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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
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FORM 10-K
[X] ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE
SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1999
OR
[ ] TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE
SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
COMMISSION FILE NUMBER 0-22570
LYNX THERAPEUTICS, INC.
(EXACT NAME OF REGISTRANT AS SPECIFIED IN ITS CHARTER)
<TABLE>
<S> <C>
DELAWARE 94-3161073
(STATE OR OTHER JURISDICTION OF (IRS EMPLOYER IDENTIFICATION NO.)
INCORPORATION OR ORGANIZATION)
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25861 INDUSTRIAL BLVD., HAYWARD, CA 94545
(ADDRESS OF PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICES, INCLUDING ZIP CODE)
(510) 670-9300
(REGISTRANT'S TELEPHONE NUMBER, INCLUDING AREA CODE)
SECURITIES REGISTERED PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OF THE ACT: NONE
SECURITIES REGISTERED PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(g) OF THE ACT:
COMMON STOCK, $.01 PAR VALUE
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports
required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities and Exchange Act
of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the
Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such
filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes [X] No [ ]
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item
405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the
best of Registrant's knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements
incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this
Form 10-K. [ ]
The number of shares of common stock of the Registrant outstanding as of
February 15, 2000, was 11,264,850. The aggregate market value of the common
stock of the Registrant held by non-affiliates as of February 15, 2000, was
$613,430,027.
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PART I
ITEM 1. BUSINESS
Except for the historical information contained herein, the following
discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and
uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those discussed
here. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but
are not limited to, those discussed in this section, "-- Business Risks" and
"Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results
of Operations."
OVERVIEW
We are a leader in the development and application of novel technologies
for the discovery of gene expression patterns and genomic variations important
to the pharmaceutical, biotechnology and agricultural industries. These
technologies are based on Megaclone, our unique and proprietary cloning
procedure, which transforms a sample containing millions of DNA molecules into
one made up of millions of micro-beads, each of which carries approximately
100,000 copies of one of the DNA molecules in the sample. In contrast to
conventional cloning, in which an individual DNA molecule is selected from a
sample and amplified into many copies for analysis or identification, we can
capture on one set of micro-beads clones of nearly all the DNA sequences that
characterize a sample. Once attached to the micro-beads, these clones can be
handled and subjected to experiments and analyses all at the same time.
Megaclone thereby enables many analyses or characterizations to be conducted
that would otherwise be too cumbersome or onerous to conduct using conventional
procedures where each clone must be addressed individually. Based on Megaclone,
we have developed a suite of applications that have the potential to enhance the
pace, scale and quality of genomics and genetics research programs. Currently,
our principal collaborators and customers are BASF AG, E.I. DuPont de Nemours
and Company, Aventis CropScience GmbH and Oxagen Limited.
Technologies we have developed that leverage the power of Megaclone are:
- Massively Parallel Signature Sequencing, or MPSS -- which generates
simultaneously, from a million or more Megaclone micro-beads, sequence
information that uniquely identifies a sample's DNA molecules without the
need for individual conventional sequencing reactions.
- Megasort -- which enables researchers to focus on potential target genes
by permitting, from a single experiment, the direct physical isolation of
nearly all the genes differentially expressed between samples.
We are also developing the following application based on Megaclone:
- Megatype -- which, when fully developed, should enable a single
experiment to yield directly, without individual genotyping, those
disease- or trait-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms, or SNPs,
that differentiate large populations of genomes.
We are developing additional applications of these technologies, as well as
new technologies aimed at addressing the needs of the pharmaceutical,
biotechnology and agricultural industries. For example, we are developing the
ability to assemble high-resolution genomic maps based on sequences obtained
from the application of our MPSS technology. We also are working on a new
separation technology in the area of proteomics to provide high-resolution
analysis of complex mixtures of proteins from cells or tissues of interest.
In addition to our work with collaborators and customers, we intend to
apply our suite of technologies in selected biological areas to develop products
internally to discover and then license or sell gene targets, validated gene
targets, genetic associations, genomic maps and other products. For example, we
are pursuing projects directed to gene discovery and target validation in
immunopathology and, through BASF-LYNX, our joint venture with BASF, central
nervous system disorders.
INDUSTRY BACKGROUND
The approaching publication of the first draft sequence of the human genome
is a milestone in the history of genetics and genomics. However, the ensuing
challenge for researchers in industry and academia alike will
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be to explore the multitude of genomic variations and to discover, from the
analysis of these differences, the functions of genes and their roles in health
and disease. It is this work a post genome-sequencing, that is expected to lead
to commercial opportunities and ultimately to the discovery of new therapies for
unmet medical needs and to provide the basis for the emerging fields of
pharmacogenetics and individualized patient therapy.
Many diseases result from a malfunction of the genetically programmed
protective response to insults, such as trauma, infection, stress or an
inherited mutant gene. That malfunction may result in inadequate, misguided or
exaggerated gene expression, unfolding a complex pathogenic process which may
resolve itself, linger chronically or evolve with increasingly destructive
effects in a manner quite removed from, and even independent of, the original
insult. Analyzing which genes are expressed in a cell or tissue and to what
level can determine which physiological pathways are active in the cell and to
what degree. By understanding when and where abnormal gene expression occurs and
the changes in expression that a drug can cause, the physiological pathways
implicated in disease and drug action can be pinpointed. This knowledge can be
used to help discover drug targets, screen drug leads, predict a compound's
toxic effects, anticipate pharmacological responses to drug leads and tailor
clinical trials to the specific needs of subgroups within a population. By
recognizing gene expression patterns, researchers, and ultimately physicians,
may also be able to determine which treatments are likely to be effective for a
specific condition and which may be ineffective or harmful.
Genomic approaches to therapeutics seek to identify genes connected to the
origin of a disease. Searches to identify such genes generally are laborious and
involve a very large amount of conventional DNA sequencing to identify genes or
gene fragments. This knowledge of genes is a first step only. While it may pave
the way for the development of better diagnostics, it may not necessarily lead
to a successful therapy. For example, while a particular gene, or absence of a
gene, may predispose to a cancer, an entirely different set of genes is likely
to govern the tumor and its metastases. Hence, in addition to understanding the
cause of disease, it is important to understand entire networks of genes and
their function in both healthy and diseased states in order to identify the
optimal targets for therapy.
One approach to genomics research is based on the study of gene expression
and regulation of gene expression in cells in differing states or conditions.
Gene expression in a cell consists of transcription, which converts the genetic
information encoded in the double-stranded DNA of a gene into mRNA, and
translation, which converts the genetic information encoded in mRNA into a
specific protein molecule. At any one time, any particular human cell expresses
tens of thousands of genes, out of the approximately 100,000 total human genes.
A different number of copies of each mRNA type will be present in each sample
depending upon the particular cell, its function and its environmental
conditions at the time. Thus, a cell will contain, at any one time, tens of
thousands of different mRNAs, in various quantities, for a total on the order of
one million or more mRNA molecules.
Elucidating gene function involves not only determining which genes are
expressed in a healthy or diseased tissue, but also requires determining which
of the altered gene expressions cause a disease rather than result from the
disease. In general, only the most abundantly expressed genes are currently
accessible using conventional methods. In addition, conventional methods are
dependent on separating and cloning double-stranded copies of each individual
mRNA, or cDNA, prior to analysis. Thus, by conventional methods, it is
impractical to obtain a comprehensive, high-resolution analysis of gene
expression across one million or more mRNA molecules in cells of interest to the
researcher.
Another approach to genomics research is based on the study of human
genetic variations. It is well known that the incidence of human diseases and
their severity differ in different groups and individuals. There are many common
diseases in which several genes play a role in the initiation and development of
the pathological process, as well as in the responses of the individual to a
therapy. This approach studies gene association with diseases by using a large
assembly of specific gene variants called polymorphisms. The most abundant of
these are single nucleotide polymorphisms, or SNPs, which are single-base
mutations in the genome. A SNP is found, on average, once in every 1,000 bases.
This means if any two individuals are compared, their genomes will be found to
differ at more than one million places. Genotyping refers to the process of
testing individual genomes for the presence or absence of a set of SNPs.
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If a SNP correlation to a disorder is proven, it would point to those
regions of the genome in which the sequences responsible for the disorder may be
located. However, to discover such regions, it is currently believed one would
have to test several hundred individual genomes for the presence or absence of
tens of thousands, if not more, SNPs. Thus, there is a real need to employ a
technology that can quickly and efficiently determine which of these thousands
of SNPs are significantly associated with diseases in large populations of
patients and thereby provide a relevant set of SNPs for downstream genotyping of
individuals.
OUR SOLUTION
We overcome many of the limitations of current technologies by capturing
essentially all of the different DNA molecules in a sample on micro-beads using
our Megaclone technology and applying our various analytical technologies to
conduct relevant comparisons and other analyses of the captured DNA molecules.
Thus, our patented Megaclone technology enables an automated, high-throughput
analysis of complex mixtures of DNA molecules.
Megaclone is a process that uses a proprietary library of approximately
16.7 million short synthetic DNA sequences, called tags, and their complementary
anti-tags, to uniquely mark and process each DNA molecule in a sample. Each
unique tag is a permanent identifier of the DNA molecule it is attached to, and
all of the tagged molecules in a sample are amplified together to create
multiple copies of the tagged molecules. Another proprietary process is used to
generate five micron diameter micro-beads, each of which carries multiple copies
of a short anti-tag DNA sequence complementary to one of the 16.7 million tags.
The amplified tagged DNA molecules are then collected onto the micro-beads
through hybridization of the tags to the complementary anti-tags. Each
micro-bead carries on its surface enough complementary anti-tags to collect
approximately 100,000 identical copies of the corresponding tagged DNA molecule.
By this process, each tagged DNA molecule in the original sample is
converted into a micro-bead carrying about 100,000 copies of the same sequence.
Therefore, in a few steps, our Megaclone technology can transform a complex
mixture of a million or more identified DNA molecules into a usable format that
provides the following benefits:
- substantially all the different DNA molecules present in a sample are
represented in the final micro-bead collection;
- these million or more DNA molecules can be analyzed simultaneously in
various applications; and
- the need for storing and handling millions of individual DNA clones is
eliminated.
Megaclone is the foundation for our analytical applications, including
MPSS, which provides gene sequence information, Megasort, which provides gene
expression information, and Megatype, which is expected to provide SNP disease-
or trait-association information.
OUR BUSINESS STRATEGY
We intend to apply our technologies to maximize the value of human, animal
and plant genomic information for our collaborators, customers and ourselves
through high-resolution gene expression analysis and in the discovery and
characterization of important genetic variations. We intend to enlarge our
presence in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology markets now that the majority
of our technologies have been reduced to practice. We believe many drug
discovery and development companies now recognize the need for significantly
greater resolution and scope in their genomics and genetics research.
The primary elements of our business strategy are:
- - Pursue selected internal programs to capture greater value
We intend to use our technologies to discover and develop gene targets,
validated gene targets, genetic associations, genomic maps or other products in
selected fields. Through these internal programs, we will endeavor to create
valuable drug discovery information and related intellectual property that we
could license to third parties. For example, we have initiated a program
directed to the discovery and validation of targets in
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the field of immunopathology. If successful, we could realize revenues from
licensing our discoveries through licensing fees, milestone payments and
royalties or profit sharing.
- - Collaborate with others with whom we can create value
We will seek to collaborate with companies and research institutions under
arrangements in which we provide access to our suite of technologies, and our
collaborators provide access to well-defined clinical samples and/or biological
expertise. For example, BASF-LYNX is using our technologies to discover and
validate novel gene targets for central nervous system, or CNS, disorders. BASF
and Lynx will share equally any intellectual property developed by BASF-LYNX. If
successful, we could realize revenues through a share in any licensing or
commercialization by us or our collaborators.
- - Continue to grow our genomic discovery services
We have generated revenues through agreements for genomic discovery
services. We will continue to provide such services to pharmaceutical,
biotechnology and agricultural companies for use in their discovery, development
and commercialization efforts. The revenue sources from this type of arrangement
typically include technology access and services fees.
- - Develop new technologies and additional applications of our technologies
We intend to continue to develop creative solutions to complex biological
problems. We are currently focused on reducing to commercial practice our
Megatype technology in order to extract from large populations those genomic
fragments exhibiting SNPs and associate these SNPs with traits or diseases. We
may further develop our technology to apply to individual genotyping services,
which would determine the relevant SNPs present in an individual. A further
application of Megaclone and MPSS technologies under development is a method for
constructing high-resolution genomic maps. We are also working in the area of
proteomics to provide a means of high-resolution analysis of complex mixtures of
proteins from cells or tissues.
OUR TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS
We have developed or are developing several important analytical
applications of our Megaclone technology to better address the need for
increased pace, scale and quality of genomics and genetics research programs.
Current Applications
Massively Parallel Signature Sequencing Technology. Our MPSS technology
addresses the need to generate sequence information from millions of DNA
fragments. At this extremely large scale, our MPSS approach eliminates the need
for individual sequencing reactions and the physical separation of DNA fragments
required by conventional sequencing methods.
MPSS enables the simultaneous identification of nearly all the DNA
molecules in a sample, which are fixed in a single layer array of one million or
more Megaclone micro-beads in a flow cell, so solvents and reagents can be
washed over the micro-beads in each cycle of the process. Our proprietary
protocol elicits sequence-dependent fluorescent responses from the micro-beads,
which are recorded by a CCD camera after each cycle. Short 16- to 20-base-pair
signature, or identifying, sequences are constructed through this process
without requiring fragment separation and separate sequencing reactions as in
conventional DNA sequencing approaches. We have developed proprietary
instrumentation and software to automate the delivery of reagents and solutions
used in our sequencing process and to compile, from the images obtained at each
cycle, the signature sequences that result from each experiment.
We believe MPSS has the following advantages over conventional DNA
sequencing methods:
- it sequences DNA molecules on as many as one million or more Megaclone
beads simultaneously;
- it eliminates the need for individual sequencing reactions and gels;
- it identifies each of the DNA molecules by a unique 16- to 20-base
signature sequence;
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- it produces a comprehensive quantitative profile of gene expression in
cells or tissues of interest; and
- it identifies even the rarest expressed genes.
In 1999, we achieved several technology milestones set by our
collaborators, BASF and DuPont, primarily related to our MPSS technology. In
these experiments, we demonstrated that hundreds of thousands of gene copies
expressed by cells could be analyzed and identified simultaneously. In one
experiment, we identified over three million human cDNA clones from two states
of stimulation in a human cell, unstressed and stressed, in approximately six
weeks, running on four of our proprietary sequencing instruments. The experiment
identified more than 50,000 expressed human genes, a significant number of which
were not found in public database. In the other experiment, we identified more
than 500,000 cDNA clones expressed in a corn tissue and characterized over
50,000 corn genes, a substantial number of which were not in the public domain
or DuPont's own databases. This identification was achieved in less than a
month, running on two of our proprietary instruments. We believe these two
experiments demonstrate the pace and scale at which we can conduct DNA analysis.
We currently have over 20 operational proprietary MPSS instruments. We are
utilizing MPSS to generate high-resolution expression data in several biological
systems for our collaborators and customers and for ourselves. These data are
being derived from tissues and samples that have been prioritized by our
collaborators and customers, in addition to those identified by our research
teams for our internal programs. We will also generate data that can be
delivered directly to our customers to identify new genes and otherwise enhance
their databases. MPSS delivers gene sequence information and high-resolution
gene expression information and could enable the construction of high-resolution
physical maps of genomes.
Megasort Technology. Our Megasort technology provides a method to identify
and physically extract essentially all genes that differ in expression level
between two samples. The novelty of Megasort is that the identification and
extraction are performed in a single assay.
Megasort compares two DNA samples, each containing millions of molecules,
and extracts those DNA molecules that are present in different proportions in
the samples. These could be differentially expressed genes or DNA fragments that
are found in one sample but not the other. Because the comparison and sorting
require no prior knowledge of the sequences of the genes in either sample,
Megasort can be used with samples isolated from tissues or organisms that are
not well characterized. Megasort involves hybridizing two probes prepared
separately, one from each of the samples to be compared, with a population of
Megaclone micro-beads, each of which carries many copies of a single DNA
fragment or gene derived from either of the samples. Because each probe is
labeled with a different fluorescent marker, genes or fragments that are under-
or over-represented in either sample are readily separated by a fluorescence
activated cell sorter, also referred to as a FACS. Genes or fragments of
interest can then be recovered from the sorted micro-beads for further study.
Megasort technology uses Megaclone micro-beads as a "fluid" microarray. In
a single experiment, Megasort can isolate nearly all the potential target genes
that are differentially expressed, and remove those that do not differ between
the samples. We believe Megasort has the following advantages over conventional
gene microarrays:
- it interrogates all the expressed genes, including rarely expressed
genes, in the two samples being compared, whether known or not;
- it does not require advance knowledge about any of the genes in these
samples; and
- it extracts, at the end of the experiment, physical DNA clones of those
genes that are of interest attached to the micro-beads that were sorted.
Megasort delivers high-resolution gene expression information, focused sets of
differentially expressed genes and potential gene targets.
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Technologies, Applications and Products Under Development
Megatype Technology. We believe our Megatype technology will permit the
comparison of collected genomes of two populations. It is designed to enable the
detection and recovery of DNA fragments with the SNPs that distinguish these two
populations. In contrast to other SNP validation methods that require thousands
or millions of assays, only a single Megatype experiment should be required for
SNP association with disease or other traits.
Megatype is designed to identify SNPs that are differentially represented
in two populations of individuals. DNA fragments that exhibit a specific class
of SNPs in the combined populations are selected by a proprietary method and
loaded onto micro-beads with our Megaclone technology. Using fluorescently
labeled probes prepared through the same proprietary method from the two
separate populations, micro-beads bearing SNP-containing fragments that are
under- or over-represented in either of the two populations are easily separated
using the FACS. No prior knowledge of the SNP sequences or where they are
located in the genome is required to conduct this analysis.
We believe the advantages of Megatype will include:
- enabling simultaneous discovery of disease- or trait-associated SNPs
without prior knowledge of SNP sequences;
- identifying, in a single experiment, the genetic differences that
distinguish large populations;
- extracting fragments containing over- or under-represented SNPs in
different populations;
- eliminating the need for millions of individual genotyping assays to
determine SNP disease association; and
- bypassing the prior need for a comprehensive SNP map.
We believe our Megatype technology will deliver information on the disease- or
trait-association of SNPs and should provide a cost-effective approach to drug
discovery and pharmacogenetics.
Genotyping. As a natural extension of our Megatype technology, we may
further apply the technology to individual genotyping, which would determine the
relevant SNPs present in an individual. This application will attempt to derive
more of the downstream value from the scientifically relevant SNPs through the
additional enabling of trait selection in crops, and predictive or preventative
medicine in humans, thus moving closer to the notion of "personal genomics."
Furthermore, we may develop additional assays to help link associated SNPs
initially identified by Megatype technology to specific genes responsible for
the observed traits.
Genomic Mapping. Another application of Megaclone and MPSS technologies
under development is a method for constructing high-resolution genomic maps
based on the ordering of signature sequences. Our collaboration agreements with
DuPont and Aventis CropScience both include plans to construct high-resolution
maps of certain crop genomes. We believe these maps could be important tools for
associating genes with complex quantitative traits and set the stage for
sequencing these genomes in their entirety at some future date.
Proteomics. Proteomics is the study of the entire protein complement in
cells. Our proteomics technology aims to provide high-resolution analysis of
complex mixtures of proteins from cells or tissues. Based on solution-phase
electrophoresis in proprietary micro-channel plates, the approach combines the
speed of capillary electrophoresis with the resolving power of conventional
two-dimensional gel-based techniques. Using this technology, we expect to
complement high-resolution gene expression measurements using our MPSS platform
with similar high-resolution analysis of a cell's translated proteins. The
combined data from these measurements should provide a much more accurate and
comprehensive picture of cell and tissue physiology than is available using
current techniques. Our goal is to use our proteomics technology to discover
drug targets, validate candidate targets and correlate gene expression with
protein expression in cells.
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COLLABORATIONS AND CUSTOMERS
BASF and BASF-LYNX
In October 1996, we entered into an agreement with BASF to provide them
with nonexclusive access to certain of our genomics discovery services. In
connection with certain technology development accomplishments, BASF paid us a
technology access fee of $4.5 million in the fourth quarter of 1999. BASF's
access to our genomics discovery services is for a minimum of two years and
requires BASF to purchase services at a minimum rate of $4.0 million per year.
BASF paid us $4.0 million in the fourth quarter of 1999 for genomics discovery
services to be performed by us in the first year.
In 1996, we formed a joint venture company with BASF called BASF-LYNX
Bioscience AG. BASF-LYNX is located in Heidelberg, Germany. BASF-LYNX began
operations in 1997 and is employing our technologies to discover and validate
novel gene targets for CNS disorders. To date, BASF-LYNX has identified several
potential targets and has filed two related patents. We have contributed access
to our technologies to BASF-LYNX in exchange for an initial 49% equity
ownership. BASF, by committing to provide research funding to BASF-LYNX of DM50
million (or approximately $25 million based on a March 13, 2000 exchange rate)
over a five-year period beginning in 1997, received an initial 51% equity
ownership in BASF-LYNX. In 1998, BASF agreed to provide an additional $10
million in research funding to BASF-LYNX, of which $4.3 million was paid to us
for technology assets related to a CNS program. BASF-LYNX had 55 employees as of
December 31, 1999.
DuPont
In October 1998, we entered into a research collaboration agreement with
DuPont to apply our technologies on an exclusive basis to the study of certain
crops and their protection. Under the terms of the agreement, we could receive
payments over a five-year period for genomic discovery services, the achievement
of specific technology milestones and the delivery of genomic maps of specified
crops. An initial payment of $10 million for technology access was received at
the execution of the agreement, with additional minimum service fees of $12
million to be received by us over a three-year period commencing January 1999,
of which we have received $4 million to date. In the fourth quarter of 1999, we
achieved a technology milestone under the agreement that resulted in a $5
million payment from DuPont.
Aventis CropScience
In March 1999, Aventis Pharmaceuticals, formerly Hoechst Marion Roussel,
Inc., obtained nonexclusive access to certain of our genomics discovery services
for the benefit of its affiliate, Aventis CropScience. We received an initial
payment for genomics discovery services to be performed by us for Aventis
CropScience. The service period ends on March 31, 2000, subject to renewal for
up to three additional one-year periods.
In September 1999, we signed a three-year research collaboration agreement
with Aventis CropScience. Aventis CropScience will receive exclusive access to
certain of our genomics discovery services for the study of certain plants,
which is aimed at developing new crop varieties and other agricultural products.
Under the terms of the agreement, Aventis CropScience paid us a technology
access fee upon execution of the agreement. We can earn additional fees for the
performance of genomics discovery services and the delivery of genomic maps of
certain plants and milestone payments and licensing fees related to the
discovery of trait-associated SNPs for the subject plants.
Oxagen
In May 1999, we entered into an agreement with Oxagen to collaborate on a
program to discover and validate disease-associated SNPs using our Megatype
technology. The program will initially focus on inflammatory bowel disease, but
the companies may extend it to other common human disorders. Under the terms of
the agreement, we could receive licensing fees and royalties or other share in
the revenues from the licensing or sale and subsequent commercialization of
related products by Oxagen or third parties.
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COMPETITION
Competition among entities attempting to identify the genes associated with
specific diseases and to develop products based on such discoveries is intense.
We face, and will continue to face, competition from pharmaceutical,
biotechnology and agricultural companies, academic and research institutions and
government agencies, both in the United States and abroad. Several entities are
attempting to identify and patent randomly sequenced genes and gene fragments,
while others are pursuing a gene identification, characterization and product
development strategy based on positional cloning. We are aware certain entities
are using a variety of gene expression analysis methodologies, including
chip-based systems, to attempt to identify disease-related genes. In addition,
numerous pharmaceutical companies are developing genomic research programs,
either alone or in partnership with our competitors. Competition among such
entities is intense and is expected to increase. In order to successfully
compete against existing and future technologies, we will need to demonstrate to
potential customers that our technologies and capabilities are superior to those
of competitors.
Some of our competitors have substantially greater capital resources,
research and development staffs, facilities, manufacturing and marketing
experience, distribution channels and human resources than us. These competitors
may discover, characterize or develop important genes, drug targets or drug
leads, drug discovery technologies or drugs in advance of our customers or us or
which are more effective than those developed by our customers or us. They may
also obtain regulatory approvals for their drugs more rapidly than our
collaborators or customers will, any of which could have a material adverse
effect on our business. Moreover, our competitors may obtain patent protection
or other intellectual property rights that could limit our rights or our
customers' ability to use our technologies or commercialize therapeutic,
diagnostic or agricultural products. We also face competition from these and
other entities in gaining access to cells, tissues and nucleic acid samples for
use in our discovery programs.
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
We are pursuing a strategy designed to obtain United States and foreign
patent protection for our core technologies. Our long-term commercial success
will be dependent in part on our ability to obtain commercially valuable patent
claims and to protect our intellectual property portfolio. As of January 31,
2000, we owned 25 issued patents and 85 pending patent applications in the
United States and foreign countries relating to our genomics technologies.
In addition to acquiring patent protection for our core analysis
technologies, as part of our business strategy, we intend to file for patent
protection on sets of genes, both known and newly discovered, that have
diagnostic or prognostic applications, novel genes that may serve as drug
development targets, genetic maps and sets of genetic markers, such as SNPs,
that are associated with traits or conditions of medical or economic importance.
However, there is substantial uncertainty regarding the availability of such
patent protection.
Patent law relating to the scope of claims in the technology field in which
we operate is still evolving. The degree to which we will be able to protect our
technology with patents, therefore, is uncertain. Others may independently
develop similar or alternative technologies, duplicate any of our technologies,
and, if patents are licensed or issued to us, design around the patented
technologies licensed to or developed by us. In addition, we could incur
substantial costs in litigation if we are required to defend ourselves in patent
suits brought by third parties or if we initiate such suits.
With respect to proprietary know-how that is not patentable and for
processes for which patents are difficult to enforce, we rely on trade secret
protection and confidentiality agreements to protect our interests. We intend to
maintain several important aspects of our technology platform as trade secrets.
While we require all employees, consultants, collaborators and customers to
enter into confidentiality agreements, we cannot be certain that proprietary
information will not be disclosed or that others will not independently develop
substantially equivalent proprietary information.
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RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT EXPENDITURES
We have devoted our efforts primarily to research and development. Research
and development expenses were $15.5 million for the year ended December 31,
1999, $13.2 million for the year ended December 31, 1998 and $14.2 million for
the year ended December 31, 1997.
SCIENTIFIC ADVISORS
Our principal scientific advisor:
Sydney Brenner, M.B., D.Phil., Director and President of The Molecular
Sciences Institute, a non-profit research institute in Berkeley, California.
Until his retirement in 1996, Dr. Brenner was Honorary Professor of Genetic
Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge,
England. Dr. Brenner is known for his work on the genetic code and the
information transfer from genes to proteins, and for his pioneering research on
the genetics and development of the nematode. Dr. Brenner is a Fellow of the
Royal Society (1955) and a Foreign Associate of the U.S. National Academy of
Sciences (1977) and has received numerous awards of recognition, including the
Albert Lasker Medical Research Award (1991), the Genetics Society of America
Medal (1987) and the Kyoto Prize (1990). Dr. Brenner is the principal inventor
of Lynx's bead-based technologies.
EMPLOYEES
As of December 31, 1999, we employed 107 full-time employees, of which 86
were engaged in research and development activities and 21 in finance and
administrative activities. We believe we have been successful in attracting
skilled and experienced scientific personnel; however, competition for such
personnel is intense. None of our employees are covered by collective bargaining
agreements, and management considers relations with our employees to be good.
9
<PAGE> 11
BUSINESS RISKS
OUR TECHNOLOGIES ARE NEW AND UNPROVEN AND MAY NOT ALLOW US OR OUR COLLABORATORS
TO IDENTIFY GENES OR TARGETS FOR DRUG DISCOVERY.
Our technologies are new and unproven. The application of these
technologies is in too early a stage to determine whether it can be successfully
implemented. These technologies assume information about gene expression and
gene sequences may enable scientists to better understand complex biological
processes. Relatively few therapeutic products based on gene discoveries have
been successfully developed and commercialized. Our technologies may not enable
us or our collaborators to identify genes or targets for drug discovery. To
date, no targets for drug discovery have been identified based on our
technologies.
WE ARE DEPENDENT ON OUR COLLABORATIONS AND WILL NEED TO FIND ADDITIONAL
COLLABORATORS IN THE FUTURE TO DEVELOP AND COMMERCIALIZE DIAGNOSTIC OR
THERAPEUTIC PRODUCTS.
Our strategy for the development and commercialization of our technologies
and potential products includes entering into collaborations, subscription
arrangements or licensing arrangements with pharmaceutical, biotechnology and
agricultural companies. We do not have the resources to develop or commercialize
diagnostic or therapeutic products on our own. We cannot assure you that we will
be able to negotiate additional collaborative arrangements or contracts on
acceptable terms, or at all, or that such collaborations or relationships will
be successful.
Substantially all of our revenues have been derived from corporate
collaborations and agreements. Revenues from collaborations and related
agreements depend upon continuation of the collaborations, the achievement of
milestones and royalties derived from future products developed from our
research and technologies. If we are unable to successfully achieve milestones
or our collaborators fail to develop successful products, we will not earn the
revenues contemplated under such collaborative agreements. If existing
agreements are not renewed, or if we are unable to enter into new collaborative
agreements on commercially acceptable terms, our revenues may decrease, and our
activities may fail to lead to commercialized products.
Our dependence on collaborative arrangements with third parties subjects us
to a number of risks. We have limited or no control over the resources that our
collaborators may choose to devote to our joint efforts. Our collaborators may
breach or terminate their agreements with us or fail to perform their
obligations thereunder. Further, our collaborators may elect not to develop
products arising out of our collaborative arrangements or may fail to devote
sufficient resources to the development, manufacture, market or sale of such
products. Some of our collaborators could also become our competitors in the
future. Our business could be harmed if our collaborators:
- do not develop commercially successful products using our technologies;
- develop competing products;
- preclude us from entering into collaborations with their competitors;
- fail to obtain necessary regulatory approvals; or
- terminate their agreements with us.
WE ARE AN EARLY STAGE COMPANY, SO OUR PROFITABILITY IS UNCERTAIN AND THERE IS A
HIGH RISK OF FAILURE.
You must evaluate us in light of the uncertainties and complexities
affecting an early stage genomics company. Our products and services are still
in the early stages of commercialization. Our technologies depend on the
successful integration of independent technologies, each of which has its own
development risks. We cannot assure you that our technologies will continue to
be successfully developed, that our services will continue to be sought by
customers or that any products developed from our technologies will prove to be
commercially successful. Further, we cannot assure you that we will be
successful in expanding the scope of our research into new areas of
pharmaceutical, biotechnology or agricultural research. Significant research and
development, financial resources and personnel will be required to capitalize on
our technologies. Commer-
10
<PAGE> 12
cialization of our technologies, whether through the sales of services,
royalties or other arrangements, may not generate sufficient or sustainable
revenues to enable us to be profitable.
WE HAVE A HISTORY OF NET LOSSES. WE EXPECT TO CONTINUE TO INCUR NET LOSSES, AND
WE MAY NOT ACHIEVE OR MAINTAIN PROFITABILITY.
We have incurred net losses each year since our inception in 1992,
including net losses of approximately $10.8 million in 1997, $4.3 million in
1998 and $6.7 million in 1999. As of December 31, 1999, we had an accumulated
deficit of approximately $53.4 million. We expect these losses to continue for
at least the next several years. The size of these net losses will depend, in
part, on the rate of growth, if any, in our revenues and on the level of our
expenses. Our research and development expenditures and general and
administrative costs have exceeded our revenues to date, and we expect research
and development expenses to increase substantially due to planned spending for
ongoing technology development and implementation, as well as new applications.
As a result, we expect our operating expenses will increase significantly in the
near term, and consequently, we will need to generate significant additional
revenues to achieve profitability. Even if we do increase our revenues and
achieve profitability, we may not be able to sustain profitability.
Our ability to generate revenues and achieve profitability is dependent on
many factors, including:
- our ability to enter into additional corporate collaborations and
agreements;
- our ability to discover genes and targets for drug discovery;
- our collaborators' ability to develop diagnostic and therapeutic products
from our drug discovery targets; and
- the successful clinical testing, regulatory approval and
commercialization of such products.
The time required to reach profitability is highly uncertain, and we cannot
assure you that we will be able to achieve profitability on a sustained basis,
if at all.
WE MAY NEED TO RAISE ADDITIONAL FUNDS IN THE FUTURE, WHICH MAY NOT BE AVAILABLE
TO US.
We have invested significant capital in our infrastructure and in our
scientific and business development activities. We expect our capital and
operating expenditures to increase over the next several years as we expand our
operations. Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors,
including:
- the progress and scope of our collaborative and independent research and
development projects;
- payments received under collaborative agreements;
- our ability to establish and maintain collaborative arrangements;
- the progress of the development and commercialization efforts under our
collaborations and corporate agreements;
- the costs associated with obtaining access to samples and related
information; and
- the costs involved in preparing, filing, prosecuting, maintaining and
enforcing patent claims and other intellectual property rights.
Changes to our current operating plan may require us to consume available
capital resources significantly sooner than we expect. We may be unable to raise
sufficient additional capital when we need it, on favorable terms, or at all. If
our capital resources are insufficient to meet future capital requirements, we
will have to raise additional funds. The sale of equity or convertible debt
securities in the future would be dilutive to our stockholders. If we are unable
to obtain adequate funds on reasonable terms, we may be required to curtail
operations significantly or to obtain funds by entering into financing or
collaborative agreements on unattractive terms.
11
<PAGE> 13
OUR REVENUES DEPEND ON A SMALL NUMBER OF COLLABORATORS AND CUSTOMERS.
To date, we have received a significant portion of our revenues from a
small number of collaborators and customers. For the year ended December 31,
1999, revenues from three collaborators and customers accounted for 81%, 13% and
5% of our total revenues. For the year ended December 31, 1998, revenues from
three collaborators and customers accounted for 61%, 33% and 5% of our total
revenues. For the year ended December 31, 1997, revenues from three
collaborators and customers accounted for 60%, 25% and 11% of our total
revenues. Our operating results may be harmed, if we lose one of these
collaborators or customers and we are not able to attract new collaborators or
customers.
WE DEPEND ON A SOLE SUPPLIER TO MANUFACTURE FLOW CELLS USED IN OUR MPSS
TECHNOLOGY.
The flow cells used in our MPSS technology are obtained from a single
supplier. Our reliance on outside vendors generally, and this sole supplier in
particular, involves several risks, including:
- the inability to obtain an adequate supply of required components due to
manufacturing capacity constraints, a discontinuance of a product by a
third-party manufacturer or other supply constraints;
- reduced control over quality and pricing of components; and
- delays and long lead times in receiving materials from vendors.
THE GENOMICS INDUSTRY IS INTENSELY COMPETITIVE AND EVOLVING RAPIDLY, AND OUR
COMPETITORS MAY DEVELOP PRODUCTS AND TECHNOLOGIES THAT MAKE OURS OBSOLETE.
The biotechnology industry is highly fragmented and is characterized by
rapid technological change. In particular, the area of genomics research is a
rapidly evolving field. Competition among entities attempting to identify genes
associated with specific diseases and to develop products based on such
discoveries is intense. Many of our competitors have substantially greater
research and product development capabilities and financial, scientific, and
marketing resources than we do.
We face, and will continue to face, competition from pharmaceutical,
biotechnology and agricultural companies, as well as academic research
institutions, clinical reference laboratories and government agencies. Some of
our competitors:
- are attempting to identify and patent randomly sequenced genes and gene
fragments;
- are pursuing a gene identification, characterization and product
development strategy based on positional cloning; and
- are using a variety of different gene expression analysis methodologies,
including the use of chip-based systems, to attempt to identify
disease-related genes.
In addition, numerous pharmaceutical, biotechnology and agricultural
companies are developing genomic research programs, either alone or in
partnership with our competitors. Our future success will depend on our ability
to maintain a competitive position with respect to technological advances. Rapid
technological development by others may result in our technologies and future
products becoming obsolete.
Any products that are developed through our technologies will compete in
highly competitive markets. Our competitors may be more effective at using their
technologies to develop commercial products. Further, we cannot assure you that
our competitors will not obtain intellectual property rights that would limit
the use of our technologies or the ability to commercialize diagnostic or
therapeutic products using our technologies. As a result, our competitors may be
able to more easily develop technologies and products that would render our
technologies and products, and those of our collaborators, obsolete and
noncompetitive.
12
<PAGE> 14
IF WE ARE UNABLE TO ADEQUATELY PROTECT OUR PROPRIETARY TECHNOLOGIES, THIRD
PARTIES MAY BE ABLE TO USE OUR TECHNOLOGY, WHICH COULD ADVERSELY AFFECT OUR
ABILITY TO COMPETE IN THE MARKET.
Our success depends in part on our ability to obtain patents and maintain
adequate protection of the intellectual property related to our technologies and
products. The patent positions of biotechnology companies, including our patent
position, are generally uncertain and involve complex legal and factual
questions. We will be able to protect our proprietary rights from unauthorized
use by third parties only to the extent that our proprietary technologies are
covered by valid and enforceable patents or are effectively maintained as trade
secrets. The laws of some foreign countries do not protect proprietary rights to
the same extent as the laws of the U.S., and many companies have encountered
significant problems in protecting and defending their proprietary rights in
foreign jurisdictions. We have applied and will continue to apply for patents
covering our technologies, processes and products as and when we deem
appropriate. However, these applications may be challenged or may fail to result
in issued patents. Our existing patents and any future patents we obtain may not
be sufficiently broad to prevent others from practicing our technologies or from
developing competing products. Furthermore, others may independently develop
similar or alternative technologies or design around our patents. In addition,
our patents may be challenged or invalidated or fail to provide us with any
competitive advantage.
We also rely on trade secret protection for our confidential and
proprietary information. We have taken security measures to protect our
proprietary information and trade secrets, but these measures may not provide
adequate protection. While we seek to protect our proprietary information by
entering into confidentiality agreements with employees, collaborators and
consultants, we cannot assure you that our proprietary information will not be
disclosed or that we can meaningfully protect our trade secrets. In addition,
our competitors may independently develop substantially equivalent proprietary
information or may otherwise gain access to our trade secrets, which could
adversely affect our ability to compete in the market.
LITIGATION OR THIRD-PARTY CLAIMS OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY INFRINGEMENT COULD
REQUIRE US TO SPEND SUBSTANTIAL TIME AND MONEY AND ADVERSELY AFFECT OUR ABILITY
TO DEVELOP AND COMMERCIALIZE OUR TECHNOLOGIES AND PRODUCTS.
Our commercial success depends in part on our ability to avoid infringing
patents and proprietary rights of third parties and not breaching any licenses
that we have entered into with regard to our technologies. Other parties have
filed, and in the future are likely to file, patent applications covering genes,
gene fragments, the analysis of gene expression and the manufacture and use of
DNA chips. We intend to continue to apply for patent protection for methods
relating to gene expression and for the individual disease genes and drug
discovery targets we discover. If patents covering technologies required by our
operations are issued to others, we may have to rely on licenses from third
parties. We cannot assure you that such licenses will be available on
commercially reasonable terms, or at all.
Third parties may accuse us of employing their proprietary technology
without authorization. In addition, third parties may obtain patents that relate
to our technologies and claim that use of such technologies infringes these
patents. Regardless of their merit, such claims could require us to incur
substantial costs, including the diversion of management and technical
personnel, in defending ourselves against any such claims or enforcing our
patents. In the event that a successful claim of infringement is brought against
us, we may be required to pay damages and obtain one or more licenses from third
parties. We may not be able to obtain these licenses at a reasonable cost, or at
all. Defense of any lawsuit or failure to obtain any of these licenses could
adversely affect our ability to develop and commercialize our technologies and
products.
WE HAVE LIMITED EXPERIENCE IN SALES AND MARKETING AND THUS MAY BE UNABLE TO
FURTHER COMMERCIALIZE OUR TECHNOLOGIES AND PRODUCTS.
Our ability to achieve profitability depends on attracting collaborators
and customers for our technologies and products. There are a limited number of
pharmaceutical, biotechnology and agricultural companies that are potential
collaborators and customers for our technologies and products. To market our
technologies and products, we must develop a sales and marketing group with the
appropriate technical expertise. We may not
13
<PAGE> 15
be able to build such a sales force. We cannot assure you that our sales and
marketing efforts will be successful or that our technologies and products will
gain market acceptance.
OUR SALES CYCLE IS LENGTHY, AND WE MAY SPEND CONSIDERABLE RESOURCES ON
UNSUCCESSFUL SALES EFFORTS OR MAY NOT BE ABLE TO ENTER INTO AGREEMENTS ON THE
SCHEDULE WE ANTICIPATE.
Our ability to obtain collaborators and customers for our technologies and
products depends in significant part upon the perception that our technologies
and products can help accelerate their drug discovery and genomics efforts. Our
sales cycle is typically lengthy because we need to educate our potential
collaborators and customers and sell the benefits of our products to a variety
of constituencies within such companies. In addition, we may be required to
negotiate agreements containing terms unique to each collaborator or customer.
We may expend substantial funds and management effort with no assurance that we
will successfully sell our technologies and products. Actual and proposed
consolidations of pharmaceutical companies have negatively affected, and may in
the future negatively affect, the timing and progress of our sales efforts.
WE MAY HAVE DIFFICULTY MANAGING OUR GROWTH.
We expect to continue to experience significant growth in the number of our
employees and the scope of our operations. This growth may place a significant
strain on our management and operations. As our operations expand, we expect
that we will need to manage additional relationships with various collaborators
and customers, suppliers and other third parties. Our ability to manage our
operations and growth effectively requires us to continue to improve our
operational, financial and management controls, reporting systems and
procedures. If we are unable to manage this growth effectively, our business may
be harmed.
THE LOSS OF KEY PERSONNEL OR THE INABILITY TO ATTRACT AND RETAIN ADDITIONAL
PERSONNEL COULD IMPAIR THE GROWTH OF OUR BUSINESS.
We are highly dependent on the principal members of our management and
scientific staff. The loss of any of these persons' services might adversely
impact the achievement of our objectives and the continuation of existing
collaborations. In addition, recruiting and retaining qualified scientific
personnel to perform future research and development work will be critical to
our success. There is currently a shortage of skilled executives and employees
with technical expertise, and this shortage is likely to continue. As a result,
competition for skilled personnel is intense and turnover rates are high.
Competition for experienced scientists from numerous companies, academic and
other research institutions may limit our ability to attract and retain such
personnel. We are dependent on our President and Chief Executive Officer, Norman
J.W. Russell, Ph.D., and Chairman, Sam Eletr, Ph.D., the loss of whose services
could have a material adverse effect on our business.
WE USE HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS AND RADIOACTIVE AND BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS IN OUR
BUSINESS. ANY CLAIMS RELATING TO IMPROPER HANDLING, STORAGE OR DISPOSAL OF THESE
MATERIALS COULD BE TIME CONSUMING AND COSTLY.
Our research and development processes involve the controlled use of
hazardous materials, including chemicals, radioactive and biological materials.
Our operations produce hazardous waste products. We cannot eliminate the risk of
accidental contamination or discharge and any resultant injury from these
materials. Federal, state and local laws and regulations govern the use,
manufacture, storage, handling and disposal of hazardous materials. We may be
sued for any injury or contamination that results from our use or the use by
third parties of these materials, and our liability may exceed our insurance
coverage and our total assets. Compliance with environmental laws and
regulations may be expensive, and current or future environmental regulations
may impair our research, development and production efforts.
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<PAGE> 16
ETHICAL, LEGAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES MAY LIMIT THE PUBLIC ACCEPTANCE OF, AND DEMAND
FOR, OUR TECHNOLOGIES AND PRODUCTS.
Our collaborators and customers may seek to develop diagnostic products
based on genes we discover. The prospect of broadly available gene-based
diagnostic tests raises ethical, legal and social issues regarding the
appropriate use of gene-based diagnostic testing and the resulting confidential
information. It is possible that discrimination by third-party payors, based on
the results of such testing, could lead to the increase of premiums by such
payors to prohibitive levels, outright cancellation of insurance or
unwillingness to provide coverage to individuals showing unfavorable gene
expression profiles. Similarly, employers could discriminate against employees
with gene expression profiles indicative of the potential for high
disease-related costs and lost employment time. Finally, government authorities
could, for social or other purposes, limit or prohibit the use of such tests
under certain circumstances. We cannot assure you that ethical, legal and social
concerns about genetic testing and target identification will not adversely
affect market acceptance of our technologies and products.
Although our technology is not dependent on genetic engineering, genetic
engineering plays a prominent role in our approach to product development. The
subject of genetically modified food has received negative publicity, which has
aroused public debate. Adverse publicity has resulted in greater regulation
internationally and trade restrictions on imports of genetically altered
agricultural products. Public attitudes may be influenced by claims that
genetically engineered products are unsafe for consumption or pose a danger to
the environment. Such claims may prevent genetically engineered products from
gaining public acceptance. The commercial success of our future products may
depend, in part, on public acceptance of the use of genetically engineered
products, including drugs and plant and animal products.
IF WE DEVELOP PRODUCTS WITH OUR COLLABORATORS, AND IF PRODUCT LIABILITY LAWSUITS
ARE SUCCESSFULLY BROUGHT AGAINST US, WE COULD FACE SUBSTANTIAL LIABILITIES THAT
EXCEED OUR RESOURCES.
We may be held liable if any product we develop with our collaborators
causes injury or is otherwise found unsuitable during product testing,
manufacturing, marketing or sale. Although we have general liability and product
liability insurance, this insurance may become prohibitively expensive or may
not fully cover our potential liabilities. Inability to obtain sufficient
insurance coverage at an acceptable cost or to otherwise protect us against
potential product liability claims could prevent or inhibit the
commercialization of products developed with our collaborators.
HEALTHCARE REFORM AND RESTRICTIONS ON REIMBURSEMENTS MAY LIMIT OUR RETURNS ON
DIAGNOSTIC OR THERAPEUTIC PRODUCTS THAT WE MAY DEVELOP WITH OUR COLLABORATORS.
If we are successful in validating targets for drug discovery, products
that we develop with our collaborators based on those targets may include
diagnostic or therapeutic products. The ability of our collaborators to
commercialize such products may depend, in part, on the extent to which
reimbursement for the cost of these products will be available from government
health administration authorities, private health insurers and other
organizations. In the U.S., third-party payors are increasingly challenging the
price of medical products and services. The trend towards managed healthcare in
the U.S., legislative healthcare reforms and the growth of organizations such as
health maintenance organizations that may control or significantly influence the
purchase of healthcare products and services, may result in lower prices for any
products our collaborators may develop. Significant uncertainty exists as to the
reimbursement status of newly approved healthcare products, and we cannot assure
you that adequate third-party coverage will be available to enable our
collaborators to maintain price levels sufficient to realize an appropriate
return on their investment in research and product development.
15
<PAGE> 17
OUR FACILITIES ARE LOCATED NEAR KNOWN EARTHQUAKE FAULT ZONES, AND THE OCCURRENCE
OF AN EARTHQUAKE OR OTHER CATASTROPHIC DISASTER COULD CAUSE DAMAGE TO OUR
FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT, WHICH COULD REQUIRE US TO CEASE OR CURTAIL OPERATION.
Our facilities are located near known earthquake fault zones and are
vulnerable to damage from earthquakes. We are also vulnerable to damage from
other types of disasters, including fire, floods, power loss, communications
failures and similar events. If any disaster were to occur, our ability to
operate our business at our facilities would be seriously, or potentially
completely, impaired. In addition, the unique nature of our research activities
could cause significant delays in our programs and make it difficult for us to
recover from a disaster. The insurance we maintain may not be adequate to cover
our losses resulting from disasters or other business interruptions.
Accordingly, an earthquake or other disaster could materially and adversely harm
our ability to conduct business.
OUR STOCK PRICE MAY BE EXTREMELY VOLATILE.
The trading price of our common stock is subject to significant
fluctuations. The market prices of the common stock of many publicly held, early
stage biotechnology companies have in the past been, and can in the future be
expected to be, especially volatile. In addition, the securities markets have
from time to time experienced significant price and volume fluctuations that may
be unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies. The following
factors and events may have a significant and adverse impact on the market price
of our common stock:
- fluctuations in our operating results;
- announcements of technological innovations or new commercial products by
us or our competitors;
- release of reports by securities analysts;
- developments or disputes concerning patent or proprietary rights;
- developments in our relationships with current or future collaborators or
customers; and
- general market conditions.
Many of these factors are beyond our control. These factors may cause a decrease
in the market price of our common stock, regardless of our operating
performance.
ANTI-TAKEOVER PROVISIONS IN OUR CHARTER DOCUMENTS AND UNDER DELAWARE LAW COULD
PREVENT OR DELAY A CHANGE IN CONTROL OF OUR COMPANY, EITHER OF WHICH COULD
ADVERSELY AFFECT OUR STOCK PRICE.
Under our certificate of incorporation, our board of directors has the
authority, without further action by the holders of our common stock, to issue
2,000,000 additional shares of preferred stock from time to time in series and
with preferences and rights as it may designate. These preferences and rights
may be superior to those of the holders of our common stock. For example, the
holders of preferred stock may be given a preference in payment upon our
liquidation or for the payment or accumulation of dividends before any
distributions are made to the holders of common stock.
Although we have no present intention to authorize or issue any additional
series of preferred stock, any authorization or issuance, while providing
desirable flexibility in connection with possible acquisitions and other
corporate purposes, could also have the effect of making it more difficult for a
third party to acquire a majority of our outstanding voting stock. The preferred
stock may have other rights, including economic rights senior to those of our
common stock, and, as a result, an issuance of additional preferred stock could
adversely affect the market value of our common stock. Provisions of Delaware
law may also discourage, delay or prevent someone from acquiring or merging with
us.
16
<PAGE> 18
ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
In February 1998, we entered into a noncancelable operating lease for
facilities space of approximately 111,000 square-feet in two buildings in
Hayward, California. Currently, our corporate headquarters, principal research
and development facilities and production facilities are located in one of the
two buildings. The remaining space will be developed and occupied in phases,
depending on our growth. The lease runs through December 2008. We have an option
to extend the lease for an additional five-year period, subject to certain
conditions. We plan to lease approximately 37,000 square feet of additional
space in one of the buildings for further expansion.
In June 1998, Lynx GmbH entered into a noncancelable operating lease for
facilities space of approximately 6,300-square-feet in Heidelberg, Germany, to
house its operations. The space will be developed and occupied in phases,
depending on the growth of the organization. The lease terminates in June 2005.
A portion of this space is currently being subleased by BASF-LYNX.
In August 1993, we entered into a noncancelable operating lease for another
facility which expires on July 31, 2003. In 1998, we entered into an agreement
to sublease a portion of this space, and in 1999, through a subsequent
agreement, subleased the remaining portion of the facility. The term of the
sublease runs through July 2003. Rent from the sublease is sufficient to cover
the rent and other operating expenses incurred by Lynx under the terms of the
1993 lease.
ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
We are not a party to any material legal proceedings.
ITEM 4. SUBMISSION OF MATTERS TO A VOTE OF SECURITY HOLDERS
No matters were submitted to a vote of security holders in the quarter
ended December 31, 1999.
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<PAGE> 19
PART II
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
On December 30, 1997, Lynx listed its common stock on the Nasdaq National
Market. Prior to December 30, 1997, there was no established public trading
market for our voting stock. On March 31, 1998, pursuant to the Amended and
Restated Certificate of Designation dated September 30, 1997, all shares of
Series B, Series C, and Series D preferred stock were converted into common
stock on a ten-for-one basis. Lynx's common stock trades on the Nasdaq National
Market under the symbol LYNX. The following table sets forth, for the periods
indicated, the high and low closing sale prices for our common stock as reported
by the Nasdaq National Market:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
COMMON STOCK PRICE
------------------
HIGH LOW
------- -------
<S> <C> <C>
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1998
First Quarter............................................. $19.25 $10.00
Second Quarter............................................ 11.13 7.75
Third Quarter............................................. 13.25 7.75
Fourth Quarter............................................ 13.00 7.13
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1999
First Quarter............................................. $15.00 $ 8.88
Second Quarter............................................ 12.69 9.44
Third Quarter............................................. 15.75 10.63
Fourth Quarter............................................ 37.00 9.13
</TABLE>
As of February 15, 2000, there were approximately 2,600 stockholders of
record of our common stock. On February 15, 2000, the last reported sale price
of our common stock was $60.63.
We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our common stock. We
currently intend to retain earnings to support the development of our business
and do not anticipate paying cash dividends for the foreseeable future. Any
future determination to pay dividends will be at the discretion of our board of
directors.
ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
This section presents our selected consolidated historical financial data.
You should read carefully the consolidated financial statements and the notes
thereto included in this report and "Management's Discussion and Analysis of
Financial Condition and Results of Operations."
The Consolidated Statement of Operations Data for the years ended December
31, 1997, 1998 and 1999 and the Consolidated Balance Sheet Data as of December
31, 1998 and 1999 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial
statements included elsewhere in this report. The Consolidated Statement of
Operations Data for the years ended December 31, 1995 and 1996 and the
Consolidated Balance Sheet Data as of December 31, 1995, 1996 and 1997 have been
derived from our audited financial statements that are not included in this
report. Historical results are not necessarily indicative of future results. See
the Notes to
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<PAGE> 20
Consolidated Financial Statements for an explanation of the method used to
determine the number of shares used in computing basic and diluted net loss per
share.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31,
-------------------------------------------------
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
-------- ------- -------- ------- -------
(IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA)
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS DATA:
Revenues:
Technology access and services fees....... $ 375 $ 1,958 $ 3,875 $ 2,625 $ 7,833
Collaborative research and other.......... 305 7,791 707 4,380 5,042
-------- ------- -------- ------- -------
Total revenues.................... 680 9,749 4,582 7,005 12,875
Operating costs and expenses:
Cost of services fees..................... -- -- -- -- 828
Research and development.................. 11,301 12,545 14,226 13,166 15,510
General and administrative................ 1,591 3,170 1,930 2,141 4,175
-------- ------- -------- ------- -------
Total operating costs and
expenses........................ 12,892 15,715 16,156 15,307 20,513
-------- ------- -------- ------- -------
Loss from operations........................ (12,212) (5,966) (11,574) (8,302) (7,638)
Interest and other income, net.............. 744 585 753 4,106 1,232
-------- ------- -------- ------- -------
Loss before provision for income taxes...... (11,468) (5,381) (10,821) (4,196) (6,406)
Provision for income taxes.................. -- 10 -- 151 258
-------- ------- -------- ------- -------
Net loss.................................... $(11,468) $(5,391) $(10,821) $(4,347) $(6,664)
======== ======= ======== ======= =======
Basic and diluted net loss per share........ $ (5.66) $ (2.45) $ (3.09) $ (0.45) $ (0.60)
Shares used in per share computation........ 2,026 2,197 3,501 9,642 11,128
</TABLE>
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
DECEMBER 31,
-----------------------------------------------
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
------- ------- ------- ------- -------
(IN THOUSANDS)
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET DATA:
Cash, cash equivalents and short-term
investments.................................... $13,779 $14,082 $24,930 $23,862 $30,786
Working capital.................................. 12,730 9,118 21,875 20,834 25,042
Total assets..................................... 17,685 18,412 29,267 40,334 51,638
Notes payable -- noncurrent portion.............. -- -- -- -- 3,471
Stockholders' equity............................. 13,742 10,732 25,590 23,457 19,646
</TABLE>
ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS
OF OPERATIONS
Except for the historical information contained herein, the following
discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and
uncertainties. When used herein, the words "believe," "anticipate," "expect,"
"estimate" and similar expressions are intended to identify such forward-looking
statements. There can be no assurance that these statements will prove to be
correct. The Company's actual results could differ materially from those
discussed here. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences
include, but are not limited to, those discussed in this section as well as in
the section entitled "Item 1. Business -- Business Risks." Lynx undertakes no
obligation to update any of the forward-looking statements contained herein to
reflect any future events or developments.
OVERVIEW
We are a leader in the development and application of novel technologies
for the discovery of gene expression patterns and genomic variations important
to the pharmaceutical, biotechnology and agricultural industries. These
technologies are based on Megaclone, our unique and proprietary cloning
procedure, which transforms a sample containing millions of DNA molecules into
one made up of millions of micro-beads, each of which carries approximately
100,000 copies of one of the DNA molecules in the sample. Based on Megaclone, we
have developed a suite of applications that have the potential to enhance the
pace, scale and
19
<PAGE> 21
quality of genomics and genetics research programs. Currently, our principal
collaborators and customers are BASF, DuPont, Aventis CropScience and Oxagen.
We have incurred net losses each year since our inception in 1992. As of
December 31, 1999, we had an accumulated deficit of approximately $53.4 million.
We expect these losses to continue for at least the next several years. The size
of these losses will depend, in part, on the rate of growth, if any, in our
revenues and on the level of our expenses.
Revenues from technology access fees are from upfront payments from our
collaborators and customers who are provided access to our technologies for
specified periods. We receive service fees from our collaborators and customers
for genomic discovery services performed by us on the biological samples they
send to us. Collaborative research revenues are payments received under various
agreements and include such items as milestone payments. Other revenues include
the proceeds from the sale of our technology assets to BASF-LYNX and product
sales under one of our former programs.
Technology access fees are deferred and recognized as revenue on a
straight-line basis over the noncancelable term of the agreement to which they
relate. Payments for services and/or materials provided by us are recognized as
revenues when earned over the period in which the services are performed and/or
materials are delivered, provided no other obligations, refunds, or credits to
be applied to future work exist. Milestone payments are recognized as revenues
upon the achievement of the related milestone and the satisfaction of any
related obligations. Revenues from the sales of products, which have been
immaterial to date, are recognized upon shipment to the customer.
To date, we have received, and expect to continue to receive in the future,
a significant portion of our revenues from a small number of collaborators and
customers. During 1999, revenues from three collaborators and customers
accounted for 81%, 13% and 5% of total revenues. During 1998, revenues from
three collaborators and customers accounted for 61%, 33% and 5% of total
revenues. During 1997, revenues from three collaborators and customers accounted
for 60%, 25%, and 11% of total revenues.
Revenues in each quarterly and annual period have in the past, and could in
the future, fluctuate due to: the timing and amount of any technology access fee
and the period over which the revenue is recognized; the level of service fees,
which is tied to the number and timing of biological samples received from our
collaborators and customers, as well as our performance of the related genomic
discovery services on the samples; the timing of achievement of milestones and
the amount of related payments to us; and the initiation of new, and the
termination of existing, agreements with collaborators and customers.
Cost of services fees include the costs of direct labor, materials and
supplies, outside expenses, equipment and overhead incurred by us in performing
our genomic discovery services for our collaborators and customers. Research and
development expenses include the costs of personnel, materials and supplies,
outside expenses, equipment and overhead incurred by us in our technology and
application development efforts. We expect research and development expenses to
increase substantially due to planned spending for ongoing technology
development and implementation, as well as new applications. General and
administrative expenses include the costs of personnel, materials and supplies,
outside expenses, equipment and overhead incurred by us primarily in our
administrative, business development, legal and investor relations activities.
We expect general and administrative expenses to increase in support of our
research and development, commercial and business development efforts.
We account for our investment in BASF-LYNX on the equity method, however
such investment has a carrying value of zero in the financial statements. As we
have no obligation to fund the operations of BASF-LYNX, we have not recognized
our share of BASF-LYNX's losses in the accompanying statements of operations.
20
<PAGE> 22
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1999 AND 1998
Revenues
We had total revenues of $12.9 million for the year ended December 31,
1999, and $7.0 million for the year ended December 31, 1998. Revenues for 1999
included technology access fees and service fees of $7.8 million from DuPont,
Aventis CropScience and BASF and collaborative research revenue from a $5.0
million milestone fee earned under the DuPont agreement. Revenues for 1998
included technology access fees of $2.6 million from BASF and DuPont and $4.3
million from the acquisition by BASF-LYNX of our technology assets for certain
central nervous system, or CNS, disorders.
Operating Costs and Expenses
Our total operating costs and expenses were $20.5 million for the year
ended December 31, 1999, and $15.3 million for the year ended December 31, 1998.
Cost of services fees were $0.8 million in 1999 and reflect the costs of
providing our genomic discovery services, which commenced in 1999. Research and
development expenses were $15.5 million in 1999 and $13.2 million in 1998. The
increase in research and development expenses in 1999, as compared to 1998, is
due primarily to a higher number of personnel, facilities expansion and for
activities incurred as we prepared to launch our commercial operations. Our
efforts in 1999 focused on initiating production for the commercial application
of our genomics technologies and completing the scientific experimentation that
led to the successful achievement of certain technology milestones and
achievements under our agreements. We expect research and development expenses
to increase substantially due to planned spending for ongoing technology
development and implementation, as well as new applications.
General and administrative expenses were $4.2 million for the year ended
December 31, 1999, compared to $2.1 million for the year ended December 31,
1998. The increase was primarily due to higher personnel related expenses,
outside legal and administrative costs associated with our business development
efforts and facilities expansion. We expect general and administrative expenses
to increase in support of our research and development, commercial and business
development efforts.
Interest and Other Income
Net interest income decreased to $1.1 million in the year ended December
31, 1999, from $1.2 million in the year ended December 31, 1998, primarily due
to lower average cash, cash equivalents and investment balances during 1999, as
compared to 1998, and interest expense incurred on debt outstanding in 1999.
Other income was $0.1 million in the year ended December 31, 1999, and $2.9
million in the year ended December 31, 1998. In 1999, other income was
attributable to a gain on the sale of certain fixed assets no longer used in our
operations. In 1998, other income was due primarily to the gain from the sale of
the assets associated with our antisense program to Inex Pharmaceuticals
Corporation.
Income Taxes
The provision for income taxes of approximately $258,000 for 1999 and
$151,000 for 1998 consisted entirely of alternative minimum tax.
As of December 31, 1999, we had a federal net operating loss carryforward
of approximately $19.8 million, which will expire at various dates from 2008
through 2018, if not utilized. As of December 31, 1999, we also had federal and
California research and development tax credit carryforwards of approximately
$1.6 million and $297,000, respectively, which will expire at various dates from
2008 through 2019, if not utilized.
Utilization of net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards may be
subject to a substantial annual limitation due to the ownership change
limitations provided by the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and
similar state provisions. The annual limitation may result in expiration of net
operating loss and tax credit carryforwards before full utilization. Utilization
of federal and California net operating losses and
21
<PAGE> 23
credit carryforwards incurred prior to February 1994 is limited on an annual
basis under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, as a result of an
ownership change in 1994.
YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1998 AND 1997
Revenues
We had total revenues of $7.0 million for the year ended December 31, 1998,
and $4.6 million for the year ended December 31, 1997. Revenues for 1998
included technology access fees of $2.6 million from BASF and DuPont and
revenues of $4.3 million from the acquisition by BASF-LYNX of our technology
assets for certain CNS disorders. Revenues for 1997 included $3.9 million in
technology access fees earned under agreements with BASF and Aventis
Pharmaceuticals Inc. In 1997, revenues also included approximately $0.5 million
in sales of an antisense compound for use in clinical trials under one of our
former programs.
Operating Costs and Expenses
Total operating costs and expenses were $15.3 million for the year ended
December 31, 1998, and $16.2 million for the year ended December 31, 1997.
Research and development expenses were $13.2 million in 1998 and $14.2 million
in 1997. The decrease in expenses was due primarily to lower spending subsequent
to the sale of assets associated with our antisense program in March 1998 and
the phase-out of scientific efforts related to CNS disorders.
General and administrative expenses were $2.1 million for the year ended
December 31, 1998, compared to $1.9 million for the year ended December 31,
1997. The increase was primarily due to outside legal and administrative costs
associated with our business development efforts and facilities expansion.
Interest and Other Income
Interest income increased to $1.2 million in the year ended December 31,
1998, from $0.8 million in the year ended December 31, 1997, due primarily to
higher average cash, cash equivalents and investment balances during 1998 as
compared to 1997. Other income was $2.9 million in 1998. The 1998 amount was due
primarily to the gain from the sale of assets associated with our antisense
program. There was no other income earned in 1997.
Income Taxes
The provision for income taxes of approximately $151,000 for 1998 consisted
entirely of alternative minimum tax. Due to operating losses and the inability
to recognize an income tax benefit, there was no provision for income taxes for
1997.
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
Net cash provided by operating activities of $7.8 million for the year
ended December 31, 1999, increased from $5.7 million for the same period in
1998. This increase was primarily due to the increase in deferred revenues from
payments received from collaborators in 1999, which was partially offset by the
recognition in 1999 of a portion of previously deferred revenue and a decrease
in accounts payable and accrued liabilities balances. Net cash used in operating
activities of $13.1 million for the year ended December 31, 1997, was primarily
due to a net loss of $10.8 million, and a reduction in deferred revenues, offset
in part by depreciation and amortization of fixed assets and leasehold
improvements. Net cash used in investing activities of $10.7 million for the
year ended December 31, 1999, and $15.3 million for the year ended December 31,
1997, was primarily due to purchases of short-term investments and equipment,
while net cash provided by investing activities of $1.0 million for the year
ended December 31, 1998, was primarily due to maturities of short-term
investments, offset in part by expenditures for leasehold improvements and
purchases of equipment. Net cash provided by financing activities in 1999 of
$4.8 million resulted primarily from borrowings under an equipment loan
arrangement. Net cash provided by financing activities of $0.6 million in the
year ended December 31, 1998, and $25.1 million in the year ended December 31,
1997, resulted from the issuance of common stock. Cash and cash equivalents and
short-term investments were $30.8 million at December 31, 1999.
22
<PAGE> 24
In late 1998, we entered into a $5 million financing agreement with a
financial institution under which we drew down $4.8 million during 1999 for the
purchase of equipment and certain other capital expenditures. We granted the
lender a security interest in all items financed by it under this agreement.
Each draw down under the loan has a term of forty-eight months from the date of
the draw down. As of December 31, 1999, the principal balance under loans
outstanding under this agreement was approximately $4.4 million. The amount
available for future draw downs at December 31, 1999, was approximately $0.2
million. The draw down period under the agreement expires on March 31, 2000.
We plan to use available funds for ongoing commercial and research and
development activities, working capital and other general corporate purposes and
capital expenditures. We expect capital investments during 2000 will be
comprised primarily of equipment purchases required in the normal course of
business and expenditures for leasehold improvements. We intend to invest our
excess cash in investment-grade, interest-bearing securities.
We have obtained funding for our operations primarily through sales of
preferred and common stock to venture capital investors, institutional investors
and collaborators, revenues from contractual arrangements and interest income.
The cost, timing and amount of funds required for specific uses by us cannot be
precisely determined at this time and will be based upon the progress and the
scope of our collaborative and independent research and development projects;
payments received under collaborative agreements; our ability to establish and
maintain collaborative agreements; costs included in protecting intellectual
property rights; legal and administrative costs; additional facilities capacity
needs and the availability of alternate methods of financing.
We expect to incur substantial and increasing research and development
expenses and intend to seek additional financing, as needed, through
arrangements with collaborators and equity or debt offerings. We cannot assure
you that any additional financing we require will be available on favorable
terms, or at all. We believe, at current spending levels, our existing capital
resources and interest income thereon, will enable us to maintain our current
and planned operations through at least the next 12 months.
IMPACT OF YEAR 2000
In prior years, we have discussed the nature and progress of our plans to
become Year 2000 ready. In late 1999, we completed our remediation and testing
of systems. We have experienced no significant disruptions in information
technology and non-information technology systems and believe those systems
successfully responded to the Year 2000 date change. Costs associated with
remediating our systems were immaterial. We are not aware of any material
problems resulting from Year 2000 issues, either with our products, our internal
systems or the products and services of third parties. We will continue to
monitor our computer applications and those of our suppliers and vendors
throughout the year 2000 to ensure that any latent Year 2000 matters which may
arise are addressed promptly.
RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS
In June 1998, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued Statement of
Financial Accounting Standards No. 133, Accounting for Derivative Instruments
and Hedging Activities, or SFAS 133. SFAS 133 requires us to recognize all
derivatives on the balance sheet at fair value. Derivatives that are not hedges
must be adjusted to fair value through net income. If the derivative is a hedge,
depending on the nature of the hedge, changes in the fair value of the
derivative are either offset against the change in fair value of assets,
liabilities, or firm commitments through earnings or recognized in the other
comprehensive income until the hedged item is recognized in earnings. The
ineffective portion of the derivative's change in fair value will be immediately
recognized in earnings. SFAS 133 is effective for our fiscal year ending
December 31, 2001. We do not currently hold any derivatives and do not expect
this pronouncement to materially impact the results of operations.
In December 1999, the SEC issued Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 101, Revenue
Recognition in Financial Statements, or SAB 101. SAB 101 summarizes certain
areas of the Staff's views in applying generally accepted accounting principles
to revenue in financial statements and specifically addresses revenue recogni-
23
<PAGE> 25
tion for non-refundable technology access fees. We believe that our current
revenue recognition principles comply with SAB 101, and thus the adoption had no
effect on results of operations.
ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK DISCLOSURES
Short-Term Investments
The primary objective of our investment activities is to preserve principal
while, at the same time, maximizing yields without significantly increasing
risk. To achieve this objective, we invest in highly liquid and high-quality
debt securities. Our investments in debt securities are subject to interest rate
risk. To minimize the exposure due to adverse shifts in interest rates, we
invest in short-term securities and maintain an average maturity of less than
one year. As a result, we do not believe we are subject to significant interest
rate risk.
Foreign Currency Rate Fluctuations
The functional currency for our German subsidiary is the deutsche mark. Our
German subsidiary's accounts are translated from the German deutsche mark to the
U.S. dollar using the current exchange rate in effect at the balance sheet date,
for balance sheet accounts, and using the average exchange rate during the
period, for revenues and expense accounts. The effects of translation are
recorded as a separate component of stockholders' equity, and to date, have not
been material. Our German subsidiary conducts its business in local European
currencies. Exchange gains and losses arising from these transactions are
recorded using the actual exchange differences on the date of the transaction.
We have not taken any action to reduce our exposure to changes in foreign
currency exchange rates, such as options or futures contracts, with respect to
transactions with our German subsidiary or transactions with our European
collaborators and customers.
24
<PAGE> 26
ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
PAGE
----
<S> <C>
Report of Ernst & Young LLP, Independent Auditors........... 26
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 1999 and
1998...................................................... 27
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended
December 31, 1999, 1998 and 1997.......................... 28
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity for the
years ended December 31, 1999, 1998 and 1997.............. 29
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended
December 31, 1999, 1998 and 1997.......................... 30
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.................. 31
</TABLE>
25
<PAGE> 27
REPORT OF ERNST & YOUNG LLP, INDEPENDENT AUDITORS
The Board of Directors and Stockholders
Lynx Therapeutics
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Lynx
Therapeutics, Inc. as of December 31, 1999 and 1998, and the related statements
of operations, stockholders' equity, and cash flows for each of the three years
in the period ended December 31, 1999. These financial statements are the
responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an
opinion on these financial statements based on our audits.
We conducted our audits in accordance with auditing standards generally
accepted in the United States. Those standards require that we plan and perform
the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements
are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis,
evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An
audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant
estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial
statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis
for our opinion.
In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly,
in all material respects, the financial position of Lynx Therapeutics, Inc. at
December 31, 1999 and 1998, and the results of its operations and its cash flows
for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 1999, in conformity
with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States.
/s/ ERNST & YOUNG LLP
Palo Alto, California
February 4, 2000
26
<PAGE> 28
LYNX THERAPEUTICS, INC.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT SHARE AND PER SHARE AMOUNTS)
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
DECEMBER 31,
--------------------
1999 1998
-------- --------
<S> <C> <C>
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents................................. $ 18,050 $ 16,170
Short-term investments.................................... 12,736 7,692
Accounts receivable....................................... 4,045 5,316
Other current assets...................................... 1,379 678
-------- --------
Total current assets.............................. 36,210 29,856
Property and equipment:
Leasehold improvements.................................... 10,347 9,510
Laboratory and other equipment............................ 8,025 3,657
-------- --------
18,372 13,167
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization............ (5,494) (3,530)
-------- --------
Net property and equipment.................................. 12,878 9,637
Other non-current assets.................................... 2,550 841
-------- --------
$ 51,638 $ 40,334
======== ========
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable.......................................... $ 640 $ 1,770
Accrued compensation...................................... 356 295
Deferred revenues -- current portion...................... 8,438 3,000
Note payable -- current portion........................... 944 --
Other accrued liabilities................................. 790 3,957
-------- --------
Total current liabilities......................... 11,168 9,022
Deferred revenues........................................... 16,896 7,667
Note payable................................................ 3,471 --
Other non-current liabilities............................... 457 188
Commitments................................................. -- --
Stockholders' equity:
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value; 2,000,000 shares
authorized; no shares issued and outstanding........... -- --
Common stock, $0.01 par value; 20,000,000 shares
authorized, 11,219,188 and 11,132,815 shares issued and
outstanding at December 31, 1999 and 1998,
respectively........................................... 74,606 74,329
Notes receivable from stockholders........................ (293) (436)
Deferred compensation..................................... (2,444) (3,742)
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)............. 1,128 (7)
Accumulated deficit....................................... (53,351) (46,687)
-------- --------
Total stockholders' equity........................ 19,646 23,457
-------- --------
$ 51,638 $ 40,334
======== ========
</TABLE>
See accompanying notes.
27
<PAGE> 29
LYNX THERAPEUTICS, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE AMOUNTS)
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31,
------------------------------
1999 1998 1997
------- ------- --------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Revenues:
Technology access and services fees....................... $ 7,833 $ 2,625 $ 3,875
Collaborative research and other.......................... 5,042 4,380 707
------- ------- --------
Total revenues.................................... 12,875 7,005 4,582
Operating costs and expenses:
Cost of services fees..................................... 828 -- --
Research and development.................................. 15,510 13,166 14,226
General and administrative................................ 4,175 2,141 1,930
------- ------- --------
Total operating costs and expenses................ 20,513 15,307 16,156
------- ------- --------
Loss from operations........................................ (7,638) (8,302) (11,574)
Interest income, net........................................ 1,125 1,241 753
Other income................................................ 107 2,865 --
------- ------- --------
Loss before provision for income taxes...................... (6,406) (4,196) (10,821)
Provision for income taxes.................................. 258 151 --
------- ------- --------
Net loss.................................................... $(6,664) $(4,347) $(10,821)
======= ======= ========
Basic and diluted net loss per share........................ $ (0.60) $ (0.45) $ (3.09)
------- ------- --------
Shares used in per share computation........................ 11,128 9,642 3,501
======= ======= ========
</TABLE>
See accompanying notes.
28
<PAGE> 30
LYNX THERAPEUTICS, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
(IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT SHARE AMOUNTS)
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
PREFERRED STOCK COMMON STOCK ACCUMULATED OTHER
------------------- -------------------- NOTES DEFERRED COMPREHENSIVE
SHARES AMOUNT SHARES AMOUNT RECEIVABLE COMPENSATION INCOME (LOSS)
-------- -------- ---------- ------- ---------- ------------ -----------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Balance at December 31, 1996....... 495,587 $ 27,189 3,152,148 $17,361 $(210) $(2,092) $ 3
Comprehensive loss:
Net loss........................ -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Other comprehensive income
(loss)........................
Net unrealized loss on
securities.................. -- -- -- -- -- -- (48)
Comprehensive loss................ -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Exercise of employee stock options
for cash and note receivable.... -- -- 76,181 287 (250) -- --
Repurchase of common stock........ -- -- (11,476) (198) -- 197 --
Issuance of common stock for cash,
net of issuance costs of
$1,685.......................... -- -- 2,675,500 25,070 -- -- --
Amortization of deferred
compensation.................... -- -- -- -- -- 621 --
Recognition of deferred
compensation on employee stock
options......................... -- -- -- 4,120 -- (4,120) --
-------- -------- ---------- ------- ----- ------- ------
Balance at December 31, 1997....... 495,587 27,189 5,892,353 46,640 (460) (5,394) (45)
Comprehensive loss:
Net loss........................ -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Other comprehensive income
(loss)........................
Net unrealized gain on
securities.................. -- -- -- -- -- -- 38
Comprehensive loss................ -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Exercise of stock options for cash
and note receivable............. -- -- 334,309 744 (81) -- --
Repurchase of common stock........ -- -- (49,717) (108) 105 -- --
Conversion of series B, C and D
preferred stock to common
stock........................... (495,587) (27,189) 4,955,870 27,189 -- -- --
Amortization of deferred
compensation, including
forfeitures..................... -- -- -- (416) -- 1,652 --
Consulting and service expense
related to stock option
grants.......................... -- -- -- 280 -- -- --
-------- -------- ---------- ------- ----- ------- ------
Balance at December 31, 1998....... -- -- 11,132,815 74,329 (436) (3,742) (7)
Comprehensive loss:
Net loss........................ -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Other comprehensive income
(loss)........................
Net unrealized gain on
securities.................... -- -- -- -- -- -- 1,135
Comprehensive loss................ -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Employee stock purchase plan
issuance........................ -- -- 17,379 182 -- -- --
Exercise of stock options for cash
and repayment of note
receivable...................... -- -- 68,994 196 143 -- --
Amortization of deferred
compensation, including
forfeitures..................... -- -- -- (188) -- 1,298 --
Consulting and service expense
related to stock option
grants.......................... -- -- -- 87 -- -- --
-------- -------- ---------- ------- ----- ------- ------
Balance at December 31, 1999....... -- -- 11,219,188 $74,606 $(293) $(2,444) $1,128
======== ======== ========== ======= ===== ======= ======
<CAPTION>
TOTAL
ACCUMULATED STOCKHOLDERS'
DEFICIT EQUITY
----------- -------------
<S> <C> <C>
Balance at December 31, 1996....... $(31,519) $ 10,732
Comprehensive loss:
Net loss........................ (10,821) (10,821)
Other comprehensive income
(loss)........................ --
Net unrealized loss on
securities.................. (48)
--------
Comprehensive loss................ -- (10,869)
Exercise of employee stock options
for cash and note receivable.... -- 37
Repurchase of common stock........ -- (1)
Issuance of common stock for cash,
net of issuance costs of
$1,685.......................... -- 25,070
Amortization of deferred
compensation.................... -- 621
Recognition of deferred
compensation on employee stock
options......................... -- --
-------- --------
Balance at December 31, 1997....... (42,340) 25,590
Comprehensive loss:
Net loss........................ (4,347) (4,347)
Other comprehensive income
(loss)........................ --
Net unrealized gain on
securities.................. 38
--------
Comprehensive loss................ -- (4,309)
Exercise of stock options for cash
and note receivable............. -- 663
Repurchase of common stock........ -- (3)
Conversion of series B, C and D
preferred stock to common
stock........................... -- --
Amortization of deferred
compensation, including
forfeitures..................... -- 1,236
Consulting and service expense
related to stock option
grants.......................... -- 280
-------- --------
Balance at December 31, 1998....... (46,687) 23,457
Comprehensive loss:
Net loss........................ (6,664) (6,664)
Other comprehensive income
(loss)........................
Net unrealized gain on
securities.................... -- 1,135
--------
Comprehensive loss................ -- (5,529)
Employee stock purchase plan
issuance........................ -- 182
Exercise of stock options for cash
and repayment of note
receivable...................... -- 339
Amortization of deferred
compensation, including
forfeitures..................... -- 1,110
Consulting and service expense
related to stock option
grants.......................... -- 87
-------- --------
Balance at December 31, 1999....... $(53,351) $ 19,646
======== ========
</TABLE>
See accompanying notes.
29
<PAGE> 31
LYNX THERAPEUTICS, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(IN THOUSANDS)
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31,
--------------------------------
1999 1998 1997
-------- -------- --------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES
Net loss.................................................... $ (6,664) $ (4,347) $(10,821)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by
(used in) operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization of fixed assets and
leasehold improvements................................. 1,964 1,176 1,298
Issuance of stock options to non-employees in exchange for
services............................................... 87 111 --
Amortization of deferred compensation..................... 1,110 1,236 621
Other..................................................... -- (138) --
CHANGES IN OPERATING ASSETS AND LIABILITIES
Accounts receivable....................................... 1,271 (5,072) (126)
Other current assets...................................... (701) (479) (41)
Accounts payable.......................................... (1,130) 1,579 (219)
Accrued liabilities....................................... (3,106) 3,237 60
Deferred revenues......................................... 14,667 8,375 (3,875)
Other noncurrent liabilities.............................. 269 9 31
-------- -------- --------
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities......... 7,767 5,687 (13,072)
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Purchases of short-term investments......................... (22,121) (21,767) (16,180)
Maturities of short-term investments........................ 17,016 30,245 1,973
Leasehold improvements and equipment purchases, net of
retirements............................................... (5,205) (7,254) (1,188)
Notes receivable from officers and employees................ (248) (175) 50
Other assets................................................ (122) -- --
-------- -------- --------
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities......... (10,680) 1,049 (15,345)
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Issuance of common stock, net of repurchases................ 378 636 25,106
Proceeds of equipment loan.................................. 4,838 -- --
Repayment of equipment loan................................. (423) -- --
-------- -------- --------
Net cash provided by financing activities................... 4,793 636 25,106
-------- -------- --------
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents........ 1,880 7,372 (3,311)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year.............. 16,170 8,798 12,109
-------- -------- --------
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year.................... $ 18,050 $ 16,170 $ 8,798
======== ======== ========
SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES OF CASH FLOW INFORMATION
Income taxes paid........................................... $ 303 -- --
======== ======== ========
Interest paid............................................... $ 174 -- --
======== ======== ========
Following are the effects of the non-cash transactions
relating to the sale of the antisense business Assets
sold, net of depreciation................................. -- $ 210 --
======== ======== ========
Inex stock received.................................... -- $ 603 --
======== ======== ========
</TABLE>
See accompanying notes.
30
<PAGE> 32
LYNX THERAPEUTICS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION
BUSINESS AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION
We are a leader in the development and application of novel technologies
for the discovery of gene expression patterns and genomic variations important
to the pharmaceutical, biotechnology and agricultural industries. These
technologies are based on Megaclone, our unique and proprietary cloning
procedure, which transforms a sample containing millions of DNA molecules into
one made up of millions of micro-beads, each of which carries approximately
100,000 copies of one of the DNA molecules in the sample. Based on Megaclone, we
have developed a suite of applications that have the potential to enhance the
pace, scale and quality of genomics and genetics research programs. Currently,
our principal collaborators and customers are BASF AG, DuPont de Nemours and
Company, Aventis CropScience GmbH and Oxagen Limited.
The consolidated financial statements of the Company include the accounts
of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiary, Lynx Therapeutics GmbH, formed
under the laws of the Federal Republic of Germany. All significant intercompany
balances and transactions have been eliminated. Certain amounts in prior periods
have been reclassified to conform to current presentation.
USE OF ESTIMATES
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally
accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and
assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and
accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND SHORT-TERM INVESTMENTS
The Company considers all investments with original maturities from the
date of purchase of 90 days or less as cash equivalents. Investments with
original maturities beyond 90 days but less than one year are considered to be
short-term investments. The Company's investment policy stipulates that the
investment portfolio be maintained with the objectives of preserving principal,
maintaining liquidity and maximizing return.
The Company determines the appropriate classification of debt securities at
the time of purchase and reevaluates such designation as of each balance sheet
date. As of December 31, 1999 and 1998, the Company has classified its entire
investment portfolio as available-for-sale. Available-for-sale securities are
carried at fair value based on quoted market prices, with the unrealized gains
and losses reported as a separate component of stockholders' equity. The cost of
debt securities in this category is adjusted for amortization of premiums and
accretion of discounts to maturity, which are included in interest income.
Realized gains and losses and declines in value judged to be
other-than-temporary, on available-for-sale securities, if any, are included in
interest income or expense. The cost of securities sold, if any, is based on the
specific identification method.
The Company invests its excess cash in deposits with major banks and in
money market and short-term debt securities of companies with strong credit
ratings from a variety of industries. These securities generally mature within
365 days and, therefore, bear minimal risk. The Company has not realized any
losses on its investments. The Company, by corporate policy, limits the amount
of credit exposure to any one issuer and to any one type of investment.
PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT
Property and equipment are stated at original cost and are depreciated
using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets,
which is generally three years. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the
lesser of the useful life of the asset or the remaining term of the facility
lease.
31
<PAGE> 33
LYNX THERAPEUTICS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS -- (CONTINUED)
1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION
(CONTINUED)
REVENUE RECOGNITION
Revenues from technology access fees have generally resulted from upfront
payments from collaborators and customers who are provided access to Lynx's
technologies for specified periods. The Company receives service fees from
collaborators and customers for genomics discovery services performed by Lynx on
the biological samples they send to Lynx. Collaborative research revenues are
payments received under various agreements and include such items as milestone
payments. Other revenues includes non-contract related revenues, such as the
proceeds from the transfer of technology assets to BASF-LYNX and product sales
under one of Lynx's former programs.
Technology access fees are deferred and recognized as revenue on a
straight-line basis over the noncancelable term of the agreement to which they
relate. Payments for services and/or materials provided by Lynx are recognized
as revenues when earned over the period in which the services are performed
and/or materials are delivered, provided no other obligations, refunds, or
credits to be applied to future work exist. Milestone payments are recognized as
revenues upon the achievement of the related milestone and the satisfaction of
any related obligations. Revenues from the sales of products, which have been
immaterial to date, are recognized upon shipment to the customer.
During 1999, revenue from three collaborators and customers represented
81%, 13% and 5% of total revenue. During 1998, revenue from three collaborators
and customers represented 61%, 33% and 5% of total revenues. During 1997,
revenue from three collaborators and customers represented 60%, 25%, and 11% of
total revenue.
NET LOSS PER SHARE
The Company complies with Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No.
128 ("SFAS 128"), "Earnings Per Share" ("EPS"). SFAS 128 requires that companies
present two measures of earnings per share, basic and diluted. Basic earnings
per share is computed by dividing income or loss applicable to common
stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the
period, net of certain common shares outstanding which are subject to continued
vesting and the Company's right of repurchase. Diluted EPS reflects the
potential dilution of securities that could share in the earnings of the
Company, to the extent such securities are dilutive. Basic and diluted net loss
per share are equivalent for all periods presented herein due to the Company's
net loss in all periods. Options to purchase approximately 1,900,000 shares of
common stock at a weighted-average price of $7.32 per share have been excluded
from the calculation of diluted loss per share for 1999 because the effect of
inclusion would be antidilutive. The options will be included in the calculation
at such time as the effect is no longer antidilutive, as calculated using the
treasury stock method. The weighted-average number of shares subject to
repurchase for fiscal years 1999, 1998 and 1997 were 55,000, 152,000 and 300,000
respectively.
See Note 7 for additional disclosure regarding common stock and stock
options.
STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION
As permitted by Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 123,
"Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation" ("SFAS 123"), the Company has elected
to account for stock options granted to employees using the intrinsic value
method and, accordingly, does not recognize compensation expense for options
granted to employees with exercise prices equal to the fair market value of the
Company's common stock on the grant date.
32
<PAGE> 34
LYNX THERAPEUTICS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS -- (CONTINUED)
1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION
(CONTINUED)
COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
In 1998, Lynx adopted the provisions of Statement of Financial Accounting
Standards No. 130, "Reporting Comprehensive Income" ("SFAS 130"). SFAS 130
establishes rules for the reporting and presentation of comprehensive income and
its components. The adoption of SFAS 130 had an immaterial impact on the
Company's net loss and stockholders' equity. SFAS 130 requires unrealized gains
or losses on the Company's available-for-sale securities, which prior to
adoption were reported separately in stockholders' equity, to be included in
other accumulated comprehensive income (loss).
SEGMENT REPORTING
In 1998, the Company adopted Statement of Financial Accounting Standards
No. 131, "Disclosures about Segments of an Enterprise and Related Information"
("SFAS 131"). SFAS 131 establishes standards for the way that public business
enterprises report information about operating segments in financial statements.
SFAS 131 also establishes standards for related disclosures about products and
services, geographic areas and major customers. The Company's business
activities include the development of technologies aimed at handling and/or
analyzing the DNA molecules or fragments in complex biological samples.
Accordingly, the Company operates in only one business segment. All of the
Company's assets and revenues are derived from this activity. Substantially all
of the Company's assets are located in the United States. To date, revenues have
been derived primarily from contracts with companies located in the North
America, Europe and Japan, as follows (revenue is attributed to geographic areas
based on the location of the customers):
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31,
---------------------------
1999 1998 1997
------- ------ ------
(IN THOUSANDS)
<S> <C> <C> <C>
North America........................................... $10,440 $ 401 $ 176
Europe.................................................. 2,435 6,542 4,401
Japan................................................... -- 62 5
$12,875 $7,005 $4,582
</TABLE>
INCOME TAXES
Under Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 109, Accounting for
Income Taxes ("SFAS 109"), deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined
based on the difference between financial reporting and tax bases of assets and
liabilities, and are measured using the enacted tax rates and laws that will be
in effect when the differences are expected to reverse. SFAS 109 provides for
the recognition of deferred tax assets if realization of such assets is more
likely than not. Based upon the weight of available evidence, which includes the
Company's historical operating performance and the reported cumulative net
losses for the prior three years, the Company has provided a full valuation
against its net deferred tax assets as of December 31, 1999 and 1998. The
Company intends to evaluate the realizability of the deferred tax assets on a
quarterly basis. See Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS
In June 1998, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued Statement of
Financial Accounting Standards No. 133, "Accounting for Derivative Instruments
and Hedging Activities" ("SFAS 133"). SFAS 133 requires Lynx to recognize all
derivatives on the balance sheet at fair value. Derivatives that are not hedges
must be adjusted to fair value through net income. If the derivative is a hedge,
depending on the nature of the hedge, changes in the fair value of the
derivative are either offset against the change in fair value of
33
<PAGE> 35
LYNX THERAPEUTICS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS -- (CONTINUED)
1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION
(CONTINUED)
assets, liabilities, or firm commitments through earnings or recognized in the
other comprehensive income until the hedged item is recognized in earnings. The
ineffective portion of the derivative's change in fair value will be immediately
recognized in earnings. SFAS 133 is effective for Lynx's year ending December
31, 2001. Lynx does not currently hold any derivatives and does not expect this
pronouncement to materially impact results of operations.
In December 1999, the Securities and Exchange Commission issued Staff
Accounting Bulletin No. 101, "Revenue Recognition in Financial Statements" ("SAB
101"). SAB 101 summarizes certain areas of the Staff's views in applying
generally accepted accounting principles to revenue in financial statements and
specifically addresses revenue recognition for non-refundable technology access
fees. Lynx believes that its current revenue recognition principles comply with
SAB 101 and thus the adoption had no effect on results of operations.
2. INVESTMENTS
The following is a summary of available-for-sale securities:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
AVAILABLE-FOR-SALE SECURITIES
--------------------------------------------------
GROSS GROSS ESTIMATED
AMORTIZED UNREALIZED UNREALIZED FAIR
COST GAINS LOSSES VALUE
--------- ---------- ---------- ---------
(IN THOUSANDS)
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C>
December 31, 1999
Equity securities........................ $ 603 $1,196 $ -- $ 1,799
Money market mutual funds................ 9,624 -- -- 9,624
Commercial paper......................... 10,449 -- (45) 10,404
Corporate bonds and notes................ 8,781 -- (23) 8,758
------- ------ ---- -------
$29,457 $1,196 $(68) $30,585
======= ====== ==== =======
December 31, 1998
Money market mutual funds................ $ 775 $ -- $ -- $ 775
Commercial paper......................... 8,177 -- (2) 8,175
Government mutual funds.................. 5,919 -- -- 5,919
Mutual funds............................. 800 -- -- 800
Corporate bonds and notes................ 7,799 -- (5) 7,794
------- ------ ---- -------
$23,470 $ -- $ (7) $23,463
======= ====== ==== =======
</TABLE>
During the years ended December 31, 1999, 1998 and 1997, the Company did
not sell any securities. As of December 31, 1999, $16.1 million of the
marketable securities were classified as cash equivalents, $12.7 million were
classified as short-term investments and $1.8 million were classified as other
non-current assets. As of December 31, 1998, $15.8 million of the marketable
securities were classified as cash equivalents, and the balance of $7.7 million
was classified as short-term investments. All short-term investments have
maturities of less than one year. Expected maturities may differ from
contractual maturities because the issuers of the securities may have the right
to prepay obligations without prepayment penalties.
3. COLLABORATIVE ARRANGEMENTS
E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company., or DuPont
In October 1998, Lynx entered into a research collaboration agreement with
DuPont to apply its technologies to the study of certain crop plants and their
protection. Under the terms of the agreement, the
34
<PAGE> 36
LYNX THERAPEUTICS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS -- (CONTINUED)
3. COLLABORATIVE ARRANGEMENTS (CONTINUED)
Company could receive payments over a five-year period for genomic discovery
services, the achievement of specific technology milestones and the delivery of
genomic maps of specified crops. An initial payment of $10 million for
technology access was received at the execution of the agreement which is being
recognized as revenue over the five-year committed term, with additional minimum
service fees of $12 million to be received by Lynx over a three-year period
commencing January 1999, of which we have received $4.0 million. The Company
recognized as revenues technology access and services fees of $5.4 million for
the year ended December 31, 1999, and technology access fees of $0.3 million for
the year ended December 31, 1998 under this agreement. The Company also
recognized collaborative research revenue of $5.0 million for achieving a
technology milestone in 1999.
Aventis CropScience GmbH, formerly Hoechst Schering AgrEvo GmbH
In March 1999, Aventis Pharmaceuticals Inc., or Aventis, formerly Hoechst
Marion Roussel, Inc., activated a nonexclusive access to certain of Lynx's
genomics discovery services for the benefit of its affiliate, Aventis
CropScience. The Company was paid a technology access fee and a payment for
genomic discovery services to be performed by Lynx for Aventis CropScience. The
Company recognized as revenues a portion of the technology access fees amounting
to $1.5 million under this agreement for the year ended December 31, 1999.
In September 1999, the Company signed a three-year research collaboration
agreement with Aventis CropScience. Aventis CropScience will receive exclusive
access to Lynx's genomics discovery services for the study of certain plants,
which is aimed at developing new crop varieties and other agricultural products.
Under the terms of the agreement, Aventis CropScience paid the Company a
technology access fee upon execution of the agreement. The Company can earn
additional fees for the performance of genomic discovery services, the delivery
of genomic maps of certain plants, and milestone payments and licensing fees
related to certain discoveries for the subject plants. For the year ended
December 31, 1999, the Company recognized as revenues a portion of the
technology access fees amounting to $0.2 million under this agreement.
Oxagen Limited, or Oxagen
In May 1999, the Company entered into an agreement with Oxagen to
collaborate on a program to discover and validate disease-associated single
nucleotide polymorphisms, or SNPs. The program will initially focus on
inflammatory bowel disease, but the companies may extend it to other common
human disorders. Each company is responsible for paying its own expenses under
this agreement. Under the terms of this agreement, Lynx could receive licensing
fees and royalties or other share in the revenues from the licensing or sale and
subsequent commercialization of related products by Oxagen or third parties.
BASF AG, or BASF
In October 1996, the Company entered into an agreement with BASF. The
agreement provides BASF with access to Lynx's genomic discovery services based
on certain of its technologies on a nonexclusive basis. Under this agreement,
the Company received technology access fee in 1996. In connection with certain
technology development accomplishments by Lynx, BASF paid the Company an
additional access fee of $4.5 million in the fourth quarter of 1999. The access
is for a minimum of two years and requires BASF to purchase services at a
minimum rate of $4.0 million per year. In conjunction with this event, BASF paid
Lynx $4.0 million in the fourth quarter of 1999 for the first year of the
genomics discovery services. The Company recognized as revenue technology access
fees of $0.7 million, $2.3 million and $2.8 million for the years ended December
31, 1999, 1998 and 1997, respectively, under this agreement.
35
<PAGE> 37
LYNX THERAPEUTICS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS -- (CONTINUED)
3. COLLABORATIVE ARRANGEMENTS (CONTINUED)
In October 1996, BASF and Lynx formed a joint venture company, BASF-LYNX
Bioscience AG, or BASF-LYNX, to conduct research in the areas of central nervous
system, or CNS, disorders, toxicology and fermentation. For an initial 49%
ownership interest in BASF-LYNX, the Company agreed to provide access to its
technologies for use in BASF-LYNX's research for a five-year period. In 1996,
BASF agreed to provide an aggregate of DM50 million in funding for BASF-LYNX's
research over a five-year period that began in 1997, in exchange for its initial
51% ownership interest in BASF-LYNX. In 1998, the Company transferred to
BASF-LYNX certain assets related to a CNS research program that had been
conducted at Lynx, and BASF agreed to provide an additional $10 million in
research funding to BASF-LYNX, of which $4.3 million was paid to Lynx for the
CNS technology assets. For the year ended December 31, 1998, the Company
recorded $4.3 million of collaborative research revenue related to the CNS
assets sold to BASF-LYNX. Lynx accounts for its investment in BASF-LYNX on the
equity method, however such investment has a carrying value of zero in the
financial statements. As Lynx has no obligation to fund the operations of
BASF-LYNX, the Company has not recognized its share of BASF-LYNX's losses in the
accompanying statements of operations.
Aventis
In October 1995, the Company entered into an agreement with Aventis, which,
as amended, provides Aventis with the right to access certain of Lynx's genomic
discovery services on a nonexclusive basis. Aventis paid the Company a
technology access fee of $3 million on execution of the agreement, which was
recognized as revenues in over the two-year term of the agreement ($1.1 million
of which was recognized in 1997). Aventis retains the right to activate its
nonexclusive access upon payment of additional fees. In addition, the Company
received $5 million in November 1995 in a private placement to Aventis of 40,000
shares of Series D preferred stock, subsequently converted into 400,000 shares
of common stock.
4. SALE OF THE ANTISENSE BUSINESS
In March 1998, Lynx sold its portfolio of phosphorothioate antisense
patents and licenses, and its therapeutic oligonucleotide manufacturing facility
(collectively, the "Antisense Business"), to Inex Pharmaceuticals Corporation
("Inex"), a Canadian company. As partial consideration in this transaction, Lynx
received $3 million in cash and will receive 1.2 million shares of Inex common
stock, in three equal installments, with the first 400,000 shares received in
March 1998, and the second and third installments of stock to be received no
later than two and three years, respectively, from the closing date of the
transaction. The Inex common stock received by Lynx is subject to certain
restrictions on trading for specific periods of time following receipt by Lynx
with the sale restriction of the initial 400,000 shares expiring on March 10,
2000. Lynx is also entitled to receive royalties on future sales of
phosphorothioate antisense products. In addition, Lynx is also entitled to
receive royalties under a license to Inex for phosphoroamidate chemistry for
certain therapeutic applications in the fields of cancer and inflammation.
The gain on the sale of the Antisense Business is based on the cash and the
first installment of the Inex common stock received on the transaction date, net
of the book value of the assets transferred to Inex and certain other costs
associated with the transaction and incurred by Lynx. As of December 31, 1999,
Inex common stock is classified in other non-current assets.
5. LICENSE AGREEMENTS
Lynx has entered into various license agreements with companies and
academic institutions. Such agreements generally require Lynx to pay annual or
semiannual license fees and are generally cancelable upon 60 to 120 days'
notice. The expenses associated with licenses were approximately $86,000 for the
year ended December 31, 1999. Lynx recorded a credit to expense of approximately
$27,000 in the year ended
36
<PAGE> 38
LYNX THERAPEUTICS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS -- (CONTINUED)
5. LICENSE AGREEMENTS (CONTINUED)
December 31, 1998 for license fees which had been paid, then subsequently
included in the sale of the antisense business.
6. NOTES RECEIVABLE FROM OFFICERS
In 1999, the Company entered into loan agreements with officers of the
Company. The aggregate loans total $360,000, are secured by second mortgages on
real property, have interest accruable at the rate of 4.83% to 6.02% per annum,
and are subject to early repayment under specified circumstances. The principal
and interest on the loans will be forgiven, based on the officers' continuous
employment over a four-year period, in the following amounts: 50% on the second
anniversary dates of employment; and 25% on each of the third and fourth
anniversary dates of employment.
In August 1998, the Company entered into two loan agreements with an
officer of the Company. Each loan is in the amount of $100,000, secured by a
second mortgage on real property, with interest accruable at the rate of 5.57%
per annum, and subject to early repayment under specified circumstances. The
principal and interest on one loan will be forgiven, based on the officer's
continuous employment over a four-year period, in the following amounts: 50% on
the second anniversary date of employment; and 25% on each of the third and
fourth anniversary dates of employment. The second loan is to be repaid by the
officer according to the following schedule: 50% of the principal on the third
anniversary date of employment; and the remainder of the principal plus accrued
interest on the fourth anniversary date of employment.
In April 1997, the Company entered into a full-recourse loan agreement with
an officer of the Company. A note receivable of $250,000 was issued under a
stock purchase agreement for the purchase of 50,000 shares of common stock
whereby all the shares issued under the agreement are pledged as collateral. The
outstanding principal amount is due and payable in full in April 2002, subject
to an obligation to prepay under specified circumstances. Interest is payable
upon the expiration or termination of the note and accrues at the rate of 6.49%
per annum.
7. STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
PREFERRED STOCK
On March 31, 1998, pursuant to the Amended and Restated Certificate of
Designation, dated September 30, 1997, the 332,288 shares of Series B preferred
stock, 123,299 shares of Series C preferred stock and 40,000 shares of Series D
preferred stock converted into 4,955,870 shares of common stock.
COMMON STOCK
At December 31, 1999, Lynx has reserved 2,562,205 shares of common stock
for issuance upon the exercise of outstanding employee and nonemployee stock
options, upon the issuance of shares purchased pursuant to the employee stock
purchase plan, and upon the exercise of certain warrants, as noted below:
<TABLE>
<S> <C>
Stock option grants outstanding............................. 1,942,497
Shares available for option grants.......................... 387,087
Employee stock purchase plan shares......................... 182,621
Warrants outstanding........................................ 50,000
---------
2,562,205
=========
</TABLE>
In October 1997, Lynx issued 2,675,500 shares of common stock, resulting in
net proceeds of $25.1 million, pursuant to a common stock purchase agreement
between the Company and certain investors. The shares were registered for resale
on Form S-3 Registration Statement that became effective on
37
<PAGE> 39
LYNX THERAPEUTICS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS -- (CONTINUED)
7. STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY (CONTINUED)
December 31, 1997. In connection with this transaction, warrants to purchase
50,000 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $14.00 per share. The
warrants were exercised in January 2000.
In November 1996, Lynx issued 959,182 shares of Lynx common stock in
exchange for 737,832 shares of Spectragen, Inc. common stock held by certain
officers, employees and one consultant of Spectragen, pursuant to an Agreement
of Merger between Lynx and Spectragen. Spectragen was a wholly owned subsidiary
of Lynx at the time of the exchange. A portion of the shares are subject to
repurchase rights which expire ratably over a five year period. Pursuant to the
merger, and in accordance with APB 25, "Accounting for Stock Issued to
Employees," Lynx recognized compensation and consultant expense of $2.1 million
and recorded approximately $1.4 million in deferred compensation for the
difference between the fair market value of the Lynx stock and the deemed fair
market value of the Spectragen stock on the day of acquisition. The deferred
compensation will be charged ratably to expense as the repurchase rights expire.
Also in November 1996, Lynx issued 524,355 options to purchase Lynx common
stock in exchange for 403,350 options to purchase Spectragen common stock
pursuant to the Agreement of Merger between the Company and Spectragen. In
accordance with APB 25, Lynx recognized deferred compensation of $712,000
representing the difference between the exercise price of the options and the
fair market value of the Company's common stock on the day of the grants. The
deferred compensation will be charged to expense over the five year vesting
period of the grants.
1992 STOCK OPTION PLAN
In July 1992, the Board of Directors of the Company (the "Board") adopted,
and the stockholders subsequently approved, the Company's 1992 Stock Option Plan
(the "1992 Plan"). In May 1999, the stockholders approved an amendment to the
1992 Plan, authorizing the increase in the number of shares authorized for
issuance under the 1992 Plan from a total of 4,000,000 shares to 4,200,000
shares and the inclusion of directors (including non-employee directors) of the
Company and its affiliates as eligible to participate in the 1992 Plan.
Under the Plan, the exercise price of incentive options granted may not be
less than 100% (110% in the case of options granted to a person who owns more
than 10% of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock of the
Company) of the fair market value of common stock at the date of grant.
Nonqualified options may be granted at not less than 85% of fair market value at
the date of grant. Options generally vest over a five-year period from the date
of grant and have a term of ten years (five years in the case of options granted
to a person who owns more than 10% of the total combined voting power of all
classes of stock of the Company).
In December 1997, the Board of Directors approved the commencement of
vesting of certain performance-based stock options that had been granted to
certain employees prior to the merger between Spectragen and Lynx. In connection
with this action, Lynx recognized deferred compensation of $4.1 million
representing the difference between the exercise price of the options and the
fair market value of the Company's common stock at the time of the December 1997
approval. The deferred compensation will be charged to expense over the period
beginning December 1997, through the end of the five-year vesting period.
38
<PAGE> 40
LYNX THERAPEUTICS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS -- (CONTINUED)
7. STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY (CONTINUED)
The stock option activity under the Plan was as follows:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
OPTIONS OUTSTANDING
-----------------------------------------------------
AVAILABLE FOR NUMBER OF SHARES WEIGHTED AVERAGE
GRANT SUBJECT TO OPTIONS EXERCISE PRICE
------------- ------------------ ----------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Balance at December 31, 1996........................ 598,486 1,517,602 $ 2.39
Options granted................................... (266,841) 266,841 $ 7.56
Options exercised................................. -- (76,181) $ 3.78
Options canceled.................................. 29,163 (82,008) $ 1.68
-------- ---------
Balance at December 31, 1997........................ 360,808 1,626,254 $ 3.22
Shares authorized................................. 600,000 -- --
Options granted................................... (407,500) 407,500 $11.27
Options exercised................................. -- (334,309) $ 2.27
Options canceled.................................. 232,533 (269,723) $ 5.30
-------- ---------
Balance at December 31, 1998........................ 785,841 1,429,722 $ 5.35
Shares authorized................................. 200,000 -- --
Options granted................................... (639,000) 639,000 $11.20
Options exercised................................. -- (68,994) $ 2.70
Options canceled.................................. 40,246 (57,231) $ 7.10
-------- ---------
Balance at December 31, 1999........................ 387,087 1,942,497 $ 7.32
======== =========
</TABLE>
To date, all options granted under the Plan are nonqualified options.
Options to purchase a total of 709,433 shares were exercisable under the Plan at
December 31, 1999. Certain officers and employees of the Company were granted
the right to exercise their options prior to vesting, subject to the Company's
right of repurchase at the original issue price, which lapses ratably over five
years. As of December 31, 1999, 55,402 shares outstanding were subject to
repurchase.
The options outstanding at December 31, 1999, have been segregated into
ranges for additional disclosure as follows:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
OPTIONS OUTSTANDING OPTIONS EXERCISABLE
----------------------------------------------- ------------------------------
OPTIONS WEIGHTED-AVERAGE WEIGHTED- OPTIONS CURRENTLY WEIGHTED-
OUTSTANDING AT REMAINING AVERAGE EXERCISABLE AT AVERAGE
RANGE OF DECEMBER 31, CONTRACTUAL LIFE EXERCISE DECEMBER 31, EXERCISE
EXERCISE PRICES 1999 (IN YEARS) PRICE 1999 PRICE
- ------------------------- -------------- ---------------- --------- ----------------- ---------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
$ 0.10 - $ 1.00 ......... 259,669 5.20 $ 0.75 221,100 $ 0.81
$ 1.54 - $ 1.54.......... 282,964 6.60 $ 1.54 84,255 $ 1.54
$ 2.00 - $ 5.00.......... 222,003 6.35 $ 4.50 154,885 $ 4.48
$ 6.00 - $ 8.38.......... 203,375 7.24 $ 6.85 109,203 $ 6.48
$ 8.56 - $ 9.44.......... 197,000 8.84 $ 9.04 35,615 $ 8.80
$ 9.50 - $11.25.......... 98,500 8.89 $10.40 14,864 $10.01
$11.31................... 212,500 9.50 $11.31 -- --
$11.50 - $11.63.......... 208,500 9.72 $11.52 12,916 $11.63
$11.88 - $15.00.......... 256,986 8.54 $13.86 76,595 $14.20
$20.00................... 1,000 9.96 $20.00 -- --
--------- -------
$ 0.10 - $20.00.......... 1,942,497 7.71 $ 7.32 709,433 $ 4.81
========= =======
</TABLE>
39
<PAGE> 41
LYNX THERAPEUTICS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS -- (CONTINUED)
7. STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY (CONTINUED)
PRO FORMA INFORMATION
The Company has elected to follow APB 25 and related interpretations in
accounting for its stock options because, as discussed below, the alternative
fair value accounting provided for under SFAS 123 requires use of option
valuation models that were not developed for use in valuing stock options. Under
APB 25, when the exercise price of the Company's stock options equals the market
price of the underlying stock on the date of the grant, no compensation expense
is recognized.
Pro forma information regarding net loss and net loss per share is required
by SFAS 123, and has been determined as if the Company had accounted for its
stock options granted subsequent to December 31, 1994 under the fair value
method of SFAS 123. The weighted average fair value of options granted in 1999,
1998 and 1997 was $7.87, $6.74 and $4.11 per share, respectively. The fair value
for these options was estimated at the date of grant using a Black-Scholes
option pricing model for the single option approach with the following
weighted-average assumptions: a risk-free interest rate of 4.97%, 5.5%, and
6.33% for 1999, 1998, and 1997, respectively, a weighted-average expected life
of 5 years for 1999 grants, 5.1 years for 1998 grants and 4.2 years for 1997
grants and an expected dividend yield of zero for all three years; and a
volatility factor of the expected market price of the Company's common stock of
86% for 1999, 64% for 1998 and 56% for 1997.
The Black-Scholes option valuation model was developed for use in
estimating the fair value of traded options which have no vesting restrictions
and are fully transferable. In addition, option valuation models require the
input of highly subjective assumptions including the expected stock price
volatility. Because the Company's stock options have characteristics
significantly different from those of traded options, and because changes in the
subjective input assumptions can materially affect the fair value estimate, in
management's opinion, the existing models do not necessarily provide a reliable
single measure of the fair value of the Company's stock options.
Had compensation cost for the Company's stock-based compensation plan been
determined based on the fair value at the grant date for awards under the plan
consistent with the method of SFAS 123, the Company's net loss and net loss per
share would have been increased to the pro forma amounts indicated below:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31,
------------------------------------------
1999 1998 1997
----------- ----------- ------------
(IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE AMOUNTS)
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Net loss
Historical......................................... $(6,664) $(4,347) $(10,821)
Pro forma.......................................... $(7,874) $(5,610) $(11,498)
Net loss per share
Historical......................................... $ (0.60) $ (0.45) $ (3.09)
Pro Forma.......................................... $ (0.71) $ (0.58) $ (3.28)
</TABLE>
1998 EMPLOYEE STOCK PURCHASE PLAN
In May 1998, the stockholders approved the adoption of the Company's 1998
Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the "Purchase Plan"). The Purchase Plan authorized
the issuance of 200,000 shares of common stock pursuant to purchase rights
granted to employees of the Company and is intended to be an "employee stock
purchase plan" as defined in Section 423 of the Internal Revenue Code.
The Purchase Plan was adopted to provide a means by which employees of the
Company and its affiliates will be given an opportunity to purchase stock in the
Company, to assist in retaining the services of its employees, to attract and
secure the services of new employees, and to provide incentives for all
employees to exert maximum efforts for the success of the Company.
40
<PAGE> 42
LYNX THERAPEUTICS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS -- (CONTINUED)
7. STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY (CONTINUED)
As of December 31, 1999, a total of 17,379 shares of common stock have been
issued to employees at an aggregate purchase price of $182,244 and a weighted
average purchase price of $10.49 per share pursuant to offerings under the
Purchase Plan and 182,621 shares remain available for future issuance.
Under SFAS 123, the fair value for these purchase options was estimated at
the date of grant using a Black-Scholes option pricing model with the following
weighted average assumptions for 1999; risk-free interest rate of 4.97%; no
dividend yields; volatility factor of the expected market price of the Company's
common stock of 86% and a weighted average expected life of 0.49 years. The
weighted average fair value of those purchase rights granted in 1999 was $5.13.
8. INCOME TAXES
The provision for income taxes of approximately $258,000 for 1999 and
$151,000 for 1998 consists entirely of alternative minimum tax. Due to operating
losses and the inability to recognize an income tax benefit therefrom, there is
no provision for income taxes for 1997.
The reconciliation of income tax expense (benefit) attributable to
continuing operations computed at the U.S. federal statutory rates to income tax
expense (benefit) for the fiscal years ended December 31, 1999, 1998 and 1997 is
as follows (in thousands):
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31,
-----------------------------
1999 1998 1997
------- ------- -------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Tax provision (benefit) at U.S statutory rate......... $(2,178) $(1,427) $(3,679)
Alternative minimum tax............................... 258 151 --
Loss for which no tax benefit is currently
recognizable........................................ 2,178 1,427 3,679
------- ------- -------
$ 258 $ 151 $ --
======= ======= =======
</TABLE>
Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences
between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting
purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. Significant components of
the Company's deferred tax assets are as follows (in thousands):
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
1999 1998
-------- --------
<S> <C> <C>
Deferred tax assets:
Net operating loss carryforwards.......................... $ 6,717 $ 9,423
Research and development tax credit carryforwards......... 1,816 1,345
Alternative minimum tax credit carryforwards.............. 290 162
Capitalized research and development expenditures......... 859 1,319
Deferred revenues......................................... 10,124 4,182
Reserves and accruals..................................... 494 324
Other, net................................................ 702 599
Valuation allowance....................................... (21,002) (17,354)
-------- --------
Net deferred tax assets..................................... $ -- $ --
======== ========
</TABLE>
Realization of deferred tax assets is dependent on future earnings, if any,
the timing and the amount of which are uncertain. Accordingly, a valuation
allowance, in an amount equal to the net deferred tax asset as of December 31,
1999 and 1998 has been established to reflect these uncertainties. The change in
the valuation allowance was a net increase of approximately $3,648,000 and
$3,136,000 for the fiscal years ended December 31, 1999 and 1998, respectively.
41
<PAGE> 43
LYNX THERAPEUTICS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS -- (CONTINUED)
8. INCOME TAXES (CONTINUED)
As of December 31, 1999, the Company had a federal net operating loss
carryforward of approximately $19,757,000, which will expire at various dates
from 2008 through 2018, if not utilized. As of December 31, 1999, the Company
also had federal and California research and development tax credit
carryforwards of approximately $1,620,000 and $297,000, respectively, which will
expire at various dates from 2008 through 2019, if not utilized.
Utilization of net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards may be
subject to a substantial annual limitation due to the ownership change
limitations provided by the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and
similar state provisions. The annual limitation may result in expiration of net
operating loss and tax credit carryforwards before full utilization. Utilization
of federal and California net operating losses and credit carryforwards incurred
prior to February 1994 is limited on an annual basis under the Internal Revenue
Code of 1986, as amended, as a result of an ownership change in 1994.
9. OBLIGATIONS UNDER OPERATING LEASES
In August 1993, the Company entered into a noncancelable operating lease
for facilities which expires on July 31, 2003. In 1998, the Company entered into
an agreement to sublease a portion of this space, and in 1999 through a
subsequent agreement, subleased the remaining portion of the facility. The term
of the sublease runs through July 2003. Rent from the sublease is sufficient to
cover the rent and other operating expenses incurred by Lynx under the terms of
the 1993 Lease.
In February 1998, the Company entered into a noncancelable operating lease
for facilities. The term of the lease commenced on December 15, 1998 and expires
on December 14, 2008. Under the terms of the lease, the monthly rental payments
are fixed for the first twenty-four months. Thereafter, the monthly rental
payments increase and are subject to annual Consumer Price Index-based
adjustments, with minimum and maximum limits. The Company is recognizing rent
expense on a straight-line basis over the lease period. The Company has the
option to extend the lease for an additional five year period, subject to
certain conditions, with payments to be determined at the time of the exercise
of the option.
In June 1998, Lynx GmbH entered into a noncancelable operating lease for
facilities space of approximately 6,300 square feet in Heidelberg, Germany, to
house its operations. The space will be developed and occupied in phases,
depending on the growth of the organization. The lease terminates in June 2005.
A portion of such space is currently being subleased by BASF-LYNX.
The Company also leases equipment under various operating lease agreements
subject to minimum annual lease payments. Minimum annual rental commitments and
sublease income under non-cancelable operating leases are as follows (in
thousands):
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
SUBLEASE
YEARS ENDING DECEMBER 31: COMMITMENTS INCOME
------------------------- ----------- --------
<S> <C> <C>
2000............................................. $ 1,889 $1,081
2001............................................. 2,181 1,117
2002............................................. 2,215 1,144
2003............................................. 2,063 682
2004............................................. 1,789 --
Thereafter....................................... 7,354 --
------- ------
$17,491 $4,024
======= ======
</TABLE>
Rent expense for facilities and equipment under operating leases was
$1,733,000, $738,000, and $649,000 for the years ended December 31, 1999, 1998,
and 1997, respectively. Rental income for the facility under
42
<PAGE> 44
LYNX THERAPEUTICS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS -- (CONTINUED)
9. OBLIGATIONS UNDER OPERATING LEASES (CONTINUED)
sublease was $990,000 and $186,000 for the years ended December 31, 1999 and
1998, respectively. There was no sublease rental income in the year ended
December 31, 1997.
10. 401(k) PLAN
In October 1992, Lynx adopted a 401(k) Plan covering all of its employees.
The 401(k) Plan is intended to qualify under Section 401 of the Code so that
contributions by employees or by Lynx to the 401(k) Plan are not taxable to
employees until withdrawn from the 401(k) Plan, and so that contributions by
Lynx, if any, will be deductible by Lynx when made. Pursuant to the 401(k) Plan,
employees may elect to reduce their current compensation by up to 15% (subject
to an annual limit prescribed by the Code as described below) and have the
amount of such reduction contributed to the 401(k) Plan. Under limitations
imposed by the Code, the maximum amount of compensation reduction a participant
could elect to have contributed to the 401(k) Plan for the 1999 calendar year
was $10,000. This amount is subject to annual adjustments for increases in the
cost of living, as determined under Internal Revenue Service regulations. The
401(k) Plan permits, but does not require, additional contributions to the
401(k) Plan by Lynx on behalf of all participants in the 401(k) Plan. In the
years ended 1999, 1998, and 1997, the Company contributed $52,000, $49,000, and
42,000, respectively.
11. EQUIPMENT FINANCING
In late 1998, the Company entered into an agreement with a financial
institution ("Lender") whereby the Company could borrow up to $5.0 million
through September 30, 1999, for the purchase of equipment and certain other
capital expenditures. The agreement was subsequently extended to March 31, 2000.
The Lender has obtained a security interest in all items financed by it under
this agreement. Each loan has a term of forty-eight months from the date of the
draw down at interest rates ranging from 10.9% to 11.5%. As of December 31,
1999, the Company had equipment loans outstanding of approximately $4.4 million
under this arrangement. The amount available at December 31, 1999, was
approximately $0.2 million under the borrowing agreement. The Company financed
$4.8 million of property and equipment purchases under this agreement. As of
December 31, 1999, accumulated depreciation relating to these assets amounted to
$0.7 million. The carrying amounts of the Company's borrowings under its
equipment financing approximate their fair values. The fair values are estimated
using a discounted cash flow analysis based on the Company's current incremental
borrowing rates for similar types of borrowing arrangements.
Principal payments based on equipment loans outstanding at December 31,
1999 are (in thousands):
<TABLE>
<S> <C>
2000........................................................ $ 944
2001........................................................ 1,051
2002........................................................ 1,175
2003........................................................ 1,176
2004........................................................ 69
------
$4,415
======
</TABLE>
43
<PAGE> 45
ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND
FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
Not applicable.
PART III
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS AND EXECUTIVE OFFICERS OF THE REGISTRANT
The Company's executive officers, directors and certain employees, and
their ages as of February 15, 2000 are as follows:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
NAME AGE POSITION
---- --- --------
<S> <C> <C>
Sam Eletr, Ph.D. ...................... 60 Chairman of the Board
Norman J. W. Russell, Ph.D. ........... 47 President, Chief Executive Officer and Director
Edward C. Albini....................... 42 Chief Financial Officer and Secretary
Stephen C. Macevicz, Ph.D.............. 50 Vice President, Intellectual Property
Sydney Brenner, M.B., D. Phil.......... 72 Director and Principal Scientific Advisor
William K. Bowes, Jr.(1)(2)............ 73 Director
James C. Kitch(1)...................... 52 Director
Craig C. Taylor(2)..................... 49 Director
</TABLE>
- ---------------
(1) Member of the Audit Committee.
(2) Member of the Compensation Committee.
Sam Eletr, Ph.D., has served as Chairman of the Board of Lynx since
February 1992. He resumed the position of Chief Executive Officer of Lynx from
November 1996 to October 1999, a position he previously held from February 1992
through January 1996. In 1981, Dr. Eletr founded Applied Biosystems, Inc., a
manufacturer of instruments and consumables for life science research and
related applications, now a wholly-owned subsidiary of PE Biosystems, and served
as Chairman of the Board of Directors and in various executive positions at
Applied Biosystems from its inception until March 1987.
Norman J. W. Russell, Ph.D., joined Lynx in October 1999 as President and
Chief Executive Officer and was elected to the Board of Directors in December
1999. Prior to joining Lynx, he was Head of Biological Science and Technology at
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals. His previous positions in 20 years at Zeneca
included Head of Target Discovery, Head of International Genomics and Head of
Biotechnology. Dr. Russell earned a Ph.D. in Physiology from Glasgow University,
Scotland.
Edward C. Albini has served as Chief Financial Officer of Lynx since April
1997. He was elected Secretary in February 1998. From January 1983 to April
1997, Mr. Albini served in various financial management positions with
Genentech, Inc., a biotechnology company. His most recent role at Genentech was
as the Director of Financial Planning and Analysis. Mr. Albini holds a BS degree
in Accounting from Santa Clara University and an MBA degree from the Walter A.
Haas School of Business at the University of California, Berkeley. Mr. Albini is
also a certified public accountant.
Stephen C. Macevicz, Ph.D., joined Lynx in September 1995 as Vice
President, Intellectual Property. He was Senior Patent Attorney and chief patent
counsel at Applied Biosystems, Inc. from 1992 to August 1995 and, from 1986 to
1992, Patent Counsel at DNAX Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular
Biology, a research subsidiary of Schering-Plough Corporation. He received his
law degree from the University of California, Berkeley, Boalt Hall, and his
Ph.D. in Biophysics from the University of California, Berkeley.
Sydney Brenner, M.B., D.Phil., has served as a director of Lynx since
October 1993. In July 1996, he was appointed the Director and President of The
Molecular Sciences Institute, a non-profit research institute in Berkeley,
California. In September 1996, he retired from his position of Honorary
Professor of Genetic Medicine, University of Cambridge Clinical School. From
1986 to his retirement in 1991, Dr. Brenner directed the Medical Research
Council Unit of Molecular Genetics. He was a member of the Scripps
44
<PAGE> 46
Research Institute in La Jolla, California, until December 1994. Dr. Brenner is
the principal inventor of Lynx's bead-based technologies.
William K. Bowes, Jr., has served as a director of Lynx since March 1994.
He has been a general partner of U.S. Venture Partners, a venture capital
partnership, since 1981. He currently serves as a director of Amgen, Inc., a
biotechnology company, AMCC, an integrated circuit company, XOMA Corporation, a
biotechnology company, and one U.S. Venture Partners privately owned portfolio
company.
James C. Kitch has served as a director of Lynx since February 1993 and
Secretary of Lynx from February 1992 to December 1997. Since 1979, he has been a
partner at Cooley Godward LLP, a law firm, which has provided legal services to
Lynx.
Craig C. Taylor has served as a director of Lynx since March 1994 and
served as Acting Chief Financial Officer from July 1994 to April 1997. He has
been active in venture capital since 1977, when he joined Asset Management
Company. He is a general partner of AMC Partners 89 L.P., which serves as the
general partner of Asset Management Associates 1989 L.P., a private venture
capital partnership. He currently serves as a director of Pharmacyclics, Inc., a
biotechnology company, and several private companies.
COMPLIANCE WITH THE REPORTING REQUIREMENTS OF SECTION 16(a)
Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act requires the Company's directors and
executive officers, and persons who own more than ten percent (10%) of a
registered class of the Company's equity securities, to file with the Securities
and Exchange Commission ("SEC") initial reports of ownership and reports of
changes in ownership of common stock and other equity securities of the Company.
Officers, directors and greater than ten percent (10%) stockholders are required
by SEC regulation to furnish the Company with copies of all Section 16(a) forms
they file.
To the Company's knowledge, based solely on a review of the copies of such
reports furnished to the Company, during the calendar year ended December 31,
1999, all Section 16(a) filing requirements applicable to its officers,
directors and greater than ten percent (10%) beneficial owners were complied
with, except that (i) one report, covering the disposition of 4,000 shares, was
filed late by Dr. Macevicz, and (ii) three reports, covering an aggregate of
three transactions, were filed late by Ms. Kathleen D. La Porte, a former
director of the Company.
45
<PAGE> 47
ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
The following table sets forth certain compensation paid by the Company
during the calendar years ended December 31, 1999, 1998 and 1997, to its Chief
Executive Officer and the two other most highly compensated executive officers
whose compensation exceeded $100,000 (the "Named Executive Officers"):
SUMMARY COMPENSATION TABLE
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
LONG TERM
ANNUAL COMPENSATION OTHER ANNUAL
NAME AND PRINCIPAL POSITION YEAR SALARY(1) OPTIONS(#) COMPENSATION
--------------------------- ---- --------- ------------ ------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Sam Eletr, Ph.D.(2).......................... 1999 $236,716 -- $ --
Chairman of the Board 1998 $230,460 -- --
1997 $196,131 -- --
Norman J. W. Russell, Ph.D.(3)............... 1999 $109,527 200,000 $33,212(3)
President & Chief Executive Officer
Edward C. Albini............................. 1999 $163,730 -- $ 750(4)
Chief Financial Officer 1998 $147,336 50,000 $ 750(4)
1997 $100,244(5) 50,000 --
Stephen C. Macevicz, Ph.D. .................. 1999 $176,549 20,000 $ 750(4)
Vice President, Intellectual Property 1998 $167,611 -- $ 750(4)
1997 $155,886 -- $ 750(4)
</TABLE>
- ---------------
(1) Includes amounts earned but deferred at the election of the Named Executive
Officer pursuant to the Company's 401(k) Plan.
(2) Dr. Eletr served as Chief Executive Officer of the Company until October
1999.
(3) Dr. Russell joined the Company as President and Chief Executive Officer on
October 18, 1999. Prior to this time, Dr. Russell was employed at Lynx
Therapeutics GmbH, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, from July 1,
1999. Dr. Russell's compensation received while employed at Lynx GmbH is
reflected under Other Annual Compensation.
(4) Contributions made by the Company to the Company's 401(k) Plan on behalf of
such employee.
(5) Mr. Albini joined the Company on April 17, 1997.
Except as disclosed above, no compensation characterized as long-term
compensation, including restricted stock awards issued at a price below fair
market value or long-term incentive plan payouts, was paid by the Company during
the year ended December 31, 1999, to any of the Named Executive Officers.
STOCK OPTION GRANTS AND EXERCISES
The following table sets forth, for each of the Named Executive Officers in
the Summary Compensation Table, certain information regarding options granted
during the year ended December 31, 1999.
OPTION GRANTS IN LAST FISCAL YEAR
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
POTENTIAL REALIZABLE
VALUE AT ASSUMED
INDIVIDUAL GRANTS ANNUAL RATES
----------------------------------------------------------------- OF STOCK PRICE
NUMBER OF % OF TOTAL APPRECIATION
SECURITIES OPTIONS GRANTED EXERCISE OR FOR OPTION TERM(2)
UNDERLYING OPTIONS TO EMPLOYEES BASE PRICE EXPIRATION ---------------------
NAME GRANTED IN FISCAL YEAR(1) ($/SH) DATE 5%($) 10%($)
---- ------------------ ----------------- ----------- ---------- --------- ---------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Stephen C. Macevicz.......... 20,000 3.13% 11.50 12/08/09 144,646 366,561
Norman J. W. Russell......... 200,000 31.3% 11.31 07/01/09 1,422,560 3,605,045
</TABLE>
- ---------------
(1) Based on an aggregate of 639,000 options granted to employees of, and
consultants to, the Company during the year ended December 31, 1999,
including the Named Executive Officer.
46
<PAGE> 48
(2) The potential realizable value is calculated based on the term of the option
at its time of grant (ten years). It is calculated by assuming that the
stock price on the date of grant appreciates at the indicated annual rate,
compounded annually for the entire term of the option, and that option is
exercised and sold on the last day of the term for the appreciated stock
price.
The following table sets forth certain information concerning the number of
options exercised by the Named Executive Officers during the year ended December
31, 1999, and the number of shares covered by both exercisable and unexercisable
stock options held by the Named Executive Officers. Also reported are values for
"in-the-money" options that represent the positive spread between the respective
exercise prices of outstanding options and the fair market value of the
Company's common stock as of December 31, 1999 ($32.38 per share).
AGGREGATED OPTION EXERCISES IN THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1999 AND OPTION
VALUES
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
VALUE OF UNEXERCISED
NUMBER OF UNEXERCISED IN-THE-MONEY OPTIONS AT
SHARES OPTIONS AT YEAR-END YEAR-END(1)
ACQUIRED ON VALUE --------------------------- ---------------------------
NAME EXERCISE REALIZED(1) EXERCISABLE UNEXERCISABLE EXERCISABLE UNEXERCISABLE
---- ----------- ----------- ----------- ------------- ----------- -------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Sam Eletr.................. -- $-- 190,583 26,917 $5,784,645 $ 822,954
Norman J. W. Russell....... -- -- 0 200,000 0 4,214,000
Edward C. Albini........... -- -- 18,333 31,667 318,627 550,372
Stephen C. Macevicz........ -- -- 42,000 32,000 1,342,822 802,447
</TABLE>
- ---------------
(1) Based on the fair market value of the Company's common stock at December 31,
1999 ($32.38), minus the exercise price of the options, multiplied by the
number of shares underlying the options.
COMPENSATION OF DIRECTORS
Directors are not compensated by the Company for service as directors.
COMPENSATION COMMITTEE INTERLOCKS AND INSIDER PARTICIPATION
The Company's Compensation Committee was established in March 1994. There
were no officers or employees of the Company who participated in deliberations
of the Company's Compensation Committee concerning executive officer
compensation during the year ended December 31, 1999.
EMPLOYMENT AGREEMENTS
In October 1999, the Company entered into an employment agreement with Dr.
Norman Russell, President and Chief Executive Officer, providing for an annual
compensation of $255,000 per year and an option to purchase 200,000 shares of
common stock at an exercise price of $11.31 per share subject to a five-year
vesting schedule. If Dr. Russell is terminated due to a change in control of the
Company, Dr. Russell's shares covered by the option shall accelerate so that
fifty percent of the then unvested shares covered by the option shall
immediately vest and become exercisable upon the effective date of the change in
control. The Company also provided Dr. Russell with a loan in the amount of
$250,000 for the sole purpose of the purchase of a house, which loan shall be
secured by the property, and is forgivable over a four-year period.
LIMITATIONS OF LIABILITY AND INDEMNIFICATION
The Company's Bylaws provide that the Company will indemnify its directors
and executive officers and may indemnify its other officers, employees and other
agents to the fullest extent permitted by Delaware law. The Company is also
empowered under its Bylaws to enter into indemnification agreements with its
directors and officers and to purchase insurance on behalf of any person whom it
is required or permitted to indemnify. Pursuant to this provision, the Company
has entered into indemnity agreements with each of its directors and executive
officers.
47
<PAGE> 49
In addition, the Company's Certificate of Incorporation provides that, to
the fullest extent permitted by Delaware law, the Company's directors will not
be liable for monetary damages for breach of the directors' fiduciary duty of
care to the Company and its stockholders. This provision in the Certificate of
Incorporation does not eliminate the duty of care, and in appropriate
circumstances, equitable remedies such as an injunction or other forms of
nonmonetary relief would remain available under Delaware law. Each director will
continue to be subject to liability for breach of the director's duty of loyalty
to the Company, for acts or omissions not in good faith or involving intentional
misconduct or knowing violations of law, for acts or omissions that the director
believes to be contrary to the best interests of the Company or its
stockholders, for any transaction from which the director derived an improper
personal benefit, for acts or omissions involving a reckless disregard for the
director's duty to the Company or its stockholders when the director was aware
or should have been aware of a risk of serious injury to the Company or its
stockholders, for acts or omissions that constitute an unexcused pattern of
inattention that amounts to an abdication of the director's duty to the Company
or its stockholders, for improper transactions between the director and the
Company and for improper distributions to stockholders and loans to directors
and officers. This provision also does not affect a director's responsibilities
under any other laws such as the federal securities laws or state or federal
environmental laws.
No pending material litigation or proceeding involving a director, officer,
employee or other agent of the Company as to which indemnification is being
sought exists, and the Company is not aware of any pending or threatened
material litigation that may result in claims for indemnification by any
director, officer, employee or other agent.
ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT
The following table sets forth certain information regarding beneficial
ownership of the common stock as of February 15, 2000, by (i) each stockholder
who is known by the Company to own beneficially more than 5% of the common
stock; (ii) each Named Executive Officer of the Company listed on the Summary
Compensation Table; (iii) each director of the Company; and (iv) all directors
and executive officers of the Company as a group.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
COMMON STOCK(1)
--------------------
NUMBER
NAME OF BENEFICIAL OWNER OF SHARES PERCENT
------------------------ --------- -------
<S> <C> <C>
Cannon Street Fund Ltd...................................... 565,000 5.0%
c/o Meridian Venture Group
R.R. Box 272
Charlottesville, VA 22314
Sam Eletr, Ph.D.(2)......................................... 441,259 3.9%
Edward C. Albini(3)......................................... 71,553 **
William K. Bowes, Jr.(4).................................... 175,163 1.6%
Sydney Brenner, M.B., D. Phil.(5)........................... 336,000 3.0%
James C. Kitch(6)........................................... 12,120 **
Stephen C. Macevicz, Ph.D.(7)............................... 84,887 **
Norman J. W. Russell, Ph.D.................................. -- **
Craig C. Taylor(8).......................................... 379,601 3.4%
All directors and officers as a group (8 persons)(9)........ 1,500,583 13.0%
</TABLE>
- ---------------
** Less than one percent.
(1) Except as otherwise noted, and subject to community property laws where
applicable, each person or entity named in the table has sole voting and
investment power with respect to all shares shown as beneficially owned by
him, her or it. Percentage of beneficial ownership is based on 11,264,850
shares of common stock outstanding as of February 15, 2000, except as
otherwise noted in the footnotes. Beneficial ownership is determined in
accordance with the rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission and
48
<PAGE> 50
generally includes voting or investment power with respect to securities.
Shares of common stock subject to options currently exercisable or
exercisable within 60 days of February 15, 2000, are deemed outstanding for
computing the percentage of the person holding such options but are not
deemed outstanding for computing the percentage of any other person.
(2) Includes 198,000 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of stock
options held by Dr. Eletr that are exercisable within 60 days of February
15, 2000.
(3) Includes 20,833 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of stock
options held by Mr. Albini that are exercisable within 60 days of February
15, 2000.
(4) Includes 35,401 shares of common stock held by Mr. Bowes and 17,606 shares
of common stock held by the William K. Bowes Charitable Remainder Trust.
Also includes 122,156 shares of common stock held by entities affiliated
with U.S. Venture Partners IV, L.P. or U.S.V.P. IV. Mr. Bowes, a director of
Lynx, is a general partner of Presidio Management Group IV, the general
partner of U.S.V.P. IV. Mr. Bowes shares the power to vote and control the
disposition of shares held by U.S.V.P. IV and, therefore, may be deemed to
be the beneficial owner of such shares. Mr. Bowes disclaims beneficial
ownership of such shares, except to the extent of his pro-rata interest
therein.
(5) Includes 76,000 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of stock
options held by Dr. Brenner that are exercisable within 60 days of February
15, 2000.
(6) Includes 2,287 shares of common stock and 9,833 shares of common stock
issuable upon the exercise of stock options held by Mr. Kitch that are
exercisable within 60 days of February 15, 2000. Mr. Kitch holds this option
on behalf of Cooley Godward LLP. He shares the power to vote and control the
disposition of such shares and, therefore, may be deemed to be the
beneficial owner of such shares. Mr. Kitch disclaims beneficial ownership of
such shares, except to the extent of his pro-rata interest therein.
(7) Includes 48,666 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of stock
options held by Dr. Macevicz that are exercisable within 60 days of February
15, 2000.
(8) Includes 15,497 shares of common stock held by Mr. Taylor. Also includes
364,104 shares of common stock held by Asset Management Associates 1989 L.P.
Mr. Taylor, a director of Lynx, is a general partner of AMC Partners 89,
which is the general partner of Asset 1989 L.P. Mr. Taylor shares the power
to vote and control the disposition of shares held by Asset 1989 L.P. and,
therefore, may be deemed to be the beneficial owner of such shares. Mr.
Taylor disclaims beneficial ownership of such shares, except to the extent
of his pro-rata interest therein.
(9) Includes 503,866 shares of common stock held by entities affiliated with
certain directors and 353,332 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise
of stock options held by directors and officers that are exercisable within
60 days of February 15, 2000. See Notes 2 through 8 above.
ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
CORPORATE COLLABORATIONS
See "Item 1. Business" and "Note 3 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial
Statements"
In 1992, ABI distributed all but an aggregate of 299,800 shares of the Lynx
common stock it held to its shareholders (the "Distribution"). In connection
with this transaction, Lynx granted ABI an option to purchase up to 215,900
shares of Lynx common stock at $0.10 per share which, prior to October 1996,
could only be exercised by ABI in connection with the distribution by ABI of
Lynx stock to its option holders upon the exercise of ABI stock options
outstanding as of the date of the Distribution. In September 1997, the option
expired and the remaining shares were canceled.
TRANSACTIONS WITH DIRECTORS AND EXECUTIVE OFFICER
In November 1999, the Company entered into a loan agreement with Norman J.
W. Russell, President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company. The loan is in
the amount of $250,000, secured by a second mortgage on real property, with
interest accruable at the rate of 6.02% per annum, and subject to early
repayment under specified circumstances. The principal and interest on the loan
will be forgiven, based on the
49
<PAGE> 51
officer's continuous employment over a four-year period, in the following
amounts: 50% on the second anniversary date of employment; and 25% on each of
the third and fourth anniversary dates of employment.
In April 1997, the Company entered into a full-recourse loan agreement with
Edward C. Albini, an officer of the Company. A note receivable of $250,000 was
issued under a stock purchase agreement for the purchase of 50,000 shares of
common stock whereby all the shares issued under the agreement are pledged as
collateral. The outstanding principal amount is due and payable in full in April
2002, subject to an obligation to prepay under specified circumstances. Interest
is payable upon the expiration or termination of the note and accrues at the
rate of 6.49% per annum.
For legal services rendered during the calendar year ended December 31,
1999, the Company paid approximately $225,610 to Cooley Godward LLP, the
Company's counsel, of which Mr. Kitch, a director of the Company, is a partner.
ITEM 14. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES AND REPORTS ON FORM 8-K
(a) FINANCIAL STATEMENTS, SCHEDULES AND EXHIBITS
(1) The following index, Report of Ernst & Young LLP, Independent
Auditors, and financial statements are set forth on pages 25 through 43 of
this report:
(i) Report of Ernst & Young LLP, Independent Auditors.
(ii) Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 1999 and 1998.
(iii) Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended
December 31, 1999, 1998 and 1997.
(iv) Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity for the years
ended December 31, 1999, 1998 and 1997.
(v) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended
December 31, 1999, 1998 and 1997.
(vi) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
(2) All schedules are omitted because they are not required, are not
applicable, or the information is included in the consolidated financial
statement or notes thereto.
(3) The following documents are filed as Exhibits to this report:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
EXHIBIT
NUMBER DESCRIPTION OF DOCUMENT
------- -----------------------
<S> <C>
2.1** Acquisition Agreement, dated as of February 4, 1998, by and
between the Company and Inex Pharmaceuticals Corporation,
incorporated by reference to the indicated exhibit of the
Registrant's current report on Form 8-K filed on March 24,
1998.
3.1.1 Certificate of Amendment of Certificate of the Amended and
Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company,
incorporated by reference to the indicated exhibit of the
Registrant's Form 10-K for the period ended December 31,
1997.
3.2 Bylaws of the Company, as amended, incorporated by reference
to the indicated exhibit of the Registrant's Statement Form
10 (File No. 0-22570), as amended.
3.3 Certificate of Amendment of Certificate of Designation of
Preferences of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock of the
Company, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.4 of the
Registrant's Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 1995.
3.3.1 Certificate of Amendment to Certificate of Designation of
Preferences of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock of the
Company, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.4.1 of the
Registrant's Form 10-K for the period ended December 31,
1997.
</TABLE>
50
<PAGE> 52
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
EXHIBIT
NUMBER DESCRIPTION OF DOCUMENT
------- -----------------------
<S> <C>
3.3.2 Certificate of Amendment to Certificate of Designation of
Preferences of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock of the
Company dated September 30, 1997, incorporated by reference
to Exhibit 3.4.2 of the Registrant's Form 10-K for the
period ended December 31, 1997.
3.4 Certificate of Designation of Preferences of Series C
Convertible Preferred Stock, incorporated by reference to
the indicated exhibit of the Registrant's Form 10-Q for the
period ended March 31, 1995.
3.4.1 Certificate of Amendment to Certificate of Designation of
Preferences of Series C Convertible Preferred Stock of the
Company dated September 30, 1997, incorporated by reference
to Exhibit 3.5.1 of the Registrant's Form 10-K for the
period ended December 31, 1997.
3.4.2 Certificate of Amendment to Certificate of Designation of
Preferences of Series C Convertible Preferred Stock of the
Company, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.5.2 of the
Registrant's Form 10-K for the period ended December 31,
1997.
3.5 Certificate of Amendment to Certificate of Designation of
Preferences of Series D Convertible Preferred Stock of the
Company, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.6 of the
Registrant's Form 10-K for the period ended December 31,
1997.
4.1 Form of Common Stock Certificate, incorporated by reference
to Exhibit 4.2 of the Registrant's Statement Form 10 (File
No. 0-22570), as amended.
10.1 Form of Indemnity Agreement entered into between the Company
and its directors and officers, incorporated by reference to
Exhibit 10.7 of the Registrant's Statement Form 10 (File No.
0-22570), as amended.
10.2+ The Company's 1992 Stock Option Plan (the "Stock Option
Plan"), incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 of the
Registrant's Statement Form 10 (File No. 0-22570), as
amended.
10.3+ Form of Incentive Stock Option Grant under the Stock Option
Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 of the
Registrant's Statement Form 10 (File No. 0-22570), as
amended.
10.4+ Form of Nonstatutory Stock Option Grant under the Stock
Option Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 of
the Registrant's Statement Form 10 (File No. 0-22570), as
amended.
10.5 Agreement of Assignment and License of Intellectual Property
Rights, dated June 30, 1992, between the Company and ABI,
incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 of the
Registrant's Statement Form 10 (File No. 0-22570), as
amended.
10.6 Amended and Restated Investor Rights Agreement, dated as of
November 1, 1995, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.30
of the Registrant's Form 10-K for the period ended December
31, 1995.
10.7+ Stock Purchase Agreement, dated as of June 13, 1996, between
Spectragen, Inc. and Sam Eletr. (The Stock Purchase
Agreement was assumed by the Company pursuant to the
Agreement of Merger between the Company and Spectragen,
Inc.), incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.25 of the
Registrant's Form 10-K for the period ended December 31,
1996.
10.8** Joint Venture Agreement, dated as of October 23, 1996,
between the Company and BASF Aktiengesellschaft,
incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.29 of the
Registrant's Form 10-K for the period ended December 31,
1997.
10.8.1** First Amendment to Joint Venture Agreement dated as of
October 23, 1998, between the Company and BASF
Aktiengesellschaft.
10.9+ Stock Purchase Agreement dated as of April 14, 1997, between
the Company and Edward C. Albini, incorporated by reference
to Exhibit 10.32 of the Registrant's Form 10-K for the
period ended December 31, 1997.
</TABLE>
51
<PAGE> 53
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
EXHIBIT
NUMBER DESCRIPTION OF DOCUMENT
------- -----------------------
<S> <C>
10.10 Form of Common Stock Purchase Agreement, dated as of
September 28, 1997, by and between the Company and the
investors listed therein, incorporated by reference to
Exhibit 4.1 of the Registrant's Registration Statement on
Form S-3, filed on October 31, 1997 (File No. 333-39171).
10.11 Lease dated as of February 27, 1998, between the Company and
SimFirst, L.P., Limited Partnership, incorporated by
reference to Exhibit 10.35 of the Registrant's Form 10-Q for
the period ended March 31, 1998.
10.12** Technology License and Development Agreement dated as of
January 1, 1997, between the Company and BASF-LYNX
Bioscience AG.
10.12.1** First Amendment to Technology License and Development
Agreement dated as of January 1, 1997, between the Company
and BASF-LYNX Bioscience AG.
10.13 The Company's 1998 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the
"Purchase Plan"), incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1
of the Registrant's Form S-8 (File No. 333-59163).
10.14+ Employment Agreement dated as of October 18, 1999, between
the Company and Norman John Wilkie Russell, Ph.D.,
incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.13 of the
Registrant's Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30,
1999.
21.1 Subsidiary of the Company.
23.1 Consent of Ernst & Young LLP, Independent Auditors.
24.1 Power of Attorney. Reference is made to the signature page.
27.0 Financial Data Table for the period ended December 31, 1999.
</TABLE>
- ---------------
(+) Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.
** Portions of this agreement have been deleted pursuant to our request for
confidential treatment
(b) REPORTS ON FORM 8-K
Not applicable.
52
<PAGE> 54
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) Securities Exchange Act
of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report on Form 10-K to be signed on
its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, on the 14 day of March
2000.
LYNX THERAPEUTICS, INC.
By:/s/ NORMAN J.W. RUSSELL, PH.D.
------------------------------------
Norman J.W. Russell, Ph.D.
President and Chief Executive
Officer
POWER OF ATTORNEY
Each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints James C.
Kitch his true and lawful attorneys-in-fact and agents, each acting alone, with
full power of substitution and resubstitution, for him and in his name, place
and stead, in any and all capacities, to sign any or all amendments (including
post-effective amendments) to the Registration Statement on Form 10-K, and to
file the same, with all exhibits thereto, and all documents in connection
therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said
attorneys-in-fact and agents, full power and authority to do and perform each
and every act and thing requisite and necessary to be done in and about the
premises, as fully to all intents and purposes as he might or could do in
person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and
agents, each acting alone, or his substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or
cause to be done by virtue hereof.
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this
report has been signed by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and
of the capacities and on the dates indicated.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
SIGNATURE TITLE DATE
--------- ----- ----
<C> <C> <S>
/s/ NORMAN J.W. RUSSELL President, Chief Executive Officer March 14, 2000
- ------------------------------------- and Director
Norman J.W. Russell (Principal Executive Officer)
/s/ SAM ELETR Chairman of the Board March 14, 2000
- -------------------------------------
Sam Eletr
/s/ EDWARD C. ALBINI Chief Financial Officer and Secretary March 14, 2000
- ------------------------------------- (Principal Financial and Accounting
Edward C. Albini Officer)
/s/ WILLIAM K. BOWES, JR. Director March 14, 2000
- -------------------------------------
William K. Bowes, Jr.
/s/ SYDNEY BRENNER Director March 14, 2000
- -------------------------------------
Sydney Brenner
/s/ JAMES C. KITCH Director March 14, 2000
- -------------------------------------
James C. Kitch
/s/ CRAIG C. TAYLOR Director March 14, 2000
- -------------------------------------
Craig C. Taylor
</TABLE>
53
<PAGE> 55
EXHIBIT INDEX
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
EXHIBIT
NUMBER DESCRIPTION OF DOCUMENT
------- -----------------------
<S> <C>
2.1** Acquisition Agreement, dated as of February 4, 1998, by and
between the Company and Inex Pharmaceuticals Corporation,
incorporated by reference to the indicated exhibit of the
Registrant's current report on Form 8-K filed on March 24,
1998.
3.1.1 Certificate of Amendment of Certificate of the Amended and
Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company,
incorporated by reference to the indicated exhibit of the
Registrant's Form 10-K for the period ended December 31,
1997.
3.2 Bylaws of the Company, as amended, incorporated by reference
to the indicated exhibit of the Registrant's Statement Form
10 (File No. 0-22570), as amended.
3.3 Certificate of Amendment of Certificate of Designation of
Preferences of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock of the
Company, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.4 of the
Registrant's Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 1995.
3.3.1 Certificate of Amendment to Certificate of Designation of
Preferences of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock of the
Company, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.4.1 of the
Registrant's Form 10-K for the period ended December 31,
1997.
3.3.2 Certificate of Amendment to Certificate of Designation of
Preferences of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock of the
Company dated September 30, 1997, incorporated by reference
to Exhibit 3.4.2 of the Registrant's Form 10-K for the
period ended December 31, 1997.
3.4 Certificate of Designation of Preferences of Series C
Convertible Preferred Stock, incorporated by reference to
the indicated exhibit of the Registrant's Form 10-Q for the
period ended March 31, 1995.
3.4.1 Certificate of Amendment to Certificate of Designation of
Preferences of Series C Convertible Preferred Stock of the
Company dated September 30, 1997, incorporated by reference
to Exhibit 3.5.1 of the Registrant's Form 10-K for the
period ended December 31, 1997.
3.4.2 Certificate of Amendment to Certificate of Designation of
Preferences of Series C Convertible Preferred Stock of the
Company, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.5.2 of the
Registrant's Form 10-K for the period ended December 31,
1997.
3.5 Certificate of Amendment to Certificate of Designation of
Preferences of Series D Convertible Preferred Stock of the
Company, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.6 of the
Registrant's Form 10-K for the period ended December 31,
1997.
4.1 Form of Common Stock Certificate, incorporated by reference
to Exhibit 4.2 of the Registrant's Statement Form 10 (File
No. 0-22570), as amended.
10.1 Form of Indemnity Agreement entered into between the Company
and its directors and officers, incorporated by reference to
Exhibit 10.7 of the Registrant's Statement Form 10 (File No.
0-22570), as amended.
10.2+ The Company's 1992 Stock Option Plan (the "Stock Option
Plan"), incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 of the
Registrant's Statement Form 10 (File No. 0-22570), as
amended.
10.3+ Form of Incentive Stock Option Grant under the Stock Option
Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 of the
Registrant's Statement Form 10 (File No. 0-22570), as
amended.
10.4+ Form of Nonstatutory Stock Option Grant under the Stock
Option Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 of
the Registrant's Statement Form 10 (File No. 0-22570), as
amended.
10.5 Agreement of Assignment and License of Intellectual Property
Rights, dated June 30, 1992, between the Company and ABI,
incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 of the
Registrant's Statement Form 10 (File No. 0-22570), as
amended.
</TABLE>
54
<PAGE> 56
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
EXHIBIT
NUMBER DESCRIPTION OF DOCUMENT
------- -----------------------
<S> <C>
10.6 Amended and Restated Investor Rights Agreement, dated as of
November 1, 1995, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.30
of the Registrant's Form 10-K for the period ended December
31, 1995.
10.7+ Stock Purchase Agreement, dated as of June 13, 1996, between
Spectragen, Inc. and Sam Eletr. (The Stock Purchase
Agreement was assumed by the Company pursuant to the
Agreement of Merger between the Company and Spectragen,
Inc.), incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.25 of the
Registrant's Form 10-K for the period ended December 31,
1996.
10.8** Joint Venture Agreement, dated as of October 23, 1996,
between the Company and BASF Aktiengesellschaft,
incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.29 of the
Registrant's Form 10-K for the period ended December 31,
1997.
10.8.1** First Amendment to Joint Venture Agreement dated as of
October 23, 1998, between the Company and BASF
Aktiengesellschaft.
10.9+ Stock Purchase Agreement dated as of April 14, 1997, between
the Company and Edward C. Albini, incorporated by reference
to Exhibit 10.32 of the Registrant's Form 10-K for the
period ended December 31, 1997.
10.10 Form of Common Stock Purchase Agreement, dated as of
September 28, 1997, by and between the Company and the
investors listed therein, incorporated by reference to
Exhibit 4.1 of the Registrant's Registration Statement on
Form S-3, filed on October 31, 1997 (File No. 333-39171).
10.11 Lease dated as of February 27, 1998, between the Company and
SimFirst, L.P., Limited Partnership, incorporated by
reference to Exhibit 10.35 of the Registrant's Form 10-Q for
the period ended March 31, 1998.
10.12** Technology License and Development Agreement dated as of
January 1, 1997, between the Company and BASF-LYNX
Bioscience AG.
10.12.1** First Amendment to Technology License and Development
Agreement dated as of January 1, 1997, between the Company
and BASF-LYNX Bioscience AG.
10.13 The Company's 1998 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the
"Purchase Plan"), incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1
of the Registrant's Form S-8 (File No. 333-59163).
10.14+ Employment Agreement dated as of October 18, 1999, between
the Company and Norman John Wilkie Russell, Ph.D.,
incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.13 of the
Registrant's Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30,
1999.
21.1 Subsidiary of the Company.
23.1 Consent of Ernst & Young LLP, Independent Auditors.
24.1 Power of Attorney. Reference is made to the signature page.
27.0 Financial Data Table for the period ended December 31, 1999.
</TABLE>
- ---------------
(+) Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.
** Portions of this agreement have been deleted pursuant to our request for
confidential treatment
55
<PAGE> 1
EXHIBIT 21.1
SUBSIDIARIES
Lynx Therapeutics, GmbH
<PAGE> 1
EXHIBIT 23.1
CONSENT OF ERNST & YOUNG LLP, INDEPENDENT AUDITORS
We consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statement
on Form S-3 (No. 333-39171) and the Registration Statements on Form S-8 (No.
333-59163, No. 333-59157, No. 333-21997, No. 33-86634, and No. 33-94872)
pertaining to the 1992 Stock Option Plan and the 1998 Employee Stock Purchase
Plan of Lynx Therapeutics, Inc. of our report dated February 4, 2000, with
respect to the consolidated financial statements of Lynx Therapeutics, Inc.
included in the Annual Report (Form 10-K) for the year ended December 31, 1999.
/s/ ERNST & YOUNG LLP
--------------------------------------
Palo Alto, California
March 10, 2000
<TABLE> <S> <C>
<ARTICLE> 5
<MULTIPLIER> 1,000
<S> <C>
<PERIOD-TYPE> YEAR
<FISCAL-YEAR-END> DEC-31-1999
<PERIOD-START> JAN-01-1999
<PERIOD-END> DEC-31-1999
<CASH> 18,050
<SECURITIES> 12,736
<RECEIVABLES> 4,045
<ALLOWANCES> 0
<INVENTORY> 0
<CURRENT-ASSETS> 36,210
<PP&E> 18,372
<DEPRECIATION> 5,494
<TOTAL-ASSETS> 51,638
<CURRENT-LIABILITIES> 11,168
<BONDS> 0
0
0
<COMMON> 74,606
<OTHER-SE> (54,960)
<TOTAL-LIABILITY-AND-EQUITY> 51,638
<SALES> 0
<TOTAL-REVENUES> 12,875
<CGS> 0
<TOTAL-COSTS> 0
<OTHER-EXPENSES> 20,513
<LOSS-PROVISION> 0
<INTEREST-EXPENSE> 174
<INCOME-PRETAX> (6,406)
<INCOME-TAX> 258
<INCOME-CONTINUING> (6,664)
<DISCONTINUED> 0
<EXTRAORDINARY> 0
<CHANGES> 0
<NET-INCOME> (6,664)
<EPS-BASIC> (0.60)
<EPS-DILUTED> (0.60)
</TABLE>
