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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, DC 20549
FORM 8-K
CURRENT REPORT
PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE
SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
Date of Report (Date of earliest event reported): August 11, 1997
CRESCENT REAL ESTATE EQUITIES COMPANY
(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its Charter)
Texas 1-13038 52-1862813
(State of Organization) (Commission File Number) (IRS Employer
Identification Number)
777 Main Street, Suite 2100
Fort Worth, Texas 76102
(Address of Principal Executive Offices) (Zip Code)
(817) 877-0477
(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)
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Item 7. Financial Statements and Exhibits.
(c) Exhibits
The exhibits listed in the following index relate to the Registration
Statement on Form S-3 (No. 333-21905), as amended, of the registrant and are
filed herewith for incorporation by reference in such Registration Statement.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Exhibit No. Description
----------- -----------
<S> <C>
4.01 Purchase Agreement, dated as of August 11, 1997, by and
among the registrant, UBS Securities (Portfolio), LLC,
and Union Bank of Switzerland, London Branch
5.01 Opinion of Shaw, Pittman, Potts & Trowbridge as to the
legality of the securities being registered by the
registrant
8.01 Opinion of Shaw, Pittman, Potts & Trowbridge regarding
certain material tax issues relating to the registrant
8.02 Opinion of Locke Purnell Rain Harrell (A Professional
Corporation) regarding certain Texas franchise tax
matters
23.01 Consent of Shaw, Pittman, Potts & Trowbridge (included
in its opinions filed as Exhibits 5.01 and 8.01)
23.02 Consent of Locke Purnell Rain Harrell (A Professional
Corporation) (included in its opinion filed as Exhibit
8.02)
</TABLE>
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities and Exchange Act of
1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by
the undersigned hereunto duly authorized.
Dated: August 11, 1997 CRESCENT REAL ESTATE EQUITIES COMPANY
By: /s/ DALLAS E. LUCAS
-----------------------
Dallas E. Lucas
Senior Vice President and
Chief Financial Officer
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EXHIBIT INDEX
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Exhibit No. Description
----------- -----------
<S> <C>
4.01 Purchase Agreement, dated as of August 11, 1997, by and
among the registrant, UBS Securities (Portfolio), LLC,
and Union Bank of Switzerland, London Branch
5.01 Opinion of Shaw, Pittman, Potts & Trowbridge as to the
legality of the securities being registered by the
registrant
8.01 Opinion of Shaw, Pittman, Potts & Trowbridge regarding
certain material tax issues relating to the registrant
8.02 Opinion of Locke Purnell Rain Harrell (A Professional
Corporation) regarding certain Texas franchise tax
matters
23.01 Consent of Shaw, Pittman, Potts & Trowbridge (included
in its opinions filed as Exhibits 5.01 and 8.01)
23.02 Consent of Locke Purnell Rain Harrell (A Professional
Corporation) (included in its opinion filed as Exhibit
8.02)
</TABLE>
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EXHIBIT 4.01
PURCHASE AGREEMENT
THIS PURCHASE AGREEMENT is made as of the 11th day of August,
1997, by and among Crescent Real Estate Equities Company (the "Company"), a
real estate investment trust organized under the laws of the State of Texas and
UBS Securities (Portfolio) LLC, a Delaware limited liability company
("UBS-Portfolio") and Union Bank of Switzerland, London Branch, acting through
its agent UBS Securities LLC as its agent ("UBS-LB") (UBS-Portfolio and UBS-LB
being hereinafter collectively called the "UBS Parties" and sometimes
individually, a "UBS Party").
IN CONSIDERATION of the mutual covenants contained in this
Purchase Agreement, the Company and the UBS Parties agree as follows:
SECTION 1. Authorization of Sale of the Shares. Subject to
the terms and conditions of this Purchase Agreement, the Company has authorized
the sale to UBS-Portfolio of up to an aggregate of 4,700,000 common shares of
beneficial interest ("Common Shares"), $.01 par value per share (the "Purchase
Shares"), of the Company. In addition, the Company may issue to UBS-LB
additional Common Shares in settlement of certain of its obligations under the
Forward Stock Purchase (the "Forward Share Purchase Agreement"), dated August
11, 1997, between the Company and UBS-LB (the "Additional Shares"). The
Purchase Shares and the Additional Shares are hereinafter collectively called
the "Shares".
SECTION 2. Agreement to Sell and Purchase the Purchase
Shares. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Purchase Agreement, on the
Closing Date (as defined in Section 3 hereof), the Company will sell to
UBS-Portfolio the Purchase Shares, the number of which shall equal the lesser
of (i) $150,000,000 divided by the Closing Price (as defined below), rounded
down to the nearest 1,000 shares or (ii) 4,700,000, for a per share purchase
price equal to the Closing Price. The "Closing Price" shall equal the closing
price reported on the New York Stock Exchange for a Common Share on the
business day immediately preceding the Closing Date.
SECTION 3. Delivery of the Shares at the Closing.
3.1. Closing. The completion of the purchase and sale of the
Purchase Shares (the "Closing") shall occur as soon as practicable on or after
the date hereof on a business day to be agreed upon by the Company and the UBS
Parties, but in no event later than the earlier of (i) August 15, 1997 or (ii)
three business days after the execution of this Purchase Agreement
(hereinafter, the "Closing Date").
3.2. Conditions. At Closing, the Company shall deliver to UBS
Portfolio one or more stock certificates registered in the name of
UBS-Portfolio representing the number of Purchase Shares set forth in Section 2
above.
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The Company's obligation to complete the purchase and sale of
the Purchase Shares and deliver such stock certificate(s) to UBS Portfolio at
the Closing shall be subject to the following conditions, any one or more of
which may be waived by the Company: (i) receipt by the Company of Federal Funds
(or other mutually agreed upon form of payment) in the full amount of the
purchase price for the Purchase Shares being purchased hereunder, (ii) the
accuracy in all material respects, as of the Closing Date, of the
representations and warranties made by the UBS Parties herein and the
fulfillment in all material respects of those undertakings of the UBS Parties
to be fulfilled prior to the Closing, (iii) the Forward Share Purchase
Agreement shall have been fully executed and delivered by the parties thereto,
and (iv) receipt by the Company of a cross-receipt with respect to the Purchase
Shares executed by UBS-Portfolio and a certificate by an officer or authorized
representative of UBS-Portfolio to the effect that the representations and
warranties of UBS Portfolio set forth in Section 5 hereof are true and correct
as of the date of this Agreement and as of the Closing Date.
UBS Portfolio's obligation to accept delivery of such stock
certificate(s) and to pay for the Purchase Shares evidenced thereby shall be
subject to the following conditions: (i) the accuracy in all material respects,
as of the Closing Date, of the representations and warranties made by the
Company herein and the fulfillment in all material respects, as of the Closing
Date, of those undertakings of the Company to be fulfilled prior to Closing,
(ii) receipt by the UBS Parties of all opinions and certificates to be
delivered by the Company pursuant to this Purchase Agreement, (iii) the Forward
Share Purchase Agreement shall have been fully executed by the parties thereto
and (iv) receipt by UBS Portfolio of a cross-receipt with respect to the
purchase price for the Purchaser Shares executed by the Company.
SECTION 4. Representations, Warranties and Covenants of the
Company. The Company hereby represents and warrants to, and covenants with, the
UBS Parties as follows:
4.1. Organization and Qualification. The Company has been
formed as a real estate investment trust under the laws of the State of Texas
with power and authority to conduct its business as currently conducted and,
according to the County Clerk of Tarrant County, Texas, the Restated
Declaration of Trust of the Company is recorded in Volume 12645, beginning at
Page 1811, in the records of the County Clerk, is in effect, and no
dissolution, revocation or forfeiture proceedings regarding the Company have
been commenced.
4.2. Authorized Capital Stock. The Company has authorized
and outstanding capital stock as of July 31, 1997 consisting of 97,392,227
Common Shares outstanding, 4,932,330 options granted on Common Shares,
6,631,731 units ("Units") issued by Crescent Real Estate Equities Limited
Partnership, a Delaware limited partnership (the "Partnership") and 2,000,000
options granted on Units. The issued and outstanding Common Shares of the
Company have been duly authorized and validly issued, are fully paid and
nonassessable, have been issued in compliance with all federal and state
securities laws, and were not issued in violation of or subject to any
preemptive rights or other rights to subscribe for or purchase securities.
Other than as described above in this Section 4.2, the Company does not have
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outstanding any options to purchase, or any preemptive rights or other similar
rights to subscribe for or to purchase, any securities or obligations
convertible into, shares of its capital stock or any such options, rights,
convertible securities or obligations. The Company's publicly available
filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("Public Filings") contain
as of the dates thereof an accurate and fair description of the Company's
stock, stock bonus and other stock plans or arrangements and the options or
other rights granted and exercised thereunder.
4.3. Issuance, Sale and Delivery of the Shares. The Purchase
Shares to be sold by the Company have been duly authorized and, when issued,
delivered and paid for in the manner set forth in this Purchase Agreement, will
be duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable. The
Additional Shares have been duly authorized and, if and when issued pursuant to
the Forward Share Purchase Agreement, will be validly issued, fully paid and
nonassessable. None of the Shares when issued and delivered to the UBS Parties
shall be subject to any lien, security interest, claim, charge or encumbrance
of any nature. Other than the UBS Parties, no shareholder of the Company has
any right, which has not or will not have been waived or has not expired by
reason of lapse of time following notification of the Company's intent to file
any Registration Statement (as defined below) pursuant to Section 7.1, to
require the Company to register the sale of any shares owned by such
shareholder under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities
Act"), in such Registration Statement. No approval of or authorization by the
shareholders or the Board of Trust Managers of the Company will be required for
the issuance and/or sale of the Shares to be sold by the Company as
contemplated herein or in the Forward Stock Purchase Agreement, except such as
shall have been obtained on or before the Closing Date. The issuance and/or
sale of the Shares to the UBS Parties by the Company pursuant to this Purchase
Agreement or the Forward Share Purchase Agreement (as the case may be), the
compliance by the Company with the other provisions of this Purchase Agreement
or the Forward Share Purchase Agreement and the consummation of the other
transactions contemplated hereby or thereby do not require the consent,
approval, authorization, registration or qualification of or with any
governmental authority, except such as shall have been obtained on or before
the Closing Date or in connection with any Registration Statement filed with
respect to any of the Shares. The Company meets and will continue to meet the
requirements for use of Form S-3 under the Securities Act and the rules and
regulations promulgated thereunder (the "Rules and Regulations"). The Company
has filed and will file all documents which it is required to file under the
Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act") and all such
documents comply and will comply in all material respects with the requirements
of the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations thereunder, as applicable,
and none of such documents, when so filed, contained or will contain any untrue
statement of a material fact or omitted or will omit to state a material fact
required to be stated therein or necessary in order to make the statements
therein, in light of the circumstances under which they were made, not
misleading. No Registration Statement filed in respect of any of the Shares,
when so filed, contained or will contain any untrue statement of a material
fact or omitted or will omit to state a material fact required to be stated
therein or necessary in order to make the statements therein, in light of the
circumstances under which they were made, not misleading.
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4.4. Due Execution, Delivery and Performance. The Company
has full legal right, power and authority to enter into this Purchase Agreement
and the Forward Share Purchase Agreement and perform the transactions
contemplated hereby and thereby. This Purchase Agreement and the Forward Share
Purchase Agreement have been duly authorized, executed and delivered by the
Company. The making and performance of the Purchase Agreement and the Forward
Share Purchase Agreement by the Company and the consummation of the
transactions herein and therein contemplated will not violate any provision of
the declaration of trust or bylaws, or other organizational documents, of the
Company, and will not conflict with, result in the breach or violation of, or
constitute, either by itself or upon notice or the passage of time or both, a
default under any agreement, mortgage, deed of trust, credit agreement, lease,
franchise, license, indenture, permit or other instrument to which the Company
is a party or by which the Company or its properties may be bound or affected,
any statute or any authorization, judgment, decree, order, rule or regulation
of any court or any regulatory body, administrative agency or other
governmental body applicable to the Company or any of its properties, except
such as will not have a material adverse effect on the condition (financial or
otherwise), business, results of operations or prospects of the Company. No
consent, approval, authorization or other order of any court, regulatory body,
administrative agency or other governmental body is required for the execution
and delivery of this Purchase Agreement, the Forward Share Purchase Agreement
or the consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby or thereby, except
in connection with the filing of any Registration Statements pursuant to
Section 7 below or for compliance with the blue sky laws applicable to the
offering of the Shares. Upon the execution and delivery hereof, each of the
Purchase Agreement and the Forward Share Purchase Agreement will constitute the
valid and binding obligation of the Company, enforceable in accordance with its
terms, except as enforceability may be limited by applicable bankruptcy,
insolvency, reorganization, moratorium or similar laws affecting creditors' and
contracting parties' rights generally and except as enforceability may be
subject to general principles of equity (regardless of whether such
enforceability is considered in a proceeding in equity or at law) and except as
enforcement of the indemnification agreements of the Company in Section 7.5
hereof may be limited by public policy.
4.5. Accountants. The Company's independent certified public
accountants, who have expressed their opinion with respect to the Most Recent
Financial Statements (as defined below), are independent accountants as
required by the Securities Act and the Rules and Regulations. The Company
shall cause the independent certified public accountants to deliver, on the
effective date of each Registration Statement, a consent to the inclusion in
such Registration Statement of their opinion with respect to the Most Recent
Financial Statements.
4.6. No Defaults. Except as to defaults, violations and
breaches which individually or in the aggregate would not be material to the
Company, the Company is not in violation or default of any provision of its
declaration of trust or bylaws, or other organizational documents, or is not in
breach of or default with respect to any provision of any agreement, judgment,
decree, order, mortgage, deed of trust, credit agreement, lease, franchise,
license, indenture, permit or other instrument to which it is a party or by
which it or any of its properties
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are bound; and there does not exist any state of fact which constitutes an
event of default on the part of the Company as defined in such documents or
which, with notice or lapse of time or both, would constitute such an event of
default except such defaults which individually or in the aggregate would not
be material to the Company.
4.7. No Actions. There are no legal or governmental actions,
suits or proceedings pending or, to the best of the Company's knowledge,
threatened to which the Company is or may be a part or of which property owned
or leased by the Company is or may be the subject, or related to environmental
or discrimination matters, which actions, suits or proceedings might,
individually or in the aggregate, prevent or adversely affect the transactions
contemplated by this Agreement or result in a material adverse change in the
condition (financial or otherwise), properties, business, results of operations
or prospects of the Company, and no labor disturbance by the employees of the
Company exists or is imminent which might be expected to affect adversely such
condition, properties, business, results of operations or prospects. The
Company is neither a party nor subject to the provisions of any material
injunction, judgment, decree or order of any court, regulatory body
administrative agency or other governmental body.
4.8. Properties. The Company has good and marketable title
to all the properties and assets reflected as owned by it in the financial
statements included in the Most Recent Financial Statements, subject to no
lien, mortgage, pledge, charge or encumbrance of any kind except (i) those, if
any, reflected in such financial statements, or (ii) those which are not
material in amount and do not adversely affect the use made and promised to be
made of such property by the Company. The Company holds its leased properties
under valid and binding leases, with such exceptions as are not materially
significant in relation to the business of the Company. The Company owns or
leases all such properties as are necessary to its operations as now conducted.
The Company qualified as a real estate investment trust under the Internal
Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, with respect to its taxable years ended
December 31, 1994, December 31, 1995 and December 31, 1996, and is organized in
conformity with the requirements for qualification as a real estate investment
trust, and its manner of operation has enabled it to meet the requirements for
qualification as a real estate investment trust as of the date hereof, and its
proposed manner of operation will enable it to meet the requirements for
qualification as a real estate investment trust in the future.
4.9. No Material Change. Since the date of the Most Recent
Financial Statements, and except as otherwise disclosed in the Company's Public
Filings as of the Closing Date or in writing to the UBS Parties, (i) the
Company has not incurred any material liabilities or obligations, indirect, or
contingent, or entered into any material written or, to the Company's
knowledge, verbal agreement or other transaction which is not in the ordinary
course of business (it being agreed that for purposes of this sentence the
Company's ordinary course of business shall include the acquisition, directly
or indirectly, of real estate properties or businesses of a type that may be
owned by a "real estate investment trust" (as defined under the Internal
Revenue Code) or which could reasonably be expected to result in a material
reduction in the future earnings of the Company; (ii) the Company has not
sustained any material loss or interference
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with its businesses or properties from fire, flood, windstorm, accident or
other calamity, whether or not covered by insurance; (iii) the Company is not
in default in the payment of principal or interest on any outstanding debt
obligations; (iv) there has not been any change in the capital stock of the
Company (other than the sale of the Purchase Shares hereunder or those reserved
for issuance pursuant to the Forward Share Purchase Agreement, issuances
pursuant to the incentive compensation plans of the Company, exchanges of
Units pursuant to the limited partnership agreement of the Partnership or
issuances under the Company's shelf registration statement (No. 333-21905), or
indebtedness material to the Company (other than in the ordinary course of
business); and (v) there has not been any material adverse change in the
condition (financial or otherwise), business, results of operations or
prospects of the Company.
4.10. Intellectual Property. The Company believes it has
sufficient trademarks, trade names, patent rights, copyrights, licenses,
approvals and governmental authorizations to conduct its businesses as now
conducted; and the Company has no knowledge of any material infringement by it
of trademark, trade name rights, patent rights, copyrights, licenses, trade
secrets or other similar rights of others, and no claim has been made against
the Company regarding trademark, trade name, patent, copyright, license, trade
secrecy or other infringement which could have a material adverse effect on the
condition (financial or otherwise), business, results of operations or
prospects of the Company.
4.11. Compliance. The Company has not been advised, and has
no reason to believe, that it is not conducting business in compliance with all
applicable laws, rules and regulations of the jurisdictions in which it is
conducting business, including, without limitation, all applicable local, state
and federal environmental laws and regulations; except where failure to be so
in compliance would not materially adversely affect the condition (financial or
otherwise), business, results of operations or prospects of the Company.
4.12. Taxes. The Company has filed and paid (except for
those taxes which are being contested in good faith through appropriate
proceeding, for which adequate reserves have been established and as to which
UBS has been notified in writing by the Company) all necessary federal, state
and foreign income and franchise tax returns and has paid or accrued all taxes
shown as due thereon, and the Company has no knowledge of any tax deficiency
which has been or might be asserted or threatened against the Company which
could materially adversely affect the business condition (financial or
otherwise), results of operations or prospects of the Company.
4.13. Transfer Taxes. On the Closing Date, all stock
transfer or other taxes, if any (other than income taxes) which are required to
be paid in connection with the sale and transfer of the Purchase Shares to be
sold to UBS-Portfolio hereunder will be, or will have been, fully paid or
provided for by the Company and all laws imposing such taxes will be or will
have been fully complied with.
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4.14. Investment Company. The Company is not required to
register as an "investment company" as such term is defined in the Investment
Company Act of 1940, as amended.
4.15. Insurance. The Company maintains insurance (or
insurance is maintained on its behalf) of the types and in the amounts
generally deemed adequate under customary industry standards for its business,
including, but not limited to, insurance covering all real and personal
property owned or leased by the Company against theft, damage, destruction,
acts of vandalism and all other risks customarily insured against, all of which
insurance is in full force and effect.
4.16. Additional Information. The Company represents and
warrants that the information contained in the following documents, which the
Company has furnished to the UBS Parties, or will furnish or make available
upon request prior to the Closing, is or will be true and correct in all
material respects as of their respective filing dates:
(a) Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended
December 31, 1996;
(b) Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended
March 31, 1997;
(c) the Company's most recently available audited
financial statements together with the report thereon
of the independent certified public accountants (the
"Most Recent Financial Statements");
(d) the Company's proxy statements on Form 14A relating
to (i) the most recent Annual Meeting of the
Company's Shareholders and (ii) any Special Meetings
of the Company's Shareholders which occurred during
the 12 month period prior to the date hereof or for
which a meeting date has been fixed and a proxy
statement distributed; and
(e) all other documents, if any, filed by or with respect
to the Company with the Securities and Exchange
Commission (the "Commission") since May 14, 1997
pursuant to Sections 13, 15(d) or 16(a) of the
Exchange Act; and
(f) a covenant compliance certification stating that the
Company and its subsidiaries are not in default under
unsecured revolving line of credit provided for under
that certain Second Amended and Restated Revolving
Credit Agreement, dated as of June 6, 1997, between
the Partnership, as borrower, and BankBoston, N.A.,
as lead agent.
4.17. Legal Opinion. Prior to the Closing, counsel to the
Company will deliver its legal opinion to the UBS Parties in substantially the
form of Exhibit A hereto.
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4.18 ERISA. The Company and its affiliates are in compliance
in all material respects with all applicable provisions of the Employee
Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended and the rules and
regulations promulgated thereunder ("ERISA"). Neither a Reportable Event (as
defined under ERISA) nor a Prohibited Transaction (as defined under ERISA) has
occurred with respect to any Plan (as defined below) of the Company and/or its
affiliates; no notice of intent to terminate a Plan has been filed nor has any
Plan been terminated within the past five years; no circumstance exists which
constitutes grounds under Section 402 of ERISA entitling the Pension Benefit
Guaranty Corporation ("PBGC") to institute proceedings to terminate, or appoint
a trustee to administer, a Plan, nor has the PBGC instituted any such
proceedings; the Company and its affiliates have not completely or partially
withdrawn under Sections 4201 or 4202 of ERISA from any Multiemployer Plan (as
defined therein); the Company and its affiliates have met the minimum funding
requirements of Section 412 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended
(the "Code") and Section 302 of ERISA with respect to each Plan and there is no
unfunded current liability (as defined below) with respect to any Plan; the
Company and its affiliates have not incurred any liability to the PBGC under
ERISA (other than for the payment of premiums under Section 4007 of ERISA); no
part of the funds to be used by the Company in satisfaction of its obligations
under this Purchase Agreement or the Forward Share Purchase Agreement
constitute "plan assets" of any "employee benefit plan" within the meaning of
ERISA or of any "plan" within the meaning of Section 4975(e)(1) of the Code, as
interpreted by the Internal Revenue Service and the U.S. Department of Labor in
rules, regulations, releases and bulletins or as interpreted under applicable
case law. As used below, "Plan" means an "employee benefit plan" or "plan" as
described in Section 3(3) of ERISA; and "unfunded current liability" has the
meaning provided in Section 302(d)(8)(A) of ERISA.
4.19 Environmental Protection. To the Company's knowledge,
except as disclosed in its Public Filings, none of the Company's or its
affiliates' properties contain any Hazardous Materials that, under any
Environmental Law, (i) would impose liability on the Company or any affiliate
that is likely to have material adverse effect on the condition (financial or
other), business, results of operations, or prospects, of the Company or (ii)
is likely to result in the imposition of a lien on any assets owned, directly
or indirectly, by the Company. To the Company's knowledge, neither it nor any
affiliate is subject to any existing, pending or threatened investigation or
proceeding by any governmental agency or authority with respect or pursuant to
any Environmental Law, except any which, if adversely determined, would not
have a material adverse effect on the condition (financial or other), business,
results of operations or prospects of the Company. As used herein,
"Environmental Laws" mean all federal, state, local and foreign environmental,
health and safety laws, codes and ordinances and all rules and regulations
promulgated thereunder, including, without limitation laws relating to
emissions, discharges, releases or threatened releases of pollutants,
contaminants, chemicals, or industrial, toxic or hazardous substances or wastes
into the environment (including, without limitation, air, surface water, ground
water, land surface or subsurface strata) or otherwise relating to the
manufacture, processing, distribution, use, treatment, storage, disposal,
transport or handling of pollutants, contaminants, chemicals, or industrial,
solid, toxic or hazardous substances or wastes;
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and "Hazardous Material" includes, without limitation, (i) all substances which
are designated pursuant to Section 311(b)(2)(A) of the Federal Water Pollution
Control Act ("FWPCA"), 33 U.S.C Section 1251 et seq.; (ii) any element,
compound, mixture, solution, or substance which is designated pursuant to
Section 102 of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and
Liability Act ("CERCLA"), 42 U.S.C. Section 9601 et seq.; (iii) any hazardous
waste having the characteristics which are identified under or listed pursuant
to Section 3001 of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act ("RCRA"), 42
U.S.C. Section 6901 et seq.; (iv) any toxic pollutant listed under Section
307(a) of the FWPCA; (v) any hazardous air pollutant which is listed under
Section 112 of the Clean Air Act, 42 U.S.C. Section 7401 et seq.; (vi) any
imminently hazardous chemical substance or mixture with respect to which action
has been taken pursuant to Section 7 of the Toxic Substances Control Act, 15
U.S.C. Section 2601 et seq.; and (vii) petroleum, petroleum products,
petroleum by-products, petroleum decomposition by-products, and waste oil.
4.20. Solvency. Immediately following (i) the execution of
this Purchase Agreement and the Forward Share Purchase Agreement, (ii) the
purchase of the Purchase Shares pursuant hereto and (iii) the completion of any
other transaction contemplated by this Purchase Agreement and the Forward Share
Purchase Agreement, the Company will be solvent and able to pay its debts as
they mature, will have capital sufficient to carry on its business and all
businesses in which it is to engage, and will have assets which will have a
present fair market valuation greater than the amount of all of its
liabilities. This Purchase Agreement and the Forward Share Purchase Agreement
have been executed and delivered by the Company in good faith and in exchange
for reasonably equivalent value. The Company does not intend to incur debts
beyond its ability to pay them as they become due. The Company's assets and
capital are now, and are expected in the future to be, sufficient to pay the
Company's ongoing expenses as they are incurred and to discharge all of the
Company's liabilities in the event that the business of the Company is required
to be liquidated. The Company has not entered into this Purchase Agreement or
the Forward Share Purchase Agreement or any transaction contemplated hereby or
thereby with an intent to hinder, delay or defraud creditors of any person or
entity.
4.21. Certificate. A certificate of the Company executed by
the Vice Chairman of the Board or President and the chief financial or
accounting officer of the Company, to be dated the Closing Date in form and
substance satisfactory to the UBS Parties to the effect that the
representations and warranties of the Company set forth in this Section 4 are
true and correct as of the date of this Agreement and as of the Closing Date,
and the Company has complied with all the agreements and satisfied all the
conditions on its part to be performed or satisfied on or prior to such Closing
Date.
SECTION 5. Representations, Warranties and Covenants of the
UBS Parties.
5.1. Investment. UBS-Portfolio represents and warrants to,
and covenants with, the Company that: (i) UBS- Portfolio is knowledgeable,
sophisticated and experienced in making, and is qualified to make, decisions
with respect to investments in shares presenting an
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investment decision like that involved in the purchase of the Purchase Shares,
including investments in securities issued by the Company; (ii) UBS-Portfolio
is acquiring the number of Purchase Shares set forth in Section 2 above in the
ordinary course of its business and for its own account for investment (as
defined for purposes of the Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act of
1976 and the regulations thereunder) only and with no present intention of
distributing any of such Purchase Shares or any arrangement or understanding
with any other persons regarding the distribution of such Shares (this
representation and warranty not limiting right of either UBS Party to sell
pursuant to any Registration Statement), (iii) neither UBS Party will, directly
or indirectly, sell or otherwise dispose of (or solicit any offers to purchase
or otherwise acquire) any of the Shares except in compliance with the
Securities Act and any applicable state securities or blue sky laws; and (iv)
each UBS Party has completed or caused to be completed the Registration
Statement Questionnaire and the Stock Certificate Questionnaire, both attached
hereto as Appendix I, for use in preparation of each Registration Statement and
the answers thereto are true and correct as of the date hereof and will be true
and correct as of the effective date of each Registration Statement.
5.2. Resale. Each UBS Party acknowledges and agrees that in
connection with any transfer of any Shares it will provide to the transfer
agent prompt notice of any Shares sold pursuant to a Registration Statement or
otherwise transferred in compliance with applicable federal and state
securities laws. The UBS Parties acknowledge that there may occasionally be
times when the Company must suspend the right of the UBS Parties to effect
sales of the Shares through the use of the Prospectus forming a part of a
Registration Statement until such time as an amendment to such Registration
Statement has been filed by the Company and declared effective by the
Commission, or until such time as the Company has filed an appropriate report
with the Commission pursuant to the Exchange Act (each, a "Black-out Period");
provided that no Black-out Period shall exceed 30 consecutive days. Each UBS
Party hereby covenants that it will not sell any Shares pursuant to said
Prospectus during the period commencing at the time at which the Company gives
the UBS Parties written notice of the suspension of the use of said Prospectus
and ending at the time the Company gives the UBS Parties written notice that
the UBS Parties may thereafter effect sales pursuant to said Prospectus. Each
UBS Party further covenants to notify the Company promptly of the sale of all
of its Shares.
5.3. Due Execution, Delivery and Performance of this
Agreement. The UBS Parties further represents and warrants to, and covenants
with, the Company that (i) each UBS Party has full right, power, authority and
capacity to enter into this Agreement and to consummate the transactions
contemplated hereby and has taken all necessary action to authorize the
execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement, and (ii) upon the
execution and delivery of this Agreement, this Agreement shall constitute a
valid and binding obligation of the UBS Parties enforceable in accordance with
its terms, except as enforceability may be limited by applicable bankruptcy,
insolvency, reorganization, moratorium or similar laws affecting creditors' and
contracting parties' rights generally and except as enforceability may be
subject to general principles of equity (regardless of whether such
enforceability is considered in a
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<PAGE> 11
proceeding in equity or at law) and except that the enforcement of the
indemnification agreements of the UBS Parties in Section 7.3 hereof may be
limited by public policy.
5.4 Residence of UBS-Portfolio. UBS-Portfolio is organized
in the State of Delaware and has its principal place of business in the State
of New York.
SECTION 6. Survival of Representations, Warranties and
Agreements. Notwithstanding any investigation made by any party to this
Purchase Agreement, all covenants, agreements, representations and warranties
made by the Company, and the UBS Parties herein shall survive the execution of
this Purchase Agreement, the Forward Share Purchase Agreement, the delivery to
the UBS Parties of the Purchase Shares being purchased and the payment therefor
and the consummation of any other transactions contemplated hereby or thereby.
SECTION 7. Registration of the Shares; Compliance with the Securities Act.
7.1. Registration Procedures and Expenses. The Company
shall:
(a) as soon as practicable after the Closing, prepare and
file with the Commission a Registration Statement (as
defined below) covering the resale by the UBS
Parties, from time to time, of up to a number of
Shares equal to 130% of the number of Purchase Shares
through the facilities of the New York Stock
Exchange, the automated quotation system of The
Nasdaq Stock Market or the facilities of any other
national securities exchange on which the Company's
common stock is then traded or in
privately-negotiated transactions (the "Initial
Registration Statement"). If the total number of
Shares exceeds the number of Shares covered by the
Initial Registration Statement, then the Company
shall prepare and file with the Commission such
additional Registration Statement or Statements as
shall be necessary to cover the resale by UBS-LB of
such excess Shares in the same manner as contemplated
by the Initial Registration Statement for the Shares
covered thereby (each, an "Additional Registration
Statement"); provided that prior to issuing any such
excess Shares to UBS-LB, the Company shall cause such
Registration Statement to have become effective. For
purposes of this Purchase Agreement, "Registration
Statement" means a registration statement under the
Securities Act on Form S-3 covering the resale by one
or both UBS Parties of up to a specified number of
Shares, filed and maintained effective by the Company
pursuant to the provisions of this Section 7,
including the Prospectus (as defined below) contained
therein, any amendments and supplements to such
registration statement, including all post-effective
amendments thereto, and all exhibits and all material
incorporated by reference into such registration
statement;
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<PAGE> 12
(b) use all reasonable best efforts to cause the
Commission to notify the Company of the Commission's
willingness to declare the Initial Registration
Statement effective as soon as practicable and in any
event within 60 days after the Closing Date; provided
that the Company will use its best efforts to cause
such Initial Registration Statement to become
effective no later than 90 days after the Closing
Date;
(c) prepare and file with the Commission such amendments
and supplements to each Registration Statement and
the prospectus used in connection therewith (the
"Prospectus") as may be necessary to keep such
Registration Statement effective until the date on
which the Shares covered thereby may be resold by the
UBS Parties without registration, by reason of Rule
144(k) under the Securities Act or any other rule of
similar effect;
(d) furnish to the UBS Parties with respect to the Shares
registered under any Registration Statement (and to
each underwriter, if any, of such Shares) such
reasonable number of copies of Prospectuses,
including any supplements and amendments thereto, an
opinion from counsel to the Company covering the
matters set forth on Exhibit B hereto and such other
documents as the UBS Parties may reasonably request,
in order to facilitate the public sale or other
disposition of all or any of the Shares by the UBS
Parties;
(e) use its reasonable best efforts to prevent the
happening of any event that would cause any such
Registration Statement to contain a material
misstatement or omission or to be not effective and
useable for resale of the Shares during the period
that such Registration Statement is required to be
effective and usable;
(f) file documents required of the Company for normal
blue sky clearance in states specified in writing by
the UBS Parties, provided, however, that the Company
shall not be required to qualify to do business or
consent to service of process in any jurisdiction in
which it is not now so qualified or has not so
consented; and
(g) bear all expenses in connection with the procedures
in paragraphs (a) through (f) of this Section 7.1 and
the registration of the Shares pursuant to each
Registration Statement, the enforcement of this
Purchase Agreement or the Forward Stock Purchase
Agreement, the Master Agreement referred to in the
Forward Stock Purchase Agreement, including the
reasonable fees and expenses of counsel or other
advisers to
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<PAGE> 13
the UBS Parties, other than underwriting discounts,
brokerage fees and commissions incurred by either UBS
Party, if any.
7.2. Covenants in Connection With Registration.
(a) The Company hereby covenants with the UBS Parties that (i)
it shall not file any Registration Statement or Prospectus or any amendment or
supplement thereto, unless a copy thereof shall have been first submitted to
the UBS Parties and the UBS Parties did not object thereto in good faith
(provided that if the UBS Parties do not object within two business days of
receiving any such material, they shall be deemed to have no objection
thereto); (ii) it shall immediately notify the UBS Parties of the issuance by
the Commission of any stop order suspending the effectiveness of such
Registration Statement or the initiation of any proceedings for such purpose;
(iii) it shall make every reasonable effort to obtain the withdrawal of any
order suspending the effectiveness of such Registration Statement at the
earliest possible moment; (iv) it shall notify the UBS Parties of the receipt
of any notification with respect to the suspension of the qualification of the
Shares for sale under the securities or blue sky laws of any jurisdiction or
the initiation of any proceeding for such purpose; and (v) it shall as soon as
practicable notify the UBS Parties in writing of the existence of any fact
which results in any Registration Statement, any amendment or post- effective
amendment thereto, the Prospectus, any prospectus supplement, or any document
incorporated therein by reference containing an untrue statement of a material
fact or omitting to state a material fact required to be stated therein or
necessary to make the statements therein not misleading and shall prepare a
supplement or post-effective amendment to such Registration Statement or the
Prospectus or any document incorporated therein by reference or file any other
required document so that, as thereafter delivered to the purchasers of the
Shares, the Prospectus will not contain an untrue statement of a material fact
or omit to state any material fact necessary to make the statements therein not
misleading.
(b) The UBS Parties shall notify the Company at least two
business days prior to the date on which it intends to commence effecting any
resales of Shares under a Registration Statement and if the Company does not,
within such two day period, advise the UBS Parties of the existence of any
facts of the type referred to in Section 7.2(a)(iv) above, then the Company
shall be deemed to have certified and represented to the UBS Parties that no
such facts then exist and the UBS Parties may rely on such certificate and
representation in making such sales. The preceding sentence shall in no way
limit the Company's obligations under Section 7.2(a) above.
7.3. Extension of Required Effectiveness. In the event that
the Company shall give any notice required by Section 7.2(a)(vi) hereof, the
period during which the Company is required to keep such Registration Statement
effective and useable shall be extended by the number of days during the period
from and including the date of the giving of such notice to and including the
date when the UBS Parties are advised in writing by the Company that the use of
the Prospectus may be resumed.
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<PAGE> 14
7.4. Transfer of Shares After Registration. Each UBS Party
agrees that it will not effect any disposition of the Shares or its right to
purchase the Shares that would constitute a sale within the meaning of the
Securities Act or pursuant to any applicable state securities or blue sky laws
except as contemplated in each Registration Statement referred to in Section
7.1 or except pursuant to any exemption from the registration requirements of
the Securities Act (including, without limitation, Rule 144 promulgated
thereunder and any successor thereto) and that it will promptly notify the
Company of any changes in the information set forth in any such Registration
Statement regarding the UBS Parties or its Plan of Distribution.
7.5. Indemnification. For the purpose of this Section 7.5,
the term "Registration Statement" shall include any final prospectus, exhibit,
supplement or amendment included in or relating to any Registration Statement
referred to in Section 7.1.
(a) Indemnification by Company. The Company agrees to
indemnify and hold harmless the UBS Parties and each person, if any, who
controls either UBS Party within the meaning of the Securities Act, against any
losses, claims, damages, liabilities or expenses, joint or several, to which
the UBS Parties or such controlling person may become subject (including in
settlement of any litigation, if such settlement is effected with the written
consent of the Company), insofar as such losses, claims, damages, liabilities
or expenses (or actions in respect thereof as contemplated below) arise out of
or are based upon any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of any
material fact contained in any Registration Statement, including the
Prospectus, financial statements and schedules, and all other documents filed
as a part thereof, as amended at the time of effectiveness of such Registration
Statement, including any information deemed to be a part thereof as of the time
of effectiveness pursuant to paragraph (b) of Rule 430A, or pursuant to Rule
434, of the Rules and Regulations, or the Prospectus, in the form first filed
with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b) of the Regulations, or filed as
part of such Registration Statement at the time of effectiveness if no Rule
424(b) filing is required, or any amendment or supplement thereto, or arise out
of or are based upon the omission or alleged omission to state in any of them a
material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements
in any of them not misleading, and will reimburse each UBS Party and each such
controlling person for any legal and other expenses as such expenses are
reasonably incurred by the UBS Parties or such controlling person in connection
with investigating, defending, settling, compromising or paying any such loss,
claim, damage, liability, expense or action. The Company will also indemnify
selling brokers, dealers and similar securities industry professionals
participating in the sale or resale of the Shares, their officers, directors
and partners and each person who controls any such person within the meaning of
the Securities Act, provided, however, that the Company will not be liable in
any such case to the extent that any such loss, claim, damage, liability or
expense arises out of or is based upon an untrue statement or alleged untrue
statement or omission or alleged omission made in such Registration Statement,
such Prospectus or any amendment or supplement thereto in reliance upon and in
conformity with written information furnished to the Company (i) by or on
behalf of the UBS Parties expressly for use therein or (ii) any statement or
omission in any Prospectus that is corrected in any subsequent Prospectus that
was delivered to a UBS Party prior to the pertinent
14
<PAGE> 15
sale or sales by such UBS Party and not delivered by such UBS Party in
connection with such sale or sales.
(b) Indemnification by UBS Parties. The UBS Parties will
indemnify and hold harmless the Company, each of its directors, each of its
officers who signed any Registration Statement and each person, if any, who
controls the Company within the meaning of the Securities Act, against any
losses, claims, damages, liabilities or expenses, joint and several, to which
the Company, each of its directors, each of its officers who signed any
Registration Statement or any controlling person may become subject (including
in settlement of any litigation, if such settlement is effected with the
written consent of the UBS Parties) insofar as such losses, claims, damages,
liabilities or expenses (or actions in respect thereof as contemplated below)
arise out of or are based upon any untrue or alleged untrue statement of any
material fact contained in such Registration Statement, such Prospectus, or any
amendment or supplement thereto, or arise out of or are based upon the omission
or alleged omission to state therein a material fact required to be stated
therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading, in each
case to the extent, but only to the extent, that such untrue statement or
alleged untrue statement or omission or alleged omission was made in such
Registration Statement, such Prospectus, or any amendment or supplement
thereto, in reliance upon and in conformity with written information furnished
to the Company by or on behalf of the UBS Parties expressly for use therein,
and will reimburse the Company, each of its directors, each of its officers who
signed such Registration Statement and each controlling person for any legal
and other expense reasonably incurred by the Company, each of its directors,
each of its officers who signed such Registration Statement or controlling
person in connection with investigating, defending, settling, compromising or
paying any such loss, claim, damage, liability, expense or action.
(c) Proceedings. Promptly after receipt by an indemnified
party under this Section 7.5 of notice of the commencement of any action, such
indemnified party will, if a claim in respect thereof is to be made against an
indemnifying party under this Section 7.5 notify the indemnifying party in
writing of the commencement thereof; but the omission so to notify the
indemnifying party will not relieve it from any liability which it may have to
any indemnified party for contribution or otherwise than under the indemnity
agreement contained in this Section 7.5 or to the extent it is not prejudiced
as a proximate result of such failure. In case any such action is brought
against any indemnified party and such indemnified party seeks or intends to
seek indemnity from an indemnifying party, the indemnifying party will be
entitled to participate in, and, to the extent that it may wish, jointly with
all other indemnifying parties similarly notified, to assume the defense
thereof with counsel reasonably satisfactory to such indemnified party;
provided, however, if the defendants in any such action include both the
indemnified party and the indemnifying party and the indemnified party shall
have reasonably concluded that there may be a conflict between the positions of
the indemnifying party and the indemnified party in conducting the defense of
any such action or that there may be legal defenses available to it and/or
other indemnified parties which are different from or additional to those
available to the indemnifying party, the indemnified party or parties shall
have the right to select separate
15
<PAGE> 16
counsel to assume such legal defenses and to otherwise participate in the
defense of such action on behalf of such indemnified party or parties. Upon
receipt of notice from the indemnifying party to such indemnified party of its
election so to assume the defense of such action and approval by the
indemnified party of counsel, the indemnifying party will not be liable to such
indemnified party under this Section 7.5 for any reasonable legal or other
expenses subsequently incurred by such indemnified party in connection with the
defense thereof unless (i) the indemnified party shall have employed such
counsel in connection with the assumption of legal defenses in accordance with
the proviso to the preceding sentence (it being understood, however, that the
indemnifying party shall be not liable for the expenses of more than one
separate counsel, approved by such indemnifying party in the case of paragraph
(a), representing the indemnified parties who are parties to such action) or
(ii) the indemnifying party shall not have employed counsel reasonably
satisfactory to the indemnified party to represent the indemnified party within
a reasonable time after notice of commencement of action, in each of which
cases the fees and expenses of counsel shall be at the expense of the
indemnifying party.
(d) Contribution. If the indemnification provided for in
this Section 7.5 is required by its terms but is for any reason held to be
unavailable to or otherwise insufficient to hold harmless an indemnified party
under paragraphs (a), (b) or (c) of this Section 7.5 in respect of any losses,
claims, damages, liabilities or expenses referred to herein, then each
applicable indemnifying party shall contribute to the amount paid or payable by
such indemnified party as a result of any losses, claims, damages, liabilities
or expenses referred to herein in such proportion as is appropriate to reflect
the relative benefits received by the Company and the UBS Parties from the
purchase and sale of the Shares and the relative fault of the Company and the
UBS Parties in connection with the statements or omissions or inaccuracies in
the representations and warranties in this Agreement which resulted in such
losses, claims, damages, liabilities or expenses, as well as any other relevant
equitable considerations. The respective relative benefits received by the
Company on the one hand and the UBS Parties on the other shall be deemed to be
in the same proportion as the amount paid by the UBS Parties to the Company
pursuant to this Agreement for the Shares purchased by the UBS Parties that
were sold pursuant to any Registration Statement bears to the difference (the
"Difference") between the amount the UBS Parties paid for the Shares that were
sold pursuant to such Registration Statement and the amount received by the UBS
Parties from such sale. The relative fault of the Company and the UBS Parties
shall be determined by reference to, among other things, whether the untrue or
alleged untrue statement of a material fact or the omission or alleged omission
to state a material fact or the inaccurate or the alleged inaccurate
representation and/or warranty relates to information supplied by the Company
or by the UBS Parties and the parties' relative intent, knowledge, access to
information and opportunity to correct or prevent such statement or omission.
The amount paid or payable by a party as a result of the losses, claims,
damages, liabilities and expenses referred to above shall be deemed to include,
subject to the limitations set forth in paragraph (c) of this Section 7.5 any
reasonable legal or other fees or expenses incurred by such party in connection
with investigating or defending any action or claim. The provisions set forth
in paragraph (c) of this Section 7.5 with respect to notice of commencement of
any action shall apply if a claim for contribution is to be made under this
paragraph (d); provided, however, that
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<PAGE> 17
no additional notice shall be required with respect to any action for which
notice has been given under paragraph (c) for purposes of indemnification. The
Company and the UBS Parties agree that it would not be just and equitable if
contribution pursuant to this Section 7.5 were determined solely by pro rata
allocation or by any other method of allocation which does not take account of
the equitable considerations referred to in this paragraph. Notwithstanding
the provisions of this Section 7.5, the UBS Parties shall not be required to
contribute any amount in excess of the amount by which the aggregate proceeds
received by the UBS Parties from the transactions contemplated hereby exceeds
the amount of any damages that the UBS Parties has otherwise been required to
pay by reason of such untrue or alleged untrue statement or omission or alleged
omission. No person guilty of fraudulent misrepresentation (within the meaning
of Section 11(f) of the Securities Act) shall be entitled to contribution from
any person who was not guilty of such fraudulent misrepresentation.
7.6. Termination of Conditions and Obligations. The
conditions precedent imposed by Section 5 or this Section 7 upon the
transferability of the Shares shall cease and terminate as to any particular
number of the Purchase Shares upon the passage of twenty-four months from the
purchase of such Shares by UBS-Portfolio, as to any particular number of the
Additional Shares upon the passage of twenty-four months from the issuance of
such Shares to UBS-LB or as to any particular number of the Shares at such time
as an opinion of counsel satisfactory to the Company shall have been rendered
to the effect that such conditions are not necessary in order to comply with
the Securities Act. At such time, the Company's obligation to maintain an
effective Registration Statement with respect to such Shares shall cease.
7.7. Information Available. So long as any Registration
Statement covering the resale of any Shares owned by either UBS Party is
effective, the Company will furnish to the UBS Parties:
(a) as soon as practicable after available, one copy of
(i) its Annual Report to Shareholders, (ii) its
Annual Report on Form 10-K, (iii) its Quarterly
Reports to Shareholders, (iv) its quarterly reports
on Form 10-Q, (v) a full copy of the particular
Registration Statement covering the Shares (the
foregoing, in each case, excluding exhibits and (vi)
upon request, any or all other Public Filings by the
Company; and
(b) upon the reasonable request of either UBS Party, a
reasonable number of copies of the Prospectuses to
supply to any other party requiring such
Prospectuses;
and the Company, upon the reasonable request of the UBS Parties, will meet with
the UBS Parties or a representative thereof at the Company's headquarters to
discuss all information relevant for disclosure in such Registration Statement
covering the Shares, subject to appropriate confidentiality limitations.
17
<PAGE> 18
7.8 Non-Exclusivity. The rights and remedies provided under
Section 7.5 hereof shall not be in limitation or exclusion of any other rights
or remedies available to a party, whether by agreement, at law, in equity or
otherwise, with respect to the inaccuracy of any representation or warranty by,
or the breach of any covenant of, the other party made herein or in the Forward
Share Purchase Agreement.
7.9 Notice Requirement. The Company covenants and agrees
that it will notify the UBS Parties at any time it becomes aware that as a
result of a change in the Company's capital stock the UBS Parties beneficially
hold more than 4.9% of the Company's Common Shares.
SECTION 8. Registration Exemptions. For so long as the
Company is subject to the reporting requirements of Section 13 or 15 of the
Exchange Act, the Company covenants that it will file the reports required to
be filed by it under the Securities Act and Section 13(a) and 15(d) of the
Exchange Act and the rules and regulations adopted by the Commission
thereunder.
SECTION 9. Broker's Fee. Other than any fees payable under
or in connection with the Forward Share Purchase Agreement, each of the parties
hereto hereby represents that, on the basis of any actions and agreements by
it, there are no brokers or finders entitled to compensation in connection with
the sale or issuance of the Shares to the UBS Parties.
SECTION 10. Notices. All notices, requests, consents and
other communications hereunder shall be in writing, shall be mailed by
first-class registered or certified airmail, by telegram or telecopy or sent by
nationally recognized overnight express courier postage prepaid, and shall be
deemed given when so mailed or for telecopies, when transmitted and receipt
confirmed, and shall be delivered as addressed as follows:
(a) if to the Company, to:
Crescent Real Estate Equities Company
777 Main Street
Fort Worth, Texas 76102
Attention: Gerald W. Haddock, President
with a copy so mailed to:
Crescent Real Estate Equities Company
777 Main Street
Fort Worth, Texas 76102
Attention: David M. Dean, Esq.
or to such other person at such other place as the
Company shall designate to the UBS Parties in
writing; and
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<PAGE> 19
(b) if to the UBS Parties, c/o UBS Securities, LLC, 299
Park Avenue, New York, New York 10171, or at such
other address or addresses as may have been furnished
to the Company in writing.
SECTION 11. Changes. This Agreement may not be modified or
amended except pursuant to an instrument in writing signed by the Company and
the UBS Parties.
SECTION 12. Headings. The headings of the various sections
of this Agreement have been inserted for convenience of reference only and
shall not be deemed to be part of this Agreement.
SECTION 13. Severability. In case any provision contained in
this Agreement should be invalid, illegal or unenforceable in any respect, the
validity, legality and enforceability of the remaining provisions contained
herein shall not in any way be affected or impaired thereby.
SECTION 14. Governing Law; Jurisdiction.
14.1 THIS AGREEMENT SHALL BE GOVERNED BY AND CONSTRUED IN
ACCORDANCE WITH THE LAWS OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK (WITHOUT REGARD TO THE
CONFLICTS OF LAW PRINCIPLES THEREOF) AND OF THE FEDERAL LAW OF THE UNITED
STATES OF AMERICA.
14.2 THE COMPANY (I) HEREBY IRREVOCABLY SUBMITS TO THE
JURISDICTION OF, AND AGREES THAT ANY SUIT SHALL BE BROUGHT IN, THE STATE AND
FEDERAL COURTS LOCATED IN THE CITY AND COUNTY OF NEW YORK FOR THE PURPOSE OF
ANY SUIT, ACTION OR OTHER PROCEEDING ARISING OUT OF OR BASED UPON THIS
AGREEMENT OR THE TRANSACTIONS CONTEMPLATED HEREBY AND (II) HEREBY WAIVES TO THE
EXTENT NOT PROHIBITED BY APPLICABLE LAW, AND AGREES NOT TO ASSERT, BY WAY OF
MOTION, AS A DEFENSE OR OTHERWISE, IN ANY SUCH PROCEEDING, ANY CLAIM THAT IT IS
NOT SUBJECT PERSONALLY TO THE JURISDICTION OF THE ABOVE-NAMED COURTS, THAT ITS
PROPERTY IS EXEMPT OR IMMUNE FROM ATTACHMENT OR EXECUTION, THAT ANY SUCH
PROCEEDING BROUGHT IN ONE OF THE ABOVE-NAMED COURTS IS BROUGHT IN AN
INCONVENIENT FORUM, THAT THE VENUE OF ANY SUCH PROCEEDING BROUGHT IN ONE OF THE
ABOVE-NAMED COURTS IS IMPROPER, OR THAT THIS AGREEMENT, OR THE TRANSACTIONS
CONTEMPLATED HEREBY MAY NOT BE ENFORCED IN OR BY SUCH COURT.
SECTION 15. Counterparts. This Agreement may be executed in
two or more counterparts, each of which shall constitute an original, but all
of which, when taken together, shall constitute but one instrument, and shall
become effective when one or more counterparts have been signed by each party
hereto and delivered to the other parties.
SECTION 16. Waiver of Trial by Jury. EACH PARTY HEREBY
IRREVOCABLY WAIVES ANY RIGHT IT MAY HAVE TO JURY TRIAL IN CONNECTION WITH ANY
ACTION OR PROCEEDING ARISING OUT OF OR RELATING TO THIS AGREEMENT.
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<PAGE> 20
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this
Agreement to be executed by their duly authorized representatives as of the day
and year first above written.
Crescent Real Estate Equities Company
By: /s/ BRUCE A. PICKER
-------------------------------
Name: Bruce A. Picker
Title: Vice President, Treasurer
UBS Securities (Portfolio) LLC
By: /s/
-------------------------------
Name:
Title: President
By: /s/
-------------------------------
Name:
Title: Vice President
Union Bank of Switzerland
London Branch
By: /s/ L. WOOD
-------------------------------
Name: L. Wood
Title: Vice President
By: /s/ MARK EVANS
-------------------------------
Name: Mark Evans
Title: Vice President
21
<PAGE> 21
Appendix I
(one of two)
STOCK CERTIFICATE QUESTIONNAIRE
(Appendix has been omitted)
C-1
<PAGE> 22
Appendix I
(two of two)
REGISTRATION STATEMENT QUESTIONNAIRE AND
PURCHASER'S CERTIFICATE OF SUBSEQUENT SALE
(Appendix has been omitted)
C-1
552512v8
<PAGE> 23
EXHIBIT A
Form of Closing Opinion of Counsel to the Company
(Exhibit has been omitted)
<PAGE> 24
EXHIBIT B
Opinion Matters for Additional Registration Statements
(Exhibit has been omitted)
<PAGE> 1
EXHIBIT 5.01
[LETTERHEAD OF SHAW, PITTMAN, POTTS & TROWBRIDGE]
August 11, 1997
Crescent Real Estate Equities Company
777 Main Street, Suite 2100
Fort Worth, Texas 76102
Ladies and Gentlemen:
We have acted as counsel to Crescent Real Estate Equities Company, a
Texas real estate investment trust (the "Company"), in connection with the
registration of 4,700,000 shares of common shares of beneficial interest of the
Company, par value $0.01 per share (the "Shares"), pursuant to a Registration
Statement on Form S-3 (Registration No. 333-21905), including the prospectus,
the prospectus supplement and all amendments, exhibits and documents related
thereto (collectively, the "Registration Statement"), under the Securities Act
of 1933, as amended, and with the proposed sale of the Shares in accordance
therewith.
Based upon our examination of the originals or copies of such
documents, corporate records, certificates of officers of the Company and other
instruments as we have deemed necessary and upon the laws as presently in
effect, we are of the opinion that the Shares have been duly authorized for
issuance by the Company, and that, upon issuance and delivery in accordance
with the purchase agreement referred to in the Registration Statement, the
Shares will be validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable.
We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference of this opinion as
an exhibit to the Registration Statement. We also consent to the reference to
Shaw, Pittman, Potts & Trowbridge under the caption "Legal Matters" in the
prospectus and the prospectus supplement.
Very truly yours,
/s/ SHAW, PITTMAN, POTTS & TROWBRIDGE
-------------------------------------
SHAW, PITTMAN, POTTS & TROWBRIDGE
<PAGE> 1
EXHIBIT 8.01
August 11, 1997
Crescent Real Estate Equities Company
777 Main Street
Suite 2100
Fort Worth, Texas 76102
Ladies and Gentlemen:
On March 25, 1997, Crescent Real Estate Equities Company ("Crescent
Equities") filed a registration statement on Form S-3, No. 333-21905, with the
Securities and Exchange Commission, which was declared effective on March 26,
1997. Such registration statement (the "Registration Statement") includes a
prospectus supplement dated August 11, 1997 to the prospectus contained in
the Registration Statement (together, the "Prospectus"). In connection with
the filing of the prospectus supplement, you have asked us to render certain
opinions regarding the application of the U.S. federal income tax laws to
Crescent Equities,(1) Crescent Real Estate Equities Limited Partnership (the
"Operating Partnership") and certain partnerships and limited liability
companies in which the Operating Partnership has an ownership interest (the
"Subsidiary Partnerships"). The Subsidiary Partnerships currently include
Crescent Real Estate Funding I, L.P. ("Funding I"), Crescent Real Estate
Funding II, L.P. ("Funding II"), Crescent Real Estate Funding III, L.P.
("Funding III"), Crescent Real Estate Funding IV, L.P. ("Funding IV"), Crescent
Real Estate Funding V, L.P. ("Funding V"), Crescent Real Estate Funding VI,
L.P. ("Funding VI"), Crescent Real Estate Funding VII, L.P. ("Funding VII"),
CresCal Properties, L.P. ("CresCal"), CresTex Development, L.L.C. ("CresTex"),
Waterside Commons Limited Partnership ("Waterside"), G/C Waterside Associates
LLC ("Associates"), Woodlands Office Equities - '95 Limited (the "Woodlands
Partnership"), Woodlands Retail Equities - '96 Limited ("WRE"), 301 Congress
Avenue, L.P. ("301 Congress"), Crescent/301, L.L.C. ("Crescent/301"), Spectrum
Mortgage Associates, L.P. ("SMA"), Crescent Commercial Realty Holdings, L.P.
("CCRH"), and the Woodlands Commercial Properties Company, L.P. (the
"Commercial Partnership"). Capitalized terms used hereunder but not defined
have the meaning ascribed to them in the Prospectus, unless otherwise noted.
Specifically, you have requested that we render opinions addressing
the following:
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(1) Unless otherwise noted, all references to Crescent Equities herein
refer to Crescent Equities and its wholly owned subsidiaries, Crescent
Real Estate Equities, Ltd. ("CREE"), CRE Management I Corp., CRE
Management II Corp., CRE Management III Corp., CRE Management IV
Corp., CRE Management V Corp., CRE Management VI Corp., CRE Management
VII Corp., CresCal Properties, Inc., and Crescent Commercial Realty
Corp.
<PAGE> 2
Crescent Real Estate Equities Company
August 11, 1997
Page 2
1. Whether Crescent Equities qualified as a REIT under sections
856 through 860 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as
amended (the "Code"), with respect to its taxable years ending
on or before December 31, 1996, whether Crescent Equities is
organized in conformity with the requirements for
qualification as a REIT, whether its manner of operation
enabled it to meet the requirements for qualification as a
REIT as of the date of the Registration Statement, and whether
Crescent Equities' proposed manner of operation, as set forth
in the Registration Statement, will enable it to meet the
requirements for qualification as a REIT in the future;
2. Whether the Residential Development Properties will be treated
for federal income tax purposes as owned by the Residential
Development Corporations;(2)
3. Whether amounts derived by the Operating Partnership with
respect to the stock of the Residential Development
Corporations will be treated as distributions on stock (i.e.,
as dividends, a return of capital, or capital gain, depending
upon the circumstances) for purposes of the 75 percent and 95
percent gross income tests of section 856(c) of the Code;
4. Whether the Residential Development Property Mortgages
constitute debt for federal income tax purposes;(3)
5. Whether contingent interest derived by the Operating
Partnership from the Residential Development Corporations
under the terms of certain of the Residential Development
Property Mortgages will be treated as being based on a fixed
percentage of sales, and therefore all interest derived
therefrom will qualify as interest paid on mortgages on real
property for purposes of the 75 percent and 95 percent gross
income tests of section 856(c) of the Code;
6. Whether the subordinate note secured by the Ritz-Carlton Hotel
will constitute debt for federal income tax purposes and
whether the Operating Partnership will be
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(2) For purposes of this letter, the term "Residential Development
Properties" will be deemed to include any assets of HBCLP, Inc.
("HBCLP"), unless otherwise noted, and the term "Residential
Development Corporations" will be deemed to include HBCLP, unless
otherwise noted.
(3) For purposes of this letter, the term "Residential Development
Property Mortgages" will be deemed to include the $25,000,000 line of
credit secured by HBCLP, Inc.'s limited partner interest in Hudson Bay
Partners, L.P. (the "HBCLP Note"), unless otherwise noted.
<PAGE> 3
Crescent Real Estate Equities Company
August 11, 1997
Page 3
construed as owning at any time a partnership interest in
Manalapan Hotel Partners for federal income tax purposes;
7. Whether the leases of the Hotel Properties will be treated as
leases for federal income tax purposes and whether the rent
payable thereunder will qualify as "rents from real property"
for purposes of the 75 percent and 95 percent gross income
tests of section 856(c) of the Code;
8. Whether Crescent Equities will be considered to own any of the
voting securities of the Residential Development Corporations
or DBL Holdings, Inc. ("DBLH") for purposes of section
856(c)(5)(B) of the Code;
9. Whether the Operating Partnership and each of the Subsidiary
Partnerships will be classified for federal income tax
purposes as partnerships and not as (a) associations taxable
as corporations or (b) publicly traded partnerships;
10. Whether the distribution of the stock of Crescent Operating,
Inc. ("Crescent Operating") by Crescent Equities to its
shareholders will be taxable to Crescent Equities as gain on
the sale of stock or securities for purposes of section
856(c) of the Code;
11. Whether Crescent Operating will be treated for federal income
tax purposes as a corporate entity separate from and not an
agent of either Crescent Equities or the Operating Partnership
in light of Crescent Operating's proposed relationship with
Crescent Equities and the Operating Partnership;
12. Whether Crescent Operating and Crescent Equities will be
treated as a stapled entity for federal income tax purposes
under section 269B(a)(3) of the Code;
13. Whether the loan of approximately $35.9 million from the
Operating Partnership to Crescent Operating will constitute
debt for federal income tax purposes;
14. Whether Crescent Equities will be considered to have met the
requirements of section 856(c)(5) of the Code for the period
beginning April 1, 1997 and ending June 26, 1997 during which
it held Crescent Operating stock;
15. Whether the rents received by Crescent Equities from Charter
Behavioral Health Systems, LLC ("CBHS") and its affiliates
will constitute "rents from real property" under section
856(d) of the Code; and
<PAGE> 4
Crescent Real Estate Equities Company
August 11, 1997
Page 4
16. Whether the Commercial Partnership and the Development
Partnership will be considered for federal income tax purposes
as separate entities and not as partners of or with each other;
17. Whether, assuming that the Commercial Partnership and the
Development Partnership are considered to constitute one
partnership for federal income tax purposes, the allocations of
profit and loss from the Leased Properties to the partners of
the Commercial Partnership and the allocations of profit and
loss from the Development Properties to the partners of the
Development Partnership will be respected under section 704;
18. Whether, assuming that the Commercial Partnership and the
Development Partnership are considered to constitute one
partnership for federal income tax purposes, the allocation to
Crescent Equities under Treas. Reg. 1.856-3(g) of gross income
derived from the sale of Development Properties to customers in
the ordinary course of business would be taken into account for
purposes of determining whether Crescent Equities meets the
requirements of the 95 percent and 75 percent gross income
tests set forth in sections 856(c)(2) and (3) (the "Gross
Income Tests");
19. With respect to the UBS Transaction, whether any payment to
Crescent Equities will be excluded from its gross income
under section 1032, and, if so, what effect it would have on
the application to Crescent Equities of the gross income
tests set forth in section 856(c); and
20. Whether the material under the heading "Federal Income Tax
Considerations" in the Prospectus is accurate and summarizes
the material federal income tax considerations to a
prospective holder of Common Shares.
The opinions set forth herein are based upon the existing provisions
of the Code, Treasury Regulations, and the reported interpretations thereof by
the Internal Revenue Service ("IRS") and by the courts in effect as of the date
hereof, all of which are subject to change, both retroactively or
prospectively, and to possibly different interpretations. We assume no
obligation to update the opinions set forth in this letter. We believe that
the conclusions expressed herein, if challenged by the IRS, would be sustained
in court. Because our opinions are not binding upon the IRS or the courts,
however, there can be no assurance that contrary positions may not be
successfully asserted by the IRS.
I. Documents and Representations
For the purpose of rendering these opinions, we have examined and
relied on originals, or copies certified or otherwise identified to our
satisfaction, of the following: (1) the Restated Declaration of Trust of
Crescent Real Estate Equities Company (the "Declaration of Trust"); (2) the
First Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of Crescent Real
Estate Equities Limited Partnership, as amended (the "Operating Partnership
Agreement"); (3) the First Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited
Partnership of Crescent Real Estate Funding I, L.P. (the "Funding I
Agreement"); (4) the First Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited
Partnership of Crescent Real Estate Funding II, L.P., as amended (the "Funding
II Agreement"); (5) the First Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited
Partnership of Crescent Real Estate Funding III, L.P., as amended (the "Funding
III Agreement"); (6) the First Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited
Partnership of Crescent Real Estate Funding IV, L.P., as amended (the "Funding
IV Agreement"); (7) the First Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited
Partnership of Crescent Real Estate Funding V, L.P., as amended (the "Funding V
Agreement"); (8) the First Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited
Partnership of Crescent Real Estate Funding VI, L.P. (the "Funding VI
Agreement"); (9) the Agreement of Limited Partnership of Crescent Real Estate
Funding VII, L.P., as amended (the "Funding VII Agreement"); (10) the Agreement
of Limited Partnership of CresCal Properties, L.P., as amended by the First
Amendment to the Agreement of Limited Partnership of CresCal Properties, L.P.
(the "CresCal Agreement"); (11) the Limited Liability Company Agreement of
CresTex Development, L.L.C. (the "CresTex Agreement"); (12) the Limited
Partnership Agreement of Waterside Commons Limited Partnership, as amended by
the First Amendment to the Limited Partnership Agreement of Waterside Commons
Limited Partnership, dated August 23, 1995 (the "Waterside Agreement"); (13)
the Articles of Organization of G/C Waterside Associates LLC (the "Associates
Articles"); (14) the Regulations of G/C Waterside Associates, LLC (the
"Associates Regulations"); (15) the
<PAGE> 5
Crescent Real Estate Equities Company
August 11, 1997
Page 5
Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of Woodlands Office
Equities - '95 Limited (the "Woodlands Partnership Agreement"); (16) the Amended
and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of Woodlands Retail Equities - '96
Limited (the "WRE Agreement"); (17) the Limited Partnership Agreement of 301
Congress Avenue, L.P. (the "301 Congress Partnership Agreement"); (18) the
Limited Liability Company Agreement of Crescent/301, L.L.C. (the "Crescent/301
Agreement"); (19) the Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of
Spectrum Mortgage Associates, L.P. (the "SMA Agreement"); (20) the Agreement of
Limited Partnership of Crescent Realty Investments, LLP (the "CCRH Agreement");
(21) copies of all existing leases (including amendments) entered into as of the
date hereof with respect to property owned by the Operating Partnership or the
Subsidiary Partnerships; (22) copies of the Residential Development Property
Mortgages; (23) a Form of Intercompany Agreement between the Operating
Partnership and Crescent Operating (the "Intercompany Agreement"); (23) the
Registration Statement of Crescent Operating on Form S-1 dated April 15, 1997;
(24) the First Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Crescent Operating (the
"Restated Certificate"); (25) the Amended and Restated Bylaws of Crescent
Operating; (26) the Real Estate Purchase and Sale Agreement between Magellan
Health Services, Inc. and the Operating Partnership (the "Magellan Agreement");
(27) the Certificate of Incorporation of The Woodlands Land Company, Inc.; (28)
the Agreement of WECCR General Partnership; (29) the Agreement of BOCH General
Partnership; (30) the Agreement of Limited Partnership of The Woodlands
Operating Company, L.P.; (31) the Agreement of Limited Partnership of The
Woodlands Land Development Company, L.P.; (32) the Amended and Restated
Agreement of Limited Partnership of the Woodlands Commercial Properties Company,
L.P.; (33) the Certificate of Merger of The Woodlands Commercial Properties
Company, L.P. and The Woodlands Land Development Company, L.P.; (34) the
Management and Advisory Agreement between The Woodlands Commercial Properties
Company, L.P. and The Woodlands Operating Company, L.P.; (35) the Management and
Advisory Agreement dated July 31, 1997 between The Woodlands Land Development
Company, L.P. and The Woodlands Operating Company, L.P.; (36) the Lease
Agreement between The Woodlands Commercial Properties Company, L.P. and WECCR
General Partnership; (37) the Registration Statement, as amended through the
date hereof; (38) the Prospectus; and (39) such other documents or information
as we have deemed necessary for the opinions set forth below. In our
examination, we have assumed the genuineness of all signatures, the legal
capacity of natural persons, the authenticity of all documents submitted to us
as originals, the conformity to original documents of all documents submitted to
us as certified or photostatic copies, and the authenticity of the originals of
such copies.
In addition, these opinions are conditioned upon certain
representations made by Crescent Equities and the Operating Partnership as to
factual and other matters as set forth in a letter submitted to us and in the
discussion of "Federal Income Tax Considerations" in the Prospectus. These
opinions are also based on the assumptions that (i) the Operating Partnership
will be operated in accordance with the terms and provisions of the Operating
Partnership Agreement, (ii) each of the Subsidiary Partnerships will be
operated in accordance with the terms and provisions of its organizational
documents, (iii) Crescent Equities will be operated in accordance with the
terms and provisions of its Restated Declaration of Trust, and (iv) the various
elections, procedural steps, and other actions by Crescent Equities or the
Operating Partnership described in the discussion of "Federal Income Tax
Considerations" in the Prospectus will be completed in a timely fashion or
otherwise carried out as so described.
Unless facts material to the opinions expressed herein are
specifically stated to have been independently established or verified by us,
we have relied as to such facts solely upon the
<PAGE> 6
Crescent Real Estate Equities Company
August 11, 1997
Page 6
representations made by Crescent Equities and the Operating Partnership. We
are not, however, aware of any facts or circumstances contrary to or
inconsistent with the representations. To the extent the representations are
with respect to matters set forth in the Code or Treasury Regulations, we have
reviewed with the individuals making such representations the relevant
provisions of the Code, the Treasury Regulations and published administrative
interpretations.
II. Opinions
1. Qualification of Crescent Real Estate Equities Company as a
REIT
Based on the foregoing, it is our opinion that (i) Crescent Equities
qualified as a REIT under sections 856 through 860 of the Code with respect to
its taxable years ending on or before December 31, 1996, (ii) Crescent Equities
is organized in conformity with the requirements for qualification as a REIT
and its manner of operation has enabled it to meet the requirements for
qualification as a REIT as of the date of the Prospectus Supplement, and (iii)
Crescent Equities' proposed manner of operation will enable it to meet the
requirements for qualification as a REIT in the future.
2. Ownership of the Residential Development Properties and
Treatment of Amounts Derived by the Operating Partnership with Respect to the
Stock of the Residential Development Corporations
If the Residential Development Corporations are not respected for tax
purposes, then the Operating Partnership would be treated for tax purposes as
directly owning certain of the Residential Development Properties. In such a
case, the income from the sales of the Residential Development Properties
treated as directly owned by the Operating Partnership would not qualify under
the 75 percent and 95 percent gross income tests and would count as gain from
the sale of assets for purposes of the 30 percent of gross income limitation.
In addition, such income would be considered "net income from prohibited
transactions" and thus would be subject to a 100 percent tax. Moreover, to the
extent that the Operating Partnership would be treated as directly owning
HBCLP's limited partner interest in Hudson Bay Partners, L.P. ("HB Partners"),
the Operating Partnership would be treated as owning any securities held by HB
Partners, and such deemed ownership could cause Crescent Equities to be treated
as owning more than 10 percent of the voting securities of one or more issuers
in violation of section 856(c)(5)(B). As a general rule, however,
corporations, as long as they have a business purpose or carry on any business
activity, are not disregarded for federal income tax purposes. Moline
Properties, Inc. v. Commissioner, 319 U.S. 436, 438-439 (1943).
<PAGE> 7
Crescent Real Estate Equities Company
August 11, 1997
Page 7
The Residential Development Corporations are not mere formalities
created for tax purposes. Crescent Equities and the Operating Partnership have
represented that each of the Residential Development Companies have their own
employees (except HBCLP, which has no employees), act independently in owning,
developing, and selling the Residential Development Properties, and do not act
as agents of the Operating Partnership or Crescent Equities. Moreover, Mira
Vista Development Corporation ("MVDC"), Houston Area Development Corporation
("HADC") and The Woodlands Land Company, Inc. ("Landevco") should shield the
Operating Partnership against any liabilities generated by their respective
property development businesses, while Crescent Development Management
Corporation ("CDMC") and HBCLP should shield the Operating Partnership from any
liabilities generated by any future business conducted directly by CDMC and
HBCLP, respectively.
Therefore, it is our opinion that for federal income tax purposes the
Operating Partnership will not be treated as owning the Residential Development
Properties held directly by the Residential Development Corporations and,
consequently, all amounts derived by the Operating Partnership with respect to
the stock of the Residential Development Corporations will be characterized as
distributions on stock (i.e., as dividends, a return of capital, or capital
gain, depending on the circumstances) for purposes of the 75 percent and 95
percent gross income tests.
3. Characterization of the Residential Development Property Mortgages as
Debt and Treatment of Amounts Paid Pursuant to Residential Development Property
Mortgages
a. Characterization as Debt. Debt instruments, especially
instruments that are held by persons related to the debtor, may under certain
circumstances be characterized for income tax purposes as equity, rather than
as debt. The characterization of an instrument as debt or equity is a question
of fact to be determined from all surrounding facts and circumstances, no one
of which is conclusive. See Kingbay v. Commissioner, 46 T.C. 147 (1966);
Hambuechen v. Commissioner, 43 T.C. 90 (1964). Among the criteria that have
been found relevant in characterizing such instruments are: (1) the intent of
the parties, (2) the extent of participation in management by the holder of the
instrument, (3) the ability of the corporation to obtain funds from outside
sources, (4) the "thinness" of the capital structure in relation to debt, (5)
the risk involved, (6) the formal indicia of the arrangement, (7) the relative
position of the obligees as to other creditors regarding payment of interest
and principal, (8) the voting power of the holder of the instrument, (9) the
provision of a fixed rate of interest, (10) the contingency of the obligation
to repay, (11) the source of the interest payments, (12) the presence or
absence of a fixed maturity date, (13) a provision for redemption by the
corporation, (14) a provision for redemption at the option of the holder, and
(15) the timing of the advance with reference to the organization of the
corporation. Fin Hay Realty Co. v. United States, 398 F.2d 694 (3d Cir. 1968).
<PAGE> 8
Crescent Real Estate Equities Company
August 11, 1997
Page 8
Although the Residential Development Property Mortgages are held by
the Operating Partnership, which owns all of the nonvoting stock of the
Residential Development Corporations, and an approximately 19 percent indirect
equity interest in Whitehawk Development Group, LLC, these mortgages possess a
number of attributes weighing in favor of debt treatment. For instance, each
of the Residential Development Property Mortgages is clearly denominated as
debt, has a fixed term of seven or more years (except the HBCLP Note which has
a term of five years), provides for the return of a fixed principal amount plus
interest, and is secured by the Residential Development Properties (or in the
case of the CDMC Mortgage, secured by an interest in a limited partnership
which holds indirect interests in several Residential Development Properties,
or in the case of the HBCLP Note, secured by HBCLP's interest in HB Partners).
The interest on the Residential Development Property Mortgages accrues at
either a fixed rate or, in the case of the Whitehawk Note, at the prime rate
plus one percent per annum (not including any additional interest based on
gross sales proceeds). In addition, the Residential Development Property
Mortgages are not subordinated to other indebtedness of the Residential
Development Corporations. Crescent Equities and the Operating Partnership have
represented that at the time that each of the Residential Development Property
Mortgages were acquired by the Operating Partnership, the outstanding principal
amount of such mortgages did not exceed approximately 80 percent of the fair
market value of the Residential Development Properties (or in the case of the
three notes secured by the Houston Area Properties, that the combined principal
amount of the three loans did not exceed approximately 85 percent of the fair
market value of the Houston Area Properties, or in the case of the HBCLP Note,
Crescent Equities and the Operating Partnership have represented that at the
time the HBCLP Note was acquired by the Operating Partnership the maximum
amount that could be drawn under the line of credit under such note did not
exceed 50 percent of the fair market value of HBCLP's interest in HB Partners)
and that the interest to be charged, including any contingent interest,
represents a commercially reasonable rate of interest. In addition, based on
our experience and an examination of the Residential Development Property
Mortgages, the interest appears to represent a commercially reasonable rate of
interest.
Based on the foregoing, it is our opinion that each of the Residential
Development Property Mortgages constitutes debt for federal income tax
purposes.
b. Treatment of Amounts Paid Pursuant to Residential Development
Property Mortgages. Section 856(f) of the Code defines "interest" for the
purposes of section 856(c)'s gross income tests to include contingent interest
that is based on a fixed percentage of any person's receipts or sales. On the
other hand, contingent interest provisions that are based on a specified
portion of the gain realized on the sale of the real property securing a
mortgage (or any gain that would be realized if such property were sold on a
specified date) may be characterized as "shared appreciation provisions" under
section 856(j) of the Code. If the properties underlying such a provision are
primarily held for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business, any
<PAGE> 9
Crescent Real Estate Equities Company
August 11, 1997
Page 9
income derived from such a provision would be treated as income from prohibited
transactions. Such income would not satisfy the 75 percent and 95 percent
gross income tests and would be subject to a 100 percent tax on "net income
from prohibited transactions."
Any contingent interest payable under the terms of the mortgage in the
principal amount of $14.4 million secured by the Mira Vista Residential
Development Property (the "Mira Vista Mortgage") will qualify as interest on an
obligation secured by a mortgage on real property, rather than income derived
from a shared appreciation provision, because such contingent interest will be
based on a percentage of the gross receipts derived from any sale of portions
of the Mira Vista Residential Development Property, as opposed to a portion of
the gain realized on such sales. Similarly, any contingent interest payable
under the terms of the mortgages in the aggregate principal amount of $14.4
million secured by the Falcon Point Residential Development Property and the
Spring Lakes Residential Development Property (the "Houston Area Development
Properties") (the "Houston Area Mortgages") will qualify as interest on
obligations secured by mortgages on real property, rather than income derived
from shared appreciation provisions, because such contingent interest will be
based on a percentage of the gross receipts derived from any sale of portions
of the Houston Area Development Properties, as opposed to a portion of the gain
realized on such sales.
The fact that the contingent interest provided for by the Mira Vista
Mortgage and the Houston Area Mortgages is based on gross receipts, rather than
gain, could have economic significance with respect to the return received by a
holder of such mortgages. For example, if the value of the Houston Area
Development Properties were to increase, but few lots were sold, the Operating
Partnership, as holder of the Houston Area Mortgages would not accrue any
contingent interest. On the other hand, the Operating Partnership would accrue
contingent interest if numerous lot sales were made at the Houston Area
Development Properties, even if such sales were made at a loss.
Based on the foregoing, it is our opinion that any contingent interest
derived from the Mira Vista Mortgage and the Houston Area Mortgages will be
treated as being based on a fixed percentage of sales and therefore such
interest will constitute interest received from real estate mortgages for
purposes of the 75 percent and 95 percent gross income tests, and that,
consequently, all amounts derived by the Operating Partnership from the
Residential Development Corporations under the terms of the Residential
Development Property Mortgages (other than the HBCLP Note) will be
characterized as interest or principal, as the case may be, paid on mortgages
on real property for purposes of the 75 percent and 95 percent gross income
tests. It is our opinion that all amounts derived by the Operating Partnership
from the HBCLP Note will be characterized as interest or principal, as the case
may be for purposes of the 95 percent gross income test.
<PAGE> 10
Crescent Real Estate Equities Company
August 11, 1997
Page 10
4. Characterization of Ritz-Carlton Mortgage as Debt and
Treatment of Amounts Paid Pursuant to Ritz-Carlton Mortgage
a. Background. Manalapan Hotel Partners ("Manalapan") is
a Florida general partnership. The three original partners of Manalapan were
as follows: Siquille Developers, Inc., which held and still holds a 50 percent
interest; SCP (Palm Beach) Inc., as successor to Shimizu Land Corporation
("SCP"), which held and still holds a 25 percent interest; and AIT Manalapan
Limited Partnership ("AIT"), which also held a 25 percent interest. In 1989,
in order to construct The Ritz-Carlton Hotel in Palm Beach, Florida, Manalapan
entered into three different loan agreements with three different entities.
Each note is secured by the Ritz-Carlton Hotel and the land thereunder (the "RC
Property"). The senior note in the amount of $75 million is held by The Nippon
Credit Bank, New York Branch ("Nippon"). The two subordinate notes, each in
the initial principal amount of $9 million and due on June 22, 2004, were held
by SCP and by State Street Bank and Trust Company, as trustee of Ameritech
Pension Trust ("Ameritech"). As of February 28, 1997, the unpaid principal
balance of the senior note was $71,428,757.91, together with accrued interest
of $360,960.67; the unpaid principal balance of the note held by SCP was
$8,849,244.17, plus accrued interest of $1,526,548.60; and the unpaid principal
balance of Ameritech's note was $8,849,244.17, plus accrued interest of
$1,527,677.71.
On December 22, 1996, the Operating Partnership entered into an
agreement to purchase Ameritech's subordinate note (the "RC Note") for
$6,490,000 and an option to purchase AIT's interest in Manalapan (the
"Option"). The purchase price of the Option was $10,000; its exercise price
was $100,000. On February 27, 1997, the Operating Partnership transferred the
Option to CDMC. The Operating Partnership closed on the Loan Purchase and Sale
Agreement on March 5, 1997, purchasing the RC Note. On the same day, CDMC
exercised the Option and purchased the partnership interest in Manalapan.(4)
CDMC has the consent of the other Manalapan partners to transfer its interest
to a corporation ("New Crescent") that would be formed and then spun off by the
Operating Partnership and Crescent Equities.(5)
b. Characterization as Debt. Debt instruments, especially
instruments that are held by persons related to the debtor, may under certain
circumstances be characterized for income tax purposes as equity, rather than
as debt. The characterization of an instrument as debt or equity is a question
of fact to be determined from all surrounding facts and circumstances, no one
of which is conclusive. See Kingbay v. Commissioner, 46 T.C. 147 (1966);
Hambuechen v. Commissioner, 43 T.C. 90 (1964). Among the criteria that have
been found relevant in characterizing such
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(4) This series of transactions discussed in this paragraph will
hereinafter be referred to as the "Transactions."
(5) This consent would apply to Crescent Operating.
<PAGE> 11
Crescent Real Estate Equities Company
August 11, 1997
Page 11
instruments are the following: (1) the intent of the parties, (2) the extent of
participation in management by the holder of the instrument, (3) the ability of
the corporation to obtain funds from outside sources, (4) the "thinness" of the
capital structure in relation to debt, (5) the risk involved, (6) the formal
indicia of the arrangement, (7) the relative position of the obligees as to
other creditors regarding payment of interest and principal, (8) the voting
power of the holder of the instrument, (9) the provision of a fixed rate of
interest, (10) the contingency of the obligation to repay, (11) the source of
the interest payments, (12) the presence or absence of a fixed maturity date,
(13) a provision for redemption by the corporation, (14) a provision for
redemption at the option of the holder, and (15) the timing of the advance with
reference to the organization of the corporation. Fin Hay Realty Co. v. United
States, 398 F.2d 694 (3d Cir. 1968).
Although the purchase price of the RC Note reflects a significant
discount from its outstanding balance, this price does not establish that the
RC Property was in fact "under water." Rather, it indicates Ameritech's
reluctance to continue to bear the financing risk associated with the loan. In
addition, the RC Note possesses a number of attributes weighing in favor of
debt treatment. For instance, the RC Note is clearly denominated as debt, has
a fixed maturity date of June 22, 2004, provides for the return of interest on
the principal amount at a rate of 12 percent per annum, some of which already
has been paid, and is secured by the RC Property. As far as we are aware, the
RC Note was issued at a time when the fair market value of the RC Property
exceeded all debts that it secured, has never been in default, and has never
been modified. In addition, neither of the two subordinate notes was pro rata
among the owners of the partnership's equity; both were held only by two
minority partners. Also, the purchase by CDMC of the joint venture interest
indicates CDMC's belief that the equity interest had some value at the time of
the purchase. Furthermore, Crescent Equities and the Operating Partnership
have represented that the value of the RC Property exceeds the combined
outstanding balance of the RC Note and the notes held by Nippon and SCP.
Crescent Equities and the Operating Partnership have also represented that the
interest provided for under the RC Note represents a commercially reasonable
rate of interest. In addition, based on our experience and an examination of
the RC Note, the interest appears to represent a commercially reasonable rate
of interest.
Based on the foregoing, it is our opinion that the RC Note constitutes
debt for federal income tax purposes. Further, it is our opinion that amounts
designated as interest by the RC Note will be treated as interest for purposes
of the 75 percent and 95 percent gross income tests of section 856(c) of the
Code.
c. Option to Purchase Partnership Interest
The Operating Partnership's purchase of the Option and subsequent
transfer of it to CDMC, as well as CDMC's exercise of the option, raises two
issues of concern to the Operating
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Partnership. The first issue is whether ownership of the Option by the
Operating Partnership was tantamount to ownership of the joint venture
interest. The second issue is whether CDMC will be treated as an agent of the
Operating Partnership.
The IRS, in Revenue Ruling 82-150, 1982-2 C.B. 110, held that where a
taxpayer purchases an option to purchase an asset and the price paid for
acquiring the option is relatively high compared to the fair market value of
the asset, the doctrine of "substance over form" will be applied to the
transaction, and the taxpayer will be considered to have assumed ownership of
the asset through purchase of the option. The $10,000 price paid by the
Operating Partnership to purchase the Option, however, was relatively
insignificant compared to the exercise price and is not likely to be considered
a purchase of the joint venture interest.
Also relevant is the Tax Court's decision in Penn-Dixie Steel
Corporation v. Commissioner, 69 T.C. 837 (1978). The court addressed the issue
of whether a transaction between two parties that entered into a joint venture
agreement providing for a put and a call should be construed as a sale of one
company's interest with payment of a portion of the purchase price deferred
until the put or the call was exercised. The court explained that, despite the
likelihood of the companies exercising either the put or the call, the put and
call arrangement did not legally, or as a practical matter, impose mutual
obligations upon one company to sell and the other to buy. Id. at 844. Under
the Penn-Dixie rationale, enough contingencies were present when the Operating
Partnership purchased the Option to prevent the purchase of the Option from
being construed as purchase of the joint venture interest. Based on the
foregoing, it is our opinion that the Operating Partnership's purchase of the
Option will not be construed as ownership of a partnership interest in
Manalapan.
The second issue that must be addressed is whether CDMC could be
regarded as an agent for the Operating Partnership. In Commissioner v.
Bollinger, the Supreme Court discussed the tax treatment of corporations
purporting to be agents for their shareholders. 485 U.S. 340 (1988). The
Court enumerated three factors that will lead to the finding of an agency
relationship with respect to an asset: (1) the corporation acquires the asset
with a written agency agreement in place; (2) the corporation functions as an
agent and not as a principal; and (3) the corporation is held out to third
parties as an agent. Id. at 349-50.
CDMC has not and will not hold itself out as an agent for the
Operating Partnership. In addition, there are no agreements between Crescent
Equities and the Voting Shareholders, whether written or oral, that control the
manner in which the Voting Shareholders exercise the voting rights inherent in
the voting stock of CDMC or that restrict the ability of the Voting
Shareholders to alienate such stock. There will be no such agreements between
Crescent Equities
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and the Voting Shareholders in the future. Moreover, the voting stock of CDMC
owned by the Voting Shareholders is registered in the names of such Voting
Shareholders, and all dividends accruing on stock are delivered to the
addresses of such Voting Shareholders. No evidence exists to indicate that
CDMC did not act independently and in the best interests of its shareholders
when investing in the partnership interest in Manalapan, which has significant
potential for appreciation.
Although CDMC has the right to transfer its interest in Manalapan to
New Crescent, it is under no legal obligation to complete such a transfer. No
agreement, written or unwritten, to transfer the Manalapan interest to Crescent
Operating or any other New Crescent exists between the Operating Partnership
and CDMC. Crescent Equities has also represented that to the best of its
knowledge the Board of Directors of CDMC has made no decision regarding the
possible contribution to New Crescent, will continue to act independently with
regard to this matter, and will take whatever actions it determines are in the
best interest of CDMC at such time, if any, as there is an opportunity to
transfer the partnership interest to New Crescent. In our view, an application
of the Bollinger inquiry to these facts is unlikely to result in a
characterization of the relationship between CDMC and the Operating Partnership
as one between agent and principal, especially because CDMC and the Operating
Partnership will not hold themselves out to the public as principal and agent.
Finally, it is unlikely that the Operating Partnership will be
considered the owner of the partnership interest because, should the value of
the partnership interest depreciate, CDMC bears the risk of loss. CDMC also
will be the entity that benefits should the interest appreciate.
Based on the foregoing, it is our opinion that the Operating
Partnership's purchase of the Option will not be construed as ownership of a
partnership interest in Manalapan.
5. Characterization of the Leases of the Hotel Properties and the
Treatment of Amounts Paid Pursuant to Such Leases as "Rents From Real Property"
On January 3, 1995, we provided the Operating Partnership with a
memorandum (a copy of which is attached hereto) in which we expressed our
opinion that, based on certain assumptions, that the lease of the Hyatt Regency
Beaver Creek would be treated as a lease for federal income tax purposes and
that the rent payable thereunder would qualify as "rents from real property."
On April 1, 1996, we provided the Operating Partnership with a letter (a copy
of which is attached hereto) in which we updated the facts relating to the
lease of the Hyatt Regency Beaver Creek as expressed in our January 3, 1995
memorandum and affirmed the opinions expressed in that memorandum.
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On June 30, 1995, we provided the Operating Partnership with a
memorandum (a copy of which is attached hereto) in which we expressed our
opinion that, based on certain assumptions, that the lease of the Denver
Marriott City Center would be treated as a lease for federal income tax
purposes and that the rent payable thereunder would qualify as "rents from real
property." On September 27, 1996, we provided the Operating Partnership with a
letter (a copy of which is attached hereto) in which we affirmed the opinions
expressed in our June 30, 1995 memorandum.
On December 19, 1995, we provided the Operating Partnership with a
memorandum (a copy of which is attached hereto) in which we expressed our
opinion that, based on certain assumptions, that the lease of the Hyatt Regency
Albuquerque Plaza would be treated as a lease for federal income tax purposes
and that the rent payable thereunder would qualify as "rents from real
property." On April 1, 1996, we provided the Operating Partnership with a
letter (a copy of which is attached hereto) in which we updated the facts
relating to the lease of the Hyatt Regency Albuquerque Plaza as expressed in
our December 19, 1995 memorandum and affirmed the opinions expressed in that
memorandum.
On July 26, 1996, we provided the Operating Partnership with a
memorandum (a copy of which is attached hereto) in which we expressed our
opinion that, based on certain assumptions, that the lease of the Canyon Ranch
Tucson resort would be treated as a lease for federal income tax purposes and
that the rent payable thereunder would qualify as "rents from real property."
On December 11, 1996, we provided the Operating Partnership with a
letter (a copy of which is attached hereto) in which we expressed our opinion
that, based on certain assumptions, that the lease of the Canyon Ranch Lenox
resort would be treated as a lease for federal income tax purposes and that the
rent payable thereunder would qualify as "rents from real property."
We hereby affirm the opinions expressed in our January 3, 1995, June
30, 1995, December 19, 1995 and July 26, 1996 memoranda, as updated by our
letters dated April 1, 1996, September 27, 1996 and December 11, 1996, and
authorize you to rely upon those opinions in connection with the preparation of
the Registration Statement.
6. Ownership of DBL Holdings, Inc. and Residential Development
Company Voting Stock
Section 856(c)(5) restricts the types of assets that can be held by an
entity seeking to qualify as a REIT. Specifically, section 856(c)(5)(B)
provides that at the close of each quarter of the taxable year, a REIT must
hold no more than 10 percent of the outstanding voting securities of any one
issuer.
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The term "voting securities" as used in section 856(c)(5)(B) is not
defined in the Code. However, section 856(c)(6)(F) provides that terms not
defined in sections 856 through 859 shall have the same meaning as when used in
the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the "ICA"). Section 2(a)(42)
of the ICA defines "voting security" as "any security presently entitling the
owner or holder thereof to vote for the election of directors of a company."
The IRS has not issued any revenue rulings discussing what constitutes
"voting securities" for purposes of section 856(c)(5)(B). However, the IRS has
issued one revenue ruling discussing what constitutes "voting securities" for
the purposes of section 851(b), which provides rules for qualification as a
regulated investment company (a "RIC"). (The RIC qualification provisions,
like section 856(c)(5)(B), incorporate the definition of "voting securities"
found in the ICA.) In Rev. Rul. 66-339, 1966-2 C.B. 274, the IRS held that a
shareholders' voting agreement was not a voting security for purposes of
section 851(b)(4). The taxpayer in the ruling was a small business investment
company which had made a loan to a corporation. Under the terms of the loan
agreement, a shareholders' agreement was executed, which required the election
of one director designated by the taxpayer during the term of the loan and,
thereafter, as long as the taxpayer owned or had the right to acquire at least
10 percent of the outstanding stock of the corporation. The IRS held that the
shareholders' agreement was not a voting security because the enforceability
the taxpayer's rights under the agreement depended upon the taxpayer's status
as a party to the agreement, rather than as a shareholder.
The IRS has not been entirely comfortable with Rev. Rul. 66-339,
however. In G.C.M. 36823, 1976 IRS GCM Lexis 114 (Aug. 24, 1976), which dealt
with the definition of "voting securities" for purposes of the REIT provisions,
the IRS recommended that Rev. Rul. 66-339 be modified to reflect the
interpretation of the term "voting security" as expressed in an opinion of the
chief counsel of the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). This opinion
held that "unless there are compelling considerations to the contrary in a
particular case, the definition of 'voting security' in the ICA should
generally be interpreted to include not only the formal legal right to vote for
the election of directors pursuant to the provisions of the law of the state of
incorporation and the corporation's charter and by-laws but also the de facto
power, based on all the surrounding facts and circumstances, to determine, or
influence the determination of, the identity of a corporation's directors." Id.
Despite this recommendation of G.C.M. 36823, however, Rev. Rul. 66-339 has
never been modified and would therefore continue to constitute good authority.
Since the issuance of G.C.M. 36823, the IRS has issued several private
letter rulings in which it has not treated a REIT as owning "voting securities"
of other corporations for purposes of section 856(c)(5)(B), despite the fact
that such securities were actually owned either by officers or shareholders of
the REIT. P.L.R. 8825112 (Mar. 30, 1988); P.L.R. 9340056 (July 13, 1993);
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P.L.R. 9428033 (April 20, 1994); P.L.R. 9436025 (June 8, 1994). In each of
these rulings, the REIT either directly or indirectly held substantial amounts
of the other corporation's nonvoting stock. None of these rulings makes any
mention of either Rev. Rul. 66-339 or the de facto voting power issue raised by
the IRS in G.C.M. 36823.
Although private letter rulings like those mentioned above were issued
by the IRS until June 8, 1994, the IRS subsequently announced that, for the
indefinite future, it would no longer issue private letter rulings with regard
to fact situations involving corporations the voting stock of which is held by
relatives of principal REIT shareholders and/or REIT employees. The IRS has
not provided an explanation for this "no ruling" policy. Nonetheless, the
policy could indicate that the IRS is reconsidering its position on the
treatment of fact situations similar to those involving Crescent Equities and
the Residential Development Corporations.
Crescent Equities does not directly or indirectly own any of the
voting stock of any of the Residential Development Corporations (with the
exception of Landevco, the voting stock of which it will sell to a third party
prior to the close of the current quarter) or DBLH. In the case of MVDC, the
voting stock is owned by James Bartlett, Nick Hackstock, Tom Nezworski, John C.
Goff and Gerald W. Haddock (together, the "MVDC Voting Shareholders"). In the
case of HADC, the voting stock is owned by Sam Yager, John C. Goff and Gerald
W. Haddock (together, the "HADC Voting Shareholders"). In the case of CDMC, the
voting stock is owned by Harry Frampton, John C. Goff and Gerald W. Haddock
(together, the "CDMC Voting Shareholders"). In the case of HBCLP, such stock
is owned by K-Holdings Co. and David Lesser (together, the "HBCLP Voting
Shareholders"). In the case of DBLH, such stock is owned by Gerald W. Haddock
and John C. Goff (together, the "DBLH Shareholders," and together with the MVDC
Voting Shareholders, the HADC Voting Shareholders, the CDMC Voting
Shareholders, and the HBCLP Voting Shareholders, the "Voting Shareholders").
Moreover, the voting stock of the Residential Development Corporations and DBLH
owned by the Voting Shareholders is registered in the names of such Voting
Shareholders, and all dividends accruing on stock are delivered to the
addresses of such Voting Shareholders. Therefore, unless Crescent Equities is
deemed to own some of the shares of voting stock of the Residential Development
Corporations or DBLH actually held by the Voting Shareholders, and provided the
Operating Partnership, as represented, disposes of its Landevco voting shares
prior to the end of this quarter, Crescent Equities will not own more than 10
percent of the voting securities of any of the Residential Development
Corporations or DBLH in violation of section 856(c)(5)(B).
The IRS could argue that the ownership of some or all of the voting
stock actually held by the Voting Shareholders should be attributed to Crescent
Equities under two possible theories: (1) a "nominee" or "de facto ownership"
theory or (2) a constructive ownership theory. There is no authority
indicating that the IRS could successfully assert either of these theories in a
fact situation similar to that involving Crescent Equities and the Residential
Development Corporations or DBLH, however. Therefore, it is our opinion that
Crescent Equities will not be
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deemed to be the owner of the voting stock of the Residential Development
Corporations (with the exception of Landevco) or DBLH held by the Voting
Shareholders for purposes of section 856(c)(5)(B). In connection with this
opinion we note that both John C. Goff and Gerald W. Haddock are presently
officers and trust managers of Crescent Equities and officers of some of
Crescent Equities' subsidiaries, while David H. Lesser was an employee of
Crescent Equities prior to his acquiring voting stock in HBCLP.
a. "Nominee" or "De Facto Ownership" Theory. Under a
"nominee" or "de facto ownership" theory, the IRS could attribute ownership of
the Residential Development Company voting stock and the DBLH Voting Stock from
the Voting Shareholders to Crescent Equities for tax purposes, based on the
"effective control" that Crescent Equities exercises over the Voting
Shareholders. The IRS has only applied a "nominee" or "de facto ownership"
theory in situations where there was a written or oral agreement transferring
"effective control" of the stock away from the record owner, however. No such
agreement exists between Crescent Equities and the Voting Shareholders.
For example, in G.C.M. 36823, discussed above, the IRS based its
determination that a taxpayer was the "true owner" of another corporation's
voting stock for purposes of section 856(c)(5)(B) on the fact that the actual
owner of such stock had executed a written agreement giving the taxpayer a
proxy to vote the stock in a number of key situations. Under the agreement,
the taxpayer was given a proxy to vote all of the borrower's voting stock in
the event the borrower proposed (1) a merger or reorganization, (2) a
liquidation and dissolution, (3) any substantial change in business, (4) a sale
or disposition of all or substantially all of its assets, (5) any amendment to
the certificate of incorporation, (6) the organization of any significant
subsidiary, or (7) any substantial investment in any other corporation,
partnership, or joint venture. The proxy did not give the taxpayer the right
to vote for the borrower's directors, however. Nonetheless, the IRS concluded
that the taxpayer should be deemed to own the borrower's voting stock for
purposes of section 856(c)(5)(B), because the agreement with the actual owner
of the borrower's voting stock provided the taxpayer "with the type of control
over directors' decisions that is usually reserved to those having the power to
elect directors, that is, the owners of voting stock." 1976 IRS GCM Lexis 114.
In contrast, the IRS has never attributed ownership of voting
securities to a taxpayer for purposes of section 856(c)(5)(B) in situations
where no agreement regarding how such securities were to be voted existed
between the taxpayer and the actual owners of the securities. For example, in
a series of private letter rulings issued after the issuance of G.C.M. 36823,
the IRS ignored the "effective control" that taxpayers might exercise over
voting stock in situations where such stock was held by the taxpayer's officers
and shareholders. Id.
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Similarly, outside the context of section 856(c)(5)(B), the IRS has
treated the actual owners of corporate stock as mere nominees only in
situations where there was a written or oral agreement that provided another
party with effective control over such stock. For example, in Rev. Rul. 84-79,
1984-1 C.B. 190, the IRS found that the grantor and sole beneficiary of a
revocable voting trust "directly" owned stock for purposes of section 1504(a),
despite the fact that it had transferred the stock to the voting trust. The
IRS reached this conclusion because the voting trust agreement effectively
allowed the grantor to retain control over the stock, permitting it to revoke
the trust or replace the trustee without cause at any time. See also, Rev.
Rul. 70-469, 1970-2 C.B. 179; Miami National Bank v. Commissioner, 67 T.C. 793
(1977). In contrast, the IRS has not found that corporations retained
effective control of stock for purposes of section 1504(a)(4) in situations
where they transferred such stock to their shareholders, in the absence of a
voting trust agreement. See, e.g., T.A.M. 9206005 (Oct. 24, 1991); T.A.M.
9137003 (May 20, 1991).
The IRS has also refused to treat purchasers of corporate stock as
mere nominees when applying the "solely for voting stock" requirement for
section 368(a)(1)(B) reorganizations. For example, in Rev. Rul. 68-562, 1968-2
C.B. 157, the IRS found that an acquisition of all the stock of one
corporation ("Y") by another corporation ("X"), in exchange for X corporation
voting stock qualified as a section 368(a)(1)(B) reorganization. The IRS
reached this conclusion despite the fact that an individual who owned 90
percent of X's voting stock had purchased 50 percent of Y's stock for cash two
months before such acquisition. The IRS did not attribute this purchase of Y
stock to X, because the actual purchaser, even though he was X's principal
shareholder, was under no obligation to surrender such stock to X. Id. See
also, Rev. Rul. 72-354, 1972-2 C.B. 216 (Acquiring corporation satisfied
"solely for voting stock" requirement for a section 368(a)(1)(B) reorganization
when it sold stock in the target corporation that it had recently purchased for
cash to a third party with no commitment on the part of the third party to
surrender such stock in subsequent reorganization). In contrast, the IRS has
attributed third-party purchases of corporate stock to the acquiring party in a
368(a)(1)(B) reorganization in situations where a third-party purchaser had
previously agreed to transfer the purchased stock to the acquiring party. See,
e.g., G.C.M. 36041, 1974 IRS GCM Lexis 73.
Moreover, under the three-factor test for nominee status set forth by
the Supreme Court in Commissioner v. Bollinger, none of the Voting Shareholders
qualifies as a nominee of Crescent Equities with respect to the Residential
Development Corporation voting stock or the DBLH voting stock. 485 U.S. 340
(1988). Bollinger involved partnerships that developed apartment complexes in
Kentucky. In order to avoid Kentucky's usury laws, which limited the annual
interest rate for noncorporate borrowers, the partnerships entered into
agreements with a corporation wholly owned by an individual that was a partner
in each of the partnerships. Pursuant to the agreements, the corporation was
to hold title to the apartment complexes as the
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partnerships' nominee and agent solely to secure financing. The agreements
also provided that the partnerships were to have sole control of and
responsibility for the complexes, and the partnerships were to be the principal
and owner of the property during financing, construction, and operation. All
parties who had contact with the complexes, if they were aware of the
corporation at all, regarded the partnerships as the owners and knew the
corporation was merely the partnerships' agent. Income and losses from the
complexes were reported on the partnerships' tax returns, and the partners each
reported their distributive share of such income and losses on their individual
returns. The IRS challenged the inclusion of the complexes' losses on the
partners' individual returns on the ground that the losses were attributable to
the corporation as the record owner of the complexes. The IRS argued that in
order for the partners to demonstrate that the corporation was acting merely as
an agent or nominee, they must give evidence of arms-length dealing between the
partnerships and the corporation and the payment of an agency fee. However,
the Supreme Court held that only three factors needed to be present to assure
the genuineness of an agency relationship: (1) the corporation must execute a
written agreement at the time the asset is acquired setting forth the
corporation's agency with respect to the asset, (2) the corporation must
function as an agent and not as a principal with respect to the asset for all
purposes, and (3) the corporation must be held out to be an agent and not a
principal in all dealings with third parties relating to the asset. Id.
Although Bollinger expressly dealt with situations where corporations
were acting as nominees for their shareholders, its three-factor test appears
to be relevant in determining the genuineness of all purported agency
relationships for federal income tax purposes. Therefore, if the IRS were to
assert that the Voting Shareholders are holding the voting stock of the
Residential Development Corporations and DBLH as mere nominees of Crescent
Equities, Bollinger's three-factor test should apply in evaluating the
relationship between Crescent Equities and the Voting Shareholders.
When Bollinger's three-factor test is applied to Crescent Equities'
relationship to the Voting Shareholders, it becomes apparent that the Voting
Shareholders are not acting as Crescent Equities' nominees with respect to
their ownership of the voting stock of the Residential Development Corporations
and DBLH. First, in contrast to the situation in Bollinger, where there was a
written agreement between the corporation and the partnerships setting forth
the corporation's rights and duties as agent, here there is and will be no
written (or oral) agreement between Crescent Equities and the Voting
Shareholders regarding the Voting Shareholders' rights and duties with respect
to the voting stock of the Residential Development Corporations and DBLH.
Crescent Equities has no control over the ability of the Voting Shareholders to
alienate the voting stock and vote such stock as they choose. Second, unlike
the situation in Bollinger, where the corporation functioned as an agent rather
than a principal with respect to the apartment complexes, here the Voting
Shareholders function as principals with respect to the voting stock.
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As noted above, the Voting Shareholders make their own decisions about
alienating the voting stock and how to exercise their voting power, and they
are independently obligated to make their shares of any additional capital
contributions. Third, unlike the situation in Bollinger, where the corporation
was clearly held out to all third parties as a mere agent of the partnerships,
here the Voting Shareholders have been and will be held out to third parties as
the true owners of the voting stock in all respects. For example, the voting
stock is registered in the name of the Voting Shareholders, and all corporate
notices and dividends, if any, are delivered to the addresses of the Voting
Shareholders.
b. Constructive Ownership Theory. Under a "constructive
ownership theory," the IRS could attempt to attribute ownership of the voting
stock of the Residential Development Corporations and DBLH from the Voting
Shareholders to Crescent Equities for purposes of applying section
856(c)(5)(B). The absence of any relevant constructive ownership provision
should defeat such a position, however.
Although the Code contains several constructive ownership provisions,
such as sections 267(c), 318(a), 544(a), 554(a) and 1563(e), section 318(a) is
the only one that could possibly operate to attribute ownership of the voting
stock of the Residential Development Corporations from the Voting Shareholders
to Crescent Equities. This is because section 318(a) is the only constructive
ownership provision that provides for attribution of stock ownership to
corporations. All of the other constructive ownership provisions provide only
for attribution of stock ownership away from corporations.
The IRS should not be successful in attributing ownership of the
voting stock of the Residential Development Corporations and DBLH to Crescent
Equities under section 318(a), because that section applies only to other Code
sections that expressly provide for its application. There is no indication in
the Code or Treasury Regulations that taxpayers are to apply the constructive
ownership rules of section 318(a) in determining ownership of voting securities
for purposes of section 856(c)(5)(B).
Furthermore, the IRS and the courts have rejected all attempts to
apply section 318(a) to Code sections other than those to which it is expressly
made applicable. Thus, for example, in Brams v. Commissioner, 734 F.2d 290 (6th
Cir. 1984), the Sixth Circuit affirmed a decision of the Tax Court holding
that a transfer of property by a taxpayer to a corporation did not qualify for
nonrecognition treatment under section 351. Section 351 offers nonrecognition
treatment to persons who transfer property to corporations in exchange for
stock, only if such persons are in control of the corporation immediately after
the exchange. Section 368(c) defines "control" for this purpose as ownership
of 80 percent of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock
entitled to vote and at least 80 percent of the total number of shares of all
other classes of stock.
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In Brams, the Sixth Circuit determined that the taxpayer directly owned only
31.6 percent of the outstanding stock of the corporation immediately after the
transaction, and it refused to apply section 318(a) to attribute to the
taxpayer the ownership of an additional 52.6 percent of the outstanding stock
of the corporation held by the taxpayer's sons. Id. See also Yamamoto v.
Commissioner, 51 T.C.M. 1560 (1986) (Section 351 does not apply to a transfer
where the taxpayer owned part of the transferee's stock directly and owned 100%
of the stock of a second corporation which owned the balance of the transferee
corporation's stock).
Similarly, the IRS has refused to apply any attribution rules in
interpreting "control" for the purposes of interpreting the reorganization
provisions of section 368. For example, in Rev. Rul. 56-613, 1956-2 C.B. 212,
the IRS did not treat a corporation as satisfying the control requirement of
section 368(a)(1)(B) of the Code when it acquired 100 percent of one class of
shares of a target corporation, despite the fact that all the other shares of
the target corporation were owned by the acquiring corporation's wholly owned
subsidiary. See also Berghash v. Commissioner, 43 T.C. 743 (1965), aff'd, 361
F.2d 257 (2d Cir. 1966) (the option attribution rules of section 318(a) do not
apply in determining whether the control requirement of section 368(a)(1)(D) is
satisfied); Rev. Rul. 76-36, 1976-1 C.B. 105 (section 318(a) has no application
in determining "changes in ownership" under pre-1987 section 382).
Moreover, even if section 318(a) of the Code were applicable to the
determination of ownership of voting securities for purposes of section
856(c)(5)(B), it would not operate to attribute ownership of the voting stock
of the Residential Development Corporations and DBLH from the Voting
Shareholders to Crescent Equities. Section 318(a)(3)(C) provides that stock
ownership is to be attributed from a shareholder to a corporation only if the
shareholder owns, directly or indirectly, 50 percent or more of the value of
the stock of such corporation. The Declaration of Trust currently contains
limitations on stock ownership that will prevent any shareholder, other than
Richard E. Rainwater, from owning, actually or constructively, more than 8.0
percent of the value of Crescent Equities common shares. The Declaration of
Trust also prevents Richard E. Rainwater from owning, actually or
constructively, more than 9.5 percent of the value of Crescent Equities' common
shares. Therefore, unless these ownership limitations are waived, no person
can possibly own, actually or constructively, 50 percent of the value of
Crescent Equities' common shares required for the application of section
318(a)(3)(C). Consequently, it is our opinion that Crescent Equities will not
be treated for federal income tax purposes as owning any of the voting stock of
any of the Residential Development Corporations (with the exception of
Landevco) or DBLH.
<PAGE> 22
Crescent Real Estate Equities Company
August 11, 1997
Page 22
7. Characterization of the Operating Partnership for U.S. Federal
Income Tax Purposes
a. Classification for Periods on or after January 1, 1997
Section 301.7701-2(a) of the Treasury Regulations provides that a
business entity formed on or after January 1, 1997 with two or more members
will be classified for federal tax purposes as either a corporation or a
partnership, unless it is otherwise subject to special treatment under the
Code. Under sections 301.7701-2(b)(1), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7) and (8) of the
Treasury Regulations, a corporation includes business entities denominated as
such under applicable law, as well as joint-stock companies, insurance
companies, entities that conduct certain banking activities, entities wholly
owned by a state or any political subdivision thereof, entities that are
taxable as corporations under a provision of the Code other than section
7701(a)(3), and certain entities formed under the laws of a foreign
jurisdiction. Section 301.7701-3(a) of the Treasury Regulations provides that
a business entity with two or more members that is not classified as a
corporation under section 301.7701-2(b)(1), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7) or (8) of
the Treasury Regulations (an "Eligible Entity") can elect its classification
for federal income tax purposes. Section 301.7701-3(b)(1) of the Treasury
Regulations provides that a domestic Eligible Entity formed on or after January
1, 1997 will be classified as a partnership unless it elects otherwise. Under
section 301.7701-3(b)(3) of the Treasury Regulations, a domestic Eligible
Entity in existence prior to January 1, 1997 will have the same classification
that the entity claimed under sections 301.7701-1 through 301.7701-3 of the
Treasury Regulations as in effect prior to January 1, 1997 (the "Prior
Regulations"), unless it elects otherwise.
The Operating Partnership was duly organized as a limited partnership
prior to January 1, 1997. The Operating Partnership is not a corporation as
defined under section 301.7701-2(b)(1), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7) or (8) of the
Treasury Regulations. Accordingly, the Operating Partnership is an Eligible
Entity that can elect its classification for federal income tax purposes for
all periods on or after January 1, 1997. You have represented that the
Operating Partnership will claim classification as a partnership under the
Prior Regulations, as reflected on a federal income tax return to be filed by
the Operating Partnership for the tax year ending December 31, 1996. You have
also represented that the Operating Partnership will not file an election to be
treated as a corporation. Based on the foregoing, it is our opinion that the
Operating Partnership will be treated as a partnership for federal income tax
purposes as defined in Code sections 7701(a)(2) and 761(a) and not as an
association taxable as a corporation for all periods on or after January 1,
1997.
b. Classification for Periods Prior to January 1, 1997.
Section 301.7701-3(f)(2) of the Treasury Regulations provides that the claimed
classification of a business entity that is not described in section
301.7701-2(b)(1), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7) or (8) of the Treasury Regulations
<PAGE> 23
Crescent Real Estate Equities Company
August 11, 1997
Page 23
and that was in existence prior to January 1, 1997 generally will be respected
for all periods prior to January 1, 1997 if the entity had a reasonable basis
for its claimed classification, and neither the entity nor any member thereof
was notified in writing on or before May 8, 1996 that the classification of the
entity was under examination.
Section 301.7701-2(a) of the Prior Regulations provided that an entity
that has associates and an objective to carry on a business for joint profit
will be treated as a partnership, and not as an association taxable as a
corporation, if it has not more than two of the following four characteristics
of a corporation: (i) continuity of life; (ii) centralization of management;
(iii) limited liability; and (iv) free transferability of interests. The
entity must also have no other characteristics that are significant in
determining its classification. Generally, other factors are considered only
insofar as they relate to the determination of the presence or absence of the
foregoing corporate characteristics. See Rev. Rul. 79-106, 1979-1 C.B. 448.
Revenue Procedure 89-12, 1989-1 C.B. 798, specified the conditions to
be satisfied for an entity to receive a favorable advanced ruling that it would
be classified as a partnership for federal income tax purposes. The Operating
Partnership may not have met all of the requirements necessary to obtain such a
ruling. Such requirements were applicable only in determining whether rulings
will be issued, however, and were not intended as substantive rules for the
determination of partnership status.
i. Limited Liability. Under section 301.7701-2(d) of
the Prior Regulations, an entity lacks the corporate characteristic of limited
liability if there is at least one member who is personally liable for the
debts of or claims against the partnership. In the case of a limited
partnership, a general partner of a limited partnership is personally liable
under the Prior Regulations if (i) it has substantial assets other than its
interest in the partnership or (ii) it is not a dummy acting as the agent of
the limited partners. As general partner of the Operating Partnership,
Crescent Real Estate Equities, Ltd. ("CREE") is personally liable for all the
debts and obligations of the Operating Partnership and owns a general
partnership interest therein of approximately one percent. However, section
856(i) of the Code provides that qualified REIT subsidiaries are treated as the
same entity as their REIT parent for federal income tax purposes. Therefore,
Crescent Equities will be treated as directly owning CREE's one percent general
partnership interest in the Operating Partnership. Furthermore, Crescent
Equities and the Operating Partnership have represented that CREE will act
independently of the Operating Partnership's limited partners. Therefore, the
Operating Partnership may have lacked the corporate characteristic of limited
liability.
ii. Continuity of Life. Section 301.7701-2(b) of the
Prior Regulations provided that if the bankruptcy, retirement, resignation,
expulsion, or other event of withdrawal of
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Crescent Real Estate Equities Company
August 11, 1997
Page 24
a general partner of a limited partnership causes a dissolution of the
partnership, continuity of life does not exist, even if dissolution may be
avoided by the remaining general partners or by at least a majority in interest
of all remaining partners agreeing to continue the partnership. Under Section
13.1.B of the Operating Partnership Agreement, the withdrawal of CREE and the
bankruptcy of Crescent Equities cause the Operating Partnership to terminate,
unless a majority in interest of the remaining partners consent to continue the
Partnership and appoint a new general partner. Accordingly, the Operating
Partnership lacked the corporate characteristic of continuity of life.
iii. Centralization of Management. Section
301.7701-2(c)(4) of the Prior Regulations provided that centralization of
management ordinarily will be found to exist in a limited partnership in which
substantially all of the partnership interests are held by the limited
partners, and that it may exist where the limited partners have a substantially
unrestricted right to remove the general partner. As noted above, under
section 856(i) of the Code, Crescent Equities will be treated as owning a one
percent general partner interest and an approximately 84 percent limited
partnership interest in the Operating Partnership. Furthermore, Section 7.1.A
of the Operating Partnership Agreement provides that the limited partners may
not remove CREE as general partner. Therefore, the Operating Partnership
lacked the corporate characteristic of centralization of management.
iv. Free Transferability of Interests. Section
301.7701-2(e) of the Prior Regulations provided that free transferability of
interests exists if the members owning all or substantially all of the
interests in an organization may substitute for themselves without the consent
of the other members a person who is not a member of the organization. Section
11.4.A of the Operating Partnership Agreement provides that if a limited
partner transfers its interest in the Operating Partnership, the transferee
(unless it falls within certain enumerated categories of transferees) will not
become a substituted limited partner without the prior consent of CREE.
Accordingly, the Operating Partnership may have lacked the corporate
characteristic of free transferability of interests.
v. Summary. In sum, because the Operating Partnership
did not have the corporate characteristics of continuity of life and
centralization of management and may have lacked limited liability and free
transferability, it is our opinion that the Operating Partnership had a
reasonable basis for claiming partnership classification under the Prior
Regulations. Based on the foregoing, it is our opinion that the Operating
Partnership will be treated as a partnership as defined in sections 7701(a)(2)
and 761(a) of the Code and not as an association taxable as a corporation for
all periods prior to January 1, 1997.
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Crescent Real Estate Equities Company
August 11, 1997
Page 25
c. Publicly Traded Partnership Status.
Section 7704 of the Code provides that certain publicly traded
partnerships may be taxed as corporations even though they otherwise meet all
of the relevant tests for treatment as partnerships for federal income tax
purposes. A partnership is considered to be a publicly traded partnership if
interests in the partnership are (or become) (i) traded on an established
securities market or (ii) readily tradable on a secondary market or the
substantial equivalent thereof. Treasury Regulations issued under section
7704(b) of the Code provide that interests in a partnership will not be treated
as readily tradable on a secondary market or the substantial equivalent thereof
if (i) all interests in the partnership were issued in a transaction that was
not registered under the Securities Act of 1933, and (ii) the partnership does
not have more than 100 partners at any time during its taxable year. For
purposes of determining the number of partners in the partnership, persons
owning an interest through a flow-through entity are treated as partners in the
partnership only if (i) substantially all of the value of the flow-through
entity is attributable to the lower-tier partnership interest, and (ii) a
principal purpose for the tiered arrangement is to permit the partnership to
satisfy the 100 partner requirement.
Based upon the structure and capitalization of the Operating
Partnership and representations of the Operating Partnership regarding its
current ownership, it is our opinion that the Operating Partnership will not
constitute a publicly traded partnership for purposes of section 7704 of the
Code.
8. Characterization of the Subsidiary Partnerships for U.S.
Federal Income Tax Purposes
a. Classification of Periods on or After January 1, 1997.
As previously discussed, under section 301.7701-3(b)(3) of the Treasury
Regulations, a domestic Eligible Entity in existence prior to January 1, 1997
will have the same classification that the entity claimed under sections
301.7701-1 through 301.7701-3 of the Prior Regulations, unless it elects
otherwise. The Subsidiary Partnerships, other than Funding VII which was duly
organized as a limited Partnership on April 29, 1997, were duly organized as
limited partnerships prior to January 1, 1997. Such Subsidiary Partnerships
are not corporations as defined under section 301.7701-2(b)(1), (3), (4), (5),
(6), (7) or (8) of the Treasury Regulations. Accordingly, each of the
Subsidiary Partnerships formed prior to January 1, 1997 is an Eligible Entity
that can elect its classification for federal income tax purposes for all
periods after January 1, 1997. Crescent Equities has represented to us that
each of the Subsidiary Partnerships formed prior to January 1, 1997 will claim
classification as a partnership under the Prior Regulations, as reflected on
federal income tax returns to be filed by each Subsidiary Partnership for the
tax year ending December 31, 1996. Crescent Equities has also represented that
none of the Subsidiary Partnerships will file an election to be treated as a
corporation. Based on the foregoing, it is our opinion that the
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Crescent Real Estate Equities Company
August 11, 1997
Page 26
Subsidiary Partnerships will be treated as partnerships for federal income tax
purposes as defined in sections 7701(a)(2) and 761(a) of the Code and not as
associations taxable as corporations for all periods on or after January 1,
1997.
b. Classification for Periods Prior to January 1, 1997
i. Funding I. The Operating Partnership owns a
99.6 percent interest in Funding I as a limited partner, while the remaining
0.4 percent general partner's interest is owned by CRE Management I Corp., a
wholly owned subsidiary of CREE. (However, with respect to the Waterside
Commons property, which is held by Funding I, Waterside Commons Limited
Partnership owns a 99 percent interest in Funding I as a limited partner, while
the remaining 1 percent general partner's interest is owned by CRE Management I
Corp.)
The Funding I Agreement provides in Sections 13.1.B and 13.1.D that
the dissolution, insolvency, bankruptcy or other event of withdrawal of the
general partner will cause the partnership to terminate, unless a majority in
interest of the remaining partners consent to continue the partnership and
appoint a new general partner. Accordingly, Funding I lacked the corporate
characteristic of continuity of life.
The Funding I Agreement provides in Section 11.1.B that no partner may
transfer all or any portion of its interest in the partnership. Accordingly,
Funding I lacked the corporate characteristic of free transferability of
interests.
Based on the continued organization and operation of Funding I in
accordance with its partnership agreement and the Delaware Revised Uniform
Limited Partnership Act (the "Act"), Funding I lacked the corporate
characteristics of continuity of life and free transferability of interests.
Accordingly, it is our opinion that Funding I had a reasonable basis for
claiming partnership classification under the Prior Regulations. Based on the
foregoing, it is our opinion that Funding I will be treated as a partnership as
defined in sections 7701(a)(2) and 761(e) of the Code and not as an association
taxable as a corporation for all periods prior to January 1, 1997.
In addition, based upon the structure and capitalization of Funding I
and representations of the Operating Partnership regarding Funding I's current
ownership, it is our opinion that Funding I will not constitute a publicly
traded partnership for purposes of section 7704 of the Code.(6)
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(6) For purposes of this opinion, we have assumed that Funding I will not
be treated as having more than three partners (Management I, the
Operating Partnership, and CW #1 Limited Partnership) for purposes of
section 1.7704-1(h) of the Treasury Regulations. Although the
Operating Partnership and CW #1 Limited Partnership are flow-through
entities for purposes of section 1.7704-1(h)(3), we have assumed that
the partners in the Operating Partnership and CW #1 Limited
Partnership will not be treated as partners in Funding I for purposes
of the 100 partner requirement, based upon your representation that
Funding I will not represent substantially all of the assets of either
the Operating Partnership or CW #1 Limited Partnership.
<PAGE> 27
Crescent Real Estate Equities Company
August 11, 1997
Page 27
ii. Funding II. The Operating Partnership owns a
99.8 percent interest in Funding II as a limited partner, while the remaining
0.2 percent general partner's interest is owned by CRE Management II Corp., a
wholly owned subsidiary of CREE.
The Funding II Agreement provides in Sections 13.1.B and 13.1.D that
the dissolution, insolvency, bankruptcy or other event of withdrawal of the
general partner will cause Funding II to terminate, unless a majority in
interest of the remaining partners consent to continue the partnership and
appoint a new general partner. Accordingly, Funding II lacked the corporate
characteristic of continuity of life.
In addition, the Funding II Agreement provides in Section 11.1.B that
no partner may transfer all or any portion of its interest in the partnership.
Accordingly, Funding II lacked the corporate characteristic of free
transferability of interests.
Based on the continued organization and operation of Funding II in
accordance with its partnership agreement and the Act, Funding II lacked the
corporate characteristics of continuity of life and free transferability of
interests. Accordingly, it is our opinion that Funding II had a reasonable
basis for claiming partnership classification under the Prior Regulations.
Based on the foregoing, it is our opinion that Funding II will be treated as a
partnership as defined in sections 7701(a)(2) and 761(e) of the Code and not as
an association taxable as a corporation for all periods prior to January 1,
1997.
In addition, based upon the structure and capitalization of Funding II
and representations of the Operating Partnership regarding Funding II's current
ownership, it is our opinion that Funding II will not constitute a publicly
traded partnership for purposes of section 7704 of the Code.(7)
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(7) For purposes of this opinion, we have assumed that Funding II will not
be treated as having more than two partners (Management II and the
Operating Partnership) for purposes of section 1.7704-1(h) of the
Treasury Regulations. Although the Operating Partnership is a
flow-through entity for purposes of section 1.7704-1(h)(3), we have
assumed that the partners in the Operating Partnership will not be
treated as partners in Funding II for purposes of the 100 partner
requirement, based upon your representation that Funding II will not
represent substantially all of the assets of the Operating
Partnership.
<PAGE> 28
Crescent Real Estate Equities Company
August 11, 1997
Page 28
iii. Funding III, Funding IV and Funding V. The Operating
Partnership owns an approximately 99 percent interest in each of Funding III,
Funding IV and Funding V as a limited partner. Nine Greenway, Ltd. owns a 0.1
percent limited partnership interest in each of Funding III, Funding IV and
Funding V. The remaining approximately 0.9 percent general partner's
interest in Funding III is owned by CRE Management III Corp., CRE Management IV
Corp. owns an approximately 0.9 percent general partner interest in Funding IV,
and CRE Management V Corp. owns an approximately 0.9 percent general partner
interest in Funding V. CRE Management III Corp., CRE Management IV Corp. and
CRE Management V Corp. are each wholly owned subsidiaries of CREE. The Funding
III Agreement, the Funding IV Agreement and the Funding V Agreement (together,
the "Funding Agreements") are substantially identical with respect to the terms
discussed herein.
Each of the Funding Agreements provides in Paragraph 18 that the
partnership shall dissolve and be wound up upon the occurrence of any of the
following events: (i) the expiration of the term of the partnership on December
31, 2096 (unless terminated earlier); (ii) the sale or disposition of
substantially all of the assets of the partnership; (iii) the written election
of all of the partners to dissolve the partnership; and (iv) unless, the
limited partner elects within ninety days to continue the partnership, upon the
dissolution of the general partner or if the general partner (a) makes a
general assignment for the benefit of creditors, (b) is adjudicated bankrupt or
insolvent, or (c) files a voluntary petition in bankruptcy or in the event
there is an order for relief entered against the general partner under the
Federal Bankruptcy Code of 1978, as amended (or a similar order under a
successor statute). Accordingly, Funding III, Funding IV and Funding V each
lacked the corporate characteristic of continuity of life.
In addition, each of the Funding Agreements provides in Paragraph 14
that no partner may transfer all or any portion of its interest in the
partnership and that any purported transfer of a partnership interest will be
null and void. Accordingly, Funding III, Funding IV and Funding V each lacked
the corporate characteristic of free transferability of interests.
Based on the continued organization and operation of each of Funding
III, Funding IV and Funding V in accordance with its partnership agreement and
the Act, Funding III, Funding IV and Funding V each lacked the corporate
characteristics of continuity of life and free transferability of interests.
Accordingly, it is our opinion that Funding III, Funding IV and Funding V each
had a reasonable basis for claiming partnership classification under the Prior
Regulations. Based on the foregoing, it is our opinion that each will be
treated as a partnership as defined in sections 7701(a)(2) and 761(e) of the
Code and not as an association taxable as a corporation for all periods prior
to January 1, 1997.
In addition, based upon the structure and capitalization of Funding
III, Funding IV and Funding V and representations of the Operating Partnership
regarding the current ownership of
<PAGE> 29
Crescent Real Estate Equities Company
August 11, 1997
Page 29
Funding III, Funding IV and Funding V, it is our opinion that neither Funding
III, Funding IV nor Funding V will constitute a publicly traded partnership for
purposes of section 7704 of the Code.(8)
iv. Funding VI.
The Operating Partnership owns a 99 percent interest in Funding VI as
a limited partner, while the remaining one percent general partner's interest
is owned by CRE Management VI Corp., a wholly owned subsidiary of CREE.
The Funding VI Agreement provides in Section 13.1 that the
dissolution, insolvency, bankruptcy or other event of withdrawal of the general
partner will cause Funding VI to terminate, unless a majority in interest of
the remaining partners consent to continue the partnership and appoint a new
general partner. Accordingly, Funding VI lacked the corporate characteristic
of continuity of life.
In addition, the Funding VI Agreement provides in Section 11.1 that no
partner may transfer all or any portion of its interest in the partnership.
Accordingly, Funding VI lacked the corporate characteristic of free
transferability of interests.
Based on the continued organization and operation of Funding VI in
accordance with its partnership agreement and the Act, Funding VI lacked the
corporate characteristics of continuity of life and free transferability of
interests. Accordingly, it is our opinion that Funding VI had a reasonable
basis for claiming partnership classification under the Prior Regulations.
Based on the foregoing, it is our opinion that Funding VI will be treated as a
partnership as defined in sections 7701(a)(2) and 761(e) of the Code and not as
an association taxable as a corporation for all periods prior to January 1,
1997.
In addition, based upon the structure and capitalization of Funding VI
and representations of the Operating Partnership regarding Funding VI's current
ownership, it is our opinion that Funding VI will not constitute a publicly
traded partnership for purposes of section 7704 of the Code.(9)
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(8) For purposes of this opinion, we have assumed that each of Funding
III, Funding IV and Funding V will be treated as having no more than
three partners for purposes of section 1.7704-1(h) of the Treasury
Regulations. Although the Operating Partnership is a flow-through
entity for purposes of section 1.7704-1(h)(3), we have assumed that
the partners in the Operating Partnership will not be treated as
partners in Funding III, Funding IV or Funding V for purposes of the
100 partner requirement, based upon your representation that neither
Funding III, Funding IV nor Funding V will represent substantially all
of the assets of the Operating Partnership.
(9) For purposes of this opinion, we have assumed that Funding VI will not
be treated as having more than two partners (Management VI and the
Operating Partnership) for purposes of section 1.7704-1(h) of the
Treasury Regulations. Although the Operating Partnership is a
flow-through entity for purposes of section 1.7704-1(h)(3), we have
assumed that the partners in the Operating Partnership will not be
treated as partners in Funding VI for purposes of the 100 partner
requirement, based upon your representation that Funding VI will not
represent substantially all of the assets of the Operating
Partnership.
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Crescent Real Estate Equities Company
August 11, 1997
Page 30
v. CresCal. The Operating Partnership owns a 99 percent
interest in CresCal as a limited partner, while the remaining one percent
general partner's interest is owned by CresCal Properties, Inc., a wholly owned
subsidiary of CREE.
The CresCal Agreement provides in Section 15(a) that the dissolution,
insolvency, bankruptcy or other event of withdrawal of the general partner will
cause CresCal to terminate, unless a majority in interest of the remaining
partners consent to continue the partnership and appoint a new general partner.
Accordingly, CresCal lacked the corporate characteristic of continuity of life.
In addition, the CresCal Agreement provides in Section 14 that no partner may
transfer all or any portion of its interest in the partnership. Accordingly,
CresCal lacked the corporate characteristic of free transferability of
interests.
Based on the continued organization and operation of CresCal in
accordance with its partnership agreement and the Act, CresCal lacked the
corporate characteristics of continuity of life and free transferability of
interests. Accordingly, it is our opinion that CresCal had a reasonable basis
for claiming partnership classification under the Prior Regulations. Based on
the foregoing, it is our opinion that CresCal will be treated as a partnership
as defined in sections 7701(a)(2) and 761(e) of the Code and not as an
association taxable as a corporation for all periods prior to January 1, 1997.
In addition, based upon the structure and capitalization of CresCal
and representations of the Operating Partnership regarding CresCal's current
ownership, it is our opinion that CresCal will not constitute a publicly traded
partnership for purposes of section 7704 of the Code.(10)
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(10) For the purposes of this opinion we have assumed that CresCal will
not be treated as having more than two partners for purposes of
section 1.7704-1(h) of the Treasury Regulation (CresCal Properties,
Inc. and Crescent Real Estate Equities Limited Partnership (the
"Operating Partnership")). Although the Operating Partnership is a
flow-through entity for purposes of section 1.7704-1(h)(2), we have
assumed that the partners in the Operating Partnership will not be
treated as partners in CresCal for purposes of the 100 partner
requirement, based upon your representation that CresCal will not
represent substantially all of the assets of the Operating
Partnership.
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Crescent Real Estate Equities Company
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Page 31
vi. CresTex. The Operating Partnership owns a 99 percent
interest in CresTex, while the remaining one percent interest is owned by
CresCal Properties, Inc. The IRS has applied the same four-factor test,
described above, in determining whether limited liability companies, like
CresTex, which have been formed under the Delaware Limited Liability Company
Act, are treated as partnerships for federal income tax purposes.(11)
As noted above, under section 301.7701-2(b)(3) of the Prior
Regulations, an organization will be treated as possessing the corporate
characteristic of continuity of life, even if the agreement organizing an
entity provides that it is to continue only for a stated period, unless a
member has the power to dissolve the organization at an earlier time. Section
18-801 of the Delaware Limited Liability Company Act provides that a limited
liability company dissolves upon the first to occur of the following: (1) at
the time specified in an LLC agreement or 30 years from the date of formation
of the LLC if no time is set forth in the LLC agreement, (2) upon the happening
of events specified in an LLC agreement, (3) by the written consent of all
members, (4) by the death, retirement, resignation, expulsion, bankruptcy, or
dissolution of a member or the occurrence of any other event which terminates
the continued membership of a member in the LLC, unless the business of the LLC
is continued by the consent of all the remaining members within 90 days
following the occurrence of any terminating event or pursuant to a right to
continue stated in the LLC agreement, or (5) by the entry of a decree of
judicial dissolution under the Delaware Limited Liability Company Act. Section
1.04 of the CresTex Agreement provides that the duration of CresTex is until
the close of business on December 31, 2050, or until its earlier dissolution
upon an "Event of Dissolution" in accordance with Section 12.01 of the CresTex
Agreement. Section 12.01 of the CresTex Agreement provides that CresTex shall
be dissolved prior to December 31, 2050 upon the following "Events of
Dissolution": (1) the mutual consent of all members, (2) the withdrawal, death,
retirement, resignation, expulsion, bankruptcy, legal incapacity or dissolution
of any member, (3) a sale by CresTex of its assets, or (4) a decree of judicial
dissolution. Section 12.05 of the CresTex Agreement, however, provides that if
any Event of Dissolution occurs with respect to CresCal Properties, Inc., the
business of CresTex will be continued if, within ninety days, the remaining
members unanimously decide to continue the business and to approve the
admission of a new member, effective immediately before the dissolution event.
Accordingly, CresTex lacked the corporate characteristic of continuity of life.
Section 18-702(a) of the Delaware Limited Liability Company Act
provides, in part, that unless otherwise provided by the company's LLC
agreement, a membership interest is assignable in whole or in part; an
assignment of a member's interest does not entitle the assignee to participate
in the management of the business and affairs of the LLC. Section 18-704(a) of
the
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(11) See, e.g., Rev. Rul. 93-38, 1993-21 I.R.B. 4, P.L.R. 9602012
(October 6, 1995) and P.L.R. 9507004 (November 8, 1994).
<PAGE> 32
Crescent Real Estate Equities Company
August 11, 1997
Page 32
Delaware Limited Liability Company Act provides, in part, that an assignee of a
membership interest may become a member if and to the extent that the company's
LLC agreement so provides, or all members consent. Section 10.02 of the
CresTex Agreement provides that no member may withdraw from CresTex or transfer
all or any part of its interest in CresTex and that any purported transfer of
an interest in CresTex shall be null and void. Accordingly, CresTex lacked the
corporate characteristic of free transferability of interests.
In sum, because CresTex lacked the corporate characteristics of
continuity of life and free transferability of interests, it is our opinion
that CresTex had a reasonable basis for claiming partnership classification
under the Prior Regulations. Based on the foregoing, it is our opinion that
CresTex will be treated as a partnership as defined in sections 7701(a)(2) and
761(a) of the Code and not as an association taxable as a corporation for all
periods prior to January 1, 1997.
In addition, based upon the structure and capitalization of CresTex
and representations of the Operating Partnership regarding the current
ownership of CresTex, it is our opinion that CresTex will not constitute a
publicly traded partnership for purposes of section 7704 of the Code.(12)
vii. Waterside. The Operating Partnership owns an 89
percent interest in Waterside as a general partner, while the remaining 11
percent limited partner's interest is owned by Associates (1 percent) and CW #1
Limited Partnership (10 percent).
The Waterside Agreement provides in Section 7.1(c) that the bankruptcy
or other event of withdrawal of the general partnos will cause the partnership
to terminate. Accordingly, Waterside lacked the corporate characteristic of
continuity of life.
As the general partner of Waterside, the Operating Partnership will be
personally liable for all the debts and obligations of Waterside and, as noted
above, the Operating Partnership will own an 89 percent interest in Waterside.
In addition, the Operating Partnership has represented that it will act
independently of CW #1 Limited Partnership in managing Waterside. Therefore,
Waterside lacked the corporate characteristics of limited liability and
centralization of management.
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(12) For purposes of this opinion, we have assumed that CresTex will not be
treated as having more than two partners for purposes of section
1.7704-1(h) of the Treasury Regulations (CresCal Properties, Inc. and
the Operating Partnership). Although the Operating Partnership is a
flow-through entity for purposes of section 1.7704-1(h)(3), we have
assumed that the partners in the Operating Partnership will not be
treated as members of CresTex for purposes of the 100 partner
requirement, based upon your representation that CresTex will not
represent substantially all of the assets of the Operating
Partnership.
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Crescent Real Estate Equities Company
August 11, 1997
Page 33
Based on the continued organization and operation of Waterside in
accordance with its partnership agreement and the Act, Waterside lacked the
corporate characteristics of continuity of life, limited liability and
centralization of management. Accordingly, it is our opinion that Waterside
had a reasonable basis for claiming partnership classification under the Prior
Regulations. Based on the foregoing, it is our opinion that Waterside will be
treated as a partnership as defined in sections 7701(a)(2) and 761(e) and not
as an association taxable as a corporation for all periods prior to January 1,
1997.
In addition, based upon the structure and capitalization of Waterside
and representations of the Operating Partnership regarding Waterside's current
ownership, it is our opinion that Waterside will not constitute a publicly
traded partnership for purposes of section 7704 of the Code.(13)
viii. Associates. The Operating Partnership owns a 90
percent interest in Associates, while the remaining 10 percent interest is
owned by CREE, Ltd.. The IRS has applied the same four-factor test, described
above, in determining whether limited liability companies, like Associates,
which have been formed under the Texas Limited Liability Company Act, are
treated as partnerships for federal income tax purposes.(14)
Article 6.01 of the Texas Limited Liability Company Act provides, in
part, that except as otherwise provided in the company's regulations, a limited
liability company shall be dissolved upon the death, retirement, resignation,
expulsion, bankruptcy, or dissolution of a member or the occurrence of any
other event which terminates the continued membership of a member in the
limited liability company, unless there is at least one remaining member and
the business of the limited liability company is continued by the consent by
the number of members or class thereof stated in the articles of organization
or regulations of the limited liability company or of not so stated, by all
remaining members. Article 2 of the Associates Articles provides that the
duration of Associates is until the close of business on December 31, 2014, or
until its earlier dissolution in
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(13) For purposes of this opinion, we have assumed that Waterside will not
be treated as having more than three partners (CW #1 Limited
Partnership, CREE, Ltd. and the Operating Partnership) for purposes of
section 1.7704-1(h) of the Treasury Regulations. Although the
Operating Partnership and CW #1 Limited Partnership are flow-through
entities for purposes of section 1.7704-1(h)(3), we have assumed that
the partners in the Operating Partnership and CW #1 Limited
Partnership will not be treated as partners in Waterside for purposes
of the 100 partner requirement, based upon your representation that
Waterside will not represent substantially all of the assets of either
the Operating Partnership or CW #1 Limited Partnership.
(14) See, e.g., P.L.R. 9242025 (July 22, 1992) and P.L.R. 9218078 (January
31, 1992).
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Crescent Real Estate Equities Company
August 11, 1997
Page 34
accordance with the provisions of the Act or the Associates Regulations.
Article 10.2(a)(iii) of the Associates Regulations provides, in part, that
Associates shall be dissolved upon the withdrawal, death, retirement,
resignation, expulsion, bankruptcy, legal incapacity or dissolution of any
member, unless the business of Associates is continued by the consent of all
the remaining members within ninety days. Accordingly, Associates lacked the
corporate characteristic of continuity of life.
Article 4.05 of the Texas Limited Liability Company Act provides, in
part, that unless otherwise provided by the company's regulations, a membership
interest is assignable in whole or in part; an assignment of a member's
interest does not entitle the assignee to become, or to exercise rights or
powers of a member; and until the assignee becomes a member, the assignor
member continues to be a member and to have the power to exercise any rights or
powers of a member, except to the extent those rights or powers are assigned.
Article 4.07 of the Texas Limited Liability Company Act provides, in part, that
an assignee of a membership interest may become a member if and to the extent
that the company's regulations so provide, or all members consent. Article 9.1
of the Associates Regulations, as amended by the First Amendment to the
Associates Regulations, provides that no member shall have the right to
withdraw from Associates or transfer all or any portion of its interest in
Associates. Accordingly, Associates lacked the corporate characteristic of
free transferability of interests.
In sum, because Associates lacked the corporate characteristics of
continuity of life and free transferability of interests, it is our opinion
that Associates had a reasonable basis for claiming partnership classification
under the Prior Regulations. Based on the foregoing, it is our opinion that
Associates will be treated as a partnership as defined in sections 7701(a)(2)
and 761(a) of the Code and not as an association taxable as a corporation for
all periods prior to January 1, 1997.
In addition, based upon the structure and capitalization of Associates
and representations of the Operating Partnership regarding Associates current
ownership, it is our opinion that Associates will not constitute a publicly
traded partnership for purposes of section 7704 of the Code.(15)
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(15) For purposes of this opinion, we have assumed that Associates will not
be treated as having more than two partners for purposes of section
1.7704-1(h) of the Treasury Regulations (CREE, Ltd. and the Operating
Partnership). Although the Operating Partnership is a flow-through
entity for purposes of section 1.7704-1(h)(3), we have assumed that
the partners in the Operating Partnership will not be treated as
partners in Associates for purposes of the 100 partner requirement,
based upon your representation that Associates will not represent
substantially all of the assets of the Operating Partnership.
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Crescent Real Estate Equities Company
August 11, 1997
Page 35
ix. Woodlands Partnership. The Operating Partnership owns
a 75 percent interest in the Woodlands Partnership as a limited partner, while
the remaining 25 percent general partner's interest is owned by The Woodlands
Office Equities, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of The Woodlands Corporation
("TWC Sub").
The Woodlands Partnership Agreement provides in Articles 10.1 and 10.2
that the Woodlands Partnership will terminate upon any event affecting the
general partner that would cause the dissolution of a limited partnership under
the Texas Revised Limited Partnership Act, unless the limited partner consents
to continue the partnership and appoint a new general partner. Accordingly,
the Woodlands Partnership lacked the corporate characteristic of continuity of
life.
Article 7.2.1 of the Woodlands Partnership Agreement provides for
certain circumstances in which a partner may transfer its interest in the
Woodlands Partnership beginning after the eighth anniversary of the
Contribution Date. Article 7.2.2 of the Woodlands Partnership Agreement,
however, provides that a person to whom an interest in the Woodlands
Partnership is transferred shall not be admitted to the Woodlands Partnership
without the prior written consent of the other partner, which consent may be
granted or withheld at the sole discretion of the other partner. Accordingly,
the Woodlands Partnership lacked the corporate characteristic of free
transferability of interests.
As noted above, the general partner of the Woodlands Partnership, TWC
Sub, owns a 25 percent interest in the Woodlands Partnership. Furthermore,
Article 9.3 of the Woodlands Partnership Agreement provides that the limited
partner may not remove TWC Sub as general partner, except upon the occurrence
of specified events of default. Accordingly, the Woodlands Partnership lacked
the corporate characteristic of centralization of management.
In sum, because the Woodlands Partnership lacked the corporate
characteristics of continuity of life, free transferability of interests and
centralization of management, it is our opinion that the Woodlands Partnership
had a reasonable basis for claiming partnership classification under the Prior
Regulations. Based on the foregoing, it is our opinion that the Woodlands
Partnership will be treated as a partnership as defined in sections 7701(a)(2)
and 761(a) of the Code and not as an association taxable as a corporation for
all periods prior to January 1, 1997.
In addition, based upon the structure and capitalization of the
Woodlands Partnership and representations of the Operating Partnership
regarding the current ownership of the Woodlands Partnership, it is our opinion
that the Woodlands Partnership will not constitute a publicly traded
partnership for purposes of section 7704 of the Code.(16)
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(16) For purposes of this opinion, we have assumed that the Woodlands
Partnership will not be treated as having more than two partners (TWC
Sub and the Operating Partnership) for purposes of section 1.7704-1(h)
of the Treasury Regulations. Although the Operating Partnership is a
flow-through entity for purposes of section 1.7704-1(h)(3), we have
assumed that the partners in the Operating Partnership will not be
treated as partners in the Woodlands Partnership for purposes of the
100 partner requirement, based upon your representation that the
Woodlands Partnership will not represent substantially all of the
assets of the Operating Partnership.
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Crescent Real Estate Equities Company
August 11, 1997
Page 36
x. WRE. The Operating Partnership owns a 75 percent
interest in WRE as a limited partner, while the remaining 25 percent general
partner's interest is owned by The Woodlands Office Equities, Inc., a wholly
owned subsidiary of The Woodlands Corporation ("TWC Sub").
The WRE Agreement provides in Articles 10.1 and 10.2 that WRE will
terminate upon any event affecting the general partner that would cause the
dissolution of a limited partnership under the Texas Revised Limited
Partnership Act, unless the limited partner consents to continue the
partnership and appoint a new general partner. Accordingly, WRE lacked the
corporate characteristic of continuity of life.
Article 7.2.1 of the WRE Agreement provides for certain circumstances
in which a partner may transfer its interest in WRE beginning after the eighth
anniversary of the Contribution Date. Article 7.2.2 of the WRE Agreement,
however, provides that a person to whom an interest in WRE is transferred shall
not be admitted to WRE without the prior written consent of the other partner,
which consent may be granted or withheld at the sole discretion of the other
partner. Accordingly, WRE lacked the corporate characteristic of free
transferability of interests.
As noted above, the general partner of WRE, TWC Sub, owns a 25 percent
interest WRE. Furthermore, Article 9.3 of the WRE Agreement provides that the
limited partner may not remove TWC Sub as general partner, except upon the
occurrence of specified events of default. Accordingly, WRE lacked the
corporate characteristic of centralization of management.
In sum, because WRE lacked the corporate characteristics of continuity
of life, free transferability of interests and centralization of management, it
is our opinion that WRE had a reasonable basis for claiming partnership
classification under the Prior Regulations. Based on the foregoing, it is our
opinion that WRE will be treated as a partnership as defined in sections
7701(a)(2) and 761(a) of the Code and not as an association taxable as a
corporation for all periods prior to January 1, 1997.
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Crescent Real Estate Equities Company
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Page 37
In addition, based upon the structure and capitalization of WRE and
representations of the Operating Partnership regarding the current ownership of
WRE, it is our opinion that WRE will not constitute a publicly traded
partnership for purposes of section 7704 of the Code.(17)
xi. 301 Congress. The Operating Partnership owns a 49
percent limited partner interest in 301 Congress, a Delaware limited
partnership. The one percent general partner interest in 301 Congress is owned
by Crescent/301, a Delaware limited liability company that is wholly owned by
Operating Partnership and CREE, Ltd., and the remaining 50 percent limited
partner interest in 301 Congress is owned by Aetna Life Insurance Company
("Aetna").
The 301 Congress Partnership Agreement provides in Section 2.6 that
301 Congress will terminate seven years from the effective date of the 301
Congress Partnership Agreement, unless dissolved earlier under Article X of
such agreement. Article X of the 301 Congress Partnership Agreement provides
that 301 Congress will be dissolved upon the first to occur of the following:
(1) the expiration of seven years from the effective date of the 301 Congress
Partnership Agreement; (2) the sale, transfer or other disposition of the 301
Congress assets; (3) the acquisition by one partner of all of the interests in
301 Congress; (4) the occurrence of any "Event of Withdrawal" with respect to
the general partner under the Delaware Limited Partnership Act, unless a
majority of the remaining partners consent within 90 days to continue the
partnership and appoint a new general partner, effective as of the date of the
Event of Withdrawal; (5) the decision of all partners to dissolve 301 Congress;
(6) the election of a non-defaulting partner to dissolve 301 Congress upon a
default of another partner under Section 9.5 of the 301 Congress Partnership
Agreement; or (7) the entry of a judicial decree of dissolution. Accordingly,
301 Congress lacked the corporate characteristic of continuity of life.
Section 9.2 of the 301 Congress Partnership Agreement provides that no
partner shall have the right, without the express written consent of each other
partner, to transfer an interest in 301 Congress Avenue, with the exception of
certain transfers between Aetna, Crescent/301 and the Operating Partnership and
their respective affiliates. However, in the case of transfers between Aetna,
Crescent/301 and the Operating Partnership and their respective affiliates,
Section 9.2 of the 301 Congress Partnership Agreement provides that the
transferee shall not be admitted
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(17) For purposes of this opinion, we have assumed that WRE will not be
treated as having more than two partners (TWC Sub and the Operating
Partnership) for purposes of section 1.7704-1(h) of the Treasury
Regulations. Although the Operating Partnership is a flow-through
entity for purposes of section 1.7704-1(h)(3), we have assumed that
the partners in the Operating Partnership will not be treated as
partners in WRE for purposes of the 100 partner requirement, based
upon your representation that WRE will not represent substantially all
of the assets of the Operating Partnership.
<PAGE> 38
Crescent Real Estate Equities Company
August 11, 1997
Page 38
as a substitute partner without the consent of all other partners.
Accordingly, 301 Congress lacked the corporate characteristic of free
transferability of interests.
In sum, because 301 Congress lacked the corporate characteristics of
continuity of life and free transferability of interests, it is our opinion
that 301 Congress had a reasonable basis for claiming partnership
classification under the Prior Regulations. Based on the foregoing, it is our
opinion that 301 Congress will be treated as a partnership as defined in
sections 7701(a)(2) and 761(a) of the Code and not as an association taxable as
a corporation for all periods prior to January 1, 1997.
In addition, based upon the structure and capitalization of 301
Congress and representations of the Operating Partnership regarding the current
ownership of 301 Congress, it is our opinion that 301 Congress will not
constitute a publicly traded partnership for purposes of section 7704 of the
Code.(18)
xii. Crescent/301. As noted above, the Operating
Partnership owns its general partner interest in 301 Congress through
Crescent/301, a Delaware limited liability company that is wholly owned by
Operating Partnership and CREE, Ltd. The IRS has applied the same four-factor
test, described above, in determining whether limited liability companies, like
Crescent/301, which have been formed under the Delaware Limited Liability
Company Act, are treated as partnerships for federal income tax purposes.(19)
As noted above, under section 301.7701-2(b)(3) of the Prior
Regulations, an organization will be treated as possessing the corporate
characteristic of continuity of life, even if the agreement organizing an
entity provides that it is to continue only for a stated period, unless a
member has the power to dissolve the organization at an earlier time. Section
18-801 of the Delaware Limited Liability Company Act provides that a limited
liability company dissolves upon
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(18) For purposes of this opinion, we have assumed that 301 Congress will
not be treated as having more than three partners (CREE, Ltd., the
Operating Partnership and Aetna) for purposes of section 1.7704-1(h)
of the Treasury Regulations. Although Crescent/301 is a
flow-through entity for purposes of section 1.7704-1(h)(3), we have
treated Crescent/301 as having only two members, CREE, Ltd. and the
Operating Partnership. The partners in the Operating Partnership will
not be treated as members of Crescent/301 for purposes of the 100
partner requirement, based upon your representation that the Operating
Partnership's investment in 301 Congress, through Crescent/301, will
not represent substantially all of the assets of the Operating
Partnership.
(19) See, e.g., Rev. Rul. 93-38, 1993-21 I.R.B. 4, P.L.R. 9602012 (October
6, 1995) and P.L.R. 9507004 (November 8, 1994).
<PAGE> 39
Crescent Real Estate Equities Company
August 11, 1997
Page 39
the first to occur of the following: (1) at the time specified in an LLC
agreement or 30 years from the date of formation of the LLC if no time is set
forth in the LLC agreement, (2) upon the happening of events specified in an
LLC agreement, (3) by the written consent of all members, (4) by the death,
retirement, resignation, expulsion, bankruptcy, or dissolution of a member or
the occurrence of any other event which terminates the continued membership of
a member in the LLC, unless the business of the LLC is continued by the consent
of all the remaining members within 90 days following the occurrence of any
terminating event or pursuant to a right to continue stated in the LLC
agreement, or (5) by the entry of a decree of judicial dissolution under the
Delaware Limited Liability Company Act. Section 1.04 of the Crescent/301
Agreement provides that the duration of Crescent/301 is until the close of
business on December 31, 2050, or until its earlier dissolution upon an "Event
of Dissolution" in accordance with Section 12.01 of the Crescent/301 Agreement.
Section 12.01 of the Crescent/301 Agreement provides that Crescent/301 shall be
dissolved prior to December 31, 2050 upon the following "Events of
Dissolution": (1) the mutual consent of all members, (2) the withdrawal, death,
retirement, resignation, expulsion, bankruptcy, legal incapacity or dissolution
of any member, (3) a sale by Crescent/301 of its assets, or (4) a decree of
judicial dissolution. However, Section 12.05 of the Crescent/301 Agreement
provides that if any Event of Dissolution occurs with respect to CREE, Ltd.,
the business of Crescent/301 will be continued if, within ninety days, the
remaining members unanimously decide to continue the business and to approve
the admission of a new member, effective immediately before the dissolution
event. Accordingly, Crescent/301 lacked the corporate characteristic of
continuity of life.
Section 18-702(a) of the Delaware Limited Liability Company Act
provides, in part, that unless otherwise provided by the company's LLC
agreement, a membership interest is assignable in whole or in part; an
assignment of a member's interest does not entitle the assignee to participate
in the management of the business and affairs of the LLC. Section 18-704(a) of
the Delaware Limited Liability Company Act provides, in part, that an assignee
of a membership interest may become a member if and to the extent that the
company's LLC agreement so provides, or all members consent. Section 10.02 of
the Crescent/301 Agreement provides that no member may withdraw from
Crescent/301 or transfer all or any part of its interest in Crescent/301 and
that any purported transfer of an interest in Crescent/301 shall be null and
void. Accordingly, Crescent/301 lacked the corporate characteristic of free
transferability of interests.
In sum, because Crescent/301 lacked the corporate characteristics of
continuity of life and free transferability of interests, it is our opinion
that Crescent/301 had a reasonable basis for claiming partnership
classification under the Prior Regulations. Based on the foregoing, it is our
opinion that Crescent/301 will be treated as a partnership as defined in
sections 7701(a)(2) and 761(a) of the Code and not as an association taxable as
a corporation for all periods prior to January 1, 1997.
<PAGE> 40
Crescent Real Estate Equities Company
August 11, 1997
Page 40
In addition, based upon the structure and capitalization of
Crescent/301 and representations of the Operating Partnership regarding the
current ownership of Crescent/301, it is our opinion that Crescent/301 will not
constitute a publicly traded partnership for purposes of section 7704 of the
Code.(20)
xiii. SMA. The Operating Partnership owns an interest in
SMA as a general partner. Section 9.1 of the SMA Agreement provides that the
dissolution or adjudication of bankruptcy or any other occurrence which would
constitute an event of withdrawal by the Operating Partnership as general
partner (or, if there is more than one general partner, by the last remaining
general partner) causes a dissolution of SMA. Section 9.2 of the SMA Agreement
provides that in the event of a dissolution under section 9.1, SMA may be
reconstituted and its business continued only if Spectrum Dallas Associates,
L.P. ("SDA") and other limited partners with partnership interests totaling
more than 50% of the partnership interests of all limited partners
affirmatively elect to reconstitute SMA, agree on the identity of a new general
partner and execute an instrument affirming such facts. Accordingly, SMA
lacked the corporate characteristic of continuity of life.
The Operating Partnership, as general partner of SMA, owns a large
majority of the partnership interests in SMA and therefore should be viewed as
managing SMA on its own behalf. Moreover, section 7.1 of the SMA Agreement
provides that the limited partners have no power or authority with respect to
SMA except as specifically provided in the SMA Agreement, which does not
provide the limited partners with the power to remove the general partner of
SMA. Therefore, SMA lacked the corporate characteristic of centralization of
management.
As the general partner of SMA, the Operating Partnership will be
personally liable for all the debts and obligations of SMA. Moreover, the
Operating Partnership has substantial assets other than its general partner
interest in SMA. Furthermore, Crescent Equities has represented that the
Operating Partnership will act independently of the limited partners in SMA.
Therefore, SMA lacked the corporate characteristic of limited liability.
In sum, because SMA lacked the corporate characteristics of continuity
of life, centralization of management, and limited liability, it is our opinion
that SMA had a reasonable
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(20) For purposes of this opinion, we have assumed that Crescent/301 will
not be treated as having more than two partners for purposes of
section 1.7704-1(h) of the Treasury Regulations (CREE, Ltd. and the
Operating Partnership). Although the Operating Partnership is a
flow-through entity for purposes of section 1.7704-1(h)(3), we have
assumed that the partners in the Operating Partnership will not be
treated as members of Crescent/301 for purposes of the 100 partner
requirement, based upon your representation that Crescent/301 will not
represent substantially all of the assets of the Operating
Partnership.
<PAGE> 41
Crescent Real Estate Equities Company
August 11, 1997
Page 41
basis for claiming partnership classification under the Prior Regulations.
Based on the foregoing, it is our opinion that SMA will be treated as a
partnership as defined in sections 7701(a)(2) and 761(a) of the Code and not as
an association taxable as a corporation for all periods prior to January 1,
1997.
In addition, based upon the structure and capitalization of SMA and
representations of the Operating Partnership regarding SMA's current ownership,
it is our opinion that SMA will not constitute a publicly traded partnership
for purposes of section 7704 of the Code.(21)
xiv. CCRH. The Operating Partnership owns a 99.9 percent
interest in CCRH as a limited partner, while the remaining 0.1 percent general
partner's interest is owned by Crescent Commercial Realty Corp., a wholly owned
subsidiary of CREE.
The CCRH Agreement provides in section 15(a) that the dissolution,
insolvency, bankruptcy or other event of withdrawal of the general partner will
cause CCRH to terminate, unless a majority in interest of the remaining
partners consent to continue the partnership and appoint a new general partner.
Accordingly, CCRH lacked the corporate characteristic of continuity of life.
In addition, the CCRH Agreement provides in Section 14 that no partner
may transfer all or any portion of its interest in the partnership.
Accordingly, CCRH lacked the corporate characteristic of free transferability
of interests.
Based on the continued organization and operation of CCRH in
accordance with its partnership agreement and the Act, CCRH lacked the
corporate characteristics of continuity of life and free transferability of
interests. Accordingly, it is our opinion that CCRH had a reasonable basis for
claiming partnership classification under the Prior Regulations. Based on the
foregoing, it is our opinion that CCRH will be treated as a partnership as
defined in sections 7701(a)(2) and 761(e) of the Code and not as an association
taxable as a corporation for all periods prior to January 1, 1997.
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(21) For purposes of this opinion, we have assumed that SMA will not be
treated as having more than eighty partners for purposes of section
1.7704-1(h) of the Treasury Regulations. Although the Operating
Partnership is a flow-through entity for purposes of section
1.7704-1(h)(3), we have assumed that the partners in the Operating
Partnership will not be treated as members of SMA for purposes of the
100 partner requirement, based upon your representation that SMA will
not represent substantially all of the assets of the Operating
Partnership.
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Crescent Real Estate Equities Company
August 11, 1997
Page 42
In addition, based upon the structure and capitalization of CCRH and
representations of the Operating Partnership regarding CCRH's current
ownership, it is our opinion that CCRH will not constitute a publicly traded
partnership for purposes of section 7704 of the Code.(22)
9. Taxability to Crescent Equities of Distribution of Crescent
Operating Stock by Crescent Equities to Its Shareholders
The contribution of cash and assets by the Operating Partnership into
Crescent Operating was tax-free if it qualified under section 351, which
provides that a transfer to a corporation in exchange for its stock will be
tax-free provided that the transferor is in control of the corporation
following the transfer. For this purpose "control" is defined as the ownership
of stock possessing at least 80 percent of the total combined voting power of
all classes of stock entitled to vote. Section 368(c). Because, however, the
stock of Crescent Operating was distributed, first by the Operating Partnership
to its partners, and then by Crescent Equities to its shareholders, it is
necessary to take into account such distributions.
Although not directly on point, section 351(c) provides that for
purposes of determining control, a distribution by any corporate transferor of
part or all of the stock which it receives in the exchange to its shareholders
shall not be taken into account. Furthermore, the IRS has ruled that, in the
context of a complete liquidation of a partnership, the distribution by the
partnership of stock received in an exchange otherwise complying with section
351 did not violate the control requirement. Rev. Rul. 84-111, 1984-2 C.B. 88.
We also note that in the instant situation, the parties could have had the
Operating Partnership distribute the assets and cash to its partners and then
have had them contribute the cash and assets directly into Crescent Operating,
and so the situation does not suggest that the redistribution of the stock in
Crescent Operating was in any way abusive. Based upon the foregoing, it is our
opinion that the transfer of cash and assets into Crescent Operating satisfied
the requirements of section 351.
Nevertheless, under section 311, the distribution of the Crescent
Operating stock by Crescent Equities to its shareholders caused Crescent
Equities to recognize taxable income corresponding to the difference, if any,
between its basis in such Crescent Operating stock and the fair market value
thereof at the time of the distribution. Assuming, as we do, that the transfer
of cash and assets into Crescent Operating satisfied section 351, the gain so
recognized would have
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(22) For the purposes of this opinion we have assumed that CCRH will not
be treated as having more than two partners for purposes of section
1.7704-1(h) of the Treasury Regulation (Crescent Commercial Realty
Corp., Inc. and Crescent Real Estate Equities Limited Partnership (the
"Operating Partnership")). Although the Operating Partnership is a
flow-through entity for purposes of section 1.7704-1(h)(2), we have
assumed that the partners in the Operating Partnership will not be
treated as partners in CCRH for purposes of the 100 partner
requirement, based upon your representation that CCRH will not
represent substantially all of the assets of the Operating
Partnership.
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Crescent Real Estate Equities Company
August 11, 1997
Page 43
constituted gain on stock or securities. The basis of Crescent Equities in the
stock was equal to its pro rata share of the basis of the Operating Partnership
in the cash and assets transferred into Crescent Operating.
It is our opinion that the amount of gain recognized by Crescent
Equities in connection with the distribution constituted gain on the sale of
stock or securities for purposes of the gross income tests. In general, at
least 75% of a REIT's gross income for each taxable year must be from "rents
from real property," interest on obligations secured by mortgages on real
property, gains from the sale or other disposition of real property and certain
other sources; thus, gain on the sale of stock or securities does not qualify
under the 75% gross income test. Even though the gain recognized in connection
with the distribution does not qualify under the 75% gross income test,
Crescent Equities believes and has represented that the amount of such gain,
along with any other income that does not qualify under the 75% gross income
test, will not exceed 25% of the gross income of Crescent Equities for the
current taxable year. Because of the factual nature of valuation, we are
unable to render an opinion on the amount of such gain, but we have no reason
to believe that this is incorrect. Based on the foregoing, it is our opinion
that the gain recognized by Crescent Equities on the distribution of Crescent
Operating stock will not cause Crescent Equities to violate the 75% gross
income test.
In addition to the 75% gross income test, a REIT must derive less than
30% of its gross income from the sale or other disposition of (i) real property
held for less than four years; (ii) stock or securities held for less than one
year; and (iii) property sold or otherwise disposed of in a prohibited
transaction. Crescent Equities has represented that the amount of gain that
should be recognized by Crescent Equities on the distribution of Crescent
Operating stock, along with any other income that must be included under the
30% gross income test, will not exceed 30% of the gross income of Crescent
Equities for the current taxable year. Because of the factual nature of
valuation, we are unable to render an opinion on the amount of such gain, but
we have no reason to believe that this is incorrect. Based upon the foregoing,
it is our opinion that the gain recognized by Crescent Equities on the
distribution of Crescent Operating stock will not cause Crescent Equities to
violate the 30% gross income test.
10. Separate Corporate Entities
Because many, if not all, of the activities that Crescent Operating
will undertake would have an adverse impact on the status of Crescent Equities
as a REIT for federal income tax purposes were such activities to be engaged in
by the Operating Partnership, it is necessary to address the question of
whether Crescent Operating will be treated as a corporate entity separate from
and not an agent of either Crescent Equities or the Operating Partnership for
federal income tax purposes. The Operating Partnership and Crescent Operating
intend to establish a long-term business relationship. The facts as we
understand them to be are discussed below.
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Crescent Real Estate Equities Company
August 11, 1997
Page 44
According to the Restated Certificate, Crescent Operating will serve
the purpose of acting as lessee and/or operator of properties owned or to be
owned by Crescent Equities, the Operating Partnership, and other property
owners. The Restated Certificate also provides that one of Crescent
Operating's corporate purposes is to perform the Intercompany Agreement,
pursuant to which Crescent Operating and the Operating Partnership have agreed
to provide each other with rights of first opportunity and notification with
respect to certain transactions and investments. In addition, the Restated
Certificate and Intercompany Agreement prohibit Crescent Operating from
engaging in activities or making investments that a REIT could make, unless the
Operating Partnership was first given the opportunity but elected not to pursue
such activities or investments.
Some similarities in the day-to-day operations of the entities exist.
For instance, Crescent Operating's senior management is the same as that of
Crescent Equities. Five members of the Crescent Operating board are the same
as members of the Crescent Equities board, but the Crescent Operating board
will include two members unaffiliated with Crescent Equities. In addition,
both entities may have some or all of the same employees, especially at the
inception of Crescent Operating. Furthermore, Crescent Operating's ownership
was, at least initially, the same as the ownership of Crescent Equities and the
Operating Partnership. The Operating Partnership and Crescent Operating hold
themselves out to the public as separate entities, however, and do not
characterize their relationship as one between principal and agent. In
addition, it is contemplated that each corporation will be responsible for its
own contractual obligations, although certain payment obligations of Crescent
Operating related to its CBHS investment have been guaranteed by the Operating
Partnership. Furthermore, the Securities and Exchange Commission required that
Crescent Operating file a registration statement on Form S-1 because its
securities were distributed to the public. Finally, and perhaps most
important, the stock of Crescent Operating is being traded separately from that
of Crescent Equities.
The general principle of separate corporate entities was advanced by
the Supreme Court in Moline Properties v. Commissioner, 319 U.S. 436 (1943),
where a taxpayer sought to have the gain on sales of its real property treated
as the gain of its sole shareholder and have its corporate existence ignored as
merely fictitious. In Moline, the Court stated that "so long as [its] purpose
is the equivalent of a business activity or is followed by the carrying on of
business by the corporation, the corporation remains a separate taxable
entity." Id. at 439. The Tax Court has described the degree of corporate
purpose and activity requiring recognition of the corporation as a separate
entity as "extremely low" and has held that mortgaging corporate property is a
sufficient business activity to avoid classification as a dummy corporation.
Strong v. Commissioner, 66 T.C. 12, 24 (1976). Upholding the independent
existence of a one-person personal service corporation, the Tax Court concluded
that "[t]he policy favoring the recognition of corporations as entities
independent of their shareholders requires that we not ignore the
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Crescent Real Estate Equities Company
August 11, 1997
Page 45
corporate form so long as the corporation actually conducts business." Keller
v. Commissioner, 77 T.C. 1014, 1031 (1981), aff'd, 723 F.2d 58 (10th Cir.
1983).
Some of the activities leading courts to conclude that two entities
constitute separate corporations have included having separate checking
accounts, contracting in their own names, and holding themselves out to the
public as separate corporate businesses. See, e.g., Schuerholz v.
Commissioner, 35 T.C.M. (CCH) 726 (1976) (refusing to ignore the existence
separate from a partnership of an incorporated entity that engaged in such
activities, despite the absence of any annual meetings, failure to issue stock,
and lack of election of directors). Other business activities leading to
recognition of a company as a corporate entity have included the hiring and
contracting with employees, the keeping of its own books, and paying taxes.
See, e.g., Silvano Achiro v. Commissioner, 77 T.C. 881 (1981) (finding a
landfill management company that engaged in such activities to be a corporate
entity entitled to recognition). The Tenth Circuit found a business purpose to
be lacking and disregarded corporations that "paid no dividends, had no
employees, maintained no telephones, telephone listings, or separate business
addresses, and engaged in no substantive business activities." Lloyd F. Noonan
v. Commissioner, 451 F.2d 992 (9th Cir. 1971) (ignoring four corporations that
lacked a business purpose and concluding that partnership income attributed to
the corporations was properly attributable to the sole shareholders of such
corporations). Similarly, the Tax Court found bookkeeping entries and bank
accounts insufficient indicators of corporate existence where a corporation
owned no property, had no contracts except with a shareholder-employee, and did
not enter into its own arrangements with customers to whom its
shareholder-employee rendered services. Roubik v. Commissioner, 53 T.C. 365
(1969).
Applying these indicia of corporate existence to the proposed
activities of Crescent Operating and its relationship with Crescent Equities
and the Operating Partnership supports the conclusion that Crescent Operating
will be considered a corporate entity separate from Crescent Equities and the
Operating Partnership. Crescent Operating will enter into contracts, hire at
least some of its own employees, and, most important, hold itself out to the
public as a separate corporate entity. In fact, its stock is being publicly
traded separately from the stock of Crescent Equities. As the court stated in
Love v. United States, "[t]he decision to recognize or not to recognize the tax
identity of a corporation depends upon what the corporation does, not what it
is called, how many or how few own it, or how they regard it." 96 F. Supp.
919, 922 (Ct. Cl. 1951).
Even if Crescent Equities and Crescent Operating are treated as
separate entities, the non-REIT-qualified activities of Crescent Operating
could be attributed to Crescent Equities if Crescent Operating were regarded as
an agent for the Operating Partnership. In Commissioner v. Bollinger, the
Supreme Court discussed the tax treatment of corporations purporting to be
agents
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for their shareholders. 485 U.S. 340 (1988). The Court enumerated three
factors that will lead to the finding of an agency relationship with respect to
an asset: (1) the corporation acquires the asset with a written agency
agreement in place; (2) the corporation functions as an agent and not as a
principal; and (3) the corporation is held out to third parties as an agent.
Id. at 349-50.
According to the Restated Certificate, Crescent Operating will serve
the purpose of acting as lessee and/or operator of properties owned or to be
owned by Crescent Equities, the Operating Partnership, and other property
owners unaffiliated with Crescent Equities. An application of the Bollinger
factors to this broad language should not result in a characterization of the
relationship between Crescent Operating and the Operating Partnership as one
between agent and principal, especially because the Operating Partnership and
Crescent Operating will not hold themselves out to the public as principal and
agent.
Based upon the foregoing, it is our opinion that Crescent Operating
will be treated as a corporate entity separate from and not an agent of
Crescent Equities and the Operating Partnership for federal income tax
purposes.
11. Paired Share Issue
Section 269B(a)(3) of the Code requires that all entities that are
stapled entities be treated as a single entity for purposes of determining
whether any stapled entity is a REIT. A "stapled entity" is defined as any
group of two or more entities if more than 50 percent of the beneficial
ownership in each of the entities consists of stapled interests, which are
interests that, by reason of form of ownership, restrictions on transfer, or
other terms or conditions, are transferred or required to be transferred in
connection with the transfer of the other such interests.
If shares of Crescent Operating were characterized as "stapled" to
shares of Crescent Equities, then the REIT status of Crescent Equities could be
in jeopardy because the two entities would be treated as a single entity for
tax purposes. Shares of Crescent Operating have been issued independently of
Crescent Equities shares and are being publicly traded separately as well,
however. Furthermore, in a ruling in which the shareholders of a REIT were
identical to the shareholders of its lessee, the IRS stated in dicta that
having the same shareholders was not a sufficient condition to characterize the
entities as stapled. P.L.R. 8705084 (Oct. 31, 1986).(23)
Based on the foregoing, it is our opinion that the shares of Crescent
Operating and Crescent Equities are not stapled interests, and that Crescent
Operating and Crescent Equities will not be treated as stapled entities under
section 269B(a)(3) of the Code.
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(23) Private letter rulings do not have precedential effect, but do shed
light on the thinking of the Internal Revenue Service and do
constitute substantial authority under section 6662.
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12. Characterization of the Crescent Operating Note
Debt instruments, especially instruments that are held by persons
related to the debtor, may under certain circumstances be characterized for
income tax purposes as equity, rather than as debt. The characterization of an
instrument as debt or equity is a question of fact to be determined from all
surrounding facts and circumstances, no one of which is conclusive. See
Kingbay v. Commissioner, 46 T.C. 147 (1966); Hambuechen v. Commissioner, 43
T.C. 90 (1964). Among the criteria that have been found relevant in
characterizing such instruments are the following: (1) the intent of the
parties, (2) the extent of participation in management by the holder of the
instrument, (3) the ability of the corporation to obtain funds from outside
sources, (4) the "thinness" of the capital structure in relation to debt, (5)
the risk involved, (6) the formal indicia of the arrangement, (7) the relative
position of the obligees as to other creditors regarding payment of interest
and principal, (8) the voting power of the holder of the instrument, (9) the
provision of a fixed rate of interest, (10) the contingency of the obligation
to repay, (11) the source of the interest payments, (12) the presence or
absence of a fixed maturity date, (13) a provision for redemption by the
corporation, (14) a provision for redemption at the option of the holder, and
(15) the timing of the advance with reference to the organization of the
corporation. Fin Hay Realty Co. v. United States, 398 F.2d 694 (3d Cir. 1968).
The Crescent Operating Note possesses a number of attributes weighing
in favor of debt treatment. For instance, the Crescent Operating Note is
clearly denominated as debt, has a fixed maturity date of five years, provides
for the return of interest on the principal amount at a rate of 12 percent per
annum, and is secured by the Assets. In addition, Crescent Equities and the
Operating Partnership have represented that the value of the assets securing
the Crescent Operating Note exceeds the outstanding balance of the Crescent
Operating Note and that, based upon internal projections, they anticipate that
the Crescent Operating Note will be repaid in accordance with its terms.
Crescent Equities and the Operating Partnership have also represented that the
interest provided for under the Crescent Operating Note represents a
commercially reasonable rate of interest. In addition, based on our experience
and an examination of the Note, the interest appears to represent a
commercially reasonable rate of interest.
Based on the foregoing, it is our opinion that the Crescent Operating
Note constitutes debt for federal income tax purposes. Accordingly, it will
not constitute an ownership interest which could cause Crescent Equities to be
considered an owner of the Tenants under the section 318 attribution rules.
Further, it is our opinion that amounts designated as interest by the Crescent
Operating Note will be treated as interest for purposes of the 95 percent gross
income test of section 856(c).
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13. Related Party Tenant Issue
In signing the Magellan Agreement, the Operating Partnership entered
into an agreement involving the purchase of an entity that may pose a problem
under the related party rent provision of section 856(d)(2)(B) of the Code.
Although there is a possibility that a binding contract is not subject to the
application of the section rules,(25) we are not relying on that position. The
purpose of section 318 is to indicate in what circumstances taxpayers will be
deemed to have ownership interests that they do not actually have. We believe
that, whether a binding contract constitutes an option, or, arguably, actual
current ownership, a court would be likely to determine that there is no
attribution where there are significant contingencies that must be satisfied
prior to closing, but that there is attribution where any contingencies are
viewed as temporary or minor.(26)
The Magellan Agreement states that the formation of Crescent Operating
is a condition precedent to closing and that the failure of Crescent Equities
to cause the formation and distribution of Crescent Operating will not be
considered a breach entitling Magellan Health Services, Inc. to specific
performance. The requirement of the formation of a new corporate entity, which
must be independently approved by the Securities and Exchange Commission, is
clearly a significant contingency. In addition, acknowledging that ownership
by Crescent Equities of an ownership interest in CBHS or entities owned by CBHS
might lead to a violation of the REIT requirements of section 856 of the Code,
Section 8.4 of the Agreement states that neither Crescent Equities nor any
entity the assets of which would be attributed to Crescent Equities has the
right, option or obligation to enter into the Contribution Agreement or to own
any entities owned by CBHS and that any attempt to do so would be null and
void.
Based on the foregoing, it is our opinion that execution of the
Magellan Agreement will not be subject to the section 318 attribution rules
causing Crescent Equities to be considered the owner of the Tenants and that,
therefore, the rents from the Tenants should constitute rents from real
property under section 856(d).
14. Acquisition of Certain Assets from The Woodlands Corporation
a. Background
The Woodlands Corporation ("TWC") had significant real estate holdings,
directly, through wholly owned corporations, and through various partnerships
in which either TWC or a subsidiary were partners. The real estate included
office buildings, retail properties, rental housing, golf courses, a hotel,
conference centers, and residential land development projects. After merging
certain of the subsidiaries into itself, TWC merged its assets into The
Woodlands Commercial Properties Company, L.P.(the "Commercial Partnership") in
exchange for cash. The Commercial Partnership immediately divided into two
partnerships, one bearing its name and the other called The Woodlands Land
Development Company, L.P.(the "Development Partnership"), as a result of which
the commercial office buildings, the retail properties, the rental housing, the
hotel, the conference centers and the golf courses (the "Leased Properties")
were retained by the Commercial Partnership and the residential land development
projects and certain other assets (the "Development Properties") became the
assets of the Development Partnership. The partners of the Commercial
Partnership are the Operating Partnership, CresWood Development, LLC (which is
owned 100 percent by the Operating Partnership), and a group comprised of
affiliates of Morgan Stanley and various investors (the "MS Group"). The
partners of the Development Partnership are (i) The Woodlands Land Company,Inc.
("Landevco"), a corporation all of the stock of which is currently owned by the
Operating Partnership with the expectation that it will sell 5 percent of the
stock to Crescent Operating, Inc. ("COI") or another third party and retain 95
percent nonvoting common and (ii) the MS Group. A third partnership, The
Woodlands Operating Company (the "Management Company"), (a) employs the
employees previously employed by TWC and will furnish advisory and other
services to the Commercial Partnership and the Development Partnership and (b)
through a general partnership between itself and a wholly owned corporation,
WECCR General Partnership (the "Tenant Partnership"), has leased the hotel and
golf courses from the Commercial Partnership. The Partners of the Management
Partnership are COI and the MS Group.
b. Characterization of Commercial Partnership and
Development Partnership as Separate Entities
The income of the Commercial Partnership will in general consist of
items which meet the requirements of the Gross Income Tests, and the income of
the Development Partnership will consist generally of items which either do not
meet such requirements or are subject to the tax imposed by section 857 on
prohibited transactions. In light of certain linkages of these two
partnerships, discussed below, it is necessary to consider whether they would
be considered as separate entities and not as partners of or with each other,
because if they were aggregated, the effect could be to cause Crescent Equities
to be treated as realizing gross income of a nature that could jeopardize its
status as a REIT or to subject it to the tax on prohibited transactions.(24)
- ------------------------------------
(24) The succeeding opinion addresses the allocation of income under
section 704 in the event of such an aggregation.
(25) Revenue Ruling 89-64, 1989-1 C.B. 91, (Jan. 1, 1989), distinguished
between an option and a binding contract for attribution rule
purposes. The ruling held that a taxpayer whose option was not
exercisable for a stated period of time was nevertheless considered to
have an option that resulted in tax attribution. Consequently, the
language distinguishing bilateral contracts was dictum. We believe,
therefore, that reliance on this ruling would present significant tax
risks.
(26) While the Code and Treasury Regulations do not indicate the likely
effect on the attribution rules of restrictions on the exercise of an
option, some authority does exist. In Rev. Rul. 89-64, for instance,
the IRS held that the requirement that a certain period of time pass
before an option would be exercisable was not a sufficient contingency
to prevent attribution. 1989-1 C.B. 91. In contrast, in a private
letter ruling, the IRS ruled that a right of first refusal would not
trigger attribution because the right to purchase was subject to a
contingency (i.e., the obligor's decision to sell). P.L.R. 8106008
(Oct. 21, 1980).
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There are four principal links between the two partnerships. First, in
both partnerships, the timing of the shift in allocations which will occur as a
result of the economic performance of the partnerships is determined on an
aggregate basis. Second, the failure of the Operating Partnership to make
certain capital contributions to the Commercial Partnership can result in not
only a dilution of its interest in the Commercial Partnership, but also a
dilution of Landevco in the Development Partnership, and vice versa; and the
failure of the MS Group to make certain capital contributions in one of the
partnerships can similarly lead to the increase of the Operating Partnership's
interest in the Commercial Partnership and the increase of Landevco's interest
in the Development Partnership. Third, the occurrence of an event that
triggers the operation of the buy-sell provisions in one partnership will
trigger the buy-sell provisions in the other, as well.(27) Finally, the senior
debt of each partnership provides for cross-collateralization and cross-
default.
Two of these links are significantly attenuated, however, by side
agreements. The Cross Reimbursement and Indemnity Agreement provides that the
Commercial Partnership and the Development Partnership must indemnify the other
against loss occasioned by a failure of the partnership to perform under its
loan agreement. Furthermore, because of the relatively low level of leverage
being employed (approximately 60 percent for the Commercial Partnership and
approximately 72 percent for the Development Partnership), no such failure is
anticipated. Under the Cross Indemnity Agreement, the Operating Partnership and
Landevco agree to indemnify each other against any loss as a result of failure
of each to comply with the terms of its respective partnership agreement.
Again, no such failure is anticipated. It should also be noted that while a
third link, regarding the buy-sell provisions, involves a commonality of
timing, it does not result in any sharing whatsoever of profits and losses
between the two partnerships, because each partnership's buy-sell provisions
take into account only that partnership's assets.
There are, moreover, significant respects in which the two partnerships
are clearly different. As a matter of state law, the creditors of one
partnership (other than the senior lender) will have no rights against the
assets or the partners of the other partnership. Furthermore, there is no
sharing of profits and losses between the two partnerships. That is, the
partners of one partnership have absolutely no right to receive any of the
income of the other partnership and are similarly not responsible for any
losses it might realize. While the internal sharing arrangements of each
partnership base a shift in allocations upon the partnerships' performance on a
joint basis, it is nevertheless true that the partners of each partnership
share only the income of that partnership.
Whether persons are considered partners of each other for federal
income tax purposes depends on a consideration of a number of factors.
Commissioner v. Culbertson, 337 U.S. 733 (1949); Luna v. Commissioner, 42 T.C.
1067 (1964). A representative statement of these factors appears in Luna:
The following factors, none of which is conclusive, bear on the issue:
The agreement of the parties and their conduct in executing its terms;
the contributions, if any, which each party has made to the venture;
the parties' control over
- -------------------------
(27) The buy-sell provisions of the Management Company would similarly be
triggered.
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Page 50
income and capital and the right of each to make withdrawals; whether
each party was a principal and coproprietor, sharing a mutual
proprietary interest in the net profits and having an obligation to
share losses, or whether one party was the agent or employee of the
other . . .; whether business was conducted in the joint names of the
parties; whether the parties filed Federal partnership returns or
otherwise represented to [the IRS] or to persons with whom they
dealt that they were joint venturers; whether separate books of
account were maintained for the venture; and whether the parties
exercised mutual control over and assumed mutual responsibilities for
the enterprise. (citations omitted) Id. at 1077-78.
In the present case, all the formal expressions of intent indicate that
the Commercial Partnership and the Development Partnership are separate. In
addition, neither partnership (nor its partners) has any interest in the profits
of the other partnership, and the only fact that could be construed as
obligation to share losses is the cross-collateralization of the senior debt.
Accordingly, in our opinion the Commercial Partnership and the Development
Partnership will be considered for federal income tax purposes as separate
entities and not as partners of or with each other.
c. Validity of Profit and Loss Allocations in Event of Aggregation
For purposes of the following discussion it is assumed that, contrary to
our opinion, the Commercial Partnership and the Development Partnership are
aggregated and considered to constitute a single partnership.
We note that, for purposes of applying the Gross Income Tests, each
partner of a partnership is considered to share in partnership gross income and
other items in proportion to the relative size of the partner's capital
interest in the partnership. Accordingly, if the partnerships are considered a
single partnership, Crescent Equities, through its ownership interests in the
Operating Partnership and CresWood Development, LLC, would be treated as
realizing a share of the Development Partnership's gross income corresponding
to Crescent Equities' share of the total capital interest of the joint entity.
By contrast, whether Crescent Equities would be subject to the prohibited
transactions tax of section 857(b)(6) would depend on whether Crescent Equities
would be (indirectly) allocated under the rules set forth in section 704 and
the regulations thereunder any income arising from the sale of property held
for sale to customers in the ordinary course of the entity's trade or business.
Given that the allocation and capital account maintenance provisions of both
partnerships meet the requirements of Treas.Reg. Section 1.704-1(b)(2)(ii) as
to having economic effect, the issue here is whether the allocation to Crescent
Equities of the income from the Leasing Properties and the allocation to the
other partners, including Landevco, of the income from the Development
Properties would have substantial economic effect with the meaning of
Treas. Reg. Section 1.704-1(b)(2)(iii). Under this provision, the economic
effect of an allocation is not substantial if (a) the after-tax economic
consequences of at least one partner may, in present value terms, be enhanced
compared to such consequences if the allocation were not contained in the
partnership agreement and (b) there is a strong likelihood that the after-tax
economic consequences of no
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Crescent Real Estate Equities Company
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Page 51
partner will, in present value terms, be substantially diminished compared to
such consequences if the allocation were not contained in the partnership
agreement.
In the present case the test is whether the allocation to Crescent
Equities of its stated share of the income from the Leased Properties, as
opposed to some lesser percentage of the income from both the Leased Properties
and the Development Properties, (a) would provide an after-tax benefit to
Crescent Equities and (b) would not have a strong likelihood of substantially
diminishing the after-tax economic return to any partner. Given the
applicability to Crescent Equities of the prohibited transactions tax, the
first half of this test appears to be met. The facts suggest, however, that
the second half is not. That is, there is no strong likelihood that, in either
the short or the long run, the economic results of the Leased Properties and
the Development Properties will be comparable, so that a share of the income
from the Development Properties would offset the loss of a portion of the
income from the Leased Properties. Crescent Equities and the Operating
Partnership have represented this to be the case, and it is consistent with our
experience. Cf. Treas. Reg. Section 1.704-1(b)(5), Example(10) (allocation to
a foreign partner of 90 percent of all the income and other items from the
partner's operations within that country had substantial economic effect, where
the amount of such income could not predicted with any reasonable certainty).
Based upon the foregoing, it is our opinion that if, contrary to our
opinion, the Commercial Partnership and the Development Partnership are
considered to constitute one partnership for federal income tax purposes, the
allocations of profit and loss from the leased Properties to the partners of
the Commercial Partnership and the allocations of profit and loss from the
Development Properties to the partners of the Development Partnership will be
respected under section 704.
d. The Treatment under Gross Income Tests of Gross Income
from the Sale of Properties to Customers in the Ordinary Course
As noted above, if, contrary to our opinion, the Commercial Partnership
and the Development Partnership are considered to constitute a single
partnership for federal income tax purposes, Crescent Equities would be
considered to realize that portion of the income of the Development Partnership
from the sale of properties to customers in the ordinary course which
corresponds to the capital of Crescent Equities in the combined entity.
However, the language of section 856(c) clearly indicates that the Gross Income
Tests are applied by first excluding gross income from prohibited transactions.
This result has also been acknowledged by the IRS in a private letter ruling.
See P.L.R.9308013 (Nov. 24, 1992) ("P3 derives income from the sale of oil and
gas . . . . The Internal Revenue Service has previously ruled that Taxpayer's
share of such income (less appropriate deductions) is net income derived from
prohibited transactions within the meaning of Code section 857(b)(6). As a
result, Taxpayer's share of gross income, if any, from such sales is subject to
the 100 percent prohibited transaction tax and does not affect Taxpayer's
ability to meet the 95 percent and 75 percent income tests.")
In our opinion, if, contrary to our opinion, the Commercial Partnership
and the Development Partnership are considered to constitute one partnership
for federal income tax purposes,
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Crescent Real Estate Equities Company
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Page 52
the allocation to Crescent Equities under Treas. Reg. Section 1.856-3(g) of
gross income derived from the sale of Development Properties to customers in
the ordinary course of business would not be taken into account for purposes of
determining whether Crescent Equities meets the requirements of the "Gross
Income Tests."
15. The UBS Transaction
a. Background
Pursuant to the Transaction Documents, Crescent Equities has become
obligated (i) to sell 4,700,000 shares of Crescent Equities to UBS for
approximately $150,000,000, less certain fees, and (ii) to enter into a forward
purchase contract, at a higher price, with respect to an equivalent number of
shares. The forward purchase contract can be settled either in Crescent
Equities shares or, in certain circumstances at the election of Crescent
Equities, in cash.
b. Opinions
Under section 1032(a), a corporation does not recognize gain or loss
(a) upon the receipt of money or other property in exchange for its stock or
(b) with respect to any lapse or acquisition of an option to buy or sell its
stock. In Revenue Ruling 88-31, 1988-1 C.B. 30, the Internal Revenue Service
("IRS") applied this provision in a situation where a corporation issued an
investment unit consisting of its stock and a right which the IRS characterized
as a cash settlement put option (because its holder had the right to receive a
payment which increased as the value of the stock declined). Noting that,
under section 1234, gain or loss from any closing transaction with respect to,
and gain on lapse of, an option in property is generally treated as a gain or
loss from the sale or exchange of the underlying property, and that a cash
settlement option in fact settled in cash is treated as a sale or exchange of
the option, the IRS concluded that any gain resulting from the cash settlement
put option (whether settlement was in cash or via the issuance of additional
stock) covered by section 1032.
In the present case, the effect of the forward contract is economically
equivalent to the issuance of a put option and the purchase of a call option on
Crescent Equities shares. The issuance of the put option is the precise
subject of Rev. Rul. 88-31. There is no logical reason to treat the purchase
of a call option differently, and it is within the rationale of Rev. Rul.
88-31. Furthermore, the purchase of a call option is within the literal
language of section 1032(a). Accordingly, it is our opinion that any payment
to Crescent Equities under the Transaction Documents will be gain that is not
recognized under section 1032(a).
The treatment of this type of item as gross income is specifically
addressed in the regulations under section 61, which define what is gross
income. Gains or losses which are not recognized are not included or deducted
from gross income, and section 1032 is specifically mentioned among the
examples of situations involving nonrecognition. Treas. Reg. Section
1.61-7(b). It therefore follows that items of this nature cannot be taken into
account under section 856(c), which looks to gross income. In our opinion,
payments to Crescent Equities under the Transaction Documents will not be taken
into account under section 856(c).
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Page 53
16. Accuracy of the Matters Described under the Heading "Federal
Income Tax Considerations" in the Prospectus.
It is our opinion that the description of the federal income tax
considerations discussed under the heading "Federal Income Tax Considerations"
in the Prospectus is accurate and fairly summarizes the federal income tax
considerations that are likely to be material to a holder of Common Shares.
III. Additional Limitations
The foregoing opinions are limited to the specific matters covered
thereby and should not be interpreted to imply that the undersigned has offered
its opinion on any other matter. Moreover, Crescent Equities' ability to
achieve and maintain qualification and taxation as a REIT depends upon Crescent
Equities' ability to meet certain diversity of stock ownership requirements
and, through actual annual operating results, certain requirements under the
Code regarding its income, assets and distribution levels. No assurance can be
given that the actual ownership of Crescent Equities' shares and its actual
operating results and distributions for any taxable year will satisfy the tests
necessary to achieve and maintain its status as a REIT.
IV. Consent to Filing
These opinions are furnished to you solely for use in connection with the
Registration Statement. We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference of
this letter as an exhibit to the Registration Statement and to the use of our
name under the captions "Legal Matters" and "Federal Income Tax Considerations"
in the Prospectus.
Very truly yours,
SHAW, PITTMAN, POTTS & TROWBRIDGE
-----------------------------------
By: Charles B. Temkin, P.C.
<PAGE> 54
MEMORANDUM
TO: David Dean
FROM: Charles B. Temkin
Michael A. Jacobs
DATE: January 3, 1995
RE: Characterization of Income Derived from Hyatt Regency Beaver
Creek
I. OVERVIEW
Crescent Real Estate Equities Limited Partnership (the "Operating
Partnership") is about to purchase the Hyatt Regency Beaver Creek (the "Hotel
Property") from East West Properties (the "Current Owner"). Crescent Real
Estate Equities, Inc. (the "Company") is currently the sole shareholder of two
corporations, one of which is the sole general partner of and one of which is a
limited partner of the Operating Partnership. These two corporations
constitute qualified REIT subsidiaries within the meaning of section 856(i).(1)
This memorandum analyzes the impact that a purchase of the Hotel
Property will have on the ability of the Company to continue to qualify as a
real estate investment trust (a "REIT") under section 856(c). More
specifically, it analyzes whether the income the Operating Partnership will
derive from the Hotel Property will be treated as "qualifying income" for
purposes of the 75 percent and 95 percent gross income tests for REIT
qualification. This memorandum concludes that, subject to certain assumptions,
in our opinion (i) all of the income that the Operating Partnership derives
from the Hotel Property will be treated as "qualifying income" for purposes of
the 95 percent test and (ii) all of the income the Operating Partnership
derives from the Hotel Property, with the exception of certain interest income,
will be treated as "qualifying income" for purposes of the 75 percent test.
II. FACTS AND ASSUMPTIONS
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(1) All section references herein are to the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as
amended (the "Code"), or to the regulations issued thereunder, unless otherwise
noted.
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The Current Owner has contracted with Hyatt Corporation ("Hyatt") to
operate the Hotel Property. Under the terms of the agreement between the
Current Owner and Hyatt dated December 11, 1987, as amended on September 12,
1988, February 15, 1990 and October 1, 1994 (the "Management Agreement"), Hyatt
is obligated to provide all services in relation to the operation of the Hotel
Property and collect all hotel receipts. In exchange for these services, Hyatt
is reimbursed for the costs of operating the Hotel Property and paid a
management fee. This fee is paid out of hotel receipts; it is based in part on
the gross hotel receipts and in part on the profits, if any, from operation of
the Hotel Property.
Section 15.2 of the Management Agreement requires that all
assignments of the Management Agreement be approved by Hyatt and that any
assignees expressly assume the obligations of the Current Owner under the
Management Agreement. Therefore, in connection with its purchase of the Hotel
Property, the Operating Partnership will assume all of the obligations of the
Current Owner under the Management Agreement.
When the Operating Partnership purchases the Hotel Property, it will
immediately lease it to Mogul Management LLC ("Mogul") pursuant to a Lease
Agreement dated January 3, 1995 (the "Lease"). Pursuant to Article 2 of the
Lease, the Operating Partnership will assign its interest in the Management
Agreement to Mogul; and pursuant to Section 15.2 of the Management Agreement,
Mogul will assume all of the Operating Partnership's obligations thereunder.
However, as a condition of its approval of the Lease, Hyatt will require that
the Operating Partnership remain liable for all obligations of the Operating
Partnership under the Management Agreement assumed by Mogul.
Currently, Walter P. Sprunt and Richard W. Adkisson each own a 45.5
percent interest in the assets and net profits of Mogul, while Gerald W.
Haddock and John C. Goff, the managers of Mogul, each own a 4.5 percent
interest in its assets and net profits.
For purposes of this memorandum, we have examined and relied upon (1)
the Management Agreement, (2) the Lease, (3) the Articles of Organization of
Mogul Management LLC (the "Mogul Articles"), (4) the Regulations of Mogul
Management LLC (the "Mogul Regulations"), (5) the First Amended and Restated
Articles of Incorporation of Crescent Real Estate Equities, Inc. (the "Crescent
Articles"), (6) the Contract of Sale between the Current Owner and the
Operating Partnership, (7) the Consent and Assumption Agreement between Hyatt
and the Operating Partnership, and (8) such other documents or information as
we deemed necessary for the opinions set forth below. In our examination, we
have assumed the genuineness of all signatures, the legal capacity of natural
persons, the authenticity of all documents submitted to us as originals, the
conformity to original documents of all documents submitted to us as certified
or photostatic copies, and the authenticity of the originals of such copies.
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This memorandum is based upon existing provisions of the Code,
Treasury regulations, and the reported interpretations thereof by the Internal
Revenue Service ("IRS") and by the courts in effect (or, in the case of certain
proposed regulations, proposed) as of the date hereof, all of which are subject
to change, both retroactively or prospectively, and to possibly different
interpretations. We assume no obligation to update the opinions set forth in
this memorandum. We believe that the conclusions expressed herein, if
challenged by the IRS, would be sustained in court. However, because our
opinions are not binding upon the IRS or the courts, there can be no assurance
that contrary positions may not be successfully asserted by the IRS.
In addition, this memorandum is based on various assumptions and is
conditioned upon certain representations made by the Operating Partnership and
its sole general partner, Crescent Real Estate Equities, Ltd., as to factual
and other matters as set forth in the attached letter.
III. LEGAL BACKGROUND
A. 75 Percent and 95 Percent Tests
In order to qualify as a REIT for tax purposes, the Company must
satisfy certain tests with respect to the composition of its gross income on an
annual basis. First, at least 75 percent of the Company's gross income
(excluding gross income from certain prohibited transactions) for each taxable
year must consist of temporary investment income or of certain defined
categories of income derived directly or indirectly from investments relating
to real property or mortgages on real property. These categories include,
subject to various limitations, rents from real property, interest on mortgages
on real property, gains from the sale or other disposition of real property
(including interests in real property and mortgages on real property) not
primarily held for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business, income
from foreclosure property, and amounts received as consideration for entering
into either loans secured by real property or purchases or leases of real
property.(2) Second, at least 95 percent of the Company's gross income
(excluding gross income from certain prohibited transactions) for each taxable
year must be derived from income qualifying under the 75 percent test and from
dividends, other types of interest and gain from the sale or disposition of
stock or securities, or from any combination of the foregoing.(3)
In applying these income tests, REITs that are partners in a
partnership are required to include in their gross income their proportionate
share of the partnership's gross income. In addition, such REITs are to treat
this partnership gross income as retaining the same character as the items of
gross income of the partnership for purposes of section 856.(4) Thus, the
character of any
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(2) Section 856(c)(3).
(3) Section 856(c)(2).
(4) Treas. Reg. Section 1.856-3(g).
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income derived by the Operating Partnership from the Hotel Property will affect
the ability of the Company to qualify as a REIT.
B. Rents from Real Property
Rents from real property satisfy both the 75 percent and 95 percent
tests for REIT qualification only if several conditions are met. First, the
amount of rent must not be based in whole or in part on the income or profits
of any person. An amount received or accrued generally will not be excluded
from the term "rents from real property" solely by reason of being based on a
fixed percentage or percentages of receipts or sales.(5) Second, the Code
provides that rents received from a tenant will not qualify as "rents from real
property" if the REIT, or an owner of 10 percent or more of the REIT, directly
or constructively, owns 10 percent or more of such tenant (a "Related Party
Tenant").(6) Third, if rent attributable to personal property leased in
connection with a lease of real property is greater than 15 percent of the
total rent received under the lease, then the portion of rent attributable to
such personal property will not qualify as "rents from real property."(7)
Finally, for rents to qualify as "rents from real property," a REIT generally
must not operate or manage the property or furnish or render services to the
tenants of such property, other than through an independent contractor from
whom the REIT derives no revenue. However, rents will be qualified as "rents
from real property" if a REIT directly performs services in connection with the
lease of the property, if those services are "usually or customarily rendered"
in connection with the rental of space for occupancy, and such services are not
considered to be rendered to the occupant of the property.(8)
C. Income from Foreclosure Property
Income from foreclosure property is treated as "qualifying income" for
purposes of the 75 percent and 95 percent tests (although any net income from
foreclosure property is taxed at the maximum corporate rate). Foreclosure
property is any real property, and any personal property incident to such real
property, acquired by a REIT through default under a mortgage or a lease. A
REIT may elect to treat such property as foreclosure property for a grace
period of up to two years.(9) However, such property will cease to qualify as
foreclosure property if it is used by the REIT in a trade or business more than
90 days after it is acquired and it is not operated through
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(5) Section 856(d)(2)(A).
(6) Section 856(d)(2)(B).
(7) Section 856(d)(1)(C).
(8) Sections 856(d)(1)(B), 856(d)(2)(C).
(9) Section 856(e).
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an independent contractor from whom the REIT does not derive or receive any
income.(10) Moreover, property is not eligible to be treated as foreclosure
property if the lease is entered into with an intent to evict or foreclose, or
if the REIT knows or has reason to know that default would occur.(11)
I. DISCUSSION
A. Lease Will be Treated as a Lease for Federal Income Tax Purposes
In order for any income derived by the Operating Partnership from the
Hotel Property to constitute either "rents from real property," or in the case
of a default under the Lease, "gross income from foreclosure property," the
Lease must be treated as a lease for federal income tax purposes and not be
treated as a service contract, management contract or other type of
arrangement. This determination depends on an analysis of all the surrounding
facts and circumstances. In making this determination, courts have considered
a variety of factors, including the following: (i) the intent of the parties,
(ii) the form of the agreement, (iii) the degree of control over the business
conducted at the property that is provided to the lessee (e.g., whether the
lessee has substantial rights of control over the operation of the property and
its business), (iv) the extent to which the lessee has the risk of loss from
operations of the business conducted as the property (e.g., whether the lessee
bears the risk of increases in operating expenses and of decreases in
revenues), and (v) the extent to which the lessee has the opportunity to
benefit from operations of the business conducted at the property (e.g.,
whether the lessee benefits from decreased operating expenses or increased
revenues).(12)
In addition, section 7701(e) provides that a contract that purports to
be a service contract, partnership agreement, or another type of arrangement
will be treated instead as a lease of property if the contract is properly
treated as such, taking into account all relevant factors, including whether or
not: (i) the service recipient is in physical possession of the property, (ii)
the service recipient controls the property, (iii) the service recipient has a
significant economic or possessory interest in the property (e.g., the
property's use is likely to be dedicated to the service recipient for a
substantial portion of the useful life of the property, the recipient shares
the risk that the property will decline in value, the recipient shares in any
appreciation in the value of the property, the recipient shares in any savings
in the property's operating costs or the recipient bears the risk of damage to
or loss of the property), (iv) the service provider does not bear any risk of
substantially diminished receipts or substantially increased expenditures if
there is nonperformance under the contract, (v) the service provider does not
use the property concurrently to provide significant
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(10) Section 856(e)(4).
(11) Treas. Reg. Section 1.856-6(b)(3).
(12) See, e.g., Xerox Corp. v. U.S., 80-2 USTC Paragraph 9530 (Ct. Cl. Tr. Div.
1980), aff'd per curiam, 656 F.2d 659 (Ct. Cl. 1981).
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services to entities unrelated to the service recipient and (vi) the total
contract price does not substantially exceed the rental value of the property
for the contract period. Since the determination of whether a service
contract, partnership agreement, or some other type of arrangement should be
treated as a lease is inherently factual, the presence or absence of any single
factor may not be dispositive in every case.(13)
We have concluded that the Lease will be treated as a lease for
Federal income tax purposes, rather than a service contract, management
contract or other type of arrangement. This conclusion is based, in part, on
the following facts: (i) the Operating Partnership and Mogul intend their
relationship to be that of lessor and lessee (as evidenced by the terms of the
Lease), (ii) Mogul will have the right to exclusive possession, use and quiet
enjoyment of the Hotel Property during the term of the Lease and the right to
uninterrupted control in the operation of and business conducted at the Hotel
Property (subject to its assumption of the Management Agreement), (iii) Mogul
will bear the cost of, and be responsible for, capital expenditures, including
maintenance and repair of the Hotel Property, and will dictate how the Hotel
Property is maintained and improved, (iv) Mogul will bear all the costs and
expenses of operating the Hotel Property, (v) Mogul will benefit from any
savings in the costs of operating the Hotel Property during the term of the
Lease, (vi) in the event of damage or destruction to the Hotel Property, Mogul
will be at economic risk because its obligation to make rental payments will
not abate, (vii) Mogul will indemnify the Operating Partnership against all
liabilities imposed on the Operating Partnership during the term of the Lease
by reason of injury to persons or damage to property occurring at the Hotel
Property or Mogul's use, management, maintenance or repair of the Hotel
Property, (viii) Mogul is obligated to pay substantial fixed rent for the
period of use of the Hotel Property, regardless of whether its revenues exceed
its costs and expenses, and (ix) Mogul stands to incur substantial losses (or
derive substantial profits) depending on how successfully it operates the Hotel
Property.
We do not believe that our conclusion that the Lease of the Hotel
Property will be treated as a lease for Federal income tax purposes is affected
by the fact that Mogul will enter the Lease subject to its assumption of the
Operating Partnership's obligations under the preexisting Management Agreement.
The Management Agreement gives Hyatt control over the day-to-day operation of
the Hotel Property and will allow Hyatt to share with Mogul in the benefits of
any increases in revenues or cost savings in the operation of the Hotel
Property. However, Hyatt's operation of the Hotel Property will not be
controlled by the Operating Partnership, and the Management Agreement does not
affect the fact that Mogul bears most of the risk of loss if the Hotel Property
is not successful. Moreover, the IRS has issued a private letter ruling in
which it treated leases of several hotel properties as producing "rents from
real property" in a situation where the lessees had contracted with a third
party to conduct the day-to-day operations of the hotels.(14) This ruling
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(13) P.L.R. 8918012 (January 24, 1989).
(14) See, P.L.R. 8117036 (January 27, 1981).
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suggests that the IRS will respect a lease of a hotel for federal income tax
purposes even if the hotel is operated by an independent contractor rather than
by the lessee.
B. Percentage Rent Provision is not Profit-Based
Pursuant to the Lease, Mogul will be obligated to pay the Operating
Partnership base rent and percentage rent. Under the regulations, percentage
rent based on a percentage of gross receipts or sales in excess of a floor
amount, which is how the percentage rent is structured under the Lease, will
not qualify as "rents from real property" unless (i) such floor amount does
not depend in whole or in part on the income or profits of the lessee, (ii) the
percentage and the floor amount are fixed at the time the lease is entered
into, (iii) the percentage and the floor amount are not renegotiated during the
term of the lease in a manner that has the effect of basing the percentage rent
on income or profits, and (iv) the percentage and the floor amount conform with
normal business practice.(15)
Under the terms of Article 4.2 of the Lease, Mogul will pay percentage
rent equal on an annual basis to the sum of (i) 17.5 percent of the excess of
annual gross receipts from room rentals over $9,300,000 and (ii) 2.5 percent of
the excess of annual gross receipts from the food and beverage facilities at
the Hotel Property over $3,000,000. This formula will effectively reward Mogul
for any increases in gross receipts from rooms and from other sources over the
threshold amounts. This type of formula does not base the percentage rent on
Mogul's income or profits, and similar formulas have been treated by the IRS as
generating "rents from real property."(16) Moreover, the Operating Partnership
has represented that (i) the floor amounts used to compute the percentage rent
under the Lease will not depend in whole or in part on the income or profits of
any person, (ii) the percentage rent provision of the Lease will not be
renegotiated during the term of the Lease or at the expiration or earlier
termination of the Lease in a manner that has the effect of basing the rent on
income or profits, and (iii) the percentage rent provision of the Lease
conforms with normal business practice. In addition, based on our experience
and an examination of the Lease and the Hotel Property projections, the Lease
appears to conform with normal business practice.
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(15) Treas. Reg. Section 1.866-4(b)(3).
(16) See, e.g., P.L.R. 8803007 (September 23, 1987) (percentage rent based on
gross revenues in excess of gross revenues for a base year treated as "rents
from real property"); cf. P.L.R. 9104018 (October 26, 1990) (interest based on
gross revenues in excess of a floor amount treated as qualifying interest under
section 856(f)).
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C. Mogul is not a "Related Party Tenant"
Rents received from Mogul will not qualify as "rents from real
property" if Mogul is a "related party tenant." Mogul will be a "related party
tenant" if the Company, or an owner of 10 percent or more of the Company,
directly or constructively owns 10 percent or more of the assets or net profits
of Mogul.(17) Constructive ownership is determined for purposes of this test
by applying the rules of section 318(a) as modified by section 856(d)(5).
Those rules generally provide that if 10 percent or more in value of the stock
of the Company is owned, directly or indirectly, by or for any person, the
Company is considered as owning the stock owned, directly or indirectly, by or
for such person.
Mogul will not be treated as a "related party tenant" because two
individuals, Walter P. Sprunt and Richard W. Adkisson, currently each own a
45.5 percent interest in its assets and net profits. In reaching this
conclusion we recognize that Mr. Sprunt and Mr. Adkisson are the owners of
Greenbriar Associates, Inc., which is a 10 percent member of G/C Waterside
Associates, LLC, which is a 1 percent partner of Waterside Commons Limited
Partnership, a partnership whose 89 percent partner is the Operating
Partnership.(18) The Operating Partnership has represented that (i) neither
Mr. Sprunt nor Mr. Adkisson owns more than 10 percent of the value of the
Company's stock, (ii) neither Mr. Sprunt nor Mr. Adkisson is expected to own
more than 10 percent of the value of the Company's stock in the future and
(iii) neither the Operating Partnership nor the Company intends to acquire,
directly or constructively, an interest of 10 percent or more in the assets or
net profits of Mogul at any time in the future. Moreover, Article 37.5 of the
Lease limits the ability of Mogul and its members and managers to acquire,
directly or constructively, a 10 percent stock interest in the Company, and
Section 6.4 of the First Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of the
Company prevents Mogul and its members and managers from acquiring more than 8
percent of the Company's stock.
The conclusion that Mogul will not be treated as a "related party
tenant" is based on the assumption that Mogul will be treated as a partnership
for federal income tax purposes. If Mogul is not treated as a partnership for
federal income tax purposes, but is instead treated as an association taxable
as a corporation, then it is likely that Mogul will be treated as a "related
party tenant" and the rents derived under the terms of the Lease will not be
treated as "rents from real property." This is because, if Mogul were treated
as a corporation for federal income tax purposes, Gerald W. Haddock and John C.
Goff would likely be deemed to own all of its voting stock, because of the
extensive powers that they are granted as managers under the Mogul
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(17) Section 856(d)(2)(B)(ii).
(18) See Rev. Rul. 73-194, 1973-1 C.B. 355 (management company treated as an
independent contractor with respect to a REIT, where an affiliate of the
management company and the REIT were partners).
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Regulations. If this were the case, the ownership of such voting stock would
be attributed to the Company under the constructive ownership rules described
above.(19)
An entity which has associates and an objective to carry on a business
for joint profit will be treated as a partnership for federal income tax
purposes, and not as an association taxable as a corporation, if it has not
more than two of the following four characteristics of a corporation: (i)
continuity of life; (ii) centralization of management; (iii) limited liability;
and (iv) free transferability of interests.(20) The entity must also have no
other characteristics which are significant in determining its classification.
Generally, other factors are considered only insofar as they relate to the
determination of the presence or absence of the foregoing corporate
characteristics.(21) The IRS has applied this four-factor test in determining
whether limited liability companies formed under the Texas Limited Liability
Company Act (the "Act") are partnerships for federal income tax purposes.(22)
The IRS has issued Rev. Proc. 95-10, which specifies conditions which
must be satisfied for a limited liability company to receive a favorable
advanced ruling that it will be classified as a partnership for federal income
tax purposes.(23) Mogul should satisfy these conditions. However, such
conditions are applicable only in determining whether rulings will be issued
and are not intended as substantive rules for determination of partnership
status.
An organization will be treated as possessing the corporate
characteristic of continuity of life, even if the agreement organizing an
entity provides that it is to continue only for a stated period, unless a
member has the power to dissolve the organization at an earlier time.(24)
Article 6.01 of the Act provides, in part, that except as otherwise provided in
the company's regulations, a limited liability company shall be dissolved upon
the death, retirement, resignation, expulsion,
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(19) Richard Rainwater, Gerald Haddock and John Goff are each partners in
FW-Irving Partners, Ltd. (and apparently they are partners in other
partnerships as well). Richard Rainwater also owns more than 10 percent of the
value of the stock of the Company. Thus, assuming that the ownership interests
in Mogul held by Gerald Haddock and John Goff constitute stock, such interests,
along with Richard Rainwater's stock interest in the Company, will be
attributed to FW-Irving Partners, Ltd. pursuant to section 318(a)(3)(A), which
provides that stock owned, directly or indirectly, by or for a partners shall
be considered as owned by the partnership. Then, FW-Irving Partners, Ltd.'s
deemed interest in Mogul would be attributed to the Company pursuant to section
318(a)(3)(C) (as modified by section 856(d)(5)), which provides that stock
owned by any person that owns 10 percent or more of the value of the stock in a
corporation shall be considered owned by the corporation.
(20) Treas. Reg. Section 301.7701-2(a).
(21) See Rev. Rul. 79-106, 1979-1 C.B. 448.
(22) See, e.g., P.L.R. 9242025 (July 22, 1992) and P.L.R. 9218078 (January 31,
1992).
(23) 1995-3 I.R.B [ ] .
(24) Treas. Reg. Section 301.7701-2(b)(3).
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bankruptcy, or dissolution of a member or the occurrence of any other event
which terminates the continued membership of a member in the limited liability
company, unless there is at least one remaining member and the business of the
limited liability company is continued by the consent by the number of members
or class thereof stated in the articles of organization or regulations of the
limited liability company or of not so stated, by all remaining members.
Article 2 of the Mogul Articles provides that the duration of Mogul is until
the close of business on December 31, 2015, or until its earlier dissolution in
accordance with the provisions of the Act or the Regulations. Article 10.2 of
the Mogul Regulations provides, in part, that Mogul shall be dissolved upon the
withdrawal, death, retirement, resignation, expulsion, bankruptcy, legal
incapacity or dissolution of any member, unless the business of Mogul is
continued by the consent of all the remaining members within ninety days.
Accordingly, Mogul will lack the corporate characteristic of continuity of
life.
An organization will be treated as possessing the corporate
characteristic of free transferability of interests if the members owning all
or substantially all of the interests in an organization may substitute for
themselves without the consent of the other members a person who is not a
member of the organization.(25) Article 4.05 of the Act provides, in part,
that unless otherwise provided by the company's regulations, a membership
interest is assignable in whole or in part; an assignment of a member's
interest does not entitle the assignee to become, or to exercise rights or
powers of a member; and until the assignee becomes a member, the assignor
member continues to be a member and to have the power to exercise any rights or
powers of a member, except to the extent those rights or powers are assigned.
Article 4.07 of the Act provides, in part, that an assignee of a membership
interest may become a member if and to the extent that the company's
regulations so provide, or all members consent. Article 9.3 of the Mogul
Regulations provides, in part, that no member shall have the right to
substitute in its place a transferee unless consent is given by the Managers
and a majority of the other members, which consent may be withheld in the
discretion of the Managers or the other members. Accordingly, Mogul will lack
the corporate characteristic of free transferability of interests. Because
Mogul will lack the corporate characteristics of continuity of life and free
transferability of interests, it will be treated as partnership for federal
income tax purposes.
D. Incidental Personal Property
1. Rents Attributable to Personal Property Will Be Treated as
"Rents from Real Property"
As noted above, the rents attributable to the Operating Partnership's
personal property leased under or in connection with the Lease must not be
greater than 15 percent of the rents received under the Lease. The rent
attributable to personal property leased under or in connection with a lease of
real property is the amount that bears the same ratio to total rent for the
taxable
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(25) Treas. Reg. Section 301.7701-2(e).
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year as (i) the average of the adjusted bases of the personal property leased
under or in connection with a lease of real property at the beginning and at
the end of the taxable year bears to (ii) the average of the aggregate adjusted
bases of the real and personal property subject to the lease at the beginning
and at the end of such taxable year (the "Adjusted Basis Ratio").(26) The
Operating Partnership has represented that the adjusted tax basis of the
personal property leased under or in connection with the Lease will not
represent more than 15 percent of the aggregate adjusted tax basis of the Hotel
Property at any time.
2. Payments Attributable to Mogul's Acquisition of Certain
Personal Property Will Not Be Treated as "Rents from Real
Property"
Article 4.7 of the Lease provides that Mogul will be deemed to have
acquired all of the furniture, fixtures and operating equipment associated with
the Hotel Property (the "FF & E") with the proceeds of a loan from the
Operating Partnership. It further provides that Mogul is to make payments of
principal and interest on this deemed loan.
The payments that the Operating Partnership receives with regard to
the FF & E under the terms of Article 4.7 of the Lease will not qualify as
"rents from real property." Instead, such payments will be treated for federal
income tax purposes as payments of principal and interest resulting from the
Operating Partnership's deemed financing of Mogul's purchase of the FF & E. In
reaching this conclusion we have relied on the representations of the Operating
Partnership that (i) the useful life of the FF & E will be less than the term
of the Lease, (ii) the residual value of the FF & E at the end of the term of
the Lease will generally be less than 20 percent of the value of the FF & E at
the beginning of the term of the Lease, and (iii) the Operating Partnership and
Mogul will treat Mogul as the owner of the FF & E for federal income tax
purposes.
The payments pursuant to this "deemed financing," to the extent they
constitute interest, will be "qualifying income" for purposes of the 75 percent
test. However, because the deemed financing will be secured by personal,
rather than real property, such interest will not be qualifying income for
purposes of the 95 percent test.
E. Provision of Services by the Operating Partnership
1. Income Derived under the Terms of the Lease
Although the Operating Partnership may treat charges for services
customarily furnished or rendered in connection with the rental of the Hotel
Property as "rents from real property," any services rendered to the occupants
of the Hotel Property must be furnished or rendered by an
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(26) Section 856(d)(1)(C).
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independent contractor from whom the Company does not derive or receive any
income.(27) Moreover, to the extent that any independent contractors provide
noncustomary services to the occupants of the Hotel Property, the cost of such
services must not be borne by the Operating Partnership.(28)
Under the terms of the Lease, the Operating Partnership will not be
required to provide any services, customary or noncustomary, in connection with
the rental of the Hotel Property. Instead, all services relating to the
operation of the Hotel Property will be provided by Hyatt under the terms of
the Management Agreement. The Operating Partnership has represented that Hyatt
is an independent contractor within the meaning of section 856(d)(3), from
which the Company and the Operating Partnership will not derive or receive any
income. The Operating Partnership will not bear the cost of any of the
services provided by Hyatt. Instead, such costs will be borne by Mogul when it
assumes the Operating Partnership's Obligations under the Management Agreement.
Based on the foregoing, we believe that the provision of any
noncustomary services to the occupants of the Hotel Property by Hyatt will have
no effect on the qualification of the income derived from the Hotel Property as
"rents from real property." In fact, the IRS has issued a private letter
ruling in which it has treated the income derived from several leases of hotel
properties as "rents from real property" in a situation where the lessees had
contracted with a third-party to conduct the day to day operations of the
hotels.(29) Our conclusion is not altered by the fact that the Operating
Partnership will remain liable for any obligations arising under the Management
Agreement, to the extent that they are not satisfied by the Tenant. The
Operating Partnership should not be treated as bearing the cost of the services
provided by Hyatt merely because it is liable for Mogul's obligations under the
Management Agreement. The Operating Partnership is not retaining this liability
in an attempt to provide services to Mogul. Instead, it is retaining this
liability only as an accommodation, in order to gain Hyatt's consent to its
purchase of the Hotel Property. Moreover, the Operating Partnership believes
that it is highly unlikely that it will ever be required to reimburse Hyatt for
the costs and expenses of operating the Hotel Property. This is because (i)
the Hotel Property is projected to generate enough gross income to cover the
payments to Hyatt under the Management Agreement, (ii) in connection with the
Lease, Mogul will represent that it has a net worth of at least $400,000 , and
(iii) in the view of the Operating Partnership, Mogul's capitalization is
adequate to allow Mogul to assume Mogul's obligations under the Lease.
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(27) Sections 856(d)(1), 856(d)(2)(C); Treas. Reg. Section 1.512(b)-1(c)(5).
(28) Treas. Reg. Section 1.856-4(b)(5).
(29) See, P.L.R. 8117036 (January 27, 1981).
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<PAGE> 66
2. Income Derived in the Case of a Default under the Lease
If the Operating Partnership were required to reimburse Hyatt for the
costs of operating the Hotel Property because of a default by Mogul under the
terms of the Management Agreement, we have concluded that the income derived by
the Operating Partnership from the Hotel Property would be treated as
"qualifying income" for purposes of the 75 percent and 95 percent tests. This
is because, if the Operating Partnership were required to reimburse Hyatt for
the cost of operating the Hotel Property, this would constitute an event of
default under Article 16.1(c) of the Lease, allowing the Operating Partnership
to terminate Mogul's leasehold interest in the Hotel Property. As a result of
such a termination of the Lease, any income derived by the Operating
Partnership from the Hotel Property after the default would be treated as
income from foreclosure property.
The Operating Partnership would be able to continue to operate the
Hotel Property after any default under the Lease, without affecting its status
as foreclosure property, because Hyatt, an independent contractor, from whom
the Company will not derive any income, will provide all services relating to
its operation. As noted above, a REIT can use foreclosure property in the
conduct of an active trade or business, as long as this is done through the use
of an independent contractor, from whom the REIT does not derive or receive any
income.(30)
As noted above, real property acquired upon default under a lease is
not eligible to be treated as foreclosure property if the lease is entered into
with an intent to evict or foreclose, or if the REIT knows or has reason to
know that default would occur.(31) This is not the case in the present
situation because (i) the Hotel Property is projected to generate enough gross
income to produce a profit for Mogul, (ii) in connection with the Lease, Mogul
will represent that it has a net worth of at $400,000, and (iii) in the view of
the Operating Partnership, Mogul's capitalization is adequate to allow Mogul to
assume Mogul's obligations under the Lease.
The Hotel Property would in any event qualify as foreclosure property
only for a period of up to two years, beginning of the date of its acquisition
by the Operating Partnership, unless the Operating Partnership obtains an
extension of the grace period from the IRS.(32) Therefore, in the event the
Operating Partnership takes possession of the Hotel Property as a result of a
default under the lease, presumably the Operating Partnership will sell the
Hotel Property or within two years rent it to another tenant under a lease
that will produce "rents from real property."
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(30) Section 856(e)(4)(C). (The IRS clearly intended for REITs to be able to
treat hotels operated by independent contractors as foreclosure property. For
instance, the Treasury regulations defining foreclosure property refer to hotel
properties twice. See, Treas. Reg. Sections 1.856-6(b)(2), 1.856-6(d)(2). In
addition, the IRS has also recently issued a private letter ruling in which it
treated income received from hotels acquired pursuant to a bankruptcy petition
as income from foreclosure property, where the hotels were operated by third
party managers. P.L.R. 9420013 (2/15/94).)
(31) Treas. Reg. Section 1.856-6(b)(3).
(32) Section 856(e)(2).
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<PAGE> 67
CONCLUSION
Based on the assumptions stated above, it is our opinion that (i) all
of the income that the Operating Partnership derives from the Hotel Property
will be treated as "qualifying income" for purposes of the 95 percent test and
(ii) all of the income the Operating Partnership derives from the Hotel
Property, with the exception of the interest income attributable to the deemed
financing of Mogul's acquisition of the FF & E, will be treated as "qualifying
income" for purposes of the 75 percent test.
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<PAGE> 68
April 1, 1996
Crescent Real Estate Equities, Inc.
900 Third Avenue, Suite 1800
New York New York 10022
Ladies and Gentlemen:
On January 3, 1995 we provided you with a memorandum analyzing the
impact of the purchase of the Hyatt Regency Beaver Creek (the "Hotel Property")
by Crescent Real Estate Equities Limited Partnership (the "Operating
Partnership") would have on the ability of Crescent Real Estate Equities, Inc.
(the "Company") to continue to qualify as a real estate investment trust (a
"REIT") under section 856(c).(1) That memorandum concluded that, subject to
certain assumptions, in our opinion (i) all of the income that the Operating
Partnership derived from the Hotel Property would be treated as "qualifying
income" for purposes of the 95 percent gross income test for REIT qualification
under section 856(c)(2) (the "95 percent test") and (ii) all of the income that
the Operating Partnership derived from the Hotel Property, with the exception
of certain interest income, would be treated as "qualifying income" for
purposes of the 75 percent gross income test for REIT qualification under
section 856(c)(3) (the "75 percent test"). The January 3, 1995 memorandum was
based upon, among other items, our review of a Lease Agreement between dated
January 3, 1995 between the Operating Partnership, as lessor, and Mogul
Management LLC ("Mogul"), as lessee, dated January 3, 1995 (the "Original
Lease").
On October 6, 1995, the Original Lease was amended to provide for the
subordination of the leasehold estate created by the Original Lease to any lien
or encumbrance placed against all or any part of the Hotel Property and to
provide for the approval by the Operating Partnership of a proposed merger of
Mogul into RoseStar Management, LLC, a Texas limited liability company
("RoseStar"). Currently, Sanjay Varma owns a 91 percent interest in the assets
and net profits of RoseStar, while Gerald W. Haddock and John C. Goff, the
managers of RoseStar, each own a 4.5 percent interest in its assets and net
profits.
Also on October 6, 1995, the Operating Partnership conveyed all of its
interest as lessor under the Original Lease to Crescent Real Estate Funding II,
L.P., a Delaware limited
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(1) All section references are to the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as
amended (the "Code"), or to the regulations issued thereunder, unless
otherwise noted.
<PAGE> 69
Crescent Real Estate Equities, Inc.
April 1, 1996
Page 2
Partnership ("Funding II"). Funding II assumed all of the Operating
Partnership's liabilities and obligations under the Original Lease.
On January 1, 1996, the Funding II, Mogul and Rose Star executed an
Amended and Restated Lease Agreement for the Hotel Property (hereinafter the
Original Lease as amended and restated is referred to as the "Lease").
On February 9, 1996, Mogul was merged with and into RoseStar and
RoseStar succeeded Mogul as lessee under the Lease.
On March 29, 1996, pursuant to an Assignment and Assumption of
Leasehold Estate, RoseStar sold and assigned all of its interest and estate as
lessee under the Lease to RoseStar Southwest, LLC, a Delaware limited liability
company ("Southwest"). RoseStar owns a 99 percent interest in Southwest, while
the remaining one percent interest is owned by RSSW Corp., a Delaware
corporation.
On April 1, 1996, the Lease was amended to provide that, among other
things, (1) at all times during the term of the Lease, Southwest and RoseStar
would maintain a cumulative net worth equal to $200,000; and (2) Southwest
would retain all of the income it earned with respect to the Hotel Property
(except distributions to its beneficial owners in an amount sufficient to pay
their federal and state income taxes on the income) until such time as
Southwest and any affiliate of Southwest (including RoseStar) which has entered
into a long-term lease of a hotel with Funding II or any affiliate of Funding
II (including the Operating Partnership) have accumulated and are holding in
reserve funds in the aggregate which are sufficient to enable Southwest and any
affiliated entities to pay at least one monthly payment of base rent under each
lease between Southwest (or any affiliated entities) and Funding II or an
affiliate of Funding II.
This letter is intended to update the opinions expressed in our
January 3, 1995 memorandum to reflect the changes in the Lease Agreement and
the substitution of new parties as lessor and lessee of the Hotel Property.
The opinions set forth herein are based upon the existing provisions of the
Code, and the reported interpretations thereof by the IRS and by the courts in
effect as of the date hereof, all of which are subject to change, both
retroactively or prospectively, and to possibly different interpretations. We
assume no obligation to update the opinions set forth in this letter. We
believe that the conclusions expressed herein, if challenged by the IRS, would
be sustained in court. However, because our opinions are not binding upon the
IRS or the courts, there can be no assurance that contrary positions may not be
successfully asserted by the IRS.
<PAGE> 70
Crescent Real Estate Equities, Inc.
April 1, 1996
Page 3
I. Documents and Representations
For the purpose of rendering this opinion, we have examined
and relied on originals, or copies certified or otherwise identified to our
satisfaction, of the following: (1) the Original Lease; (2) the Amendment to
Lease Agreement between the Operating Partnership and Mogul dated October 6,
1995; (3) the Lease; (4) the Assignment and Assumption of Leasehold Estate by
and between RoseStar and Southwest dated March 29, 1996; (5) the First
Amendment to the Lease dated April 1, 1996; (6) the Limited Guaranty Agreement
by Gerald Haddock, John Goff and Sanjay Varma, as guarantors in favor of
Funding II (the "Guaranty); (7) the Articles of Organization of RoseStar
Management, LLC (the "RoseStar Articles"); (8) the Regulations of RoseStar
Management, LLC (the "RoseStar Regulations"); (9) the Operating Agreement of
RoseStar Southwest, LLC; (10) the First Amended and Restated Articles of
Incorporation of Crescent Real Estate Equities, Inc. (the "Crescent Articles");
and (11) such other documents or information as we have deemed necessary for
the opinion set forth below. In our examination, we have assumed the
genuineness of all signatures, the legal capacity of natural persons, the
authenticity of all documents submitted to us as originals, the conformity to
original documents of all documents submitted to us as certified or photostatic
copies, and the authenticity of the originals of such copies.
For the purpose of rendering this opinion, we have also assumed that
all statements of facts and assumptions described in our January 3, 1995
memorandum remain correct, unless otherwise noted.
II. Opinions
A. Lease Will be Treated as a Lease for Federal Income Tax Purposes
In order for any income derived by Funding II from the Hotel Property
to constitute either "rents from real property," or in the case of a default
under the Lease, "gross income from foreclosure property," the Lease must be
treated as a lease for federal income tax purposes and not be treated as a
service contract, management contract or other type of arrangement. This
determination depends on an analysis of all the surrounding facts and
circumstances. In making this determination, courts have considered a variety
of factors, including the following: (i) the intent of the parties, (ii) the
form of the agreement, (iii) the degree of control over the business conducted
at the property that is provided to the lessee (e.g., whether the lessee has
substantial rights of control over the operation of the property and its
business), (iv) the extent to which the lessee has the risk of loss from
operations of the business conducted as the property (e.g., whether the lessee
bears the risk of increases in operating expenses and of decreases in
revenues), and (v) the extent to which the lessee has
<PAGE> 71
Crescent Real Estate Equities, Inc.
April 1, 1996
Page 4
the opportunity to benefit from operations of the business conducted at the
property (e.g., whether the lessee benefits from decreased operating expenses
or increased revenues).(2)
In addition, section 7701(e) provides that a contract that purports to
be a service contract, partnership agreement, or another type of arrangement
will be treated instead as a lease of property if the contract is properly
treated as such, taking into account all relevant factors, including whether or
not: (i) the service recipient is in physical possession of the property, (ii)
the service recipient controls the property, (iii) the service recipient has a
significant economic or possessory interest in the property (e.g., the
property's use is likely to be dedicated to the service recipient for a
substantial portion of the useful life of the property, the recipient shares
the risk that the property will decline in value, the recipient shares in any
appreciation in the value of the property, the recipient shares in any savings
in the property's operating costs or the recipient bears the risk of damage to
or loss of the property), (iv) the service provider does not bear any risk of
substantially diminished receipts or substantially increased expenditures if
there is nonperformance under the contract, (v) the service provider does not
use the property concurrently to provide significant services to entities
unrelated to the service recipient and (vi) the total contract price does not
substantially exceed the rental value of the property for the contract period.
Since the determination of whether a service contract, partnership agreement,
or some other type of arrangement should be treated as a lease is inherently
factual, the presence or absence of any single factor may not be dispositive in
every case.(3)
We have concluded that the Lease will be treated as a lease for
Federal income tax purposes, rather than a service contract, management
contract or other type of arrangement. This conclusion is based, in part, on
the following facts: (i) Funding II and Southwest intend their relationship to
be that of lessor and lessee (as evidenced by the terms of the Lease), (ii)
Southwest has the right to exclusive possession, use and quiet enjoyment of the
Hotel Property during the term of the Lease and the right to uninterrupted
control in the operation of and business conducted at the Hotel Property
(subject to its assumption of the Management Agreement), (iii) Southwest will
bear the cost of, and be responsible for, capital expenditures, including
maintenance and repair of the Hotel Property, and will dictate how the Hotel
Property is maintained and improved (with the exception that Funding II, as
lessor, is responsible for the cost of certain capital expenditures in
situations where the funds available to Southwest are insufficient for such
expenditures), (iv) Southwest will bear all the costs and expenses of operating
the Hotel Property (with the exception of the costs of replacing certain
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(2) See, e.g., Xerox Corp. v. U.S., 80-2 USTC Paragraph 9530 (Ct. Cl. Tr.
Div. 1980), aff'd per curiam, 656 F.2d 659 (Ct. Cl. 1981).
(3) P.L.R. 8918012 (January 24, 1989).
<PAGE> 72
Crescent Real Estate Equities, Inc.
April 1, 1996
Page 5
FF & E associated with the Hotel Property, which is to be funded by Funding
II), (v) Southwest will benefit from any savings in the costs of operating the
Hotel Property during the term of the Lease, (vi) in the event of damage or
destruction to the Hotel Property, Southwest will be at economic risk because
its obligation to make rental payments will not abate, (vii) Southwest will
indemnify Funding II against all liabilities imposed on Funding II during the
term of the Lease by reason of injury to persons or damage to property
occurring at the Hotel Property or Southwest's use, management, maintenance or
repair of the Hotel Property, (viii) Southwest is obligated to pay substantial
fixed rent for the period of use of the Hotel Property, regardless of whether
its revenues exceed its costs and expenses, and (ix) Southwest stands to incur
substantial losses (or derive substantial profits) depending on how
successfully it operates the Hotel Property.
We do not believe that our conclusion that the Lease of the Hotel
Property will be treated as a lease for Federal income tax purposes is affected
by the fact that Southwest assumed RoseStar's rights and obligations as lessor
under the Lease subject to its assumption of Funding II's obligations under the
preexisting Management Agreement. The Management Agreement gives Hyatt control
over the day-to-day operation of the Hotel Property and will allow Hyatt to
share with Southwest in the benefits of any increases in revenues or cost
savings in the operation of the Hotel Property. However, Hyatt's operation of
the Hotel Property is not controlled by Funding II, and the Management
Agreement does not affect the fact that Southwest bears most of the risk of
loss if the Hotel Property is not successful. Moreover, the IRS has issued a
private letter ruling in which it treated leases of several hotel properties as
producing "rents from real property" in a situation where the lessees had
contracted with a third party to conduct the day-to-day operations of the
hotels.(4) This ruling suggests that the IRS will respect a lease of a hotel
for federal income tax purposes even if the hotel is operated by an independent
contractor rather than by the lessee.
The Lease is currently structured in form so that Funding II retains
ownership of all the personal property leased to Southwest in connection with
Southwest's lease of the Hotel Property (the "FF&E"). However, if the term of
the Lease equals or exceeds the useful life of some or all of the FF&E, it is
possible that the Lease could be treated for federal income tax purposes as a
financing arrangement. In such a case, Southwest would be treated as having
acquired ownership of the FF&E for federal income tax purposes in exchange for
an obligation to make future payments of principal and interest to Funding II.
Nonetheless, we do not believe that the recharacterization of the Lease as a
financing arrangement with respect to the FF&E would have a material effect on
the ability of the Company to satisfy the requirements for taxation as a REIT.
We reach this conclusion on the basis that, if a portion of the payments made
by Southwest under the Lease were characterized as interest on
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(4) See, P.L.R. 8117036 (January 27, 1981).
<PAGE> 73
Crescent Real Estate Equities, Inc.
April 1, 1996
Page 6
indebtedness secured by the FF&E, rather than rents from real property, that
portion would still satisfy the 95 percent gross income test (although it would
not satisfy the 75% gross income test).(5)
B. Percentage Rent Provision is not Profit-Based
Pursuant to the Lease, Southwest will be obligated to pay Funding II
base rent and percentage rent. Under the regulations, percentage rent based on
a percentage of gross receipts or sales in excess of a floor amount, which is
how the percentage rent is structured under the Lease, will not qualify as
"rents from real property" unless (i) such floor amount does not depend in
whole or in part on the income or profits of the lessee, (ii) the percentage
and the floor amount are fixed at the time the lease is entered into, (iii) the
percentage and the floor amount are not renegotiated during the term of the
lease in a manner that has the effect of basing the percentage rent on income
or profits, and (iv) the percentage and the floor amount conform with normal
business practice.(6)
Under the terms of Article 4.2 of the Lease, Southwest will pay
percentage rent equal on an annual basis to the sum of (i) 17.5 percent of the
excess of annual gross receipts from room rentals over $9,300,000 and (ii) 2.5
percent of the excess of annual gross receipts from the food and beverage
facilities at the Hotel Property over $3,000,000. This formula is unchanged
from the formula in the Original Lease between the Operating Partnership and
Mogul. It will effectively reward Southwest for any increases in gross
receipts from rooms and from other sources over the threshold amounts. This
type of formula does not base the percentage rent on Southwest's income or
profits, and similar formulas have been treated by the IRS as generating "rents
from real property."(7) Moreover, Funding II has represented that (i) the floor
amounts used to compute the percentage rent under the Lease do not depend in
whole or in part on the income or profits of any person, (ii) the percentage
rent provision of the Lease has not been and will not be renegotiated during
the term of the Lease or at the expiration or earlier termination of the Lease
in a manner that has the effect of basing the rent
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(5) If the Lease were recharacterized as a financing arrangement with
respect to the FF&E, it also might result in some minor timing
differences with respect to the Company's recognition of
income. These differences would result from (a) the
recharacterization of a portion Soutwest's payments under the Lease as
a return of principal and (b) the Company's loss of any depreciation
deductions attributable to the FF&E.
(6) Treas. Reg. Section 1.866-4(b)(3).
(7) See, e.g., P.L.R. 8803007 (September 23, 1987) (percentage rent based
on gross revenues in excess of gross revenues for a base year
treated as "rents from real property"); cf. P.L.R. 9104018 (October
26, 1990) (interest based on gross revenues in excess of a floor
amount treated as qualifying interest under section 856(f)).
<PAGE> 74
Crescent Real Estate Equities, Inc.
April 1, 1996
Page 7
on income or profits, and (iii) the percentage rent provision of the Lease
conforms with normal business practice. In addition, based on our experience
and an examination of the Lease and the Hotel Property projections, the Lease
appears to conform with normal business practice.
C. Southwest is not a "Related Party Tenant"
Rents received from Southwest will not qualify as "rents from real
property" if Southwest is a "related party tenant." Southwest will be a
"related party tenant" if the Company, or an owner of 10 percent or more of the
Company, directly or constructively owns 10 percent or more of the assets or
net profits of Southwest.(8) Constructive ownership is determined for purposes
of this test by applying the rules of section 318(a) as modified by section
856(d)(5). Those rules generally provide that if 10 percent or more in value
of the stock of the Company is owned, directly or indirectly, by or for any
person, the Company is considered as owning the stock owned, directly or
indirectly, by or for such person.
Southwest will not be treated as a "related party tenant" because a 99
percent interest in Southwest's assets and net profits will be owned by
RoseStar, with the remaining one percent interest owned by RSSW Corp. An
individual, Sanjay Varma, currently owns a 91 percent interest in the assets
and net profits of RoseStar and RSSW Corp. In reaching this conclusion, we
recognize that Sanjay Varma owns certain Units of the Operating Partnership.(9)
Funding II has represented that (i) Sanjay Varma does not own more than 10
percent of the value of the Company's stock, (ii) Sanjay Varma is not expected
to own more than 10 percent of the value of the Company's stock in the future,
and (iii) neither the Funding II nor the Company intends to acquire, directly
or constructively, an interest of 10 percent or more in the assets or net
profits of RoseStar at any time in the future. Moreover, Article 7.8 of the
Lease limits the ability of Southwest or any person owning an interest in
Southwest (including RoseStar) to acquire, directly or constructively, a 6
percent stock interest in the Company, and Section 6.4 of the First Amended and
Restated Articles of Incorporation of the Company prevents RoseStar and its
members and managers from acquiring more than 8 percent of the Company's stock.
The conclusion that Southwest will not be treated as a "related party
tenant" is based on the assumption that its member RoseStar will be treated as
a partnership for federal income tax purposes. If RoseStar is not treated as a
partnership for federal income tax purposes, but
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(8) Section 856(d)(2)(B)(ii).
(9) See Rev. Rul. 73-194, 1973-1 C.B. 355 (management company treated as
an independent contractor with respect to a REIT, where an
affiliate of the management company and the REIT were partners).
<PAGE> 75
Crescent Real Estate Equities, Inc.
April 1, 1996
Page 8
is instead treated as an association taxable as a corporation, then it is
possible that Southwest would be treated as a "related party tenant" and the
rents derived under the terms of the Lease would not be treated as "rents from
real property." This is because, if RoseStar were treated as a corporation for
federal income tax purposes, Gerald W. Haddock and John C. Goff would likely be
deemed to own all of its voting stock, because of the extensive powers that
they are granted as managers under the RoseStar Regulations. If this were the
case, the ownership of such voting stock (and ownership of Southwest) might be
attributed to the Company under a literal reading of the constructive ownership
rules described above.(10)
An entity which has associates and an objective to carry on a business
for joint profit will be treated as a partnership for federal income tax
purposes, and not as an association taxable as a corporation, if it has not
more than two of the following four characteristics of a corporation: (i)
continuity of life; (ii) centralization of management; (iii) limited liability;
and (iv) free transferability of interests.(11) The entity must also have no
other characteristics which are significant in determining its classification.
Generally, other factors are considered only insofar as they relate to the
determination of the presence or absence of the foregoing corporate
characteristics.(12) The IRS has applied this four-factor test in determining
whether limited liability companies formed under the Texas Limited Liability
Company Act (the "Act") are partnerships for federal income tax purposes.(13)
The IRS has issued Rev. Proc. 95-10, which specifies conditions which must be
satisfied for a limited liability company to receive a favorable advanced
ruling that it will be classified as a partnership for federal income tax
purposes.(14) RoseStar should satisfy these conditions. However, such
conditions are
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(10) Richard Rainwater, Gerald Haddock and John Goff are each partners in
FW-Irving Partners, Ltd. (and apparently they are partners in
other partnerships as well). Richard Rainwater also owns more than 10
percent of the value of the stock of the Company. Thus, assuming that
the ownership interests in RoseStar held by Gerald Haddock and John
Goff constitute stock, such interests, along with Richard Rainwater's
stock interest in the Company, will be attributed to FW-Irving
Partners, Ltd. pursuant to section 318(a)(3)(A), which provides that
stock owned, directly or indirectly, by or for a partners shall be
considered as owned by the partnership. Then, FW-Irving Partners,
Ltd.'s deemed interest in RoseStar would be attributed to the Company
pursuant to section 318(a)(3)(C) (as modified by section 856(d)(5)),
which provides that stock owned by any person that owns 10 percent or
more of the value of the stock in a corporation shall be considered
owned by the corporation. As you are aware, however, we have opined
to you in a similar context that we do not believe that these
attribution rules should be read literally.
(11) Treas. Reg. Section 301.7701-2(a).
(12) See Rev. Rul. 79-106, 1979-1 C.B. 448.
(13) See, e.g., P.L.R. 9242025 (July 22, 1992) and P.L.R. 9218078 (January
31, 1992).
(14) 1995-3 I.R.B. 20.
<PAGE> 76
Crescent Real Estate Equities, Inc.
April 1, 1996
Page 9
applicable only in determining whether rulings will be issued and are not
intended as substantive rules for determination of partnership status.
An organization will be treated as possessing the corporate
characteristic of continuity of life, even if the agreement organizing an
entity provides that it is to continue only for a stated period, unless a
member has the power to dissolve the organization at an earlier time.(15)
Article 6.01 of the Act provides, in part, that except as otherwise provided in
the company's regulations, a limited liability company shall be dissolved upon
the death, retirement, resignation, expulsion, bankruptcy, or dissolution of a
member or the occurrence of any other event which terminates the continued
membership of a member in the limited liability company, unless there is at
least one remaining member and the business of the limited liability company is
continued by the consent by the number of members or class thereof stated in
the articles of organization or regulations of the limited liability company or
of not so stated, by all remaining members. Article 2 of the RoseStar Articles
provides that the duration of RoseStar is until the close of business on
December 31, 2015, or until its earlier dissolution in accordance with the
provisions of the Act or the Regulations. Article 10.2 of the RoseStar
Regulations provides, in part, that RoseStar shall be dissolved upon the
withdrawal, death, retirement, resignation, expulsion, bankruptcy, legal
incapacity or dissolution of any member, unless the business of RoseStar is
continued by the consent of all the remaining members within ninety days.
Accordingly, RoseStar will lack the corporate characteristic of continuity of
life.
An organization will be treated as possessing the corporate
characteristic of free transferability of interests if the members owning all
or substantially all of the interests in an organization may substitute for
themselves without the consent of the other members a person who is not a
member of the organization.(16) Article 4.05 of the Act provides, in part,
that unless otherwise provided by the company's regulations, a membership
interest is assignable in whole or in part; an assignment of a member's
interest does not entitle the assignee to become, or to exercise rights or
powers of a member; and until the assignee becomes a member, the assignor
member continues to be a member and to have the power to exercise any rights or
powers of a member, except to the extent those rights or powers are assigned.
Article 4.07 of the Act provides, in part, that an assignee of a membership
interest may become a member if and to the extent that the company's
regulations so provide, or all members consent. Article 9.3 of the RoseStar
Regulations provides, in part, that no member shall have the right to
substitute in its place a transferee unless consent is given by the Managers
and a majority of the other members, which consent may be withheld in the
discretion of the Managers or the
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(15) Treas. Reg. Section 301.7701-2(b)(3).
(16) Treas. Reg. Section 301.7701-2(e).
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Crescent Real Estate Equities, Inc.
April 1, 1996
Page 10
other members. Accordingly, RoseStar will lack the corporate characteristic of
free transferability of interests. Because RoseStar will lack the corporate
characteristics of continuity of life and free transferability of interests, in
our opinion it will be treated as partnership for federal income tax purposes.
D. Incidental Personal Property
1. Rents Attributable to Personal Property Will Be Treated as
"Rents from Real Property"
The rents attributable to Funding II's personal property leased under
or in connection with the Lease must not be greater than 15 percent of the
rents received under the Lease. The rent attributable to personal property
leased under or in connection with a lease of real property is the amount that
bears the same ratio to total rent for the taxable year as (i) the average of
the adjusted bases of the personal property leased under or in connection with
a lease of real property at the beginning and at the end of the taxable year
bears to (ii) the average of the aggregate adjusted bases of the real and
personal property subject to the lease at the beginning and at the end of such
taxable year (the "Adjusted Basis Ratio").(17) Funding II has represented that
the adjusted tax basis of the personal property leased under or in connection
with the Lease (including, for the period beginning on January 1, 1996, any
furniture, fixtures or equipment formerly treated as owned by Mogul, as
described below) has not represented and will not represent more than 15
percent of the aggregate adjusted tax basis of the Hotel Property at any time.
2. Payments Attributable to Mogul's Deemed Acquisition of Certain
Personal Property Will Not Be Treated as "Rents from Real
Property"
Article 4.7 of the Original Lease provided that Mogul was to be deemed
to have acquired all of the furniture, fixtures and operating equipment
associated with the Hotel Property (the "FF & E") with the proceeds of a loan
from the Operating Partnership. It further provided that Mogul was to make
payments of principal and interest on this deemed loan. Pursuant to Funding
II's assumption of all of the Operating Partnership's liabilities and
obligations under the Original Lease, after October 6, 1995, all payments of
principal and interest on this deemed loan were accrued by Funding II. On
January 1, 1996, in connection with the execution of the Lease, Article 4.7 of
the Original Lease ceased to be effective and the parties ceased to treat the
FF & E as owned by Mogul. Instead, beginning on January 1, 1996, the FF & E
has been treated by all parties as if it had been conveyed by Mogul to
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(17) Section 856(d)(1)(C).
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Crescent Real Estate Equities, Inc.
April 1, 1996
Page 11
Funding II in exchange for the cancellation the balance owed by Mogul under the
deemed financing arrangement established under the Original Lease.
The payments that the Operating Partnership and Funding II received
with regard to the FF & E under the terms of Article 4.7 of the Original Lease
prior to January 1, 1996 did not qualify as "rents from real property."
Instead, such payments were treated for federal income tax purposes as payments
of principal and interest resulting from a deemed financing of Mogul's purchase
of the FF & E.
The payments pursuant to this "deemed financing," to the extent they
constituted interest, were "qualifying income" for purposes of the 75 percent
test. However, because the deemed financing was secured by personal, rather
than real property, such interest was not qualifying income for purposes of the
95 percent test.
E. Provision of Services by the Funding II
1. Income Derived under the Terms of the Lease
Although Funding II may treat charges for services customarily
furnished or rendered in connection with the rental of the Hotel Property as
"rents from real property," any services rendered to the occupants of the Hotel
Property must be furnished or rendered by an independent contractor from whom
the Company does not derive or receive any income.(18) Moreover, to the extent
that any independent contractors provide noncustomary services to the occupants
of the Hotel Property, the cost of such services must not be borne by Funding
II.(19)
Under the terms of the Lease, Funding II will not be required to
provide any services, customary or noncustomary, in connection with the rental
of the Hotel Property. Instead, all services relating to the operation of the
Hotel Property will be provided by Hyatt under the terms of the Management
Agreement. Funding II has represented that Hyatt is an independent contractor
within the meaning of section 856(d)(3), from which the Company and Funding II
will not derive or receive any income. Funding II will not bear the cost of
any of the services provided by Hyatt. Instead, such costs are borne by
Southwest, because it has assumed Funding II's obligations, as owner, under the
Management Agreement.
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(18) Sections 856(d)(1), 856(d)(2)(C); Treas. Reg. Section 1.512(b)-1(c)(5).
(19) Treas. Reg. Section 1.856-4(b)(5).
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Crescent Real Estate Equities, Inc.
April 1, 1996
Page 12
Based on the foregoing, we believe that the provision of any
noncustomary services to the occupants of the Hotel Property by Hyatt will have
no effect on the qualification of the income derived from the Hotel Property as
"rents from real property." In fact, the IRS has issued a private letter
ruling in which it has treated the income derived from several leases of hotel
properties as "rents from real property" in a situation where the lessees had
contracted with a third-party to conduct the day to day operations of the
hotels.(20) Our conclusion is not altered by the fact that Funding II will
remain liable for any obligations arising under the Management Agreement, to
the extent that they are not satisfied by Southwest. Funding II should not be
treated as bearing the cost of the services provided by Hyatt merely because it
is liable for Southwest's obligations under the Management Agreement. Funding
II is not retaining this liability in an attempt to provide services to
Southwest. Instead, it is retaining this liability only as an accommodation to
Hyatt. Moreover, Funding II believes that it is highly unlikely that it will
ever be required to reimburse Hyatt for the costs and expenses of operating the
Hotel Property. This is because (i) the Hotel Property is projected to
generate enough gross income to cover the payments to Hyatt under the
Management Agreement, (ii) in connection with Section 7.7 the Lease, as
amended, Southwest has represented that it has a net worth of at least
$200,000, (iii) in connection with Section 7.9 of the Lease, as amended,
Southwest has agreed to retain all of the income it earns from the Hotel
Property (except distributions to its beneficial owners in an amount sufficient
to pay their federal and state income taxes on such income) until such time as
Southwest and any affiliate of Southwest (including RoseStar) which has entered
into a long-term lease of a hotel with Funding II or any affiliate of Funding
II (including the Operating Partnership) have accumulated and are holding in
reserve funds in the aggregate which are sufficient to enable Southwest and any
affiliated entities to pay at least one monthly payment of base rent under each
lease between Southwest and any such affiliated entities and Funding II or an
affiliate of Funding II, (iv) pursuant to the Guaranty, RoseStar's individual
members have guaranteed RoseStar's obligations under the Lease, and (v) in the
view of Funding II, Southwest's capitalization is adequate to allow Southwest
to assume its obligations as lessee under the Lease.
2. Income Derived in the Case of a Default under the Lease
If Funding II were required to reimburse Hyatt for the costs of
operating the Hotel Property because of a default by Southwest under the terms
of the Management Agreement, we have concluded that the income derived by
Funding II from the Hotel Property would be treated as "qualifying income" for
purposes of the 75 percent and 95 percent tests. This is because, if Funding
II were required to reimburse Hyatt for the cost of operating the Hotel
Property, this would constitute an event of default under Article 16.1(c) of
the Lease, allowing Funding II to terminate Southwest's leasehold interest in
the Hotel Property. As a
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(20) See, P.L.R. 8117036 (January 27, 1981).
<PAGE> 80
Crescent Real Estate Equities, Inc.
April 1, 1996
Page 13
result of such a termination of the Lease, any income derived by Funding II
from the Hotel Property after the default would be treated as income from
foreclosure property.
Funding II would be able to continue to operate the Hotel Property
after any default under the Lease, without affecting its status as foreclosure
property, because Hyatt, an independent contractor, from whom the Company will
not derive any income, will provide all services relating to its operation. A
REIT can use foreclosure property in the conduct of an active trade or
business, as long as this is done through the use of an independent contractor,
from whom the REIT does not derive or receive any income.(21)
Real property acquired upon default under a lease is not eligible to
be treated as foreclosure property if the lease is entered into with an intent
to evict or foreclose, or if the REIT knows or has reason to know that default
would occur.(22) This is not the case in the present situation because (i) the
Hotel Property is projected to generate enough gross income to cover the
payments to Hyatt under the Management Agreement, (ii) in connection with
Section 7.7 the Lease, as amended, Southwest has represented that it has a net
worth of at least $200,000, (iii) in connection with Section 7.9 of the Lease,
as amended, Southwest has agreed to retain all of the income it earns from the
Hotel Property (except distributions to its beneficial owners in an amount
sufficient to pay their federal and state income taxes on such income) until
such time as Southwest and any affiliate of Southwest (including RoseStar)
which has entered into a long-term lease of a hotel with Funding II or any
affiliate of Funding II (including the Operating Partnership) have accumulated
and are holding in reserve funds in the aggregate which are sufficient to
enable Southwest and any affiliated entities to pay at least one monthly
payment of base rent under each lease between Southwest and any such affiliated
entities and Funding II or an affiliate of Funding II, (iv) pursuant to the
Guaranty, RoseStar's individual members have guaranteed RoseStar's obligations
under the Lease, and (v) in the view of Funding II, Southwest's capitalization
is adequate to allow Southwest to assume its obligations as lessee under the
Lease.
The Hotel Property would in any event qualify as foreclosure property
only for a period of up to two years, beginning of the date of its acquisition
by Funding II, unless
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(21) Section 856(e)(4)(C). (The IRS clearly intended for REITs to be able
to treat hotels operated by independent contractors as
foreclosure property. For instance, the Treasury regulations defining
foreclosure property refer to hotel properties twice. See, Treas.
Reg. Sections 1.856-6(b)(2), 1.856-6(d)(2). In addition, the IRS has
also recently issued a private letter ruling in which it treated
income received from hotels acquired pursuant to a bankruptcy petition
as income from foreclosure property, where the hotels were operated by
third party managers. P.L.R. 9420013 (2/15/94).)
(22) Treas. Reg. Section 1.856-6(b)(3).
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Crescent Real Estate Equities, Inc.
April 1, 1996
Page 14
Funding II obtains an extension of the grace period from the IRS.(23)
Therefore, in the event Funding II takes possession of the Hotel Property as a
result of a default under the Lease, presumably Funding II will sell the Hotel
Property or, within two years, rent it to another tenant under a lease that
will produce "rents from real property."
F. Conclusions
Based on the assumptions and representations stated above, it is our
opinion that (i) all of the income that Funding II derives from the Hotel
Property will be treated as "qualifying income" for purposes of the 95 percent
test and (ii) all of the income that Funding II derives from the Hotel
Property, will be treated as "qualifying income" for purposes of the 75 percent
test. However, we note that certain interest income accrued prior to January
1, 1996 and attributable to the deemed financing of Mogul's acquisition of the
FF & E under Section 4.7 of the Original Lease has properly been treated by the
Operating Partnership and Funding II as qualifying income for purposes of the
95 percent test, but not for purposes of the 75 percent test.
III. Additional Limitations
The foregoing opinions are limited to the specific matters covered
thereby and should not be interpreted to imply that the undersigned has offered
its opinion on any other matter.
Very truly yours,
SHAW, PITTMAN, POTTS & TROWBRIDGE
By: /s/ CHARLES B. TEMKIN
--------------------------------
Charles B. Temkin, P.C.
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(23) Section 856(e)(2).
<PAGE> 82
MEMORANDUM
TO: David Dean
FROM: Charles B. Temkin
Michael A. Jacobs
DATE: June 30, 1995
RE: Characterization of Income Derived from Denver Marriott City
Center
I. OVERVIEW
Crescent Real Estate Equities Limited Partnership (the "Operating
Partnership") is scheduled to purchase the Denver Marriott City Center (the
"Denver Marriott") from the Prudential Insurance Company of America
("Prudential"), the successor to the Denver Energy Center Hotel Partnership
(the "Original Owner"), on June 30, 1995. Crescent Real Estate Equities, Inc.
(the "Company") is currently the sole shareholder of two corporations, one of
which is the sole general partner of and one of which is a limited partner of
the Operating Partnership. These two corporations constitute qualified REIT
subsidiaries within the meaning of section 856(i).(1)
This memorandum analyzes the impact that the purchase of the Denver
Marriott will have on the ability of the Company to continue to qualify as a
real estate investment trust (a "REIT") under section 856(c). More
specifically, it analyzes whether the income the Operating Partnership will
derive from the Denver Marriott will be "qualifying income" for purposes of the
75 percent and 95 percent gross income tests for REIT qualification. This
memorandum concludes that, subject to certain assumptions, in our opinion (i)
all of the income that the Operating Partnership will derive from the Denver
Marriott will be treated as "qualifying income" for purposes of the 95 percent
test and (ii) all of the income the Operating Partnership will derive from the
Denver Marriott, with the exception of certain interest income, will be treated
as "qualifying income" for purposes of the 75 percent test.
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(1)All section references herein are to the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as
amended (the "Code"), or to the regulations issued thereunder, unless otherwise
noted.
<PAGE> 83
II. FACTS AND ASSUMPTIONS
The Original Owner contracted with Marriott Corporation to operate
the Denver Marriott. Under the terms of the agreement between the Original
Owner and Marriott Corporation dated January 10, 1979, as amended on January
10, 1979, February 16, 1979, May 11, 1979, July 27, 1979, March 25, 1980,
December 18, 1980, July 15, 1981, January 4, 1982, and November 19, 1993. (the
"Management Agreement"), Marriott Corporation is obligated to provide all
services in relation to the operation of the Denver Marriott and collect all
hotel receipts. In exchange for these services, Marriott Corporation is to be
reimbursed for the costs of operating the Denver Marriott and paid a management
fee. This fee is paid out of hotel receipts; it is based on the profits, if
any, from operation of the Denver Marriott. Marriott International, Inc.
("Marriott") is currently operating the Denver Marriott as the successor to
Marriott Corporation.
Article 18.01 of the Management Agreement requires that all
assignments of the Management Agreement be approved by Marriott and that any
assignees expressly assume the obligations of the owner under the Management
Agreement. Therefore, in connection with its purchase of the Denver Marriott,
the Operating Partnership will assume all of the obligations of Prudential
under the Management Agreement.
When the Operating Partnership purchases the Denver Marriott, it will
lease it to RoseStar Management, LLC ("RoseStar") pursuant to a Lease Agreement
dated June 30, 1995, as amended and restated by an Amended and Restated Lease
Agreement dated June 30, 1995 (as amended and restated, the "Lease"). Pursuant
to Article 2 of the Lease, the Operating Partnership will assign its interest
in the Management Agreement to RoseStar; and pursuant to Article 18.01 of the
Management Agreement, RoseStar will assume all of the Operating Partnership's
obligations thereunder. However, as a condition of its approval of the Lease,
Marriott will require that the Operating Partnership remain liable for all
obligations of the Operating Partnership under the Management Agreement that
will be assumed by RoseStar.
Currently, Sanjay Varma owns a 91 percent interest in the assets and
net profits of RoseStar, while Gerald W. Haddock and John C. Goff, the
managers of RoseStar, each own a 4.5 percent interest in its assets and net
profits.
For purposes of this memorandum, we have examined and relied upon (1)
the Management Agreement, (2) the Lease, (3) the Articles of Organization of
RoseStar Management, LLC (the "RoseStar Articles"), (4) the Regulations of
RoseStar Management, LLC (the "RoseStar Regulations"), (5) the First Amended
and Restated Articles of Incorporation of Crescent Real Estate Equities, Inc.
(the "Crescent Articles"), (6) the Purchase and Sale Agreement between
Prudential and the Operating Partnership, (7) the Consent Agreement between
Marriott and the Operating Partnership, and (8) such other documents or
information as we deemed necessary for the opinions set forth below. In our
examination, we have assumed the genuineness of all
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<PAGE> 84
signatures, the legal capacity of natural persons, the authenticity of all
documents submitted to us as originals, the conformity to original documents of
all documents submitted to us as certified or photostatic copies, and the
authenticity of the originals of such copies.
This memorandum is based upon existing provisions of the Code,
Treasury regulations, and the reported interpretations thereof by the Internal
Revenue Service ("IRS") and by the courts in effect (or, in the case of certain
proposed regulations, proposed) as of the date hereof, all of which are subject
to change, both retroactively or prospectively, and to possibly different
interpretations. We assume no obligation to update the opinions set forth in
this memorandum. We believe that the conclusions expressed herein, if
challenged by the IRS, would be sustained in court. However, because our
opinions are not binding upon the IRS or the courts, there can be no assurance
that contrary positions may not be successfully asserted by the IRS.
In addition, this memorandum is based on various assumptions and is
conditioned upon certain representations made by the Operating Partnership and
its sole general partner, Crescent Real Estate Equities, Ltd., as to factual
and other matters as set forth in the attached letter.
III. LEGAL BACKGROUND
A. 75 Percent and 95 Percent Tests
In order to qualify as a REIT for tax purposes, the Company must
satisfy certain tests with respect to the composition of its gross income on an
annual basis. First, at least 75 percent of the Company's gross income
(excluding gross income from certain prohibited transactions) for each taxable
year must consist of temporary investment income or of certain defined
categories of income derived directly or indirectly from investments relating
to real property or mortgages on real property. These categories include,
subject to various limitations, rents from real property, interest on mortgages
on real property, gains from the sale or other disposition of real property
(including interests in real property and mortgages on real property) not
primarily held for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business, income
from foreclosure property, and amounts received as consideration for entering
into either loans secured by real property or purchases or leases of real
property.(2) Second, at least 95 percent of the Company's gross income
(excluding gross income from certain prohibited transactions) for each taxable
year must be derived from income qualifying under the 75 percent test and from
dividends, other types of interest and gain from the sale or disposition of
stock or securities, or from any combination of the foregoing.(3)
In applying these income tests, REITs that are partners in a
partnership are required to include in their gross income their proportionate
share of the partnership's gross income. In
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(2)Section 856(c)(3).
(3)Section 856(c)(2).
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<PAGE> 85
addition, such REITs are to treat this partnership gross income as retaining
the same character as the items of gross income of the partnership for purposes
of section 856.(4) Thus, the character of any income derived by the Operating
Partnership from the Denver Marriott will affect the ability of the Company to
qualify as a REIT.
B. Rents from Real Property
Rents from real property satisfy both the 75 percent and 95 percent
tests for REIT qualification only if several conditions are met. First, the
amount of rent must not be based in whole or in part on the income or profits
of any person. An amount received or accrued generally will not be excluded
from the term "rents from real property" solely by reason of being based on a
fixed percentage or percentages of receipts or sales.(5) Second, the Code
provides that rents received from a tenant will not qualify as "rents from real
property" if the REIT, or an owner of 10 percent or more of the REIT, directly
or constructively, owns 10 percent or more of such tenant (a "Related Party
Tenant").(6) Third, if rent attributable to personal property leased in
connection with a lease of real property is greater than 15 percent of the
total rent received under the lease, then the portion of rent attributable to
such personal property will not qualify as "rents from real property."(7)
Finally, for rents to qualify as "rents from real property," a REIT generally
must not operate or manage the property or furnish or render services to the
tenants of such property, other than through an independent contractor from
whom the REIT derives no revenue. However, rents will be qualified as "rents
from real property" if a REIT directly performs services in connection with the
lease of the property, if those services are "usually or customarily rendered"
in connection with the rental of space for occupancy, and such services are not
considered to be rendered to the occupant of the property.(8)
C. Income from Foreclosure Property
Income from foreclosure property is treated as "qualifying income" for
purposes of the 75 percent and 95 percent tests (although any net income from
foreclosure property is taxed at the maximum corporate rate). Foreclosure
property is any real property, and any personal property incident to such real
property, acquired by a REIT through default under a mortgage or a lease. A
REIT may elect to treat such property as foreclosure property for a grace
period of up to two
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(4)Treas. Reg. Section 1.856-3(g).
(5)Section 856(d)(2)(A).
(6)Section 856(d)(2)(B).
(7)Section 856(d)(1)(C).
(8)Sections 856(d)(1)(B), 856(d)(2)(C).
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<PAGE> 86
years.(9) However, such property will cease to qualify as foreclosure property
if it is used by the REIT in a trade or business more than 90 days after it is
acquired and it is not operated through an independent contractor from whom the
REIT does not derive or receive any income.(10) Moreover, property is not
eligible to be treated as foreclosure property if the lease is entered into
with an intent to evict or foreclose, or if the REIT knows or has reason to
know that default would occur.(11)
IV. DISCUSSION
A. Lease Will be Treated as a Lease for Federal Income Tax Purposes
In order for any income derived by the Operating Partnership from the
Denver Marriott to constitute either "rents from real property," or in the case
of a default under the Lease, "gross income from foreclosure property," the
Lease must be treated as a lease for federal income tax purposes and not be
treated as a service contract, management contract or other type of
arrangement. This determination depends on an analysis of all the surrounding
facts and circumstances. In making this determination, courts have considered
a variety of factors, including the following: (i) the intent of the parties,
(ii) the form of the agreement, (iii) the degree of control over the business
conducted at the property that is provided to the lessee (e.g., whether the
lessee has substantial rights of control over the operation of the property and
its business), (iv) the extent to which the lessee has the risk of loss from
operations of the business conducted as the property (e.g., whether the lessee
bears the risk of increases in operating expenses and of decreases in
revenues), and (v) the extent to which the lessee has the opportunity to
benefit from operations of the business conducted at the property (e.g.,
whether the lessee benefits from decreased operating expenses or increased
revenues).(12)
In addition, section 7701(e) provides that a contract that purports to
be a service contract, partnership agreement, or another type of arrangement
will be treated instead as a lease of property if the contract is properly
treated as such, taking into account all relevant factors, including whether or
not: (i) the service recipient is in physical possession of the property, (ii)
the service recipient controls the property, (iii) the service recipient has a
significant economic or possessory interest in the property (e.g., the
property's use is likely to be dedicated to the service recipient for a
substantial portion of the useful life of the property, the recipient shares
the risk that the property will decline in value, the recipient shares in any
appreciation in the value of the property, the
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(9)Section 856(e).
(10)Section 856(e)(4).
(11)Treas. Reg. Section 1.856-6(b)(3).
(12)See, e.g., Xerox Corp. v. U.S., 80-2 USTC Paragraph 9530 (Ct. Cl. Tr. Div.
1980), aff'd per curiam, 656 F.2d 659 (Ct. Cl. 1981).
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<PAGE> 87
recipient shares in any savings in the property's operating costs or the
recipient bears the risk of damage to or loss of the property), (iv) the
service provider does not bear any risk of substantially diminished receipts or
substantially increased expenditures if there is nonperformance under the
contract, (v) the service provider does not use the property concurrently to
provide significant services to entities unrelated to the service recipient and
(vi) the total contract price does not substantially exceed the rental value of
the property for the contract period. Since the determination of whether a
service contract, partnership agreement, or some other type of arrangement
should be treated as a lease is inherently factual, the presence or absence of
any single factor may not be dispositive in every case.(13)
We have concluded that the Lease will be treated as a lease for
Federal income tax purposes, rather than a service contract, management
contract or other type of arrangement. This conclusion is based, in part, on
the following facts: (i) the Operating Partnership and RoseStar intend their
relationship to be that of lessor and lessee (as evidenced by the terms of the
Lease), (ii) RoseStar will have the right to exclusive possession, use and
quiet enjoyment of the Denver Marriott during the term of the Lease and the
right to uninterrupted control in the operation of the business conducted at
the Denver Marriott (subject to its assumption of the Management Agreement),
(iii) RoseStar will dictate how the Denver Marriott is maintained and improved,
(iv) Rose-Star will bear all the costs and expenses of operating the Denver
Marriott (with the exception of the cost of replacing certain FF & E, which is
to be funded by the Operating Partnership pursuant to Article 7.5 of the
Lease), (v) RoseStar will benefit from any savings in the costs of operating
the Denver Marriott during the term of the Lease, (vi) in the event of damage
or destruction to the Denver Marriott, RoseStar will be at economic risk
because its obligation to make rental payments will not abate, (vii) RoseStar
will indemnify the Operating Partnership against all liabilities imposed on the
Operating Partnership during the term of the Lease by reason of injury to
persons or damage to property occurring at the Denver Marriott or RoseStar's
use, management, maintenance or repair of the Denver Marriott, (viii) RoseStar
is obligated to pay substantial fixed rent for the period of use of the Denver
Marriott, regardless of whether its revenues exceed its costs and expenses, and
(ix) RoseStar stands to incur substantial losses (or derive substantial
profits) depending on how successfully it operates the Denver Marriott.
We do not believe that our conclusion that the Lease of the Denver
Marriott will be treated as a lease for Federal income tax purposes is affected
by the fact that RoseStar entered the Lease subject to its assumption of the
Operating Partnership's obligations under the preexisting Management Agreement.
The Management Agreement gives Marriott control over the d ay-to-day operation
of the Denver Marriott and allows Marriott to share with RoseStar in the
benefits of any increases in revenues or cost savings in the operation of the
Denver Marriott. However, Marriott's operation of the Denver Marriott will not
be controlled by the Operating Partnership, and the Management Agreement does
not affect the fact that RoseStar bears most of the risk of loss if the Denver
Marriott is not successful. Moreover, the IRS has issued a private letter
ruling
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(13)P.L.R. 8918012 (January 24, 1989).
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<PAGE> 88
in which it treated leases of several hotel properties as producing "rents from
real property" in a situation where the lessees had contracted with a third
party to conduct the d ay-to-day operations of the hotels.(14) This ruling
suggests that the IRS will respect a lease of a hotel for federal income tax
purposes even if the hotel is operated by an independent contractor rather than
by the lessee.
The Lease is structured in form so that the Operating Partnership
retains ownership of all the personal property leased to RoseStar in connection
with RoseStar's lease of the Denver Marriott (the "FF&E"). However, if the
term of the Lease equals or exceeds the useful life of some or all of the FF&E,
it is possible that the Lease could be treated for federal income tax purposes
as a financing arrangement. In such a case, RoseStar would be treated as
having acquired ownership of the FF&E for federal income tax purposes in
exchange for an obligation to make future payments of principal and interest to
the Operating Partnership. Nonetheless, we do not believe that the
recharacterization of the Lease as a financing arrangement with respect to the
FF&E would have a material effect on the ability of the Company to satisfy the
requirements for taxation as a REIT. This is because, if a portion the of the
payments made by RoseStar under the Lease were characterized as interest on
indebtedness secured by the FF&E, rather than rents from real property, that
portion would still satisfy the 95 percent gross income test (although it would
not satisfy the 75% gross income test).(15)
B. Percentage Rent Provision is not Profit-Based
Pursuant to the Lease, RoseStar will be obligated to pay the Operating
Partnership base rent and percentage rent. Under the regulations, percentage
rent based on a percentage of gross receipts or sales in excess of a floor
amount, which is how the percentage rent is structured under the Lease, will
not qualify as "rents from real property" unless (i) such floor amount does
not depend in whole or in part on the income or profits of the lessee, (ii) the
percentage and the floor amount are fixed at the time the lease is entered
into, (iii) the percentage and the floor amount are not renegotiated during the
term of the lease in a manner that has the effect of basing the percentage rent
on income or profits, and (iv) the percentage and the floor amount conform with
normal business practice.(16)
Under the terms of Article 4.2 of the Lease, RoseStar will pay
percentage rent equal on an annual basis to the sum of (i) 22.5 percent of the
excess of annual gross receipts from room rentals over $9,800,000 and (ii) 4.0
percent of the excess of annual gross receipts from the food and
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(14)See, P.L.R. 8117036 (January 27, 1981).
(15)If the Lease were recharacterized as a financing arrangement with respect
to the FF&E, it also might result in some minor timing differences with respect
to the Company's recognition of income. These differences would result from
(a) the recharacterization of a portion RoseStar's payments under the Lease as
a return of principal and (b) the Company's loss of any depreciation
deductions attributable to the FF&E.
(16)Treas. Reg. Section 1.856-4(b)(3).
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<PAGE> 89
beverage facilities at the Denver Marriott over $4,000,000. This formula
effectively rewards RoseStar for any increases in gross receipts from rooms
and from other sources over the threshold amounts. This type of formula does
not base the percentage rent on RoseStar's income or profits, and similar
formulas have been treated by the IRS as generating "rents from real
property."(17) Moreover, the Operating Partnership has represented that (i) the
floor amounts used to compute the percentage rent under the Lease do not depend
in whole or in part on the income or profits of any person, (ii) the percentage
rent provision of the Lease will not be renegotiated during the term of the
Lease or at the expiration or earlier termination of the Lease in a manner that
has the effect of basing the rent on income or profits, and (iii) the
percentage rent provision of the Lease conforms with normal business practice.
In addition, based on our experience and an examination of the Lease and the
Denver Marriott projections, the Lease appears to conform with normal business
practice.
C. RoseStar is not a "Related Party Tenant"
Rents received from RoseStar will not qualify as "rents from real
property" if RoseStar is a "related party tenant." RoseStar will be a "related
party tenant" if the Company, or an owner of 10 percent or more of the Company,
directly or constructively owns 10 percent or more of the assets or net profits
of RoseStar.(18) Constructive ownership is determined for purposes of this test
by applying the rules of section 318(a) as modified by section 856(d)(5).
Those rules generally provide that if 10 percent or more in value of the stock
of the Company is owned, directly or indirectly, by or for any person, the
Company is considered as owning the stock owned, directly or indirectly, by or
for such person.
RoseStar will not be treated as a "related party tenant" because an
individual, Sanjay Varma, currently owns a 91 percent interest in its assets
and net profits. In reaching this conclusion, we recognize that Sanjay Varma
owns certain Units of the Operating Partnership.(19) The Operating Partnership
has represented that (i) Sanjay Varma does not own more than 10 percent of the
value of the Company's stock, (ii) Sanjay Varma is not expected to own more
than 10 percent of the value of the Company's stock in the future, and (iii)
neither the Operating Partnership nor the Company intends to acquire, directly
or constructively, an interest of 10 percent or more in the assets or net
profits of RoseStar at any time in the future. Moreover, Article 7.8 of the
Lease limits the ability of RoseStar and its members and managers to acquire,
directly or constructively, a 6 percent stock interest in the Company, and
Section 6.4 of the First Amended and
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(17)See, e.g., P.L.R. 8803007 (September 23, 1987) (percentage rent based on
gross revenues in excess of gross revenues for a base year treated as "rents
from real property"); cf. P.L.R. 9104018 (October 26, 1990) (interest based on
gross revenues in excess of a floor amount treated as qualifying interest under
section 856(f)).
(18)Section 856(d)(2)(B)(ii).
(19)See Rev. Rul. 73-194, 1973-1 C.B. 355 (management company treated as an
independent contractor with respect to a REIT, where an affiliate of the
management company and the REIT were partners).
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<PAGE> 90
Restated Articles of Incorporation of the Company prevents RoseStar and its
members and managers from acquiring more than 8 percent of the Company's stock.
In concluding that RoseStar will not be treated as a "related party
tenant," we have applied the definition of related party tenant set forth in
section 856(d)(2)(B)(ii), which applies to tenants which are not corporations.
If RoseStar is not treated as a partnership for federal income tax purposes,
but is instead treated as an association taxable as a corporation, then the
applicable definition of related party tenant is the one set forth in section
856(d)(2)(B)(i), which looks to control over voting securities. If RoseStar
were treated as a corporation for federal income tax purposes, Gerald W.
Haddock and John C. Goff would likely be deemed to own all of its voting stock,
because of the extensive powers that they are granted as managers under the
RoseStar Regulations. If this were the case, it would be necessary to consider
whether the ownership of such voting stock could possibly be attributed to the
Company under the constructive ownership rules described above or otherwise.
An entity which has associates and an objective to carry on a business
for joint profit will be treated as a partnership for federal income tax
purposes, and not as an association taxable as a corporation, if it has not
more than two of the following four characteristics of a corporation: (i)
continuity of life; (ii) centralization of management; (iii) limited liability;
and (iv) free transferability of interests.(20) The entity must also have no
other characteristics which are significant in determining its classification.
Generally, other factors are considered only insofar as they relate to the
determination of the presence or absence of the foregoing corporate
characteristics.(21) The IRS has applied this four-factor test in determining
whether limited liability companies formed under the Texas Limited Liability
Company Act (the "Act") are partnerships for federal income tax purposes.(22)
The IRS has issued Rev. Proc. 95-10, which specifies conditions which must be
satisfied for a limited liability company to receive a favorable advanced
ruling that it will be classified as a partnership for federal income tax
purposes.(23) RoseStar should satisfy these conditions. However, such
conditions are applicable only in determining whether rulings will be issued
and are not intended as substantive rules for determination of partnership
status.
An organization will be treated as possessing the corporate
characteristic of continuity of life, even if the agreement organizing an
entity provides that it is to continue only for a stated period, unless a
member has the power to dissolve the organization at an earlier time.(24)
Article 6.01
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(20)Treas. Reg. Section 301.7701-2(a).
(21)See Rev. Rul. 79-106, 1979-1 C.B. 448.
(22)See, e.g., P.L.R. 9242025 (July 22, 1992) and P.L.R. 9218078 (January 31,
1992).
(23)1995-3 I.R.B. 20.
(24)Treas. Reg. Section 301.7701-2(b)(3).
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of the Act provides, in part, that except as otherwise provided in the
company's regulations, a limited liability company shall be dissolved upon the
death, retirement, resignation, expulsion, bankruptcy, or dissolution of a
member or the occurrence of any other event which terminates the continued
membership of a member in the limited liability company, unless there is at
least one remaining member and the business of the limited liability company is
continued by the consent by the number of members or class thereof stated in
the articles of organization or regulations of the limited liability company or
of not so stated, by all remaining members. Article 2 of the RoseStar Articles
provides that the duration of RoseStar is until the close of business on
December 31, 2015, or until its earlier dissolution in accordance with the
provisions of the Act or the Regulations. Article 10.2 of the RoseStar
Regulations provides, in part, that RoseStar shall be dissolved upon the
withdrawal, death, retirement, resignation, expulsion, bankruptcy, legal
incapacity or dissolution of any member, unless the business of RoseStar is
continued by the consent of all the remaining members within ninety days.
Accordingly, RoseStar will lack the corporate characteristic of continuity of
life.
An organization will be treated as possessing the corporate
characteristic of free transferability of interests if the members owning all
or substantially all of the interests in an organization may substitute for
themselves without the consent of the other members a person who is not a
member of the organization.(25) Article 4.05 of the Act provides, in part, that
unless otherwise provided by the company's regulations, a membership interest
is assignable in whole or in part; an assignment of a member's interest does
not entitle the assignee to become, or to exercise rights or powers of a
member; and until the assignee becomes a member, the assignor member continues
to be a member and to have the power to exercise any rights or powers of a
member, except to the extent those rights or powers are assigned. Article 4.07
of the Act provides, in part, that an assignee of a membership interest may
become a member if and to the extent that the company's regulations so provide,
or all members consent. Article 9.3 of the RoseStar Regulations provides, in
part, that no member shall have the right to substitute in its place a
transferee unless consent is given by the Managers and a majority of the other
members, which consent may be withheld in the discretion of the Managers or the
other members. Accordingly, RoseStar will lack the corporate characteristic of
free transferability of interests. Because RoseStar will lack the corporate
characteristics of continuity of life and free transferability of interests, in
our opinion it will be treated as partnership for federal income tax purposes.
D. Incidental Personal Property
As noted above, in order for the rent under the Lease to be treated as
"rents from real property," the rents attributable to the Operating
Partnership's personal property leased under or in connection with the Lease
must not be greater than 15 percent of the rents received under the Lease. The
rent attributable to personal property leased under or in connection with a
lease of real property is the amount that bears the same ratio to total rent
for the taxable year as (i) the
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(25)Treas. Reg. Section 301.7701-2(e).
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<PAGE> 92
average of the adjusted bases of the personal property leased under or in
connection with a lease of real property at the beginning and at the end of the
taxable year bears to (ii) the average of the aggregate adjusted bases of the
real and personal property subject to the lease at the beginning and at the end
of such taxable year (the "Adjusted Basis Ratio").(26) The Operating
Partnership has represented that the adjusted tax basis of the personal
property leased under or in connection with the Lease will not represent more
than 15 percent of the aggregate adjusted tax basis of the Denver Marriott at
any time. Moreover, in Article 36.2 of the Lease, the parties agreed that the
adjusted tax basis of the personal property leased under or in connection with
the Lease will not represent more than 15 percent of the aggregate adjusted tax
basis of the Denver Marriott at any time.
E. Provision of Services by the Operating Partnership
1. Income Derived under the Terms of the Lease
Although the Operating Partnership may treat charges for services
customarily furnished or rendered in connection with the rental of the Denver
Marriott as "rents from real property," any services rendered to the occupants
of the Denver Marriott must be furnished or rendered by an independent
contractor from whom the Company does not derive or receive any income.(27)
Moreover, to the extent that any independent contractors provide noncustomary
services to the occupants of the Denver Marriott, the cost of such services
must not be borne by the Operating Partnership.(28) Under the terms of the
Lease, the Operating Partnership will not be required to provide any services,
customary or noncustomary, in connection with the rental of the Denver
Marriott. Instead, all services relating to the operation of the Denver
Marriott will be provided by Marriott to RoseStar under the terms of the
Management Agreement. The Operating Partnership will not bear the cost of any
of the services provided by Marriott to RoseStar. Instead, such costs will be
borne by RoseStar pursuant to its assumption of the Operating Partnership's
obligations under the Management Agreement.
Based on the foregoing, we believe that the provision of any
noncustomary services to the occupants of the Denver Marriott by Marriott will
have no effect on the qualification of the income derived from the Denver
Marriott as "rents from real property." In fact, the IRS has issued a private
letter ruling in which it has treated the income derived from several leases of
hotel properties as "rents from real property" in a situation where the lessees
had contracted with a third-party to conduct the day-to-day operations of the
hotels.(29) Our conclusion is not altered by the
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(26)Section 856(d)(1)(C).
(27)Sections 856(d)(1), 856(d)(2)(C); Treas. Reg. Section 1.512(b)-1(c)(5).
(28)Treas. Reg. Section 1.856-4(b)(5).
(29)See, P.L.R. 8117036 (January 27, 1981).
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<PAGE> 93
fact that the Operating Partnership will remain liable for any obligations
arising under the Management Agreement, to the extent that they are not
satisfied by the Tenant. The Operating Partnership should not be treated as
bearing the cost of the services provided by Marriott merely because it will be
liable for RoseStar's obligations under the Management Agreement. The Operating
Partnership will not be retaining this liability in an attempt to provide
services to RoseStar. Instead, it will be retaining this liability only as an
accommodation, in order to gain Marriott's consent to its purchase of the
Denver Marriott. Moreover, the Operating Partnership believes that it is
highly unlikely that it will ever be required to reimburse Marriott for the
costs and expenses of operating the Denver Marriott because of a default by
RoseStar under the Management Agreement. This is because (i) the Denver
Marriott is projected to generate enough gross income to cover the payments to
Marriott under the Management Agreement, (ii) in connection with Section 7.7 of
the Lease, RoseStar represents that it has a net worth of at least $200,000,
(iii) in connection with Section 7.9 of the Lease, RoseStar covenants that it
will retain all of the income it earns from the Denver Marriott and shall not
distribute any earnings to its beneficial owners, except as needed for federal
and state income taxes payable on taxable income from the Denver Marriott,
until it has accumulated and is holding in reserve funds which are sufficient
to pay at least one monthly payment of Base Rent under the Lease, plus at least
one monthly payment of Base Rent under all other leases between it and the
Operating Partnership, and (iv) in the view of the Operating Partnership,
RoseStar's capitalization is adequate to allow RoseStar to assume RoseStar's
obligations under the Lease.
2. Income Derived in the Case of a Default under the Lease
If the Operating Partnership were required to reimburse Marriott for
the costs of operating the Denver Marriott because of a default by RoseStar
under the terms of the Management Agreement, we have concluded that the income
derived by the Operating Partnership from the Denver Marriott would be treated
as "qualifying income" for purposes of the 75 percent and 95 percent tests,
assuming that such default does not occur before May 1, 1996. This is because,
if the Operating Partnership were required to reimburse Marriott for the cost
of operating the Denver Marriott, this would constitute an event of default
under Article 16.1 of the Lease, allowing the Operating Partnership to
terminate RoseStar's leasehold interest in the Denver Marriott. As a result of
such a termination of the Lease, any income derived by the Operating
Partnership from the Denver Marriott after the default would be treated as
income from foreclosure property.
The Operating Partnership would be able to continue to operate the
Denver Marriott after any default under the Lease, without affecting its status
as foreclosure property, assuming that any such default does not occur before
May 1, 1996. This is because Marriott will provide all services relating to
the operation of the Denver Marriott and starting on May 1, 1996, Marriott will
qualify as an independent contractor from whom the Company will not derive any
income . As noted above, a REIT can use foreclosure property in the conduct of
an active trade or business, as long
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<PAGE> 94
as this is done through the use of an independent contractor, from whom the
REIT does not derive or receive any income.(30)
As noted above, real property acquired upon default under a lease is
not eligible to be treated as foreclosure property if the lease is entered into
with an intent to evict or foreclose, or if the REIT knows or has reason to
know that default would occur.(31) This is not the case in the present
situation because (i) the Denver Marriott is projected to generate enough gross
income to produce a profit for RoseStar, (ii) in connection with Section 7.7 of
the Lease, RoseStar will represent that it has a net worth of at least
$200,000, (iii) in connection with Section 7.9 of the Lease, RoseStar covenants
that it will retain all of the income it earns from the Denver Marriott and
shall not distribute any earnings to its beneficial owners, except as needed
for federal and state income taxes payable on taxable income from the Denver
Marriott, until it has accumulated and is holding in reserve funds which are
sufficient to pay at least one monthly payment of Base Rent under the Lease,
plus at least one monthly payment of Base Rent under all other leases between
it and the Operating Partnership, and (iv) in the view of the Operating
Partnership, RoseStar's capitalization is adequate to allow RoseStar to assume
RoseStar's obligations under the Lease.
The Denver Marriott would in any event qualify as foreclosure property
only for a period of up to two years, beginning on the date of its acquisition
by the Operating Partnership, unless the Operating Partnership obtains an
extension of the grace period from the IRS.(32) Therefore, in the event the
Operating Partnership takes possession of the Denver Marriott as a result of a
default under the lease, presumably the Operating Partnership will sell the
Denver Marriott or within two years rent it to another tenant under a lease
that will produce "rents from real property."
Prior to May 1, 1996, Crescent may be treated as deriving income from
Marriott, because on April 24, 1995 the Operating Partnership received a
payment of $600,000 and a note in the principal amount of $1,800,000 from
Marriott in connection with its sale of certain contract rights and investments
rights to Marriott. The principal balance of the note and all accrued interest
thereon are to be paid by Marriott in a single payment on April 30, 1996. As a
consequence, prior to May 1, 1996 the Operating Partnership will be treated as
deriving interest income and capital
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(30)Section 856(e)(4)(C). The IRS clearly intended for REITs to be able to
treat hotels operated by independent contractors as foreclosure property. For
instance, the Treasury regulations defining foreclosure property refer to hotel
properties twice. See, Treas. Reg. Sections 1.856-6(b)(2), 1.856-6(d)(2). In
addition, the IRS has also recently issued a private letter ruling in which it
treated income received from hotels acquired pursuant to a bankruptcy petition
as income from foreclosure property, where the hotels were operated by third
party managers. P.L.R. 9420013 (2/15/94).
(31)Treas. Reg. Section 1.856-6(b)(3).
(32)Section 856(e)(2).
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<PAGE> 95
gains income from Marriott. Therefore, during the period prior to May 1, 1996,
Marriott will not qualify as an independent contractor from whom the Company
does not derive any income.(33)
V. CONCLUSION
Based on the assumptions stated above, it is our opinion that (i) all
of the income that the Operating Partnership derives from the Denver Marriott
will be treated as "qualifying income" for purposes of the 95 percent test and
(ii) all of the income the Operating Partnership derives from the Denver
Marriott, will be treated as "qualifying income" for purposes of the 75 percent
test.
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(33)The fact that the Operating Partnership will derive income from Marriott
at a time prior to any default under the Lease should not have any affect on
the treatment of any income that the Operating Partnership derives from the
Denver Marriott after any default under the Lease. See, Tax Management
Memorandum, p. 7 (November 7, 1975), as cited in Allen and Fisher, 107-5th
T.M., Real Estate Investment Trusts , p. A-77 (the IRS has ruled privately that
an entity should be treated as an independent contractor from whom a REIT
derived no income for the period such entity managed the REIT's rental
properties, despite the fact that the entity purchased foreclosure property
from the REIT immediately after the termination of its management contract).
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<PAGE> 96
September 27, 1996
Crescent Real Estate Equities, Inc.
900 Third Avenue, Suite 1800
New York New York 10022
Ladies and Gentlemen:
On June 30, 1995 we provided you with a memorandum analyzing the
impact of the purchase of the Denver Marriott City Center (the "Hotel
Property") by Crescent Real Estate Equities Limited Partnership (the "Operating
Partnership") would have on the ability of Crescent Real Estate Equities, Inc.
(the "Company") to continue to qualify as a real estate investment trust (a
"REIT") under section 856(c).(1) That memorandum concluded that, subject to
certain assumptions, in our opinion (i) all of the income that the Operating
Partnership derived from the Hotel Property would be treated as "qualifying
income" for purposes of the 95 percent gross income test for REIT qualification
under section 856(c)(2) (the "95 percent test") and (ii) all of the income that
the Operating Partnership derived from the Hotel Property would be treated as
"qualifying income" for purposes of the 75 percent gross income test for REIT
qualification under section 856(c)(3) (the "75 percent test"). The June 30,
1995 memorandum was based upon, among other items, our review of an Amended and
Restated Lease Agreement between dated June 30, 1995 between the Operating
Partnership, as lessor, and RoseStar Management, LLC ("RoseStar"), as lessee
(the "Lease"). The ownership of RoseStar remains the same as described in our
June 30, 1995 memorandum.
This letter is intended to update the opinions expressed in our June
30, 1995 memorandum. The opinions set forth herein are based upon the existing
provisions of the Code, and the reported interpretations thereof by the IRS and
by the courts in effect as of the date hereof, all of which are subject to
change, both retroactively or prospectively, and to possibly different
interpretations. We assume no obligation to update the opinions set forth in
this letter. We believe that the conclusions expressed herein, if challenged
by the IRS, would be sustained in court. However, because our opinions are not
binding upon the IRS or the courts, there can be no assurance that contrary
positions may not be successfully asserted by the IRS.
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(1) All section references are to the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as
amended (the "Code"), or to the regulations issued thereunder, unless
otherwise noted.
<PAGE> 97
Crescent Real Estate Equities, Inc.
September 27, 1996
Page 2
I. Documents and Representations
For the purpose of rendering this opinion, we have examined and
relied on originals, or copies certified or otherwise identified to our
satisfaction, of the following: (1) the Lease; (2) the Limited Guaranty
Agreement by Gerald Haddock, John Goff and Sanjay Varma, as guarantors in favor
of the Operating Partnership (the "Guaranty); (3) the Articles of Organization
of RoseStar Management, LLC (the "RoseStar Articles"), (4) the Regulations of
RoseStar Management, LLC (the "RoseStar Regulations"), (5) the First Amended
and Restated Articles of Incorporation of Crescent Real Estate Equities, Inc.
(the "Crescent Articles"); and (6) such other documents or information as we
have deemed necessary for the opinion set forth below. In our examination, we
have assumed the genuineness of all signatures, the legal capacity of natural
persons, the authenticity of all documents submitted to us as originals, the
conformity to original documents of all documents submitted to us as certified
or photostatic copies, and the authenticity of the originals of such copies.
For the purpose of rendering these opinions, we have also assumed
that all statements of facts and assumptions described in our June 30, 1995
memorandum remain correct, unless otherwise noted.
II. Opinions
Based on the foregoing, it is our opinion that (i) the Lease will be
treated as a lease for federal income tax purposes, (ii) all of the income that
the Operating Partnership derives from the Hotel Property will be treated as
"qualifying income" for purposes of the 95 percent test, and (iii) all of the
income that Operating Partnership derives from the Hotel Property will be
treated as "qualifying income" for purposes of the 75 percent test.
In giving these opinions, we note that Marriott International, Inc.
("Marriott") which operates the Hotel Property as successor to Marriott
Corporation under the terms of the agreement between the Original Owner and
Marriott Corporation dated January 10, 1979, as amended on January 10, 1979,
February 16, 1979, May 11, 1979, July 27, 1979, March 25, 1980, December 18,
1980, July 15, 1981, January 4, 1982, and November 19, 1993 (the "Management
Agreement") is currently subleasing space from Gaskins Real Estate Brokerage,
Inc. ("Gaskins"), a tenant at 301 Congress Avenue, a property in which the
Operating Partnership owns an indirect interest. Under the terms of Gaskins'
prime lease, Gaskins is required make a payment to the lessor (an "excess rent
payment") equal to the amount by which any rents under a sublease exceed the
amount that Gaskins is required to pay to the lessor under the terms of the
lease. Gaskins' sublease to Marriott was entered into before the Operating
Partnership acquired its interest in 301 Congress Avenue and it is scheduled to
<PAGE> 98
Crescent Real Estate Equities, Inc.
September 27, 1996
Page 3
expire at the end of February 1997. Marriott has already vacated the premises
sublet from Gaskins at 301 Congress Avenue and the Operating Partnership will
use its best efforts to prevent any extension or renewal of this sublease. We
do not believe that the existence of the sublease of space in 301 Congress
Avenue by Gaskins to Marriott will affect the opinion expressed in our June 30,
1995 memorandum regarding the treatment of amounts derived from the Hotel
Property in the event of a default under the Lease, to the extent any such
default occurs after the termination of the sublease to Marriott. In our June
30, 1995 memorandum we indicated that amounts derived from the Hotel Property
in the event of a default under the Lease would qualify as income from
foreclosure property, if, among other things, at the time of the default,
Marriott qualifed as an independent contractor from whom the Company did not
derive any income. We do not believe that the Company will be treated as
indirectly deriving income from Marriott as a result of accruing any Excess
Rent Payments under the terms of Gaskins' lease at 301 Congress, and in any
event, even if the Company is treated as indirectly deriving income from
Marriott, it will cease to be treated as derivng such income from Marriott
after the end of February 1996, if Marriott's sublease terminates at that time.
III. Additional Limitations
The foregoing opinions are limited to the specific matters covered
thereby and should not be interpreted to imply that the undersigned has offered
its opinion on any other matter.
Very truly yours,
SHAW, PITTMAN, POTTS & TROWBRIDGE
By: /s/ CHARLES B. TEMKIN
--------------------------------
Charles B. Temkin, P.C.
<PAGE> 99
MEMORANDUM
TO: David Dean
FROM: Charles B. Temkin
Michael A. Jacobs
DATE: December 19, 1995
RE: Characterization of Income Derived from the Hyatt Regency
Albuquerque Plaza
I. OVERVIEW
Crescent Real Estate Equities Limited Partnership (the "Operating
Partnership") purchased the Hyatt Regency Albuquerque Plaza (the "Albuquerque
Hyatt") from Albuquerque Plaza Partners (the "Prior Owner"), on December 19,
1995. Crescent Real Estate Equities, Inc. (the "Company") is currently the
sole shareholder of two corporations, one of which is the sole general partner
of and one of which is a limited partner of the Operating Partnership. These
two corporations constitute qualified REIT subsidiaries within the meaning of
section 856(i).(1)
This memorandum analyzes the impact that the purchase of the
Albuquerque Hyatt will have on the ability of the Company to continue to
qualify as a real estate investment trust (a "REIT") under section 856(c).
More specifically, it analyzes whether the income the Operating Partnership
derives from the Albuquerque Hyatt is "qualifying income" for purposes of the
75 percent and 95 percent gross income tests for REIT qualification. This
memorandum concludes that, subject to certain assumptions, in our opinion (i)
all of the income that the Operating Partnership derives from the Albuquerque
Hyatt will be treated as "qualifying income" for purposes of the 95 percent
test and (ii) all of the income the Operating Partnership derives from the
Albuquerque Hyatt will be treated as "qualifying income" for purposes of the 75
percent test.
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(1) All section references herein are to the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as
amended (the "Code"), or to the regulations issued thereunder, unless otherwise
noted.
<PAGE> 100
II. FACTS AND ASSUMPTIONS
The Prior Owner contracted with Hyatt Corporation ("Hyatt") to operate
the Albuquerque Hyatt. Under the terms of the agreement between the Prior
Owner and Hyatt dated October 11, 1988, as amended on February 14, 1990, and
August 30, 1994 (the "Management Agreement"), Hyatt is obligated to provide all
services in relation to the operation of the Albuquerque Hyatt and collect all
hotel receipts. In exchange for these services, Hyatt is to be reimbursed for
the costs of operating the Albuquerque Hyatt and paid a management fee. This
fee is paid out of hotel receipts; it is based on the profits, if any, from
operation of the Albuquerque Hyatt. Article 15.2 of the Management Agreement
requires that all assignments of the Management Agreement be approved by Hyatt
and that any assignees expressly assume the obligations of the owner under the
Management Agreement. Therefore, in connection with its purchase of the
Albuquerque Hyatt, the Operating Partnership assumed all of the obligations of
the Prior Owner under the Management Agreement.
When the Operating Partnership purchased the Albuquerque Hyatt, it
immediately leased it to RoseStar Management, LLC ("RoseStar") pursuant to a
Lease Agreement dated December 19, 1995 (the "Lease"). Pursuant to Article 2
of the Lease, the Operating Partnership assigned its interest in the Management
Agreement to RoseStar; and pursuant to Article 15.2 of the Management
Agreement, RoseStar assumed all of the Operating Partnership's obligations
thereunder. However, as a condition of its approval of the Lease, Hyatt
required that the Operating Partnership remain liable for all obligations of
the Operating Partnership under the Management Agreement that was assumed by
RoseStar.
Currently, Sanjay Varma owns a 91 percent interest in the assets and
net profits of RoseStar, while Gerald W. Haddock and John C. Goff, the
managers of RoseStar, each own a 4.5 percent interest in its assets and net
profits. RoseStar currently leases another hotel, located in Denver, Colorado
(the "Denver Marriott"), from the Operating Partnership. We have provided you
with a memorandum dated June 30, 1995 regarding the characterization of income
derived by the Operating Partnership from the lease of the Denver Marriott to
RoseStar.
For purposes of this memorandum, we have examined and relied upon (1)
the Management Agreement, (2) the Lease, (3) the Articles of Organization of
RoseStar Management, LLC (the "RoseStar Articles"), (4) the Regulations of
RoseStar Management, LLC (the "RoseStar Regulations"), (5) the First Amended
and Restated Articles of Incorporation of Crescent Real Estate Equities, Inc.
(the "Crescent Articles"), and (6) such other documents or information as we
deemed necessary for the opinions set forth below. In our examination, we have
assumed the genuineness of all signatures, the legal capacity of natural
persons, the authenticity of all documents submitted to us as originals, the
conformity to original documents of all documents submitted to us as certified
or photostatic copies, and the authenticity of the originals of such copies.
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This memorandum is based upon existing provisions of the Code,
Treasury regulations, and the reported interpretations thereof by the Internal
Revenue Service ("IRS") and by the courts in effect as of the date hereof, all
of which are subject to change, both retroactively or prospectively, and to
possibly different interpretations. We assume no obligation to update the
opinions set forth in this memorandum. We believe that the conclusions
expressed herein, if challenged by the IRS, would be sustained in court.
However, because our opinions are not binding upon the IRS or the courts, there
can be no assurance that contrary positions may not be successfully asserted by
the IRS.
In addition, this memorandum is based on various assumptions and is
conditioned upon certain representations made by the Operating Partnership and
its sole general partner, Crescent Real Estate Equities, Ltd., as to factual
and other matters as set forth in the attached letter.
III. LEGAL BACKGROUND
A. 75 Percent and 95 Percent Tests
In order to qualify as a REIT for tax purposes, the Company must
satisfy certain tests with respect to the composition of its gross income on an
annual basis. First, at least 75 percent of the Company's gross income
(excluding gross income from certain prohibited transactions) for each taxable
year must consist of temporary investment income or of certain defined
categories of income derived directly or indirectly from investments relating
to real property or mortgages on real property. These categories include,
subject to various limitations, rents from real property, interest on mortgages
on real property, gains from the sale or other disposition of real property
(including interests in real property and mortgages on real property) not
primarily held for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business, income
from foreclosure property, and amounts received as consideration for entering
into either loans secured by real property or purchases or leases of real
property.(2) Second, at least 95 percent of the Company's gross income
(excluding gross income from certain prohibited transactions) for each taxable
year must be derived from income qualifying under the 75 percent test and from
dividends, other types of interest and gain from the sale or disposition of
stock or securities, or from any combination of the foregoing.(3)
In applying these income tests, REITs that are partners in a
partnership are required to include in their gross income their proportionate
share of the partnership's gross income. In addition, such REITs are to treat
this partnership gross income as retaining the same character as the items of
gross income of the partnership for purposes of section 856.(4) Thus, the
character of any
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(2)Section 856(c)(3).
(3)Section 856(c)(2).
(4)Treas. Reg. Section 1.856-3(g).
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income derived by the Operating Partnership from the Albuquerque Hyatt will
affect the ability of the Company to qualify as a REIT.
B. Rents from Real Property
Rents from real property satisfy both the 75 percent and 95 percent
tests for REIT qualification only if several conditions are met. First, the
amount of rent must not be based in whole or in part on the income or profits
of any person. An amount received or accrued generally will not be excluded
from the term "rents from real property" solely by reason of being based on a
fixed percentage or percentages of receipts or sales.(5) Second, the Code
provides that rents received from a tenant will not qualify as "rents from real
property" if the REIT, or an owner of 10 percent or more of the REIT, directly
or constructively, owns 10 percent or more of such tenant (a "Related Party
Tenant").(6) Third, if rent attributable to personal property leased in
connection with a lease of real property is greater than 15 percent of the
total rent received under the lease, then the portion of rent attributable to
such personal property will not qualify as "rents from real property."(7)
Finally, for rents to qualify as "rents from real property," a REIT generally
must not operate or manage the property or furnish or render services to the
tenants of such property, other than through an independent contractor from
whom the REIT derives no revenue. However, rents will be qualified as "rents
from real property" if a REIT directly performs services in connection with the
lease of the property, if those services are "usually or customarily rendered"
in connection with the rental of space for occupancy, and such services are not
considered to be rendered to the occupant of the property.(8)
C. Income from Foreclosure Property
Income from foreclosure property is treated as "qualifying income" for
purposes of the 75 percent and 95 percent tests (although any net income from
foreclosure property is taxed at the maximum corporate rate). Foreclosure
property is any real property, and any personal property incident to such real
property, acquired by a REIT through default under a mortgage or a lease. A
REIT may elect to treat such property as foreclosure property for a grace
period of up to two years.(9) However, such property will cease to qualify as
foreclosure property if it is used by the REIT in a trade or business more than
90 days after it is acquired and it is not operated through
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(5)Section 856(d)(2)(A).
(6)Section 856(d)(2)(B).
(7)Section 856(d)(1)(C).
(8)Sections 856(d)(1)(B), 856(d)(2)(C).
(9)Section 856(e).
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an independent contractor from whom the REIT does not derive or receive any
income.(10) Moreover, property is not eligible to be treated as foreclosure
property if the lease is entered into with an intent to evict or foreclose, or
if the REIT knows or has reason to know that default would occur.(11)
IV. DISCUSSION
A. Lease Will be Treated as a Lease for Federal Income Tax
Purposes
In order for any income derived by the Operating Partnership from the
Albuquerque Hyatt to constitute either "rents from real property," or in the
case of a default under the Lease, "gross income from foreclosure property,"
the Lease must be treated as a lease for federal income tax purposes and not be
treated as a service contract, management contract or other type of
arrangement. This determination depends on an analysis of all the surrounding
facts and circumstances. In making this determination, courts have considered
a variety of factors, including the following: (i) the intent of the parties,
(ii) the form of the agreement, (iii) the degree of control over the business
conducted at the property that is provided to the lessee (e.g., whether the
lessee has substantial rights of control over the operation of the property and
its business), (iv) the extent to which the lessee has the risk of loss from
operations of the business conducted as the property (e.g., whether the lessee
bears the risk of increases in operating expenses and of decreases in
revenues), and (v) the extent to which the lessee has the opportunity to
benefit from operations of the business conducted at the property (e.g.,
whether the lessee benefits from decreased operating expenses or increased
revenues).(12)
In addition, section 7701(e) provides that a contract that purports to
be a service contract, partnership agreement, or another type of arrangement
will be treated instead as a lease of property if the contract is properly
treated as such, taking into account all relevant factors, including whether or
not: (i) the service recipient is in physical possession of the property, (ii)
the service recipient controls the property, (iii) the service recipient has a
significant economic or possessory interest in the property (e.g., the
property's use is likely to be dedicated to the service recipient for a
substantial portion of the useful life of the property, the recipient shares
the risk that the property will decline in value, the recipient shares in any
appreciation in the value of the property, the recipient shares in any savings
in the property's operating costs or the recipient bears the risk of damage to
or loss of the property), (iv) the service provider does not bear any risk of
substantially diminished receipts or substantially increased expenditures if
there is nonperformance under the contract, (v) the service provider does not
use the property concurrently to provide significant
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(10)Section 856(e)(4).
(11)Treas. Reg. Section 1.856-6(b)(3).
(12)See, e.g., Xerox Corp. v. U.S., 80-2 USTC Paragraph 9530 (Ct. Cl. Tr. Div.
1980), aff'd per curiam, 656 F.2d 659 (Ct. Cl. 1981).
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<PAGE> 104
services to entities unrelated to the service recipient and (vi) the total
contract price does not substantially exceed the rental value of the property
for the contract period. Since the determination of whether a service
contract, partnership agreement, or some other type of arrangement should be
treated as a lease is inherently factual, the presence or absence of any single
factor may not be dispositive in every case.(13)
We have concluded that the Lease will be treated as a lease for
Federal income tax purposes, rather than a service contract, management
contract or other type of arrangement. This conclusion is based, in part, on
the following facts: (i) the Operating Partnership and RoseStar intend their
relationship to be that of lessor and lessee (as evidenced by the terms of the
Lease), (ii) RoseStar will have the right to exclusive possession, use and
quiet enjoyment of the Albuquerque Hyatt during the term of the Lease and the
right to uninterrupted control in the operation of the business conducted at
the Albuquerque Hyatt (subject to its assumption of the Management Agreement),
(iii) RoseStar will dictate how the Albuquerque Hyatt is maintained and
improved, (iv) RoseStar will bear all the costs and expenses of operating the
Albuquerque Hyatt other than the replacement of furniture, fixtures and
equipment, (v) RoseStar will benefit from any savings in the costs of operating
the Albuquerque Hyatt during the term of the Lease, (vi) in the event of damage
or destruction to the Albuquerque Hyatt, RoseStar will be at economic risk
because its obligation to make rental payments will not abate, (vii) RoseStar
will indemnify the Operating Partnership against all liabilities imposed on the
Operating Partnership during the term of the Lease by reason of injury to
persons or damage to property occurring at the Albuquerque Hyatt or RoseStar's
use, management, maintenance or repair of the Albuquerque Hyatt, (viii)
RoseStar is obligated to pay substantial fixed rent for the period of use of
the Albuquerque Hyatt, regardless of whether its revenues exceed its costs and
expenses, and (ix) RoseStar stands to incur substantial losses (or derive
substantial profits) depending on how successfully it operates the Albuquerque
Hyatt.
We do not believe that our conclusion that the Lease of the
Albuquerque Hyatt will be treated as a lease for Federal income tax purposes is
affected by the fact that RoseStar entered the Lease subject to its assumption
of the Operating Partnership's obligations under the preexisting Management
Agreement. The Management Agreement gives Hyatt control over the day-to-day
operation of the Albuquerque Hyatt and allows Hyatt to share with RoseStar in
the benefits of any increases in revenues or cost savings in the operation of
the Albuquerque Hyatt. However, Hyatt's operation of the Albuquerque Hyatt
will not be controlled by the Operating Partnership, and the Management
Agreement does not affect the fact that RoseStar bears most of the risk of loss
if the Albuquerque Hyatt is not successful. Moreover, the IRS has issued a
private letter ruling in which it treated leases of several hotel properties as
producing "rents from real property" in a situation where the lessees had
contracted with a third party to conduct the day-to-day
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(13)P.L.R. 8918012 (January 24, 1989).
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operations of the hotels.(14) This ruling suggests that the IRS will respect a
lease of a hotel for federal income tax purposes even if the hotel is operated
by an independent contractor rather than by the lessee.
The Lease is structured in form so that the Operating Partnership
retains ownership of all the personal property leased to RoseStar in connection
with RoseStar's lease of the Albuquerque Hyatt (the "FF&E"). However, if the
term of the Lease equals or exceeds the useful life of some or all of the FF&E,
it is possible that the Lease could be treated for federal income tax purposes
as a financing arrangement. In such a case, RoseStar would be treated as
having acquired ownership of the FF&E for federal income tax purposes in
exchange for an obligation to make future payments of principal and interest to
the Operating Partnership. Nonetheless, we do not believe that the
recharacterization of the Lease as a financing arrangement with respect to the
FF&E would have a material effect on the ability of the Company to satisfy the
requirements for taxation as a REIT. This is because, if a portion the of the
payments made by RoseStar under the Lease were characterized as interest on
indebtedness secured by the FF&E, rather than rents from real property, that
portion would still satisfy the 95 percent gross income test (although it would
not satisfy the 75% gross income test).(15)
B. Percentage Rent Provision is not Profit-Based
Pursuant to the Lease, RoseStar will be obligated to pay the Operating
Partnership base rent and percentage rent. Under the regulations, percentage
rent based on a percentage of gross receipts or sales in excess of a floor
amount, which is how the percentage rent is structured under the Lease, will
not qualify as "rents from real property" unless (i) such floor amount does not
depend in whole or in part on the income or profits of the lessee, (ii) the
percentage and the floor amount are fixed at the time the lease is entered
into, (iii) the percentage and the floor amount are not renegotiated during the
term of the lease in a manner that has the effect of basing the percentage rent
on income or profits, and (iv) the percentage and the floor amount conform with
normal business practice.(16)
Under the terms of Article 4.2 of the Lease, RoseStar will pay
percentage rent equal on an annual basis to the sum of (i) 17.5 percent of the
excess of annual gross receipts from room rentals over $6,000,000 and (ii) 2.5
percent of the excess of annual gross receipts from the food and beverage
facilities at the Albuquerque Hyatt over $2,000,000. This formula effectively
rewards
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(14)See, P.L.R. 8117036 (January 27, 1981).
(15)If the Lease were recharacterized as a financing arrangement with respect
to the FF&E, it also might result in some minor timing differences with respect
to the Company's recognition of income. These differences would result from
(a) the recharacterization of a portion RoseStar's payments under the Lease as
a return of principal and (b) the Company's loss of any depreciation
deductions attributable to the FF&E.
(16)Treas. Reg. Section 1.866-4(b)(3).
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<PAGE> 106
RoseStar for any increases in gross receipts from rooms and from other sources
over the threshold amounts. This type of formula does not base the percentage
rent on RoseStar's income or profits, and similar formulas have been treated by
the IRS as generating "rents from real property."(17) Moreover, the Operating
Partnership has represented that (i) the floor amounts used to compute the
percentage rent under the Lease do not depend in whole or in part on the income
or profits of any person, (ii) the percentage rent provision of the Lease will
not be renegotiated during the term of the Lease or at the expiration or
earlier termination of the Lease in a manner that has the effect of basing the
rent on income or profits, and (iii) the percentage rent provision of the Lease
conforms with normal business practice. In addition, based on our experience
and an examination of the Lease and the Albuquerque Hyatt projections, the
Lease appears to conform with normal business practice.
C. RoseStar is not a "Related Party Tenant"
Rents received from RoseStar will not qualify as "rents from real
property" if RoseStar is a "related party tenant." RoseStar will be a "related
party tenant" if the Company, or an owner of 10 percent or more of the Company,
directly or constructively owns 10 percent or more of the assets or net profits
of RoseStar.(18) Constructive ownership is determined for purposes of this
test by applying the rules of section 318(a) as modified by section 856(d)(5).
Those rules generally provide that if 10 percent or more in value of the stock
of the Company is owned, directly or indirectly, by or for any person, the
Company is considered as owning the stock owned, directly or indirectly, by or
for such person.
RoseStar will not be treated as a "related party tenant" because an
individual, Sanjay Varma, currently owns a 91 percent interest in its assets
and net profits. In reaching this conclusion, we recognize that Sanjay Varma
owns certain Units of the Operating Partnership.(19) The Operating Partnership
has represented that (i) Sanjay Varma does not own more than 10 percent of the
value of the Company's stock, (ii) Sanjay Varma is not expected to own more
than 10 percent of the value of the Company's stock in the future, and (iii)
neither the Operating Partnership nor the Company intends to acquire, directly
or constructively, an interest of 10 percent or more in the assets or net
profits of RoseStar at any time in the future. Moreover, Article 7.8 of the
Lease limits the ability of RoseStar and its members and managers to acquire,
directly or constructively, a 6 percent stock interest in the Company, and
Section 6.4 of the First Amended and
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(17)See, e.g., P.L.R. 8803007 (September 23, 1987) (percentage rent based on
gross revenues in excess of gross revenues for a base year treated as "rents
from real property"); cf. P.L.R. 9104018 (October 26, 1990) (interest based on
gross revenues in excess of a floor amount treated as qualifying interest under
section 856(f)).
(18)Section 856(d)(2)(B)(ii).
(19)See Rev. Rul. 73-194, 1973-1 C.B. 355 (management company treated as an
independent contractor with respect to a REIT, where an affiliate of the
management company and the REIT were partners).
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<PAGE> 107
Restated Articles of Incorporation of the Company prevents RoseStar and its
members and managers from acquiring more than 8 percent of the Company's stock.
In concluding that RoseStar will not be treated as a "related party
tenant," we have applied the definition of related party tenant set forth in
section 856(d)(2)(B)(ii), which applies to tenants which are not corporations.
If RoseStar is not treated as a partnership for federal income tax purposes,
but is instead treated as an association taxable as a corporation, then the
applicable definition of related party tenant is the one set forth in section
856(d)(2)(B)(i), which looks to control over voting securities. If RoseStar
were treated as a corporation for federal income tax purposes, Gerald W.
Haddock and John C. Goff would likely be deemed to own all of its voting stock,
because of the extensive powers that they are granted as managers under the
RoseStar Regulations. If this were the case, it would be necessary to consider
whether the ownership of such voting stock could possibly be attributed to the
Company under the constructive ownership rules described above or otherwise.
An entity which has associates and an objective to carry on a business
for joint profit will be treated as a partnership for federal income tax
purposes, and not as an association taxable as a corporation, if it has not
more than two of the following four characteristics of a corporation: (i)
continuity of life; (ii) centralization of management; (iii) limited liability;
and (iv) free transferability of interests.(20) The entity must also have no
other characteristics which are significant in determining its classification.
Generally, other factors are considered only insofar as they relate to the
determination of the presence or absence of the foregoing corporate
characteristics.(21) The IRS has applied this four-factor test in determining
whether limited liability companies formed under the Texas Limited Liability
Company Act (the "Act") are partnerships for federal income tax purposes.(22)
The IRS has issued Rev. Proc. 95-10, which specifies conditions which must be
satisfied for a limited liability company to receive a favorable advanced
ruling that it will be classified as a partnership for federal income tax
purposes.(23) RoseStar should satisfy these conditions. However, such
conditions are applicable only in determining whether rulings will be issued
and are not intended as substantive rules for determination of partnership
status.
An organization will be treated as possessing the corporate
characteristic of continuity of life, even if the agreement organizing an
entity provides that it is to continue only for a stated period, unless a
member has the power to dissolve the organization at an earlier time.(24)
Article 6.01
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(20)Treas. Reg. Section 301.7701-2(a).
(21)See Rev. Rul. 79-106, 1979-1 C.B. 448.
(22)See, e.g., P.L.R. 9242025 (July 22, 1992) and P.L.R. 9218078 (January 31,
1992).
(23)1995-3 I.R.B. 20.
(24)Treas. Reg. Section 301.7701-2(b)(3).
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of the Act provides, in part, that except as otherwise provided in the
company's regulations, a limited liability company shall be dissolved upon the
death, retirement, resignation, expulsion, bankruptcy, or dissolution of a
member or the occurrence of any other event which terminates the continued
membership of a member in the limited liability company, unless there is at
least one remaining member and the business of the limited liability company is
continued by the consent by the number of members or class thereof stated in
the articles of organization or regulations of the limited liability company or
of not so stated, by all remaining members. Article 2 of the RoseStar Articles
provides that the duration of RoseStar is until the close of business on
December 31, 2015, or until its earlier dissolution in accordance with the
provisions of the Act or the Regulations. Article 10.2 of the RoseStar
Regulations provides, in part, that RoseStar shall be dissolved upon the
withdrawal, death, retirement, resignation, expulsion, bankruptcy, legal
incapacity or dissolution of any member, unless the business of RoseStar is
continued by the consent of all the remaining members within ninety days.
Accordingly, RoseStar will lack the corporate characteristic of continuity of
life.
An organization will be treated as possessing the corporate
characteristic of free transferability of interests if the members owning all
or substantially all of the interests in an organization may substitute for
themselves without the consent of the other members a person who is not a
member of the organization.(25) Article 4.05 of the Act provides, in part,
that unless otherwise provided by the company's regulations, a membership
interest is assignable in whole or in part; an assignment of a member's
interest does not entitle the assignee to become, or to exercise rights or
powers of a member; and until the assignee becomes a member, the assignor
member continues to be a member and to have the power to exercise any rights or
powers of a member, except to the extent those rights or powers are assigned.
Article 4.07 of the Act provides, in part, that an assignee of a membership
interest may become a member if and to the extent that the company's
regulations so provide, or all members consent. Article 9.3 of the RoseStar
Regulations provides, in part, that no member shall have the right to
substitute in its place a transferee unless consent is given by the Managers
and a majority of the other members, which consent may be withheld in the
discretion of the Managers or the other members. Accordingly, RoseStar will
lack the corporate characteristic of free transferability of interests. Because
RoseStar will lack the corporate characteristics of continuity of life and free
transferability of interests, in our opinion it will be treated as partnership
for federal income tax purposes.
D. Incidental Personal Property
As noted above, the rents attributable to the Operating Partnership's
personal property leased under or in connection with the Lease must not be
greater than 15 percent of the rents received under the Lease. The rent
attributable to personal property leased under or in connection with a lease of
real property is the amount that bears the same ratio to total rent for the
taxable year as (i) the average of the adjusted bases of the personal property
leased under or in connection
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(25) Treas. Reg. Section 301.7701-2(e).
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<PAGE> 109
with a lease of real property at the beginning and at the end of the taxable
year bears to (ii) the average of the aggregate adjusted bases of the real and
personal property subject to the lease at the beginning and at the end of such
taxable year (the "Adjusted Basis Ratio").(26) The Operating Partnership has
represented that, assuming that the Lease is not characterized as a financing
arrangement with respect to the FF&E, the adjusted tax basis of the FF&E will
not represent more than 15 percent of the aggregate adjusted tax basis of the
Albuquerque Hyatt at any time.
E. Provision of Services by the Operating Partnership
1. Income Derived under the Terms of the Lease
Although the Operating Partnership may treat charges for services
customarily furnished or rendered in connection with the rental of the
Albuquerque Hyatt as "rents from real property," any services rendered to the
occupants of the Albuquerque Hyatt must be furnished or rendered by an
independent contractor from whom the Company does not derive or receive any
income.(27) Moreover, to the extent that any independent contractors provide
noncustomary services to the occupants of the Albuquerque Hyatt, the cost of
such services must not be borne by the Operating Partnership.(28) Under the
terms of the Lease, the Operating Partnership will not be required to provide
any services, customary or noncustomary, in connection with the rental of the
Albuquerque Hyatt. Instead, all services relating to the operation of the
Albuquerque Hyatt will be provided by Hyatt to RoseStar under the terms of the
Management Agreement. The Operating Partnership will not bear the cost of any
of the services provided by Hyatt to RoseStar. Instead, such costs will be
borne by RoseStar pursuant to its assumption of the Operating Partnership's
obligations under the Management Agreement.
Based on the foregoing, we believe that the provision of any
noncustomary services to the occupants of the Albuquerque Hyatt by Hyatt will
have no effect on the qualification of the income derived from the Albuquerque
Hyatt as "rents from real property." In fact, the IRS has issued a private
letter ruling in which it has treated the income derived from several leases of
hotel properties as "rents from real property" in a situation where the lessees
had contracted with a third-party to conduct the day-to-day operations of the
hotels.(29) Our conclusion is not altered by the fact that the Operating
Partnership will remain liable for any obligations arising under the Management
Agreement, to the extent that they are not satisfied by the Tenant. The
Operating Partnership should not be treated as bearing the cost of the services
provided by Hyatt merely because it will be liable for RoseStar's obligations
under the Management Agreement. The Operating
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(26)Section 856(d)(1)(C).
(27)Sections 856(d)(1), 856(d)(2)(C); Treas. Reg. Section 1.512(b)-1(c)(5).
(28)Treas. Reg. Section 1.856-4(b)(5).
(29)See, P.L.R. 8117036 (January 27, 1981).
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<PAGE> 110
Partnership will not be retaining this liability in an attempt to provide
services to RoseStar. Instead, it will be retaining this liability only as an
accommodation, in order to gain Hyatt's consent to its purchase of the
Albuquerque Hyatt. Moreover, the Operating Partnership believes that it is
highly unlikely that it will ever be required to reimburse Hyatt for the costs
and expenses of operating the Albuquerque Hyatt because of a default by
RoseStar under the Management Agreement. This is because (i) the Albuquerque
Hyatt is projected to generate enough gross income to cover the payments to
Hyatt under the Management Agreement, (ii) in the event that the Albuquerque
Hyatt does not generate enough gross income to cover the payments to Hyatt
under the Management Agreement, RoseStar may still be able to make such
payments out of gross income generated by the Denver Marriott, (iii) in
connection with the Lease, RoseStar has represented that it has a net worth of
at least $200,000, (iv) in the view of the Operating Partnership, RoseStar's
capitalization is adequate to allow RoseStar to assume RoseStar's obligations
under the Lease, and (v) in connection with the Lease, RoseStar has agreed to
limit distributions to its members to an amount necessary to pay federal and
state income taxes on income from the Albuquerque Hyatt until RoseStar is
holding sufficient reserves funds to enable it to pay at least one monthly
payment of base rent under the Lease and all other leases between RoseStar and
the Operating Partnership.
2. Income Derived in the Case of a Default under the Lease
If the Operating Partnership were required to reimburse Hyatt for the
costs of operating the Albuquerque Hyatt because of a default by RoseStar under
the terms of the Management Agreement, we have concluded that the income
derived by the Operating Partnership from the Albuquerque Hyatt would be
treated as "qualifying income" for purposes of the 75 percent and 95 percent
tests. This is because, if the Operating Partnership were required to
reimburse Hyatt for the cost of operating the Albuquerque Hyatt, this would
constitute an event of default under Article 16.1 of the Lease, allowing the
Operating Partnership to terminate RoseStar's leasehold interest in the
Albuquerque Hyatt. As a result of such a termination of the Lease, any income
derived by the Operating Partnership from the Albuquerque Hyatt after the
default would be treated as income from foreclosure property.
The Operating Partnership would be able to continue to operate the
Albuquerque Hyatt after any default under the Lease, without affecting its
status as foreclosure property. This is because Hyatt, which will provide all
services relating to the operation of the Albuquerque Hyatt, qualifies as an
independent contractor from whom the Company does not derive any income. As
noted above, a REIT can use foreclosure property in the conduct of an active
trade or business, as long as this is done through the use of an independent
contractor, from whom the REIT does not derive or receive any income.(30)
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(30)Section 856(e)(4)(C). The IRS clearly intended for REITs to be able to
treat hotels operated by independent contractors as foreclosure property. For
instance, the Treasury regulations defining foreclosure property refer to hotel
Footnote continued on next page
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As previously noted, real property acquired upon default under a lease
is not eligible to be treated as foreclosure property if the lease is entered
into with an intent to evict or foreclose, or if the REIT knows or has reason
to know that default would occur.(31) This is not the case in the present
situation because (i) the Albuquerque Hyatt is projected to generate enough
gross income to cover the payments to Hyatt under the Management Agreement,
(ii) in the event that the Albuquerque Hyatt does not generate enough gross
income to cover the payments to Hyatt under the Management Agreement, RoseStar
may still be able to make such payments out of gross income generated by the
Denver Marriott, (iii) in connection with the Lease, RoseStar has represented
that it has a net worth of at least $200,000, (iv) in the view of the Operating
Partnership, RoseStar's capitalization is adequate to allow RoseStar to assume
RoseStar's obligations under the Lease, and (v) in connection with the Lease,
RoseStar has agreed to limit distributions to its members to an amount
necessary to pay federal and state income taxes on income from the Albuquerque
Hyatt until RoseStar is holding sufficient reserves funds to enable it to pay
at least one monthly payment of base rent under the Lease and all other leases
between RoseStar and the Operating Partnership.
The Albuquerque Hyatt will in any event qualify as foreclosure
property only for a period of up to two years, beginning on the date of its
acquisition by the Operating Partnership, unless the Operating Partnership
obtains an extension of the grace period from the IRS.(32) Therefore, in the
event the Operating Partnership takes possession of the Albuquerque Hyatt as a
result of a default under the lease, presumably the Operating Partnership will
sell the Albuquerque Hyatt or within two years rent it to another tenant under
a lease that will produce "rents from real property."
V. CONCLUSION
Based on the assumptions stated above, it is our opinion that (i) all
of the income that the Operating Partnership derives from the Albuquerque Hyatt
will be treated as "qualifying income" for purposes of the 95 percent test and
(ii) all of the income the Operating Partnership derives from the Albuquerque
Hyatt will be treated as "qualifying income" for purposes of the 75 percent
test.
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Footnote continued from previous page
properties twice. See, Treas. Reg. Sections 1.856-6(b)(2), 1.856-6(d)(2). In
addition, the IRS has also recently issued a private letter ruling in which it
treated income received from hotels acquired pursuant to a bankruptcy petition
as income from foreclosure property, where the hotels were operated by
third-party managers. P.L.R. 9420013 (2/15/94).
(31)Treas. Reg. Section 1.856-6(b)(3).
(32)Section 856(e)(2).
-13-
<PAGE> 112
April 1, 1996
Crescent Real Estate Equities, Inc.
900 Third Avenue, Suite 1800
New York New York 10022
Ladies and Gentlemen:
On December 19, 1995 we provided you with a memorandum analyzing the
impact that the purchase of the Hyatt Regency Albuquerque Plaza (the
"Albuquerque Hyatt") by Crescent Real Estate Equities Limited Partnership (the
"Operating Partnership") would have on the ability of Crescent Real Estate
Equities, Inc. (the "Company") to continue to qualify as a real estate
investment trust (a "REIT") under section 856(c).(1) That memorandum concluded
that, subject to certain assumptions, in our opinion (i) all of the income that
the Operating Partnership derived from the Albuquerque Hyatt would be treated
as "qualifying income" for purposes of the 95 percent gross income test for
REIT qualification and (ii) all of the income that the Operating Partnership
derived from the Albuquerque Hyatt would be treated as "qualifying income" for
purposes of the 75 percent gross income test for REIT qualification. The
December 19, 1995 memorandum was based upon, among other items, our review of a
Lease Agreement between the Operating Partnership, as lessor, and RoseStar
Management, LLC ("RoseStar"), as lessee, dated December 19, 1995 (the "Lease").
On March 11, 1996, the Operating Partnership conveyed all of its
interest as lessor under the Lease to Crescent Real Estate Funding II, L.P., a
Delaware limited Partnership ("Funding II"). Funding II assumed all of the
Operating Partnership's liabilities and obligations under the Original Lease.
On March 29, 1996, pursuant to an Assignment and Assumption of
Leasehold Estate, RoseStar sold and assigned all of its interest and estate as
lessee under the Lease to RoseStar Southwest, LLC, a Delaware limited liability
company ("Southwest"). RoseStar owns a 99 percent interest in Southwest, while
the remaining one percent interest is owned by RSSW Corp., a Delaware
corporation. The ownership of RoseStar is unchanged from December 19, 1995.
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(1) All section references are to the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as
amended (the "Code"), or to the regulations issued thereunder, unless
otherwise noted.
<PAGE> 113
Crescent Real Estate Equities, Inc.
April 1, 1996
Page 2
On April 1, 1996, the Lease was amended to provide that, among other
things, (1) at all times during the term of the Lease, Southwest and RoseStar
would maintain a cumulative net worth equal to $200,000; and (2) Southwest
would retain all of the income it earns from the Albuquerque Hyatt (except
distributions to its beneficial owners in an amount sufficient to pay their
federal and state income taxes on such income) until such time as Southwest and
any affiliate of Southwest (including RoseStar) which has entered into a
long-term lease of a hotel with Funding II or any affiliate of Funding II
(including the Operating Partnership) have accumulated and are holding in
reserve funds in the aggregate which are sufficient to enable Southwest and any
affiliated entities to pay at least one monthly payment of base rent under each
lease between Southwest and any such affiliated entities and Funding II or an
affiliate of Funding II.
This letter is intended to update the opinions expressed in our
December 19, 1995 memorandum to reflect the changes in the Lease and the
substitution of new parties as lessor and lessee of the Albuquerque Hyatt. The
opinions set forth herein are based upon the existing provisions of the Code,
and the reported interpretations thereof by the IRS and by the courts in effect
as of the date hereof, all of which are subject to change, both retroactively
or prospectively, and to possibly different interpretations. We assume no
obligation to update the opinions set forth in this letter. We believe that
the conclusions expressed herein, if challenged by the IRS, would be sustained
in court. However, because our opinions are not binding upon the IRS or the
courts, there can be no assurance that contrary positions may not be
successfully asserted by the IRS.
I. Documents and Representations
For the purpose of rendering this opinion, we have examined and
relied on originals, or copies certified or otherwise identified to our
satisfaction, of the following: (1) the Lease; (2) the Assignment and
Assumption of Leasehold Estate by and between RoseStar and Southwest dated
March 29, 1996; (3) the First Amendment to the Lease dated April 1, 1996; (4)
the Limited Guaranty Agreement by Gerald Haddock, John Goff and Sanjay Varma,
as guarantors in favor of Funding II (the "Guaranty); (5) the Articles of
Organization of RoseStar Management, LLC (the "RoseStar Articles"), (6) the
Regulations of RoseStar Management, LLC (the "RoseStar Regulations"), (7) the
First Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of Crescent Real Estate
Equities, Inc. (the "Crescent Articles"); and (8) such other documents or
information as we have deemed necessary for the opinion set forth below. In
our examination, we have assumed the genuineness of all signatures, the legal
capacity of natural persons, the authenticity of all documents submitted to us
as originals, the conformity to original documents of all documents submitted
to us as certified or photostatic copies, and the authenticity of the originals
of such copies.
<PAGE> 114
Crescent Real Estate Equities, Inc.
April 1, 1996
Page 3
For the purpose of rendering this opinion, we have also assumed that
all statements of facts and assumptions described in our December 19, 1995
memorandum remain correct, unless otherwise noted.
II. Opinions
A. Lease Will be Treated as a Lease for Federal Income Tax Purposes
In order for any income derived by Funding II from the Albuquerque
Hyatt to constitute either "rents from real property," or in the case of a
default under the Lease, "gross income from foreclosure property," the Lease
must be treated as a lease for federal income tax purposes and not be treated
as a service contract, management contract or other type of arrangement. This
determination depends on an analysis of all the surrounding facts and
circumstances. In making this determination, courts have considered a variety
of factors, including the following: (i) the intent of the parties, (ii) the
form of the agreement, (iii) the degree of control over the business conducted
at the property that is provided to the lessee (e.g., whether the lessee has
substantial rights of control over the operation of the property and its
business), (iv) the extent to which the lessee has the risk of loss from
operations of the business conducted as the property (e.g., whether the lessee
bears the risk of increases in operating expenses and of decreases in
revenues), and (v) the extent to which the lessee has the opportunity to
benefit from operations of the business conducted at the property (e.g.,
whether the lessee benefits from decreased operating expenses or increased
revenues).(2)
In addition, section 7701(e) provides that a contract that purports
to be a service contract, partnership agreement, or another type of arrangement
will be treated instead as a lease of property if the contract is properly
treated as such, taking into account all relevant factors, including whether or
not: (i) the service recipient is in physical possession of the property, (ii)
the service recipient controls the property, (iii) the service recipient has a
significant economic or possessory interest in the property (e.g., the
property's use is likely to be dedicated to the service recipient for a
substantial portion of the useful life of the property, the recipient shares
the risk that the property will decline in value, the recipient shares in any
appreciation in the value of the property, the recipient shares in any savings
in the property's operating costs or the recipient bears the risk of damage to
or loss of the property), (iv) the service provider does not bear any risk of
substantially diminished receipts or substantially increased expenditures if
there is nonperformance under the contract, (v) the service provider does not
use the property concurrently to provide significant services to entities
unrelated to the service recipient and (vi) the total contract price does not
substantially exceed the rental
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(2) See, e.g., Xerox Corp. v. U.S., 80-2 USTC Paragraph 9530 (Ct. Cl. Tr.
Div. 1980), aff'd per curiam, 656 F.2d 659 (Ct. Cl. 1981).
<PAGE> 115
Crescent Real Estate Equities, Inc.
April 1, 1996
Page 4
value of the property for the contract period. Since the determination of
whether a service contract, partnership agreement, or some other type of
arrangement should be treated as a lease is inherently factual, the presence or
absence of any single factor may not be dispositive in every case.(3)
We have concluded that the Lease will be treated as a lease for
Federal income tax purposes, rather than a service contract, management
contract or other type of arrangement. This conclusion is based, in part, on
the following facts: (i) Funding II and Southwest intend their relationship to
be that of lessor and lessee (as evidenced by the terms of the Lease), (ii)
Southwest has the right to exclusive possession, use and quiet enjoyment of the
Albuquerque Hyatt during the term of the Lease and the right to uninterrupted
control in the operation of and business conducted at the Albuquerque Hyatt
(subject to its assumption of the Management Agreement), (iii) Southwest will
bear the cost of, and be responsible for, capital expenditures, including
maintenance and repair of the Albuquerque Hyatt, and will dictate how the
Albuquerque Hyatt is maintained and improved (with the exception that Funding
II, as lessor, is responsible for the cost of certain capital expenditures in
situations where the funds available to Southwest are insufficient for such
expenditures), (iv) Southwest will bear all the costs and expenses of operating
the Albuquerque Hyatt (with the exception of the costs of replacing certain FF
& E associated with the Albuquerque Hyatt, which are to be funded by Funding
II), (v) Southwest will benefit from any savings in the costs of operating the
Albuquerque Hyatt during the term of the Lease, (vi) in the event of damage or
destruction to the Albuquerque Hyatt, Southwest will be at economic risk
because its obligation to make rental payments will not abate, (vii) Southwest
will indemnify Funding II against all liabilities imposed on Funding II during
the term of the Lease by reason of injury to persons or damage to property
occurring at the Albuquerque Hyatt or Southwest's use, management, maintenance
or repair of the Albuquerque Hyatt, (viii) Southwest is obligated to pay
substantial fixed rent for the period of use of the Albuquerque Hyatt,
regardless of whether its revenues exceed its costs and expenses, and (ix)
Southwest stands to incur substantial losses (or derive substantial profits)
depending on how successfully it operates the Albuquerque Hyatt.
We do not believe that our conclusion that the Lease of the
Albuquerque Hyatt will be treated as a lease for Federal income tax purposes is
affected by the fact that Southwest assumed RoseStar's rights and obligations
as lessor under the Lease subject to its assumption of Funding II's obligations
under the preexisting Management Agreement. The Management Agreement gives
Hyatt control over the day-to-day operation of the Albuquerque Hyatt and will
allow Hyatt to share with Southwest in the benefits of any increases in
revenues or cost savings in the operation of the Albuquerque Hyatt. However,
Hyatt's operation of the
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(3) P.L.R. 8918012 (January 24, 1989).
<PAGE> 116
Crescent Real Estate Equities, Inc.
April 1, 1996
Page 5
Albuquerque Hyatt is not controlled by Funding II, and the Management Agreement
does not affect the fact that Southwest bears most of the risk of loss if the
Albuquerque Hyatt is not successful. Moreover, the IRS has issued a private
letter ruling in which it treated leases of several hotel properties as
producing "rents from real property" in a situation where the lessees had
contracted with a third party to conduct the day-to-day operations of the
hotels.(4) This ruling suggests that the IRS will respect a lease of a hotel
for federal income tax purposes even if the hotel is operated by an
independent contractor rather than by the lessee.
The Lease is structured in form so that Funding II retains ownership
of all the personal property leased to Southwest in connection with Southwest's
lease of the Albuquerque Hyatt (the "FF&E"). However, if the term of the Lease
equals or exceeds the useful life of some or all of the FF&E, it is possible
that the Lease could be treated for federal income tax purposes as a financing
arrangement. In such a case, Southwest would be treated as having acquired
ownership of the FF&E for federal income tax purposes in exchange for an
obligation to make future payments of principal and interest to Funding II.
Nonetheless, we do not believe that the recharacterization of the Lease as a
financing arrangement with respect to the FF&E would have a material effect on
the ability of the Company to satisfy the requirements for taxation as a REIT.
This is because, if a portion the of the payments made by Southwest under the
Lease were characterized as interest on indebtedness secured by the FF&E,
rather than rents from real property, that portion would still satisfy the 95
percent gross income test (although it would not satisfy the 75% gross income
test).(5)
B. Percentage Rent Provision is not Profit-Based
Pursuant to the Lease, Southwest will be obligated to pay Funding II
base rent and percentage rent. Under the regulations, percentage rent based on
a percentage of gross receipts or sales in excess of a floor amount, which is
how the percentage rent is structured under the Lease, will not qualify as
"rents from real property" unless (i) such floor amount does not depend in
whole or in part on the income or profits of the lessee, (ii) the percentage
and the floor amount are fixed at the time the lease is entered into, (iii) the
percentage and the floor amount are not renegotiated during the term of the
lease in a manner that has the effect
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(4) See, P.L.R. 8117036 (January 27, 1981).
(5) If the Lease were recharacterized as a financing arrangement with
respect to the FF&E, it also might result in some minor timing differences
with respect to the Company's recognition of income. These differences
would result from (a) the recharacterization of a portion Southwest's
payments under the Lease as a return of principal and (b) the Company's
loss of any depreciation deductions attributable to the FF&E.
<PAGE> 117
Crescent Real Estate Equities, Inc.
April 1, 1996
Page 6
of basing the percentage rent on income or profits, and (iv) the percentage and
the floor amount conform with normal business practice.(6)
Under the terms of Article 4.2 of the Lease, Southwest will pay
percentage rent equal on an annual basis to the sum of (i) 17.5 percent of the
excess of annual gross receipts from room rentals over $6,000,000 and (ii) 2.5
percent of the excess of annual gross receipts from the food and beverage
facilities at the Albuquerque Hyatt over $2,000,000. It will effectively
reward Southwest for any increases in gross receipts from rooms and from other
sources over the threshold amounts. This type of formula does not base the
percentage rent on Southwest's income or profits, and similar formulas have
been treated by the IRS as generating "rents from real property."(7) Moreover,
Funding II has represented that (i) the floor amounts used to compute the
percentage rent under the Lease do not depend in whole or in part on the income
or profits of any person, (ii) the percentage rent provision of the Lease has
not been and will not be renegotiated during the term of the Lease or at the
expiration or earlier termination of the Lease in a manner that has the effect
of basing the rent on income or profits, and (iii) the percentage rent
provision of the Lease conforms with normal business practice. In addition,
based on our experience and an examination of the Lease and the Albuquerque
Hyatt projections, the Lease appears to conform with normal business practice.
C. Southwest is not a "Related Party Tenant"
Rents received from Southwest will not qualify as "rents from real
property" if Southwest is a "related party tenant." Southwest will be a
"related party tenant" if the Company, or an owner of 10 percent or more of the
Company, directly or constructively owns 10 percent or more of the assets or
net profits of Southwest.(8) Constructive ownership is determined for purposes
of this test by applying the rules of section 318(a) as modified by section
856(d)(5). Those rules generally provide that if 10 percent or more in value
of the stock of the Company is owned, directly or indirectly, by or for any
person, the Company is considered as owning the stock owned, directly or
indirectly, by or for such person.
Southwest will not be treated as a "related party tenant" because a
99 percent interest in Southwest's assets and net profits will be owned by
RoseStar, with the remaining one
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(6) Treas. Reg. Section 1.866-4(b)(3).
(7) See, e.g., P.L.R. 8803007 (September 23, 1987) (percentage rent based on
gross revenues in excess of gross revenues for a base year treated as
"rents from real property"); cf. P.L.R. 9104018 (October 26, 1990)
(interest based on gross revenues in excess of a floor amount treated as
qualifying interest under section 856(f)).
(8) Section 856(d)(2)(B)(ii).
<PAGE> 118
Crescent Real Estate Equities, Inc.
April 1, 1996
Page 7
percent interest owned by RSSW, Corp. An individual, Sanjay Varma, currently
owns a 91 percent interest in the assets and net profits of RoseStar and RSSW,
Corp. In reaching this conclusion, we recognize that Sanjay Varma owns certain
Units of the Operating Partnership.(9) Funding II has represented that (i)
Sanjay Varma does not own more than 10 percent of the value of the Company's
stock, (ii) Sanjay Varma is not expected to own more than 10 percent of the
value of the Company's stock in the future, and (iii) neither Funding II nor
the Company intends to acquire, directly or constructively, an interest of 10
percent or more in the assets or net profits of RoseStar at any time in the
future. Moreover, Article 7.8 of the Lease limits the ability of Southwest or
any person owning an interest in Southwest (including RoseStar) to acquire,
directly or constructively, a 6 percent stock interest in the Company, and
Section 6.4 of the First Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of the
Company prevents RoseStar and its members and managers from acquiring more than
8 percent of the Company's stock.
The conclusion that Southwest will not be treated as a "related party
tenant" is based on the assumption that its member RoseStar will be treated as
a partnership for federal income tax purposes. If RoseStar is not treated as a
partnership for federal income tax purposes, but is instead treated as an
association taxable as a corporation, then it is possible that Southwest would
be treated as a "related party tenant" and the rents derived under the terms of
the Lease would not be treated as "rents from real property." This is because,
if RoseStar were treated as a corporation for federal income tax purposes,
Gerald W. Haddock and John C. Goff would likely be deemed to own all of its
voting stock, because of the extensive powers that they are granted as managers
under the RoseStar Regulations. If this were the case, the ownership of such
voting stock (and ownership of Southwest) might be attributed to the Company
under a literal reading of the constructive ownership rules described above.(10)
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(9) See Rev. Rul. 73-194, 1973-1 C.B. 355 (management company treated as an
independent contractor with respect to a REIT, where an affiliate of the
management company and the REIT were partners).
(10) Richard Rainwater, Gerald Haddock and John Goff are each partners in
FW-Irving Partners, Ltd. (and apparently they are partners in other
partnerships as well). Richard Rainwater also owns more than 10 percent
of the value of the stock of the Company. Thus, assuming that the
ownership interests in RoseStar held by Gerald Haddock and John Goff
constitute stock, such interests, along with Richard Rainwater's stock
interest in the Company, will be attributed to FW-Irving Partners, Ltd.
pursuant to section 318(a)(3)(A), which provides that stock owned,
directly or indirectly, by or for a partners shall be considered as owned
by the partnership. Then, FW-Irving Partners, Ltd.'s deemed interest in
RoseStar would be attributed to the Company pursuant to section
318(a)(3)(C) (as modified by section 856(d)(5)), which provides that stock
owned by any person that owns 10 percent or more of the value of the stock
in a corporation shall be considered owned by the corporation. As you are
aware, however, we have opined to you in a similar context that we do not
believe that these attribution rules should be read literally.
<PAGE> 119
Crescent Real Estate Equities, Inc.
April 1, 1996
Page 8
An entity which has associates and an objective to carry on a
business for joint profit will be treated as a partnership for federal income
tax purposes, and not as an association taxable as a corporation, if it has not
more than two of the following four characteristics of a corporation: (i)
continuity of life; (ii) centralization of management; (iii) limited liability;
and (iv) free transferability of interests.(11) The entity must also have no
other characteristics which are significant in determining its classification.
Generally, other factors are considered only insofar as they relate to the
determination of the presence or absence of the foregoing corporate
characteristics.(12) The IRS has applied this four-factor test in determining
whether limited liability companies formed under the Texas Limited Liability
Company Act (the "Act") are partnerships for federal income tax purposes.(13)
The IRS has issued Rev. Proc. 95-10, which specifies conditions which must be
satisfied for a limited liability company to receive a favorable advanced
ruling that it will be classified as a partnership for federal income tax
purposes.(14) RoseStar should satisfy these conditions. However, such
conditions are applicable only in determining whether rulings will be issued
and are not intended as substantive rules for determination of partnership
status.
An organization will be treated as possessing the corporate
characteristic of continuity of life, even if the agreement organizing an
entity provides that it is to continue only for a stated period, unless a
member has the power to dissolve the organization at an earlier time.(15)
Article 6.01 of the Act provides, in part, that except as otherwise provided in
the company's regulations, a limited liability company shall be dissolved upon
the death, retirement, resignation, expulsion, bankruptcy, or dissolution of a
member or the occurrence of any other event which terminates the continued
membership of a member in the limited liability company, unless there is at
least one remaining member and the business of the limited liability company is
continued by the consent by the number of members or class thereof stated in
the articles of organization or regulations of the limited liability company or
of not so stated, by all remaining members. Article 2 of the RoseStar Articles
provides that the duration of RoseStar is until the close of business on
December 31, 2015, or until its earlier dissolution in accordance with the
provisions of the Act or the Regulations. Article 10.2 of the RoseStar
Regulations provides, in part, that RoseStar shall be dissolved upon the
withdrawal, death, retirement, resignation, expulsion, bankruptcy, legal
incapacity or dissolution of any member, unless the business of RoseStar is
continued by the consent of all the remaining members
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(11) Treas. Reg. Section 301.7701-2(a).
(12) See Rev. Rul. 79-106, 1979-1 C.B. 448.
(13) See, e.g., P.L.R. 9242025 (July 22, 1992) and P.L.R. 9218078 (January
31, 1992).
(14) 1995-3 I.R.B. 20.
(15) Treas. Reg. Section 301.7701-2(b)(3).
<PAGE> 120
Crescent Real Estate Equities, Inc.
April 1, 1996
Page 9
within ninety days. Accordingly, RoseStar will lack the corporate
characteristic of continuity of life.
An organization will be treated as possessing the corporate
characteristic of free transferability of interests if the members owning all
or substantially all of the interests in an organization may substitute for
themselves without the consent of the other members a person who is not a
member of the organization.(16) Article 4.05 of the Act provides, in part, that
unless otherwise provided by the company's regulations, a membership interest
is assignable in whole or in part; an assignment of a member's interest does
not entitle the assignee to become, or to exercise rights or powers of a
member; and until the assignee becomes a member, the assignor member continues
to be a member and to have the power to exercise any rights or powers of a
member, except to the extent those rights or powers are assigned. Article 4.07
of the Act provides, in part, that an assignee of a membership interest may
become a member if and to the extent that the company's regulations so provide,
or all members consent. Article 9.3 of the RoseStar Regulations provides, in
part, that no member shall have the right to substitute in its place a
transferee unless consent is given by the Managers and a majority of the other
members, which consent may be withheld in the discretion of the Managers or the
other members. Accordingly, RoseStar will lack the corporate characteristic of
free transferability of interests. Because RoseStar will lack the corporate
characteristics of continuity of life and free transferability of interests, in
our opinion it will be treated as partnership for federal income tax purposes.
D. Incidental Personal Property
As noted in the December 19, 1995 memorandum, in order for the rent
under the Lease to be treated as "rents from real property," the rents
attributable to personal property leased under or in connection with the Lease
must not be greater than 15 percent of the rents received under the Lease. The
rent attributable to personal property leased under or in connection with a
lease of real property is the amount that bears the same ratio to total rent
for the taxable year as (i) the average of the adjusted bases of the personal
property leased under or in connection with a lease of real property at the
beginning and at the end of the taxable year bears to (ii) the average of the
aggregate adjusted bases of the real and personal property subject to the lease
at the beginning and at the end of such taxable year (the "Adjusted Basis
Ratio").(17) Funding II has represented that the adjusted tax basis of the
personal property leased under or in connection with the Lease has not
represented and will not represent more than 15 percent of the aggregate
adjusted tax basis of the Albuquerque
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(16) Treas. Reg. Section 301.7701-2(e).
(17) Section 856(d)(1)(C).
<PAGE> 121
Crescent Real Estate Equities, Inc.
April 1, 1996
Page 10
Hyatt at any time. Moreover, in Article 36.2 of the Lease, the parties agreed
that the adjusted tax basis of the personal property leased under or in
connection with the Lease will not represent more than 15 percent of the
aggregate adjusted tax basis of the Albuquerque Hyatt at any time.
E. Provision of Services by the Funding II
1. Income Derived under the Terms of the Lease
Although Funding II may treat charges for services customarily
furnished or rendered in connection with the rental of the Albuquerque Hyatt as
"rents from real property," any services rendered to the occupants of the
Albuquerque Hyatt must be furnished or rendered by an independent contractor
from whom the Company does not derive or receive any income.(18) Moreover, to
the extent that any independent contractors provide noncustomary services to
the occupants of the Albuquerque Hyatt, the cost of such services must not be
borne by the Funding II.(19)
Under the terms of the Lease, Funding II will not be required to
provide any services, customary or noncustomary, in connection with the rental
of the Albuquerque Hyatt. Instead, all services relating to the operation of
the Albuquerque Hyatt will be provided by Hyatt under the terms of the
Management Agreement. Funding II has represented that Hyatt is an independent
contractor within the meaning of section 856(d)(3), from which the Company and
Funding II will not derive or receive any income. Funding II will not bear the
cost of any of the services provided by Hyatt. Instead, such costs are borne
by Southwest, because it has assumed Funding II's obligations, as owner, under
the Management Agreement.
Based on the foregoing, we believe that the provision of any
noncustomary services to the occupants of the Albuquerque Hyatt by Hyatt will
have no effect on the qualification of the income derived from the Albuquerque
Hyatt as "rents from real property." In fact, the IRS has issued a private
letter ruling in which it has treated the income derived from several leases of
hotel properties as "rents from real property" in a situation where the lessees
had contracted with a third-party to conduct the day to day operations of the
hotels.(20) Our conclusion is not altered by the fact that Funding II will
remain liable for any obligations arising under the Management Agreement, to
the extent that they are not satisfied by Southwest. Funding II should not be
treated as bearing the cost of the services provided by
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(18) Sections 856(d)(1), 856(d)(2)(C); Treas. Reg. Section 1.512(b)-1(c)(5).
(19) Treas. Reg. Section 1.856-4(b)(5).
(20) See, P.L.R. 8117036 (January 27, 1981).
<PAGE> 122
Crescent Real Estate Equities, Inc.
April 1, 1996
Page 11
Hyatt merely because it is liable for Southwest's obligations under the
Management Agreement. Funding II is not retaining this liability in an attempt
to provide services to Southwest. Instead, it is retaining this liability only
as an accommodation to Hyatt. Moreover, Funding II believes that it is highly
unlikely that it will ever be required to reimburse Hyatt for the costs and
expenses of operating the Albuquerque Hyatt. This is because (i) the
Albuquerque Hyatt is projected to generate enough gross income to cover the
payments to Hyatt under the Management Agreement, (ii) in connection with
Section 7.7 the Lease, as amended, Southwest has represented that it has a net
worth of at least $200,000, (iii) in connection with Section 7.9 of the Lease,
as amended, Southwest has agreed to retain all of the income it earns from the
Albuquerque Hyatt (except distributions to its beneficial owners in an amount
sufficient to pay their federal and state income taxes on such income) until
such time as Southwest and any affiliate of Southwest (including RoseStar)
which has entered into a long-term lease of a hotel with Funding II or any
affiliate of Funding II (including the Operating Partnership) have accumulated
and are holding in reserve funds in the aggregate which are sufficient to
enable Southwest and any affiliated entities to pay at least one monthly
payment of base rent under each lease between Southwest and any such affiliated
entities and Funding II or an affiliate of Funding II, (iv) pursuant to the
Guaranty, RoseStar's individual members have guaranteed RoseStar's obligations
under the Lease, and (v) in the view of Funding II, Southwest's capitalization
is adequate to allow Southwest to assume its obligations as lessee under the
Lease.
2. Income Derived in the Case of a Default under the Lease
If Funding II were required to reimburse Hyatt for the costs of
operating the Albuquerque Hyatt because of a default by Southwest under the
terms of the Management Agreement, we have concluded that the income derived by
Funding II from the Albuquerque Hyatt would be treated as "qualifying income"
for purposes of the 75 percent and 95 percent tests. This is because, if
Funding II were required to reimburse Hyatt for the cost of operating the
Albuquerque Hyatt, this would constitute an event of default under Article
16.1(c) of the Lease, allowing Funding II to terminate Southwest's leasehold
interest in the Albuquerque Hyatt. As a result of such a termination of the
Lease, any income derived by Funding II from the Albuquerque Hyatt after the
default would be treated as income from foreclosure property.
Funding II would be able to continue to operate the Albuquerque Hyatt
after any default under the Lease, without affecting its status as foreclosure
property, because Hyatt, an independent contractor, from whom the Company will
not derive any income, will provide all services relating to its operation. A
REIT can use foreclosure property in the conduct of an
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Crescent Real Estate Equities, Inc.
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Page 12
active trade or business, as long as this is done through the use of an
independent contractor, from whom the REIT does not derive or receive any
income.(21)
Real property acquired upon default under a lease is not eligible to
be treated as foreclosure property if the lease is entered into with an intent
to evict or foreclose, or if the REIT knows or has reason to know that default
would occur.(22) This is not the case in the present situation because (i) the
Albuquerque Hyatt is projected to generate enough gross income to cover the
payments to Hyatt under the Management Agreement, (ii) in connection with
Section 7.7 the Lease, as amended, Southwest has represented that it has a net
worth of at least $200,000, (iii) in connection with Section 7.9 of the Lease,
as amended, Southwest has agreed to retain all of the income it earns from the
Albuquerque Hyatt (except distributions to its beneficial owners in an amount
sufficient to pay their federal and state income taxes on such income) until
such time as Southwest and any affiliate of Southwest (including RoseStar)
which has entered into a long-term lease of a hotel with Funding II or any
affiliate of Funding II (including the Operating Partnership) have accumulated
and are holding in reserve funds in the aggregate which are sufficient to
enable Southwest and any affiliated entities to pay at least one monthly
payment of base rent under each lease between Southwest and any such affiliated
entities and Funding II or an affiliate of Funding II, (iv) pursuant to the
Guaranty, RoseStar's individual members have guaranteed RoseStar's obligations
under the Lease, and (v) in the view of Funding II, Southwest's capitalization
is adequate to allow Southwest to assume its obligations as lessee under the
Lease.
The Albuquerque Hyatt would in any event qualify as foreclosure
property only for a period of up to two years, beginning of the date of its
acquisition by Funding II, unless Funding II obtains an extension of the grace
period from the IRS.(23) Therefore, in the event Funding II takes possession
of the Albuquerque Hyatt as a result of a default under the Lease, presumably
Funding II will sell the Albuquerque Hyatt or, within two years, rent it to
another tenant under a lease that will produce "rents from real property."
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(21) Section 856(e)(4)(C). (The IRS clearly intended for REITs to be able to
treat hotels operated by independent contractors as foreclosure property.
For instance, the Treasury regulations defining foreclosure property
refer to hotel properties twice. See, Treas. Reg. Sections 1.856-6(b)(2),
1.856-6(d)(2). In addition, the IRS has also recently issued a private
letter ruling in which it treated income received from hotels acquired
pursuant to a bankruptcy petition as income from foreclosure property,
where the hotels were operated by third party managers. P.L.R.
9420013 (2/15/94).)
(22) Treas. Reg. Section 1.856-6(b)(3).
(23) Section 856(e)(2).
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Crescent Real Estate Equities, Inc.
April 1, 1996
Page 13
F. Conclusions
Based on the assumptions and representations stated above, it is our
opinion that (i) all of the income that Funding II derives from the Albuquerque
Hyatt will be treated as "qualifying income" for purposes of the 95 percent
test and (ii) all of the income that Funding II derives from the Albuquerque
Hyatt, will be treated as "qualifying income" for purposes of the 75 percent
test.
III. Additional Limitations
The foregoing opinions are limited to the specific matters covered
thereby and should not be interpreted to imply that the undersigned has offered
its opinion on any other matter.
Very truly yours,
SHAW, PITTMAN, POTTS & TROWBRIDGE
By: /s/ CHARLES B. TEMKIN
---------------------------------
Charles B. Temkin, P.C.
<PAGE> 125
July 26, 1996
Crescent Real Estate Equities, Inc.
900 Third Avenue
Suite 1800
New York, New York 10022
Re: Canyon Ranch
Ladies and Gentlemen:
You have requested certain opinions regarding the application of U.S.
federal income tax laws to Crescent Real Estate Equities, Inc. (the "Company")
and Crescent Real Estate Equities Limited Partnership (the "Operating
Partnership") in connection with the acquisition of Canyon Ranch, a health and
fitness resort located in Tucson, Arizona from Canyon Ranch, Inc. ("CRI").
I. TRANSACTION DOCUMENTS
In rendering the opinions expressed below, we have examined and relied
upon the following documents (collectively, the "Transaction Documents"):
(i) the Contribution Agreement between CRI and the Operating
Partnership, dated July 26, 1996 ("the Contribution
Agreement");
(ii) the Lease Agreement between CRI and Canyon Ranch Leasing,
L.L.C. ("CRL"), dated July 26, 1996 (the "Lease");
(iii) the Management Agreement between CRI and Canyon Ranch
Management, L.L.C. ("CRM"), dated July 26, 1996 (the
"Management Agreement");
(iv) the Assignment and Assumption of Management Agreement between
CRI and the Operating Partnership, dated July 26, 1996 (the
"Assignment and Assumption Agreement");
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Page 2
(v) the Assignment and Assumption of Master Lease between CRI and
the Operating Partnership, dated July 26, 1996;
(vi) the Assignment and Assumption of Contracts between CRI and
the Operating Partnership, dated July 26, 1996;
(vii) the Assignment and Assumption of Store Leases between CRI and
the Operating Partnership, dated July 26, 1996;
(viii) the Asset Purchase Agreement between CRL, CRI and the
Operating Partnership, dated July 26, 1996 (the "FF & E
Purchase Agreement");
(ix) the Contract of Sale between CRI and CRL, dated July 26, 1996
(the "Life Share Contract");
(x) the Promissory Note for $2,400,000 with CRL as maker and the
Operating Partnership as payee bearing interest at the rate
of 10.75 percent, dated July 26, 1996 (the "Crescent FF & E
Note");
(xi) the Promissory Note in the amount of $648,360 with CRL as
maker and the Operating Partnership as payee bearing interest
at the rate of 10.75 percent per annum, dated July 26, 1996
(the "Life Share Note");
(xii) the Security Agreement between CRL and the Operating
Partnership, dated July 26, 1996 (the "Security Agreement");
(xiii) the Promissory Note in the amount of $162,090 with CRL as
maker and RoseStar Management, L.L.C. ("RoseStar") as payee
bearing interest at the rate of 10.75 percent per annum,
dated July 26, 1996 ("RoseStar Life Share Note");
(xiv) the Guaranty Agreement between RoseStar as GUARANTOR and the
Operating Partnership, dated July 26, 1996 (the "Guaranty");
(xv) the Limited Guaranty Agreement between Gerald Haddock, John
C. Goff and Sanjay Varma, together, as guarantors and the
Operating Partnership, dated July 26, 1996 (the "Limited
Guaranty");
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Crescent Real Estate Equities, Inc.
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Page 3
(xvi) the Agreement Between CRI as Lessee and the Operating
Partnership as Substitute Lessor, dated July 26, 1996;
(xvii) the Option Agreement between Melvin Zuckerman ("Zuckerman")
and RoseStar, dated July 26, 1996 (the "Zuckerman Option
Agreement");
(xviii) the Option Agreement between Jerry Cohen ("Cohen") and RSCR
Arizona Corp., a Delaware Corporation ("RSCR"), dated July
26, 1996 (the "Cohen Option Agreement");
(xix) the Option Agreement between CRL and the Operating
Partnership, dated July 26, 1996 (the "Life Share Option
Agreement");
(xx) the Articles of Organization of RoseStar (the "RoseStar
Articles");
(xxi) the Regulations of RoseStar (the "RoseStar Regulations");
(xxii) the Articles of Organization of CRL (the "CRL Articles");
(xxiii) the Regulations of CRL (the "CRL Regulations");
(xxiv) the Articles of Incorporation of RSCR;
(xxv) the Bylaws of RSCR;
(xxvi) the First Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of
Crescent Real Estate Equities, Inc. (the "Crescent
Articles"); and
(xxvii) such other documents or information as we deemed necessary
for the opinions set forth below.
II. BACKGROUND OF TRANSACTION
A. The Management Agreement: Under the Management Agreement, CRI,
as owner of Canyon Ranch, has contracted with CRM to manage and operate Canyon
Ranch, to collect all Canyon Ranch receipts, and to manage certain related
properties and time share programs (as described more fully below). In
addition, CRM has also agreed to honor resort memberships issued to various
persons by CRI. CRM was also granted the right to issue
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Crescent Real Estate Equities, Inc.
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Page 4
additional memberships in the resort in the future. In exchange for these
services, CRM is to be paid a profits-based management fee collected from the
gross receipts of the resort.
Under the Management Agreement, CRI, as owner, is obligated to
establish a capital improvement reserve to be funded from gross receipts from
the resort. CRM, as manager, is entitled to withdraw funds from this reserve
to pay for capital improvements and additions to the furniture, fixtures and
equipment used in connection with the resort.
Section 15.2 of the Management Agreement requires that all assignments
of the Management Agreement (other than certain assignments to permitted
transferees) be approved by CRM and under Section 15.3 of the Management
Agreement any assignees are bound by the obligations of the owner under the
Management Agreement.
B. The Lease: Under the terms of the Lease, CRL leased the
following property (the "Leased Property") from CRI: (i) the land, buildings,
fixtures and other improvements commonly known as Canyon Ranch; (ii) various
contracts entitling persons to use the guest rooms and/or the resort
facilities; (iii) various contracts (excluding employment contracts) relating
to the operation of the resort; (iv) CRI's interest as owner under the
Management Agreement (including the obligation to fund the capital improvement
reserve); (v) CRI's interest under certain Individual Unit Management
Agreements and a Common Element Management Agreement relating to the Canyon
Ranch Casitas (described more fully below); (vi) CRI's interest under certain
Individual Unit Management Agreements relating to the Canyon Ranch Estates
(described more fully below); (vii) CRI's interest under all existing leases of
the resort property; and (viii) certain personal property used in connection
with the resort. The Leased Property does not include certain machinery,
equipment, fixtures, furniture, vehicles, artwork, signage and other decorative
items located in or used in connection with the operation of the resort (the
"FF & E"), which was sold by CRI to CRL (as described more fully below).
C. The Zuckerman and Cohen Option Agreements: Under the
Zuckerman Option Agreement, Zuckerman granted to RoseStar, a Texas limited
liability company, the exclusive option to purchase, on or after December 15,
1996, but not after December 31, 1996, his 99 percent interest in CRL, the
Delaware limited liability company that is lessee under the Lease. In order to
exercise this option, RoseStar must give notice to Zuckerman and pay him $1.00.
In addition, under the Zuckerman Option Agreement, Zuckerman has the right to
require RoseStar to purchase his 99 percent interest in CRL for $1.00 at any
time on or after December 15, 1996, but not after December 31, 1996.
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Crescent Real Estate Equities, Inc.
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Currently, Sanjay Varma owns a 91 percent interest in the assets and
net profits of RoseStar, while Gerald W. Haddock and John C. Goff, the managers
of RoseStar, each own a 4.5 percent interest in its assets and net profits.
Under the Cohen Option Agreement, Cohen granted to RSCR the exclusive
option to purchase, on or after December 15, 1996, but not after December 31,
1996, his one percent interest in CRL. In order to exercise this option, RSCR
must give notice to Cohen and pay him $1.00. In addition, under the Cohen
Option Agreement, Cohen has the right to require RSCR to purchase his one
percent interest in CRL for $1.00 at any time on or afterDecember 15, 1996, but
not after December 31, 1996.
Sanjay Varma owns 91 percent of the stock of RSCR. Gerald W. Haddock
and John C. Goff each own 4.5 percent of the stock of RSCR.
D. The Contribution Agreement and the Assignment and Assumption
Agreement: Under the Contribution Agreement, CRI contributed the land,
buildings, fixtures and other improvements commonly known as Canyon Ranch, as
well as certain personal property used in connection with the operation of the
resort to the Operating Partnership, subject to the Lease and the Management
Agreement, in exchange for Units in the Operating Partnership. Under the
Contribution Agreement, the Operating Partnership also acquired CRI's interest
as owner under the Management Agreement and as lessor under the Lease.
Under the Assignment and Assumption Agreement, the Operating
Partnership assumed and agreed to perform all obligations of CRI as owner under
the Management Agreement to the extent that such obligations are not performed
by CRL as lessee under the Lease.
E. FF & E: As noted above, the Operating Partnership did not
acquire any of the FF & E. Instead, CRL purchased the FF & E from CRI under
the Asset Purchase Agreement with the proceeds of a loan. The loan, in the
principal amount of $2,400,000, was made to CRL by the Operating Partnership,
is evidenced by the Crescent FF & E Note, and is secured by the FF & E under
the terms of the Security Agreement.
F. Canyon Ranch Casitas: Adjacent to Canyon Ranch is the Canyon
Ranch Casitas Subdivision, consisting of 47 platted lots. Immediately prior to
the execution of the Contribution Agreement and the Life Share Property
Contract, CRI owned interests in 19 of these lots. The interests owned by CRI
consisted of: (a) the fee interest in 10 developed lots, which are used for
accommodations just like other rooms contained in Canyon Ranch proper, (b) the
fee interest in 6 unimproved lots, and (c) the fee interest in three improved
lots (the
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Crescent Real Estate Equities, Inc.
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"Casitas Time Share Lots") dedicated to the Canyon Ranch Casitas time share
program (described more fully below). Under the terms of the Contribution
Agreement, CRI's fee interest in the 10 developed and 6 undeveloped lots in
the Casitas Subdivision was contributed to the Operating Partnership subject to
the Lease and the Management Agreement. As a consequence, CRM will be
responsible for operating these lots for CRL. CRI sold its interest in the
Casitas Time Share Lots to CRL under the terms of the Life Share Property
Contract. CRL borrowed funds pursuant to the Life Share Note to acquire these
lots.
The other 28 lots in the Canyon Ranch Casitas subdivision are not
owned by CRI (one is owned by Zuckerman and the other 27 are owned by third
parties) and have not been contributed to the Operating Partnership. However,
under the terms of the Management Agreement, CRM has assumed the obligation to
manage approximately 20 of these lots under the terms of certain Individual
Unit Management Agreements between CRI and the owners of these lots. CRM has
also assumed CRI's obligation to maintain certain common areas in the Canyon
Ranch Casitas subdivision under the terms of a Common Element Management
Agreement. Under prior agreements, CRI granted third parties using the Casitas
units the right to use the resort facilities in exchange for an additional fee.
Under the terms of the Management Agreement, CRM has assumed CRI's obligations
under these prior agreements.
G. Canyon Ranch Estates: Also adjacent to Canyon Ranch is the
Canyon Ranch Estates Subdivision. Immediately prior to the execution of the
Contribution Agreement, CRI owned interests in five units in the Canyon Ranch
Estates Subdivision. The interests owned by CRI consisted of: (a) the fee
interest in one house in the Canyon Ranch Estates Subdivision used for
accommodations just like other rooms contained in Canyon Ranch proper, and (b)
the fee interest in three improved lots (the "EstatesTime Share Lots")
dedicated to the Canyon Ranch Hacienda time share program (described more fully
below). Under the terms of the Contribution Agreement, CRI's fee interest in
the house in the Canyon Ranch Estates subdivision was contributed to the
Operating Partnership subject to the Lease and the Management Agreement. As a
consequence, CRM will be responsible for operating this unit for CRL. CRI sold
its interest in the Estates Time Share Lots to CRL under the terms of the Life
Share Property Contract. CRL borrowed funds pursuant to the Life Share Note to
acquire these lots.
The other units in the Canyon Ranch Estates Subdivision were not
contributed to the Operating Partnership.
H. Time Share Arrangements: Time share arrangements exist with
respect to the Casitas Time Share Lots and the Estates Time Share Lots.
Purchasers of time share interests
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Crescent Real Estate Equities, Inc.
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Page 7
in these properties ("Interval Owners") entered into agreements with CRI that
allow the Interval Owners to (i) become members of Canyon Ranch, (ii) use the
time share accommodations for a certain period of time each year, and (iii)
receive certain personal health benefits. However, an Interval Owner must pay
to CRI additional fees for use of the spa, for meals and any special services
utilized. Interval Owners must also pay an annual maintenance fee to their
life share association (described more fully below). Under the Management
Agreement, CRM has agreed to perform all duties of CRI, as owner, under these
time share arrangements, to the extent such duties do not arise after the
termination of the Management Agreement. CRM has also agreed not to sell any
more time share interests under any of the above described programs.
III. REQUESTED OPINIONS
You have asked for our opinion concerning the impact that the purchase
of Canyon Ranch will have on the ability of the Company to continue to qualify
as a real estate investment trust (a "REIT") under section 856.(1)
Specifically, you have requested that we render opinions addressing the
following:
1. whether the Lease will be treated as a lease for federal
income tax purposes;
2. whether the income that the Operating Partnership derives from
the Lease will be treated as "qualifying income" for purposes
of the 95 percent and 75 percent gross income tests for REIT
qualification under section 856(c); and
3. whether the income that the Operating Partnership derives from
the Crescent FF & E Note and the Life Share Note will be
treated as "qualifying income" for purposes of the 75 percent
gross income test for REIT qualification under section
856(c)(3).
IV. LEGAL BACKGROUND
A. 75 Percent and 95 Percent Tests
In order to qualify as a REIT for tax purposes, the Company must
satisfy certain tests with respect to the composition of its gross income on an
annual basis. First, at least 75 percent of the Company's gross income
(excluding gross income from certain prohibited
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(1) All section references herein are to the Internal Revenue Code of 1986,
as amended (the "Code"), or to the regulations issued thereunder, unless
otherwise noted.
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Crescent Real Estate Equities, Inc.
July 26, 1996
Page 8
transactions) for each taxable year must consist of temporary investment income
or of certain defined categories of income derived directly or indirectly from
investments relating to real property or mortgages on real property. These
categories include, subject to various limitations, rents from real property,
interest on mortgages on real property, gains from the sale or other
disposition of real property (including interests in real property and
mortgages on real property) not primarily held for sale to customers in the
ordinary course of business, income from foreclosure property, and amounts
received as consideration for entering into either loans secured by real
property or purchases or leases of real property.(2) Second, at least 95
percent of the Company's gross income (excluding gross income from certain
prohibited transactions) for each taxable year must be derived from income
qualifying under the 75 percent test and from dividends, other types of
interest and gain from the sale or disposition of stock or securities, or from
any combination of the foregoing.(3)
In applying these income tests, REITs that are partners in a
partnership are required to include in their gross income their proportionate
share of the partnership's gross income. In addition, such REITs are to treat
this partnership gross income as retaining the same character as the items of
gross income of the partnership for purposes of section 856.(4) Thus, the
character of any income derived by the Operating Partnership from Canyon Ranch
will affect the ability of the Company to qualify as a REIT.
B. Rents from Real Property
Rents from real property satisfy both the 75 percent and 95 percent
tests for REIT qualification only if several conditions are met. First, the
amount of rent must not be based in whole or in part on the income or profits
of any person. An amount received or accrued generally will not be excluded
from the term "rents from real property" solely by reason of being based on a
fixed percentage or percentages of receipts or sales.(5) Second, the Code
provides that rents received from a tenant will not qualify as "rents from real
property" if the REIT, or an owner of 10 percent or more of the REIT, directly
or constructively, owns 10 percent or more of such tenant (a "Related Party
Tenant").(6) Third, if rent attributable to personal property leased in
connection with a lease of real property is greater than 15 percent of the
total rent received under the lease, then the portion of rent attributable to
such personal
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(2) Section 856(c)(3).
(3) Section 856(c)(2).
(4) Treas. Reg. Section 1.856-3(g).
(5) Section 856(d)(2)(A).
(6) Section 856(d)(2)(B).
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Crescent Real Estate Equities, Inc.
July 26, 1996
Page 9
property will not qualify as "rents from real property."(7) Finally, for rents
to qualify as "rents from real property," a REIT generally must not operate or
manage the property or furnish or render services to the tenants of such
property, other than through an independent contractor from whom the REIT
derives no revenue. However, rents will be qualified as "rents from real
property" if a REIT directly performs services in connection with the lease of
the property, if those services are "usually or customarily rendered" in
connection with the rental of space for occupancy, and such services are not
considered to be rendered to the occupant of the property.(8)
C. Income from Foreclosure Property
Income from foreclosure property is treated as "qualifying income" for
purposes of the 75 percent and 95 percent tests (although any net income from
foreclosure property is taxed at the maximum corporate rate). Foreclosure
property is any real property, and any personal property incident to such real
property, acquired by a REIT through default under a mortgage or a lease. A
REIT may elect to treat such property as foreclosure property for a grace
period of up to two years.(9) However, such property will cease to qualify as
foreclosure property if it is used by the REIT in a trade or business more than
90 days after it is acquired and it is not operated through an independent
contractor from whom the REIT does not derive or receive any income.(10)
Moreover, property is not eligible to be treated as foreclosure property if the
lease is entered into with an intent to evict or foreclose, or if the REIT
knows or has reason to know that default would occur.(11)
V. OPINIONS
A. Lease Will be Treated as a Lease for Federal Income Tax
Purposes
In order for any income derived by the Operating Partnership from
Canyon Ranch to constitute either "rents from real property," or in the case of
a default under the Lease, "gross income from foreclosure property," the Lease
must be treated as a lease for federal income tax
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(7) Section 856(d)(1)(C).
(8) Sections 856(d)(1)(B), 856(d)(2)(C).
(9) Section 856(e).
(10) Section 856(e)(4).
(11) Treas. Reg. Section 1.856-6(b)(3).
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Crescent Real Estate Equities, Inc.
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Page 10
purposes and not be treated as a service contract, management contract or other
type of arrangement. This determination depends on an analysis of all the
surrounding facts and circumstances. In making this determination, courts have
considered a variety of factors, including the following: (i) the intent of the
parties, (ii) the form of the agreement, (iii) the degree of control over the
business conducted at the property that is provided to the lessee (e.g.,
whether the lessee has substantial rights of control over the operation of the
property and its business), (iv) the extent to which the lessee has the risk of
loss from operations of the business conducted at the property (e.g., whether
the lessee bears the risk of increases in operating expenses and of decreases
in revenues), and (v) the extent to which the lessee has the opportunity to
benefit from operations of the business conducted at the property (e.g.,
whether the lessee benefits from decreased operating expenses or increased
revenues).(12)
In addition, section 7701(e) provides that a contract that purports to
be a service contract, partnership agreement, or another type of arrangement
will be treated instead as a lease of property if the contract is properly
treated as such, taking into account all relevant factors, including whether or
not: (i) the service recipient is in physical possession of the property, (ii)
the service recipient controls the property, (iii) the service recipient has a
significant economic or possessory interest in the property (e.g., the
property's use is likely to be dedicated to the service recipient for a
substantial portion of the useful life of the property, the recipient shares
the risk that the property will decline in value, the recipient shares in any
appreciation in the value of the property, the recipient shares in any savings
in the property's operating costs or the recipient bears the risk of damage to
or loss of the property), (iv) the service provider does not bear any risk of
substantially diminished receipts or substantially increased expenditures if
there is nonperformance under the contract, (v) the service provider does not
use the property concurrently to provide significant services to entities
unrelated to the service recipient and (vi) the total contract price does not
substantially exceed the rental value of the property for the contract period.
Since the determination of whether a service contract, partnership agreement,
or some other type of arrangement should be treated as a lease is inherently
factual, the presence or absence of any single factor may not be dispositive in
every case.(13)
We have concluded that the Lease will be treated as a lease for
Federal income tax purposes, rather than a service contract, management
contract or other type of arrangement. This conclusion is based, in part, on
the following facts: (i) the Operating Partnership and CRL intend their
relationship to be that of lessor and lessee (as evidenced by the terms of the
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(12) See, e.g., Xerox Corp. v. U.S., 80-2 USTC Paragraph 9530 (Ct. Cl. Tr.
Div. 1980), aff'd per curiam, 656 F.2d 659 (Ct. Cl. 1981).
(13) P.L.R. 8918012 (January 24, 1989).
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Crescent Real Estate Equities, Inc.
July 26, 1996
Page 11
Lease), (ii) CRL, as tenant under the Lease, will have the right to exclusive
possession, use and quiet enjoyment of Canyon Ranch during the term of the
Lease and the right to uninterrupted control in the operation of the business
conducted at Canyon Ranch (subject to its assumption of the Management
Agreement), (iii) CRL will dictate how Canyon Ranch is maintained and improved,
(iv) CRL will bear all the costs and expenses of operating Canyon Ranch, (v)
CRL will benefit from any savings in the costs of operating Canyon Ranch during
the term of the Lease, (vi) in the event of damage or destruction to Canyon
Ranch, CRL will be at economic risk because its obligation to make rental
payments will not abate, (vii) CRL will indemnify the Operating Partnership
against all liabilities imposed on the Operating Partnership during the term of
the Lease by reason of injury to persons or damage to property occurring at
Canyon Ranch or CRL's use, management, maintenance or repair of Canyon Ranch,
(viii) CRL is obligated to pay substantial fixed rent for the period of use of
Canyon Ranch, regardless of whether its revenues exceed its costs and expenses,
and (ix) CRL stands to incur substantial losses (or derive substantial profits)
depending on how successfully it operates Canyon Ranch.
We do not believe that our conclusion that the Lease of Canyon Ranch
will be treated as a lease for Federal income tax purposes is affected by the
fact that CRL entered the Lease subject to its assumption of CRI's obligations
under the preexisting Management Agreement. The Management Agreement gives CRM
control over the day-to-day operation of Canyon Ranch and allows CRM to share
with CRL in the benefits of any increases in revenues or cost savings in the
operation of Canyon Ranch. However, CRM's operation of Canyon Ranch will not
be controlled by the Operating Partnership, and the Management Agreement does
not affect the fact that CRL bears most of the risk of loss if Canyon Ranch is
not successful. Moreover, the IRS has issued a private letter ruling in which
it treated leases of several hotel properties as producing "rents from real
property" in a situation where the lessees had contracted with a third party to
conduct the day-to-day operations of the hotels.(14) This ruling suggests that
the IRS will respect a lease of a hotel for federal income tax purposes even if
the hotel is operated by an independent contractor rather than by the lessee.
B. Percentage Rent Provision is not Profit-Based
Pursuant to the Lease, CRL will be obligated to pay the Operating
Partnership base rent and percentage rent. Under the regulations, percentage
rent based on a percentage of gross receipts or sales in excess of a floor
amount, which is how the percentage rent is structured under the Lease, will
not qualify as "rents from real property" unless (i) such floor amount does not
depend in whole or in part on the income or profits of the lessee, (ii) the
percentage and the floor amount are fixed at the time the lease is entered
into, (iii) the
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(14) See, P.L.R. 8117036 (January 27, 1981).
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Crescent Real Estate Equities, Inc.
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Page 12
percentage and the floor amount are not renegotiated during the term of the
lease in a manner that has the effect of basing the percentage rent on income
or profits, and (iv) the percentage and the floor amount conform with normal
business practice.(15)
Under the terms of Article 4.2 of the Lease, the Lessee will pay
percentage rent during the first seven years of the Lease on an annual basis
equal to the sum of (i) 15 percent of the amount by which gross receipts from
the Leased Property exceed $29,000,000 (with such amount not exceeding
$4,000,000), (ii) 11 percent of the amount by which gross receipts from the
Leased Property exceed $33,000,000 (with such amount not exceeding $7,000,000),
and (iii) 8.5 percent of the amount by which gross receipts from the Leased
Property exceed $40,000,000. During years eight through ten of the Lease the
Lessee will pay percentage rent equal to the sum of (i) 20 percent of the
amount by which gross receipts from the Leased Property exceed $29,000,000
(with such amount not exceeding $4,000,000), (ii) 16 percent of the amount by
which the gross receipts from the Leased Property exceed $33,000,000 (with such
amounts not exceeding $7,000,000) and (iii) 15 percent of the amount by which
gross receipts from the Leased Property exceed $40,000,000. This formula
effectively rewards the tenant for any increases in gross receipts over the
threshold amounts. This type of formula does not base the percentage rent on
the tenant's income or profits, and similar formulas have been treated by the
IRS as generating "rents from real property."(16) Moreover, the Operating
Partnership has represented that (i) the floor amounts used to compute the
percentage rent under the Lease do not depend in whole or in part on the income
or profits of any person, (ii) the percentage rent provision of the Lease will
not be renegotiated during the term of the Lease or at the expiration or
earlier termination of the Lease in a manner that has the effect of basing the
rent on income or profits, and (iii) the percentage rent provision of the Lease
conforms with normal business practice. In addition, based on our experience
and an examination of the Lease and certain projections regarding Canyon
Ranch's expected future performance, the Lease appears to conform with normal
business practice.
C. CRL is not a "Related Party Tenant"
Rents derived under the Lease will not qualify as "rents from real
property" if CRL is treated as a "related party tenant." CRL will be treated
as a "related party tenant" if the Company, or an owner of 10 percent or more
of the Company, directly or constructively owns
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(15) Treas. Reg. Section 1.866-4(b)(3).
(16) See, e.g., P.L.R. 8803007 (September 23, 1987) (percentage rent based on
gross revenues in excess of gross revenues for a base year treated as
"rents from real property"); cf. P.L.R. 9104018 (October 26, 1990)
(interest based on gross revenues in excess of a floor amount treated as
qualifying interest under section 856(f)).
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Crescent Real Estate Equities, Inc.
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Page 13
10 percent or more of the entity's assets or net profits.(17) Constructive
ownership is determined for purposes of this test by applying the rules of
section 318(a) as modified by section 856(d)(5). Those rules generally provide
that if 10 percent or more in value of the stock of the Company is owned,
directly or indirectly, by or for any person, the Company is considered as
owning the stock owned, directly or indirectly, by or for such person. In
determining whether CRL is a "related party tenant" it is necessary to consider
not only CRL's current ownership, but also its potential ownership after the
exercise of the Zuckerman and Cohen Options. This is because, for federal
income tax purposes, the Zuckerman and Cohen Options are likely to be treated
as currently exercised. These options are likely to be treated as currently
exercised, because each is composed of a matching put and call option for CRL
stock with a nominal exercise price.
1. CRL's Current Ownership
CRL will not be treated as a "related party tenant" under its current
ownership because two individuals, Zuckerman and Cohen, collectively own a 100
percent interest in CRL's assets and net profits. In reaching this conclusion,
we recognize that Zuckerman and Cohen each own certain Units of the Operating
Partnership as a result of the Acquisition Transaction.(18) We also recognize
that the Operating Partnership has an option to acquire a 30 percent interest
in a management company that will also be owned by Zuckerman. The Operating
Partnership has represented that (i) Zuckerman and Cohen do not individually,
or as a group, own more than 10 percent of the value of the Company's stock,
(ii) in the future Zuckerman and Cohen are not expected to own more than 10
percent of the value of the Company's stock individually, or as a group, and
(iii) neither the Operating Partnership nor the Company intends to acquire,
directly or constructively, an interest of 10 percent or more in the assets or
net profits of CRL at any time in the future. Moreover, Article 7.8 of the
Lease will prevent CRL and its members and managers from acquiring, directly or
constructively, a greater than six percent stock interest in the Company
without the Operating Partnership's prior written consent, and Section 6.4 of
the First Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of the Company
prevents CRL and its members and managers from acquiring more than 8 percent of
the Company's stock.
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(17) Section 856(d)(2)(B)(ii).
(18) See Rev. Rul. 73-194, 1973-1 C.B. 355 (management company treated as an
independent contractor with respect to a REIT, where an affiliate of the
management company and the REIT were partners).
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Crescent Real Estate Equities, Inc.
July 26, 1996
Page 14
2. CRL's Ownership-Treating the Zuckerman and Cohen
Options as Exercised
CRL will not be treated as a "related party tenant" if the Zuckerman
and Cohen Options are treated as exercised because after exercise of these
options a 99 percent interest in CRL's assets and net profits will be owned by
RoseStar, with the remaining one percent interest owned by RSCR. An
individual, Sanjay Varma, currently owns a 91 percent interest in the assets
and net profits of RoseStar and 91 percent of the stock of RSCR. In reaching
this conclusion, we recognize that Sanjay Varma owns certain Units of the
Operating Partnership.(19) The Operating Partnership has represented that (i)
Sanjay Varma does not own more than 10 percent of the value of the Company's
stock, (ii) Sanjay Varma is not expected to own more than 10 percent of the
value of the Company's stock in the future, and (iii) neither the Operating
Partnership nor the Company intends to acquire, directly or constructively, an
interest of 10 percent or more in the assets or net profits of RoseStar at any
time in the future. In concluding that CRL will not be treated as a "related
party tenant" if the Zuckerman and Cohen Options are treated as exercised, we
have applied the definition of related party tenant set forth in section
856(d)(2)(B)(ii), which applies to tenants which are not corporations. If CRL
is not treated as a partnership for federal income tax purposes, but is instead
treated as an association taxable as a corporation, then the applicable
definition of related party tenant is the one set forth in section
856(d)(2)(B)(i), which looks to control over voting securities. If CRL were
treated as a corporation for federal income tax purposes, Gerald W. Haddock and
John C. Goff could possibly be deemed to control all of its voting stock,
because of the extensive powers that they are granted as managers of RoseStar
under the RoseStar Regulations. If this were the case, it would be necessary
to consider whether the ownership of such voting stock could possibly be
attributed to the Company under the constructive ownership rules described
above or otherwise.
An entity which has associates and an objective to carry on a business
for joint profit will be treated as a partnership for federal income tax
purposes, and not as an association taxable as a corporation, if it has not
more than two of the following four characteristics of a corporation: (i)
continuity of life; (ii) centralization of management; (iii) limited liability;
and (iv) free transferability of interests.(20) The entity must also have no
other characteristics which are significant in determining its classification.
Generally, other factors are considered only insofar as they relate to the
determination of the presence or absence of the foregoing corporate
characteristics.(21) The IRS has applied this four-factor test in determining
whether
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(19) See Rev. Rul. 73-194, 1973-1 C.B. 355 (described above).
(20) Treas. Reg. Section 301.7701-2(a).
(21) See Rev. Rul. 79-106, 1979-1 C.B. 448.
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Crescent Real Estate Equities, Inc.
July 26, 1996
Page 15
limited liability companies formed under the ArizonaLimited Liability Company
Act (Ariz. Rev. Stat. Ann., Title 29, Chapter 4, sections 29-601 through 29-857
(1992), referred to herein as the "Act") are partnerships for federal income
tax purposes.(22) The IRS has issued Rev. Proc. 95-10, which specifies
conditions which must be satisfied for a limited liability company to receive a
favorable advanced ruling that it will be classified as a partnership for
federal income tax purposes.(23) CRL should satisfy these conditions.
However, such conditions are applicable only in determining whether rulings
will be issued and are not intended as substantive rules for determination of
partnership status.
An organization will be treated as possessing the corporate
characteristic of continuity of life, even if the agreement organizing an
entity provides that it is to continue only for a stated period, unless a
member has the power to dissolve the organization at an earlier time.(24)
Section 29-781.A of the Act provides that an LLC organized under the Act is
dissolved on the occurrence of the first of the following: (1) at the time or
on the happening of the events specified for dissolution in the articles of
organization or an operating agreement; (2) the written consent to dissolve by
all members; (3) an event of withdrawal of a member under section 29-733 of the
Act, unless the business of the LLC is continued by one or more managers or
members pursuant to a right to continue stated in an operating agreement or, if
an operating agreement does not provide a right to continue, by agreement or
consent of all of the remaining members within 90 days after the event of
withdrawal; (4) entry of a judgment of dissolution under section 29-785 of the
Act; or (5) acquisition by a single person of all outstanding interests in the
LLC. Section 29-733 of the Act provides that, except as approved by the
written consent of all members at the time, a person ceases to be a member of
an LLC on the occurrence of any of the following events of withdrawal: (1) the
member withdraws from the LLC as provided in section 29-734; (2) on assignment
of all the member's interest and admission of one or more of the assignees as a
member; (3) the member is expelled as a member pursuant to the articles of
organization or a operating agreement; (4) unless otherwise provided in an
operating agreement, the member does any of the following: (a) makes an
assignment for the benefit of creditors, (b) files a voluntary petition in
bankruptcy, (c) is adjudicated as bankrupt or insolvent, (d) files a petition
or answer seeking for himself any reorganization, arrangement, composition,
readjustment, liquidation or similar relief under any statute, law or rule, (e)
files an answer or other pleading admitting or failing to contest the material
allegations of a petition filed against him in a bankruptcy, insolvency,
reorganization or similar proceeding, (f) seeks, consents to or acquiesces in
the appointment of a trustee, receiver or liquidator of the member or of all or
any substantial part of the
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(22) See, e.g., Rev. Rul. 93-93, 1993-42 I.R.B. 13; and P.L.R. 9321047
(February 25, 1993).
(23) 1995-3 I.R.B. 20.
(24) Treas. Reg. Section 301.7701-2(b)(3).
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Crescent Real Estate Equities, Inc.
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Page 16
member's property; or (5) if a member is a natural person, the member's death,
or the entry of an order or judgment by a court of competent jurisdiction
adjudicating the member incompetent to manage the member's person or the
member's estate. Section 7.1.1 of the CRL Articles provides that CRL shall be
dissolved upon any withdrawal event, as defined in Section 29-733 of the Act,
unless a majority in interest of the remaining members consent to continue CRL
(and CRL has a least two remaining members). Accordingly, CRL will lack the
corporate characteristic of continuity of life.An organization will be treated
as possessing the corporate characteristic of free transferability of interests
if the members owning all or substantially all of the interests in an
organization may substitute for themselves without the consent of the other
members a person who is not a member of the organization.(25) Section 29-732.A
of the Act provides that an interest in an LLC is personal property and, is
assignable in whole or in part; an assignment of an interest in an LLC does not
dissolve the LLC or entitle the assignee to participate in the management of
the business and affairs of the LLC or to become a member or to exercise the
rights of a member, unless the assignee is admitted as a member as provided in
section 29-731 of the Act. Section 29-731.B.2 of the Act provides that after
an LLC's initial articles of organization are filed, a person who is an
assignee of all or part of a member's interest in an LLC may become a member on
the approval or consent of all members or of any one or more members who have
the right under an operating agreement to admit additional members. Section
29-731.B.3 provides that if the person is an assignee of an interest in the LLC
of a member who has the power under an operating agreement to grant the
assignee the right to become a member, the assignee may become a member on the
exercise of the power in compliance with all conditions limiting the member's
exercise of the power. Article 5 of the CRL Articles provides, in part, that
no member shall have the right to substitute in its place a transferee.
Accordingly, CRL will lack the corporate characteristic of free transferability
of interests.
An organization will be treated as lacking the corporate
characteristic of centralization of management if management decisions are made
by a vote of the majority of beneficial owners.(26) Section 3.1 of the CRL
Articles provides that CRL's management is vested in its members. Accordingly,
CRL will lack the corporate characteristic of centralization of management.
Because CRL will lack the corporate characteristics of continuity of life ,
free transferability of interests and centralization of management, in our
opinion it will be treated as partnership for federal income tax purposes.
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(25) Treas. Reg. Section 301.7701-2(e).
(26) Treas. Reg. Section 301.7701-2(g), Ex. (7).
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Crescent Real Estate Equities, Inc.
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Page 17
D. Incidental Personal Property
1. Rents Attributable to Personal Property Will Be
Treated as "Rents from Real Property"
As noted above, the rents attributable to the Operating Partnership's
personal property leased under or in connection with the Lease must not be
greater than 15 percent of the rents received under the Lease. The rent
attributable to personal property leased under or in connection with a lease of
real property is the amount that bears the same ratio to total rent for the
taxable year as (i) the average of the adjusted bases of the personal property
leased under or in connection with a lease of real property at the beginning
and at the end of the taxable year bears to (ii) the average of the aggregate
adjusted bases of the real and personal property subject to the lease at the
beginning and at the end of such taxable year (the "Adjusted Basis Ratio").(27)
Section 36.2 of the Lease provides that the average of the adjusted bases of
the personal property leased to the lessee under the Lease at the beginning and
end of any calendar year shall not exceed 15 percent of the average of the
adjusted tax bases of the Leased Property at the beginning and at the end of
each such calendar year. In addition, the Operating Partnership has
represented that the adjusted tax basis of the personal property leased under
or in connection with the Lease will not represent more than 15 percent of the
aggregate adjusted tax basis of Canyon Ranch at any time.
2. Payments Attributable to RoseStar's Acquisition of Certain
Personal Property Will Not Be Treated as "Rents from Real
Property"
Pursuant to Article I of the Contribution Agreement, the conveyance to
the Operating Partnership did not include the FF & E. Instead, the FF & E was
sold by CRI to CRL in exchange for the proceeds of loans from the Operating
Partnership. Under the terms of Article 7.5 of the Lease, however, the lessee
is obligated to transfer and assign the FF & E upon termination of the Lease to
a person designated by the lessor at a price equal to the then existing fair
market value of the FF & E.
The Operating Partnership will not be treated as the tax owner of the
FF & E. The FF & E is owned by CRL. The payments that the Operating
Partnership will receive under the Crescent FF & E Note will not qualify as
"rents from real property." Instead, such payments will be treated for federal
income tax purposes as payments of principal and interest resulting from the
Operating Partnership's financing of CRL's purchase of the FF & E. The
payments pursuant to this financing, to the extent they constitute interest,
will be "qualifying income" for
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(27) Section 856(d)(1)(C).
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Crescent Real Estate Equities, Inc.
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Page 18
purposes of the 75 percent test. However, because the financing will be
secured by personal property under the terms of the Security Agreement, rather
than real property, such interest will not be "qualifying income" for purposes
of the 95 percent test. Similarly , interest accruing under the Life Share
Note, which is also secured by the FF & E under the terms of the Security
Agreement, will also be treated as "qualifying income" for purposes of the 75
percent test, but not for purposes of the 95 percent test.
E. Provision of Services by the Operating Partnership
1. Income Derived under the Terms of the Lease
Although the Operating Partnership may treat charges for services
customarily furnished or rendered in connection with the rental of Canyon Ranch
as "rents from real property," any services rendered to the occupants of Canyon
Ranch must be furnished or rendered by an independent contractor from whom the
Company does not derive or receive any income.(28) Moreover, to the extent
that any independent contractors provide noncustomary services to the occupants
of Canyon Ranch, the cost of such services must not be borne by the Operating
Partnership.(29) Under the terms of the Lease, the Operating Partnership will
not be required to provide any services, customary or noncustomary, in
connection with the rental of Canyon Ranch. Instead, all services relating to
the operation of Canyon Ranch will be provided by CRM under the terms of the
Management Agreement. The Operating Partnership will not bear the cost of any
of the services provided by CRM. Instead, such costs will be borne by CRL,
which as lessee under the Lease has assumed the obligations of the owner under
the Management Agreement.
Based on the foregoing, we believe that the provision of any
noncustomary services to the occupants of Canyon Ranch by CRM will have no
effect on the qualification of the income derived from Canyon Ranch as "rents
from real property." In fact, the IRS has issued a private letter ruling in
which it has treated the income derived from several leases of hotel properties
as "rents from real property" in a situation where the lessees had contracted
with a third-party to conduct the day-to-day operations of the hotels.(30) Our
conclusion is not altered by the fact that the Operating Partnership will
remain liable for any obligations arising under the Management Agreement, to
the extent that they are not satisfied by CRL, as lessee under the Lease. The
Operating Partnership should not be treated as bearing the cost of the services
provided by CRM merely because it could possibly be held liable for CRL's
obligations under
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(28) Sections 856(d)(1), 856(d)(2)(C); Treas. Reg. Section 1.512(b)-1(c)(5).
(29) Treas. Reg. Section 1.856-4(b)(5).
(30) See, P.L.R. 8117036 (January 27, 1981).
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Crescent Real Estate Equities, Inc.
July 26, 1996
Page 19
the Management Agreement. The Operating Partnership is not retaining this
liability in an attempt to provide services to CRL. Instead, it is retaining
this liability only as an accommodation, in order to gain CRM's consent to its
purchase of Canyon Ranch. Moreover, the Operating Partnership believes that it
is highly unlikely that it will ever be required to reimburse CRM for the costs
and expenses of operating Canyon Ranch because of a default by CRL in its
obligations as owner under the Management Agreement. This is because (i)
Canyon Ranch is projected to generate enough gross income to cover the payments
to CRM under the Management Agreement, (ii) in connection with Section 7.7 of
the Lease, CRL represents that it has a net worth of at least $200,000, (iii)
in connection with Section 7.9 of the Lease, CRL covenants that it will retain
all income generated by the Leased Property and shall not distribute any
earnings to its beneficial owners, except as needed for federal and state
income taxes payable on taxable income from the Leased Property, until the
tenant has accumulated and is holding in reserve funds which are sufficient to
pay at least one monthly payment of Base Rent under the Lease, plus at least
one monthly payment of Base Rent under all other leases between lessor and
lessee, (iv) RoseStar has guaranteed CRL's obligations under the Lease and its
individual members have guaranteed CRL's obligations under the Lease (as well
as the Crescent FF & E Note and the Life Share Note) up to $200,000, and (v) in
the view of the Operating Partnership, RoseStar's capitalization is adequate to
allow RoseStar to assume its obligations as guarantor under the Guaranty.
2. Income Derived in the Case of a Default under the Lease
If the Operating Partnership were required to reimburse CRM for the
costs of operating Canyon Ranch because of a default by the Tenant under the
terms of the Management Agreement, we have concluded that the income derived by
the Operating Partnership from Canyon Ranch would be treated as "qualifying
income" for purposes of the 75 percent and 95 percent tests. This is because,
if the Operating Partnership were required to reimburse CRM for the cost of
operating Canyon Ranch, this would constitute an event of default under Article
16.1(c) of the Lease, allowing the Operating Partnership to terminate the
lessee's leasehold interest in Canyon Ranch. As a result of such a termination
of the Lease, any income derived by the Operating Partnership from Canyon Ranch
after the default would be treated as income from foreclosure property.
The Operating Partnership would be able to continue to operate Canyon
Ranch after any default under the Lease, without affecting its status as
foreclosure property. This is because CRM will provide all services relating
to the operation of Canyon Ranch and CRM will qualify as an independent
contractor from whom the Company will not derive any income. As noted above, a
REIT can use foreclosure property in the conduct of an active trade or
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Crescent Real Estate Equities, Inc.
July 26, 1996
Page 20
business, as long as this is done through the use of an independent
contractor, from whom the REIT does not derive or receive any income.(31)
As noted above, real property acquired upon default under a lease is
not eligible to be treated as foreclosure property if the lease is entered into
with an intent to evict or foreclose, or if the REIT knows or has reason to
know that default would occur.(32) This is not the case in the present
situation because (i) Canyon Ranch is projected to generate enough gross income
to produce a profit for CRL, (ii) in connection with Section 7.7 of the Lease,
the Tenant represents that it has a net worth of at least $200,000, (iii) in
connection with Section 7.9 of the Lease, the tenant covenants that it will
retain all income generated by the Leased Property and shall not distribute any
earnings to its beneficial owners, except as needed for federal and state
income taxes payable on taxable income from the Leased Property, until the
tenant has accumulated and is holding in reserve funds which are sufficient to
pay at least one monthly payment of Base Rent under the Lease, plus at least
one monthly payment of Base Rent under all other leases between lessor and
lessee, (iv) RoseStar has guaranteed CRL's obligations under the Lease and its
individual members have guaranteed CRL's obligations under the Lease (as well
as the Crescent FF & E Note and the Life Share Note) up to $200,000, and (v) in
the view of the Operating Partnership, RoseStar's capitalization is adequate to
allow RoseStar to assume its obligations as guarantor under the Guaranty.
Canyon Ranch would qualify as foreclosure property only for a period
of up to two years, beginning on the date of its acquisition by the Operating
Partnership, unless the Operating Partnership obtains an extension of the grace
period from the IRS.(33) Therefore, in the event the Operating Partnership
takes possession of Canyon Ranch as a result of a default under the Lease,
presumably the Operating Partnership will sell Canyon Ranch or within two years
rent it to another tenant under a lease that will produce "rents from real
property."
VI. ASSUMPTIONS AND REPRESENTATIONS
In providing these opinions, we have with your permission assumed the
following: (i) the due authorization, execution and delivery by all parties
thereto of the Transaction
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(31) Section 856(e)(4)(C). The IRS clearly intended for REITs to be able to
treat hotels operated by independent contractors as foreclosure property. For
instance, the Treasury regulations defining foreclosure property refer to hotel
properties twice. See, Treas. Reg. Sections 1.856-6(b)(2), 1.856-6(d)(2). In
addition, the IRS has also recently issued a private letter ruling in which it
treated income received from hotels acquired pursuant to a bankruptcy petition
as income from foreclosure property, where the hotels were operated by third
party managers. P.L.R. 9420013 (2/15/94).
(32) Treas. Reg. Section 1.856-6(b)(3).
(33) Section 856(e)(2).
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Crescent Real Estate Equities, Inc.
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Page 21
Documents, (ii) the authenticity of the originals of the Transaction Documents
and the genuineness of all signatures; (iii) the conformity to the original of
all documents submitted to us as copies; (iv) the absence of any evidence
extrinsic to the provisions of the written agreements between the parties that
the parties intended a meaning contrary to that expressed by those provisions;
(v) that each party to the Transaction Documents has the power and authority to
enter into and perform all of its obligations thereunder; (vi) that each of the
Transaction Documents is a legal, valid and binding obligation, enforceable in
accordance with its terms; and (vii) that each legal entity that is a party to
the Transaction Documents validly existing and in good standing under the laws
of the United States of America or one of the States thereof or the District of
Columbia. As to questions of fact material to such opinions, we have with your
permission, when relevant facts were not independently established. relied
upon, and assumed the truth, accuracy and completeness of, written and oral
statements and representations made by or on behalf of the parties to the
Transaction Documents by their respective officers or agents. With your
permission, we have further assumed that each of the parties to each of the
Transaction Documents fully complies with its obligations thereunder.
In addition, these opinions are conditioned upon certain
representations made by the Company and the Operating Partnership as to factual
and other matters as set forth in the attached letter. Unless facts material
to the opinions expressed herein are specifically stated to have been
independently established or verified by us, we have relied as to such facts
solely upon the representations made by the Company and the Operating
Partnership. We are not, however, aware of any facts or circumstances contrary
to or inconsistent with the representations. To the extent the representations
are with respect to matters set forth in the Code or Treasury Regulations, we
have reviewed with the individuals making such representations the relevant
provisions of the Code, the Treasury Regulations and published administrative
interpretations.
Our opinions contained herein are based in part upon our conclusion
that the U.S. federal income tax treatment of the transactions contemplated by
the Transaction Documents will be determined based on their economic substance.
Although there can be no assurance that the IRS will not take one or more
contrary positions, it is our opinion that none of those positions, if asserted
by the IRS, would prevail. However, because our opinions are not binding on
the IRS or the courts, there can be no assurance that contrary positions may
not be successfully asserted by the IRS. Our opinions are based upon the
present provisions of the Code, the regulations promulgated thereunder,
administrative rulings, judicial decisions, and any other applicable
authorities published and in effect on the date hereof (all of which are
subject to change, both prospectively and retroactively).
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Crescent Real Estate Equities, Inc.
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Page 22
This letter and the opinions contained herein are based solely upon
our knowledge of the relevant facts. In this opinion, the words "our
knowledge" or words to similar effect signify that, in the course of our
representation of the Company or the Operating Partnership, in matters with
respect to which we have been engaged as counsel by such entity, no information
has come to the attention of those attorneys in our firm having detailed
knowledge of this transaction and the substance of this opinion that gives such
attorneys current, actual knowledge that any such opinions are not accurate.
In rendering this opinion, we have undertaken no investigation with respect to
such matters and we have not undertaken to communicate the details of this
transaction to all members or employees of our firm who may have performed, and
are currently performing, services for the Company or the Operating
Partnership, or any other person or entity.
The opinions contained herein are issued, and our opinions herein are
expressed, as of the date hereof. These opinions and this letter are limited
to the matters expressly set forth herein, and no statements or opinions may be
inferred beyond such matters. We do not assume any responsibility to update
these opinions or advise you of changes resulting from events (whether or note
they come to our attention) that may occur after the date hereof, including,
without limitation, future transactions or other actions under the Transaction
Documents, or any inaccuracy in any of the representations or warranties upon
which we have relied in rendering these opinions.
VII. CONCLUSION
Based on the assumptions stated above, it is our opinion that (i) the
Lease will be treated as a lease for federal income tax purposes, (ii) all of
the income that the Operating Partnership derives under the Lease will be
treated as "qualifying income" for purposes of the 95 percent test, and (iii)
all of the income the Operating Partnership derives under the Crescent FF & E
Note and the Life Share Note will be treated as "qualifying income" for
purposes of the 75 percent test.
Very Truly Yours,
SHAW, PITTMAN, POTTS & TROWBRIDGE
By: /s/ CHARLES B. TEMKIN
------------------------------
Charles B. Temkin, P.C.
<PAGE> 147
December 11, 1996
Crescent Real Estate Equities Company
777 Main Street
Suite 2100
Fort Worth, Texas 76102
Re: Canyon Ranch Lenox
Ladies and Gentlemen:
You have requested certain opinions regarding the application of U.S.
federal income tax laws to Crescent Real Estate Equities Company ("Crescent
Equities") and Crescent Real Estate Equities Limited Partnership (the
"Operating Partnership") in connection with the acquisition by Crescent Real
Estate Funding VI, L.P. ("Funding VI") of Canyon Ranch, a health and fitness
resort located in Lenox, Massachusetts from Canyon Ranch - Bellefontaine
Associates, L.P. ("CRBA").
I. Transaction Documents
In rendering the opinions expressed below, we have examined and relied
upon the following documents (collectively, the "Transaction Documents"):
(i) the Purchase Agreement between CRBA and the Operating
Partnership, ("the Contribution Agreement") dated October 12,
1996;
(ii) the Lease Agreement between CRBA and Vintage Resorts, L.L.C.
("Vintage"), dated December 11, 1996 (the "Lease");
(iii) the Management Agreement between CRBA and Canyon Ranch
Management, L.L.C. ("CRM"), dated December 11, 1996 (the
"Management Agreement");
(iv) the Assignment and Assumption of Purchase Agreement between
the Operating Partnership and Funding VI, dated December 5,
1996;
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Crescent Real Estate Equities Company
December 11, 1996
Page 2
(v) the Assignment and Assumption of Management Agreement between
CRBA and Funding VI, dated December 11, 1996;
(vi) the Assignment and Assumption of Master Lease between CRBA and
Funding VI, dated December 11, 1996;
(vii) the Assignment and Assumption of Contracts between CRBA and
Funding VI, dated December 11, 1996;
(viii) the Assignment and Assumption of Store Leases between CRBA and
Funding VI, dated December 11, 1996;
(ix) the Limited Guaranty Agreement between Gerald Haddock, John C.
Goff and Harry H. Frampton, together, as guarantors and
Funding VI, dated December 5, 1996 (the "Limited Guaranty");
(x) the First Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited
Partnership of Crescent Real Estate Funding VI, L.P. dated
December 11, 1996 (the "Funding VI Agreement");
(xi) the Certificate of Limited Partnership of Crescent Real Estate
Funding VI, L.P.;
(xii) the Articles of Incorporation of CRE Management VI Corp;
(xiii) the Bylaws of CRE Management VI Corp.;
(xiv) the Restated Declaration of Trust of Crescent Real Estate
Equities Company, and
(xv) such other documents or information as we deemed necessary for
the opinions set forth below.
II. Background of Transaction
A. The Management Agreement
Under the Management Agreement, CRBA, as owner of Canyon Ranch, has
contracted with CRM to manage and operate Canyon Ranch and to collect all
Canyon Ranch
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Crescent Real Estate Equities Company
December 11, 1996
Page 3
receipts. In addition, CRM has also agreed to honor resort memberships issued
to various persons by CRBA. CRM was also granted the right to issue additional
memberships in the resort in the future. In exchange for these services, CRM is
to be paid a profits-based management fee collected from the gross receipts of
the resort.
Under the Management Agreement, CRBA, as owner, is obligated to
establish a capital improvement reserve to be funded from gross receipts from
the resort. CRM, as manager, is entitled to withdraw funds from this reserve to
pay for capital improvements and additions to the furniture, fixtures and
equipment used in connection with the resort. Section 15.2 of the Management
Agreement requires that all assignments of the Management Agreement (other than
certain assignments to permitted transferees) be approved by CRM; and under
Section 15.3 of the Management Agreement any assignees are bound by the
obligations of the owner under the Management Agreement.
B. The Lease
Under the terms of the Lease, Vintage leased the following property
(the "Leased Property") from CRBA and assumed the related obligations: (i) the
land, buildings, fixtures and other improvements commonly known as "Canyon
Ranch in the Berkshires;" (ii) all personal property, tangible or intangible,
owned by CRBA and used in connection with the operation of Canyon Ranch; (iii)
various contracts entitling persons to use the guest rooms and/or the resort
facilities; (iv) various contracts (excluding employment contracts) relating to
the operation of the resort; and (v) CRBA's interest as owner under the
Management Agreement.
C. The Purchase Agreement and the Assignment and Assumption
Agreements
Under the Purchase Agreement, the Operating Partnership agreed to
purchase and CRBA agreed to sell the land, buildings, fixtures and other
improvements commonly known as Canyon Ranch, as well as certain personal
property used in connection with the operation of the resort to the Operating
Partnership, subject to the Lease and the Management Agreement. Under the
Purchase Agreement, the Operating Partnership also acquired CRBA's interest as
owner under the Management Agreement and as lessor under the Lease.
Under the Assignment and Assumption of Purchase Agreement, the
Operating Partnership transferred to Funding VI, a partnership in which the
Operating Partnership holds a 99 percent limited partnership interest, its
right and obligation to purchase Canyon Ranch from CRBA.
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Crescent Real Estate Equities Company
December 11, 1996
Page 4
Under the subsequent Assignment and Assumption of Management
Agreement, Funding VI assumed and agreed to perform all obligations of CRBA as
owner under the Management Agreement to the extent that such obligations are
not performed by Vintage as lessee under the Lease.
III. Requested Opinions
You have asked for our opinion concerning the impact that the purchase
of Canyon Ranch will have on the ability of Crescent Equities to continue to
qualify as a real estate investment trust (a "REIT") under section 856.(1)
Specifically, you have requested that we render an opinions addressing (i)
whether the Lease will be treated as a lease for federal income tax purposes
and (ii) whether the income that the Operating Partnership derives from the
lease will be treated as "qualifying income" for purposes of the 95 percent and
75 percent gross income tests for REIT qualification under section 856(c).
IV. Legal Background
A. 75 Percent and 95 Percent Tests
In order to qualify as a REIT for tax purposes, Crescent Equities must
satisfy certain tests with respect to the composition of its gross income on an
annual basis. First, at least 75 percent of Crescent Equities' gross income
(excluding gross income from certain prohibited transactions) for each taxable
year must consist of temporary investment income or of certain defined
categories of income derived directly or indirectly from investments relating
to real property or mortgages on real property. These categories include,
subject to various limitations, rents from real property, interest on mortgages
on real property, gains from the sale or other disposition of real property
(including interests in real property and mortgages on real property) not
primarily held for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business, income
from foreclosure property, and amounts received as consideration for entering
into either loans secured by real property or purchases or leases of real
property.(2) Second, at least 95 percent of Crescent Equities' gross income
(excluding gross income from certain prohibited transactions) for each taxable
year must be derived from income qualifying under the 75 percent test and from
dividends, other types of interest and gain from the sale or disposition of
stock or securities, or from any combination of the foregoing.(3)
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(1) All section references herein are to the Internal Revenue Code of
1986, as amended (the "Code"), or to the regulations issued
thereunder, unless otherwise noted.
(2) Section 856(c)(3).
(3) Section 856(c)(2).
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Crescent Real Estate Equities Company
December 11, 1996
Page 5
In applying these income tests, REITs that are partners in a
partnership are required to include in their gross income their proportionate
share of the partnership's gross income. In addition, such REITs are to treat
this partnership gross income as retaining the same character as the items of
gross income of the partnership for purposes of section 856.(4) Thus, the
character of any income derived by the Operating Partnership, through its
partnership interest in Funding VI, from Canyon Ranch will affect the ability
of Crescent Equities to qualify as a REIT.
B. Rents from Real Property
Rents from real property satisfy both the 75 percent and 95 percent
tests for REIT qualification only if several conditions are met. First, the
amount of rent must not be based in whole or in part on the income or profits
of any person. An amount received or accrued generally will not be excluded
from the term "rents from real property" solely by reason of being based on a
fixed percentage or percentages of receipts or sales.(5) Second, the Code
provides that rents received from a tenant will not qualify as "rents from real
property" if the REIT, or an owner of 10 percent or more of the REIT, directly
or constructively, owns 10 percent or more of such tenant (a "Related Party
Tenant").(6) Third, if rent attributable to personal property leased in
connection with a lease of real property is greater than 15 percent of the
total rent received under the lease, then the portion of rent attributable to
such personal property will not qualify as "rents from real property."(7)
Finally, for rents to qualify as "rents from real property," a REIT generally
must not operate or manage the property or furnish or render services to the
tenants of such property, other than through an independent contractor from
whom the REIT derives no revenue. However, rents will be qualified as "rents
from real property" if a REIT directly performs services in connection with the
lease of the property, if those services are "usually or customarily rendered"
in connection with the rental of space for occupancy, and if such services are
not considered to be rendered to the occupant of the property.(8)
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(4) Treas. Reg. Section 1.856-3(g).
(5) Section 856(d)(2)(A).
(6) Section 856(d)(2)(B).
(7) Section 856(d)(1)(C).
(8) Sections 856(d)(1)(B), 856(d)(2)(C).
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Crescent Real Estate Equities Company
December 11, 1996
Page 6
C. Income from Foreclosure Property
Income from foreclosure property is treated as "qualifying income" for
purposes of the 75 percent and 95 percent tests (although any net income from
foreclosure property is taxed at the maximum corporate rate). Foreclosure
property is any real property, and any personal property incident to such real
property, acquired by a REIT through default under a mortgage or a lease. A
REIT may elect to treat such property as foreclosure property for a grace
period of up to two years.(9) However, such property will cease to qualify as
foreclosure property if it is used by the REIT in a trade or business more than
90 days after it is acquired and it is not operated through an independent
contractor from whom the REIT does not derive or receive any income.(10)
Moreover, property is not eligible to be treated as foreclosure property if the
lease is entered into with an intent to evict or foreclose, or if the REIT
knows or has reason to know that default would occur.(11)
V. Opinions
A. Lease Will be Treated as a Lease for Federal Income Tax
Purposes
In order for any income derived by the Operating Partnership, through
its partnership interest in Funding VI, from Canyon Ranch to constitute either
"rents from real property," or in the case of a default under the Lease, "gross
income from foreclosure property," the Lease must be treated as a lease for
federal income tax purposes and not be treated as a service contract,
management contract or other type of arrangement. This determination depends on
an analysis of all of the surrounding facts and circumstances. In making this
determination, courts have considered a variety of factors, including the
following: (i) the intent of the parties, (ii) the form of the agreement, (iii)
the degree of control over the business conducted at the property that is
provided to the lessee (e.g., whether the lessee has substantial rights of
control over the operation of the property and its business), (iv) the extent
to which the lessee has the risk of loss from operations of the business
conducted at the property (e.g., whether the lessee bears the risk of increases
in operating expenses and of decreases in revenues), and (v) the extent to
which the lessee has the opportunity to benefit from operations of the business
conducted at the property (e.g., whether the lessee benefits from decreased
operating expenses or increased revenues).(12)
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(9) Section 856(e).
(10) Section 856(e)(4).
(11) Treas. Reg. Section 1.856-6(b)(3).
(12) See, e.g., Xerox Corp. v. U.S., 80-2 USTC 9530 (Ct. Cl. Tr. Div.
1980), aff'd per curiam, 656 F.2d 659 (Ct. Cl. 1981).
<PAGE> 153
Crescent Real Estate Equities Company
December 11, 1996
Page 7
In addition, section 7701(e) provides that a contract that purports to
be a service contract, partnership agreement, or another type of arrangement
will be treated instead as a lease of property if the contract is properly
treated as such, taking into account all relevant factors, including whether or
not: (i) the service recipient is in physical possession of the property, (ii)
the service recipient controls the property, (iii) the service recipient has a
significant economic or possessory interest in the property (e.g., the
property's use is likely to be dedicated to the service recipient for a
substantial portion of the useful life of the property, the recipient shares
the risk that the property will decline in value, the recipient shares in any
appreciation in the value of the property, the recipient shares in any savings
in the property's operating costs or the recipient bears the risk of damage to
or loss of the property), (iv) the service provider does not bear any risk of
substantially diminished receipts or substantially increased expenditures if
there is nonperformance under the contract, (v) the service provider does not
use the property concurrently to provide significant services to entities
unrelated to the service recipient and (vi) the total contract price does not
substantially exceed the rental value of the property for the contract period.
Since the determination of whether a service contract, partnership agreement,
or some other type of arrangement should be treated as a lease is inherently
factual, the presence or absence of any single factor may not be dispositive in
every case.(13)
We have concluded that the Lease will be treated as a lease for
federal income tax purposes, rather than a service contract, management
contract or other type of arrangement. This conclusion is based, in part, on
the following facts: (i) Funding VI and Vintage intend their relationship to be
that of lessor and lessee (as evidenced by the terms of the Lease), (ii)
Vintage, as tenant under the Lease, will have the right to exclusive
possession, use and quiet enjoyment of Canyon Ranch during the term of the
Lease and the right to uninterrupted control in the operation of the business
conducted at Canyon Ranch (subject to its assumption of the Management
Agreement), (iii) Vintage will dictate how Canyon Ranch is maintained and
improved, (iv) Vintage will bear all the costs and expenses of operating Canyon
Ranch, (v) Vintage will benefit from any savings in the costs of operating
Canyon Ranch during the term of the Lease, (vi) in the event of damage or
destruction to Canyon Ranch, Vintage will be at economic risk because its
obligation to make rental payments will not abate, (vii) Vintage will indemnify
Funding VI against all liabilities imposed on Funding VI during the term of the
Lease by reason of injury to persons or damage to property occurring at Canyon
Ranch or Vintage's use, management, maintenance or repair of Canyon Ranch,
(viii) Vintage is obligated to pay substantial fixed rent for the period of use
of Canyon Ranch, regardless of whether its revenues exceed its costs and
expenses, and (ix) Vintage stands to incur
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(13) P.L.R. 8918012 (January 24, 1989).
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Crescent Real Estate Equities Company
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Page 8
substantial losses (or derive substantial profits) depending on how
successfully it operates Canyon Ranch.
We do not believe that our conclusion that the Lease of Canyon Ranch
will be treated as a lease for federal income tax purposes is affected by the
fact that Vintage entered the Lease subject to its assumption of CRBA's
obligations under the preexisting Management Agreement. The Management
Agreement gives CRM control over the day-to-day operation of Canyon Ranch and
allows CRM to share with Vintage in the benefits of any increases in revenues
or cost savings in the operation of Canyon Ranch. CRM's operation of Canyon
Ranch will not be controlled by the Operating Partnership, however, and the
Management Agreement does not affect the fact that Vintage bears most of the
risk of loss if Canyon Ranch is not successful. Moreover, the IRS has issued a
private letter ruling in which it treated leases of several hotel properties as
producing "rents from real property" in a situation where the lessees had
contracted with a third party to conduct the day-to-day operations of the
hotels.(14) This ruling suggests that the IRS will respect a lease of a hotel
for federal income tax purposes even if the hotel is operated by an independent
contractor rather than by the lessee.
B. Percentage Rent Provision is not Profit-Based
Pursuant to the Lease, Vintage will be obligated to pay Funding VI
base rent and percentage rent. Under the regulations, percentage rent based on
a percentage of gross receipts or sales in excess of a floor amount, which is
how the percentage rent is structured under the Lease, will not qualify as
"rents from real property" unless (i) such floor amount does not depend in
whole or in part on the income or profits of the lessee, (ii) the percentage
and the floor amount are fixed at the time the lease is entered into, (iii) the
percentage and the floor amount are not renegotiated during the term of the
lease in a manner that has the effect of basing the percentage rent on income
or profits, and (iv) the percentage and the floor amount conform with normal
business practice.(15)
Under the terms of Article 4.2 of the Lease, the Lessee will pay
percentage rent on an annual basis equal to the sum of (i) 28 percent of the
amount by which gross receipts from the Leased Property exceed $20,000,000
(with such amount not exceeding $7,000,000), (ii) 21 percent of the amount by
which gross receipts from the Leased Property exceed $27,000,000 (with such
amount not exceeding $8,000,000), and (iii) 15 percent of the amount by which
gross receipts from the Leased Property exceed $35,000,000. This formula
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(14) See P.L.R. 8117036 (January 27, 1981).
(15) Treas. Reg. Section 1.856-4(b)(3).
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Crescent Real Estate Equities Company
December 11, 1996
Page 9
effectively rewards the tenant for any increases in gross receipts over the
threshold amounts. This type of formula does not base the percentage rent on
the tenant's income or profits, and similar formulas have been treated by the
IRS as generating "rents from real property."(16) Moreover, the Operating
Partnership has represented that (i) the floor amounts used to compute the
percentage rent under the Lease do not depend in whole or in part on the income
or profits of any person, (ii) the percentage rent provision of the Lease will
not be renegotiated during the term of the Lease or at the expiration or
earlier termination of the Lease in a manner that has the effect of basing the
rent on income or profits, and (iii) the percentage rent provision of the Lease
conforms with normal business practice. In addition, based on our experience
and an examination of the Lease and certain projections regarding Canyon
Ranch's expected future performance, the Lease appears to conform with normal
business practice.
C. Vintage is not a "Related Party Tenant"
Rents derived under the Lease will not qualify as "rents from real
property" if Vintage is treated as a "related party tenant." Vintage will be
treated as a "related party tenant" if Crescent Equities, or an owner of 10
percent or more of Crescent Equities, directly or constructively owns 10
percent or more of Vintage's assets or net profits.(17) Constructive ownership
is determined for purposes of this test by applying the rules of section 318(a)
as modified by section 856(d)(5). Those rules generally provide that if 10
percent or more in value of the stock of a company is owned, directly or
indirectly, by or for any person, the company is considered as owning the stock
owned, directly or indirectly, by or for such person. Vintage will not be
treated as a "related party tenant" under its current ownership because three
individuals, Frampton, Goff, and Haddock, collectively own a 100 percent
interest in Vintage's assets and net profits; Frampton owns 91 percent, and
Goff and Haddock each own 4.5 percent. In reaching this conclusion, we
recognize that each individual owns certain Units of the Operating
Partnership.(18) The Operating Partnership has represented that (i) Frampton,
Goff, and Haddock do not individually, or as a group, own more than 10 percent
of the value of Crescent Equities' stock, (ii) in the future Frampton, Goff,
and Haddock are not expected to own more than 10 percent of the value of
Crescent Equities' stock individually, or as a group, and (iii) neither the
Operating Partnership nor Crescent
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(16) See, e.g., P.L.R. 8803007 (September 23, 1987) (percentage rent based
on gross revenues in excess of gross revenues for a base year treated
as "rents from real property"); cf. P.L.R. 9104018 (October 26,
1990) (interest based on gross revenues in excess of a floor amount
treated as qualifying interest under section 856(f)).
(17) Section 856(d)(2)(B)(ii).
(18) See Rev. Rul. 73-194, 1973-1 C.B. 355 (management company treated as
an independent contractor with respect to a REIT, where an affiliate
of the management company and the REIT were partners).
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Crescent Real Estate Equities Company
December 11, 1996
Page 10
Equities intends to acquire, directly or constructively, an interest of 10
percent or more in the assets or net profits of Vintage at any time in the
future. Moreover, Article 7.8 of the Lease will prevent Vintage and its members
and managers from acquiring, directly or constructively, a greater than six
percent stock interest in Crescent Equities without the Operating Partnership's
prior written consent, and the Restated Declaration of Trust of Crescent
Equities prevents Vintage and its members and managers from acquiring more than
8 percent of Crescent Equities' stock.
D. Rents Attributable to Personal Property Will Be Treated as
"Rents from Real Property"
As noted above, the rents attributable to Funding VI's personal
property leased under or in connection with the Lease must not be greater than
15 percent of the rents received under the Lease. The rent attributable to
personal property leased under or in connection with a lease of real property
is the amount that bears the same ratio to total rent for the taxable year as
(i) the average of the adjusted bases of the personal property leased under or
in connection with a lease of real property at the beginning and at the end of
the taxable year bears to (ii) the average of the aggregate adjusted bases of
the real and personal property subject to the lease at the beginning and at the
end of such taxable year (the "Adjusted Basis Ratio").(19) Section 36.2 of the
Lease provides that the average of the adjusted bases of the personal property
leased to the lessee under the Lease at the beginning and end of any calendar
year shall not exceed 15 percent of the average of the adjusted tax bases of
the Leased Property at the beginning and at the end of each such calendar year.
In addition, Crescent Equities has represented that the adjusted tax basis of
the personal property leased under or in connection with the Lease will not
represent more than 15 percent of the aggregate adjusted tax basis of Canyon
Ranch at any time.
E. Provision of Services by Funding VI
1. Income Derived under the Terms of the Lease
Although Funding VI may treat charges for services customarily
furnished or rendered in connection with the rental of Canyon Ranch as "rents
from real property," any services rendered to the occupants of Canyon Ranch
must be furnished or rendered by an independent contractor from whom Crescent
Equities does not derive or receive any income.(20) Moreover, to the extent that
any independent contractors provide noncustomary services to the occupants of
Canyon Ranch, the cost of such services must not be borne by
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(19) Section 856(d)(1)(C).
(20) Sections 856(d)(1), 856(d)(2)(C); Treas. Reg. Section 1.512(b)-1(c)(5).
<PAGE> 157
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Page 11
Funding VI.(21) Under the terms of the Lease, Funding VI will not be required to
provide any services, customary or noncustomary, in connection with the rental
of Canyon Ranch. Instead, all services relating to the operation of Canyon
Ranch will be provided by CRM under the terms of the Management Agreement.
Funding VI will not bear the cost of any of the services provided by CRM.
Instead, such costs will be borne by Vintage, which as lessee under the Lease
has assumed the obligations of the owner under the Management Agreement.
Based on the foregoing, we believe that the provision of any
noncustomary services to the occupants of Canyon Ranch by CRM will have no
effect on the qualification of the income derived from Canyon Ranch as "rents
from real property." In fact, the IRS has issued a private letter ruling in
which it has treated the income derived from several leases of hotel properties
as "rents from real property" in a situation where the lessees had contracted
with a third-party to conduct the day-to-day operations of the hotels.(22) Our
conclusion is not altered by the fact that Funding VI will remain liable for
any obligations arising under the Management Agreement, to the extent that they
are not satisfied by Vintage, as lessee under the Lease. Funding VI should not
be treated as bearing the cost of the services provided by CRM merely because
it could possibly be held liable for Vintage's obligations under the Management
Agreement. Funding VI is not retaining this liability in an attempt to provide
services to Vintage. Instead, it is retaining this liability only as an
accommodation, in order to gain CRM's consent to its purchase of Canyon Ranch.
Moreover, Funding VI believes that it is highly unlikely that it will ever be
required to reimburse CRM for the costs and expenses of operating Canyon Ranch
because of a default by Vintage in its obligations as owner under the
Management Agreement. This is because (i) Canyon Ranch is projected to generate
enough gross income to cover the payments to CRM under the Management
Agreement, (ii) in connection with Section 7.7 of the Lease, Vintage represents
that it has a net worth of at least $200,000, (iii) in connection with Section
7.9 of the Lease, Vintage covenants that it will retain all income generated by
the Leased Property and shall not distribute any earnings to its beneficial
owners, except as needed for federal and state income taxes payable on taxable
income from the Leased Property, until the tenant has accumulated and is
holding in reserve funds which are sufficient to pay at least one monthly
payment of Base Rent under the Lease, plus at least one monthly payment of Base
Rent under all other leases between lessor and lessee, and (iv) Gerald W.
Haddock, John C. Goff and Harry H. Frampton have guaranteed Vintage's
obligations under the Lease.
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(21) Treas. Reg. Section 1.856-4(b)(5).
(22) See P.L.R. 8117036 (January 27, 1981).
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Crescent Real Estate Equities Company
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Page 12
2. Income Derived in the Case of a Default under the Lease
If Funding VI were required to reimburse CRM for the costs of
operating Canyon Ranch because of a default by the Tenant under the terms of
the Management Agreement, we have concluded that the income derived by Funding
VI from Canyon Ranch would be treated as "qualifying income" for purposes of
the 75 percent and 95 percent tests. This is because, if Funding VI were
required to reimburse CRM for the cost of operating Canyon Ranch, this would
constitute an event of default under Article 16.1(c) of the Lease, allowing
Funding VI to terminate the lessee's leasehold interest in Canyon Ranch. As a
result of such a termination of the Lease, any income derived by Funding VI
from Canyon Ranch after the default would be treated as income from foreclosure
property.
Funding VI would be able to continue to operate Canyon Ranch after any
default under the Lease, without affecting its status as foreclosure property.
This is because CRM will provide all services relating to the operation of
Canyon Ranch and CRM will qualify as an independent contractor from whom the
Company will not derive any income. As noted above, a REIT can use foreclosure
property in the conduct of an active trade or business, as long as this is done
through the use of an independent contractor, from whom the REIT does not
derive or receive any income.(23)
As noted above, real property acquired upon default under a lease is
not eligible to be treated as foreclosure property if the lease is entered into
with an intent to evict or foreclose, or if the REIT knows or has reason to
know that default would occur.(24) This is not the case in the present situation
because (i) Canyon Ranch is projected to generate enough gross income to
produce a profit for Vintage, (ii) in connection with Section 7.7 of the Lease,
the Tenant represents that it has a net worth of at least $200,000, (iii) in
connection with Section 7.9 of the Lease, the tenant covenants that it will
retain all income generated by the Leased Property and shall not distribute any
earnings to its beneficial owners, except as needed for federal and state
income taxes payable on taxable income from the Leased Property, until the
tenant has accumulated and is holding in reserve funds which are sufficient to
pay at least one monthly payment of Base Rent under the Lease, plus at least
one monthly payment of Base
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(23) Section 856(e)(4)(C). The IRS clearly intended for REITs to be
able to treat hotels operated by independent contractors as foreclosure
property. For instance, the Treasury regulations defining foreclosure
property refer to hotel properties twice. See, Treas. Reg. Sections
1.856-6(b)(2), 1.856-6(d)(2). In addition, the IRS has also recently
issued a private letter ruling in which it treated income received from
hotels acquired pursuant to a bankruptcy petition as income from
foreclosure property, where the hotels were operated by third party
managers. P.L.R. 9420013 (February 15, 1994).
(24) Treas. Reg. Section 1.856-6(b)(3).
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Crescent Real Estate Equities Company
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Page 13
Rent under all other leases between lessor and lessee, and (iv) Gerald W.
Haddock, John C. Goff, and Harry H. Frampton have guaranteed Vintage's
obligations under the Lease up to $200,000. Canyon Ranch would qualify as
foreclosure property only for a period of up to two years, beginning on the
date of its acquisition by Funding VI, unless Funding VI obtains an extension
of the grace period from the IRS.(25) Therefore, in the event Funding VI takes
possession of Canyon Ranch as a result of a default under the Lease, presumably
Funding VI will sell Canyon Ranch or within two years rent it to another tenant
under a lease that will produce "rents from real property."
VI. Assumptions and Representations
In providing these opinions, we have with your permission assumed the
following: (i) the due authorization, execution and delivery by all parties
thereto of the Transaction Documents, (ii) the authenticity of the originals of
the Transaction Documents and the genuineness of all signatures; (iii) the
conformity to the original of all documents submitted to us as copies; (iv) the
absence of any evidence extrinsic to the provisions of the written agreements
between the parties that the parties intended a meaning contrary to that
expressed by those provisions; (v) that each party to the Transaction Documents
has the power and authority to enter into and perform all of its obligations
thereunder; (vi) that each of the Transaction Documents is a legal, valid and
binding obligation, enforceable in accordance with its terms; and (vii) that
each legal entity that is a party to the Transaction Documents validly existing
and in good standing under the laws of the United States of America or one of
the States thereof or the District of Columbia. As to questions of fact
material to such opinions, we have with your permission, when relevant facts
were not independently established. relied upon, and assumed the truth,
accuracy and completeness of, written and oral statements and representations
made by or on behalf of the parties to the Transaction Documents by their
respective officers or agents. With your permission, we have further assumed
that each of the parties to each of the Transaction Documents fully complies
with its obligations thereunder.
In addition, these opinions are conditioned upon certain
representations made by the Company and the Operating Partnership as to factual
and other matters as set forth in the attached letter. Unless facts material to
the opinions expressed herein are specifically stated to have been
independently established or verified by us, we have relied as to such facts
solely upon the representations made by Crescent Equities and the Operating
Partnership. We are
- ---------------
(25) Section 856(e)(2).
<PAGE> 160
Crescent Real Estate Equities Company
December 11, 1996
Page 14
not, however, aware of any facts or circumstances contrary to or inconsistent
with the representations. To the extent the representations are with respect to
matters set forth in the Code or Treasury Regulations, we have reviewed with
the individuals making such representations the relevant provisions of the
Code, the Treasury Regulations and published administrative interpretations.
Our opinions contained herein are based in part upon our conclusion
that the U.S. federal income tax treatment of the transactions contemplated by
the Transaction Documents will be determined based on their economic substance.
Although there can be no assurance that the IRS will not take one or more
contrary positions, it is our opinion that none of those positions, if asserted
by the IRS, would prevail. Because our opinions are not binding on the IRS or
the courts, however, there can be no assurance that contrary positions may not
be successfully asserted by the IRS. Our opinions are based upon the present
provisions of the Code, the regulations promulgated thereunder, administrative
rulings, judicial decisions, and any other applicable authorities published and
in effect on the date hereof (all of which are subject to change, both
prospectively and retroactively).
This letter and the opinions contained herein are based solely upon
our knowledge of the relevant facts. In this opinion, the words "our knowledge"
or words to similar effect signify that, in the course of our representation of
Crescent Equities or the Operating Partnership, in matters with respect to
which we have been engaged as counsel by such entity, no information has come
to the attention of those attorneys in our firm having detailed knowledge of
this transaction and the substance of this opinion that gives such attorneys
current, actual knowledge that any such opinions are not accurate. In rendering
this opinion, we have undertaken no investigation with respect to such matters
and we have not undertaken to communicate the details of this transaction to
all members or employees of our firm who may have performed, and are currently
performing, services for Crescent Equities or the Operating Partnership, or any
other person or entity.
The opinions contained herein are issued, and our opinions herein are
expressed, as of the date hereof. These opinions and this letter are limited to
the matters expressly set forth herein, and no statements or opinions may be
inferred beyond such matters. We do not assume any responsibility to update
these opinions or advise you of changes resulting from events (whether or note
they come to our attention) that may occur after the date hereof, including,
without limitation, future transactions or other actions under the Transaction
Documents, or any inaccuracy in any of the representations or warranties upon
which we have relied in rendering these opinions.
<PAGE> 161
Crescent Real Estate Equities Company
December 11, 1996
Page 15
VII. Conclusion
Based on the assumptions stated above, it is our opinion that (i) the
Lease will be treated as a lease for federal income tax purposes and (ii) all
of the income that the Operating Partnership derives under the Lease through
its partnership interest in Funding VI will be treated as "qualifying income"
for purposes of the 95 percent test.
Very Truly Yours,
SHAW, PITTMAN, POTTS & TROWBRIDGE
/s/ CHARLES B. TEMKIN, P.C.
-------------------------------------
By: Charles B. Temkin, P.C.
<PAGE> 1
EXHIBIT 8.02
[LOCKE PURNELL RAIN HARRELL LETTERHEAD]
August 11, 1997
Crescent Real Estate Equities Company
777 Main Street, Suite 2100
Fort Worth, Texas 76102
Ladies and Gentlemen:
On March 25, 1997, Crescent Real Estate Equities Company ("Crescent
Equities") filed a registration statement on Form S-3, No. 333-21905, with the
Securities and Exchange Commission, which was declared effective on March 26,
1997. Such registration statement (the "Registration Statement") includes a
prospectus supplement dated August 11, 1997 (the "Prospectus Supplement") to the
prospectus contained in the Registration Statement (the "Prospectus"). We have
acted as special tax counsel to Crescent Equities in connection with the
Prospectus Supplement. Capitalized terms used hereunder but not defined have
the meaning ascribed to them in the Prospectus Supplement.
In rendering this opinion we have examined such documents as we have
deemed relevant or necessary, including the Prospectus Supplement, and our
conclusions are based upon the facts contained in the Prospectus Supplement. The
initial and continuing accuracy of these facts constitutes an integral basis for
the opinion expressed herein.
In our opinion, the discussion contained in the Prospectus Supplement
in the subsection entitled "Federal Income Tax Considerations - State and
Local Taxes" accurately summarizes the Texas franchise tax matters that are
likely to be material to a holder of common shares of Crescent Equities as of
the date of the Prospectus Supplement. The foregoing opinion is limited to the
specific matter covered hereby and does not apply to any other matters discussed
under the heading "Federal Income Tax Considerations." This opinion is based
upon existing State of Texas statutes and regulations and positions of the Texas
State Comptroller of Public Accounts as of the date hereof, all of which are
subject to change, both retroactively or prospectively.
This opinion is furnished to you solely for use in connection with the
Prospectus Supplement. We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference of
this opinion as an exhibit to the Registration Statement and to the reference
to our Firm in the Prospectus
<PAGE> 2
Crescent Real Estate Equities Company
August 11, 1997
Page 2
and Prospectus Supplement under the caption "Federal Income Tax Considerations -
State and Local Taxes" and "Legal Matters". In giving this consent we do not
thereby admit that we come within the category of persons whose consent is
required under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the rules and
regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission promulgated thereunder.
Very truly yours,
LOCKE PURNELL RAIN HARRELL
(A Professional Corporation)
By: /s/ C. RONALD KALTEYER
----------------------------
C. Ronald Kalteyer
