation and various other lines for
statutory reporting purposes. The assumption by TIG Insurance in Other Lines of
$40 million in losses under the aforementioned intercompany reinsurance
agreement was principally offset by a $27 million cession to a corporate
aggregate stop loss reinsurance treaty.
The unfavorable loss and LAE reserve development for prior years in 1996 of $16
million is due primarily to adverse development in Other Lines. In connection
with the February 1996 restructuring, TIG completed a re-evaluation of loss and
LAE reserves related to run-off lines using additional loss development data
received during the first quarter of 1996. This data confirmed adverse loss
development trends observed in the second half of 1995 and was a consideration
in the decision to exit certain lines of business, as discussed at Note B -
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies. As a result of this re-evaluation
and management's belief that the restructuring decision will make the claims
settlement process less consistent and more volatile, TIG increased loss and LAE
reserves by $31 million in the first quarter of 1996 for run-off lines,
principally for long haul trucking and large accounts. This reserve
strengthening was partially offset by continuing favorable development of 1993
and prior years' workers' compensation reserves.
Environmental Reserves. TIG's reserves include an estimate of ultimate liability
for asbestos-related matters, environmental pollution, toxic tort and other
non-sudden and accidental claims for which ultimate values cannot be estimated
using traditional reserving techniques. Establishing reserves with respect to
environmental liabilities is one of the most difficult aspects of the reserving
process. The legal definition and assignment of responsibility for environmental
damage vary widely by state and are still evolving. Defense costs on individual
claims are often much greater than the claims costs themselves. Assignment of
damages to the time covered by a particular policy can be difficult to assess
and may ultimately be assigned judicially. Claims frequently emerge long after
the policy has expired.
TIG Insurance's environmental claims activity is predominately from hazardous
waste and pollution-related claims arising from commercial insurance polices.
TIG has not written primary coverage for the major oil or chemical companies.
Most of TIG Insurance's pollution claims are from small, regional operations or
local businesses involved with disposing wastes at dump sites or having
pollution on their own property due to hazardous material use or leaking
underground storage tanks. These insureds include small manufacturing
operations, tool makers, automobile dealerships, contractors, gasoline stations
and real estate developers.
TIG Re was formed in December 1987 and has no pre-1985 liabilities. Prior to
1985, policy forms did not typically limit coverage for latent liabilities such
as pollution, asbestos and other long-tail environmental liabilities. After that
date, policy forms began to limit exposures to such liabilities. As a result,
management believes that TIG Re has minimal exposure to such liabilities.
15
<PAGE>
PART I
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The following table presents selected data on environmental losses and LAE
incurred and reserves outstanding:
<TABLE>
Years Ended December 31,
(In millions, except --------------------------------
number of outstanding claims) 1998 1997 1996
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Net liability for environmental losses
and LAE at the beginning of the year $34 $39 $48
Incurred losses and LAE 3 6 2
Loss and LAE payments (8) (11) (11)
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Net liability for environmental losses
and LAE at end of year 29 34 39
Reinsurance recoverable 21 18 24
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Gross environmental reserves $50 $52 $63
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Number of outstanding claims(1) 531 531 545
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
1) Indicates the number of impacted insured accounts and not individual
claimants.
Gross and net environmental loss and LAE reserves declined by 4% and 15%,
respectively, in 1998 as compared to 1997.
An affiliate of Transamerica has agreed to pay 75% of up to $119 million of
reserve development and newly incurred claims up to a maximum reimbursement of
$89 million on policies written prior to January 1, 1993, with respect to
certain environmental claims involving paid losses and certain LAE in excess of
TIG's environmental loss and LAE reserves at December 31, 1992. Environmental
reserves at December 31, 1998 are predominantly related to policies written
prior to 1993. At December 31, 1998, the Transamerica affiliate has incurred no
liability under this agreement.
Management regularly reassesses the adequacy of environmental reserves as part
of the reserve review process. Based upon information available on the date of
this report and the aforementioned agreement with Transamerica, management
believes that stated environmental reserves are adequate and the ultimate
resolution of environmental claims incurred as of December 31, 1998 will not
materially impact TIG's consolidated financial position or results of
operations.
16
<PAGE>
PART I
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.7 REGULATION
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
General. TIG's property/casualty insurance companies are subject to regulation
by governmental agencies in the states in which they conduct business. The
nature and extent of this regulation varies among jurisdictions, but typically
involves the following: (1) prior approval of the acquisition of control of an
insurance company or any company controlling an insurance company, (2)
regulation of certain transactions entered into by an insurance company with any
of its affiliates, (3) approval of premium rates for many lines of insurance,
(4) standards of solvency and minimum amounts of capital and surplus which must
be maintained, (5) limitations on types and amounts of investments, (6)
restrictions on the size of risks which may be insured by a single company, (7)
licensing of insurers and their agents, (8) deposits of securities for the
benefit of policyholders, (9) approval of policy forms, methods of accounting,
establishing reserves for losses and LAE, and (10) filing of annual and other
reports with respect to financial condition and other matters. In addition,
state regulatory examiners perform periodic financial and market conduct
examinations of insurance companies, primarily for the protection of
policyholders.
As a result of the regulatory supervision of TIG's insurance company
subsidiaries under the California Insurance Holding Company System Regulatory
Act, and other similar acts in states where TIG has domestic insurance company
subsidiaries (the "Holding Company Act"), the insurance company subsidiaries are
required to report information about TIG Holdings. The Holding Company Act
contains certain reporting requirements including those requiring the insurance
companies to file information relating to TIG's capital structure, ownership,
financial condition and general business operations of its insurance
subsidiaries. The Holding Company Act contains reporting and prior approval
requirements with respect to certain transactions among affiliates.
Restrictions on Dividends from Insurance Subsidiaries. TIG's insurance
subsidiaries are subject to various state statutory and regulatory restrictions,
applicable generally to each insurance company in its state of domicile, which
limit the amount of dividends or distributions by an insurance company to its
shareholders. The restrictions are generally based on certain levels of surplus,
investment income and operating income, as determined under statutory accounting
practices. If insurance regulators determine that payment of a dividend or any
other payment to an affiliate (such as a payment under a tax allocation
agreement) would, because of the financial condition of the paying insurance
company or otherwise, be detrimental to such insurance company's policyholders
or creditors, the regulators may block payment of such dividends or such other
payment to the affiliates that would otherwise be permitted without prior
approval.
Subject to the requirements discussed below, the California Insurance Code (the
"California Code") permits the payment of dividends in any year which, together
with other dividends or distributions made within the preceding 12 months, do
not exceed the greater of (1) 10% of statutory surplus as of the end of the
preceding year or (2) the statutory net income for the preceding year, with
larger dividends ("extraordinary dividends") payable only upon prior regulatory
approval. All extraordinary dividends must be reported to the commissioner
thirty days prior to payment. In addition, California law requires that an
insurer report all dividends within five days of declaration and at least ten
days prior to payment. The interim period allows the California Department of
Insurance (the "Department") time to take regulatory action if it so chooses,
with respect to the dividend declared.
17
<PAGE>
PART I
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The California Code provides that stock property/casualty insurers may declare
dividends only from earned surplus. "Earned surplus" is defined as unassigned
funds, as required to be reported on the insurer's annual statement. The
California Code prohibits dividends from being paid out of earned surplus
derived from unrealized net appreciation of assets or derived from an exchange
of assets, unless either such earned surplus has been realized or the assets are
currently realized in cash. An exception to the prohibition allows payment of
dividends if, following the dividend, the insurer's surplus as regards
policyholders is (1) reasonable in relation to its outstanding liabilities and
(2) adequate to the insurer's financial needs, as prescribed in the California
Code, and the insurance commissioner's prior approval has been obtained.
In June 1993, the California Department of Insurance permitted TIG Insurance,
TIG's lead insurer, to record a quasi-reorganization of its statutory capital
accounts. The effect of the quasi-reorganization was to increase the earned
surplus of TIG Insurance to zero from a negative $285 million and to decrease
contributed surplus by the same amount. This transaction significantly increased
TIG Insurance's future dividend paying capability as insurance companies may
only pay dividends from earned surplus.
Certain other intercompany transactions between an insurance company and its
affiliates, including sales, loans, or investments that in any twelve month
period aggregate at least 3% of its admitted assets or 25% of its statutory
capital and surplus, are also subject to prior notice to state insurance
regulatory authorities. Service agreements and reinsurance agreements are
included within such requirements.
Codification. In 1998, the NAIC adopted codified statutory accounting principles
("Codification"). Codification will likely change, to some extent, prescribed
statutory accounting practices and may result in changes to the accounting
practices that TIG uses to prepare its statutory-basis financial statements.
Codification will require adoption by the various states before it becomes the
prescribed statutory basis of accounting for insurance companies domesticated
within those states. Accordingly, before Codification becomes effective for TIG,
the insurance regulatory bodies of states in which TIG writes business must
adopt Codification as the prescribed basis of accounting on which domestic
insurers must report their statutory-basis results to the Insurance Department.
At this time it is anticipated that the State of California, which is the state
of domicile for TIG Insurance Company, the primary insurer for TIG, will adopt
Codification. Management has not yet determined the impact of Codification on
TIG's statutory-basis financial statements.
Risk-Based Capital Rules. The National Association of Insurance Commissioners
("NAIC") adopted a formula to calculate risk-based capital ("RBC") for
property/casualty insurance companies. The primary objective of the RBC
requirements is to raise the safety net that statutory surplus provides for
policyholder obligations. The RBC rules do not have a material impact on TIG's
business or on its financial condition. The statutory "risk adjusted" capital
for each of TIG's insurance subsidiaries as of December 31, 1998 exceeded
minimum requirements.
Guaranty Associations and Involuntary Markets. Most states require
property/casualty insurers to become members of insolvency funds or
associations, which generally protect policyholders against the insolvency of an
insurer writing insurance in the state. Members of the fund or association must
contribute to the payment of certain claims made against insolvent insurers.
Maximum contributions required by law in any one year vary between 1% and 2% of
annual premium written by a member in that state. Assessments from guaranty
funds were $1 million for 1998, 1997 and 1996. Most of these payments are
recoverable through future policy surcharges and premium tax reductions.
Provision of coverage for less desirable risks through participation in
mandatory programs is also required by most states. TIG's participation in
assigned risk pools and similar plans mandated now or in the future, creates
downward pressure on earnings. Involuntary costs were insignificant in 1998.
Involuntary costs increased underwriting losses by $2 million and $9 million in
1997 and 1996, respectively.
18
<PAGE>
PART I
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ITEM 2. BUSINESS PROPERTIES
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TIG's business properties include 55 lease locations, which represent
approximately 671,000 square feet. TIG occupies approximately 275,000 square
feet of space in Irving, Texas for which the lease expires in 2009 and may be
extended by TIG for two renewal periods of five years each. All of TIG's other
existing leases expire by the end of 2007.
19
<PAGE>
PART I
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TIG's insurance subsidiaries are routinely engaged in litigation in the normal
course of their business. As a liability insurer, the Company defends third
party claims brought against its insureds. As an insurer, the Company defends
against coverage claims. In the opinion of TIG, based upon information available
at the date of this report, no individual item of litigation, or group of
similar items of litigation (including asbestos-related and environmental
pollution matters and the matters referred to below), taken net of reserves
established therefor and giving effect to insurance and reinsurance, is likely
to result in judgments for amounts material to TIG's consolidated results of
operations or financial condition.
On January 11, 1994, a Los Angeles County Superior Court jury returned a verdict
of $28 million for punitive damages against TIG Insurance Company ("TIC") in
Talbot Partners v. Cates Construction, Inc. and TIC (the "Talbot Case"). The
award arose out of TIC's handling of a surety bond claim on a construction
project. On March 28, 1997, the California Court of Appeal reduced the trial
court's punitive damage award to $15 million. On July 23, 1997, the California
Supreme Court granted TIC's petition to review the Court of Appeal's decision.
Management believes that the ultimate liability arising from the Talbot Case
will not materially impact consolidated operating results.
On February 12, 1998, a purported class action complaint, naming TIG and two of
its executive officers as defendants, was filed in the United States District
Court for the Southern District of New York on behalf of persons who purchased
TIG common stock during the period from October 21, 1997 to January 30, 1998,
when TIG announced its fourth quarter 1997 results. The complaint alleges that
TIG violated the federal securities laws by misrepresenting the adequacy of its
underwriting and monitoring standards and loss reserves, and that three of its
officers and directors sold shares at prices that were artificially inflated as
a result of the alleged misrepresentations. Plaintiffs seek unspecified monetary
damages, including punitive damages. Management believes that the lawsuit is
without merit and it will be vigorously defended.
On July 17, 1998, TIG Premier Insurance Company ("TIG Premier"), a subsidiary of
TIC, filed a complaint and jury demand against MBNA America Bank, N.A. d.b.a.
MBNA Insurance Services ("MBNA") in federal court in the Northern District of
Texas that was based on an agency agreement between TIG Premier and MBNA (the
"Agency Agreement") pursuant to which TIG Premier offered an insurance program
that was marketed by MBNA to its customers. In its complaint, TIG Premier sought
a declaratory relief judgment declaring that TIG could reduce the commission
payable to MBNA and lengthen the 5-year term of the Agency Agreement in order
to, at a minimum, reduce TIG Premier's underwriting losses and improve the
possibility of TIG Premier's achieving the agreed upon 15% minimum rate of
return. On August 19, 1998, TIG filed an amended complaint seeking monetary
damages for MBA's repudiation and breach of the Agency Agreement, including,
without limitation, the underwriting losses that TIG Premier incurred and the
minimum 15% rate of return over the entire five-year initial term of the Agency
Agreement, in an amount to be determined at trial. In its amended answer, dated
August 31, 1998, MBNA instituted a counterclaim against TIG Premier based on TIG
Premier's alleged breach and repudiation of the Agency Agreement, seeking
damages in an amount not less than $100 million. Management believes that the
liability arising from this case, if any, will not materially impact the
Company's consolidated results of operations or financial condition.
On December 9, 1998, a purported shareholder class action was commenced in the
Delaware Court of Chancery against the Company, its directors and Fairfax
Financial Holdings, Ltd. The complaint alleges, inter alia, that the
consideration to be paid pursuant to the Merger Agreement is unfair and
inadequate and that the terms of the Merger Agreement were arrived at without a
full and thorough investigation by the directors. The complaint seeks injunctive
relief, including a judgment enjoining the transaction, and the award of
unspecified compensatory damages. The Company believes that the action is
without merit and intends to defend the action vigorously.
20
<PAGE>
PART I
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TIG's Federal income tax returns are routinely audited by the Internal Revenue
Service (IRS) and provisions are made in the financial statements in
anticipation of the results of these audits. Following a routine federal income
tax audit in September 1997, the IRS issued a Statutory Notice of Deficiency for
the tax year 1993 and a Revenue Agents Report for 1994 asserting a tax liability
of approximately $170 million excluding interest. The IRS's asserted tax
adjustments principally relate to the acquisition made by TIG under the Section
338(h)(10) election of April 27, 1993 in conjunction with TIG's Initial Public
Offering and primarily generate temporary differences by creating income in 1993
with corresponding deductions in 1993 and future tax years. TIG strongly
disagrees with the IRS' position and, on December 11, 1997, TIG filed a Tax
Court Petition challenging it. In connection with the Statutory Notice of
Deficiency issued by the IRS for the 1993 tax year, TIG made a $40 million
advance tax payment in December 1997, which has been reflected as a current tax
asset. While the timing of cash tax payments may be impacted, management
believes that revisions to TIG's recorded tax liability, if any, arising from
the IRS' audit will not materially impact consolidated net income or the
financial condition of the Company.
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ITEM 4. SUBMISSION OF MATTERS TO A VOTE OF SECURITY HOLDERS
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
There were no matters submitted to a vote of security holders, through
solicitation of proxies or otherwise, during the fourth quarter of 1998.
21
<PAGE>
PART II
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY AND RELATED
SHAREHOLDER MATTERS
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The principal market in which TIG Holdings' common stock is traded is the New
York Stock Exchange. There were 492 shareholders of record on December 31, 1998,
representing approximately 20,000 beneficial owners. Information concerning
restrictions on the ability of TIG Holdings' subsidiaries to transfer funds to
TIG Holdings in the form of cash dividends is set forth in Item 7.8 - Liquidity
and Capital Resources - Liquidity Restrictions and Note J to the Consolidated
Financial Statements at Item 8.
The closing market price and cash dividends paid by calendar quarter for 1998
and 1997 are as follows:
<TABLE>
1998 1997
-------------------------------- --------------------------------
Market Price Dividend Market Price Dividend
------------------ -------------------
Quarter High Low per Share High Low per Share
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
1 $33.938 $24.625 $0.15 $38.000 $31.750 $0.15
2 $27.250 $23.000 $0.15 $31.938 $26.625 $0.15
3 $24.250 $12.875 $0.15 $35.000 $30.125 $0.15
4 $15.813 $11.813 $0.15 $36.375 $31.063 $0.15
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Year end closing $15.563 $33.188
price
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
The closing price of TIG Holdings' common stock on March 8, 1999 was $16.063.
For the period from January 1, 1999 through March 8, 1999, the high closing
market price was $16.063 and the low closing market price was $15.500.
Merger with Fairfax Financial Holdings Limited. On December 3, 1998, the Company
announced the proposed merger of FFHL, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of
Fairfax Financial Holdings Limited (Fairfax), with TIG Holdings, Inc. Fairfax is
a financial services holding company that, through its subsidiaries, is engaged
in property, casualty and life insurance and reinsurance, investment management
and insurance claim management. The merger will be the culmination of an
evaluation of strategic alternatives initiated by the Company's Board of
Directors in an effort to determine the course of action that was in the best
interest of the Company and its stockholders. Under the Agreement and Plan of
Merger (the "Agreement"), Fairfax has agreed to convert each share of common
stock of the Company issued and outstanding immediately prior to the effective
time (as defined in the Agreement) into the right to receive $16.50 in cash,
without interest. A copy of the Agreement was included in the definative Proxy
Statement for the March 8, 1999 special meeting of stockholders. At that
meeting, the stockholders approved the merger agreement. The obligations of the
Company and Fairfax to effect the merger are subject to, among other things, the
condition that necessary insurance regulatory approvals are obtained.
22
<PAGE>
PART II
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The following information should be read in conjunction with Item 7 -
Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of
Operations and with the audited Consolidated Financial Statements and notes
thereto at Item 8 - Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
<TABLE>
(In millions except per share data) 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Consolidated Results:
Net premium earned $1,447 $1,466 $1,539 $1,618 $1,549
Net investment income 235 290 290 268 249
Net investment and other gain (loss) (12) 1 (4) (11) (20)
--------------------------------------------------------------
Total revenues 1,670 1,757 1,825 1,875 1,778
--------------------------------------------------------------
Insurance claims and operating expenses 1,567 1,631 1,604 1,677 1,696
Corporate expenses 81 44 37 37 37
Interest expense 23 20 9 6 -
Restructuring charges - - 100 - -
--------------------------------------------------------------
Total expenses 1,671 1,695 1,750 1,720 1,733
--------------------------------------------------------------
Income (loss) before tax ($1) $62 $75 $155 $45
Net income $8 $52 $79 $118 $52
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GAAP Ratios:
Loss and LAE ratio 72.0 78.6 74.0 72.9 76.1
Underwriting expense ratio 34.7 31.8 30.0 31.0 33.6
Policyholder dividend ratio 1.6 0.9 0.2 0.9 1.2
--------------------------------------------------------------
Combined ratio 108.3 111.3 104.2 104.8 110.9
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Per Share Results:
Basic net income per common share $0.13 $0.97 $1.36 $1.91 $0.79
Basic weighted average common shares 50.9 51.8 56.4 60.8 63.1
Diluted net income per common share $0.13 $0.94 $1.32 $1.90 $0.78
Diluted weighted average common shares 51.2 53.5 58.3 61.4 63.2
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Financial Position:
Investments $3,894 $4,192 $4,233 $4,550 $3,919
Total assets 7,215 6,867 6,476 6,683 6,116
Reserves for losses and LAE 4,100 3,935 3,760 3,886 3,873
Notes payable 125 122 123 120 -
Mandatory redeemable preferred stock 25 25 25 25 25
Mandatory redeemable capital securities 125 125 - - -
Shareholders' equity 1,127 1,163 1,207 1,376 1,042
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Common Stock:
Market high $33.938 $38.000 $34.000 $28.500 $23.250
Market low 11.813 26.625 26.250 18.625 17.250
Market close 15.563 33.188 33.875 28.500 18.750
Common shares outstanding net of treasury stock 51.0 51.0 53.9 59.6 62.0
Dividends declared per common share $0.60 $0.60 $0.20 $0.20 $0.20
Book value per common share $22.10 $22.82 $22.41 $23.09 $16.81
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Statutory Results:
Combined Surplus $964 $1,013 $975 $952 $901
--------------------------------------------------------------
Net income $131 $121 $184 $136 $13
--------------------------------------------------------------
Loss and LAE ratio 72.1 78.6 73.8 72.9 76.4
Underwriting expense ratio 34.5 32.1 30.2 30.7 32.1
Policyholder dividends ratio 1.0 0.8 1.0 1.7 1.9
--------------------------------------------------------------
Combined ratio 107.6 111.5 105.0 105.3 110.4
Net premium written to surplus ratio 1.5X 1.4X 1.6X 1.7X 1.8X
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
23
<PAGE>
PART II
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL
CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7.1 CONSOLIDATED RESULTS
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The following discussion provides management's assessment of financial results
and material changes in financial position for TIG Holdings, Inc. ("TIG
Holdings") and its subsidiaries (collectively "TIG") and presents management's
expectations for the near term. The analysis focuses on the performance of TIG's
three major operating segments, Reinsurance, Commercial Specialty and Custom
Markets, and its investment portfolio, which are discussed at Items 7.2, 7.3,
7.4 and 7.7, respectively. Lines of business that have been de-emphasized
("Other Lines") are discussed at Item 7.5. For a better understanding of this
analysis, reference should be made to Item 8 - Financial Statements and
Supplementary Data.
TIG Holdings would like to caution readers regarding certain forward-looking
statements in the Management's Discussion and Analysis and elsewhere in this
Form 10-K (see Item 7.11- Forward-Looking Statements). Key industry terms that
appear in the Management's Discussion and Analysis and elsewhere in this
document are defined at Item 7.12. Certain reclassifications of prior years'
amounts have been made to conform to the 1998 presentation.
Overview. Net income decreased by $44 million or 85% in 1998 as compared to
1997. 1998 results were impacted by a number of adjustments and expenses that
totaled $120 million pre-tax or $78 million after tax. These adjustments and
expenses were composed of the following: a) $48 million of pre-tax adjustments
and expenses related to a program within the Custom Markets operating segment,
which was placed in run-off in the third quarter of 1998. This included the
recognition of a premium deficiency of $33 million (See Notes B and C to the
Consolidated Financial Statements) and underwriting losses of $15 million, which
reflected revised loss incurred and reinsurance benefit assumptions; b) a
provision for reinsurance recoverable of $30 million; c) an increase in premium
receivable allowances for TIG Re and Other Lines of $5 million and $3 million,
respectively; and d) other pre-tax adjustments and expenses including severance
for former employees of $15 million, Year 2000 expenditures of $8 million, and
other adjustments of $11 million. 1997 results include a $145 million ($94
million after-tax) strengthening of current and prior year loss and LAE reserves
by the Reinsurance operating segment (See Item 1.6 - Reserves). Excluding the
1998 adjustments and expenses and the 1997 strengthening of current and prior
year loss and LAE reserves, income declined by approximately $60 million
after-tax or $88 million pre-tax. The adjusted decline in 1998 pre-tax income
was principally attributable to a decline in net investment income of $55
million, a $13 million increase in selling and administrative expenses
(excluding items included in the adjustments and expenses described above)
attributable to various system projects and other initiatives, a deterioration
in investment gains and losses of $13 million and an increase in underwriting
losses (excluding items included in adjustments and expenses described above) of
$7 million.
Increased utilization of aggregate stop loss and other finite reinsurance
coverages provided an additional underwriting benefit of approximately $21
million in 1998 as compared to 1997. The increased utilization of finite
reinsurance coverages is partially in response to favorable market conditions
and partially to mitigate the inherent financial volatility of a changing book
of business. In addition, ceding commission income arising from the December
1997 sale of TIG's Independent Agents business benefited underwriting results by
$20 million in 1998. As described below, both the sale of Independent Agents
business and increased utilization of finite reinsurance has had a negative
impact on investment income.
24
<PAGE>
PART II
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
As previously mentioned, net investment income decreased $55 million in 1998
compared to 1997. Approximately $10 million of the decrease is attributable to
net assets transferred in December 1997 in connection with the sale of
Independent Agents business while approximately $29 million results from
increased funds held interest expense resulting from additional utilization of
finite reinsurance coverages. The remaining decrease in net investment income is
principally attributable to declining gross market investment yields in 1998 and
a repositioning of the portfolio in late 1998 in anticipation of strategic
alternatives being pursued.
Net income decreased by $27 million or 34% in 1997 as compared to 1996 due
primarily to the $145 million strengthening of current and prior year loss and
LAE reserves by the Reinsurance operating segment as described above. Excluding
the $100 million ($65 million after tax) restructuring charge recorded in 1996,
net income would have decreased by $92 million in 1997 as compared to 1996.
Interest expense increased by $11 million in 1997 over 1996 from the issuance of
$125 million of mandatory redeemable capital securities in January 1997 (see
Note H to the Consolidated Financial Statements at Item 8.). Corporate expenses
increased by $7 million due primarily to expansion of corporate actuarial and
underwriting staffs and system initiatives, including analysis of "Year 2000"
exposures (see Item 7.10 - Year 2000).
The following table shows the major components of net income:
<TABLE>
Years Ended December 31,
-------------------------------
(In millions) 1998 1997 1996
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Gross premium written $2,141 $1,943 $1,924
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Net premium written $1,418 $1,436 $1,529
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Net premium earned $1,447 $1,466 $1,539
Less:
Losses and LAE incurred 1,041 1,151 1,138
Underwriting expenses and policyholder 526 480 466
dividends
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Underwriting loss (120) (165) (65)
Net investment income 235 290 290
Net investment and other gain (loss) (12) 1 (4)
Interest expense (23) (20) (9)
Corporate expense (81) (44) (37)
Restructuring charges - - (100)
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Income before tax benefit (expense) (1) 62 75
Income tax benefit (expense) 9 (10) 4
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Net income $8 $52 $79
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
Consideration of Strategic Alternatives. In October 1998, the Company made a
public announcement that it was actively considering strategic alternatives with
its investment banker, Goldman Sachs, including, among other alternatives, a
sale of the Company. As a result, in December 1998, the Company signed a merger
agreement with Fairfax Financial Holdings Limited ("Fairfax"), in which Fairfax
will acquire TIG in a cash merger (see Note C to the Consolidated Financials
Statements at Item 8).
Closing of Offices and Termination of Employment of Certain Officers. During
1998, the Company decided to downsize executive offices in New York City,
consolidating corporate functions with its corporate headquarters in Irving,
Texas. In addition, the Company decided to close its staff counsel offices
located throughout the continental United States and outsource supervision of
claims litigation previously performed by these offices.
25
<PAGE>
PART II
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
As a result of the closing of the company's executive offices in new York City,
the employment of certain executive or senior officers of TIG was terminated.
These executive or senior officers included Peter M. Acton, Senior Vice
President and General Counsel, and Louis J. Paglia, Senior Vice President and
Treasurer. In addition, Edwin G. Pickett, Executive Vice President and Chief
Financial Officer of the Company, resigned his position. For the purpose of the
severance agreement between TIG and Mr. Pickett, the circumstances of his
resignation met the agreement's definition of involuntary termination, thereby
entitling Mr. Pickett to all benefits provided by the severance agreement. In
addition, Cynthia B. Koenig, Controller of TIG Insurance also left the Company
effective January 1, 1999.
Sale of Independent Agents Business Unit. On December 31, 1997, TIG completed
the sale of the Independent Agents business unit to Nationwide Mutual Insurance
Company ("Nationwide"). This unit produced gross premium written of $247
million, $286 million and $299 million in 1998, 1997 and 1996, respectively. As
of December 31, 1997, all Independent Agents business was 100% reinsured by a
subsidiary of Nationwide, including outstanding loss and LAE reserves, unearned
premium reserves and premium receivables. Under the purchase agreement,
Nationwide assumed the risk of loss and LAE reserve development and receivable
collectibility. To allow Nationwide's subsidiary time to make appropriate
regulatory filings, TIG agreed to write Independent Agents business and cede
such business 100% to the Nationwide subsidiary without penalty through December
31, 1999, and thereafter if necessary at an increased cost. In addition,
approximately 300 employees of the Independent Agents unit became employees of
Nationwide on December 31, 1997. As the sale was principally effected through
reinsurance transactions, TIG recognized no capital gain or loss (See Note C to
the Consolidated Financial Statements at Item 8).
Premium. The following table displays net premium written by operating segment:
<TABLE>
Years Ended December 31,
------------------------------
(In millions) 1998 1997 1996
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Reinsurance $418 $515 $548
Commercial Specialty 747 592 440
Custom Markets 280 185 99
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ongoing Lines 1,445 1,292 1,087
Other Lines (27) 144 442
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total $1,418 $1,436 $1,529
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
Growth in on-going lines net premium written was 12% in 1998 and 19% in 1997 as
compared to the corresponding prior year. The increase in Ongoing Lines' 1998
and 1997 net premium written is the result of TIG's marketing focus for all
operating segments, particularly Commercial Specialty and Custom Markets, to
develop "program" business. Programs are typically characterized as having a
controlled production source, homogenous risks and a market niche. Management
believes that programs, focused on specific market segments, have lower and more
predictable loss costs relative to the total market, and a more variable cost
structure, which will ultimately provide higher operating margins. The declines
noted in Reinsurance operations are primarily attributable to competitive market
conditions and TIG's unwillingness to accept underpriced risks.
Highly competitive market conditions in both reinsurance and primary insurance
products continued in 1998. Oversupply of capital in the insurance industry has
resulted in significant downward pricing pressure, making it increasingly
difficult to write business that meets TIG's profitability standards; however,
TIG will continue to invest in new business initiatives that meet its focused
"program" criteria. Continuing soft market conditions are expected to increase
the time required for new business initiatives to achieve targeted
profitability.
TIG Re's chairman retired effective February 2, 1998. Michael Wacek, a seasoned
insurance executive, was appointed President and Chief Executive Officer of TIG
Re in February 1998. The retirement of the former Chairman and the appointment
of the new Chief Executive Officer could impact, positively or negatively,
existing producer relationships and the availability of new business
opportunities.
26
<PAGE>
PART II
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GAAP Combined Ratio. A key measure of an insurance company's performance is its
combined ratio. The following table shows the components of TIG's consolidated
combined ratio for its active operating segments on a consolidated GAAP basis:
<TABLE>
GAAP Ratio
--------------------------------
1998 1997 1996
--------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Loss and LAE 72.0 78.6 74.0
Commission expense 20.7 20.6 19.7
Premium related expense 2.6 3.0 3.3
Operating expense 11.4 8.2 7.0
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Total underwriting expense 34.7 31.8 30.0
Policyholder dividends 1.6 0.9 0.2
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Combined ratio 108.3 111.3 104.2
--------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
Reserve strengthening for current and prior accident years recorded in 1997 for
Reinsurance and in 1996 for Other Lines (see Item 1.6 - Reserves) increased both
the loss and LAE ratio and combined ratio by 9.9 percentage points and 2.0
percentage points for 1997 and 1996, respectively, leading to the comparative
decline in 1998. Favorable loss experience in Commercial Specialty and Custom
Markets partially offset the TIG Re reserve strengthening in 1997. Increases in
the commission ratio for 1998 and 1997 reflect a shift in business mix toward
specialty programs produced by GAs. The 1998 and 1997 operating expense ratio
increases are primarily due to start up costs incurred for new programs in each
of the operating segments (see Items 7.2 - Reinsurance, 7.3 - Commercial
Specialty and 7.4 - Custom Markets).
Restructuring Charges. In February 1996, TIG announced the reorganization of its
commercial operations and plans to exit certain lines of business that failed to
meet profitability standards. As a result of this reorganization, TIG took the
following actions: 1) combined its Specialty Commercial and Workers'
Compensation divisions to form a new operating segment called Commercial
Specialty, 2) consolidated field offices, 3) identified lines of business for
non-renewal or cancellation for which 1995 net premium written was approximately
$190 million, 4) formed a run-off division (called "Other Lines") to administer
contractually required policy renewals for run-off lines of business, and 5)
outsourced to third party service providers or otherwise terminated the
responsibilities of approximately 600 employees. TIG recorded a $100 million
accrual in the first quarter of 1996 for estimated restructuring charges. The
remaining reserve at December 31, 1998, is $3 million (see Note B to the
Consolidated Financial Statements at Item 8 for further discussion).
27
<PAGE>
PART II
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7.2 REINSURANCE
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Premium. TIG's reinsurance operations are conducted through TIG Re, which is
based in Stamford, Connecticut. TIG Re's products and distribution system are
described at Item 1.2 - Reinsurance. The table below shows premium production
for TIG Re by business unit:
<TABLE>
Years Ended December 31,
----------------------------------------------
(In millions) 1998 1997 1996
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Specialty Casualty $192 $207 $340
London Branch & Syndicate 1218 96 77 29
Traditional Treaty 73 106 63
Reverse Flow 68 79 66
Facultative 37 23 -
Specialty Property 21 48 50
Finite 16 31 21
Latin America 5 - -
Other (90) (56) (21)
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Net premium written $418 $515 $548
Gross premium written $545 $591 $576
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Retention ratio 76.7% 87.1% 95.1%
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
Change in gross premium written was (8%) in 1998 and 3% in 1997 in comparison to
the corresponding prior year. Competitive market conditions continued to
intensify in 1997, especially in TIG Re"s core Specialty Casualty market.
Re-underwriting initiatives instituted by TIG Re in response to soft market
conditions and re-evaluations of current treaty profitability resulted in
non-renewal or reduced participation in three significant Specialty Casualty
programs.
Soft market conditions have continued to persist during 1998. The decline in the
Specialty Property unit primarily reflects $22 million of net premium written
associated with two significant programs that were not renewed as part of the
re-underwriting initiative noted above. Premiums declined by $33 million within
the Traditional Treaty business unit due to the non-renewal or the reduction in
participation of several large accounts. During the second quarter of 1998, the
Company announced that the management and reporting of the Reverse Flow business
unit would be transitioned at natural expiration to the Commercial Specialty
operating segment of TIG Insurance.
New business comprised $109 million, $190 million and $135 million of net
premium written in 1998, 1997 and 1996, respectively. The majority of new
business is attributable to production in marketing segments established during
the past several years such as the London Branch, Lloyd's Syndicate 1218,
Facultative and Latin America. However, management believes that competitive
market conditions will continue and that TIG Re's gross premium written may be
lower in 1999 than 1998. During the first quarter of 1999, the Facultative
business unit was sold to Gerling Global Reinsurance Corporation of America.
The 10.4 percentage point decrease in the retention ratio in 1998 as compared to
1997 and the 8.0 percentage point decrease in 1997 compared to 1996 is
principally attributable to increased premium ceded under aggregate stop loss
reinsurance treaties. Included in the 1998 results, is a change in the premium
written recognition for various aggregate stop loss contracts, in response to a
request made by the Connecticut Insurance Department during their triennial
examination. The impact of this adjustment was an increase to ceded written
premiums of $27.2 million with no impact on ceded earned premiums. Other net
premium written is reduced by aggregate stop loss reinsurance premium cessions
of TIG Re not applicable to a specific line of business (see Item 7.6 - Exposure
Management).
28
<PAGE>
PART II
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Underwriting Results. The following table summarizes TIG Re's underwriting
results:
<TABLE>
Years Ended December 31,
---------------------------------------
(In millions) 1998 1997 1996
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Net premium earned $491 $516 $534
Less:
Net loss and LAE incurred 331 506 386
Commission expense 134 134 136
Premium related expense 3 2 1
Other underwriting expense 53 37 25
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Underwriting loss ($30) ($163) ($14)
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GAAP ratios:
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Loss and LAE 67.5 97.9 72.3
Commission expense 27.4 25.9 25.4
Other underwriting expens 11.2 7.6 4.9
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Combined ratio 106.1 131.4 102.6
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
During 1998, TIG Re commuted various assumed and ceded treaties, including one
with TIG Insurance, the effect of which was an increase to net loss and LAE
incurred of $5 million. In addition, a favorable arbitration award and the
benefit from an unplanned novation transaction reduced the 1998 incurred loss
and LAE; the combined effect of theses two transactions was a benefit to net
loss and LAE incurred of $5 million. The increase in other underwriting expense
is partially attributable to an increase in the allowance for uncollectible
premiums of $5 million, recorded during the third quarter of 1998. In addition,
start-up and expansion costs of $4 million related to the London Branch,
Syndicate 1218 and the Latin American initiatives are included in other
underwriting expenses.
TIG Re strengthened reserves for current and prior accident years by $145
million in December 1997 based on actuarial evaluations as of September 30, 1997
(see Item 1.6 - Reserves). The reserve increase was net of $40 million of
reinsurance benefit under the 1995 inter-company reinsurance treaty with TIG
Insurance. Losses ceded by TIG Re under the 1995 reinsurance treaty are
reflected in the operations of TIG Insurance through Other Lines loss and LAE
incurred. The $12 million increase in 1997 other underwriting expense over 1996
is principally attributable to start-up costs associated with the Facultative
business unit which was formed in late 1996. For 1997, the Facultative unit
produced $13 million of earned premium; however, operating expenses increased by
$7 million and underwriting loss increased by $5 million in 1997 as compared to
1996.
29
<PAGE>
PART II
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7.3 COMMERCIAL SPECIALTY
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Premium. Commercial Specialty provides specialized insurance products through
six main business units: Workers' Compensation, Sports & Leisure, Primary
Casualty, Lloyd's Syndicates, Excess Casualty and Special Risk Operations. Most
Commercial Specialty units are based in Irving, Texas. TIG's marketing strategy
and distribution systems are described at Item 1.3 - Commercial Specialty. The
table below shows the distribution of Commercial Specialty net premium written
by business unit:
<TABLE>
Years Ended December 31,
----------------------------------
(In millions) 1998 1997 1996
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Workers' Compensation $321 $287 $199
Sports and Leisure 195 183 169
Primary Casualty 100 94 68
Lloyd's Syndicates 79 29 -
Excess Casualty and SRO 35 37 21
Other 17 (38) (17)
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Net premium written $747 $592 $440
Gross premium written $1,028 $792 $605
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Retention ratio 72.7% 74.7% 72.7%
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
Commercial Specialty net premium written increased 26% in 1998 compared to 1997.
This increase is primarily attributable to Workers' Compensation and Lloyd's
Syndicates. The increase in Workers' Compensation is attributable to TIG
entering into a strategic relationship in the third quarter of 1997 with a
general agent that writes program business and also provides loss management
services. This relationship contributed $97 million in net premium written in
1998 compared to $87 million in 1997. Also contributing to the increase in
Workers' Compensation is an increase in the commission rate paid to producers in
specific programs. The increased production in Lloyd's Syndicates is primarily
due to increased participation in the capacity of the syndicates from
approximately 18% in 1997 to 41% in 1998.
Commercial Specialty net premium written increased 34% in 1997 compared to 1996.
This increase was primarily derived from increases in Workers' Compensation,
Primary Casualty and the new Lloyd's Syndicates. The growth in Workers'
Compensation was driven by the assumption of an existing book of program
business. Growth in Primary Casualty comes from new programs in Construction,
Marine and Energy, and Professional lines. The increases noted for Lloyd's
Syndicates are due to the acquisition of a majority interest in a Lloyd's
managing agency as described at Item 1.3 - Commercial Specialty. Other net
premium written represents allocations of corporate aggregate stop loss coverage
not applicable to a specific business unit (see Item 7.6 - Exposure Management).
30
<PAGE>
PART II
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Underwriting Results. The table below presents underwriting results for
Commercial Specialty operations:
<TABLE>
Years Ended December 31,
---------------------------------
(In millions) 1998 1997 1996
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Net premium earned $702 $500 $416
Less:
Net loss and LAE incurred 499 322 288
Commission expense 124 98 80
Premium related expense 24 19 18
Other underwriting expense 77 46 33
Policyholder dividends 23 13 2
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Underwriting gain (loss) ($45) $2 ($5)
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GAAP ratios:
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Loss and LAE 71.1 64.6 68.9
Commission expense 17.7 19.5 18.9
Premium related expense 3.5 3.8 4.1
Other underwriting expense 10.9 9.1 7.3
Policyholder dividends 3.3 2.7 3.3
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Combined ratio 106.5 99.7 102.5
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
Commercial Specialty's underwriting results deteriorated $47 million in 1998
compared to 1997. The deterioration is primarily due to 1998 reserve
strengthening of $54 million, primarily for workers' compensation and primary
casualty lines. This strengthening was reduced by $35 million for corporate
aggregate stop loss reinsurance benefits, which were triggered as a result of
the strengthening. Additionally, 1997 results include favorable prior year loss
reserve development in Workers' Compensation (see Item 1.6 - Reserves for a
further discussion of the 1998 and 1997 reserve developments), contributing to
the comparative deterioration. The 1998 underwriting results include benefits
realized as a result of changes in the Managed Compensation unit's reinsurance
strategy. As described in Item 7.6 - Exposure Management, the Managed
Compensation unit reduced its net retention to $100 thousand from $1 million
effective April 1, 1998 and effective January 1, 1998 the unit purchased finite
reinsurance that allows the unit to stay competitive with other insurers whose
states of domicile allow discounting of workers' compensation loss reserves.
These changes improved Commercial Specialty's underwriting results by
approximately $37 million in 1998 compared to 1997. Excluding the reserve
development in each period and the benefits derived from reinsurance strategies,
Commercial Specialty's underwriting results deteriorated approximately $49
million. This deterioration is primarily due to pricing pressures in most
business units due to soft market conditions and increased underwriting expenses
to support new business initiatives and the development of new business
processes.
Commercial Specialty's underwriting results improved $7 million in 1997 compared
to 1996. The improvement is primarily derived from favorable prior year loss
reserve development in Workers' Compensation as discussed at Item 1.6 -
Reserves. Also contributing to the improvement are generally improving loss
trends in Workers' Compensation, including favorable involuntary results, as
more states enacted workers' compensation reforms. Partially offsetting the
favorable loss reserve development and loss trends is an increase in other
underwriting expenses as a result of additional staff costs related to the
startup of various Commercial Specialty programs.
31
<PAGE>
PART II
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The GAAP commission expense ratio declined 1.8 points in 1998 and increased 0.6
points in 1997 as compared to the corresponding prior year. The 1998 decrease is
primarily due to a change in the classification of payments to a large producer
within Managed Compensation to more accurately reflect services performed from
commission expense to unallocated loss adjustment expense. The 1997 increase is
primarily attributable to increased corporate aggregate stop loss cessions which
do not carry a ceding commission.
32
<PAGE>
PART II
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7.4 CUSTOM MARKETS
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Premium. Custom Markets provides personal lines and small business insurance
products through three main business units: Non-Standard Auto, Alternative
Distribution and Small Business. Custom Markets distribution system and
marketing strategy are described at Item 1.4 - Custom Markets. The table below
presents premium production by major product for Custom Markets operations:
<TABLE>
Years Ended December 31,
------------------------------
(In millions) 1998 1997 1996
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Non-standard Automobile $113 $86 $38
Alternative Distribution 99 36 1
Small Business 68 69 64
Other - (6) (4)
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Net premium written $280 $185 $99
Gross premium written $303 $212 $113
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Retention ratio 92.4% 87.3% 87.6%
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
Custom Markets net premium written increased by 51% in 1998 and 87% in 1997 as
compared to the corresponding prior year. The increased production noted in
Alternative Distribution, which includes the MBNA lines discussed in Item 1.4 -
Custom Markets, is due to this unit having been formed in late 1996 with limited
production in 1997. The increase noted in Non-standard Automobile is principally
due to new general agent relationships in California and Texas.
Underwriting Results. The following table summarizes underwriting results for
Custom Markets operations:
<TABLE>
Years Ended December 31,
---------------------------------
(In millions) 1998 1997 1996
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Net premium earned $276 $158 $95
Less:
Net loss and LAE incurred 240 108 55
Commission expense 62 31 18
Premium related expense 7 9 4
Other underwriting expense 30 22 12
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Underwriting gain (loss) ($63) $6 ($12)
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GAAP ratios:
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Loss and LAE 86.7 68.3 58.0
Commission expense 22.3 19.7 18.6
Premium related expense 2.8 5.9 4.4
Other underwriting expense 11.0 13.8 12.6
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Combined ratio 122.8 107.7 93.6
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
Custom Markets underwriting losses increased by $51 million in 1998 compared to
1997. This deterioration is principally due to $48 million of pre-tax
adjustments and expenses related to the placement of the MBNA program in run-off
in the third quarter of 1998. These adjustments and expenses included the
recognition of a premium deficiency of $33 million (See Notes B and C to the
Consolidated Financial Statements at Item 8), and underwriting losses of $15
million, which incorporated revised loss and reinsurance benefit assumptions.
The premium deficiency adjustment was based on an analysis by management that
estimated future earned premium from existing Custom Markets business and
mandatory renewals related to the MBNA program. The estimate of future earned
premium and related losses incorporated management's expectations that all
filings relating to corrective pricing actions initiated in 1998 will be
completed by April 1999. Should management's estimates of future earned premium
and losses vary from actual results, future operating results could be impacted
either positively or negatively by the MBNA program.
33
<PAGE>
PART II
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Excluding the 1998 adjustments and expenses, Custom Markets underwriting loss
increased by $3 million in 1998 as compared to 1997. The deterioration is
primarily due to higher losses in short-tailed property lines in the Small
Business unit and in the Alternative Distribution unit in the first six months
of the year.
Custom Markets underwriting loss increased by $18 million in 1997 as compared to
1996, principally as a result of program start up costs incurred in the
Alternative Distribution unit, which began operations in late 1996 and had an
underwriting loss of $14 million for 1997. The remaining increase in
underwriting loss resulted from lower profitability for the Hawaii unit in 1997,
as the Hawaii unit benefited from favorable loss experience in 1996.
34
<PAGE>
PART II
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7.5 OTHER LINES
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Other Lines principally includes the results of Independent Agents personal
lines that were sold in 1997, commercial lines that have been placed in run-off
due to failure to meet profitability standards and aggregate stop loss
reinsurance activity not related to a specific operating segment. See Item 1.5
for a description of business placed in run-off.
<TABLE>
Years Ended December 31,
---------------------------------
(In millions) 1998 1997 1996
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Gross premium written $265 $348 $630
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Net premium written ($27) $144 $442
Net premium earned ($22) $292 $494
Less:
Net loss and LAE incurred (29) 215 410
Commission expense (21) 39 69
Premium related expense 3 13 27
Other underwriting expense 6 16 39
Dividends to policyholders 1 1 1
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Underwriting gain (loss) $18 $8 ($52)
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
Premium. As discussed at Item 7.1 - Consolidated Results and Note C to the
Consolidated Financial Statements at Item 8, TIG's Independent Agents business
unit was sold and all business 100% reinsured effective December 31, 1997. As a
result, net premium written and earned for the Independent Agents unit will be
zero for all periods subsequent to the sale, as will all loss, loss adjustment
expenses and underwriting expenses. Excluding the impact of the unearned premium
cession upon the sale of the unit and increased allocations of corporate
aggregate stop loss reinsurance premium, Independent Agents 1997 premium
approximated that of 1996. Excluding the Independent Agents unit, non-renewal of
Other Lines business has generally progressed at a faster rate than originally
expected by TIG management. The rapid elimination of this business is
attributable to pro-active efforts by TIG in assisting producers with placing
their business with other insurance carriers. As a result, TIG has in many cases
avoided lengthy cancellation notice periods. These efforts will continue in 1999
with gross premium written expected to continue to decline. Net premium written
in 1998 is negative due to premium receivable write-offs and retro adjustments
on certain policies.
Underwriting Results. Other Lines underwriting gain of $18 million in 1998
compares to an underwriting gain in 1997 of $8 million. The results for 1998
include the following adjustments and expenses: $30 million in reinsurance
recoverable allowances and write-offs; $10 million in additional losses to
strengthen reserves for prior accident years; $3 million in premium receivable
allowances; $3 million for the write-off of certain capitalized software; and a
reduction in losses incurred of $34 million as a result of the commutation of a
reinsurance treaty with TIG Re (see Item 7.2 - Reinsurance). In addition, 1998
results include $20 million in ceding commissions related to the sale of the
Independent Agents unit and $29 million in net benefit from aggregate stop loss
reinsurance. The results for 1997 include the following: $40 million in losses
assumed from TIG Re as discussed at Item 1.6 - Reserves; $18 million in reserve
releases relating to prior accident years; $37 million in net benefit from
aggregate stop loss reinsurance; a $19 million underwriting gain in the
Independent Agents unit; and an increase in losses incurred of $13 million as a
result of the commutation of a reinsurance treaty.
35
<PAGE>
PART II
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Excluding the 1998 adjustments and expenses, Independent Agents ceding
commission and net benefit from aggregate stop loss reinsurance, and the 1997
reserve adjustments, Independent Agents underwriting gain and the net benefit
from aggregate stop loss reinsurance and commutation of a reinsurance treaty,
Other Lines underwriting loss of $19 million in 1998 compares to an underwriting
loss of $13 million in 1997. The deterioration of results is primarily
attributable to higher incurred losses in short-tail property lines.
Other Lines 1996 underwriting loss of $52 million includes the following: $31
million in loss and LAE reserve strengthening; $9 million in net benefit from
aggregate stop loss reinsurance; and a $15 million underwriting loss in the
Independent Agents unit. Excluding the reserve adjustments, Independent Agents
underwriting results and net benefit from aggregate stop loss reinsurance from
the results of both 1997 and 1996, and the commutation of a reinsurance treaty
in 1997, Other Lines underwriting loss of $13 million in 1997 compares to an
underwriting loss of $15 million in 1996. The improvement in results is
primarily attributable to the general decline in underwriting expenses resulting
from the overall decline noted in premium written and the elimination of
overhead costs.
Independent Agents underwriting results improved by $34 million in 1997 over
1996. The principal components of the improvement include reduced catastrophe
premium costs of $8 million, reduced catastrophe loss costs of $4 million,
favorable loss experience excluding catastrophes of $10 million and favorable
adjustments of premium related and operating expenses of $12 million resulting
from procedures performed in connection with the 100% reinsurance of Independent
Agents business.
36
<PAGE>
PART II
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7.6 EXPOSURE MANAGEMENT
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
General Reinsurance Program. For primary lines, TIG Insurance purchases
reinsurance to allow it to insure larger risks while controlling exposure to
larger losses and catastrophes. Each year, the primary reinsurance program is
modified based upon changes in business mix, coverage availability and pricing.
Reinsurance purchased may include both treaty and facultative coverages. TIG
Insurance's ceded reinsurance agreements are generally structured on a treaty
basis whereby all risks meeting certain criteria are automatically reinsured.
During 1998, TIG Insurance enhanced the decentralized reinsurance purchasing
function for all primary operating segments and generated new operating
controls. During 1998, TIG Insurance made minor modifications to certain
retention levels and entered into some new treaty agreements. Also during 1998,
TIG Insurance commuted one aggregate stop loss reinsurance treaty that was not
utilized to date.
Excluding corporate aggregate stop loss covers, TIG Re purchases reinsurance
(retrocessional cover) and aggregate stop loss coverage separately from TIG
Insurance's primary operations. TIG Re purchases property catastrophe coverage
and several retrocessional coverages for specific treaties or programs. In 1995,
TIG Re purchased aggregate stop loss reinsurance coverage from TIG Insurance,
similar to external reinsurance purchased in 1996 and 1997. This inter-company
aggregate stop loss contract was commuted during 1998.
Both TIG Insurance and TIG Re work in concert in establishing reinsurance
security standards to mitigate the credit exposure arising from potentially
uncollectible reinsurance. The financial acceptability of these exposures is
monitored vigorously and the Company removed a number of reinsurers from its
approved list during 1998. Additionally, TIG Insurance implemented a Dispute
Resolution Committee during 1998 to address any reinsurance recoverables, which
are disputed due to coverage or interpretation issues. Reinsurance contract
terms are reviewed annually and renegotiated in the interim if required to
remain in compliance with program needs. Continuity in reinsurance relationships
is a high priority for TIG. Reinsurers are subject to licensing and regulation
in the jurisdictions in which they conduct business. Countries outside of the
United States have varying levels of regulation of insurance and reinsurance
companies. Many states allow financial statement credit for reinsurance ceded to
a reinsurer that is licensed in another state or foreign jurisdiction, provided
such reinsurance meets certain financial requirements or the insurer is provided
with collateral (usually in the form of a letter of credit) to secure the
reinsurer's obligations. To maintain its ability to receive financial statement
credit, TIG typically requires its reinsurers to be licensed in the ceding
insurer's state of domicile or to submit collateral in a form and in an amount
sufficient to secure the reinsurer's obligations to TIG. Reinsurance does not
legally discharge an insurer from its primary liability for the full amount of
the policies it writes. If a reinsurer fails to meet its obligations under the
reinsurance agreement, the ceding company is required to pay the loss. At
December 31, 1998 and 1997, TIG had an allowance of $33 million and $9 million,
respectively for potentially unrecoverable reinsurance.
37
<PAGE>
PART II
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TIG's largest non-affiliated reinsurers are as follows:
<TABLE>
Reinsurance Recoverable
at December 31,
--------------------------- Best's
(In millions) 1998 1997 Rating (1)
- ----------------------------------------------------------------- --------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Zurich Reinsurance Centre, Inc $229 $198 A
Nationwide Ins Co of America 169 174 (2)
Underwriters Reinsurance Co 152 122 A+
London Life & Casualty Re Corp 137 96 A
American Reinsurance Company 118 167 A++
General Reinsurance Corp 113 93 A++
All others 1,162 679
- --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------
Total reinsurance recoverable $2,080 $1,529
- --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------
</TABLE>
1) The ratings are taken from the Best's Key Rating Guide, 1998 Edition.
2) No independent A.M. Best rating has been assigned due to the sale of
this company on December 31, 1997 to Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company.
Reinsurance recoverable increased by $551 million or 36% in 1998 as compared to
1997. The increase is principally attributable to increases in recoverables
under aggregate stop loss reinsurance treaties.
Catastrophe Reinsurance. TIG is exposed to multiple insured losses arising out
of a single occurrence, such as a natural or man-made catastrophe. Such an event
may generate insured losses in any or all of TIG's operating segments. TIG's
exposure to catastrophe losses arises principally from hurricane, windstorm,
earthquake, fire and explosion. TIG Insurance manages its exposure to such
losses from an underwriting perspective by limiting the accumulation of known
risks in exposed areas, and from per risk and operating segment specific
catastrophe reinsurance. Additionally, TIG utilizes the RMS Inc. IRAS model to
monitor its exposure to various loss scenarios and gross and net probable
maximum losses ("PML"). Initiatives are underway to expand the utilization of
this analytical tool within TIG's underwriting operations.
After consideration of reinsurance reinstatement premium, TIG Insurance
effectively retained approximately 95% of the first $50 million of the total
aggregate catastrophe loss and 5% of losses in excess of $50 million for 1997
and 1996. In 1995, TIG Re entered into a separate catastrophe reinsurance
agreement providing $25 million in excess of a $15 million retention for TIG
Re's property program through 1997. In addition, TIG Re entered into a
catastrophe reinsurance agreement on January 1, 1998, providing $40 million in
excess of $10 million retention for non-U.S. or Canadian property losses through
1998.
Effective January 1, 1998, TIG Insurance elected to retain all catastrophe
exposure without the benefit of catastrophe reinsurance. TIG Insurance's single
largest PML is approximately $27 million as of January 1, 1999. TIG Insurance
monitors geographical exposure accumulations and will purchase property
catastrophe coverage when certain trigger points are reached. As long as TIG
Insurance continues to write Independent Agents policies on a direct basis
ceding 100% to Nationwide (see Item 7.1 - Consolidated Results), TIG Insurance
will retain contingent exposure for catastrophes impacting Independent Agents
business.
No major catastrophe losses were incurred by TIG in 1998, 1997 or 1996. As with
all property/casualty insurers, TIG expects to pay some losses related to
catastrophes and prices its products accordingly. Total gross catastrophe losses
aggregated $13 million, $5 million and $15 million in 1998, 1997 and 1996,
respectively. Total net catastrophe costs, including reinsurance reinstatement
premium, aggregated $1 million, $5 million and $11 million in 1998, 1997 and
1996, respectively.
38
<PAGE>
PART II
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Losses from coverages other than property insurance may also occur from an event
giving rise to catastrophic property losses. For example, an earthquake or
explosion could cause workers' compensation losses as well as property losses.
TIG has estimated a PML for such an event and coordinates its underwriting
guidelines and reinsurance covers to limit its probable maximum loss. It is
possible that the PML estimated by TIG may either understate or overstate,
perhaps to a significant degree, the possible losses to TIG which could be
generated by insured loss events. TIG is working with its Catastrophe Management
Committee to refine the analysis of these ancillary exposures and to enhance the
Company's ability to mitigate these factors.
Aggregate Stop Loss Reinsurance. Both TIG Insurance and TIG Re purchase
aggregate stop loss reinsurance to protect against unanticipated exposures not
considered in other reinsurance coverages. In addition, aggregate stop loss
coverage can be utilized to cover exposure to large deductibles under other
reinsurance treaties, especially catastrophe treaties, and mitigate risk
inherent in a changing book of business. TIG's aggregate stop loss reinsurance
treaties generally provide excess of loss protection on all business written for
losses incurred in excess of a specified loss retention ratio ("attachment
point"). Stop loss reinsurance is "umbrella" protection, which is utilized after
all other specific reinsurance coverages have been exhausted.
TIG has consistently maintained aggregate stop loss protection in various forms
since 1994. Coverages provide benefit of 70% to 100% of losses in excess of the
attachment point. Premium cessions are generally made on a funds withheld basis.
Funds withheld balances generally bear interest at rates of 6.75% to 8.50% (see
Item 7.7 - Investments). At December 31, 1998 and 1997, funds withheld balances
related to aggregate stop loss reinsurance contracts were $361 million and $264
million, respectively, while related reinsurance recoverable balances were $658
million and $466 million, respectively.
Loss Portfolio Reinsurance. Effective January 1, 1998, the Company entered into
a loss portfolio reinsurance agreement on a funds held basis for loss and LAE
reserves of $265 million related to certain run-off programs. The gain of $22
million was deferred and will be amortized into income as losses are paid.
Amortization of the deferred gain of $8 million was recorded as a reduction of
incurred losses in 1998. The contract covers 80% of any adverse loss development
incurred in excess of $280 million up to a maximum of $343 million. Any
additional future benefit from the contract triggered by adverse loss
development will also be deferred and amortized into income as the related
losses are paid. Funds held bear interest at 1.7% per quarter beginning April 1,
1998. Related interest on funds held of $10 million was recorded as a reduction
of net investment income in 1998.
Under this reinsurance arrangement, the reinsurer has the right to convert the
treaty to a funds transferred basis from a funds held basis if the S&P rating
for TIG falls below A+. As a result of this provision, and the downgrading of
TIG's rating to below A+, effective January 1, 1999, TIG Insurance established a
trust agreement of $177 million with Norwest Bank for the benefit of the
reinsurer, in lieu of funds transferred.
Other Transactions. During 1998, in response to favorable market conditions for
obtaining reinsurance coverage and to mitigate the inherent financial volatility
of a changing book of business, TIG increased the utilization of aggregate stop
loss and other finite reinsurance coverages by entering into several new
contracts with reinsurance providers. In addition to the loss portfolio
reinsurance agreement mentioned above, the Company also purchased finite
reinsurance for workers' compensation programs that allows TIG to stay
competitive with other insurers whose state of domicile allow discounting of
workers' compensation loss reserves. The Company also purchased finite
reinsurance to provide aggregate stop loss coverage for all lines. The pre-tax
net benefit provided by these contracts, including additional interest costs on
withheld funds, was $36 million for 1998.
39
<PAGE>
PART II
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
During 1998, the Company commuted certain reinsurance treaties, including one
between TIG Insurance and TIG Re, as well as others with third parties, that
generated a net benefit for TIG Insurance of $34 million and a net benefit for
TIG Re of $2 million.
In response to favorable pricing conditions and to mitigate volatility in the
Company's exposure to losses in new workers' compensation lines, TIG Insurance
utilized reinsurance to reduce its net retention on most of its workers'
compensation lines from $1 million to $100 thousand during 1998.
40
<PAGE>
PART II
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7.7 INVESTMENTS
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Investment Mix. Management continues to emphasize a conservative investment
strategy by maintaining a portfolio of primarily high-quality, fixed maturity
investments. In accordance with SFAS 115, TIG's entire fixed maturity portfolio
has been classified as available-for-sale. As a result, all fixed maturity
investments are recorded in TIG's financial statements at fair value. Unrealized
gains and losses on fixed maturity investments and related hedges are recorded
net of tax directly in shareholders' equity. See Note D to the Consolidated
Financial Statements at Item 8 for further discussion. Following is a summary of
TIG's investment portfolio by type of investment.
<TABLE>
December 31,
-----------------------------------------------
1998 1997
-----------------------------------------------
% of % of
Market Market Market Market
(In millions) Value Portfolio Value Portfolio
- -------------------------------- ----------- ----------- ----------- -----------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C>
United States government bonds $1,574 40.4% $1,014 24.2%
Corporate and other bonds 837 21.5 1,282 30.6
Mortgage-backed securities 643 16.5 941 22.4
Municipal bonds 564 14.5 637 15.2
- -------------------------------- ----------- ----------- ----------- -----------
Total fixed maturity investments 3,618 92.9 3,874 92.4
Short-term and other investments 276 7.1 318 7.6
- -------------------------------- ----------- ----------- ----------- -----------
Total invested assets $3,894 100.0% $4,192 100.0%
- -------------------------------- ----------- ----------- ----------- -----------
</TABLE>
In 1998, TIG reduced its investment in high yield and mortgage-backed securities
in favor of U.S. Treasuries and short-term investments. As a result, the book
yield of the portfolio decreased to 7.0% for the year ended December 31, 1998
from 7.4% for the year ended December 31, 1997. Invested assets declined by $298
million at December 31, 1998, as compared to December 31, 1997 (see Item 7.8 -
Liquidity and Capital Resources and Item 7.1 - Consolidated Results).
Less than 17% of TIG's portfolio consists of mortgage-backed securities ("MBS")
as of December 31, 1998. United States federal government and government agency
mortgages now represent approximately 69% of TIG's exposure to MBS as of
December 31, 1998, offering AAA credit quality. A risk inherent to MBS is
prepayment risk related to interest rate volatility. The underlying mortgages
may be repaid earlier or later than originally anticipated, depending on the
repayment and refinancing activity of the underlying homeowners. Should this
occur, TIG would receive paydowns on principal amounts which may have been
purchased at a premium or discount, and TIG's investment income would be
affected by any adjustments to amortization resulting from the prepayments.
TIG's consolidated financial results have not been materially impacted by
prepayments of MBS. In addition, interest rate volatility can affect the market
value of MBS. Substantially all MBS held in the portfolio can be actively traded
in the public market.
Derivatives/Hedges. In the normal course of business, TIG may choose to hedge
some of its interest rate risk with futures contracts and/or interest rate
swaps. Alternatively, derivative financial instruments may also be utilized to
enhance prospective returns. TIG's interest rate swap arrangements generally
provide that one party pays interest at a floating rate in relation to movements
in an underlying index, and the other party pays interest at a fixed rate. While
TIG is exposed to credit risk in the event of nonperformance by the other party,
nonperformance is not anticipated due to the credit rating of the
counterparties. No futures contract positions were open at December 31, 1998, or
December 31, 1997. However, positions were opened and closed during 1998, 1997
and prior years. The deferral method has been used to account for these closed
futures contracts. Under the deferral method, gains and losses from derivatives
are deferred on the balance sheet and recognized in earnings in conjunction with
the earnings recognition of the designated items. There were no interest rate
swaps at December 31, 1998, and $14 million notional face amount of interest
rate swaps at December 31, 1997. All TIG derivative financial instruments were
with financial institutions rated "A" or better by one or more of the major
credit rating agencies.
41
<PAGE>
PART II
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Investments in TBA's. TIG routinely enters into commitments to purchase
securities on a "To Be Announced" ("TBA") basis for which the interest rate risk
remains with TIG until the date of delivery and payment. Delivery and payment of
securities purchased on a TBA basis can take place a month or more after the
date of the transaction. These securities are subject to market fluctuations
during this period and it is the Company's policy to recognize any gains or
losses only when they are realized. TIG maintains cash and short-term
investments with a fair value exceeding the amount of its TBA purchase
commitments. At December 31, 1998, there were no TBA purchase commitments
compared to TBA commitments of $24 million with a fair value of $26 million at
December 31, 1997.
Investment Life and Duration. TIG's objective is to maintain the weighted
average life of its investment portfolio between 8 and 12 years and the
weighted-average duration between 4 and 7 years. At December 31, 1998, the
weighted average life of TIG's investment portfolio was 12.0 years compared to
10.7 years at December 31, 1997. At December 31, 1998, the weighted average
duration of TIG's investment portfolio was 6.8 years compared to 5.4 years at
December 31, 1997.
Unrealized gains. The unrealized gain on investments decreased by $17 million on
a pre-tax basis during 1998. The following is a summary of net unrealized
gains/losses by type of security:
<TABLE>
December 31,
------------------------
(In millions) 1998 1997 Change
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Municipal bonds $42 $41 $1
Mortgage-backed securities 8 8 -
United States government bonds 104 73 31
Corporate bonds and other (20) 29 (49)
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Net unrealized gains (losses) $134 $151 ($17)
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Net unrealized gains (losses), net of tax $87 $98 ($11)
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
Investment Income. The following table displays the components of TIG's
investment income and mean after-tax investment yields. The yields include
interest earned and dividends received and exclude realized investment gains and
losses. These yields are computed using the average of the month-end asset
balances during the period.
<TABLE>
Years Ended December 31,
---------------------------------------------
(In millions) 1998 1997 1996
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Fixed maturity investments:
Taxable $233 $264 $264
Tax-exempt 36 33 34
Short-term and other investments 11 8 6
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total gross investment income 280 305 304
Investment expenses (4) (3) (3)
Interest expense on funds
withheld and other (41) (12) (11)
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total net investment income $235 $290 $290
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
After-tax net investment yield 4.1% 4.8% 4.6%
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
42
<PAGE>
PART II
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Investment Quality. The table below shows the rating distribution of TIG's fixed
maturity investment portfolio:
<TABLE>
December 31,
---------------------------------------------
Standard & Poor's/Moody's 1998 1997
- --------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------
% of % of
Market Market Market Market
(In millions) Value Portfolio Value Portfolio
- --------------------------------- ------------ ----------- -------- -----------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C>
AAA/Aaa $2,815 77.8% $2,541 65.6%
AA/Aa 211 5.8% 261 6.7%
A/A 176 4.9% 209 5.4%
BBB/Baa 159 4.4% 220 5.7%
Below BBB/Baa 257 7.1% 643 16.6%
- --------------------------------- ------------ ----------- -------- -----------
Total fixed maturity investments $3,618 100.0% $3,874 100.0%
- --------------------------------- ------------ ----------- -------- -----------
</TABLE>
TIG minimizes the credit risk of its fixed maturity portfolio by investing
primarily in investment grade securities; however, management has authorized the
purchase of high yield, less than investment grade securities up to statutory
limitations. The Company's high yield portfolio is comprised of bonds whose
issuers are subjected to rigorous credit analysis, including tests of
prospective profitability, liquidity, leverage, and interest coverage. This
analysis is updated regularly as financial results are released, and bonds are
constantly evaluated for their value. During the last half of 1998, Management
significantly reduced the Company's investment in securities that are below
investment grade in anticipation of the implementation of the strategic
alternatives discussed in Note C to the Consolidated Financial Statements at
Item 8. The funds obtained from the disposition of these securities were
re-invested in higher quality, lower risk and lower yield securities.
The information on credit quality in the preceding table is based upon the
higher of the rating assigned to each issue of fixed income securities by either
Standard & Poor's Rating Service or Moody's Investor Services, Inc. Where
neither Standard & Poor's nor Moody's has assigned a rating to a particular
fixed maturity issue, classification is based on 1) ratings available from other
recognized rating services, 2) ratings assigned by the National Association of
Insurance Commissioner's Securities Valuation Office (the "SVO"), or 3) an
internal assessment of the characteristics of the individual security, if no
other rating is available.
The SVO assigns bond ratings for most publicly held bonds. The SVO ratings are
used by insurers when preparing their annual statutory financial statements.
State departments of insurance use the bond rating data when attempting to
determine whether an insurer's holdings are sound. Investments must fit within
certain regulatory guidelines of an insurer's domiciliary state in order for an
insurer to be licensed to do business in that state. The SVO ratings range from
"1" to "6", with "1" and "2" being higher quality, "3" being medium grade, and
"4" through "6" being lower grade obligations. As of December 31, 1998 and 1997,
approximately 93% and 84%, respectively, of TIG's portfolio, measured on a
statutory carrying value basis, was invested in securities rated as "1" or "2".
43
<PAGE>
PART II
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7.8 LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Liquidity is a measure of an entity's ability to secure enough cash to meet its
contractual obligations and operating needs. TIG requires cash primarily to pay
policyholders' claims, operating expenses, policyholder dividends, and interest
expense. Generally, premium is collected months or years before claims are paid
under the policies purchased by the premium. These funds are used first to pay
current claims and expenses. The balance is invested in securities to augment
the investment income generated by the existing portfolio. Historically, TIG has
had, and expects to continue to have, more than sufficient funds to pay claims,
operating expenses, policyholder dividends, and interest expense.
Cash Flow From Operating Activities. The following table summarizes the
significant components of cash flow from operations:
<TABLE>
Years Ended December 31,
---------------------------------------------
(In millions) 1998 1997 1996
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Reinsurance operations $22 $119 $161
Primary operations and corporate 62 74 36
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ongoing operations 84 193 197
Other Lines operations (175) (181) (199)
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total ($91) $12 ($2)
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
The reduction in Reinsurance operations cash flow in both 1998 and 1997 is
primarily attributable to slowing premium production as a result of soft market
conditions, the non-renewal or reduced participation on several large accounts,
and an increase in paid losses. The increase in paid losses is due to a shift in
business mix to lines with relatively shorter loss payout patterns and increased
paid loss trends on accounts that have subsequently been non-renewed or
participations reduced. In addition, the commutation of a reinsurance treaty
with a third party increased paid losses for 1998 by $83 million, while the
commutation of a reinsurance treaty between TIG Re and TIG Insurance decreased
paid loss in 1998 by $36 million (see Item 7.2 - Reinsurance).
Primary operations and corporate cash flow declined slightly in 1998. This
decline is due to offsetting factors. Significantly increased expenditures on
general operating expenses, including debt interest and tax payments, and
increased loss payments were partially offset by increased premium receipts. The
increase in primary and corporate cash flow in 1997 is due to increased premium
receipts and lower paid losses, and improvements in the timing of premium
receivable and reinsurance recoverable collections. These increases were
partially offset by increased payments for taxes and an increase in general
operating expenses, including debt interest. In addition, the cession of
Independent Agents unearned premium reserves (see Item 7.1 - Consolidated
Results) reduced primary operations cash flow by $29 million.
The decrease in negative cash flow in Other Lines for 1998 compared to 1997 is
primarily due to the $40 million tax payment made in 1997 (see Item 3 - Legal
Proceedings), which did not recur in 1998, offset in part by increased loss
payments. Other Lines operations negative cash flow improved slightly in 1997
compared to 1996. This improvement is principally driven by a reduction in paid
losses and other operating expenses partially offset by the planned decline in
premium writings. In addition, Other Lines operations cash flow for 1997 was
reduced by the $40 million tax deposit mentioned above, which was partially
offset by $26 million in funds received in commutation of a reinsurance treaty.
Investment Liquidity. At December 31, 1998, TIG had $224 million in short-term
investments compared to $308 million at December 31, 1997. In addition, as of
December 31, 1998, TIG expects to realize $585 million, $440 million, and $304
million in cash flow from principal and interest payments over the next three
years, respectively, from its investment portfolio. TIG has structured its
investment portfolio to manage the impact of market interest rate fluctuations
on liquidity. Investments and cash held at the holding company totaled $75
million as of December 31, 1998.
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Notes Payable. In December 1995, as amended and restated in 1997, TIG Holdings
established an unsecured revolving line of credit with maximum borrowings of
$250 million. During first quarter 1998, TIG borrowed $70 million against this
facility. At December 31, 1998 and 1997, TIG Holdings had no outstanding
borrowings under this facility. Interest of $2.5 million was paid in 1998.
In December 1995, TIG Insurance Company entered into a five-year $50 million
credit facility of which approximately $27 million and $24 million was
outstanding as of December 31, 1998 and 1997, respectively. The facility is a
direct financing arrangement with a third party related to the sale and
leaseback of certain fixed assets. Interest of $1.6 million, $1.6 million and
$1.4 million was paid on this facility in 1998, 1997 and 1996, respectively.
In addition, TIG Holdings had $98 million of 8.125% notes payable maturing in
2005 outstanding at December 31, 1998 and 1997. Interest of $8 million was paid
in 1998, 1997 and 1996 on these notes.
In January 1997, TIG Capital Trust I, a statutory business trust created under
Delaware law as a trust subsidiary of TIG Holdings, completed a private offering
of $125 million of 8.597% mandatory redeemable capital securities. TIG Holdings
issued $128.75 million in 8.597% Junior Subordinated Debentures to TIG Capital
Trust I (including approximately $3.75 million with respect to the capital
contributed to the Trust by TIG Holdings). All of the net proceeds received by
TIG Holdings from the issuance of the debentures are being used for general
corporate purposes which includes repurchases of TIG Holding's common stock.
Interest of $10.7 million and $4.9 million was paid on the debentures in 1998
and 1997, respectively.
Liquidity Restrictions. Certain restrictions exist on the payment of dividends
by insurance subsidiaries that may limit TIG Holdings' ability to receive funds
from its subsidiaries. Dividends from its insurance subsidiaries represent the
principal long-term source of liquidity to TIG Holdings. TIG Holdings received
cash dividends of $175 million and $145 million from its insurance subsidiaries
in 1998 and 1997, respectively. As of December 31, 1998, $96 million of
dividends was available for payment to TIG Holdings from its insurance
subsidiaries during 1999 without restriction (see Item 1.7 - Regulation). In
December 1997, TIG Holdings contributed $70 million in capital to TIG Insurance,
which was paid in early 1998.
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7.9 FINANCIAL CONDITION
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Key balance sheet data is presented below:
<TABLE>
Years Ended December 31,
------------------------------------------
(In millions) 1998 1997 1996
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Investments (See Item 7.7) $3,894 $4,192 $4,233
Reinsurance recoverable (See Item 7.6) 2,080 1,529 1,264
Income tax asset (See Note G at Item 8) 129 140 102
Loss and loss expense reserves
(See Item 1.6) 4,100 3,935 3,760
Shareholders' equity 1,127 1,163 1,207
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Combined statutory surplus
(see Note O at Item 8) $964 $1,013 $975
Net premium written to statutory
surplus ratio 1.5x 1.4x 1.6x
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
Shareholders' Equity. Shareholders' equity decreased by $36 million during 1998,
primarily as a result of dividends paid to shareholders, treasury share
repurchases, and a decrease in net unrealized investment gains, partially offset
by net income and issuance of common stock (see Consolidated Statements of
Changes in Shareholders' Equity at Item 8). Unrealized investment gains as of
December 31, 1998 were $87 million (net of tax) compared to $98 million as of
December 31, 1997. Book value per share decreased from $22.82 at December 31,
1997 to $22.10 at December 31, 1998. Approximately 500,000 unallocated Employee
Stock Ownership shares have been excluded from outstanding common shares for
purposes of computing book value per common share at December 31, 1998 and 1997,
respectively.
As of December 31, 1998, the TIG Holdings Board of Directors authorized stock
repurchases of up to 18.75 million shares of TIG Holdings common stock. Under
the repurchase plan, repurchases may be made from time to time on the open
market at prevailing market prices or in privately negotiated transactions. The
first repurchases of stock were made in April 1994. Through December 31, 1998,
repurchases of 16.3 million shares of stock have been made at an average cost
per share of $28.34, for an aggregate cost of $461 million.
Capacity. A key measure of both strength and growth capacity for
property/casualty insurers is the ratio of net premium written to statutory
policyholders' surplus. At December 31, 1998, TIG's net premium-to-surplus ratio
was 1.5, higher than the industry average of 1.0, but within an acceptable
range. Insurance regulators generally accept a ceiling for this ratio of 3.0;
therefore, at its current ratio, TIG has the capacity to grow by writing new
business in its targeted markets.
Ratings. Both TIG Insurance (including subsidiaries which cede 100% of net
premium written to TIG Insurance) and TIG Re are rated "A" ("Excellent") by
Best. Best's ratings are based on an analysis of the financial condition and
operating performance of an insurance company as they relate to the industry in
general. However, TIG Re's "A" rating is under review, reflecting potential
business disruption created by market uncertainties during the upcoming renewal
season. The review status is "developing", reflecting the favorable near-term
implications of a committed owner with significant financial flexability in
Fairfax (see Note C to the Consolidated Financial Statements at Item 8). The
continuation of the "A" ratings is contingent upon the timely completion of the
merger with Fairfax. A delay, non-closure or material change in the terms of the
transaction as announced would cause A.M. Best to revisit the rating. An "A"
rating is Best's third highest of 15 rating classifications.
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TIG and individual insurance company members of the TIG group have a claims
paying rating of "A" from Standard & Poor's Insurance Rating Services ("S&P").
The assigned rating reflects S&P's opinion of the operating insurance company's
financial capacity to meet the obligations of its insurance policies in
accordance with their terms. The "A" rating assigned to TIG is the sixth highest
of ten ratings in the "secure claims paying ability" category.
The Company's notes payable are rated "Baa2" and the mandatory redeemable
capital securities are rated "Ba1" by Moody's Investor Services, Inc.
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7.10 YEAR 2000
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The Year 2000 issue relates to the ability or inability of systems (including
computer hardware, software and embedded microprocessors) to properly interpret
date information relating to the year 2000 and beyond. Many existing systems,
including many of TIG's existing systems, use only the last two digits to refer
to a year (i.e., "98" is used for 1998). Therefore, these systems may not
properly recognize a year that begins with "20" instead of "19". If not
corrected, these systems could fail or create erroneous results.
Specific information technology systems that are utilized by TIG, and by third
parties with whom TIG has business relationships, include policy, claim and
reinsurance processing and administration, accounting, payroll, financial
reporting, product development, rate and form development and maintenance,
business planning, tax, accounts receivable, accounts payable and numerous word
processing and spreadsheet programs. In addition, TIG and third parties with
which TIG has a business relationship are dependent on many non-information
technology based systems, such as utility, communication and security systems.
TIG's State of Readiness. TIG has conducted an extensive review of its core
processing computer systems, including computer hardware and software vendors,
to identify and address all changes, testing and implementation procedures
required to make such systems Year 2000 compliant. The Company has a coordinated
process to facilitate the necessary changes, testing and implementation
procedures. TIG has completed and implemented all of the required code changes
of its Year 2000 system remediation project. TIG expects necessary third party
software implementation and testing of its computer systems to be completed by
March 31, 1999. TIG will continue testing its internal systems, as well as its
internal systems' abilities to operate with the systems of key third parties,
during the remainder of 1999.
TIG has processing or significant business relationship dependencies with third
parties including, without limitation, general agents, brokers, third party
administrators, banks, general suppliers and facility-related vendors.
Determination of any action required is expected to be completed in the second
quarter of 1999, and TIG will continue to monitor Year 2000 issues relating to
such key third parties during the remainder of 1999. Notwithstanding efforts by
TIG to assess the third party's systems, there can be no guarantee that such
systems will be Year 2000 compliant.
The Cost to Address TIG's Year 2000 Issues. TIG budgeted a total of $10 million
for costs related to Year 2000 system modifications. As of year end 1998, $9.5
million has been expensed in the year incurred. The remainder (approximately
$500 thousand) will be expensed in 1999. The 1999 amount represents less than
1.5% of the annual TIG Information Systems budget. These costs primarily
represent costs to assess, remediate code, and test such code changes.
In addition to the costs incurred for Year 2000 system modifications, TIG will
incur expenses in ascertaining whether key third parties with which it has a
material relationship are Year 2000 compliant. TIG estimates that such expenses
will not exceed $1.5 million. This amount includes both IT and non IT portions
of this project.
All estimates of future costs related to assessing and achieving Year 2000
compliance are based on management's best estimates and there can be no
guarantee that actual amounts expended will not differ from such estimates.
The Y2K Project has caused no significant deferrals of other IT projects which
in any way impact the financial condition or results of operations of TIG.
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The Risks of TIG's Year 2000 Issues. There has not been any material processing
disruptions to date. Internal testing provides TIG with a high level of
confidence that in a most reasonably likely worst case scenario these systems
will not cause material disruption on a forward-looking basis.
The potential losses that TIG policyholders may incur which stem from Year 2000
problems will be business risks which are not insurable under standard property
and casualty policies. A most reasonably likely worst case scenario would
anticipate that it is possible that certain TIG policies may be reformed by
judicial decisions to cover Year 2000 losses, which were not contemplated. TIG
does not believe that such losses will have a material impact on TIG's financial
results. To date, TIG has not incurred any losses relating to Year 2000 claims
under its insurance and reinsurance policies.
Although the Company has taken the actions described above to address the Year
2000 problem, a most reasonable likely worst case scenario indicates that there
is always a possibility that the Company may suffer some disruptions as a result
of the Year 2000 problem.
TIG's Contingency Plans. The Company has a comprehensive contingency plan that
addresses alternatives for solving the Year 2000 problem should the Company's
adopted process prove inadequate. TIG continues to evaluate and modify the plan
as necessary for all of the Company's operations and processes.
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7.11 FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
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TIG Holdings would like to caution readers regarding certain forward-looking
statements in the Management's Discussion and Analysis and elsewhere in this
Form 10-K. Statements which are based on management's projections, estimates and
assumptions are forward-looking statements. The words "believe", "expect",
"anticipate" and similar expressions generally identify forward-looking
statements. While TIG Holdings believes in the veracity of all statements made
herein, forward-looking statements are necessarily based upon a number of
estimates and assumptions that, while considered reasonable by TIG Holdings, are
inherently subject to significant business, economic and competitive
uncertainties and contingencies, including without limitation:
* changes in interest rates which could impact investment yields, the
market value of invested assets and ultimately product pricing
* changes in the frequency and severity of catastrophes which could
impact net income, reinsurance costs and cash flow
* increased competition (on the basis of price, services, or other
factors) which could generally reduce operating margins or result in
loss of key producer relationships
* regulatory and legislative changes which could increase the Company's
overhead costs, increase federal and state tax assessments, restrict
access to profitable markets or force participation in unprofitable
markets
* delays in regulatory approvals for rate and form filings
* changes in ratings assigned to TIG which could impact demand for the
Company's products
* changes in loss payment patterns which could impact cash flow and net
investment income
* changes in estimated overall adequacy of loss and LAE reserves which
could impact net income, statutory surplus adequacy and management's
decision to continue certain product lines
* changes in general market or economic conditions which could impact
the demand for the Company's products and loss frequency and severity
for certain lines of business
* loss of key management personnel which could impact the development
and execution of the Company's business strategy and impact key
customer and vendor relationships
* inability of the Company or third parties with whom the Company has
material relations to address Year 2000 issues on a timely basis
* change in strategic business plans due to sale, restructure or
recapitalization of the Company
Many of these uncertainties and contingencies can affect TIG's actual results
and could cause its actual results to differ materially from those expressed in
any forward-looking statements made by, or on behalf of, TIG.
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7.12 GLOSSARY
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Agent: An insurer's representative authorized to market a Company's policy
coverages for a commission.
Aggregate Stop Loss Reinsurance: A form of reinsurance that generally provides
protection on all business or a specified portion of business for losses and LAE
incurred in excess of a specified loss retention ratio. This form of reinsurance
is often used as "umbrella" protection that is utilized after all other specific
reinsurance coverages have been exhausted.
Bordereaux: A detailed report of reinsurance premiums or reinsurance losses
furnished periodically by the reinsured. A loss bordereaux contains a detailed
list of claims and claims expenses outstanding and paid by the reinsured during
the reporting period and the amount of reinsurance indemnity applicable thereto.
Broker/intermediary: One who negotiates contracts of insurance or reinsurance on
behalf of an insured party, receiving a commission from the insurer or reinsurer
for placement and other services rendered.
Capacity: The percentage of surplus, or the dollar amount of exposure, that an
insurer or reinsurer is willing to place at risk. Capacity may apply to a single
risk, a program, a line of business or an entire book of business.
Casualty insurance: Insurance which is primarily concerned with the losses
caused by injuries to third persons (i.e., not the policyholder) and the legal
liability imposed on the insured resulting therefrom. It includes, but is not
limited to, employers' liability, workers' compensation, public liability,
automobile liability, personal liability and aviation liability insurance. It
excludes certain types of loss that by law or custom are considered as being
exclusively within the scope of other types of insurance, such as fire or
marine.
Catastrophe: An event that is designated to be a "catastrophe" by the Property
Claims Service Division of American Services Group, an industry body. It
generally defines events which are estimated to cause more than $25 million in
insured property damage and which affect a significant number of insureds and
insurers.
Catastrophe reinsurance: A form of excess of loss property reinsurance which,
subject to a specified limit, indemnifies the ceding company for the aggregate
amount of losses in excess of a specified retention for losses resulting from a
particular catastrophic event. The actual reinsurance document is called a
"catastrophe cover."
Ceded reinsurance; Ceding company: When a company reinsures its risk with
another, it "cedes" business and is referred to as the "ceding company."
Combined ratio: A combination of the underwriting expense ratio, the loss and
LAE ratio, and the policyholder dividends ratio, determined in accordance with
statutory accounting practices. A combined ratio below 100.0 generally indicates
profitable underwriting results. A combined ratio over 100.0 generally indicates
unprofitable underwriting results.
Direct premium written: Premium for insurance written on a company's policy
forms during a given period.
Excess of loss: A generic term describing insurance or reinsurance which
indemnifies the policyholder against all or a specified portion of losses on
underlying insurance policies in excess of a specified dollar amount, called a
"layer" or "retention."
Facultative reinsurance: The reinsurance of all or a portion of the insurance
coverage provided by a single policy. Each policy reinsured is separately
negotiated.
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General Agent: A licensed property/casualty broker/agent who under the terms of
a written contract with an insurer manages the transaction of one or more
classes of insurance written by the insurer and generally has the power to 1)
appoint, supervise, and terminate local agents, 2) accept or decline risks and
3) collect premium moneys from producing broker/agents or from the insured.
Generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP"): Accounting principles as set
forth in opinions of the Accounting Principles Board of the American Institute
of Certified Public Accountants and/or in statements of the Financial Accounting
Standards Board and/or their respective successors and which are applicable in
the circumstances as of the date in question.
Gross premium written: Total premium for direct insurance written and
reinsurance assumed during a given period.
Incurred but not reported ("IBNR") reserves: Reserves for estimated losses and
LAE which have been incurred but not reported to the insurer (including future
developments on losses that are known to the insurer).
Incurred losses: The total losses sustained by an insurance company under a
policy or policies, whether paid or unpaid. Incurred losses include a provision
for claims that have occurred but have not yet been reported to the insurer.
Independent Agent: A licensed property/casualty agent who usually represents two
or more insurance companies in a sales and service capacity typically for
personal lines homeowners and automobile coverages and is paid on a commission
basis.
Loss adjustment expenses ("LAE"): The expenses of settling claims, including
legal and other fees, and the portion of general expenses allocated to claim
settlement costs.
Loss development: The emergence of actual loss data as compared to estimates for
specific accident years and for specific lines of business.
Loss and LAE ratio: The ratio of incurred losses and LAE to earned premium,
determined in accordance with statutory accounting practices.
Loss and LAE reserves: Liabilities established by insurers and reinsurers to
reflect the estimated cost of claims payments that the insurer or reinsurer will
ultimately be required to pay with respect to insurance or reinsurance it has
written. Reserves are established for losses and for LAE, and consist of case
reserves and IBNR reserves.
Net premium earned: The portion of net premium written in a particular period
that is recognized for accounting purposes as income during that period.
Net premium written: Direct premium written plus assumed reinsurance less
premium on ceded business for a given period.
PML (probable maximum loss): The largest loss the underwriter considers possible
based upon the underwriter's experience and judgment.
Policyholder dividends ratio: The ratio of dividends paid to policyholders to
earned premium, determined in accordance with statutory accounting practices.
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Premium-to-surplus ratio: The ratio of statutory net premium written to
statutory surplus.
Primary Insurance: The insurance coverage provided under the primary policy
issued by the primary insurer to the primary insured (sometimes called
"underlying insurance").
Program business: Tailored products developed for a particular industry segment
(i.e., sporting events, trucking) or distribution system (i.e., trade
associations, affinity groups). Programs are often developed and controlled by
GAs.
Property insurance: Insurance that provides coverage to a person with an
insurable interest in tangible property for that person's
property loss, damage or loss of use.
Reinstatement premium: The premium charged for the restoration of the
reinsurance limit of a catastrophe treaty to its full amount after payment by
the reinsurer of losses as a result of an occurrence.
Reinsurance: The practice whereby one party, called the reinsurer, in
consideration of a premium paid to it agrees to indemnify another party, called
the reinsured, for part or all of the liability assumed by the reinsured under a
policy or policies of insurance which it has issued. The reinsured may be
referred to as the original or primary insurer, the direct writing company, or
the ceding company. Reinsurance does not legally discharge the primary insurer
from its liability to the insured.
Reserve strengthening: The building or enhancement of loss reserves to an
actuarially determined level considered adequate to cover all future claims for
policies in force, generally for a specific accident year or line of business.
Retention: The amount or portion of risk which an insurer or reinsurer retains
for its own account. Losses in excess of the retention level are paid by the
reinsurer or retrocessionaire. In pro-rata treaties, the retention may be a
percentage of the original policy's limit. In excess of loss reinsurance, the
retention is a dollar amount of loss, a loss ratio, or a percentage of loss.
Risk-based capital: A regulatory measurement of statutory capital and surplus to
analyze continuation of operations at existing levels, taking into consideration
various inherent risks.
Stamp capacity: The syndicate's premium limit for the relevant underwriting
year.
Statutory accounting practices ("SAP"): Rules and procedures prescribed or
permitted by state insurance regulatory authorities for recording transactions
and preparing financial statements. Statutory accounting principles generally
reflect a liquidating, rather than a going concern, concept of accounting.
Statutory surplus: The excess of admitted assets over total liabilities
(including loss reserves), determined in accordance with SAP.
Template underwriting: A process by which homogeneous business can be
underwritten using standardized guidelines.
Treaty participation: The portion of risk exposure an insurer or reinsurer
accepts under an insurance contract. The insurer or reinsurer with the largest
participation is the lead insurer and therefore has the ability to influence the
terms of the contract.
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Treaty reinsurance: The reinsurance of a specified type or category of risks
defined in a reinsurance agreement (a "treaty") between a primary insurer or
other reinsured and reinsurers. Typically, in treaty reinsurance, the primary
insurer or reinsured is obligated to offer and the reinsurer is obligated to
accept a specified portion of all such type or category of risks originally
underwritten by the primary insurer or reinsured.
Unallocated loss adjustment expenses ("ULAE"): The expenses incurred in
connection with investigation and adjustment of claims that cannot be directly
allocated to any specific claims.
Underwriting: The insurer's process of reviewing applications submitted for
insurance coverage, deciding whether to accept all or part of the coverage
requested and determining the applicable premium.
Underwriting expense ratio: The ratio of underwriting expenses to net premium
written, determined in accordance with statutory accounting practices.
Underwriting expenses: The aggregate of policy acquisition costs, including
commissions, and the portion of administrative, general, and other expenses
attributable to underwriting operations.
Underwriting results: The measure of profitability of the insurance operations
of an insurer, calculated as the result of earned premium, less losses, loss
expenses, and underwriting expenses. Underwriting results is an indicator of a
company's underwriting success.
Working layer reinsurance: Reinsurance which absorbs the losses immediately
above the reinsured's retention layer. A working layer reinsurer will pay up to
a certain dollar amount of losses over the insured's retention, at which point a
higher layer reinsurer (or the ceding company) will be liable for additional
losses. Working layer reinsurance is also known as low layer excess of loss
reinsurance.
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ITEM 7A. DISCLOSURES CONCERNING MARKET RISK
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Market Risk. Market risk is the risk of loss arising from adverse changes in
market rates and prices, such as interest rates, foreign exchange rates and
other relevant market rate or price changes. The volatility and liquidity in the
markets in which the related underlying assets are traded directly influence
market risk. The following is a discussion of TIG's primary market risk
exposures and how those exposures are currently managed as of December 31, 1998.
TIG's market risk sensitive instruments are entered into for purposes other than
trading.
The primary market risk to the investment portfolio is interest rate risk
associated with fixed maturity securities. TIG's exposure to foreign exchange
and equity price risks is not significant.
The primary market risk for TIG's long-term debt is interest rate risk at the
time of refinancing. TIG's long-term debt includes $100 million of 8.125%
non-callable Notes maturing in 2005 and $125 million of 8.597% mandatory
redeemable capital securities maturing in 2027.
Sensitivity Analysis. Sensitivity analysis is defined as the measurement of
potential loss in future earnings, fair values or cash flows of market sensitive
instruments resulting from one or more selected hypothetical changes in interest
rates and other market rates or prices over a selected time. In TIG's
sensitivity analysis model, a hypothetical change in market rates is selected
that is expected to reflect reasonably possible near-term changes in those
rates. "Near term" is defined as a period of time going forward up to one year
from the date of the consolidated financial statements.
In this sensitivity analysis model, TIG uses fair values to measure its
potential loss. The sensitivity analysis model includes the following financial
instruments: fixed maturities, short-term securities, commercial paper, notes
payable, fixed rate capital securities and mandatory redeemable preferred
securities. The primary market risk to TIG's market sensitive instruments is
interest rate risk. The sensitivity analysis model uses a 100 basis point change
in interest rates to measure the hypothetical change in fair value of financial
instruments included in the model.
For invested assets, duration modeling is used to calculate changes in fair
values. Duration on invested assets is adjusted to call, put and interest rate
reset features. Duration on tax exempt securities is adjusted for the fact that
the yield on such securities is less sensitive to changes in interest rates
compared to Treasury securities. Invested asset portfolio duration is calculated
on a weighted basis using holdings as of December 31, 1998.
For long-term debt, the change in fair value is determined by calculating
hypothetical December 31,1998 ending prices based on yields adjusted to reflect
a 100 basis point change, comparing such hypothetical prices to actual ending
prices, and multiplying the difference by the par or shares outstanding.
The sensitivity analysis model used by TIG's produces a loss in fair value of
market sensitive instruments of $235 million based on a 100 basis point increase
in interest rates as of December 31, 1998. This loss value only reflects the
impact of an interest rate increase on the fair value of TIG's financial
instruments, which constitute approximately 53% of total assets and
approximately 5% of total liabilities. As a result, the loss value excludes a
significant portion of TIG's consolidated balance sheet which would materially
mitigate the impact of the loss in fair value associated with a 100 basis point
increase in interest rates. These non-financial instruments include premium
receivable balances, reinsurance recoverables, claims and claims adjustment
expense reserves and unearned premium reserves.
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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Page
Report of Independent Auditors..............................................57
Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 1998 and 1997...................58
Consolidated Statements of Income for each of the three
years in the period ended December 31, 1998 ................................59
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
for each of the three years in the period
ended December 31, 1998.....................................................60
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity
for each of the three years in the period
ended December 31, 1998 ....................................................61
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for each of the three
years in the period ended December 31, 1998.................................62
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements..................................63
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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT AUDITORS
Board of Directors
TIG Holdings, Inc.
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of TIG
Holdings, Inc. and subsidiaries as of December 31, 1998 and 1997, and the
related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, shareholders'
equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December
31, 1998. Our audits also included the financial statement schedules listed in
the Index at Item 14 (a). These financial statements and schedules are the
responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an
opinion on these financial statements and schedules based on our audits.
We conducted our audits in accordance with generally accepted auditing
standards. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain
reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material
misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting
the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes
assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by
management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation.
We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above
present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of
TIG Holdings, Inc. and subsidiaries at December 31, 1998 and 1997, and the
consolidated results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the
three years in the period ended December 31, 1998, in conformity with generally
accepted accounting principles. Also, in our opinion, the related financial
statement schedules, when considered in relation to the basic financial
statements taken as a whole, present fairly in all material respects the
information set forth therein.
ERNST & YOUNG LLP
Dallas, Texas
February 3, 1999
57
<PAGE>
PART II
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TIG HOLDINGS, INC.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
<TABLE>
December 31,
--------------------------
(In millions, except share data) 1998 1997
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------- --------------
<S> <C> <C>
Assets
Investments:
Fixed maturities, at market (cost: $3,484 in 1998 and $3,725 in 1997) $3,618 $3,874
Short-term and other investments (cost: $276 in 1998 and $316 in 1997) 276 318
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------- --------------
Total investments 3,894 4,192
Cash 72 18
Accrued investment income 50 56
Premium receivable (net of allowance of $13 in 1998 and $5 in 1997) 521 453
Reinsurance recoverable on paid losses (net of allowance of $13 in 1998
and $6 in 1997) 82 125
Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses (net of allowance of $20 in 1998 1,998 1,404
and $3 in 1997)
Deferred policy acquisition costs 137 155
Prepaid reinsurance premium 188 177
Income taxes 129 140
Other assets 144 147
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------- --------------
Total assets $7,215 $6,867
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------- --------------
Liabilities
Reserves for:
Losses $3,659 $3,459
Loss adjustment expenses 441 476
Unearned premium 719 738
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------- --------------
Total reserves 4,819 4,673
Reinsurance premium payable 80 61
Funds held under reinsurance agreements 564 319
Notes payable 125 122
Other liabilities 350 379
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------- --------------
Total liabilities $5,938 $5,554
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------- --------------
Mandatory redeemable 8.597% capital securities of subsidiary trust 125 125
Mandatory redeemable preferred stock 25 25
Shareholders' Equity
Common stock - par value $0.01 per share
(authorized: 180,000,000 shares; issued and outstanding:
67,574,664 shares in 1998 and 66,955,288 shares in 1997) 1,274 1,257
Retained earnings 229 253
Accumulated other comprehensive income:
Net unrealized gain on fixed maturity investments, net of taxes 87 98
Net unrealized loss on foreign exchange, net of taxes (2) (2)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------- --------------
1,588 1,606
Treasury stock (16,258,097 shares in 1998 and 15,597,021 shares in 1997) (461) (443)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------- --------------
Total shareholders' equity $1,127 $1,163
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------- --------------
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity $7,215 $6,867
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------- --------------
</TABLE>
See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
58
<PAGE>
PART II
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TIG HOLDINGS, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
<TABLE>
Years Ended December 31,
-----------------------------------
(In millions, except share data) 1998 1997 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------- ----------- -----------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Revenues
Net premium earned $1,447 $1,466 $1,539
Net investment income 235 290 290
Net investment and other gain (loss) (12) 1 (4)
---------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------- ----------- -----------
Total revenues 1,670 1,757 1,825
---------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------- ----------- -----------
Losses and expenses
Net losses and loss adjustment expenses incurred 1,041 1,151 1,138
Policy acquisition and other underwriting expenses 502 466 463
Dividends to policyholders 24 14 3
Corporate expenses 81 44 37
Interest expense on long-term debt 23 20 9
Restructuring charges - - 100
---------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------- ----------- -----------
Total losses and expenses 1,671 1,695 1,750
---------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------- ----------- -----------
Income (loss) before income tax benefit (expense) (1) 62 75
Income tax benefit (expense) 9 (10) 4
---------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------- ----------- -----------
Net income $8 $52 $79
---------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------- ----------- -----------
Net income per common share:
Basic $0.13 $0.97 $1.36
Diluted $0.13 $0.94 $1.32
---------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------- ----------- -----------
Dividends per common share $0.60 $0.60 $0.20
---------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------- ----------- -----------
</TABLE>
See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
59
<PAGE>
PART II
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TIG HOLDINGS, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
<TABLE>
Years Ended December 31,
-------------------------------------
(In millions) 1998 1997 1996
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------- ------------ ------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Net income $8 $52 $79
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Unrealized gains (losses) on securities, net of reclassification adjustment (17) 71 (88)
Foreign currency translation adjustments - (1) -
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------- ------------ ------------
Other comprehensive income (loss), before income taxes (17) 70 (88)
Provision for income taxes related to other comprehensive income (loss) items 6 (25) 30
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------- ------------ ------------
Other comprehensive income (loss) (11) 45 (58)
Comprehensive income (loss) ($3) $97 $21
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------- ------------ ------------
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Unrealized gain (loss) during year, net of tax expense of $5 $10
Reclassification adjustment, net of tax benefit of $11 (21)
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -----------
Other comprehensive income (loss) ($11)
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -----------
</TABLE>
See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
60
<PAGE>
PART II
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TIG HOLDINGS, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
<TABLE>
Years Ended December 31,
-----------------------------------------
(In millions) 1998 1997 1996
----------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Common Stock
Balance at beginning of year $1,257 $1,198 $1,186
Common stock issued 10 42 9
Income tax benefit from stock options exercised - 13 -
Conversion of Class A common stock - - 1
Amortization of unearned compensation 7 4 2
----------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
Balance at end of year 1,274 1,257 1,198
----------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
Class A common stock
Balance at beginning of year - - 1
Conversion of Class A common stock - - (1)
----------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
Balance at end of year - - -
----------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
Retained earnings
Balance at beginning of year 253 234 168
Net income 8 52 79
Common stock dividends (30) (31) (11)
Preferred stock dividends (2) (2) (2)
----------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
Balance at end of year 229 253 234
----------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
Accumulated other comprehensive income
Balance at beginning of year 96 51 109
Change in unrealized gain (loss) on fixed maturity
investments (11) 46 (58)
Change in net unrealized loss on foreign exchange - (1) -
----------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
Balance at end of year 85 96 51
----------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
Treasury stock
Balance at beginning of year (443) (276) (88)
Treasury stock purchased (18) (167) (188)
----------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
Balance at end of year (461) (443) (276)
----------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
Total shareholders' equity at end of year $1,127 $1,163 $1,207
----------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
</TABLE>
See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
61
<PAGE>
PART II
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TIG HOLDINGS, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
<TABLE>
Years Ended December 31,
-----------------------------------------
(In millions) 1998 1997 1996
----------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Operating Activities
Net income $8 $52 $79
Adjustments to reconcile net income to cash provided
by (used in) operating activities:
Changes in:
Accrued investment income 6 1 (1)
Premium receivable (68) (33) (11)
Reinsurance recoverable (551) (265) (43)
Deferred policy acquisition costs 18 (11) -
Prepaid reinsurance premium (11) (72) 6
Income taxes 11 (62) (11)
Loss reserves 200 374 (73)
Loss adjustment expense reserves (35) (44) (53)
Unearned premium reserves (19) 42 (16)
Reinsurance premium payable 19 (27) 19
Funds held under reinsurance agreements 245 64 104
Other assets and other liabilities 54 (9) (26)
Net investment and other (gain) loss 12 (1) 4
Other 20 3 20
----------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
Net cash provided by (used in) operating (91) 12 (2)
activities
----------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
Investing Activities
Purchases of fixed maturity investments (4,091) (2,884) (1,920)
Sales of fixed maturity investments 3,465 2,822 1,907
Maturities and calls of fixed maturity investments 817 365 252
Sale of Independent Agents business - (120) -
Net decrease (increase) in short-term investments and other 42 (169) (28)
Other (51) (6) (5)
----------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
Net cash provided by investing activities 182 8 206
----------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
Financing Activities
Borrowing on line of credit 70 - -
Repayments on line of credit (70) - -
Common stock issued 10 42 9
Income tax benefit from stock options exercised - 13 -
Mandatory redeemable capital securities issued - 125 -
Acquisition of treasury stock (18) (167) (188)
Common stock dividends (30) (31) (11)
Preferred stock dividends (2) (2) (2)
Increase (decrease) in notes payable 3 (1) 3
----------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
Net cash used in financing activities (37) (21) (189)
----------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
Increase (decrease) in cash 54 (1) 15
Cash at beginning of period 18 19 4
----------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
Cash at end of period $72 $18 $19
----------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
</TABLE>
See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
62
<PAGE>
PART II
TIG HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NOTE A. DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TIG Holdings is primarily engaged in the business of property/casualty insurance
and reinsurance through its 14 domestic insurance subsidiaries, collectively
"TIG" or "the Company". Of direct premium written by TIG in 1998, 21% was
written in California, 9% in Florida, 7% in Michigan, 6% in New York, and 5% in
Hawaii. No other geographical area, including foreign operations, accounted for
more than 5% of direct premium written. A description of each operating
segments' principal products follows (see also Note P - Operating Segments).
Reinsurance. TIG's reinsurance operations are conducted through TIG Reinsurance
Company ("TIG Re"). Reinsurance is a form of insurance whereby the reinsurer
(i.e., TIG Re) agrees to indemnify another insurance company (the "ceding
company") for all or a portion of the insurance risks underwritten by the ceding
company under an insurance policy or policies. TIG Re writes both pro-rata and
excess of loss coverages. TIG Re provides pro-rata coverages when the ceding
company's underwriting capabilities are considered superior and where the
relationship with the ceding company provides an opportunity for long-term
profitability. TIG Re's primary strategy for excess of loss treaties is to take
large participations in working layers of a limited number of programs. By
assuming a significant participation in each treaty, TIG Re exercises
significant control over the terms and structure of each treaty. TIG Re's
predominant source of business is through reinsurance intermediaries. Net
premium written for the Reinsurance operating segment comprised 29%, 36% and 36%
of consolidated net premium written for the years ended December 31, 1998, 1997
and 1996, respectively.
Commercial Specialty. Commercial Specialty coverages provide protection against
property loss and legal liability for injuries to other persons or damage to
their property arising from the policyholder's business operations. Commercial
Specialty primarily develops and markets insurance programs where the nature of
the risk does not lend itself to traditional commercial insurance. Significant
programs include Sports and Leisure, with products for professional and amateur
sports events; Workers' Compensation, which provides liability coverage to
employers for payment of employee benefits associated with employment related
accidents as mandated by state laws; Primary Casualty, which focuses on
commercial auto, professional liability, construction and marine programs;
Excess Casualty which offers lead umbrella and excess umbrella policies; and
participation in three Lloyd's of London syndicates writing marine, UK property
and aviation business. Commercial Specialty products are principally marketed
through large general agents, with which TIG sometimes has exclusive marketing
contracts. Net premium written for the Commercial Specialty operating segment
comprised 53%, 41% and 29% of consolidated net premium written for the years
ended December 31, 1998, 1997 and 1996, respectively.
Custom Markets. Custom Markets' principal products are standard automobile,
non-standard automobile, homeowners and small business owner's insurance.
Automobile policies cover liability to third parties for bodily injury and
property damage and physical damage to the insured's own vehicle resulting from
collision or various other causes of loss. Homeowners and small commercial
property policies protect against loss of dwellings/buildings and contents
arising from a variety of perils, as well as liability arising from ownership or
occupancy. Custom Markets' products are distributed through strategic
relationships with general agents ("GAs") and other key distribution partners.
Net premium written for the Custom Markets operating segment comprised 20%, 13%
and 6% of consolidated net premium written for the years ended December 31,
1998, 1997 and 1996, respectively.
63
<PAGE>
PART II
TIG HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NOTE B. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Basis of Presentation. The consolidated financial statements are prepared in
accordance with generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP") and include
the accounts of TIG Holdings, Inc. and its subsidiaries. Intercompany
transactions are eliminated in consolidation. Certain reclassifications of prior
years' amounts have been made to conform with the 1998 presentation.
Financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP require management to make
estimates and assumptions that affect amounts reported in the financial
statements and accompanying notes. Such estimates and assumptions could change
in the future as more information becomes available, which could impact the
amounts reported and disclosed herein.
Segment Reporting. Effective January 1, 1998, the Company adopted Financial
Accounting Standards Board's ("FASB") Statement of Financial Accounting Standard
No. 131, "Disclosures about Segments of an Enterprise and Related Information"
("Statement 131"). Statement 131 superseded FASB Statement No. 14, "Financial
Reporting for Segments of a Business Enterprise". Statement 131 establishes
standards for the way that public business enterprises report information about
operating segments in annual financial statements and requires that those
enterprises report selected information about operating segments in interim
financial reports. Statement 131 also established standards for related
disclosures about products and services, geographic areas, and major customers.
The adoption of Statement 131 did not affect results of operations or financial
position (See Note P - Operating Segments).
Reporting Comprehensive Income. As of January 1, 1998, the Company adopted FASB
Statement of Financial Accounting Standard No. 130, "Reporting Comprehensive
Income" ("Statement 130"). Statement 130 establishes new rules for the reporting
and display of comprehensive income and its components; however, the adoption of
this Statement had no impact on the Company's net income or shareholders'
equity. Statement 130 requires unrealized gains or losses on the Company's
available-for-sale securities and the foreign currency translation adjustments,
which prior to adoption were reported separately in shareholders' equity, to be
included in other comprehensive income. Prior year financial statements have
been presented in conformity with the requirements of Statement 130.
Earnings per Share ("EPS"). In December 1997, the Company adopted FASB Statement
of Financial Accounting Standard No. 128, "Earnings Per Share", which
established a new calculation of EPS. Prior period amounts have been restated to
conform with the new requirements. Basic earnings per share is calculated based
upon the weighted average common shares outstanding during the period. In order
to calculate EPS, unallocated Employee Stock Ownership Plan ("ESOP") shares and
treasury shares are deducted from the outstanding common shares. For diluted
EPS, Class A common stock and common stock options (See Note K - Incentive
Compensation Plans) increase weighted average shares outstanding to the extent
that they are dilutive. To obtain net income attributable to common shareholders
for EPS computations, the annual preferred stock dividend is deducted from net
income. The following schedule presents the calculation of Basic and Diluted
EPS:
<TABLE>
(In millions, except per shares data 1998 1997 1996
- ----------------------------------------------- ---------- --------- ----------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Numerator:
Net Income $8 $52 $79
Less: Preferred stock dividends 2 2 2
- ----------------------------------------------- ---------- --------- ----------
Income available to common shareholders $6 $50 $77
- ----------------------------------------------- ---------- --------- ----------
Denominator:
Weighted average shares outstanding
for basic EPS 50.9 51.8 56.4
Effect of dilutive options .3 1.7 1.9
- ----------------------------------------------- ---------- --------- ----------
Adjusted weighted average shares for
diluted EPS 51.2 53.5 58.3
Basic EPS $0.13 $0.97 $1.36
- ----------------------------------------------- ---------- --------- ----------
Diluted EPS $0.13 $0.94 $1.32
- ----------------------------------------------- ---------- --------- ----------
</TABLE>
64
<PAGE>
PART II
TIG HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Investments. Fixed maturity investments are classified as available for sale, as
TIG has no positive intent to hold such securities until maturity, and are
carried at market value. Equity securities and other long-term investments are
also carried at market value while short-term investments are carried at cost,
which approximates market value. Market value is based principally upon quoted
market prices. Quoted market prices are available for substantially all fixed
maturity investments and equity securities. The difference between the aggregate
market value and amortized cost of securities, after deferred income tax effect,
is reported in accumulated other comprehensive income as unrealized gain or loss
and, accordingly, has no effect on net income (see Note D - Investments).
Interest on fixed maturity investments is recorded as income when earned and is
adjusted for any amortization of purchase premium or accrual of discount.
Realized gains and losses on the sale of investments are generally determined on
a first-in-first-out basis. Realized losses are recorded when an investment's
fair value is below book value and the decline is considered other than
temporary.
In June 1998, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued Statement No. 133,
"Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities" ("Statement
133"), which is required to be adopted in years beginning after June 15, 1999.
The Statement permits early adoption as of the beginning of any fiscal quarter
after its issuance. The Company expects to adopt the new Statement effective
January 1, 2000. The Statement will require the Company to recognize all
derivatives on the balance sheet at fair value. Derivatives that are not hedges
must be adjusted to fair value through income. If the derivative is a hedge,
depending on the nature of the hedge, changes in the fair value of derivatives
will either be offset against the change in fair value of the hedged assets,
liabilities, or firm commitments through earnings or recognized in other
comprehensive income until the hedged item is recognized in earnings. The
ineffective portion of a derivative's change in fair value will be immediately
recognized in earnings. The Company has not yet determined what the effect of
Statement 133 will be on the earnings and financial position of the Company.
Stock Compensation. TIG adopted Statement of Financial Accounting Standard No.
123, "Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation" ("Statement 123") effective
January 1, 1996. Statement 123 establishes financial accounting and reporting
standards for stock-based employee compensation plans. TIG elected to continue
to account for employee stock-based compensation as prescribed by APB Opinion
No. 25, "Accounting for Stock Issued to Employees" and to provide pro forma
disclosures in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements of the effects of
Statement 123 on net income and earnings per share (see Note K - Incentive
Compensation Plans). There was no effect on net income or earnings per share as
a result of adopting Statement 123.
Recognition of Premium Revenues. Premium, including premium on reinsurance
contracts, is earned principally on a pro-rata basis over the terms of the
policies, which are generally not more than one year. Unearned premium
represents the portion of premium written applicable to the unexpired terms of
policies in force.
65
<PAGE>
PART II
TIG HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Loss and loss adjustment expense reserves. The liability for loss and loss
adjustment expenses ("LAE") is based on an evaluation of reported losses and on
estimates of incurred but not reported ("IBNR") losses. The reserve liabilities
are determined using estimates of losses for individual claims (case basis
reserves) and statistical projections of reserves for IBNR. Management considers
many factors when setting reserves including: (i) current legal interpretations
of coverage and liability; (ii) economic conditions; and (iii) internal
methodologies which analyze TIG's experience with similar cases, with
information from ceding companies, and with historical trends such as reserving
patterns, loss payments, pending levels of unpaid claims, and product mix. Based
on these considerations, management believes that adequate provision has been
made for TIG's loss and LAE reserves. Actual losses and LAE paid may deviate,
perhaps substantially, from such reserves. Adjustments to the reserves resulting
from subsequent developments or revisions to the estimate are reflected in
results of operations in the period in which such adjustments become known. The
liability is reported net of estimated salvage and subrogation recoverables of
$26 million and $31 million at December 31, 1998 and 1997, respectively. Certain
liabilities for unpaid losses related to long-term workers' compensation
coverage are discounted to present value. The workers' compensation indemnity
reserves subject to discounting and the related discount are as follows:
<TABLE>
December 31,
-----------------------------------------
(In millions) 1998 1997
- ------------------------------------ -------------------- --------------------
<S> <C> <C>
Subject to tabular reserving $263 $231
Discount (3.5% in 1998 and 1997) 40 31
- ------------------------------------ -------------------- --------------------
Discounted indemnity reserves $223 $200
- ------------------------------------ -------------------- --------------------
</TABLE>
Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs. Acquisition costs that vary with and are
primarily related to the production of new business consist principally of
commissions, premium taxes, and other expenses incurred at policy issuance and
renewal. The costs are generally deferred and amortized ratably over the terms
of the underlying policies. Anticipated losses, loss expenses, and remaining
costs of servicing the policies are considered in determining the amount of
costs to be deferred. Anticipated investment income is considered in determining
whether a premium deficiency exists. Amortization of deferred policy acquisition
costs totaled $425 million, $391 million and $347 million for the years ended
December 31, 1998, 1997 and 1996, respectively.
Premium Deficiency Recognition. A premium deficiency is recognized for an
operating segment when the sum of expected claim costs and claim adjustment
expenses, expected dividends to policyholders, maintenance costs and unamortized
acquisition costs exceeds future earned premiums related to non-cancelable
in-force policies and related anticipated investment income. A premium
deficiency is first recognized by charging unamortized deferred policy
acquisition costs to expense and then accruing a liability for any remaining
deficiency.
Participating Insurance Business. Dividends to policyholders, which relate
primarily to workers' compensation policies, are accrued during the period in
which the related premium is earned. Approximately 7%, 7% and 4% in 1998, 1997
and 1996, respectively, of TIG's total gross written premium was subject to
participation in such dividends.
66
<PAGE>
PART II
TIG HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Other Assets. Property, leasehold improvements and furniture and equipment with
a cost of $44 million and $40 million at December 31, 1998 and 1997,
respectively, are included in other assets. These balances are carried at cost
less accumulated depreciation of $31 million and $24 million at December 31,
1998 and 1997, respectively. Depreciation is computed under the straight-line
method over the estimated useful lives of the assets over periods ranging from
three to ten years. Depreciation expense, including amortization of assets under
capital lease, totaled $9 million in 1998, 1997 and 1996. Goodwill and other
intangible assets with a cost of $21 million are also included in other assets
net of accumulated amortization of $4 million and $3 million at December 31,
1998 and 1997, respectively. These balances are amortized on a straight-line
basis over periods ranging from 10 to 20 years. Amortization expense totaled
$1.4 million, $0.6 million and $0.5 million in 1998, 1997 and 1996,
respectively. TIG's accounting policy governing the measurement of goodwill
impairment includes an annual analysis of the recoverability of goodwill as of
each balance sheet date.
Restructuring Charges. In February 1996, TIG announced the reorganization of its
commercial operations and plans to exit certain lines of business that failed to
meet profitability standards. As a result of this reorganization, TIG took the
following actions: 1) combined its Specialty Commercial and Workers'
Compensation divisions to form a new operating segment called Commercial
Specialty; 2) identified field offices for consolidation and closure; 3)
identified lines of business for non-renewal or cancellation for which 1995 net
premium written was approximately $190 million; 4) formed a run-off division
(called "Other Lines") to administer contractually required policy renewals for
run-off lines of business, and 5) outsourced to third party service providers or
otherwise terminated the responsibilities of approximately 600 employees. The
consolidation/closure of field offices was completed by December 31, 1996,
although various lease obligations remain at December 31, 1998.
TIG recorded a $100 million accrual in first quarter 1996 for estimated
restructuring charges comprised of severance of $17 million, contractual policy
obligations of $37 million, office lease termination of $18 million, furniture,
equipment and capitalized software write-downs of $12 million, and a reserve for
litigation and credit issues related to terminated producers of $16 million. In
1997, TIG re-evaluated the $100 million restructuring charge. Although the total
amount of the restructuring charge remained unchanged, the components were
revised to the following: severance of $13 million; contractual policy
obligations of $43 million; office lease terminations of $16 million; furniture,
equipment and capitalized software write-downs of $10 million; and a reserve for
litigation and credit issues related to terminated producers of $18 million.
Severance costs were less than originally estimated due to the employment of
certain TIG associates by third party service providers. The reduction in
severance was effectively offset by increased costs for contractual policy
obligations associated with outsourcing contracts. The revised estimates for
leases, asset write-downs, and producer credit issues reflect minor adjustments
to original assumptions based on activity through December 31, 1998. Charges
against the restructure accrual of $97 million have been recorded since March
1996 and are comprised of $13 million in severance, $43 million in contractual
policy obligations, $13 million in lease termination costs, $10 million in asset
write-downs and $18 million related to producer credit issues. At December 31,
1998, TIG's exit plan was substantially complete with the remaining restructure
accrual of $3 million projected to be paid out over the next two to three years.
Net premium written for 1998, 1997, and 1996 from lines of business placed in
run-off as a result of the 1996 restructure was ($1) million, $4 million and
$140 million, respectively.
67
<PAGE>
PART II
TIG HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Guaranty Funds and Similar Assessments. TIG is assessed amounts by state
guaranty funds to cover losses of policyholders of insolvent or rehabilitated
insurance companies, by state insurance oversight agencies to cover the
operating expenses of such agencies and by other similar legislated entities.
These mandatory assessments may be partially recovered through a reduction in
future premium taxes in certain states. The Company currently expenses these
assessments as they are levied. Effective January 1, 1999, the Company will be
required to adopt the provisions of AICPA Statement of Position 97-3 ("SOP
97-3"), under which these assessments are required to be accrued in the period
in which they have been incurred. The effects of initially adopting SOP 97-3
will be recorded as the cumulative effect of a change in accounting principle.
TIG has not determined the impact that the adoption of SOP 97-3 will have on its
financial condition or results of operations.
68
<PAGE>
PART II
TIG HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NOTE C. SIGNIFICANT TRANSACTIONS AND EVENTS
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Premium Deficiencies Recognition. In third quarter 1998, a contract dispute
arose between the Company and MBNA America Bank, N.A., the producer of an
automobile insurance program within the Custom Markets division ("the MBNA
program"). The dispute related to certain underwriting and pricing changes made
by TIG to produce contractually guaranteed rates of return. In September 1998,
the MBNA program was terminated. The producer elected under the termination
provisions of the agency contract to require TIG to provide a renewal market
through September 1, 1999. As a result, TIG recognized a premium deficiency of
$33 million in third quarter 1998 related to future earned premium from existing
Custom Markets business and mandatory renewals through September 1, 1999, for
the MBNA program. The premium deficiency was recorded in TIG's third quarter
1998 income statement by expensing all Custom Markets deferred policy
acquisition costs, which totaled $19 million, and establishing additional loss
reserves of $14 million. At December 31, 1998, $7 million of this additional
loss reserve remained. Net premium written for the MBNA program was $88 million
and $30 million for the years ended December 31, 1998 and 1997, respectively.
Merger with Fairfax Financial Holdings Limited. On December 3, 1998, the Company
announced the proposed merger of FFHL, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of
Fairfax Financial Holdings Limited (Fairfax), with TIG Holdings, Inc. Fairfax is
a financial services holding company that, through its subsidiaries, is engaged
in property, casualty and life insurance and reinsurance, investment management
and insurance claim management. The merger will be the culmination of an
evaluation of strategic alternatives initiated by the Company's Board of
Directors in an effort to determine the course of action that was in the best
interest of the Company and its stockholders. Under the merger agreement,
Fairfax has agreed to convert each share of common stock of the Company issued
and outstanding as of the date that the Certificate of Merger is filed with the
State of Delaware into the right to receive $16.50 in cash, without interest. On
March 8, 1999, at a Special Meeting of Stockholders of TIG Holdings, Inc., the
stockholders are expected to vote on the merger agreement. The obligations of
the Company and Fairfax to effect the merger are subject, among other things, to
the condition that necessary insurance regulatory approvals shall have been
obtained.
Closing of Offices. During 1998, the Company decided to close its executive
offices in New York City, consolidating corporate functions with its corporate
headquarters in Irving, Texas. In addition, the Company decided to close its
staff counsel offices located throughout the United States and outsource the
supervision of claims litigation previously performed by these offices. In
conjunction with these closings, accruals for lease obligations and severance
and related costs totaling $15 million were recorded as Corporate Expense in
1998.
Sale of Independent Agents Business Unit. On December 31, 1997, TIG sold the
Independent Agents unit of its Retail Division, based in Battle Creek, Michigan,
for $65 million in cash to Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company ("Nationwide").
The purchase price was adjusted for the surplus of TIG Countrywide Insurance
Company ("CIC"), which was included in the sale, after giving effect to certain
transactions. There was no capital gain or loss recognized on the sale. At
closing, TIG entered into several reinsurance arrangements with CIC and ceded
all outstanding loss and LAE reserves, unearned premium reserves and premium
receivables related to the Independent Agents unit at book value. Under the
purchase agreement, Nationwide assumed the risk of loss and LAE reserve
development and receivable collectibility. To allow CIC and Nationwide time to
make appropriate regulatory filings, TIG agreed to continue to write Independent
Agents business and cede such business 100% to CIC for two years, or longer, if
needed. TIG has also agreed to provide transition assistance services to CIC for
the processing of this business for a period of up to two years. Independent
Agents gross premium written for the years ended December 31, 1998, 1997 and
1996 totaled $247 million, $286 million and $299 million, respectively. During
1998, TIG recognized $20 million in ceding commission from the Independent
Agents book of business.
69
<PAGE>
PART II
TIG HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NOTE D. INVESTMENTS
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Market Value and Amortized Cost of Invested Assets:
<TABLE>
December 31, 1998
----------------------------------------------------------------------
% of
Market Amortized Unrealized Unrealized Market
(In millions) Value Cost Gains Losses Portfolio
------------------------------------- -------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Municipal bonds $564 $522 $42 $ - 14.5%
Mortgage-backed securities 643 635 10 (2) 16.5
United States government bonds 1,574 1,470 106 (2) 40.4
Corporate and other bonds 837 857 20 (40) 21.5
------------------------------------- -------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
Total fixed maturity investments 3,618 3,484 178 (44) 92.9
Short-term and other investments 276 276 - - 7.1
------------------------------------- -------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
Total invested assets $3,894 $3,760 $178 ($44) 100.0%
------------------------------------- -------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
</TABLE>
<TABLE>
December 31, 1997
---------------------------------------------------------------------
% of
Market Amortized Unrealized Unrealized Market
(In millions) Value Cost Gains Losses Portfolio
-------------------------------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Municipal bonds $637 $596 $42 ($1) 15.2%
Mortgage-backed securities 941 933 11 (3) 22.4
United States government bonds 1,014 941 77 (4) 24.2
Corporate and other bonds 1,282 1,255 41 (14) 30.6
-------------------------------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
Total fixed maturity investments 3,874 3,725 171 (22) 92.4
Short-term and other investments 318 316 3 (1) 7.6
-------------------------------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
Total invested assets $4,192 $4,041 $174 ($23) 100.0%
-------------------------------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
</TABLE>
Less than 17% of TIG's portfolio consists of mortgage-backed securities ("MBS")
as of December 31, 1998. United States federal government and government agency
mortgages represent approximately 69% of TIG's exposure to MBS as of December
31, 1998, offering AAA credit quality. A risk inherent to MBS is prepayment risk
related to interest rate volatility. The underlying mortgages may be repaid
earlier or later than originally anticipated, depending on the repayment and
refinancing activity of the underlying mortgage holders. Should this occur, TIG
would receive paydowns on principal amounts which may have been purchased at a
premium or discount, and TIG's investment income would be affected by any
adjustments to amortization resulting from the prepayments. TIG's consolidated
financial results have not been materially impacted by prepayments of MBS. In
addition, interest rate volatility can affect the market value of MBS.
Substantially all MBS held in the portfolio can be actively traded in the public
market.
In the normal course of business, TIG may choose to hedge some of its interest
rate risk with futures contracts and/or interest rate swaps. Alternatively,
derivative financial instruments may also be utilized to enhance prospective
returns. TIG's interest rate swap arrangements generally provide that one party
pays interest at a floating rate in relation to movements in an underlying
index, and the other party pays interest at a fixed rate. While TIG is exposed
to credit risk in the event of nonperformance by the other party, nonperformance
is not anticipated due to the credit rating of the counterparties. There were no
interest rate swaps at December 31, 1998, and $14 million notional face amount
of interest rate swaps at December 31, 1997. From time to time, TIG sells
futures contracts to hedge its interest rate and market exposures on thirty-year
U.S. Treasury bonds. Risks arise from movements in the futures contracts'
values. Futures contracts are carried at market value, with gains and losses
recognized as adjustments to the carrying value of the hedged investment. No
futures contract positions were open at December 31, 1998 or 1997. However,
positions were opened and closed during 1998, 1997 and prior years. The deferral
method has been used to account for these closed futures contracts. Under the
deferral method, gains and losses from derivatives are deferred on the balance
sheet and recognized in earnings in conjunction with the earnings recognition of
the designated items. The deferred loss from futures contracts was $5 million
and $4 million at December 31, 1998 and 1997, respectively.
70
<PAGE>
PART II
TIG HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TIG routinely enters into commitments to purchase securities on a "To Be
Announced" ("TBA") basis for which the interest rate risk remains with TIG until
the date of delivery and payment. Delivery and payment of securities purchased
on a TBA basis can take place a month or more after the date of the transaction.
These securities are subject to market fluctuations during this period and it is
the Company's policy to recognize any gains or losses only when they are
realized. TIG maintains cash and short-term investments with a fair value
exceeding the amount of its TBA purchase commitments. At December 31, 1998,
there were no TBA purchase commitments, compared to TBA commitments of $24
million with a fair value of $26 million at December 31, 1997.
TIG has no material non-income producing investments and has no geographic or
other concentrations of investment risk which have not been disclosed. Invested
assets of TIG, carried at $836 million and $620 million at December 31, 1998 and
1997, respectively, were either on deposit with government agencies as required
by law in various states in which TIG insurance subsidiaries conduct business or
were held as collateral for various business transactions. Invested assets of
TIG's participation in Lloyd's Syndicates totaling $32 million and $8 million at
December 31, 1998 and 1997, respectively, including cash of $11 million and $5
million for each respective period, are held in trust in accordance with Lloyd's
of London regulations (see Note N - Commitments and Contingencies).
The estimated market value and amortized cost of the portfolio, by contractual
maturity, at December 31, 1998 are presented below. Expected maturities will
differ from contractual maturities as certain borrowers have the right to call
or prepay obligations.
<TABLE>
Market Amortized
(In millions) Value Cost
- --------------------------------------------------- ------------- -------------
<S> <C> <C>
Due in one year or less $133 $133
Due after one year through five years 309 309
Due after five years through ten years 1,137 1,143
Due after ten years 1,396 1,264
Mortgage-backed securities 643 635
- --------------------------------------------------- ------------- -------------
Total fixed maturity investments $3,618 $3,484
- --------------------------------------------------- ------------- -------------
</TABLE>
Components of Net Investment Income
<TABLE>
Years Ended December 31,
-------------------------------
(In millions) 1998 1997 1996
- ----------------------------------------------- ---------- --------- ----------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Fixed maturity investments $269 $297 $298
Short-term and other investments 11 8 6
- ----------------------------------------------- ---------- --------- ----------
Total gross investment income 280 305 304
Investment expenses, interest and other (45) (15) (14)
- ----------------------------------------------- ---------- --------- ----------
Total net investment income $235 $290 $290
- ----------------------------------------------- ---------- --------- ----------
</TABLE>
Net Investment and Other Gain (Loss)
<TABLE>
Years Ended December 31,
-------------------------------
(In millions) 1998 1997 1996
- ----------------------------------------------- ---------- --------- ----------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Fixed maturity investments
Gross gains $67 $38 $37
Gross losses (75) (22) (41)
Other losses (4) (15) -
- ----------------------------------------------- ---------- --------- ----------
Net investment and other gain (loss) before tax (12) 1 (4)
Less related taxes 4 - 1
- ----------------------------------------------- ---------- --------- ----------
Net investment and other gain (loss),
net of taxes ($8) $1 ($3)
- ----------------------------------------------- ---------- --------- ----------
</TABLE>
71
<PAGE>
PART II
TIG HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NOTE E. LOSS AND LOSS ADJUSTMENT EXPENSE RESERVES
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Activity in the loss and loss adjustment expense reserve account is summarized
as follows:
<TABLE>
(In millions) 1998 1997 1996
-------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------- -------------- -------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Balance January 1, net of reinsurance recoverables $2,531 $2,634 $2,752
Incurred related to:
Current year 1,016 1,076 1,122
Prior year 25 75 16
-------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------- -------------- -------------
Total losses and LAE incurred 1,041 1,151 1,138
-------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------- -------------- -------------
Loss and LAE payments related to:
Current year 313 417 374
Prior year 999 837 882
-------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------- -------------- -------------
Total losses and LAE payments 1,312 1,254 1,256
Retroactive reinsurance assumed 52 - -
-------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------- -------------- -------------
Balance December 31, net of reinsurance recoverable 2,312 2,531 2,634
Reinsurance recoverable, excluding amounts recoverable on retroactive
reinsurance ceded of $210 million in 1998 1,788 1,404 1,126
-------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------- -------------- -------------
Gross loss and LAE reserves $4,100 $3,935 $3,760
-------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------- -------------- -------------
</TABLE>
In 1998, TIG recognized unfavorable prior year loss and LAE reserve development
of $25 million, of which unfavorable development of $24 million was attributable
to TIG Insurance and $1 million of unfavorable development was attributable to
TIG Re. The unfavorable development in TIG Insurance is primarily attributable
to $11 million of development in unallocated LAE costs related to the
termination of programs in Other Lines, unallocated LAE reserve strengthening of
$7 million, and $6 million of unfavorable loss and allocated LAE development.
Retroactive reinsurance assumed represents reserves assumed from third parties
for insurable events that have already occurred in exchange for cash and/or
investment consideration. These reserves relate to new programs in TIG's
workers' compensation lines and Lloyd's Syndicates. No additional premiums or
return premiums have been accrued as a result of prior years affects.
In 1997, TIG recognized unfavorable prior year loss and LAE reserve development
of $75 million, of which unfavorable development of $106 million was
attributable to TIG Re reserve strengthening and favorable development of $31
million was attributable to TIG Insurance. The reserve strengthening by TIG Re
in December 1997 was based on actuarial evaluations of loss data through
September 30, 1997, which incorporated enhancements to TIG Re's actuarial
process and previously unavailable data. This intensive actuarial review
indicated that reserving issues were concentrated in a limited number of large
proportional programs, the majority of which were restructured or non-renewed
effective January 1, 1997. TIG Re also increased 1997 accident year reserves by
$39 million as a result of the September 30, 1997 actuarial study. The total
$145 million reserve increase recorded by TIG Re in December 1997 was net of
corporate aggregate stop loss reinsurance coverage, including $40 million under
a 1995 intercompany agreement with TIG Insurance. The favorable prior year loss
reserve development of $31 million for primary lines written by TIG Insurance
was principally attributable to continuing favorable workers' compensation
development. The majority of this favorable development was reallocated to the
1997 accident year for workers' compensation and various other lines for
statutory reporting purposes. The assumption by TIG Insurance in Other Lines of
$40 million in losses under the aforementioned intercompany reinsurance
agreement was principally offset by a $27 million cession to a corporate
aggregate stop loss reinsurance treaty.
72
<PAGE>
PART II
TIG HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The unfavorable loss and LAE reserve development for prior years in 1996 of $16
million is due primarily to adverse development in Other Lines. In connection
with the February 1996 restructuring, TIG completed a re-evaluation of loss and
LAE reserves related to run-off lines using additional loss development data
received during the first quarter of 1996. This data confirmed adverse loss
development trends observed in the second half of 1995 and was a consideration
in the decision to exit certain lines of business, as discussed at Note B -
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies. As a result of this re-evaluation
and management's belief that the restructuring decision will make the claims
settlement process less consistent and more volatile, TIG increased loss and LAE
reserves by $31 million in the first quarter of 1996 for run-off lines,
principally for long haul trucking and large accounts. This reserve
strengthening was partially offset by continuing favorable development of 1993
and prior years' workers' compensation reserves.
TIG's reserves include an estimate of TIG's ultimate liability for
asbestos-related matters, environmental pollution, toxic tort and other
non-sudden and accidental claims for which ultimate values cannot be estimated
using traditional reserving techniques. TIG's environmental claims activity is
predominately from hazardous waste and pollution-related claims arising from
commercial insurance policies. Most of TIG's pollution claims are from small
regional operations or local businesses involved with disposing wastes at dump
sites or having pollution on their own property due to hazardous material use or
leaking underground storage tanks. In connection with the initial public
offering of TIG Holdings' common stock ("IPO"), an affiliate of Transamerica
agreed to pay 75% of up to $119 million of reserve development and newly
incurred claims, up to a maximum reimbursement of $89 million, on policies
written prior to January 1, 1993 with respect to certain environmental claims
involving paid losses and certain LAE in excess of TIG's environmental loss and
LAE reserves at December 31, 1992. At December 31, 1998, the Transamerica
affiliate had incurred no liability under this agreement.
73
<PAGE>
PART II
TIG HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NOTE F. REINSURANCE
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<TABLE>
Years Ended December 31,
--------------------------------------
(In millions) 1998 1997 1996
- ---------------------------------------- ----------- ------------ ------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Written premium:
Direct $1,367 $1,221 $1,274
Assumed 774 722 650
Ceded (723) (507) (395)
- ---------------------------------------- ----------- ------------ -------------
Net $1,418 $1,436 $1,529
- ---------------------------------------- ----------- ------------ -------------
Earned premium:
Direct $1,323 $1,232 $1,307
Assumed 840 667 632
Ceded (716) (433) (400)
- ---------------------------------------- ----------- ------------ -------------
Net $1,447 $1,466 $1,539
- ---------------------------------------- ----------- ------------ -------------
Incurred losses and LAE:
Gross $1,494 $1,751 $1,417
Ceded (453) (600) (279)
- ---------------------------------------- ----------- ------------ -------------
Net $1,041 $1,151 $1,138
- ---------------------------------------- ----------- ------------ -------------
</TABLE>
TIG reinsures portions of its policy risks with other insurance companies or
underwriters and remains liable under these contracts. Reinsurance is used to
transfer some policy risks such that the amount of individual claims can be
limited to a fixed percentage or amount. Reinsurance is also utilized to limit
the amount of claims related to catastrophes. This strategy allows TIG to insure
larger risks while controlling exposure to large losses. Reinsurance agreements
currently in place are structured on both a treaty basis, where all risks
meeting a certain criteria are automatically reinsured, and on a facultative
basis, where each policy reinsured is separately negotiated. Amounts recoverable
from reinsurers are estimated in a manner consistent with the claim liability
associated with the reinsured policy. As a part of its overall business
strategy, TIG also engages in assumed reinsurance transactions, primarily
through TIG Re, a wholly-owned subsidiary.
Reinsurance contracts do not relieve TIG from its obligations to policyholders.
Failure of reinsurers to honor their obligations could result in losses to TIG;
accordingly, allowances are established for amounts estimated to be ultimately
uncollectible. TIG evaluates the financial condition of its reinsurers and
monitors concentrations of credit risk arising from similar geographic regions,
activities, or economic characteristics of the reinsurers to minimize its
exposure to significant losses from reinsurer insolvencies. At December 31,
1998, TIG held collateral related to reinsurance amounts in the form of letters
of credit totaling $317 million, trust funds totaling $310 million, and funds
held totaling $564 million.
Effective January 1, 1998, the Company entered into a loss portfolio reinsurance
agreement on a funds held basis for loss and LAE reserves of $265 million
related to certain run-off programs. The gain of $22 million was deferred and
will be amortized into income as losses are paid. Amortization of the deferred
gain of $8 million was recorded as a reduction of incurred losses in 1998. The
contract covers 80% of any adverse loss development incurred in excess of $280
million up to a maximum of $343 million. Any additional future benefit from the
contract triggered by adverse loss development will also be deferred and
amortized into income as the related losses are paid. Funds held bear interest
at 1.7% per quarter beginning April 1, 1998. Related interest on funds held of
$10 million was recorded as a reduction of net investment income in 1998.
Under this reinsurance arrangement, the reinsurer has the right to convert the
treaty to a funds transferred basis from a funds held basis if the S&P rating
for TIG falls below A+. As a result of this provision, and the downgrading of
TIG's rating to below A+, effective January 1, 1999, TIG Insurance established a
trust agreement of $177 million with Norwest Bank for the benefit of the
reinsurer, in lieu of funds transferred.
74
<PAGE>
PART II
TIG HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
During 1998, in response to favorable market conditions for obtaining
reinsurance coverage and to mitigate the inherent financial volatility of a
changing book of business, TIG increased the utilization of aggregate stop loss
and other finite reinsurance coverages by entering into several new contracts
with reinsurance providers. In addition to the loss portfolio reinsurance
agreement mentioned above, the Company also purchased finite reinsurance for
workers' compensation programs that allows TIG to stay competitive with other
insurers whose state of domicile allow discounting of workers' compensation loss
reserves. The Company also purchased finite reinsurance to provide aggregate
stop loss coverage for all lines. The pre-tax net benefit provided by these
contracts, including additional interest costs on withheld funds, was $36
million for 1998.
During 1998, the Company commuted certain reinsurance treaties, including one
between TIG Insurance and TIG Re, as well as others with third parties, that
generated a net benefit for TIG Insurance of $34 million and a net benefit for
TIG Re of $2 million.
In response to favorable pricing conditions and to mitigate volatility in the
Company's exposure to losses in new workers' compensation lines, TIG Insurance
utilized reinsurance to reduce its net retention on most of its workers'
compensation lines from $1 million to $100 thousand during 1998.
75
<PAGE>
PART II
TIG HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NOTE G. INCOME TAXES
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TIG files a consolidated federal income tax return. At December 31, 1998, TIG
had a net operating loss carryover of $261 million, of which $34 million will
expire in 2008, $96 million will expire in 2009, $6 million will expire in 2011,
$110 million will expire in 2012, and $15 million will expire in 2013.
Additionally, TIG has a $1 million capital loss carryover, which will expire in
2003. For the tax years ended December 31, 1998, 1997 and 1996, TIG made tax
payments of $1 million, $40 million (related to the $40 million advance payment
discussed below), and $1 million, respectively.
The components of the income tax asset balance are as follows:
<TABLE>
December 31,
----------------------------------
(In millions) 1998 1997
- -------------------------------------------- ---------------- -----------------
<S> <C> <C>
Current asset $43 $57
Net deferred tax asset 86 83
- -------------------------------------------- ---------------- -----------------
Total $129 $140
- -------------------------------------------- ---------------- -----------------
</TABLE>
Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences
between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting
purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. Significant components of
TIG's deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 1998 and 1997 are
shown in the following table:
<TABLE>
December 31,
----------------------------------
(In millions) 1998 1997
- -------------------------------------------- ---------------- -----------------
<S> <C> <C>
Deferred tax assets:
Discounting of reserves for losses
and loss adjustment expenses $154 $158
Net operating loss carryforward 91 70
Discounting of unearned premium reserves 35 38
Expense reserves 13 20
Policyholder dividends 10 7
Restructuring and other liabilities 7 5
Postretirement benefits other than pensions 7 8
Capital loss carryforward - 7
Business in force - 7
Other, net 10 8
- --------------------------------------------- ---------------- ----------------
Total deferred tax assets 327 328
- --------------------------------------------- ---------------- ----------------
Deferred tax liabilities:
Section 338 - marketable securities 124 130
Deferred policy acquisition costs 44 53
Unrealized gain - marketable securities 48 52
Section 338 - other 25 10
- --------------------------------------------- ---------------- ----------------
Total deferred tax liabilities 241 245
- --------------------------------------------- ---------------- ----------------
Net deferred tax asset $86 $83
- --------------------------------------------- ---------------- ----------------
</TABLE>
76
<PAGE>
PART II
TIG HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In accordance with the provisions of Statement of Financial Accounting Standard
No. 109, "Accounting for Income Taxes", TIG's management has reviewed its
deferred tax asset balance and concluded that it is more likely than not the
entire deferred tax asset will be realized. Management's conclusion is based on
its expectation that sufficient taxable income will be generated in future
periods within the carryforward period. TIG has reported profits in 1997, 1996,
1995 and 1994, and is expected to be profitable in the future. If TIG does not
achieve its anticipated earnings level in future periods but maintains the
earnings level sustained over the past four years and converts all of its
tax-exempt securities into taxable securities, it anticipates that all of its
net operating loss and 90% of its existing deferred tax asset will be utilized
by the year 2002.
Components of the income tax benefit (expense) are as follows:
<TABLE>
Years Ended December 31,
-----------------------------
(In millions) 1998 1997 1996
---------------------------------------- --------- --------- ---------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Current expense ($4) ($9) ($9)
Deferred benefit (expense) 13 (1) 13
---------------------------------------- --------- --------- ---------
Total income tax benefit (expense) $9 ($10) $4
---------------------------------------- --------- --------- ---------
</TABLE>
The exercise of stock options granted under the Company's various stock option
plans gives rise to compensation which is includable in the taxable income of
the applicable employees and deductible by the Company for federal and state
income tax purposes. Such compensation results from increases in the fair market
value of the Company's common stock subsequent to the date of grant of the
applicable exercised stock options. Accordingly, in conformity with Accounting
Principles Board Opinion No. 25, such compensation is not recognized as an
expense for financial accounting purposes and the related tax benefits are taken
directly to Additional Paid-in Capital. Additional Paid-in Capital, which is a
component of Common Stock in the accompanying consolidated financial statements,
was increased $13 million during 1997 as a result of the exercise of such
options. Tax benefits from the exercise of stock options by employees were not
material in 1998 and 1996 (see Note K - Incentive Compensation Plans).
77
<PAGE>
PART II
TIG HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The components of benefit (expense) for total deferred income taxes are as
follows:
<TABLE>
Years Ended December 31,
---------------------------
(In millions) 1998 1997 1996
- -------------------------------------------------- -------- --------- --------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Discounting of reserves for losses and
loss adjustment expenses ($4) ($9) ($5)
Discounting of unearned premium reserves (3) (4) 1
Net operating loss carryforward 21 35 (11)
Expense reserves (7) 17 -
Restructuring charges 2 (15) 16
Capital loss carryforward (7) (10) 3
Business in force (7) (7) (6)
Policyholder dividends 3 1 (4)
Tax liability adjustment - 5 20
Investment book / tax differences 6 (2) (4)
Deferred policy acquisition costs 9 (1) (1)
Other - (11) 4
- --------------------------------------------------- -------- -------- --------
Total deferred income tax benefit (expense) $13 ($1) $13
- --------------------------------------------------- -------- -------- ---------
</TABLE>
The reconciliation of income tax computed at the U.S. federal statutory rates to
total income tax benefit (expense) is as follows:
<TABLE>
Years Ended December 31,
-----------------------------
(In millions) 1998 1997 1996
- ------------------------------------------------ -------- -------- ---------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Federal income tax expense at statutory rates $ - ($22) ($26)
Tax-exempt investment income 9 9 9
Tax liability adjustment - 5 20
Other - (2) 1
- ------------------------------------------------ -------- -------- ---------
Total income tax benefit (expense) $9 ($10) $4
- ------------------------------------------------ -------- -------- ---------
</TABLE>
TIG's Federal income tax returns are routinely audited by the Internal Revenue
Service (IRS) and provisions are made in the financial statements in
anticipation of the results of these audits. Following a routine federal income
tax audit by the IRS, in September 1997, the IRS issued a Statutory Notice of
Deficiency for the tax year 1993 and a Revenue Agents Report for 1994 asserting
a tax liability of approximately $170 million excluding interest. The IRS's
asserted tax adjustments principally relate to the acquisition made by TIG under
the Section 338(h)(10) election of April 27, 1993 in conjunction with TIG's IPO
and primarily generate temporary differences by creating income in 1993 with
corresponding deductions in 1993 and future tax years. TIG strongly disagrees
with the IRS's position and, on December 11, 1997, TIG filed a Tax Court
Petition challenging it. In connection with the Statutory Notice of Deficiency
issued by the IRS for the 1993 tax year, TIG made a $40 million advance tax
payment in December 1997 that has been reflected as a current tax asset. While
the timing of cash tax payments may be impacted, management believes that
revisions to TIG's recorded tax liability, if any, arising from the IRS audit
will not materially impact consolidated net income or financial condition.
In March 1996, TIG entered into settlement agreements with the IRS on several
outstanding audit assessments, resulting in a redetermination of certain tax
liabilities related to tax years prior to TIG's initial public offering in April
1993. A $20 million deferred tax benefit was recognized in first quarter of 1996
as a result of the redetermination.
78
<PAGE>
PART II
TIG HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NOTE H. FINANCING ARRANGEMENTS
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Notes Payable. In April 1995, TIG Holdings issued $100 million of 8.125% Notes
maturing in 2005. Interest is payable on a semi-annual basis, and a lump sum
principal repayment for the non-callable notes is due April 15, 2005. Included
in the restrictive covenants are limitations on the disposition of the stock of
TIG Insurance Company ("TIC"), limitations on liens and conditions on the merger
of the Company. If the merger of the Company with Fairfax is consummated,
management expects these conditions will be met. Interest expensed and paid was
$8 million in 1998, 1997 and 1996. These Notes are the senior debt of the
Company and have liquidation preference over other debt.
Sale - Leaseback. In December 1995, TIG Insurance Company entered into a $50
million credit facility, of which approximately $27 million and $24 million was
outstanding as of December 31, 1998 and 1997, respectively. The facility is a
direct financing arrangement with a third party related to the sale and
leaseback of certain fixed assets, excluding data processing equipment. The net
book value of these assets is $23 million at December 31, 1998, and $18 million
at December 31, 1997, which includes accumulated depreciation of $24 million and
$19 million at December 31, 1998 and 1997, respectively. The initial draw of $22
million against the facility in December 1995 is being amortized over 5 years
with interest at 5.9% payable quarterly. Subsequent draws against the facility
are amortized over 5 years and interest, based on a fixed or floating rate, is
payable quarterly. Interest rates during 1998 ranged from 5.9% to 7.7%. Interest
expensed and paid was $1.6 million for 1998 and 1997, and $1.4 million for 1996.
At December 31, 1998, approximate future minimum lease payments under this
facility are as follows:
<TABLE>
(In millions) Principal Interest Total
- ---------------------- --------------------- ---------------- -------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
1999 $8.8 $1.5 $10.3
2000 9.1 0.9 10.0
2001 4.7 0.4 5.1
2002 3.0 0.2 3.2
2003 1.4 - 1.4
- ---------------------- --------------------- -------------------- ------------
Total $27.0 $3.0 $30.0
- ---------------------- --------------------- -------------------- ------------
</TABLE>
Line of Credit. In December 1995 (as amended and restated in 1997), TIG
established an unsecured revolving line of credit with maximum borrowings of
$250 million. Included in the restrictive covenants are limitations on the
disposition of significant subsidiaries of TIG, limitations on liens and
limitations on the merger of the Company. The merger of the Company with Fairfax
(see Note C - Significant Transactions and Events) would create an "event of
default", and as such, the Company intends to terminate the facility prior to
completion of the sale. During the first quarter of 1998, TIG borrowed $70
million against this facility. The full amount of the five-year credit facility
was available for general corporate purposes as of December 31, 1998. Interest
of $2.5 million was expensed and paid in 1998. The interest rate on the facility
is determined at the time of each individual borrowing and is based upon a
senior debt ratings grid, currently either LIBOR plus 30 basis points, Prime or
CD rate plus 42.5 basis points. For utilization greater than 50%, the LIBOR and
CD rates increase by 5 basis points.
Capital Securities. In January of 1997, TIG Capital Trust I ("TIG Capital" or
the "Trust"), a statutory business trust created under Delaware law and a trust
subsidiary of TIG Holdings, completed a private offering for $125 million of
8.597% mandatory redeemable capital securities maturing in 2027. TIG Holdings is
the initial holder of 100% of the common securities of TIG Capital. Holders of
the capital securities of the Trust have a preference under certain
circumstances over the holders of common securities of the Trust with respect to
cash distributions and amounts payable on liquidation, redemption, or otherwise.
79
<PAGE>
PART II
TIG HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TIG Holdings issued $128.75 million in 8.597% Junior Subordinated Debentures to
TIG Capital Trust I (including approximately $3.75 million with respect to the
capital contributed to the Trust by TIG Holdings). Included in the restrictive
covenants are conditions on the merger of the Company. If the merger of the
Company with Fairfax is consummated, management expects these conditions will be
met. TIG Holdings guaranteed the payment of distributions and payments on
liquidation or redemption of the capital securities but only in each case to the
extent of funds held by the Trust. The guarantee does not cover payment of
distributions when the Trust does not have sufficient funds to pay such
distributions. The net proceeds received by TIG Holdings from the issuance of
the debentures were used for general corporate purposes including repurchases of
the Company's common stock. Interest expense was $10.7 million and $9.9 million
in 1998 and 1997, respectively. Interest paid was $10.7 million and $4.9 million
in 1998 and 1997, respectively.
80
<PAGE>
PART II
TIG HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NOTE I. MANDATORY REDEEMABLE PREFERRED STOCK
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In April 1993, in connection with it's IPO, TIG Holdings issued 250,000 shares
of non-voting mandatory redeemable preferred stock with a cumulative annual cash
dividend rate of $7.75 per share and an aggregate liquidation
preference/redemption value of $25 million plus accrued and unpaid dividends.
The preferred stock must be redeemed on April 27, 2000. With each regular
quarterly dividend declared on the preferred shares, each holder also receives
one non-transferable right (a "Right"). Each Right will constitute the right to
receive an additional amount to the extent that the regular cash dividend to
which the related Right was, in whole or in part, not made out of TIG Holdings'
current or accumulated earnings and profits, as calculated for federal income
tax purposes. In such event, the holder of a Right will be entitled to receive
an amount which, when taken together with the regular cash dividend to which the
Right was related, would cause the net after-tax return to such holder to equal
what the net after-tax return on the mandatory redeemable preferred stock would
have been had the regular cash dividend been paid entirely out of the current or
accumulated earnings and profits of TIG Holdings. During 1998, TIG paid an
additional $1 million in respect to these Rights in connection with dividends
declared on the mandatory redeemable preferred stock during 1997. No additional
payments were required during 1997 and 1996.
If the merger of the company with Fairfax is consummated (see Note C -
Significant Transactions and Events), each share of preferred stock that is
issued and outstanding immediately prior to the merger will be converted into
the right to receive one share of preferred stock of the entity surviving the
merger, with the same terms as the original shares.
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NOTE J. SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Authorized Capital Stock. TIG Holdings' authorized capital stock consists of one
million shares of $0.01 par value Class A convertible common stock, 180 million
shares of $0.01 par value common stock, and 15 million shares of $0.01 par value
preferred stock.
Class A Common Stock. In April 1993, TIG Holdings issued 224,600 shares of Class
A common stock of which 81,191 had been canceled as of April 1996. In accordance
with the terms of their issuance, the remaining 143,409 Class A common shares
were converted to common shares in 1996 (see Note K - Incentive Compensation
Plans). As of December 31, 1998, no shares of Class A common stock are
outstanding.
Subsidiary Dividend Restrictions. Payment of dividends to TIG Holdings by its
insurance subsidiaries is subject to certain restrictions. State insurance laws
limit the amount that may be paid without prior notice or approval by insurance
regulatory authorities. As of December 31, 1998, $96 million of dividends are
currently available for payment to TIG Holdings from its insurance subsidiaries
during 1999 without restriction. Cash dividends paid by the insurance
subsidiaries in 1998, 1997 and 1996 were $175 million, $145 million and $130
million, respectively.
81
<PAGE>
PART II
TIG HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NOTE K. INCENTIVE COMPENSATION PLANS
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
As of December 31, 1998, the Company has three stock based compensation plans,
which are described below. The Company adopted Statement 123 effective January
1, 1996 and has elected to continue to account for employee stock-based
compensation as prescribed by APB Opinion No. 25 (See Note B - Summary of
Significant Accounting Policies). If the merger of the Company with Fairfax is
consummated (see Note C - Significant Transactions and Events), participants
will become fully vested, cash distributions will be made and these plans will
terminate.
The 1996 Long-Term Incentive Plan. The 1996 Long-Term Incentive Plan (the "1996
Plan") provides for awards of stock options, stock appreciation rights,
restricted stock grants, restricted stock units and/or performance units. The
maximum number of shares of Common Stock for which awards may be granted or paid
out under the 1996 Plan is five million shares plus, effective January 1, 2000,
the Limitation Amount. The "Limitation Amount" is 1.5% of the total number of
issued and outstanding shares of Common Stock as of January 1, 2000, plus,
effective each January 1 thereafter through and including January 1, 2006, 1.5%
of the total number of issued and outstanding shares of Common Stock as of such
January 1. In addition to the shares available for grant as previously
mentioned, two million shares of Common Stock will be available solely for the
grant of awards to employees in connection with acquisitions of other entities
or businesses by the Company. As of December 31, 1998, there were no stock
appreciation rights, restricted stock units or performance units outstanding.
The 1996 Plan was originally to terminate on the date of the Company's annual
meeting of shareholders in 2006; however, if the merger of the Company with
Fairfax is consummated, the plan will be terminated. Thereafter, no awards may
be granted. Stock options under the 1996 Plan typically have a term of ten years
from the date of the grant and vest in equal annual installments over four
years. Restricted stock grants typically vest in equal annual installments over
three years. The weighted average fair value of restricted stock granted during
the year was $31.47.
The 1996 Non-Employee Directors Compensation Program. The 1996 Non-Employee
Directors Compensation Program (the "1996 Program") provides for awards of stock
options and restricted share units. These awards are not to exceed 200,000
shares. As of December 31, 1998, there were 33,873 restricted share units and
stock options representing the right to acquire 67,746 shares of common stock.
Each restricted share unit converts into one share of common stock based upon an
irrevocable election made by each non-employee director. The 1996 Program was to
terminate on the close of business on the date of the Company's annual meeting
of shareholders in 1999; however, if the merger of the Company with Fairfax is
consummated, the program will be terminated. Restricted share units and stock
options granted prior to the date of the annual meeting of shareholders in 1997
will vest in three substantially equal installments on the dates of each annual
meeting of shareholders in 1997, 1998 and 1999. Restricted share units and stock
options granted on or after the date of the 1997 annual meeting of shareholders
but prior to the date of the 1998 annual meeting of shareholders will vest in
two equal installments on the dates of each annual meeting of shareholders in
1998 and 1999. Restricted share units and stock options granted on or after the
date of the 1998 annual meeting of shareholders but prior to the 1999 annual
meeting of shareholders were originally to vest in one installment on the date
of the 1999 annual meeting of shareholders. The maximum term of any stock option
granted will be ten years from the date of grant.
The 1993 Long-Term Incentive Plan. The 1993 Long-Term Incentive Plan (the "1993
Plan") provides for awards of stock options, stock appreciation rights,
restricted stock grants and/or performance units (collectively referred to as
"awards"). These awards are not to exceed 15 million shares in the aggregate. As
of December 31, 1998, there were no stock appreciation rights or performance
units outstanding. The 1993 Plan terminated May 2, 1996, except with respect to
outstanding awards, with the approval of the 1996 Plan. Stock options under the
1993 Plan originally had a term of ten years from the date of grant and vested
in equal annual installments over four years, while restricted stock grants
vested in equal annual installments over three years.
82
<PAGE>
PART II
TIG HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In connection with the IPO, TIG and Transamerica agreed that TIG employees could
surrender their options to purchase Transamerica common stock by May 14, 1993,
and receive options to purchase TIG Holdings common stock, retaining the taxable
spread, vesting schedule and term of the surrendered Transamerica stock options
as of the IPO closing date. Options relating to 820,498 shares of common stock
were issued in connection with this agreement and are included in outstanding
options in the following table.
A summary of the status of the Company's three stock based compensation plans as
of December 31, 1998 and changes during the three years ended December 31, 1998
is presented below:
<TABLE>
Restricted Class A
Shares Shares Options
- --------------------------------- --------------- --------------- -------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Outstanding at January 1, 1996 28,860 35,793 11,011,182
Granted 110,170 - 1,476,736
Exercised/Earned (25,436) (35,793) (383,594)
Forfeited or canceled (14,380) - (472,089)
- --------------------------------- --------------- --------------- -------------
Outstanding at December 31, 1996 99,214 - 11,632,235
- --------------------------------- --------------- --------------- -------------
Granted 71,319 - 2,090,117
Exercised/Earned (33,972) - (2,994,788)
Forfeited or canceled (11,268) - (262,820)
- --------------------------------- --------------- --------------- -------------
Outstanding at December 31, 1997 125,293 - 10,464,744
- --------------------------------- --------------- --------------- -------------
Granted 178,045 - 1,580,832
Exercised/Earned (51,435) - (464,952)
Forfeited or canceled (14,984) - (649,466)
- --------------------------------- --------------- --------------- -------------
Outstanding at December 31, 1998 236,919 - 10,931,158
- --------------------------------- --------------- --------------- -------------
</TABLE>
The weighted average option exercise price was $25.74, $25.06 and $22.74 for
options outstanding at December 31, 1998, 1997 and 1996, respectively. The
weighted average option exercise price was $30.50 for options granted during
1998, $21.95 for options exercised in 1998 and $29.11 for options forfeited in
1998.
The weighted average fair value of options granted during 1998 was $8.48. The
fair value of each option grant is estimated on the date of grant using the
Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following weighted-average
assumptions used for grants in 1998, 1997 and 1996, respectively: dividend yield
of 2.95 percent, 1.70 percent and 1.75 percent; expected volatility of .289,
.220, and .201; risk free interest rate of 5 percent, 6 percent and 7 percent
and expected life of 7 years for all years. Because the Company's employee stock
options have characteristics significantly different from those of traded
options, and because changes in the subjective input assumptions can materially
affect the fair value estimate, in management's opinion, the existing models do
not necessarily provide a reliable single measure of the fair value of its
employee stock options. If the merger of the Company with Fairfax is
consummated, all outstanding options will be cancelled.
If the fair value of the stock compensation granted had been accounted for under
SFAS 123, the proforma net loss for 1998 would have been $7.2 million or $0.14
per basic share; net income for 1997 would have been $41.1 million or $0.76 per
basic share or $0.74 per diluted share; and net income for 1996 would have been
$74.5 million or $1.29 per basic share or $1.26 per diluted share. For purposes
of proforma disclosures, the estimated fair value of the stock compensation is
amortized to expense over the stock compensation's vesting period. The effect on
net income of the stock compensation amortization for the years presented above
is not likely to be representative of the effects on reported net income for
future years.
83
<PAGE>
PART II
TIG HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The following table summarizes information about stock options outstanding and
exercisable at December 31, 1998:
<TABLE>
Options Outstanding Options Excercisable
--------------------------------- ------------------------------
Range of Number Weighted-Avg. Weighted-Avg. Number Weighted-Avg.
Exercise Outstanding Remaining Exercise Exercisable@ Exercise
Prices @ 12/31/98 Contractual Life Price 12/31/97 Price
- ----------------- ------------- ---------------- ---------------- -------------- ---------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
$14.00 to $19.00 290,179 7.6 $17.21 90,179 $16.78
$19.01 to $24.00 6,588,942 4.7 $22.33 6,382,162 $22.37
$24.01 to $29.00 731,475 7.0 $26.15 377,950 $26.09
$29.01 to $34.00 2,813,924 8.6 $32.77 1,045,950 $32.51
$34.01 to $39.00 506,638 8.2 $35.37 419,239 $34.89
- ------------------ ------------- ---------------- ---------------- ------------- ---------------
$14.00 to $39.00 10,931,158 6.1 $25.74 8,315,480 $24.39
- ------------------ ------------- ---------------- ---------------- ------------- ---------------
</TABLE>
Total compensation cost recognized in the income statement for stock-based
employee compensation awards was $4.6 million, $1.8 million and $1.0 million for
1998, 1997 and 1996, respectively.
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NOTE L. RETENTION AND SEPARATION PROGRAMS FOR CERTAIN EXECUTIVES
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Special Severance Plan. Under this plan, which became effective as of June 18,
1998, each designated participant (each an officer or key employee) will be
entitled to receive special severance benefits (in lieu of normal severance) if
his or her employment with the Company or its affiliates is terminated under
specified circumstances within two years following a Change in Control of the
Company. The amount of each participant's special severance has been determined
by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors. In addition to this
severance benefit, each participant will be entitled to receive an amount equal
to the sum of (x) the unvested portion (if any) of his or her accounts under the
Company's qualified and nonqualified defined contribution plans and (y) the
contributions which the Company would have made or credited to such
participant's plan accounts (based upon the amounts contributed or credited to
such accounts in the year prior to the year in which the participant terminates
employment, or, in the case of qualified and nonqualified savings (401(k))
accounts, based upon the then current employer matching contributions being made
to such accounts) for a specified period following employment termination. The
participant will also be eligible to continue to participate (on the same basis
as if still actively employed) in the Company's health, dental and life
insurance plans for a finite period following employment termination. The
maximum aggregate amount of severance benefits that would be payable in cash
pursuant to this severance plan is approximately $16 million.
Retention and Bonus Plan. In addition, pursuant to a Retention and Bonus Plan
approved by the Board in July 1998, the designated participants are entitled to
certain payments if they continue their employment until the earlier of June 30,
2000 or a Change of Control of the Company. The maximum aggregate amount of
benefits that would be payable in cash pursuant to this plan is approximately $5
million.
84
<PAGE>
PART II
TIG HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NOTE M. EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TIG Holdings' employee benefit plans (the "Plans") include the Diversified
Savings and Profit Sharing Plan and the Employee Stock Ownership Plan. TIG
Holdings adopted the ESOP and Profit Sharing Restoration Plans, effective
January 1, 1994, and the Diversified Savings Restoration Plan, effective January
1, 1997. TIG Holdings may amend, terminate, or suspend contributions to the
Plans at any time as it may deem advisable. TIG Holdings is the administrator of
the Plans. Any subsidiary of TIG Holdings participating in the Plans may
withdraw at any time with the consent of the TIG Holdings' Board of Directors.
The Board of Directors of TIG Holdings has fiduciary responsibilities relating
to the interpretation and operation of the Plans.
Diversified Savings and Profit Sharing Plan. As of January 1, 1997, the
Diversified Savings Plan and Profit Sharing Plan were combined into the TIG
Holdings, Inc. Diversified Savings and Profit Sharing Plan (the "DS&PSP). The
DS&PSP is qualified under Section 401 (a) of the Internal Revenue Code ("IRC")
and the trust established to hold the assets of the DS&PSP is tax-exempt under
Section 501 (a) of the IRC. An employee vests 25% after one year of service, 50%
after two years of service and 100% after three years of service. While the
assets are maintained in a single trust, the record keeping, contributions and
participant qualifications remain as if under two separate plans, the
Diversified Savings Plan (the "DSP") and the Profit Sharing Plan (the "PSP").
The DSP is available to all salaried employees. Most employees who elect to
participate may contribute up to 12% of their pre-tax salary, plus bonuses,
commissions, and overtime pay ("Employee Compensation") for each calendar year.
TIG Holdings administers the DSP and will make matching contributions to the DSP
in an amount equal to 75% of the participant's contribution up to a maximum of
6% of Employee Compensation. Certain IRC required limitations may be imposed for
participants who are treated as "highly compensated employees" for purposes of
the IRC. Generally, an employee vests in the matching employer contributions
based upon years of service. Employer matching contributions were $3 million for
1998, 1997 and 1996.
The PSP benefits eligible employees of TIG Holdings. Eligible employees are
those who either were employed by TIG Holdings on December 31 each year or were
employed during the plan year but died prior to the plan year end. Generally,
each salaried employee is eligible to participate in the PSP. No employee
contributions are permitted to be made to the PSP. The amount of any
contribution for any calendar year made by TIG Holdings will be determined at
the sole discretion of the TIG Holdings' Board of Directors. For 1998, 1997 and
1996 plan years, TIG contributed on behalf of each participant an amount equal
to the sum of (i) two percent of the participant's Employee Compensation, as
defined, for the Plan Year and (ii) four percent of the participant's annual
Employee Compensation in excess of a determined wage base. In addition, if the
merger of the Company with Fairfax is consummated (see Note C - Significant
Transactions and Events), the 1% contribution for the ESOP 1998 plan year will
be contributed to the PSP in 1999. Contributions were $2 million, $2 million and
$1 million for 1998, 1997 and 1996, respectively.
85
<PAGE>
PART II
TIG HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Diversified Savings and Profit Sharing Restoration Plan. Effective January 1,
1997, TIG Holdings adopted the TIG Holdings, Inc. Diversified Savings
Restoration Plan and combined it with the existing Profit Sharing Restoration
Plan. The TIG Holdings, Inc. Diversified Savings and Profit Sharing Restoration
Plan (the "DS&PS Restoration Plan") is an unfunded plan for the purpose of
providing deferred compensation for a select group of management or highly
compensated employees whose allocations under the qualified DS&PSP are limited
by the annual restrictions as determined by the Internal Revenue Code. Highly
compensated employees will be eligible for participation immediately upon the
date of hire if annual earnings, including bonus in the year paid, exceed a
specified threshold. The threshold for each year will be the amount of the cap
on compensation that may be taken into account under the qualified plan for that
year, or such greater amount as may be determined by the TIG Holdings, Inc.
Benefits Committee in its discretion. A Participant vests 25% after one year of
service, 50% after two years of service and 100% after three years of service.
Participants' accounts are credited for the difference between the dollar amount
credited to the participants' account under the qualified DS&PSP and the amount
that would have been credited in the absence of the restrictions noted above.
Participants' accounts are adjusted for gains, losses and earnings as if
invested in the same manner as such associate's account under the qualified
DS&PSP. Liabilities due to the participants were approximately $3 million and $2
million as of December 31, 1998 and 1997.
Employee Stock Ownership Plan. Most salaried employees are eligible to
participate in the ESOP. Generally, TIG Holdings will contribute, for each
calendar year, an amount equal to one percent of Employee Compensation, as
defined, on behalf of each participant employed on the last working day of that
year or who was employed but died during the year. Employees who were actively
employed on April 27, 1993 received an initial allocation of 100 shares of TIG
Holdings common stock in which they were immediately fully vested. Effective
January 1, 1995, all active associates who did not previously receive the
initial allocation of shares in 1993 were eligible for 100 shares of TIG
Holdings, Inc. common stock upon attainment of six months of service. These
shares were allocated to the associates' accounts as of the last day of the plan
year. No employee contributions are permitted to be made to the ESOP. An
employee vests 25% after one year of service, 50% after two years of service and
100% after three years of service. In April 1993, the ESOP borrowed $24 million
from TIG Holdings to purchase 1,124,754 newly issued shares of common stock. The
loan obligation of the ESOP is considered unearned employee compensation, and as
such, is recorded as a reduction of TIG Holdings' shareholders' equity. As loan
repayments are made by the ESOP, common stock is released to participant
accounts. Unearned compensation is amortized based on the number of shares
committed to be released and compensation expense is recognized based on the
current market price. Dividends paid on unallocated shares are considered as
employer contributions. Compensation expense of $2 million was recognized in
1997 and 1996, respectively. At December 31, 1998, 189,330 shares are allocated
and 360,752 shares are in suspense. As of December 31, 1998, the market value of
unallocated shares was $6 million. As noted below, no annual contribution was
made to the ESOP plan for the 1998 plan year. Contributions to the ESOP were $1
million and $2 million for 1997 and 1996. A participant's ESOP account will be
distributed in full shares of common stock or cash after termination of service.
If the merger of the Company with Fairfax is consummated, the 1% ESOP 1998 plan
year contribution will be made to the PSP in 1999. The 100 shares allocation
will be terminated as of December 31, 1998, and a cash distribution outside of
the plan will be made to those affected employees in lieu of allocating shares
to their accounts. If the merger of the Company with Fairfax is consummated, TIG
expects to merge the ESOP plan into the DS&PSP.
86
<PAGE>
TIG HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ESOP Restoration Plan. The TIG Holdings, Inc. ESOP Restoration Plan is an
unfunded plan for the purpose of providing deferred compensation for a select
group of management or highly compensated employees whose allocations under the
qualified ESOP plan are limited by annual restrictions as determined by the
Internal Revenue Code. Highly compensated employees whose allocations under the
qualified plan are limited by the Internal Revenue Code restrictions will be
eligible for participation immediately upon the date of hire if annual earnings,
including bonus in the year paid, exceed a specified threshold. The threshold
for each year will be the amount of the cap on compensation that may be taken
into account under the qualified plan for that year, or such greater amount as
may be determined by the TIG Holdings, Inc. Benefits Committee in its
discretion. A Participant vests 25% after one year of service, 50% after two
years of service and 100% after three years of service. Participants' accounts
are credited in dollar amounts for the difference between the cash value of the
stock that would have been allocated to the participant's account under the
qualified ESOP plan and the cash value of the stock that would have been
allocated in the absence of the restrictions noted above. Participants' accounts
are adjusted for gains, losses and earnings as if invested in the same manner as
such associate's account under the qualified ESOP plan. Liabilities due to the
participants were less than $1 million as of December 31, 1998, 1997 and 1996.
If the merger of the Company with Fairfax is consummated, TIG expects to merge
the ESOP Restoration Plan into the DS&PSP Restoration Plan.
Postretirement Benefits Other Than Pensions. TIG participated in Transamerica's
defined benefit health care plan that provided postretirement benefits to
eligible retirees of Transamerica and affiliates. TIG assumed all liabilities
with respect to its retirees and active employees at the date of the IPO. These
liabilities are a component of the Company's employee healthcare plan, and as
such, no plan assets are specifically identified for this unfunded plan.
Contributions for these contributory plans are adjusted annually. Consideration
for the adjustments include deductibles and coinsurance. Medical benefits are
based on the employee's length of service and age at retirement from the
Company.
A summary of the components of net periodic other postretirement benefit cost is
as follows:
<TABLE>
Years Ended December 31,
----------------------------
(In millions) 1998 1997 1996
- ------------------------------------------------- -------- -------- ---------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Service cost - benefits earned during the period $ - $ - $0.3
Interest cost on projected benefit obligation 1.9 1.7 1.4
Amortization of prior service cost (0.1) (0.1) (0.1)
Amortization of loss 0.3 0.2 -
- ------------------------------------------------- -------- -------- ---------
Net periodic other postretirement benefit cost $2.1 $1.8 $1.6
- ------------------------------------------------- -------- -------- ---------
</TABLE>
87
<PAGE>
TIG HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The following table sets forth the amounts recognized in the balance sheet for
other postretirement benefit plans:
<TABLE>
(In millions) 1998 1997
- ----------------------------------------------- ---------------- --------------
<S> <C> <C>
Change in benefit obligation:
Benefit obligation at beginning of year $25.6 $20.6
Interest cost 1.9 1.7
Actuarial gain 2.4 5.5
Benefits paid (2.3) (2.2)
- ----------------------------------------------- ---------------- --------------
Benefit obligation at end of year $27.6 $25.6
- ----------------------------------------------- ---------------- --------------
Funded status ($27.6) ($25.6)
Unrecognized prior service cost (0.5) (0.6)
Unrecognized net actuarial loss 7.3 5.2
- ----------------------------------------------- ---------------- --------------
Accrued benefit cost ($20.8) ($21.0)
- ----------------------------------------------- ---------------- --------------
Reconciliation of accrued postretirement
benefit cost
Accrued benefit cost as of prior year end ($21.0) ($21.3)
Employer contributions during the year 2.3 2.1
Net periodic benefit cost for the year (2.1) (1.8)
- ----------------------------------------------- ---------------- --------------
Accrued benefit cost as of year end ($20.8) ($21.0)
- ----------------------------------------------- ---------------- --------------
</TABLE>
The weighted average annual assumed rate of increase in the health care cost
trend rate is 6.0 percent for 1998 and will decrease to 5.0 percent in 1999 and
remain at that level thereafter. The health care cost trend rate assumption has
a significant effect on the amounts reported.
Increasing the trend rate by one percentage point would increase the actuarial
present value obligation for postretirement medical benefits as of December 31,
1998, by $2 million, and the aggregate of the service and interest cost
components of net periodic postretirement benefit cost by $0.2 million for 1998.
Decreasing the trend rate by one percentage point would decrease the actuarial
present value obligation for postretirement medical benefits as of December 31,
1998, by $2 million, and the aggregate of the service and interest cost
components of net periodic postretirement benefit cost by $0.2 million for 1998.
The weighted average discount rate used in determining the postretirement
benefit obligation was 7.0% at December 31, 1998 and 1997.
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NOTE N. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Leases. Future minimum rental commitments as of December 31, 1998 for all
noncancelable operating leases are as follows:
<TABLE>
(In millions)
- ----------------------------------- -------------------------
<S> <C>
1999 $32
2000 28
2001 19
2002 13
2003 10
Thereafter 38
----------------------------------- -------------------------
140
Sublease rental income (14)
- ------------------------------------ -------------------------
Net commitments $126
- ------------------------------------ -------------------------
</TABLE>
88
<PAGE>
PART II
TIG HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Substantially all of the leases are for rental of office space, the initial
terms of which range from one to 20 years. Total rental expense for 1998, 1997,
and 1996 was $22 million, $18 million and $17 million, respectively. As a result
of the reorganization of TIG's commercial operations in the first quarter of
1996, certain lease termination costs in the amount of $18 million were incurred
and are included in the $100 million restructuring charges recorded in 1996 as
discussed in Note B - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies.
Litigation. TIG's insurance subsidiaries are routinely engaged in litigation in
the normal course of business. As a liability insurer, the Company defends third
party claims brought against its insureds. As an insurer, the Company defends
against coverage claims. In the opinion of TIG, based upon information available
at the date of this report, no individual item of litigation, or group of
similar items of litigation (including asbestos-related and environmental
pollution matters and the matters referred to below), taken net of reserves
established therefor and giving effect to insurance and reinsurance, is likely
to result in judgments for amounts material to TIG's consolidated results of
operations or financial condition.
On January 11, 1994, a Los Angeles County Superior Court jury returned a verdict
of $28 million for punitive damages against TIG Insurance Company ("TIC") in
Talbot Partners v. Cates Construction, Inc. and TIC (the "Talbot Case"). The
award arose out of TIC's handling of a surety bond claim on a construction
project. On March 28, 1997, the California Court of Appeal reduced the trial
court's punitive damage award to $15 million. On July 23, 1997, the California
Supreme Court granted TIC's petition to review the Court of Appeal's decision.
Management believes that the ultimate liability arising from the Talbot Case
will not materially impact consolidated operating results.
On February 12, 1998, a purported class action complaint, naming TIG and two of
its executive officers as defendants, was filed in the United States District
Court for the Southern District of New York on behalf of persons who purchased
TIG common stock during the period from October 21, 1997 to January 30, 1998,
when TIG announced its fourth quarter 1997 results. The complaint alleges that
TIG violated the federal securities laws by misrepresenting the adequacy of its
underwriting and monitoring standards and its loss reserves, and that three of
its officers and directors sold shares at prices that were artificially inflated
as a result of the alleged misrepresentations. Plaintiffs seek unspecified
monetary damages, including punitive damages. Management believes that the
lawsuit is without merit, and the Company's position will be vigorously
defended.
On July 17, 1998, TIG Premier Insurance Company ("TIG Premier"), a subsidiary of
TIC, filed a complaint and jury demand against MBNA America Bank, N.A. d.b.a.
MBNA Insurance Services ("MBNA") in federal court in the Northern District of
Texas that was based on an agency agreement between TIG Premier and MBNA (the
"Agency Agreement") pursuant to which TIG Premier offered an insurance program
that was marketed by MBNA to its customers. In its complaint, TIG Premier sought
a declaratory relief judgment declaring that TIG could reduce the commission
payable to MBNA and lengthen the 5-year term of the Agency Agreement in order
to, at a minimum, reduce TIG Premier's underwriting losses and improve the
possibility of TIG Premier's achieving the agreed upon 15% minimum rate of
return. On August 19, 1998, TIG filed an amended complaint seeking monetary
damages for MBA's repudiation and breach of the Agency Agreement, including,
without limitation, the underwriting losses that TIG Premier incurred and the
minimum 15% rate of return over the entire five-year initial term of the Agency
Agreement, in an amount to be determined at trial. In its amended answer, dated
August 31, 1998, MBNA instituted a counterclaim against TIG Premier based on TIG
Premier's alleged breach and repudiation of the Agency Agreement, seeking
damages in an amount not less than $100 million. Management believes that the
liability arising from this case, if any, will not materially impact the
Company's consolidated results of operations or financial condition.
89
<PAGE>
PART II
TIG HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
On December 9, 1998, a purported shareholder class action was commenced in the
Delaware Court of Chancery against the Company, its directors and Fairfax. The
complaint alleges, inter alia, that the consideration to be paid pursuant to the
Merger Agreement is unfair and inadequate and that the terms of the Merger
Agreement were arrived at without a full and thorough investigation by the
directors. The complaint seeks injunctive relief, including a judgment enjoining
the transaction, and the award of unspecified compensatory damages. The Company
believes that the action is without merit and intends to defend the action
vigorously.
On December 11, 1997, TIG filed a Tax Court Petition challenging an IRS
Statutory Notice of Deficiency for the tax year 1993 and a Revenue Agents Report
for 1994 (see Note G - Income Taxes).
London Market Activity. Through various indirect subsidiaries, the Company
became a limited liability participant in the Lloyd's of London ("Lloyd's")
market in 1997. As a prerequisite to admittance to the Lloyd's market,
irrevocable letters of credit totaling $123 million, collateralized by $105
million of the Company's investment securities, were provided in favor of the
Society and Council of Lloyd's at December 31, 1997. At December 31, 1998, the
irrevocable letters of credit were collateralized by $137 million of the
Company's investment securities. The letters of credit effectively secure the
syndicate's 1998 results and future contingent obligations of the Company should
the Lloyd's underwriting syndicates in which the Company participates incur net
losses. The Company's contingent liability to the Society and Council of Lloyd's
is limited to the amount of the letters of credit.
90
<PAGE>
PART II
TIG HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NOTE O. REGULATORY MATTERS
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Regulatory Risk-Based Capital. The states of domicile of TIG's insurance
subsidiaries impose minimum risk-based capital requirements on insurance
companies which were developed by the National Association of Insurance
Commissioners ("NAIC"). The formulas for determining the amount of risk based
capital specify various weighting factors that are applied to financial balances
or various levels of activity based on the perceived degree of risk. Regulatory
compliance is determined by a ratio of the enterprise's regulatory total
adjusted capital, as defined by the NAIC, to its authorized control level
risk-based capital, as defined by the NAIC. Enterprises below specific trigger
points or ratios are classified within certain levels, each of which requires
specified corrective action. The levels and ratios are as follows:
<TABLE>
Ratio of Total Adjusted Capital to
Authorized Control Level Risk-Based
Regulatory Event Capital (Less Than or Equal to)
- ----------------------------------- -------------------------------------------
<S> <C>
Company action level 2.0 (or 2.5 with negative trends)
Regulatory action level 1.5
Authorized control level 1.0
Mandatory control level 0.7
- ----------------------------------- -------------------------------------------
</TABLE>
At December 31, 1998, the statutory "risk-based" capital for each TIG insurance
subsidiary was such that no action (company or regulatory) would be required. As
of December 31, 1998, TIG was required to maintain minimum capital of $656
million to avoid triggering a company action level regulatory event.
Permitted Statutory Accounting Practices. TIG's statutory-basis financial
statements are prepared in accordance with accounting practices prescribed or
permitted by the domiciliary state insurance department. Currently, "prescribed"
statutory accounting practices are interspersed throughout the state insurance
law and regulations, the NAIC's "Accounting Practices and Procedures Manual" and
a variety of other NAIC publications. "Permitted" statutory accounting practices
encompass all accounting practices that are not prescribed; such practices may
differ from state to state, may differ from company to company within a state,
and may change in the future.
In 1998, the NAIC adopted codified statutory accounting principles
("Codification"). Codification will likely change, to some extent, prescribed
statutory accounting practices and may result in changes to the accounting
practices that TIG uses to prepare its statutory-basis financial statements.
Codification will require adoption by the various states before it becomes the
prescribed statutory basis of accounting for insurance companies domesticated
within those states. Accordingly, before Codification becomes effective for TIG,
the insurance regulatory bodies of states in which TIG writes business must
adopt Codification as the prescribed basis of accounting on which domestic
insurers must report their statutory-basis results to the Insurance Department.
At this time it is anticipated that the State of California, which is the state
of domicile for TIG Insurance Company, the primary insurer for TIG, will adopt
Codification. Management has not yet determined the impact of Codification on
TIG's statutory-basis financial statements.
91
<PAGE>
PART II
TIG HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Statutory amounts for TIG's significant insurance subsidiaries are as follows:
<TABLE>
Years Ended December 31,
-----------------------------------------
(In millions) 1998 1997 1996
- ------------------------------------ ------------- ------------- -------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Statutory Net Income (Loss):
Primary operations $37 $143 $88
Reinsurance operations 94 (22) 96
- ------------------------------------ ------------- ------------- -------------
Total $131 $121 $184
- ------------------------------------ ------------- ------------- -------------
</TABLE>
<TABLE>
December 31,
-----------------------------------------
(In millions) 1998 1997 1996
- ------------------------------------ ------------- ------------- -------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Statutory Surplus:
Primary operations $417 $505 $460
Reinsurance operations 547 508 515
- ------------------------------------ ------------- ------------- -------------
Total $964 $1,013 $975
- ------------------------------------ ------------- ------------- -------------
</TABLE>
In June 1993, the California Department of Insurance permitted TIG Insurance
Company ("TIC"), TIG's lead insurer to record a quasi-reorganization of its
statutory capital accounts. This permitted statutory accounting practice differs
from prescribed statutory accounting practice. The effect of the
quasi-reorganization was to increase the earned surplus of TIC to zero from a
negative $285 million and to decrease contributed surplus by the same amount.
This transaction significantly increased TIC's future dividend paying capability
as insurance companies may only pay dividends from earned surplus.
92
<PAGE>
PART II
TIG HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NOTE P. OPERATING SEGMENTS
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Management of the Company monitors and evaluates the results of operations based
upon the performance of its three major operating segments, Reinsurance,
Commercial Specialty and Custom Markets, as well as lines of business that have
been de-emphasized (Other Lines). Reinsurance Operations are conducted through
TIG Re and include those transactions in which TIG Re agrees to indemnify
another insurance company for all or a portion of the insurance risks
underwritten by that company under an insurance policy or policies. Commercial
Specialty generally provides coverage to business and governmental entities,
organizations, associations and individual professionals. Commercial workers'
compensation products provide benefits to employees as mandated by state laws
for payment of benefits associated with employment related accidents, injuries
or illnesses. Custom Markets coverages provide protection to individuals through
non-standard automobile physical damage and liability programs, homeowners
property lines and small business owners liability programs. Other Lines include
both commercial and personal programs that TIG has identified for non-renewal or
cancellation.
Management evaluates the financial performance of its operating segments based
upon the underwriting gain or loss ("underwriting results") generated by each
operating segment. Underwriting results include earned premium less loss and
loss adjustment expenses incurred, policy acquisition and other underwriting
expenses incurred (which includes commissions, premium related expenses and
other acquisition expenses), and policyholder dividends. The accounting policies
of the operating segments are the same as those described in the summary of
significant accounting policies (See Note B of the Consolidated Financial
Statements).
The Company does not maintain separate balance sheet data for each of its
operating segments. Accordingly, management does not review and evaluate the
financial results of its operating segments based upon balance sheet data.
93
<PAGE>
PART II
TIG HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The following tables present the relevant financial results for the operating
segments for each year:
<TABLE>
1998
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Reinsurance Commercial Custom Other
(In millions) Operations Specialty Markets Lines Total
------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- --------------- -------------- ---------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Net premium earned $491 $702 $276 ($22) $1,447
Net losses and loss adjustment
expenses incurred (331) (499) (239) 28 (1,041)
Policy acquisition and other
underwriting expenses (190) (225) (100) 13 (502)
Dividends to policyholders - (23) - (1) (24)
------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- --------------- -------------- ---------------
Net underwriting gain (loss) ($30) ($45) ($63) $18 ($120)
------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- --------------- -------------- ---------------
</TABLE>
<TABLE>
1997
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Reinsurance Commercial Custom Other
(In millions) Operations Specialty Markets Lines Total
------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- --------------- -------------- ---------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Net premium earned $516 $500 $158 $292 $1,466
Net losses and loss adjustment
expenses incurred (505) (323) (108) (215) (1,151)
Policy acquisition and other
underwriting expenses (174) (162) (62) (68) (466)
Dividends to policyholders - (14) - - (14)
------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- --------------- -------------- ---------------
Net underwriting gain (loss) ($163) $1 ($12) $9 ($165)
------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- --------------- -------------- ---------------
</TABLE>
<TABLE>
1996
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Reinsurance Commercial Custom Other
(In millions) Operations Specialty Markets Lines Total
------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- --------------- -------------- ---------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Net premium earned $534 $416 $95 $494 $1,539
Net losses and loss adjustment
expenses incurred (386) (289) (55) (408) (1,138)
Policy acquisition and other
underwriting expenses (162) (131) (34) (136) (463)
Dividends to policyholders - (2) - (1) (3)
------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- --------------- -------------- ---------------
Net underwriting gain (loss) ($14) ($6) $6 ($51) ($65)
------------------------------------ --------------- --------------- --------------- -------------- ---------------
</TABLE>
The following table reconciles the underwriting results for the operating
segments to income before income tax benefit (expense) as reported in the
Consolidated Statements of Income:
<TABLE>
(In millions) 1998 1997 1996
-------------------------------------------------- -------------------- -------------------- --------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Net underwriting loss ($120) ($165) ($65)
Net investment income 235 290 290
Net investment and other gain (loss) (12) 1 (4)
Corporate expenses (81) (44) (37)
Interest expense on long-term debt (23) (20) (9)
Restructuring charges - - (100)
-------------------------------------------------- -------------------- -------------------- --------------------
Income (loss) before income taxes ($1) $62 $75
-------------------------------------------------- -------------------- -------------------- --------------------
</TABLE>
94
<PAGE>
PART II
TIG HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The company writes premium primarily in the United States, Canada and Great
Britain, as reflected in the following table:
<TABLE>
Net Premiums Written
------------------------------
(In millions) 1998 1997 1996
- ---------------------------------------------- -------- -------- ----------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
United States $1,227 $1,322 $1,496
Great Britain/Lloyd's Syndicates 175 106 29
Canada 9 8 4
Other 7 - -
- ---------------------------------------------- -------- -------- ----------
Total $1,418 $1,436 $1,529
- ---------------------------------------------- -------- -------- ----------
</TABLE>
A large portion of the Company's premium is produced through Aon Corporation and
its subsidiaries (Aon). Premium produced through Aon accounted for 34%, 32% and
23% of consolidated net premium written for 1998, 1997 and 1996, respectively,
and has been reported throughout the Reinsurance, Commercial Specialty and
Custom Markets segments.
95
<PAGE>
PART II
TIG HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NOTE Q. INTERIM FINANCIAL DATA (UNAUDITED)
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<TABLE>
Quarter
------------------------------------------------
(In millions) First Second Third Fourth Total
--------------------------------------------- --------- ------------ ----------- ----------- ----------- ------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Summary of Quarterly Results:
Revenues 1998 $427 $435 $439 $369 $1,670
1997 429 435 453 440 1,757
1996 455 457 460 453 1,825
Pre-tax income (loss) 1998 47 43 (75) (16) (1)
1997 54 57 55 (104) 62
1996 (82) 49 53 55 75
Net income (loss) 1998 33 30 (47) (8) 8
1997 36 39 40 (63) 52
1996 (31) 34 37 39 79
--------------------------------------------- --------- ------------ ----------- ----------- ----------- ------------
Basic Earnings per Common Share:
Net income (loss) 1998 $0.64 $0.57 ($0.93) ($0.16) $0.13
1997 $0.67 $0.74 $0.77 ($1.24) $0.97
1996 ($0.53) $0.58 $0.67 $0.70 $1.36
Diluted Earnings per Common Share:
Net income 1998 $0.62 $0.56 N/A N/A $0.13
1997 $0.64 $0.72 $0.74 N/A $0.94
1996 N/A $0.56 $0.65 $0.68 $1.32
--------------------------------------------- --------- ------------ ----------- ----------- ----------- ------------
</TABLE>
In the first quarter of 1996, an after-tax restructuring charge of $65 million
was taken for costs related to management's decision to restructure operations
(see Note B - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies). In the fourth quarter
of 1997 the Company recognized net unfavorable current and prior year loss and
LAE reserve development of $145 million in its Reinsurance Operations (see Note
E - Loss and Loss Adjustment Expense Reserves) and sold the Independent Agents
unit of its Retail Division (see Note C - Significant Transactions and Events)
as a result of which favorable adjustments of policy acquisition and other
underwriting expenses totaling $8 million were recorded. In the third quarter of
1998, the Company recognized a net charge of $104 million that included $47
million in exit costs relating to the termination of the MBNA program, $38
million in allowances for uncollectible reinsurance recoverable and premium
receivable, $6 million in severance related costs for former employees and $13
million in other operating costs (see Note C - Significant Transactions and
Events). In the fourth quarter of 1998, the Company recognized $10 million in
severance and related charges in conjunction with several staffing changes
initiated at the end of the year.
96
<PAGE>
PART II
TIG HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NOTE R. YEAR 2000 (UNAUDITED)
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Year 2000 issue relates to the ability or inability of systems (including
computer hardware, software and embedded microprocessors) to properly interpret
date information relating to the year 2000 and beyond. Many existing systems,
including many of TIG's existing systems, use only the last two digits to refer
to a year (i.e., "98" is used for 1998). Therefore, these systems may not
properly recognize a year that begins with "20" instead of "19". If not
corrected, these systems could fail or create erroneous results.
Specific information technology systems that are utilized by TIG, and by third
parties with whom TIG has business relationships, include policy, claim and
reinsurance processing and administration, accounting, payroll, financial
reporting, product development, rate and form development and maintenance,
business planning, tax, accounts receivable, accounts payable and numerous word
processing and spreadsheet programs. In addition, TIG and third parties with
which TIG has a business relationship are dependent on many non-information
technology based systems, such as utility, communication and security systems.
TIG's State of Readiness. TIG has conducted an extensive review of its core
processing computer systems, including computer hardware and software vendors,
to identify and address all changes, testing and implementation procedures
required to make such systems Year 2000 compliant. The Company has a coordinated
process to facilitate the necessary changes, testing and implementation
procedures. TIG has completed and implemented all of the required code changes
of its Year 2000 system remediation project (the "Y2K Project"). TIG expects
necessary third party software implementation and testing of its computer
systems to be completed by March 31, 1999. TIG will continue testing its
internal systems, as well as its internal systems' abilities to operate with the
systems of key third parties, during the remainder of 1999.
TIG has processing or significant business relationship dependencies with third
parties including, without limitation, general agents, brokers, third party
administrators, banks, general suppliers and facility-related vendors.
Determination of any action required is expected to be completed in the second
quarter of 1999, and TIG will continue to monitor Year 2000 issues relating to
such key third parties during the remainder of 1999. Notwithstanding efforts by
TIG to assess the third party's systems, there can be no guarantee that such
systems will be Year 2000 compliant.
The Cost to Address TIG's Year 2000 Issues. TIG budgeted a total of $10 million
for costs related to Year 2000 system modifications. As of year end 1998, $9.5
million has been expensed in the year incurred. The remainder (approximately
$500 thousand) will be expensed in 1999. The 1999 amount represents less than
1.5% of the annual TIG Information Systems budget. These costs primarily
represent costs to assess, remediate code, and test such code changes.
In addition to the costs incurred for Year 2000 system modifications, TIG will
incur expenses in ascertaining whether key third parties with which it has a
material relationship are Year 2000 compliant. TIG estimates that such expenses
will not exceed $1.5 million. This amount includes both IT and non IT portions
of this project.
All estimates of future costs related to assessing and achieving Year 2000
compliance are based on management's best estimates and there can be no
guarantee that actual amounts expended will not differ from such estimates.
The Y2K Project has caused no significant deferrals of other IT projects which
in any way impact the financial condition or results of operations of TIG.
97
<PAGE>
PART II
TIG HOLDINGS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Risks of TIG's Year 2000 Issues. There has not been any material processing
disruptions to date. Internal testing provides TIG with a high level of
confidence that in a most reasonably likely worst case scenario these systems
will not cause material disruption on a forward-looking basis.
The potential losses that TIG policyholders may incur which stem from Year 2000
problems will be business risks which are not insurable under standard property
and casualty policies. A most reasonably likely worst case scenario would
anticipate that it is possible that certain TIG policies may be reformed by
judicial decisions to cover Year 2000 losses, which were not contemplated. TIG
does not believe that such losses will have a material impact on TIG's financial
results. To date, TIG has not incurred any losses relating to Year 2000 claims
under its insurance and reinsurance policies.
Although the Company has taken the actions described above to address the Year
2000 problem, a most reasonably likely worst case scenario indicates that there
is always a possibility that the Company may suffer some disruptions as a result
of the Year 2000 problem.
TIG's Contingency Plans. The Company has a comprehensive contingency plan that
addresses alternatives for solving the Year 2000 problem should the Company's
adopted process prove inadequate. TIG continues to evaluate and modify the plan
as necessary for all of the Company's operations and processes.
98
<PAGE>
PART II
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Not applicable.
99
<PAGE>
PART III
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS AND EXECUTIVE OFFICERS OF THE REGISTRANT
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Directors Continuing in Office Until 1999
Jon W. Rotenstreich (age 55) has been a director of the Company since 1993.
Principal Occupation: Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer of the
Company since 1993. From 1992 to 1993, Mr. Rotenstreich was President of Jon
Rotenstreich Consultants, Inc. From 1986 to 1991, Mr. Rotenstreich was
President, Chief Investment Officer and a director of Torchmark Corporation, an
insurance company, and President, Chief Executive Officer and a director of
United Investors Management Corporation, which was a majority-owned subsidiary
of Torchmark Corporation. From 1982 to 1986, Mr. Rotenstreich served as Vice
President and Treasurer of International Business Machines Corporation. For 18
years prior to joining IBM, Mr. Rotenstreich served in various capacities at
Salomon Brothers Inc, including Managing Director.
Harold Tanner (age 66) has been a director of the Company since 1993.
Principal Occupation: President of Tanner & Co., an investment banking firm.
Mr. Tanner also serves as a member of the Advisory Committee of Warburg, Pincus
Capital Company, L.P. and as Chairman of the Board of Trustees of Cornell
University.
Directors continuing in Office Until 2000
Joel S. Ehrenkranz (age 63) has been a director of the Company since 1993.
Principal Occupation: Senior Partner in the New York law firm of Ehrenkranz &
Ehrenkranz LLP, where he has been a partner since 1962. Mr. Ehrenkranz is also a
trustee of the Mount Sinai Medical Center, the New York University School of Law
and the Whitney Museum of American Art.
The Rt. Hon. Lord Moore (age 61) has been a director of the Company since
1997. Principal Occupation: European Chairman and a director of The Monitor
Company, a strategic consulting company, since October 1990. Previously, Lord
Moore held various ministerial posts in the Government of the United Kingdom,
most recently as Secretary of State for Social Security from July 1988 to July
1989 and as Secretary of State for Health and Social Security from 1987 to 1988.
Lord Moore is also the Chairman and a director of Credit Suisse Asset Management
(U.K.) Holdings Limited, Credit Suisse Asset Management Limited, Credit Suisse
Asset Management (Australia) Ltd., Deputy Chairman and a director Rolls Royce
PLC, and a director of the following corporations: BEA Associates, Inc.; Blue
Circle Industries PLC; Marvin & Palmer Associates; The Central European Growth
Fund Plc; Camelot Group Plc and GTECH Holdings Corporation. He is also the
President of The Energy Saving Trust Limited, a not-for-profit energy
conservation organization, and a Governor of the London School of Economics.
William W. Priest, Jr. (age 57) has been a director of the Company since
1994. Principal Occupation: Chief Executive Officer of BEA Associates, Inc., an
investment counseling firm, which he initially joined in 1972. Mr. Priest is
also a member of the Board of Trustees of the Duke University Fuqua School of
Business and a past member of the State of New Jersey Investment Council.
Ann W. Richards (age 65) has been a director of the Company since 1995.
Principal Occupation: Senior Advisor in the Washington, D.C. law firm of Verner,
Liipfert, Bernhard, McPherson and Hand since 1995. Ms. Richards served as the
45th Governor of the State of Texas from 1991 to 1995. From 1982 to 1990, she
served as Texas State Treasurer. Ms. Richards is also a director of J.C. Penney
Company, Inc. and Grupo Modello and a member of the Board of Trustees of the
Aspen Institute, an international non-profit educational institution.
100
<PAGE>
PART III
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Directors continuing in Office Until 2001
George B. Beitzel (age 70) has been a director of the Company since 1993.
In 1987, Mr. Beitzel retired from his position as Senior Vice President and
director of International Business Machines Corporation, where he spent
substantially all of his professional life. Principal Occupation: a director of
the following corporations: Bankers Trust New York Corporation; Bitstream, Inc.;
Computer Task Group, Inc.; Phillips Petroleum Company; Xillix Technologies Corp.
and Rohm and Haas Company. Mr. Beitzel is also Chairman of the Colonial
Williamsburg Foundation and Chairman Emeritus of Amherst College.
George D. Gould (age 71) has been a director of the Company since 1996.
Principal Occupation: Vice Chairman of Klingenstein, Fields & Company, an
investment management firm, since August 1989. From 1985 through 1988, Mr. Gould
was Undersecretary for Finance of the United States Treasury Department. Prior
to 1985, Mr. Gould was a general partner with Wertheim & Co. and Chairman of
Madison Resources. Mr. Gould is also a director of Federal Home Loan Mortgage
Corporation and Illinois Central Corp.
Mary R. Hennessy (age 46) has been a director of the Company since 1998.
Principal Occupation: President and Chief Operating Officer of the Company since
1998. From 1996 to 1997, Ms. Hennessy was Executive Vice President and Chief
Underwriting Officer of the Company. From 1988 to 1996 Ms. Hennessy served as
President, Am-Re Services, Inc., Senior Vice President and Chief Actuary,
American Re-Insurance Company, and Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Am-Re
Consultants, Inc., a subsidiary of American Re, Inc.
101
<PAGE>
PART III
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CERTAIN INFORMATION REGARDING THE EXECUTIVE OFFICERS
The following table shows certain information, as of December 31, 1998,
concerning each executive officer of the Company, except those persons who are
also nominees for director or who also serve as directors. Each executive
officer is elected annually by the Board of Directors of the Company or the
Board of Directors of one of its subsidiaries and serves at the pleasure of such
board of directors. Except as indicated under "Employment and Severance
Agreements and Change-in-Control Arrangements" below, there are no arrangements
or understandings between any executive officer and any other person pursuant to
which such executive officer was elected.
Name and Principal Occupation
and Business Experience
for the Past Five Years
Peter M. Acton, 57, Senior Vice President and General Counsel of the Company
from July 1996 through December 1998; Associate General Counsel of International
Business Machines Corporation, 1994 to 1996; IBM Group Counsel, 1986 to 1994.
Cynthia B. Koenig, 41,Controller of TIG Insurance Company, a subsidiary of the
Company ("TIC"), from July 1997 through December 1998; Vice President and
Assistant Controller of TIC from 1995 to June 1997; SEC Manager of TIC from 1993
to 1995.
Louis J. Paglia, 41, Senior Vice President and Treasurer of the Company from
April 1993 through December 1998; Consultant, Jon Rotenstreich Consultants,
Inc., 1992 to 1993; Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, Emisphere
Technologies, Inc., a biopharmaceutical company, 1992; Principal, Investment
Banking Division, Morgan Stanley & Co. Incorporated, 1990 to 1992; Vice
President, Investment Banking Division, Morgan Stanley & Co. Incorporated, 1988
to 1990.
Edwin G. Pickett, 52, Executive Vice President of the Company from March 1996
through December 1998; Chief Financial Officer of the Company since 1993;
Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, USF&G Corporation, 1991 to
1993; various management positions, USF&G Corporation, 1989 to 1991.
Orest B. Stelmach, 37, Senior Vice President and Chief Investment Officer of the
Company since May 1993; Vice President, ALIAC, a subsidiary of Aetna Life and
Casualty Company, 1990 to 1993; various investment management positions, ALIAC,
1985 to 1990.
Michael G. Wacek, 42, President and Chief Executive Officer of TIG Reinsurance
Company, a subsidiary of the Company, since February 1998; Managing Director,
St. Paul Reinsurance Co. Ltd. and Director, St. Paul Management Ltd., 1993 to
1998; various management positions, St. Paul Reinsurance Co. Ltd. and St. Paul
Management Ltd., 1989 to 1993.
102
<PAGE>
PART III
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Employment and Severance Agreements and Change-in-Control Arrangements
Prior to the closing of the initial public offering of the Common Stock on
April 27, 1993, the Company entered into an employment agreement with Jon
W. Rotenstreich (the "Employment Agreement") pursuant to which Mr. Rotenstreich
is employed as the Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer of the
Company and of TIG Insurance Group, a subsidiary of the Company, ("TIG"). The
Company has agreed to employ Mr. Rotenstreich for the period commencing on the
closing of the initial public offering of the Common Stock on April 27, 1993,
and ending on the earlier to occur of (i) the fourth anniversary of such date,
or (ii) the first day of the month next following Mr. Rotenstreich's 65th
birthday. Mr. Rotenstreich's employment period will be automatically extended
each year unless Mr. Rotenstreich or the Company gives written notice to the
contrary. Upon a change of control (as defined in the Employment Agreement and
as described below), the employment period will be extended to the earlier of
(i) the fourth anniversary of the change of control, or (ii) the first day of
the month next following Mr. Rotenstreich's 65th birthday.
Mr. Rotenstreich's initial base salary was set forth in his Employment
Agreement at $600,000. During 1996 and for the first time since entering into
the Employment Agreement, Mr. Rotenstreich's base salary was increased as
permitted in the Employment Agreement. No increase in base salary for Mr.
Rotenstreich was made in 1998. See "Certain Information Regarding the Executive
Officers -- Compensation Committee Report on Executive Compensation." Mr.
Rotenstreich is entitled to participate in and receive all benefits under any
and all bonus, short- or long-term incentive, savings and retirement plans, and
welfare benefit plans, practices, policies and programs maintained or provided
by the Company and/or its subsidiaries for the benefit of senior executives.
Under the Employment Agreement, Mr. Rotenstreich received a non-qualified
stock option to purchase 3,500,000 shares of Common Stock. The per share
exercise price of such options equals the price to the public in the initial
public offering of the Common Stock ($22.625). Such options have a ten-year term
and became exercisable with respect to 100% of the aggregate number of
underlying shares on October 19, 1996. If Mr. Rotenstreich's employment is
terminated by reason of death, disability (as defined in the 1993 Long-Term
Incentive Plan) or retirement (as defined in the 1993 Long-Term Incentive Plan),
the unexercised portion of his option may be exercised at any time during the
four-year period commencing on the date of termination. If Mr. Rotenstreich's
employment is terminated by reason of death, by the Company due to disability
(as defined in the Employment Agreement) or for cause (as defined in the
Employment Agreement) or by Mr. Rotenstreich without good reason (as defined in
the Employment Agreements), he or his legal representative will be entitled to,
among other things, his base salary through the date of termination and any
deferred compensation and accrued vacation pay not yet paid by the Company.
103
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PART III
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
If, prior to a change of control, the Company terminates Mr. Rotenstreich's
employment (other than for cause or disability) or he terminates his employment
for good reason (as defined in the Employment Agreement), he will be entitled to
the amounts specified in the preceding sentence, plus the base salary for the
period from the date of termination through the end of the employment period.
If, after a change of control, the Company terminates Mr. Rotenstreich's
employment (other than for cause or disability), or he terminates his employment
for good reason, he will be entitled to, among other things, the base salary
through the date of termination, a payment equal to three times the base salary,
any deferred compensation and accrued vacation not yet paid by the Company and a
special retirement benefit equal to the difference between (a) the retirement
benefits Mr. Rotenstreich would have received if he had remained employed by the
Company for the remainder of the employment period and (b) the actual benefit
that he will receive. If Mr. Rotenstreich's employment is terminated by the
Company for cause, or if he voluntarily terminates his employment without good
reason, for a period of three years he may not engage in any business that is in
competition with the Company or its subsidiaries or solicit or offer employment
to any person that has been employed by the Company during the three months
prior to such solicitation or offer. Additionally, if any payment or
distribution to Mr. Rotenstreich by the Company, any subsidiary or affiliate
would be subject to any "golden parachute payment" excise tax or similar tax,
then he will be entitled to receive an additional gross-up payment in an amount
such that after payment of all taxes by Mr. Rotenstreich attributable to such
additional gross-up payment, he retains an amount equal to the excise tax
imposed upon such parachute payments.
104
<PAGE>
PART III
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A "change of control" of the Company for purposes of the Employment
Agreement will be deemed to occur (i) (A) upon the acquisition by an individual,
entity, or group of the beneficial ownership of 20% or more of (1) the
outstanding Common Stock, or (2) the combined voting power of the Company's
voting securities; provided, however, that the following acquisitions will not
constitute a "change of control": (x) any acquisition by any employee benefit
plan of the Company or any affiliate or (y) any acquisition by any corporation
if, immediately following such acquisition, more than 80% of the outstanding
common stock and the outstanding voting securities of such corporation is
beneficially owned by all or substantially all of those who, immediately prior
to such acquisition, were the beneficial owners of the Common Stock and the
Company's voting securities (in substantially similar proportions as their
ownership of such Company securities immediately prior thereto); or (ii) if the
individuals who, on the date of the closing of the initial public offering of
the Common Stock, constituted the Company's board of directors (the "Incumbent
Board") cease for any reason to constitute at least a majority of the board of
directors; provided, however, that any individual becoming a director subsequent
to the date of the closing of the initial public offering of the Common Stock
whose election, or nomination for election, was approved by at least a majority
of the directors then serving and comprising the Incumbent Board will be
considered a member of the Incumbent Board, but excluding, for this purpose, any
individual whose initial assumption of office occurs as a result of an actual or
threatened election contest or other actual or threatened solicitation of
proxies or consents; or (iii) upon approval by the Company's stockholders of a
reorganization, merger or consolidation, other than one with respect to which
all or substantially all of those who were the beneficial owners, immediately
prior to such reorganization, merger or consolidation, of the Common Stock and
the Company's voting securities beneficially own, immediately after such
transaction, more than 80% of the outstanding common stock and voting securities
of the corporation resulting from such transaction (in substantially the same
proportions as their ownership, immediately prior thereto, of the Common Stock
and the Company's voting securities); or (iv) upon approval by the Company's
stockholders of (A) a complete liquidation or dissolution of the Company or
(B) the sale or other disposition of all or substantially all of the assets of
the Company, other than to a subsidiary of the Company or (v) upon the taking of
certain actions by Transamerica Corporation, which are no longer applicable.
At the time of his employment by the Company as Senior Vice President and
Chief Financial Officer, Edwin G. Pickett entered into a severance arrangement
pursuant to which he will receive a payment equal to eighteen months of his then
current compensation and automatic vesting of his accounts under the Company's
various employee benefit plans in the event of his involuntary termination by
the Company. For this purpose, involuntary termination includes resignation due
to a significant diminution of authority, position or responsibilities without
his consent.
Prior to the closing of the initial public offering of the Common Stock on
April 27, 1993, TIG Reinsurance Company, a subsidiary of the Company ("TIG Re")
entered into an employment agreement with William G. Clark, pursuant to which
Mr. Clark was employed as the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of TIG Re.
Mr. Clark's employment agreement provided for a term of employment expiring on
the first day of the next month following Mr. Clark's 65th birthday. Mr. Clark
retired from his duties with TIG Re and from the Company's Board of Directors in
February 1998. Pursuant to his employment agreement, for two years following his
retirement, Mr. Clark is prohibited from, directly or indirectly, (i) soliciting
for employment certain employees of the Company and its subsidiaries and (ii)
soliciting or diverting the business of certain customers and insureds of the
Company or its subsidiaries.
Additional information required by this item, including but not limited to,
employment arrangements for Ms. Mary Hennessy and Mr. Michael Wacek, is
incorporated by reference from the section entitled "Interest of Certain Persons
in the Merger" in the definitive proxy statement for its special meeting of
stockholders held on March 8, 1999.
105
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PART III
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Summary Compensation Table
The following table sets forth the compensation paid by the Company and its
subsidiaries for services in all capacities during each of the last three years,
or such shorter employment period as is applicable, to (i) the Company's Chief
Executive Officer and (ii) the four most highly compensated executive officers
of the Company or its subsidiaries, other than the Chief Executive Officer, for
the year ended December 31, 1998 (collectively, the "Named Executive Officers").
<TABLE>
Long-term
Annual Compensation Compensation Awards
------------------------------------ ------------------------
Other Annual Restricted Securities
Name and Compensation Stock Underlying All Other
Principal Position Year Salary($) Bonus($) ($) Awards($) Options(#) Compensation($)
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Jon W. Rotenstreich 1998(1) 800,000 0 0 225,014(3) 50,000 93,632(4)
Chairman of the Board 1997 800,000 350,000 0 305,559 593,021 106,192
and Chief Executive 1996 800,000 450,000 0 200,025 75,000 65,566
Officer
Mary R. Hennessy 1998(1) 537,121 0 191,661(2) 225,014(3) 300,000 71,033(4)
President and Chief 1997 400,000 225,000 380,000 0 10,000 36,692
Operating Officer 1996 50,378 0 0 300,625 200,000 1,512
Edwin G. Pickett(5) 1998(1) 530,430 0 0 50,029(3) 20,000 62,045(4)
Former Executive Vice 1997 467,500 200,000 0 101,853 110,823 66,855
President and Chief 1996 467,500 250,000 0 75,023 40,000 40,121
Financial Officer
Michael G. Wacek 1998(1) 429,546 170,000 0 2,000,030(3) 200,000 26,542(4)
President and Chief
Executive Officer of
TIG Reinsurance Co.
Orest B. Stelmach 1998(1) 350,000 200,000 0 175,019(3) 20,000 48,507(4)
Senior Vice President & 1997 275,000 175,000 0 125,010 52,804 40,792
Chief Investment Officer 1996 259,082 185,000 0 128,588 18,000 27,246
</TABLE>
(1) All items on the "1998" line represent amounts paid or granted during the
year 1998, except the cash bonus which was earned in 1998 but was paid in
1999.
(2) Represents tax reimbursement payments made to Ms. Hennessy in connection
with excise tax liability arising out of her termination of employment with
her former employer.
(3) Represents the value on the date of grant of restricted stock awards made
in 1998 as follows: Mr. Rotenstreich: 6,742 shares; Ms. Hennessy: 6,742
shares; Mr. Pickett: 1,499 shares; Mr. Wacek: 59,926 shares; and Mr.
Stelmach: 5,244 shares. At December 31, 1998, the aggregate restricted
stock holdings for each of the Named Executive Officers had a value (based
on a December 31, 1998 closing market price of the Common Stock of
$15.5313) as follows: Mr. Rotenstreich - $361,118; Ms. Hennessy - $260,025;
Mr. Pickett - $113,689; Mr. Wacek - $930,729; and Mr. Stelmach - $198,148.
106
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PART III
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(4) Includes (i) employer contributions in connection with the diversified
savings portion ("DSP") of the Company's Diversified Savings and Profit
Sharing Plan (the "Plan"), of $6,433 to Mr. Wacek's account and of $7,200
to each of the other Named Executive Officer(s); (ii) an allocation under
the Employee Stock Ownership Plan ("ESOP") of $1,600 for each Named
Executive Officer(s); (iii) employer contributions under the profit sharing
portion of the Plan of $5,032 for each Named Executive Officer(s); (iv) a
credit under the profit sharing portion of the Company's Diversified
Savings and Profit Sharing Restoration Plan (the "Restoration Plan") of
$33,600 to Mr. Rotenstreich's account; $24,085 to Ms. Hennessy's account;
$20,300 to Mr. Pickett's account; $10,782 to Mr. Wacek's account; and
$14,600 to Mr. Stelmach's account; (v) a credit under the Company's ESOP
Restoration Plan of $8,400 to Mr. Rotenstreich's account; $6,021 to Ms.
Hennessy's account; $5,075 to Mr. Pickett's account; $2,695 to Mr. Wacek's
account; and $3,650 to Mr. Stelmach's account; and (vi) a credit under the
Company's diversified savings plan portion of the Restoration Plan of
$37,800 to Mr. Rotenstreich's account; $27,095 to Ms. Hennessy's account;
$22,838 to Mr. Pickett's account; and $21,900 to Mr. Stelmach's account.
All of the above information is as of December 31, 1998.
(5) Mr. Pickett terminated his duties with the Company and its Subsidiaries
effective December 31, 1998. See "Employment and Severance Agreements and
Change-In-Control Arrangements".
107
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PART III
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Option Grants in Last Fiscal Year
The following table sets forth information concerning stock option grants
made during 1998 to the Named Executive Officers. These grants are also
reflected in the Summary Compensation Table.
<TABLE>
Individual Grants(1)
---------------------------------------------
Securities Percent of Total Exercise
Underlying Options Granted to or Base Weighted
Options Employees in Price Average
Name Granted(#)(2) Fiscal Year ($/share)(3) Expiration Date Fair Value(4)
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Jon W. Rotenstreich New Stock Options
50,000 3.2% $33.3750 January 21, 2008 $424,000
Mary R. Hennessy New Stock Options
100,000 6.3% $33.3750 January 21, 2008 $848,000
200,000 12.6% $17.4063 August 17, 2008 $1,696,000
Edwin G. Pickett New Stock Options
20,000 1.3% $33.3750 January 21, 2008 $169,600
Ownership Maintenance
Stock Options
9,706 .6% $23.8125 January 11, 2005 $82,307
4,453 .3% $23.8125 January 17, 2004 $37,761
2,693 .2% $23.8125 November 29, 2003 $22,837
Michael G. Wacek New Stock Options
200,000 12.6% $33.3750 January 21 , 2008 $1,696,000
Orest B. Stelmach New Stock Options
20,000 12.6% $33.3750 January 21, 2008 $169,600
</TABLE>
(1) The Company did not grant any stock appreciation rights during 1998 or any
prior year.
(2) All options granted on January 21, 1998 and August 17, 1998 become
exercisable as to 25% of the shares covered thereby on each of the first,
second, third and fourth anniversary of the grant and contain a feature
pursuant to which Ownership Maintenance Stock Options will be granted to
the optionee in the event such optionee pays the exercise price and/or
associated required tax withholdings by actual or constructive delivery of
shares of Common Stock to the Company. The number of shares of Common Stock
represented by the Ownership Maintenance Stock Option will be equal to the
number of shares of Common Stock so delivered and the term of the Ownership
Maintenance Stock Option will be equal to the remaining term of the option
exercised. Ownership Maintenance Stock Options are not exercisable for the
first 6 months from the date of grant. The exercise price of each Ownership
Maintenance Stock Option will be equal to the fair market value of a share
of Common Stock on the date of grant of such option. Vesting of options may
be accelerated upon the occurrence of certain events, including retirement,
as described in the Company's Long-Term Incentive Plans.
108
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PART III
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(3) The exercise price of the options granted is equal to the fair market value
of a share of Common Stock on the date of grant.
(4) The weighted average fair value of options granted during 1998 was $8.48.
The fair value of each option grant is estimated on the date of grant using
the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following weighted-average
assumptions used for grants in 1998, 1997 and 1996, respectively: dividend
yield of 2.95 percent, 1.70 percent and 1.75 percent; expected volatility
of .289, .220, and .201; risk free interest rate of 5 percent, 6 percent
and 7 percent and expected life of 7 years for all years. Because the
Company's employee stock options have characteristics significantly
different from those of traded options, and because changes in the
subjective input assumptions can materially affect the fair value estimate,
in management's opinion, the existing models do not necessarily provide a
reliable single measure of the fair value of its employee stock options. If
the merger of the Company with Fairfax is consummated, all outstanding
options will be cancelled.
109
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PART III
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Aggregated Option Exercises in Last Fiscal Year and Fiscal Year end Option
Values
The following table sets forth information concerning all exercises of
stock options during 1998 by the Named Executive Officers and the year end value
of their unexercised stock options. The Company has not granted any stock
appreciation rights.
<TABLE>
Shares Number of Securities Value of Unexercised
Acquired Value Underlying Unexercised Options In-the-Money Options
on Realized at Fiscal Year End (#) at Fiscal Year end ($)(1)
-------------------------------
Name Exercises (#) ($) Exercisable Unexercisable Exercisable Unexercisable
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Jon W. Rotenstreich 0 0 3,545,609 163,475 0 0
Mary R. Hennessy 0 0 102,500 407,500 0 0
Edwin G. Pickett 18,712 $62,779 371,579 0 (2) 0 0
Michael G. Wacek 0 0 0 200,000 0 0
Orest B. Stelmach 0 0 63,118 51,700 0 0
</TABLE>
(1) For the purpose of the table above, options are "in-the-money" if, on
December 31, 1998, the fair market value of the Common Stock ($15.5313)
exceeded the exercise price of such options. The value of such options is
calculated by determining the difference between the aggregate market price
of the Common Stock covered by the options on December 31, 1998 and the
aggregate exercise price of such options.
(2) The vesting of Mr. Pickett's options was accelerated upon his termination
on December 31, 1998.
Additional information required by this item is incorporated by reference from
the section entitled "Security Ownership of Management and Certain Beneficial
Owners" in the definitive proxy statement for the special meeting of
stockholders held on March 8, 1999.
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Information required by this item is incorporated by reference from the section
entitled "Certain Information Regarding the Executive Officers" in Item 10 of
this Form 10-K.
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Information required by this item is incorporated by reference from the sections
entitled "Security Ownership of Management and Certain Beneficial Owners" in the
definitive proxy statement for its special meeting of stockholders held on March
8, 1999.
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Not applicable.
110
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PART IV
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ITEM 14. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES, AND REPORTS ON
FORM 8-K
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Page
(a) (1) Financial Statements
Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 1998 and 1997....................58
Consolidated Statements of Income for
each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 1998 ...............59
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for each of the three
years in the period ended December 31, 1998..................................60
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity for each
of the three years in the period ended December 31, 1998 ....................61
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for
each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 1998 ...............62
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.................................. 63
(a)(2) Financial Statement Schedules
Schedule II. Condensed Financial Information of
Registrant - TIG Holdings, Inc. (Parent Company Only).......................113
Schedule III. Supplementary Insurance Information ..........................118
Schedule IV. Reinsurance ...................................................120
Schedule V. Valuation Accounts .............................................121
All other schedules specified by Article 7 of Regulation S-X are not required
pursuant to the related instructions or are inapplicable and, therefore,
have been omitted.
(a)(3) Exhibits.............................................................122
Exhibit 12. Computation of Ratio of
Consolidated Earnings to Fixed Charges and Preferred Stock Dividends,
unaudited.................................................................. 128
A copy of exhibits not included with this Form 10-K may be obtained upon request
and payment of the cost of reproduction to the Secretary at the Company's
principal executive office, 65 East 55th Street, 28th Floor, New York, New York
10022.
111
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PART IV
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(b) Reports on Form 8-K
During the last quarter of the fiscal year ended December 31, 1998, the Company
filed (i) a Current Report on Form 8-K dated December 3, 1998 reporting
information under Item 5 with respect to the Company entering into an Agreement
and Plan of Merger dated as of December 3, 1998 among Fairfax Financial Holdings
Limited ("Fairfax"), FFHL, Inc. and the Company which provides for the merger of
FFHL, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Fairfax, with and into the Company, and
(ii) a Current Report on Form 8-K dated December 3, 1998 reporting information
under Item 5 with respect to the to the issuance of a Press Release of the
Company dated December 3, 1998 announcing that the Company had entered into an
Agreement and Plan of Merger dated as of December 3, 1998 among Fairfax
Financial Holdings Limited ("Fairfax"), FFHL, Inc. and the Company which
provides for the merger of FFHL, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Fairfax,
with and into the Company.
During the first quarter of the fiscal year ended December 31, 1999, the Company
filed (i) a Current Report on Form 8-K dated March 8, 1999 reporting information
under Item 7 with respect to the issuance of a Press Release of the Company
dated March 8, 1999 announcing that the shareholders of the Company approved the
Agreement and Plan of Merger dated as of December 3, 1998 among Fairfax
Financial Holdings Limited ("Fairfax"), FFHL, Inc. and the Company which
provides for the merger of FFHL, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Fairfax,
with and into the Company, and (ii) a Current Report on Form 8-K dated March 8,
1999 reporting information under Item 7 with respect to the release of certain
financial information of the Company.
112
<PAGE>
PART IV
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TIG HOLDINGS, INC. SCHEDULE II
CONDENSED BALANCE SHEETS
(Parent Company Only)
<TABLE>
December 31,
-----------------------------------
(In millions) 1998 1997
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------- -----------------
<S> <C> <C>
Assets
Investments:
Fixed maturity investments, at market (cost: $50 in
1998 and $15 in 1997) $50 $16
Short-term and other investments, (cost: $25 in 1998 and 1997) 25 23
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------- -----------------
Total investments 75 39
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------- -----------------
Investment in subsidiaries 1,259 1,392
Accrued investment income - 1
Income taxes 96 80
Other assets 20 13
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------- -----------------
Total assets $1,450 $1,525
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------- -----------------
Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity
Notes payable $99 $98
Junior Subordinated debentures 129 129
Contribution payable to subsidiary - 70
Accounts payable and other liabilities 70 40
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------- -----------------
Total liabilities 298 337
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------- -----------------
Mandatory redeemable preferred stock 25 25
Shareholders' Equity
Common stock - par value $0.01 per share (authorized:
180,000,000; shares issued and outstanding: 67,574,664 shares
in 1998 and 66,955,288 shares in 1997) 1,274 1,257
Retained earnings 229 253
Accumulated other comprehensive income:
Net unrealized investment gain, net of taxes (4) (4)
Net unrealized gain or investment in subsidiaries 89 100
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------- -----------------
1,588 1,606
Treasury stock (16,258,097 shares in 1998 and 15,597,021
shares in 1997) (461) (443)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------- -----------------
Total shareholders' equity 1,127 1,163
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------- -----------------
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity $1,450 $1,525
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------- -----------------
</TABLE>
These financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated
financial Statements and the accompanying notes thereto.
113
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PART IV
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TIG HOLDINGS, INC. SCHEDULE II
CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
(Parent Company Only)
<TABLE>
Years Ended December 31,
-----------------------------------------
(In millions) 1998 1997 1996
------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------- ------------- -------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Revenues
Net investment income $3 $6 $7
Net investment and other loss (9) (12) -
------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------- ------------- -------------
Total revenues (6) (6) 7
------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------- ------------- -------------
Expenses
Selling and administration expenses 86 48 37
Interest expense 21 18 8
Restructuring charges - - 100
------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------- ------------- -------------
Total expenses 107 66 145
------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------- ------------- -------------
Loss before income tax benefit (113) (72) (138)
Income tax benefit 46 24 76
------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------- ------------- -------------
Loss before equity in earnings of subsidiaries (67) (48) (62)
Equity in earnings of subsidiaries 75 100 141
------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------- ------------- -------------
Net income $8 $52 $79
------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------- ------------- -------------
</TABLE>
These financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated
Financial Statements and the accompanying notes thereto.
114
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PART IV
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TIG HOLDINGS, INC. SCHEDULE II
CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(Parent Company Only)
<TABLE>
Year Ended December 31,
(In millions) 1998 1997 1996
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------- ----------- ------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Net income $8 $52 $79
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Unrealized gains (losses) on securities, net of reclassification adjustment 1 (1) -
Unrealized gains (losses) on investment in subsidiaries (11) 46 (58)
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------- ----------- ------------
Other comprehensive income (loss), before income taxes (10) 45 (58)
Provision for income taxes related to other comprehensive income (loss) items (1) - -
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------- ----------- ------------
Other comprehensive income (loss) (11) 45 (58)
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------- ----------- ------------
Comprehensive income (loss) ($3) $97 $21
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------- ----------- ------------
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Holding gain (loss) during year $ -
Reclassification adjustment 1
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
Other comprehensive income $1
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
</TABLE>
These financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated
financial statements and the accompanying notes thereto.
115
<PAGE>
PART V
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TIG HOLDINGS, INC. SCHEDULE II
CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
(Parent Company Only)
<TABLE>
Years Ended December 31,
-----------------------------------------
(In millions) 1998 1997 1996
----------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Common Stock
Balance at beginning of year $1,257 $1,198 $1,186
Common stock issued 10 42 9
Income tax benefit from stock options exercised - 13 -
Conversion of Class A common stock - - 1
Amortization of unearned compensation 7 4 2
----------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
Balance at end of year 1,274 1,257 1,198
----------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
Class A common stock
Balance at beginning of year - - 1
Conversion of Class A common stock - - (1)
----------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
Balance at end of year - - -
----------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
Retained earnings
Balance at beginning of year 253 234 168
Net income 8 52 79
Common stock dividends (30) (31) (11)
Preferred stock dividends (2) (2) (2)
----------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
Balance at end of year 229 253 234
----------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
Accumulated other comprehensive income
Balance at beginning of year 96 51 109
Change in unrealized gain (loss) on fixed maturity
investments (11) 46 (58)
Change in unrealized gains (loss) on investment in
subsidiaries (11) 46 (58)
----------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
Balance at end of year 85 96 51
----------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
Treasury stock
Balance at beginning of year (443) (276) (88)
Treasury stock purchased (18) (167) (188)
----------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
Balance at end of year (461) (443) (276)
----------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
Total shareholders' equity at end of year $1,127 $1,163 $1,207
----------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
</TABLE>
These financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated
financial statements and the accompanying notes thereto.
116
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PART IV
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TIG HOLDINGS, INC. SCHEDULE II
CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOW
(Parent Company Only)
<TABLE>
Years Ended December 31,
-----------------------------------------
(In millions) 1998 1997 1996
----------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Operating Activities
Net income $8 $52 $79
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net
cash provided by operating activities:
Changes in:
Income taxes (16) (48) (58)
Accrued investment income - (1) 1
Equity in earnings of subsidiaries (75) (100) (141)
Dividends received from subsidiaries 199 145 130
Other 43 (23) 54
----------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
Net cash provided by operating activities 159 25 65
----------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
Investing Activities
Purchases of fixed maturity investments (109) (123) (67)
Sales of fixed maturity investments 74 96 187
Maturities and calls of fixed maturities investments 1 11 5
Purchases of common stock investments (39) (3) (2)
Sales of common stock investments 29 11 -
Net change in short-term investments 2 8 4
Capital contributions to subsidiaries (70) - -
Other (7) (5) 2
----------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
Net cash provided by (used in) investing (119) (5) 129
activities
----------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
Financing Activities
Junior Subordinated debentures issued - 125 -
Net proceeds from issuance of common stock 10 42 8
Income tax benefit from stock options exercised - 13 -
Acquisition of treasury stock (17) (167) (188)
Common stock dividends (31) (31) (12)
Preferred stock dividends (2) (2) (2)
----------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
Net cash used in financing activities (40) (20) (194)
----------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
Increase (decrease) in cash - - -
Cash at beginning of period - - -
----------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
Cash at end of period $- $- $ -
----------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
</TABLE>
These financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated
Financial Statements and the accompanying notes thereto.
117
<PAGE>
PART IV
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TIG HOLDINGS, INC. SCHEDULE III
SUPPLEMENTARY INSURANCE INFORMATION
<TABLE>
Future Policy
Benefits, Other Policy Benefits,
(In millions) Deferred Losses, Claims Claims,
Policy Claims and and Net Losses and
Acquisition Loss Unearned Benefits Premium Investment Settlement
(In millions) Costs Expenses (1) Premium (1) Payable Revenue Income (2) Expenses
- ------------------------------ ------------- -------------- ------------- -------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Year Ended December 31, 1998
Primary:
Commercial Specialty $82 $ - $ - $ - $702 $ - $499
Custom Markets 7 - - 276 - 239
Other Lines - - - - (22) - (28)
- ------------------------------ ------------- -------------- ------------- -------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
- ------------------------------ ------------- -------------- ------------- -------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
Total Primary 89 2,595 544 - 956 110 710
Reinsurance 48 1505 175 - 491 122 331
Parent - - - - - 3 -
- ------------------------------ ------------- -------------- ------------- -------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
Total 137 4,100 719 - 1,447 235 1,041
- ------------------------------ ------------- -------------- ------------- -------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
Year Ended December 31, 1997
Primary:
Commercial Specialty 72 - - - 500 - 322
Custom Markets 16 - - - 158 - 108
Other Lines 1 - - - 292 - 215
- ------------------------------ ------------- -------------- ------------- -------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
Total Primary 89 2,351 512 - 950 156 645
Reinsurance 66 1,584 226 - 516 128 506
Parent - - - - - 6 -
- ------------------------------ ------------- -------------- ------------- -------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
Total 155 3.935 738 - 1,466 290 1,151
- ------------------------------ ------------- -------------- ------------- -------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
Year Ended December 31, 1996
Primary:
Commercial Specialty 45 - - - 416 - 289
Custom Markets 3 - - - 95 - 55
Other Lines 32 - - - 494 - 408
- ------------------------------ ------------- -------------- ------------- -------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
Total Primary 80 2,418 470 - 1,005 163 752
Reinsurance 64 1,342 226 - 534 120 386
Parent - - - - - 7 -
- ------------------------------ ------------- -------------- ------------- -------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
Total $144 $3,760 $696 $- $1,539 $290 $1,138
- ------------------------------ ------------- -------------- ------------- -------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
</TABLE>
(1) Ceded unearned premium, loss and LAE reserves are not identifiable on a
segment basis. Thus, net unearned premium reserves, loss reserves and LAE
reserves cannot be separately stated.
(2) Investable asset information is not maintained on a segment basis. Net
investment income is based upon each unit's (Primary, Reinsurance and
Parent) investable assets.
(3) Other operating expense are allocated primarily on the specific
identification basis. Where indirect expenses cannot be directly related to
a segment, these expenses are reallocated on a rational basis depending on
the nature of the expense (e.g., premium written, head count, etc.).
118
<PAGE>
PART IV
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TIG HOLDINGS, INC. SCHEDULE III-cont'd
SUPPLEMENTARY INSURANCE INFORMATION
<TABLE>
Amortization
of Deferred
Policy Other
Acquisition Operating Net Premium
(In millions) Costs Expenses(3) Written
- ------------------------------ ------------- -------------- -------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Year Ended December 31, 1998
Primary:
Commercial Specialty $193 $32 $747
Custom Markets 80 20 280
Other Lines 1 (14) (27)
- ------------------------------ ------------- -------------- -------------
- ------------------------------ ------------- -------------- -------------
Total Primary 274 38 1,000
Reinsurance 151 39 418
Parent - 81 -
- ------------------------------ ------------- -------------- -------------
Total 425 158 1,418
- ------------------------------ ------------- -------------- -------------
Year Ended December 31, 1997
Primary:
Commercial Specialty 132 30 592
Custom Markets 33 29 185
Other Lines 87 (18) 144
- ------------------------------ ------------- -------------- -------------
Total Primary 252 41 921
Reinsurance 139 34 515
Parent - 44 -
- ------------------------------ ------------- -------------- -------------
Total 391 119 1,436
- ------------------------------ ------------- -------------- -------------
Year Ended December 31, 1996
Primary:
Commercial Specialty 101 29 441
Custom Markets 23 11 99
Other Lines 81 55 441
- ------------------------------ ------------- -------------- -------------
Total Primary 205 95 981
Reinsurance 142 20 548
Parent - 37 -
- ------------------------------ ------------- -------------- -------------
Total $347 $152 $1,529
- ------------------------------ ------------- -------------- -------------
</TABLE>
(1) Ceded unearned premium, loss and LAE reserves are not identifiable on a
segment basis. Thus, net unearned premium reserves, loss reserves and LAE
reserves cannot be separately stated.
(2) Investable asset information is not maintained on a segment basis. Net
investment income is based upon each unit's (Primary, Reinsurance and
Parent) investable assets.
(3) Other operating expense are allocated primarily on the specific
identification basis. Where indirect expenses cannot be directly related to
a segment, these expenses are reallocated on a rational basis depending on
the nature of the expense (e.g., premium written, head count, etc.).
119
<PAGE>
PART IV
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TIG HOLDINGS, INC. SCHEDULE IV
REINSURANCE
<TABLE>
Other
Companies and Percentage
Ceded to Involuntary of Amount
Gross Other Pools Net Amount Assumed to
(In millions) Amount Companies Net
- --------------------------------------------- ------------- ------------- -------------- ------------- -------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Year Ended December 31, 1998
Property and Casualty premium $1,323 $716 $840 $1,447 58.05%
- --------------------------------------------- ------------- ------------- -------------- ------------- -------------
Year Ended December 31, 1997
Property and Casualty premium $1,232 $433 $667 $1,466 45.50%
- --------------------------------------------- ------------- ------------- -------------- ------------- -------------
Year Ended December 31, 1996
Property and Casualty premium $1,307 $400 $632 $1,539 41.07%
- --------------------------------------------- ------------- ------------- -------------- ------------- -------------
</TABLE>
120
<PAGE>
PART IV
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TIG HOLDINGS, INC. SCHEDULE V
VALUATION ACCOUNTS
<TABLE>
Additions
------------------------------
Balance at Charged to Charged to Balance at
Beginning of Costs and Other Accounts End of Period
(In millions) Period Expenses Deductions (1)
- ------------------------------------------ --------------- -------------- --------------- ----------------- ---------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Year Ended December 31, 1998
Allowance for doubtful accounts -
premium receivable $5 $8 $ - $ - $13
Allowance for doubtful accounts -
reinsurance recoverable on paid
losses 6 10 - (3) 13
Allowance for doubtful accounts -
reinsurance recoverable on
unpaid losses 3 20 - (3) 20
- ------------------------------------------ --------------- -------------- --------------- ----------------- ---------------
Total $14 $38 $ - ($6) $46
- ------------------------------------------ --------------- -------------- --------------- ----------------- ---------------
Year Ended December 31, 1997
Allowance for doubtful accounts -
premium receivable $4 $1 $ - $- $5
Allowance for doubtful accounts -
reinsurance recoverable on paid
losses 6 - - - 6
Allowance for doubtful accounts -
reinsurance recoverable on
unpaid losses 3 - - - 3
- ------------------------------------------ --------------- -------------- --------------- ----------------- ---------------
Total $13 $1 $ - $ - $14
- ------------------------------------------ --------------- -------------- --------------- ----------------- ---------------
</TABLE>
(1) Deductions represent the write-off of specific amounts due from
policyholders or reinsurers.
121
<PAGE>
PART IV
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Exhibit 2.1: Agreement and Plan of Merger dated as of December 3, 1998, between
TIG Holdings, and Fairfax Financial Holdings Limited (incorporated by reference
from Appendix A in the definitive proxy statement for the special Meeting of
Stockholders on March 8, 1999).
Exhibit 3.l: Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of TIG Holdings
as filed with the Delaware Secretary of State on April 16, 1993 (incorporated by
reference to Exhibit 3.1 to TIG Holdings' Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the
quarter ended March 31, 1993).
Exhibit 3.2: Amended and Restated Bylaws of TIG Holdings as adopted by TIG
Holdings' Board of Directors on May 18, 1993 (incorporated by reference to
Exhibit 3.2 to TIG Holdings' Registration Statement on Form S-8, File No.
33-63148).
Exhibit 4.1: Certificate of Designation of TIG Holdings relating to the $7.75
Cumulative Preferred Stock of TIG Holdings as filed with the Delaware Secretary
of State on April 16, 1993 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to TIG
Holdings' Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 1993).
Exhibit 4.2: Indenture dated as of April 1, 1995, between TIG Holdings and the
First National Bank of Chicago, as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit
4.2 to Registration Statement No. 33-90594, filed March 24, 1995).
Exhibit 4.3: Junior Subordinated Indenture, dated January 30, 1997, between TIG
Holdings and The Chase Manhattan Bank, as Trustee (incorporated by reference to
Exhibit 4.3 to TIG Holding' Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended
March 31, 1997).
Exhibit 4.4: Certificate of Trust of TIG Capital Trust I, dated January 24,
1997, between TIG Holdings, and The Chase Manhattan Bank, Chase Manhattan Bank
of Delaware, as Trustees (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to TIG
Holdings' Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 1997).
Exhibit 4.5: Capital Securities Guarantee Agreement, dated January 30, 1997,
between TIG Holdings and The Chase Manhattan Bank, as Trustee (incorporated by
reference to Exhibit 4.5 to TIG Holdings' Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the
quarter ended March 31, 1997).
Exhibit 4.6: Trust Agreement, dated January 24, 1997, between TIG Holdings and
The Chase Manhattan Bank, Chase Manhattan Bank Delaware, as Trustees
(incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.6 to TIG Holdings' Quarterly Report on
Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 1997).
Exhibit 4.7: Amended and Restated Trust Agreement dated January 30, 1997,
between TIG Holdings the Administrators named therein and The Chase Manhattan
Bank, Chase Manhattan Bank Delaware, as Trustees (incorporated by reference to
Exhibit 4.7 to TIG Holdings' Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended
March 31, 1997).
Exhibit 4.8: Form of Capital Securities Certificate of TIG Capital Trust I,
(included as Exhibit E to Exhibit 4.7).
Exhibit 10.1: Master Leasing Agreement dated December 1, 1995 between BLC
Corporation as Lessor, and TIG Insurance Company, as Lessee (incorporated by
reference to Exhibit 10.1 to TIG Holdings' Annual Report on Form 10-K for the
year ended December 31, 1995).
122
<PAGE>
PART IV
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Exhibit 10.2: Trade Name and Service Mark License Agreement dated April 16, 1993
by and between Transamerica and TIG Insurance Group (incorporated by reference
to Exhibit 10.5 to TIG Holdings' Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter
ended March 31, 1993).
Exhibit 10.3: Employment Agreement dated April 19, 1993 by and between TIG
Holdings and Jon W. Rotenstreich (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 to
TIG Holdings' Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31,
1993).
Exhibit 10.4: Employment Agreement dated April 19, 1993 by and between TIG
Holdings and Don D. Hutson (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 to TIG
Holdings' Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 1993).
Exhibit 10.5: Employment Agreement dated March 23, 1993 by and between
Transamerica Reinsurance Company and William G. Clark (incorporated by reference
to Exhibit 10.12 to TIG Holdings' Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter
ended March 31, 1993).
Exhibit 10.6: Employment Agreement dated March 23, 1993 by and between
Transamerica Reinsurance Company and Edwin M. Millette (incorporated by
reference to Exhibit 10.18 to TIG Holdings' Annual Report on Form 10-K for the
year ended December 31, 1994).
Exhibit 10.7: Letter to Edwin M. Millette re: Employment Agreement (incorporated
by reference to Exhibit 10.19 to TIG Holdings' Annual Report on Form 10-K for
the year ended December 31, 1994).
Exhibit 10.8: Letter from TIG Holdings to Edwin G. Pickett dated June 15, 1993
and June 22, 1993 concerning certain provisions of Mr. Pickett's employment with
TIG Holdings (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.32 to Amendment No. I to
TIG Holdings' Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 1993).
Exhibit 10.9: TIG Holdings, Inc. 1993 Non-Employee Directors Restricted Share
Program (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.21 to TIG Holdings' Quarterly
Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 1993).
Exhibit 10.10: Amendment to TIG Holdings, Inc. 1993 Non-Employee Directors
Restricted Share Program (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.22 to
Amendment No. I to TIG Holdings' Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended
December 31, 1993).
Exhibit 10.11: TIG Holdings, Inc. Common Stock Restricted Share Agreement
(incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to TIG Holdings' Registration
Statement on Form S-8, File No. 33-66650).
Exhibit 10.12: TIG Holdings, Inc. 1993 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by
reference to Exhibit 10.13 to TIG Holdings' Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for
the quarter ended March 31, 1993).
Exhibit 10.13: TIG Holdings, Inc. Employee Stock Ownership Plan (incorporated by
reference to Exhibit 10.14 to TIG Holdings' Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for
the quarter ended March 31, 1993).
Exhibit 10.14: Employee Stock Ownership Plan Trust Agreement dated April 27,
1993 by and between TIG Holdings and Bank of America National Trust and Savings
Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.15 to TIG
Holdings' Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 1993).
123
<PAGE>
PART IV
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Exhibit 10.15: Loan and Stock Purchase Agreement dated April 27, 1993 by and
between TIG Holdings and Bank of America National Trust and Savings Association,
as trustee of the TIG Holdings, Inc. Employee Stock Ownership Plan (incorporated
by reference to Exhibit 10.16 to TIG Holdings' Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for
the quarter ended March 31, 1993).
Exhibit 10.16: TIG Holdings, Inc. Diversified Savings Plan (incorporated by
reference to Exhibit 10.17 to TIG Holdings' Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for
the quarter ended March 31, 1993).
Exhibit 10.17: Diversified Savings Plan Trust Agreement dated April 27, 1993 by
and between TIG Holdings and Bank of America National Trust and Savings
Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.18 to TIG
Holdings' Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 1993).
Exhibit 10.18: TIG Holdings, Inc. Employee Profit Sharing Plan (incorporated by
reference to Exhibit 10.19 to TIG Holdings' Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for
the quarter ended March 31, 1993).
Exhibit 10.19: Profit Sharing Plan Trust Agreement dated April 27, 1993 by and
between TIG Holdings and Bank of America National Trust and Savings Association,
as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.19 to TIG Holdings'
Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 1993).
Exhibit 10.20: Amendment No. 3 dated February 16, 1995 to each of Employee Stock
Ownership Plan, Employees' Profit Sharing Plan and Diversified Savings Plan
(incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.34 to TIG Holdings' Annual Report on
Form 10K for the year ended December 31, 1994).
Exhibit 10.21: Credit Agreement, dated as of December 14, 1995, by and among TIG
Holdings, the lenders party thereto, Chemical Bank, as the Administrative Agent,
and Morgan Guaranty Trust Company of New York, as the Document Agent
(incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.21 to TIG Holdings' Annual Report on
Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 1995).
Exhibit 10.22: Office Lease dated October 4, 1993 by and between T-Las Colinas
Towers Corp. and TIC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.28 to TIG
Holdings' Registration Statement on Form S-1, File No. 33-71818).
Exhibit 10.23: Amendment No. I dated November 7, 1994 to each of TIG Holdings,
Inc. Employee Stock Ownership Plan, Employees' Profit Sharing Plan and
Diversified Savings Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.32 to TIG
Holdings' Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 1994).
Exhibit 10.24: Amendment No. 2 dated December 14, 1994 to each of TIG Holdings,
Inc. Employee Stock Ownership Plan, Employees' Profit Sharing Plan and
Diversified Savings Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.33 to TIG
Holdings' Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 1994).
Exhibit 10.25: Environmental Reimbursement of Loss Agreement dated April 27,
1993 by and between Transamerica Insurance Company and Pyramid Insurance Company
of Bermuda, Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to TIG Holdings'
Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 1993).
124
<PAGE>
PART IV
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Exhibit 10.26: TIG Holdings, Inc. 1996 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by
reference to Exhibit 10.1 to TIG Holdings' Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the
quarter ended June 30, 1996).
Exhibit 10.27: TIG Holdings, Inc. 1996 Non-Employee Directors Program
(incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to TIG Holdings' Quarterly Report on
Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 1996).
Exhibit 10.28: TIG Holdings, Inc. Annual Incentive Compensation Plan for Certain
Executives (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to TIG Holdings Quarterly
Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 1996).
Exhibit 10.29: TIG Holdings Inc. 1993 Long-term Incentive Plan Stock Option
Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to TIG Holdings' Quarterly
Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 1996).
Exhibit 10.30: TIG Holdings, Inc. 1993 Long-term Incentive Plan Restricted Share
Award Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to TIG Holdings'
Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 1996).
Exhibit 10.31: TIG Holdings, Inc. 1996 Long-Term Incentive Plan Stock Option
Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to TIG Holdings' Quarterly
Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 1996).
Exhibit 10.32: TIG Holdings, Inc. 1996 Long-Term Incentive Plan Executive
Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7
to TIG Holdings' Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30,
1996).
Exhibit 10.33: TIG Holdings, Inc. ESOP Restoration Plan (incorporated by
reference to Exhibit 10.7 to TIG Holdings' Annual Report on Form 10-K for the
year ended December 31, 1996).
Exhibit 10.34: TIG Holdings, Inc. Profit Sharing Restoration Plan (incorporated
by reference to Exhibit 10.34 to TIG Holdings' Annual Report on Form 10-K for
the year ended December 31, 1996).
Exhibit 10.35: Amendment effective January 1, 1997 to the TIG Holdings, Inc.
Diversified Savings Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.35 to TIG
Holdings' Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 1996).
Exhibit 10.36: Amendment effective January 1, 1997 to the TIG Holdings, Inc.
ESOP Restoration Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.36 to TIG
Holdings' Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 1996).
Exhibit 10.37: Amendment effective January 1, 1997 to the TIG Holdings, Inc.
Profit Sharing Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.37 to TIG Holdings'
Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 1996).
Exhibit 10.38: Separation Agreement (in replacement of employment agreement)
dated May 1, 1997, between TIG Holdings Inc., and Don D. Hutson (incorporated by
reference to Exhibit 10.1 to TIG Holdings' Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the
quarter ended June 30, 1997).
125
<PAGE>
PART IV
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Exhibit 10.39: TIG Holdings, Inc. 1996 Long-Term Incentive Plan Restricted Share
Award Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to TIG Holdings'
Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 1997).
Exhibit 10.40: Tax Reimbursement Agreement dated November 11, 1996, between TIG
Holdings and Mary R. Hennessy (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to TIG
Holdings' Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30,
1997).
Exhibit 10.41: Purchase and Sale Agreement dated as of September 30, 1997, by
and between TIG Insurance Company and Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company
(incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to TIG Holdings' Quarterly Report on
Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 1997).
Exhibit 10.42: Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated as of December 17,
1997 among TIG Holdings, the lenders party thereto, the letter of credit issuing
lenders named therein, The Chase Manhattan Bank (successor to Chemical Bank), as
Administrative Agent and Morgan Guaranty Trust Company of New York, as
Documentation Agent.
Exhibit 10.43: TIG Holdings, Inc. 1996 Long-Term Incentive Plan Share Award
Agreement.
Exhibit 10.44: TIG Holdings, Inc. 1996 Long-Term Incentive Plan Executive Stock
Option Agreement.
Exhibit 10.45: Agreement dated as of January 16, 1998, by an among TIG
Reinsurance Company, TIG Holdings and Michael G. Wacek.
Exhibit 10.46: Transition Services Agreement dated June 11, 1998 between TIG
Holdings, Inc. and Edwin G. Pickett (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1
to TIG Holdings' Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September
30, 1998).
Exhibit 10.47: Employment Agreement dated August 18, 1998 between TIG Holdings,
Inc. and Mary R. Hennessy (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to TIG
Holdings' Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30,
1998).
Exhibit 12: Statement re: Computation of Ratio of Consolidated Earnings to Fixed
Charges and Preferred Stock Dividends.
Exhibit 21: Subsidiaries of TIG Holdings.
Exhibit 23.1: Consent of Ernst & Young LLP
Exhibit 24.1: Powers of Attorney.
126
<PAGE>
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EXHIBIT 12
127
<PAGE>
PART IV
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TIG HOLDINGS, INC. EXHIBIT 12
COMPUTATION OF RATIO OR CONSOLIDATED EARNINGS
TO FIXED CHARGES AND PREFERRED STOCK DIVIDENDS
(unaudited)
<TABLE>
Years Ended December 31,
--------------------------------------------------------------
(In millions) 1998 1997 1996
- ---------------------------------------------------------- -------------------- -------------------- --------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Earnings:
Pre-tax income (loss) from continuing operations ($1) $62 $75
Fixed charges, excluding preferred
stock dividends 29 25 16
- ---------------------------------------------------------- -------------------- -------------------- --------------------
Earnings $28 $87 $91
- ---------------------------------------------------------- -------------------- -------------------- --------------------
Fixed charges:
Interest expense $23 $20 $9
Interest portion of operating leases,
net of subleasing income 6 5 7
Preferred stock dividends requirements 2 2 2
- ---------------------------------------------------------- -------------------- -------------------- --------------------
Fixed Charges $31 $27 $18
- ---------------------------------------------------------- -------------------- -------------------- --------------------
Ratio of earnings to fixed charges 0.9 3.2 5.1
- ---------------------------------------------------------- -------------------- -------------------- --------------------
</TABLE>
128
<PAGE>
EXHIBIT 21
129
<PAGE>
TIG Holdings, Inc.
List of Subsidiaries
State of
Incorporation
TIG Holdings, Inc. Delaware
TIG Insurance Group California
Rusco Services, Inc. California
TIG Holdings 3, Inc. Delaware
PwC Financial Solutions, LLC Delaware
TIG Insurance Company California
TIG Holdings 4, Inc. Delaware
TIG Premier Insurance Company California
Countrywide Corporation Texas
Industrial County Mutual Texas
TIG Lloyds Insurance Company Texas
TIG Indemnity Company California
TIG Insurance Company of Texas Texas
TIG Reinsurance Company Connecticut
Investment Subsidiary Two Corporation Delaware
Investment Subsidiary Three Corporation Delaware
Investment Subsidiary Four Corporation Delaware
TIG Re UK Holdings Company Delaware
Fairmont Insurance Company California
TIG American Specialty Insurance Company Texas
TIG Insurance Company of Colorado Colorado
TIG Insurance Corporation of America Michigan
TIG Insurance Company of Michigan Michigan
TIG Insurance Company of New York New York
Investment Subsidiary One Corporation Delaware
TIG Specialty Insurance Company California
130
<PAGE>
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EXHIBIT 23.1
131
<PAGE>
CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT AUDITORS
We consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statement (Form
S-8 No. 33-61564) pertaining to the TIG Holdings, Inc. 1993 Long-Term Incentive
Plan, in the Registration Statement (Form S-8 No. 33-61970) pertaining to the
TIG Holdings, Inc. Diversified Savings Plan, in the Registration Statement (Form
S-8 No. 33-63148) pertaining to the TIG Holdings, Inc. 1993 Non-Employee
Directors Restricted Share Program, in the Registration Statement Form S-8 No.
33-66650) pertaining to the Common Stock Restricted Share Agreement, in the
Registration Statement (Form S-3 No. 33-90594) of TIG Holdings, Inc. and related
Prospectus pertaining to the registration of $100,000,000 of 8 1/8% Notes due
2005, in the Registration Statement (Form S-8 No. 333-18281) pertaining to the
TIG Holdings, Inc. Diversified Savings Restoration Plan in the Post Effective
Amendment No. 1 to the Registration Statement (Form S-8 No. 33-61564) pertaining
to the TIG Holdings, Inc. 1993 Long-Term Incentive Plan, the TIG Holdings, Inc.
1996 Long-Term Incentive Plan, the TIG Holdings, Inc., 1996 Non-Employee
Directors Compensation Program and the TIg Holdings, Inc. September 1996
Consultant Stock Option Agreement, in the Registrtion Statement (form S-8 No.
333-15735) pertaining to the TIG Holdings, Inc. 1996 Long-Term Incentive Plan,
the TIG Holdings, Inc. September 1996 consultanct Stock Option Agreement and the
Registration Statement (Form F-9 No. 333-10122) of Fairfax Financial Holdings,
Limited and related Prospectus pertaining to the registration of $275,000,000 of
7.375% Notes due March 15, 2006, of our report dated February 3, 1999 with
respect to the consolidated financial statements and schedules of TIG Holdings,
Inc. and subsidiaries included in the Annual Report (Form 10-K) for the year
ended December 31, 1998.
/s/Ernst & Young LLP
Dallas, Texas
March 30, 1999
132
<PAGE>
EXHIBIT 24.1
Power of Attorney
From the Board of Directors
133
<PAGE>
POWER OF ATTORNEY
KNOW ALL MEN BY THEIR PRESENCE, that each person whose signature appears
below constitutes and appoints Jon W. Rotenstreich, John D. Swanson and William
Henry Huff, III (each of them with full power of substitution and with full
power to act without the other) his or her true and lawful attorneys-in-fact and
agent for the undersigned in such person's name, place and stead, in all and all
capacities, to sign an Annual Report for 1998 on Form 10-K and any and all
subsequent amendments thereto and to file them so signed, with all exhibits
thereto, and any and all other documents in connection therewith, with the
Securities and Exchange Commission, hereby granting unto said attorneys-in-fact
and agents, and each of them, full power and authority to do and perform any and
all acts and things requisite and necessary to be done in and about the
premises, as fully to all intends and purposes as he or she might or could do in
person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and
agents or any of them, of their substitutes, may lawfully do or cause to be done
by virtue hereof.
Dated: March 30, 1999
By: /s/JON W. ROTENSTREICH* By: /s/MARY R. HENNESSY*
Name: Jon W Rotenstreich Name: Mary R. Hennessy
Title: Director, Chairman of the Board Title: President,
and Chief Executive Officer Chief Operating Officer
(Principal Executive Officer) and Director
By: /s/JOHN D. SWANSON* By: /s/PATRICIA S. PICKARD*
Name: John D. Swanson Name: Patricia S. Pickard
Title: Senior Vice President a Title: Senior Vice President
Chief Financial Officer and Controller of
(Principal Financial Officer) TIG Insurance Company
(Principal Accounting
Officer)
By: /s/GEORGE B. BIETZEL* By: /s/JOEL S. EHRENKRANZ*
Name: George B Bietzel Name: Joel S. Ehrenkranz
Title: Director Title: Director
By: /s/GEORGE D. GOULD By: /s/THE RT. HON.LORD MOORE
Name: George D. Gould Name: The Rt. Hon. Lord Moore
Title: Director Title: Director
By: /s/WILLIAM W. PRIEST, JR. By: /s/ANN W. RICHARDS
Name: William W. Priest, Jr. Name: Ann W. Richards
Title: Director Title: Director
By: /s/HAROLD TANNER
Name: Harold Tanner
Title: Director
134
<PAGE>
SIGNATURES
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange
Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its
behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
TIG HOLDINGS, INC.
By: /s/PATRICIA S. PICKARD
Name: Patricia S. Pickard
Title: Senior Vice President
and Controller of
TIG Insurance Company
(Principal Accounting Officer)
Date: March 30, 1999
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report
has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and
in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
By: /s/JON W. ROTENSTREICH* By: /s/GEORGE B. BEITZEL*
Jon W. Rotenstreich George B. Beitzel
Chairman of the Board and Director
Chief Executive Officer and Director
(Principal Executive Officer) By: /s/JOEL S. EHRENKRANZ*
Joel S. Ehrenkranz
Director
By: /s/MARY R. HENNESSY*
President, Chief Operating Officer By: /s/THE RT. HON. LORD MOORE*
and Director The Rt. Hon. Lord Moore
Director
By: /s/JOHN D. SWANSON* By: /s/WILLIAM W. PRIEST, JR.*
Senior Vice President and William W. Priest, Jr.
Chief Financial Officer Director
(Principal Financial Officer)
By: /s/ANN W. RICHARDS*
Ann W. Richards
Director
By: /s/HAROLD TANNER*
Harold Tanner
Director
Date: March 30, 1999
By: /s/WILIAM H. HUFF, III
William H. Huff, III
Attorney-in-Fact
135
<PAGE>
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