SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K
ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE
SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 1997
Commission file number 0-25430
RIDGEWOOD ELECTRIC POWER TRUST IV
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)
Delaware 22-3324608
(State or Other Jurisdiction (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
of Incorporation or Organization)
c/o Ridgewood Power Corporation, 947 Linwood Avenue, Ridgewood,
New Jersey 07450
(Address of Principal Executive Offices) (Zip Code)
Registrant's Telephone Number, including Area Code: (201) 447-9000
Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: None
Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:
Shares of Beneficial Interest
(Title of Class)
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed
all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the
Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months
(or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to
file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing
requirements for the past 90 days. Yes X No ___
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers
pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein,
and will not be contained, to the best of Registrant's knowledge,
in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by
reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this
Form 10-K.[ X ]
There is no market for the Shares. The aggregate capital
contributions made for the Registrant's voting Shares held by
non-affiliates of the Registrant at March 21, 1998 was
$47,680,000.
Exhibit Index is located on page 57.
<PAGE>
PART I
Item 1. Business.
Forward-looking statement advisory
This Annual Report on Form 10-K, as with some other statements
made by the Trust from time to time, has forward-looking
statements. These statements discuss business trends and other
matters relating to the Trust's future results and the business
climate and are found, among other places, at Items 1(c)(3),
1(c)(4), 1(c)(6)(ii) and 7. In order to make these statements,
the Trust has had to make assumptions as to the future. It has
also had to make estimates in some cases about events that have
already happened, and to rely on data that may be found to be
inaccurate at a later time. Because these forward-looking
statements are based on assumptions, estimates and changeable
data, and because any attempt to predict the future is subject to
other errors, what happens to the Trust in the future may be
materially different from the Trust's statements here.
The Trust therefore warns readers of this document that they
should not rely on these forward-looking statements without
considering all of the things that could make them inaccurate.
The Trust's other filings with the Securities and Exchange
Commission and its Confidential Memorandum discuss many (but not
all) of the risks and uncertainties that might affect these
forward-looking statements.
Some of these are changes in political and economic conditions,
federal or state regulatory structures, government taxation,
spending and budgetary policies, government mandates, demand for
electricity and thermal energy, the ability of customers to pay
for energy received, supplies of fuel and prices of fuels,
operational status of plant, mechanical breakdowns, availability
of labor and the willingness of electric utilities to perform
existing power purchase agreements in good faith. Some of these
cautionary factors that readers should consider are described
below at Item 1(c)(4) - Trends in the Electric Utility and
Independent Power Industries.
By making these statements now, the Trust is not making any
commitment to revise these forward-looking statements to reflect
events that happen after the date of this document or to reflect
unanticipated future events.
<PAGE>
(a) General Development of Business.
Ridgewood Electric Power Trust IV, the Registrant hereunder
(the "Trust"), was organized as a Delaware business trust on
September 8, 1994 to participate in the development, construction
and operation of independent power generating facilities
("Independent Power Projects" or "Projects"). Ridgewood Energy
Holding Corporation ("Ridgewood Holding"), a Delaware
corporation, is the Corporate Trustee of the Trust.
The Trust sold whole and fractional shares of beneficial
interest in the Trust ("Investor Shares") at $100,000 per
Investor Share, and terminated its private placement offering on
September 30, 1996. It raised approximately $47,680,000. Net of
offering fees, commissions and expenses, the offering provided
approximately $39,500,000 for investments in the development and
acquisition of Independent Power Projects and operating expenses.
The Trust has 943 holders of Investor Shares (the "Investors").
As described below in Item 1(c)(2), the Trust has invested
approximately $27.9 million of its funds to the acquisition of
interests in four Independent Power Projects and in capital
equipment and is actively seeking additional Projects for
investment.
Ridgewood Power Corporation (the "Managing Shareholder"), a
Delaware corporation, is the Managing Shareholder of the Trust
and as such has direct and exclusive discretion in the management
and control of the affairs of the Trust (subject to the general
supervision and review of the Independent Trustees and the
Managing Shareholder acting together as the Board of the Trust).
The Corporate Trustee acts on the instructions of the Managing
Shareholder and is not authorized to take independent
discretionary action on behalf of the Trust. The Independent
Trustees do not have any management or administrative powers over
the Trust or its property other than as expressly authorized or
required by the Declaration of Trust of the Trust (the
"Declaration") or the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended
(the "1940 Act"). See Item 10 - Directors and Executive Officers
of the Registrant below for a further description of the
management of the Trust.
The Trust made an election to be treated as a "business
development company" under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as
amended (the "1940 Act"). On January 24, 1995, the Trust
notified the Securities and Exchange Commission of such election
and registered the Investor Shares under the Securities Exchange
Act of 1934, as amended (the "1934 Act"). On March 24, 1995 the
election and registration became effective.
As described below at Item 1(c)(6)(iii) - Business -
Narrative Description of Business - Regulatory Matters - the 1940
Act, effective October 3, 1996, the Trust, with the approval of
the Investors, withdrew its election to be a business development
company so that it could make investments together with other
programs sponsored by the Managing Shareholder without requesting
exemptive relief from the Securities and Exchange Commission.
The Trust covenanted to comply with most of the substantive
restrictions on business development companies, other than
certain transactions with affiliated persons, as described there.
Unlike three prior investment programs that the Managing
Shareholder has sponsored in the independent power industry, the
Trust consolidates its subsidiaries' financial statements with
its own for purposes of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
(b) Financial Information about Industry Segments.
The Trust has been organized to operate in only one industry
segment: independent power generation.
(c) Narrative Description of Business.
(1) General Description.
The Trust was formed to participate in the development,
construction and operation of independent electric power projects
that generate electricity for sale to utilities and other users,
and that might provide heat energy as well to users.
Historically, producers of electric power in the United
States consisted of regulated utilities and of industrial users
that produced electricity to satisfy their own needs. The
independent power industry in the United States was created by
federal legislation passed in response to the energy crises of
the 1970s. The Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act of 1978,
as amended ("PURPA"), requires utilities to purchase electric
power from "Qualifying Facilities" (as defined in PURPA),
including "cogeneration facilities" and "small power producers,"
and also exempts these Qualifying Facilities from most utility
regulatory requirements. Under PURPA, Projects that are
Qualifying Facilities are generally not subject to federal
regulation, including the Public Utility Holding Company Act of
1935, as amended, and state regulation. Furthermore, PURPA
generally requires electric utilities to purchase electricity
produced by Qualifying Facilities at the utility's avoided cost
of producing electricity (i.e., the incremental costs the utility
would otherwise face to generate electricity itself or purchase
electricity from another source). The Providence and Maine Hydro
Projects are Qualifying Facilities.
(2) The Trust's Investments.
(i) Providence Project. The Trust and Ridgewood Electric Power
Trust III, a similar investment program sponsored by the Managing
Shareholder ("Ridgewood Power III"), acquired in April 1996 all
of the equity interest in the Providence State Landfill Power
Plant, located near Providence, Rhode Island. Ridgewood Power
III invested $7.1 million in the Project and the Trust invested
$12.9 million, which was the remainder of the $20 million
investment in the Project. The acquisition cost of the Project
was approximately $15.5 million (including a $3 million partial
prepayment of Project debt as a condition of obtaining the
lenders' consents and transaction costs) and the remainder of the
investment by the programs represents funds applied to operating
reserves, working capital and cash reserves for capital
improvements and expansion. The Project is encumbered by $5.4
million of debt maturing in installments through 2004. In 1997,
as described below, capital improvements were completed.
The Project burns methane gas (the major component of
natural gas) generated by the decomposition of garbage in the
landfill as fuel for a 13.8 Megawatt capacity electric generation
plant. The facility has been in operation since 1990 and has a
Power Contract for 12.0 Megawatts with New England Power Company
with a 22 year term remaining.
The Project leases the right to use the landfill site from
the Rhode Island Resource Recovery Corporation, a state agency,
for a royalty of 15% of net Project revenues (increasing from 15%
to 18% in 2006) until 2020. The Project in turn subleases those
rights to Central Gas Limited Partnership ("Gasco"). Gasco,
which is not affiliated with the Trust, operates and maintains
the piping system and other facilities to collect the methane gas
from the landfill and supply it to the Project. Gasco pays a
fixed rent, computed on the basis of the Project's generating
capacity, to the Project under the sublease, and the Project in
turn buys its fuel from Gasco at a formula price per kilowatt-
hour generated by the Project.
Since the Trust purchased the Project in April 1996, average
output from the original eight engine-generator sets has risen by
approximately 25% from 9.2 Megawatts in the first three months of
1996 to 12.2 Megawatts in December 1996 and 11.5 Megawatts in
1997. Since August 1997, sales have approached the 12.0 Megawatt
maximum under the Power Contract. In order to increase output to
the maximum and to allow engines to be rotated off-line for
preventative maintenance, an additional engine and generator set
were installed at the Project in spring 1997. Although this
increased nominal Project capacity by approximately 12%, the
actual benefit is the ability to have one engine off-line at any
time for maintenance and still produce the entire 12.0 Megawatts
that can be sold under the existing Power Contract. Net earnings
from the Project (less the minority interest of Ridgewood Power
III) for 1997 totalled $964,000, up from $562,000 for the period
April 16-December 31, 1996.
(ii) California Pumping Project
On December 31, 1995, the Trust purchased a package of 11
irrigation service engines which have an aggregate power output
equivalent to 1.2 Megawatts (the "California Pumping Project")
located in Ventura County, California, for a cash purchase price
of approximately $354,000. The Trust purchased the Project from
Ridgewood Power III for the same price paid by Ridgewood Power
III for the assets to the unaffiliated seller. In 1996, the
Trust bought 9 additional engines with a rated equivalent
capacity of 1.2 Megawatts from unaffiliated sellers at a price of
$344,000. The total investment in the Project at December 31,
1997 was $648,000.
The California Pumping Project has been operating since 1992
and uses natural-gas-fired reciprocating engines to provide power
for irrigation wells which furnish water for orchards of lemon
and other citrus trees. The power is purchased by local farmers
and farmers' co-operatives at a price which represents a discount
from the equivalent price the customers would have paid to
purchase electric power. The California Pumping Project will
provide power equivalent to approximately 2.4 megawatts.
The Trust has entered into a management contract with the
prior operator of the Project based on the amount of pumping
power provided by each engine, computed on the basis of the
equivalent amount of kilowatt-hours of electricity that would
have been needed to provide that amount of pumping power. Until
January 1998, the Trust received all cash flow from the engines
up to $.02 per equivalent kilowatt-hour for the first 3,000
kilowatt-hours per year, and $.01 per additional kilowatt-hour in
that year. The operator, which is responsible for all operating
costs, received the remainder. Beginning in January 1998, the
Trust will receive one-half of revenues after deduction of a 6/10
cent per equivalent kilowatt-hour maintenance fee and costs of
fuel for the engines. If net revenues are less than 1.5 cents
per equivalent kilowatt-hour, the operator will receive 3/4 cent
per equivalent kilowatt-hour (or all the net revenues if they are
less than 3/4 cent) and the Trust will receive any remainder.
Ridgewood Electric Power Trust II, a prior investment
program sponsored by the Managing Shareholder ("Ridgewood Power
II"), owns a package of similar engines located on different
sites and operated under identical terms by the same operator.
The engines operate independently of each other and revenues and
expenses for each Trust are segregated from those of the other.
(iii) Maine Hydro Projects
On December 23, 1996, the Trust purchased from Consolidated
Hydro, Inc. a 50% interest in 14 small hydroelectric projects
located in Maine. In order to increase diversification of the
Trust's investments, the remaining 50% interest was purchased by
Ridgewood Electric Power Trust V ("Ridgewood Power V"), a similar
investment program organized in 1996 by the Managing Shareholder.
Each Trust paid approximately $6,700,000 for its interest The
jointly owned partnership that acquired the Project also assumed
a lease obligation in the amount of $1,005,000. The partnership
was credited with all income relating to the projects from July
1, 1996 to the closing date and the seller was credited with
interest on the purchase price at annual rates of 6% to 8.5%
during that period.
The 14 hydroelectric projects have an aggregate rated
capacity of 11.3 megawatts. All electricity generated by the
projects over and above their own requirements is sold to either
Central Maine Power Company or Bangor Hydro Company under long-
term power purchase contracts. Eleven of the contracts expire at
the end of 2008 and the remaining three expire in 2007, 2014 and
2017.
The Trust's net equity in the income of the Maine Hydro
Projects for 1997 was $521,000.
The Trusts have entered into a five year operating and
maintenance agreement with Consolidated Hydro, Inc. under which a
subsidiary of Consolidated Hydro will manage and administer the
projects for a fixed annual fee of $307,500 (adjusted upwards for
inflation), plus an annual incentive fee equal to 50% of the
excess of aggregate net cash flow over a target amount of $1.875
million per year. The maximum incentive fee is $112,500 per
year; to the extent the annual net cash flow exceeds $2.1
million, the excess will be carried forward to future years; to
the extent that the annual net cash flow is less than $1.875
million, the deficit will be carried forward to future years. In
addition, the operator will be reimbursed for certain operating
and maintenance expenses. In 1997, the operator was paid a total
of $429,000 for operating and incentive fees.
(iv) Maine Biomass Projects
On July 1, 1997, the Trust and Ridgewood Power V purchased a
preferred membership interest in Indeck Maine Energy, L.L.C., an
Illinois limited liability company ("Indeck Maine") that owns two
electric power generating stations fueled by waste wood at West
Enfield and at Jonesboro, Maine. The Trust and Ridgewood Power V
purchased the interest through a limited liability company
owned equally by each. The Trust's share of the purchase
price was $7,298,000 and Ridgewood Power V provided an equal
amount of the total purchase price.
The original members of Indeck Maine, who continue as equity
members subject to the preferred membership interest, are seven
individuals. In connection with the transaction, Indeck Maine
distributed $9,143,000 of the purchase price to its original
members. The preferred membership interest entitles the Trust
and Ridgewood Power V to receive all net cash flow from
operations each year until they receive a 18% annual cumulative
return on their capital contributions to Indeck Maine. Any
additional net operating cash flow in that year is paid to the
remaining Indeck Maine members until the total paid to them
equals the amount of the 18% preferred return for that year,
without cumulation. Any remaining net operating cash flow for
the year is payable 25% to the Trust and Ridgewood Power V
together and 75% to the other Indeck Maine members unless the
Trust and Ridgewood Power V recover their capital contributions
from proceeds of a capital event. Thereafter, these percentages
change to 50% each. All non-operating cash flow, such as
proceeds of capital events, is divided equally between (a) the
Trust and Ridgewood Power V and (b) the remaining Indeck Maine
members.
Under its amended operating agreement, the original Indeck
Maine members designate a majority of the managers of Indeck
Maine and thus have management control, although approval of the
Trust and Ridgewood Power V jointly is required for many
significant decisions. If the Trust and Ridgewood Power V do not
receive annual distributions at least equal to the 18% preferred
return requirement or if Indeck Maine after a cure period fails
to make distributions to them in accordance with the operating
agreement, they have the right to designate a majority of the
managers of Indeck Maine. The other Indeck Maine members may
regain control if Indeck Maine satisfies the cumulative
preferred return requirement within the next five calendar
quarters. Indeck Operations, Inc., an affiliate of the original
Indeck Maine members, currently manages the plant under a
renewable agreement and is reimbursed for its costs. In
addition, the three managers nominated by the original Indeck
Maine members will receive aggregate annual fees of $300,000 and
certain other fees are payable to Indeck Maine affiliates. The
management agreement may be terminated on notice if the Trust and
Ridgewood Power V obtain the right to designate a majority of the
managers of Indeck Maine. The Trust anticipates that it and
Ridgewood Power V will have the right to do so and to terminate
the management agreement at the end of 1998, at which time it
anticipates that RPMC will assume management of the projects.
Each of the projects has a 24.5 megawatt rated capacity and uses
steam turbines to generate electricity. The fuel is waste wood
chips, bark, brush and similar biomass. Both projects are
Qualifying Facilities.
The Indeck Maine projects operated for five months in 1997
selling electricity to participants in the New England Power Pool
or to Bangor Hydroelectric Company on monthly contracts. The
contracts were not renewed in 1998 and the projects were shut
down in January 1998. Later in January 1998, during a severe ice
storm, local officials requested an emergency restart of the
projects. A dispute ensued between Bangor Hydroelectric Company
and the Indeck Maine projects, caused by the high costs of
restarting the plants on an emergency basis. Bangor
Hydroelectric Company accused the projects of price-gouging in
the emergency. Indeck Maine responded that Bangor Hydroelectric
was distorting the facts to divert attention from other matters
and that it would sell the emergency energy at cost. The matter
is being informally reviewed by the Maine Attorney General's
office, and no action has been taken to date. The Trust does not
anticipate any material adverse effect from the dispute.
The cost to the owners of Indeck Maine for maintaining the
facilities in operable condition and for fixed costs such as
taxes and insurance is approximately $100,000 per month for both
projects, which is being funded 25% by the Trust, 25% by
Ridgewood Power V and 50% by the other Indeck Maine owners.
Beginning in April 1998, ISO-New England, Inc. (the "ISO"),
an independent, non-profit organization in which Indeck Maine and
substantially all generators and distribution utilities in New
England are members, began an auction process as part of the
deregulation of the New England electricity market. See (4) --
Trends in the Electric Utility and Independent Power Industries,
for an explanation of the deregulatory process. The first
commodity to be auctioned is "installed capability," a
measurement of the rated ability of a generating plant to create
electric power. Plants are credited with installed capability
whether or not they run. For an additional discussion of
installed capability and other concepts related to electricity
pricing, see (3) - Plant Operation, below. Beginning April 1,
1998 each distribution utility that is a member of the ISO must
own or purchase installed capability on a monthly basis that at
least equals its expected load for the month (the maximum amount
of power that its customers may demand) plus mandated reserves.
Generating facilities may enter into contracts to sell installed
capability or may auction it through the ISO.
The Maine Biomass plants have sold installed capability for
April 1998 under contract to a distribution utility and expect to
sell installed capability for the rest of 1998 either through
short or long-term contracts or the auction process. Later in 1998 and 1999,
the ISO will add additional commodities to the auction process, such as
operating capability (the amount of power that can be delivered by generating
plants that are operating or can be placed in operation on short notice) and
energy (the actual energy delivered by operating plants). The Trust hopes
that the prices for energy or operating capacity during the remainder of
1998, either through the auction process or through short-term or long-term
contracts, will be sufficient to allow the plants to be restarted and operate.
The Trust believes that as utilities sell off generating
assets, as state regulators require purchase of "renewable power"
as described further at (4)(ii) - Trends in the Electric Utility
and Independent Power Industries - Maine Biomass and "Merchant
Power Plants" - Renewable Power and as the market in New England
for generation becomes more competitive, the Maine Biomass
ant
Power Plants" - Renewable Power and as the market in New England
for generation becomes more competitive, the Maine Biomass
projects will be able to sell their future output profitably.
However, there can be no assurance that they can do so
consistently and earn a satisfactory return in the rapidly
deregulating electricity industry. See generally (4) - Trends in
the Electric Utility and Independent Power Industries for further
discussion of the opportunities and problems related to the
deregulated industry.
Neither Indeck Maine, its original members nor Indeck
Operations, Inc. is affiliated with or has any material
relationship with the Trust, Ridgewood Power V, their Managing
Shareholder or their affiliates, directors, officers or
associates of their directors and officers. The sales price
and the terms of the acquisition were determined in arm's
length negotiations between the Managing Shareholder of the
Trust and representatives of the original Indeck Maine
members. The source of the Trust's funds was proceeds of its
private placement offering of Investor Shares.
(v) Proposed Investments.
In January 1998 the Managing Shareholder executed a letter
of intent under which the Trust and Ridgewood Power V would
invest up to $32.3 million collectively in 17 small landfill-gas
fueled generating plants being developed by NEO Corporation, a
subsidiary of NRG Energy, Inc., of Minneapolis, Minnesota. The
plants are to be located at public landfills in California,
Washington, New Jersey, New York, Massachusetts, Virginia and
Florida and range in capacity from .9 Megawatt to 20 Megawatts.
As currently contemplated, the Trust would invest up to $9
million of its funds in a limited liability company and Ridgewood
Power V would invest the remaining $23 million. As projects were
completed and received long-term debt financing from a bank
financing source, the limited liability company would advance
equity funds to the operating company and would receive a
preferred right to distributions from the operating company and
approximately a 50% interest on dissolution. The funds invested
by the limited liability company would come first from the
Trust's contribution and then from Ridgewood Power V's
contribution. Unexpended funds would be returned to the Trust
providing them. At completion of the investment process
(expected by November 1998) the Trust and Ridgewood Power V would
have undivided interests in each plant in proportion to their net
capital contributions to the limited liability company.
The Trust is actively seeking additional Projects for
investment, either by itself or in conjunction with other
programs sponsored by the Managing Shareholder if such programs
are authorized to do so.
If the Trust and another program with similar investment
objectives have funds available at the same time for investment
in the same or similar Projects, and a conflict of interest thus
arises as to which program will make the investment, the Managing
Shareholder will review the investment portfolio of each program.
It will make the investment decision on the basis of such
factors, among others, as the effects of the investment on the
diversification of each program's portfolio, potential
alternative investments, the effects investment by either program
would have on the program's risk-return profile, the estimated
tax effects of the investment on each program, the amount of
funds available and the length of time those funds have been
available for investment. If more than one program has funds
available for investment and the factors discussed above and
other considerations indicate that the Project has approximately
equal benefit for each Program, the Managing Shareholder will
generally allocate the opportunity to each program in order of
its organization date. In that event, the Managing Shareholder
will cause the oldest program to commit all of its reasonably
available funds to that opportunity; if those funds are
insufficient, the remainder of the opportunity will be offered to
each successive program with reasonably available funds until the
investment opportunity is exhausted. A similar process would be
followed for divestiture opportunities or competitive electricity
sales.
An additional conflict could arise where the entities make
investments in different forms, which would be the case where one
entity's investment took the form of equity and the other's took
the form of debt. Although it anticipates that this situation is
unlikely to arise, the Managing Shareholder, if practicable,
would attempt to resolve any conflict of this type by reference
to the terms negotiated by other debt or equity participants in
the relevant Project or similar Projects. Although the Managing
Shareholder believes these practices may reduce potential
conflicts of interest of this type, there can be no assurance
that the interests of the entities will not diverge.
(3) Project Operation.
The Providence and Maine Hydro Projects are Qualifying
Facilities under PURPA and have entered into long-term power
purchase agreements ("Power Contracts") with their local
distribution utilities. Under the Power Contracts for the
Providence and Maine Hydro Projects, the local utilities are
obligated to purchase the entire output of the Projects (up to
rated levels)at formula prices. No separate payments are made
for capacity or capability and all payments under the Power
Contracts are made for energy supplied.
The utility purchaser at the Providence Project, New England
Power Company, pays 3.0 cents per kilowatt-hour for all power
provided, adjusted for inflation based on changes in the consumer
price index since 1989. In addition to that base amount, it
pays a flat additional 3.5 cents per kilowatt-hour for peak
period power and 1.5 cents for non-peak power. Additional
adjustments are made to reduce payments in later years so as to
levelize total amounts paid by the utility.
The Maine Hydro Projects are licensed or operated as "run-
of-river" facilities, which means that the amount of water
passing through the turbines is directly dependent upon the
fluctuating level of flow of the river or stream. The Projects
have a very limited ability to store water during high flows for
use at low flow periods. As a result, these Projects are unable
to earn capacity payments and are often unable to produce high
output in the peak summer and winter months when spot electricity
rates are highest. Instead, they produce electric energy and
sell it as generated at the fixed rates provided in the Power
Contracts.
The Maine Biomass Projects do not have long-term Power
Contracts and will be selling their output competitively.
The Trust's decisions to purchase Projects in New England
have been driven in part by the relatively high prices paid for
energy in the region and a shortage of generating capacity caused
in large part by the forced shutdown of four large nuclear power
plants owned by Northeast Utilities, Inc. and other utilities for
regulatory and safety violations. See the discussion at (4) -
Trends in the Electric Utility and Independent Power Industries
and (5) - Competition below for information regarding proposed
capacity additions and cost factors that may offset that
shortage.
Customers of Projects that accounted for more than 10% of
annual revenues from operating sources to the Trust in each of
the last two fiscal years are:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Calendar year
1997 1996
<S> <C> <C>
New England Electric System 90.0% 90.7%
(Providence Project)
</TABLE>
The major costs of a Project while in operation will be debt
service (if applicable), fuel, taxes, maintenance and operating
labor. The ability to reduce operating interruptions and to have
a Project's capacity available at times of peak demand are
critical to the profitability of a Project. Accordingly, skilled
management is a major factor in the Trust's business.
The Trust, through the Managing Shareholder, operates the
Providence Project. The Managing Shareholder has organized
Ridgewood Power Management Corporation ("RPMC") to provide
operating management for facilities operated by its investment
programs. See Item 10 - Directors and Executive Officers of the
Registrant for further information regarding the Operation
Agreement and RPMC. The Maine Hydro Projects are managed by
their former owner, Consolidated Hydro, Inc., which owns other
hydroelectric facilities in the region, the California Pumping
Project is managed by H&P, Inc., its former developer and the
Maine Biomass Plants are currently managed by their former owner,
Indeck Maine.
Electricity produced by a Project is typically delivered to
the purchaser through transmission lines which are built to
interconnect with the utility's existing power grid, or in the
case of the Maine Biomass Projects, via utility lines to the
ISO's transmission facilities.
The overall demand for electrical energy is somewhat
seasonal, with demand usually peaking in the summertime as a
result of the increased use of air conditioning. As described
above, peak periods in New England generally are limited to
daytime and evening hours in the summer months (with a smaller
peak in Maine for light and heating during the winter) and power
prices are significantly higher during those periods.
The technology involved in conventional power plant
construction and operations as well as electric and heat energy
transfers and sales is widely known throughout the world. There
are usually a variety of vendors seeking to supply the necessary
equipment for any Project. So far as the Trust is aware, there
are no limitations or restrictions on the availability of any of
the components which would be necessary to complete construction
and commence operations of any Project. Generally, working
capital requirements are not a significant item in the
independent power industry. The cost of maintaining adequate
supplies of fuel is usually the most significant factor in
determining working capital needs.
The Providence and Maine Hydro Projects owned by the Trust
use landfill gas or hydroelectric energy and are not subject to
fuel price changes or supply interruptions. Because the Maine
Hydro Projects are "run-of-river" hydroelectric plants, their
output is dependent upon rainfall and snowfall in the areas above
the dams and output has varied in the range of 30% over or 25%
below the average output from 1987 through 1997. Output is
generally lowest in the summer months and in the winter and
highest in the spring and fall.
The Maine Biomass Projects burn wood waste, including brush
and chips from woodcutting or processing of raw wood at paper
mills or sawmills. The price of wood waste fluctuates and is a
primary determinant of whether the Projects can run profitably or
not. The major causes of the fluctuation are changes in
woodcutting or wood processing volumes caused by general economic
conditions, increases in the use of wood waste by paper mills for
their own cogeneration plants, changes in demand from competing
generating plants using wood waste or paper mill refuse and
weather conditions. The cost of wood waste is currently
significantly in excess of that anticipated at the time the Maine
Biomass Projects were purchased.
The California Pumping Project's engines burn natural gas.
Hydrocarbon fuels, such as natural gas, coal and fuel oil, have
been generally available in recent years for use by Independent
Power Projects, although there have been serious supply
impairments for both oil and natural gas at times during the last
20 years. Market prices for natural gas, oil and, to a lesser
extent, coal have fluctuated significantly over the last few
years. Such fluctuations may directly inhibit the development of
Projects because of the anticipated effects on Project
profitability and may deter lenders to Projects or result in
higher costs of financing.
In order to commence operations, most Projects require a
variety of permits, including zoning and environmental permits.
Inability to obtain such permits will likely mean that a Project
will not be able to commence operations, and even if obtained,
such permits must usually be kept in force in order for the
Project to continue its operations.
Compliance with environmental laws is also a material factor
in the independent power industry. The Trust believes that
capital expenditures for and other costs of environmental
protection have not materially disadvantaged its activities
relative to other competitors and will not do so in the future.
Although the capital costs and other expenses of environmental
protection may constitute a significant portion of the costs of a
Project, the Trust believes that those costs as imposed by
current laws and regulations have been and will continue to be
largely incorporated into the prices of its investments and that
it accordingly has adjusted its investment program so as to
minimize material adverse effects. If future environmental
standards require that a Project spend increased amounts for
compliance, such increased expenditures could have an adverse
effect on the Trust to the extent it is a holder of such
Project's equity securities.
Of the 14 Maine Hydro Projects, six operate under existing
hydroelectric project licenses from the Federal Energy Regulatory
Commission ("FERC") and two have license applications pending.
Changes to the six other, unlicensed Projects (which are
currently exempt from licensing) may trigger a requirement for
FERC licensing. FERC licensing requirements have become
progressively more stringent and often require that output of a
Project that is being licensed or relicensed be restricted in
order to allow a more natural flow of water, that archaeological
and historical surveys be undertaken, that public access to
waterways be provided (sometimes requiring purchase of property
rights by the hydroelectric licensee) and that various site
improvements be made. These requirements can materially impair a
project's profitability. See Item 1(c)(6) - Business - Narrative
Description of Business - Regulatory Matters.
(4) Trends in the Electric Utility and Independent Power
Industries
(i) Qualifying Facilities with long-term Power Contracts
The Trust is somewhat insulated from recent deregulatory
trends in the electric industry because the Providence and Maine
Hydro Projects are Qualifying Facilities with long-term formula-
price Power Contracts. Each Power Contract now provides for
rates in excess of current short-term rates for purchased power.
There has been much speculation that in the course of
deregulating the electric power industry, federal or state
regulators or utilities would attempt to invalidate these power
purchase contracts as a means of throwing some of the costs of
deregulation on the owners of independent power plants.
To date, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission and state
authorities have ruled that existing Power Contracts will not be
affected by their deregulation initiatives. The regulators have
so far rejected the requests of a few utilities to invalidate
existing Power Contracts. Instead, most state plans for
deregulation of the electric power industry (including those in
Maine) treat the value of long-term Power Contracts that are
above current and anticipated market prices as "stranded costs"
of the utilities. The utilities are to be allowed to recover
those costs during a transition period. This is typically done
by imposing a transition fee or surcharge on rates that is paid
to the utility.
No action has yet been taken by federal or state legislators
to date to impair Independent Power Projects' existing power
sales contracts, and there are federal constitutional provisions
restricting actions to impair existing contracts. There can not
be any assurance, however, that the rapid changes occurring in
the industry and the economy as a whole would not cause
regulators or legislative bodies to attempt to change the
regulatory structure in ways harmful to Independent Power
Projects or to attempt to impair existing contracts. In
particular, some regulatory agencies have urged utilities to
construe Power Contracts strictly and to police Independent Power
Projects' compliance with those Power Contracts vigorously.
Predicting the consequences of any legislative or regulatory
action is inherently speculative and the effects of any action
proposed or effected in the future may harm or help the Trust.
Because of the consistent position of the regulatory authorities
to date and the other factors discussed here, the Trust believes
that so long as it performs its obligations under the Power
Contracts, it will be entitled to the benefits of the contracts.
In recent years, many electric utilities have attempted to
exploit all possible means of terminating Power Contracts with
independent power projects, including requests to regulatory
agencies and alleging violations of even immaterial terms of the
Power Contracts as justification for terminating those contracts.
If such an attempt were to be made, the Trust might face material
costs in contesting those utility actions. Other utilities have
from time to time made offers to purchase and terminate Power
Contracts for lump sums. No such offer has been suggested or made
to the Trust, although the Trust would entertain such an offer.
Finally, the Power Contracts are subject to modification or
rejection in the event that the utility purchaser enters
bankruptcy. There can be no assurance that the utility purchaser
will stay out of bankruptcy.
After the Power Contracts for the Providence and Maine Hydro
Projects expire at varying times from 2008 to 2020 or those
contracts terminate for other reasons, those Projects under
currently anticipated conditions would be free to sell their
output on the competitive electric supply market, either in spot,
auction or short-term arrangements or under long-term contracts
if those Power Contracts could be obtained. There is no
assurance that the Projects could then sell their output or do so
profitably. While the Providence Project is not subject to
natural gas price fluctuations and it may benefit from
environmental requirements for utilities to purchase power from
environmentally favorable sources, the supply of fuel gas from
the landfill is not assured. Both it and the Maine Hydro
Projects may have diseconomies of small scale. The Trust is
unable to anticipate whether the Projects would have cost
disadvantages or advantages after their Power Contracts expire.
It is thus impossible to predict the profitability of those
Projects after termination of the Power Contracts.
(ii) Maine Biomass and "Merchant Power Plants"
The Maine Biomass Projects do not have long-term Power
Contracts and are exposed to the newly-deregulating market for
electricity generation. Those Projects and other similar plants
without long-term Power Contracts that the Trust may acquire are
sometimes described as "merchant power plants" because they sell
their output on the open market. As a consequence of federal and
state moves to deregulate large areas of the electric power
industry and the existence, spurred by PURPA, of private
competitors to electric utilities in the market for generating
electricity, a number of interrelated trends are occurring that
will affect merchant power plants.
Continued Deregulation of the Generating Market
The Comprehensive Energy Policy Act of 1992 (the "1992
Energy Act") encourages electric utilities to expand their
wholesale generating capacity by removing some, but not all, of
the limitations on their ownership of new generating facilities
that qualify as "exempt wholesale generators" ("EWG's") and on
their ability to participate in merchant power plants. Many
state electric utility regulators are considering plans to
further encourage investment in wholesale generators and to
facilitate utility decisions to spin off or divest generating
capacity from the transmission or distribution businesses of the
utilities. As a result, merchant power plants in the future will
face competition not only from other independent power plants
seeking to sell electricity on a wholesale basis but also from
EWG's, electric utilities with excess capacity and independent
generators spun off or otherwise separated from their parent
utilities.
Wholesale-level Access to Transmission Capacity
Without access to transmission capacity, an independent
power plant or other wholesale generator can only sell to the
local electric utility or to a facility on which it is located
(or, in some states, which adjoins its location). The most
important changes occurring in the electric power industry are
the efforts of FERC to compel utilities and power pools to
provide nationwide access to transmission facilities to all
wholesale power generators. When combined with the increased
competition in the generating area, this is likely to create an
electricity supply market that may profoundly change the
operations of electric utilities, consumers and independent power
plants.
The 1992 Energy Act empowered FERC to require electric
utilities and power pools to transmit electric power generated by
other wholesale generators to wholesale customers. This process
is referred to as "wheeling" the electric power. Essentially, the
generator contributes power to a utility or power pool and is
credited with that contribution, and the utility or power pool
serving the wholesale customer makes available that amount of
electric power to the customer and debits the generator. Wheeling
is effected between power pools on a similar basis.
On April 24, 1996 the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
adopted Order 888, which requires electric utilities and power
pools to provide wholesale transmission facilities and
information to all power producers on the same terms, and
endorses the recovery by utilities of uneconomic capital costs
from wholesale customers who change suppliers. The utilities
would also be required to furnish ancillary services, such as
scheduling, load dispatch, and system protection, as needed.
These rights, however, would apply only to sales of new electric
power over and above existing utility supply arrangements. Non-
utility wholesale deliveries of electricity have grown vigorously
and according to the federal government have grown at the rate of
21% per year in the ten years from 1986 to 1996.
The Maine Biomass Projects are dependent on wheeling power
in order to sell their capacity or energy to purchasers other
than Bangor Hydroelectric Company. Currently, they access the
ISO's facilities through transmission lines owned by Bangor
Hydroelectric Company and would pay material tariff charges for
transmitting energy to the ISO's lines. Indeck Maine and the
Trust are pursuing regulatory and engineering measures to either
have the Bangor Hydroelectric lines reclassified as ISO
facilities (which would greatly reduce transmission costs) or to
connect directly to ISO facilities.
Order 888 takes no action to modify existing Power
Contracts. The order intends to create a competitive national
market in electricity generation and thus may create additional
pressure on electric utilities to seek changes to long-term power
purchase contracts, as described further below. State public
utility regulatory agencies must also review and approve certain
aspects of wholesale power deregulation, and those agencies are
currently holding proceedings and making determinations.
In addition to the FERC order or other Congressional or
regulatory actions that may result in freer access to
transmission capacity, agreements with Canada, and to a lesser
extent with Mexico, are leading toward access for those
countries' generators to U.S. markets. In particular, certain
Canadian suppliers, such as HydroQuebec (the Quebec provincial
utility) are already offering substantial amounts of electricity
in New England, and more may be offered if sufficient
transmission capacity can be approved and built. These
agreements may also afford access to those countries' markets in
the future for independent power plants. As a result, there is
the possibility that a North American wholesale market will
develop for electricity, with additional competitive pressures on
U.S. generators.
Retail-level Competition
An even more radical prospect for the electric power
industry is retail-level competition, in which generators would
be allowed to sell directly to customers by using (and paying a
fee for) the local utility's distribution facilities. Retail-
level competition presupposes the ability to wheel power in the
appropriate amounts at economic costs from the generating Project
to the electric utility whose wires link to the retail customer
(typically a large industrial, commercial or governmental unit)
and the ability to use the local utility's facilities to deliver
the electricity to the customer. In addition to the business and
regulatory issues arising from wholesale wheeling, retail-level
competition raises fundamental concerns as to the ability of
utilities to recover stranded costs at the generating and
distribution levels, the possibility that smaller customers will
have less ability to demand pricing concessions, incentives for
governmental agencies to act as intermediaries for consumers and
the functions of state-level regulatory agencies in a price-
competitive environment which may be inconsistent with their
traditional price-setting and service-prescribing roles.
Although retail deregulation is being implemented currently
on a state-by-state basis, there are some common elements which
are expected to be included in the Maine and Massachusetts
deregulation plans. First, most deregulating states will require
that local utilities will be the "suppliers of last resort,"
which are required to serve any customers in their existing
territories who do not purchase generated electricity from
another source and which are required to obtain adequate
generating capacity to meet those needs. Second, most
deregulating states are requiring that utilities and other
suppliers of electricity work through "independent system
operators" such as the ISO, which coordinate purchase,
transmission and sale of electricity between generators and
distribution utilities. Independent system operators will have
significant responsibility for supply reliability.
Third, most deregulating states are requiring that utilities
be compensated for stranded costs (which include long-term Power
Contracts with Independent Power Projects that are above current
and anticipated market prices) for a transition period. This is
typically done by imposing a transition fee or surcharge on rates
that is paid to the utility. In some states, utilities are being
encouraged or ordered to issue bonds or other financial
instruments to retire stranded cost assets or contracts,
supported by transition charges. Fourth, many states are
requiring local utilities to divest a large portion or all of
their generating assets or to sell their rights under long-term
Power Contracts. The states have cited concerns such as the anti-
competitive effects of allowing the utilities, which retain a
monopoly over the wires that take electricity the last stages to
the customer, to own generating assets. Further, the sale of
assets (or above-market Power Contracts) sets a market price for
those assets and allows a somewhat objective computation of the
stranded costs related to those assets or contracts. For example,
the true stranded cost of a nuclear plant is approximately the
difference between the value assigned to it under state
regulation and the price someone will pay for it at auction.
Fifth, utilities having stranded costs are expected to
mitigate those costs by buying out contracts or selling costly
assets. Finally, many states are attempting to protect generators
who use "renewable fuels" or that are considered to have
environmental or social benefits. As discussed below, Maine and
Massachusetts are doing so.
Price and Cost Pressures
The pricing pressures that retail and wholesale deregulation
are bringing are expected to decrease the marginal cost of
electricity. Competition will force utilities and generators to
reduce overhead and administrative costs, to trim operation and
maintenance costs and to more efficiently buy and use fuel.
Further, wholesale and retail deregulation and new generating
technologies discussed below are expected to significantly reduce
capital costs. For example, electric utilities currently maintain
large amounts of generating capacity in reserve to meet peak
loads (for example, to serve customers during a heat wave in
July). According to the federal government, competition may lead
to pricing strategies that reduce these peak loads. Competition
may also force utilities to stop maintaining high-cost reserve
capacity and to take greater risks. Finally, the widening
wholesale market for electricity may increase efficiency by
allowing utilities and power consumers to obtain distant, lower-
cost capacity for reserve purposes rather than maintain local,
higher cost, underutilized reserve capacity. For these and other
reasons, the federal government currently estimates that national
average electricity rates in real terms (adjusted for inflation)
will decline to about 6.3 cents per kilowatt-hour in 2015 from
the 1996 average level of 7.1 cents per kilowatt-hour.
As these trends continue, high-cost generators will be
disadvantaged and may fail. The Trust's small-scale generating
plants have tended to have higher per-kilowatt hour costs (except
for fuel) than new, large scale generating plants. The fuel cost
advantages, if any, of landfill gas, hydroelectricity or waste
biomass are thus critical to the competitiveness of the Trust's
merchant power plants.
New Generating Technologies and
New Industry Participants
Recent improvements in turbine technology, coupled with what
is seen as the ample supply and relative cheapness of natural
gas, have made gas turbines the favored technology for new
electric generating plants. The federal government estimates that
80% of the new electric generating capacity to be added from 1995
to 2015 will be fueled by natural gas and that the amount of
generation fueled by natural gas will increase from the current
10% to 29%. According to the federal government, new gas turbines
only need 15 days per year of maintenance, on the average,
compared with 30 days a year for steam turbines. Although gas
turbines historically have been used to meet peak demand rather
than baseload demand, new "combined cycle" units (which use heat
from the turbine's exhaust to drive a second steam or gas
turbine) have thermal efficiencies approaching 60% (60% of the
theoretical maximum heat from the burning gas is converted to
electricity) and can be used as baseload units. In contrast,
steam turbines fired by coal have efficiencies in the 36% range
and have operating and maintenance costs higher than those of
combined cycle plants. Further, natural gas-fired turbines emit
relatively low levels of sulfur dioxide, particulates and complex
carbon compounds and thus may have lower environmental compliance
costs than coal-fired or oil-fired plants. The federal
government estimates that combined cycle gas turbine plants alone
will account from 96,000 to 143,000 Megawatts of the 319,000
Megawatts of additional capacity to be added in the next 17
years.
The new emphasis on natural gas-fired generation is causing
large natural gas transmission or brokering companies to enter
the electricity generation market rapidly. They have access to
large volumes of gas and have the ability to raise large amounts
of capital. Accordingly, most new investment in combined cycle
gas Projects and other large-scale gas turbine Projects is being
made by these natural gas/energy companies or by large utilities
that are entering the competitive generation industry.
A number of large participants in the independent generating
industry have announced their intentions to build large gas
turbine merchant power plants in Connecticut, Massachusetts and
Maine in sizes from 250 to 750 Megawatts. The capacity of the
proposed plants exceeds one-half of the total deficit in capacity
caused by the shutdown of the Northeast Utilities nuclear power
plants. If all or many of the announced plants were built, there
might be a material increase in low-cost generation capacity in
the New England area. There have also been reports, especially
from the northeastern states, that large non-utility generating
companies and utilities entering the competitive generating
market outside their existing service territories are buying
large numbers of older plants from local utilities with the
intention of replacing them on site with new, large, natural gas-
fueled plants. It is unclear whether many of the announced
merchant power plants will actually be built, given the
uncertainties of the market for electricity and the possibility
that there may be insufficient gas pipeline capacity or supplies
to fuel all of the recently announced plants.
Many companies, including affiliates of fuel suppliers and
utilities, have applied to FERC to act as electric power
marketers, because they anticipate that if wholesale wheeling
becomes significant there will be strong demand for brokers or
market makers in electric power. It is uncertain whether power
marketers will become significant factors in the electric power
market. A related development is the creation of derivative
contracts for hedging of and speculation in electricity supplies,
which may offer generators, utilities and large industrial or
commercial consumers the ability to reduce the volatility of
competitive prices. To date, the effects of derivative contracts
on the market for electricity in the Northeast have not been
material.
Renewable Power
The pressures of competition are expected to harm the
"renewable power" segment of the industry, which includes the
Maine Biomass Projects. "Renewable power" is a catchphrase that
includes Projects (such as solar, wind, small hydroelectric,
biomass, geothermal and landfill-gas) that do not use fossil
fuels or nuclear fuels. Renewable power plants typically have
high capital costs and often have total costs that are well above
current total costs for new gas-turbine production. Many
observers believe that renewable power plants without existing
Power Contracts (with the possible exception of biomass,
hydroelectric and geothermal plants with very low or zero fuel
costs) will be non-competitive in the new markets unless they are
given governmental protection. A number of states, including
Massachusetts and Maine, are requiring that retailers of
electricity purchase a certain minimum amount of electricity
(often between 5% to 30% of their total requirements) from
renewable power sources. Unless there is a shortage of renewable
capacity these state requirements may still not raise the price
for renewable power high enough to make those Projects
profitable.
Initial Effects of Trends
With these conditions in mind, many observers see two
primary strategies for non-utility generating plants to succeed
in the United States: first, Projects that have existing, firm,
long-term Power Contracts may do well so long as regulatory or
legislative actions do not abrogate the contracts. Second,
Projects that are low-cost producers of electricity, either from
efficiencies or good management or as the result of successful
cogeneration technologies, will have advantages in the market.
Finally, there have been industry-wide moves toward
consolidation of participants and divestiture of Projects. A
number of utilities and equipment suppliers have proposed or
entered into joint ventures to reduce risks and mobilize
additional capital for the more competitive environment, while
many electric utilities are in the process of combining, either
as a means of reducing costs and capturing efficiencies, or as a
means of increasing size as an organizational survival tactic.
This consolidation tends to create additional competitive
pressures in the electric power industry; however, this trend may
also encourage the divestiture of smaller Projects or Projects
that are deemed less central to the operations of large,
consolidated businesses.
(5). Competition
There are a large number of participants in the independent
power industry. Several large corporations specialize in
developing, building and operating independent power plants.
Equipment manufacturers, including many of the largest
corporations in the world, provide equipment and planning
services and provide capital through finance affiliates. Many
regulated utilities are preparing for a competitive market, and a
significant number of them already have organized subsidiaries or
affiliates to participate in unregulated activities such as
planning, development, construction and operating services or in
owning exempt wholesale generators or up to 50% of independent
power plants. In addition, there are many smaller firms whose
businesses are conducted primarily on a regional or local basis.
Many of these companies focus on limited segments of the
cogeneration and independent power industry and do not provide a
wide range of products and services. There is significant
competition among non-utility producers, subsidiaries of
utilities and utilities themselves in developing and operating
energy-producing projects and in marketing the power produced by
such projects.
The Trust is unable to accurately estimate the number of
competitors but believes that there are many competitors at all
levels and in all sectors of the industry. Many of those
competitors, especially affiliates of utilities and equipment
manufacturers, may be far better capitalized than the Trust.
Please also review the discussion of changes in the industry
above at (4) - Trends in the Electric Utility and Independent
Power Industries.
(6). Regulatory Matters.
Projects are subject to energy and environmental laws and
regulations at the federal, state and local levels in connection
with development, ownership, operation, geographical location,
zoning and land use of a Project and emissions and other
substances produced by a Project. These energy and environmental
laws and regulations generally require that a wide variety of
permits and other approvals be obtained before the commencement
of construction or operation of an energy-producing facility and
that the facility then operate in compliance with such permits
and approvals. Since the Trust has agreed to comply with most of the
requirements for "business development companies" under the 1940 Act, it also
is contractually bound to comply with the requirements summarized below
and others described at Exhibit 99 to this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
(i) Energy Regulation.
(A) PURPA. The enactment in 1978 of PURPA and the adoption of
regulations thereunder by FERC provided incentives for the
development of cogeneration facilities and small power production
facilities meeting certain criteria. Qualifying Facilities under
PURPA are generally exempt from the provisions of the Public
Utility Holding Company Act of 1935, as amended (the "Holding
Company Act"), the Federal Power Act, as amended (the "FPA"),
and, except under certain limited circumstances, state laws
regarding rate or financial regulation. In order to be a
Qualifying Facility, a cogeneration facility must (a) produce not
only electricity but also a certain quantity of heat energy (such
as steam) which is used for a purpose other than power
generation, (b) meet certain energy efficiency standards when
natural gas or oil is used as a fuel source and (c) not be
controlled or more than 50% owned by an electric utility or
electric utility holding company. Other types of Independent
Power Projects, known as "small power production facilities," can
be Qualifying Facilities if they meet regulations respecting
maximum size (in certain cases), primary energy source and
utility ownership. Recent federal legislation has eliminated the
maximum size requirement for solar, wind, waste and geothermal
small power production facilities (but not for hydroelectric or
biomass) for a fixed period of time.
In addition, PURPA requires electric utilities to purchase
electricity generated by Qualifying Facilities at a price equal
to the purchasing utility's full "avoided cost" and to sell back
up power to Qualifying Facilities on a non discriminatory basis.
Avoided costs are defined by PURPA as the "incremental costs to
the electric utility of electric energy or capacity or both
which, but for the purchase from the Qualifying Facility or
Qualifying Facilities, such utility would generate itself or
purchase from another source." While public utilities are not
required by PURPA to enter into long-term Power Contracts to meet
their obligations to purchase from Qualifying Facilities, PURPA
helped to create a regulatory environment in which it has become
more common for such contracts to be negotiated until recent
years.
The exemptions from extensive federal and state regulation
afforded by PURPA to Qualifying Facilities are important to the
Trust and its competitors. The Trust believes that the
Providence and Maine Hydro Projects, which sells electricity to
public utilities, are Qualifying Facilities. Maintaining the
Qualified Facility status of an electric generating Project is of
utmost importance to the Trust. Such status may be lost if a
Project does not meet the operational or ownership requirements
of PURPA. For small power production facilities such as the
Providence and Maine Hydro Projects, the requirements are limited
to maximum size, fuel use and ownership requirements that are
currently unlikely to be violated. Cogeneration Projects that
are Qualifying Facilities have more stringent requirements, such
as minimum operating efficiency standards and minimum use of
thermal energy by customers of a cogeneration Project.
The Trust endeavors to comply with applicable PURPA
requirements and does not believe that either the Providence or
Maine Hydro Projects are subject to any requirement that could
jeopardize their statuses as Qualified Facilities. If the Trust
were to invest in cogeneration Projects or certain other types of
Qualifying Facilities, the PURPA standards could raise material
compliance questions. In any event, there can be no assurance
that a Project will maintain its Qualified Facility status. If a
Project loses its Qualifying Facility status, the utility can
reclaim payments it made for the Project's non-qualifying output
to the extent those payments are in excess of current avoided
costs (which are generally substantially below the Power Contract
rates) or the Project's Power Contract can be terminated by the
electric utility. States may require utilities to institute
monitoring systems under which electric utilities continuously
meter a cogeneration Project's performance.
(B) The 1992 Energy Act. The Comprehensive Energy Policy Act of
1992 (the "1992 Energy Act") empowered FERC to require electric
utilities to make available their transmission facilities to and
wheel power for Independent Power Projects under certain
conditions and created an exemption for electric utilities,
electric utility holding companies and other independent power
producers from certain restrictions imposed by the Holding
Company Act. Although the Trust believes that the exemptive
provisions of the 1992 Energy Act will not materially and
adversely affect its business plan, the act may result in
increased competition in the sale of electricity.
The 1992 Energy Act created the "exempt wholesale generator"
category for entities certified by FERC as being exclusively
engaged in owning and operating electric generation facilities
producing electricity for resale. Exempt wholesale generators
remain subject to FERC regulation in all areas, including rates,
as well as state utility regulation, but electric utilities that
otherwise would be precluded by the Holding Company Act from
owning interests in exempt wholesale generators may do so. Exempt
wholesale generators, however, may not sell electricity to
affiliated electric utilities without express state approval that
addresses issues of fairness to consumers and utilities and of
reliability.
(C) The Federal Power Act. The FPA grants FERC exclusive rate-
making jurisdiction over wholesale sales of electricity in
interstate commerce. The FPA provides FERC with ongoing as well
as initial jurisdiction, enabling FERC to revoke or modify
previously approved rates. Such rates may be based on a cost-of-
service approach or determined through competitive bidding or
negotiation. While Qualifying Facilities under PURPA are exempt
from the rate-making and certain other provisions of the FPA,
non-Qualifying Facilities are subject to the FPA and to FERC
rate-making jurisdiction.
Companies whose facilities are subject to regulation by FERC
under the FPA because they do not meet the requirements of PURPA
may be limited in negotiations with power purchasers. However,
since such projects would not be bound by PURPA's heat energy use
requirement for cogeneration facilities, they may have greater
latitude in site selection and facility size. If any of the
Trust's electric power Projects failed to be a Qualifying
Facility, it would have to comply with the FPA.
The FPA also provides that any hydroelectric facility that
is located on a navigable stream or that affects public lands or
water from a government dam may not be constructed or be operated
without a license from FERC. Certain facilities that were
operating before 1935 are exempt, if the waterway is non-
navigable, or "grandfathered" and do not require licenses so long
as the facilities are not modernized or otherwise materially
altered. Licenses are granted for 30 to 50 year terms. All but
two of the Maine Hydro Projects (with a rated capacity of 2.1
Megawatts) are subject to licensing. Of these 12 Projects, six
(with a rated capacity of 6.4 Megawatts) have current licenses
that expire from time to time between the years 2019 and 2037 and
two (1.5 Megawatts) are currently in the licensing process, which
can take from three to five years. The Trust believes that it
will obtain licenses for each of these.
The proposed conditions for one pending license, at the
Pittsfield Project on the Kennebec River (1.1 Megawatt), have
been received. The Project will have to provide upstream fish
passages no earlier than 2002 or, if later, the time when all
dams further upstream have provided passage. The Project will
also have to provide interim fish passage both upstream and
downstream to the extent warranted by fishery studies; downstream
mitigation measures may require the Project to restrict flow
through its turbines during certain spring peak flow periods that
could materially impair electricity output. Until studies are
complete, it is not possible to estimate the effects of these
conditions. Further, as noted above at Item 1(c)(3) - Business -
Narrative Description of Business - Project Operation, the
licenses may include other onerous conditions. The Trust is a
member of the Kennebec Hydro Developers Group, which is
negotiating with Maine agencies and environmental groups for
watershed-wide studies and remediation programs.
Finally, six of the Maine Hydro Projects (with a rated
capacity of 3.7 Megawatts) are exempt, grandfathered or are not
otherwise subject to FERC licensing.
(D) Fuel Use Act. Projects that may be developed or acquired
may also be subject to the Fuel Use Act, which limits the ability
of power producers to burn natural gas in new generation
facilities unless such facilities are also coal-capable within
the meaning of the Fuel Use Act.
(E) State Regulation. State public utility regulatory
commissions have broad jurisdiction over Independent Power
Projects which are not Qualifying Facilities under PURPA, and
which are considered public utilities in many states. In states
where the wholesale or retail electricity market remains
regulated, Projects that are not Qualifying Facilities may be
subject to state requirements to obtain certificates of public
convenience and necessity to construct a facility and could have
their organizational, accounting, financial and other corporate
matters regulated on an ongoing basis. Although FERC generally
has exclusive jurisdiction over the rates charged by a non-
Qualifying Facility to its wholesale customers, state public
utility regulatory commissions have the practical ability to
influence the establishment of such rates by asserting
jurisdiction over the purchasing utility's ability to pass
through the resulting cost of purchased power to its retail
customers. In addition, states may assert jurisdiction over the
siting and construction of non-Qualifying Facilities and, among
other things, issuance of securities, related party transactions
and sale and transfer of assets. The actual scope of
jurisdiction over non-Qualifying Facilities by state public
utility regulatory commissions varies from state to state.
(ii) Environmental Regulation.
The construction and operation of Independent Power Projects
and the exploitation of natural resource properties are subject
to extensive federal, state and local laws and regulations
adopted for the protection of human health and the environment
and to regulate land use. The laws and regulations applicable to
the Trust and Projects in which it invests primarily involve the
discharge of emissions into the water and air and the disposal of
waste, but can also include wetlands preservation and noise
regulation. These laws and regulations in many cases require a
lengthy and complex process of renewing licenses, permits and
approvals from federal, state and local agencies. Obtaining
necessary approvals regarding the discharge of emissions into the
air is critical to the development of a Project and can be time-
consuming and difficult. Each Project requires technology and
facilities which comply with federal, state and local
requirements, which sometimes result in extensive negotiations
with regulatory agencies. Meeting the requirements of each
jurisdiction with authority over a Project may require extensive
modifications to existing Projects.
The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 contain provisions
which regulate the amount of sulfur dioxide and oxides of
nitrogen which may be emitted by a Project. These emissions may
be a cause of "acid rain." Qualifying Facilities are currently
exempt from the acid rain control program of the Clean Air Act
Amendments. However, non-Qualifying Facility Projects will
require "allowances" to emit sulfur dioxide after the year 2000.
Under the Amendments, these allowances may be purchased from
utility companies then emitting sulfur dioxide or from the
Environmental Protection Agency ("EPA"). Further, an Independent
Power Project subject to the requirements has a priority over
utilities in obtaining allowances directly from the EPA if (a) it
is a new facility or unit used to generate electricity; (b) 80%
or more of its output is sold at wholesale; (c) it does not
generate electricity sold to affiliates (as determined under the
Holding Company Act) of the owner or operator (unless the
affiliate cannot provide allowances in certain cases) and (d) it
is non-recourse project-financed. The market price of an
allowance cannot be predicted with certainty at this time. In
recent years, supply of allowances has tended to exceed demand,
primarily because of improved control technologies and the
increased use of natural gas.
Title V of the Clean Air Act Amendments added a new
permitting requirement for existing sources that requires all
significant sources of air pollution to submit new applications
to state agencies. Title V implementation by the states
generally does not impose significant additional restrictions on
the Trust's Projects, other than requirements to continually
monitor certain emissions and document compliance. The
permitting process is voluminous and protracted and the costs of
fees for Title V applications, of testing and of engineering
firms to prepare the necessary documentation have increased. The
Trust believes that all of its facilities will be in compliance
with Title V requirements with only minor modifications such as
the installation of an additional catalytic converter on some
engines.
In July 1997 the Environmental Protection Agency adopted
more stringent standards for levels of ozone and small
particulate matter (particles less than 25 microns in diameter)
in geographic areas. These new standards may cause some areas in
which Projects are located to be classified as non-attainment
areas. If so, states will be required to impose additional
requirements for industries to reduce emissions. It is uncertain
whether or how any reductions would be applied to small
facilities such as the Trust's Projects. If reductions were
required, the Trust might have to make significant capital
investments to install new control technology or might have to
reduce operations. In addition, many eastern states, including
Maine, have organized in the Ozone Transport Assessment Group to
require further restrictions on emissions of nitrogen oxides.
The Environmental Protection Agency is considering the Group's
recommendations as well as other proposals to reduce emissions of
nitrogen oxides and other ozone-forming chemicals. If adopted,
new regulations could required the Trust to install additional
equipment to reduce those emissions or to change operations.
Nitrogen oxide reductions can be difficult to achieve with add-on
equipment and often require decreases in operating efficiency,
both of which could cause material cost to the Trust. It is not
possible at this time to estimate whether or not any potential
regulatory changes would materially affect the Trust.
The Clean Air Act Amendments empower states to impose annual
operating permit fees of at least $25 per ton of regulated
pollutants emitted up to $100,000 per pollutant. To date, no
state in which the Trust operates has done so. If a state were
to do so, such fees might have a material effect on the Trust's
costs of generation, in light of the relatively small size of the
Trust's facilities as opposed to large utility generation plants
that might benefit from the cap on fees.
The Trust's Projects must comply with many federal and state
laws and regulations governing wastewater and stormwater
discharges from the Projects. These are generally enforced by
states under "NPDES" permits for point sources of discharges and
by stormwater permits. Under the Clean Water Act, NPDES permits
must be renewed every five years and permit limits can be reduced
at that time or under re-opener clauses at any time. The
Projects have not had material difficulty in complying with their
permits or obtaining renewals. The Projects use closed-loop
engine cooling systems which do not require large discharges of
coolant except for periodic flushing to local sewer systems under
permit and do not make other material discharges.
In 1998, the Trust's Projects will become subject to the
reporting requirements of the Emergency Planning and Community
Right-to-Know Act that require the Projects to prepare toxic
release inventory release forms. These forms will list all toxic
substances on site that are used in excess of threshold levels so
as to allow governmental agencies and the public to learn about
the presence of those substances and to assess potential hazards
and hazard responses. The Trust does not anticipate that this
will result in any material adverse effect on it.
Based on current trends, the Managing Shareholder expects
that environmental and land use regulation will become more
stringent. The Trust and the Managing Shareholder have developed
limited expertise and experience in obtaining necessary licenses,
permits and approvals, which in the case of the Maine Hydro
Project are the responsibility of Consolidated Hydro, Inc. andin
the case of the Maine Biomass Projects are the responsibility of
Indeck Operations, Inc. The Trust will rely upon qualified
environmental consultants and environmental counsel retained by
it or by Project Sponsors to assist in evaluating the status of
Projects regarding such matters.
(iii) The 1940 Act
Since its Shares are registered under the 1934 Act, the
Trust is required to file with the Commission certain periodic
reports (such as Forms 10-K (annual report), 10-Q (quarterly
report) and 8-K (current reports of significant events) and to be
subject to the proxy rules and other regulatory requirements of
that act that are applicable to the Trust. The Trust has no
intention to and will not permit the creation of any form of a
trading market in the Shares in connection with this
registration.
On January 24, 1995, the Trust notified the Securities and
Exchange Commission (the "Commission") of its election to be a
"business development company" and registered its Shares under
the 1934 Act. On March 24, 1995, the election and registration
became effective. As a "business development company," the Trust
was subject to prohibitions and restrictions on transactions
between business development companies and their affiliates as
defined in that act, and required that a majority of the board of
the company be persons other than "interested persons" as defined
in the act.
In particular, Commission approval was required for certain
transactions involving certain closely affiliated persons of
business development companies, including many transactions with
the Managing Shareholder and the other investment programs
sponsored by the Managing Shareholder. The decision to co-invest
in the Providence Project with Ridgewood Power III required
approval of the Commission, which took more than eight months to
obtain. The decision to co-invest in the Maine Hydro Projects
with Ridgewood Power V would also have required approval of the
Commission. There was no assurance that the necessary approval
for that co-investment or others could be obtained.
Accordingly, in September 1996 the Managing Shareholder made
a proxy solicitation requesting that the Investors in this Trust
approve a proposal to end the Trust's status as a business
development company. The purpose of the change was to allow the
Trust to invest with other programs sponsored by the Managing
Shareholder, with only the approval of the Trust's Independent
Trustees. The Independent Trustees may not be "interested
persons" (as defined by law) of the Trust or the Managing
Shareholder. The Managing Shareholder advised the Investors of
its belief that the change would end the delays and uncertainties
of seeking approval from the Securities and Exchange Commission
(the "Commission") for such transactions and therefore would
increase opportunities for the Trust to diversify its investments
and to increase the size and quality of the potential investment
pool.
A majority in interest of the Investors approved an
amendment to the Trust's Declaration of Trust by written consent.
The amendment and the termination of business development company
status became effective on October 3, 1996. In summary, the
amendment authorized the Trust to withdraw the business
development company election. It also defined a "Ridgewood
Program Transaction" as a transaction with a Ridgewood Program,
an entity controlled by a Ridgewood Program or Programs, or an
entity in which a Ridgewood Program or Program has invested, that
would otherwise be prohibited by the 1940 Act. The amendment
stated that Ridgewood Program Transactions will not be subject to
any provision of the 1940 Act or rules thereunder that would
restrict the Trust or entities the Trust controls or has invested
inform entering into Ridgewood Program Transactions. Instead, a
Ridgewood Program Transaction must be approved either by the
Managing Shareholder and a majority of the Independent Trustees,
or by a majority of the Independent Trustees and a Majority of
the Investors. No express standards for approval are specified,
although the Managing Shareholder and the Independent Trustees
are subject to the fiduciary requirements of Delaware law in
making their decisions.
The amendment also required the Trust to continue to comply
with all other requirements of the 1940 Act as if the Trust
continued to be a business development company, except that the
Trust would not be required to file any reports required of
business development companies with the Commission or any other
regulatory agency. With regard to the requirements that the
Trust will continue to adhere to, the Trust will not be able to
request exemptive relief from or to take actions requiring
approval by the Commission, and the Commission will not have the
ability to regulate the Trust under the 1940 Act, because the
Trust will no longer be subject to the Commission's authority
over business development companies.
The requirements of the 1940 Act that the Trust has promised
to comply with, and those that it will not be required to follow,
are listed in Exhibit 99 to this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Some of those requirements that are particularly relevant to the
Trust's acquisitions of Projects are described below.
The Trust may not acquire any asset other than a "Qualifying
Asset" unless, at the time the acquisition is made, Qualifying
Assets comprise at least 70% of the Trust's total assets by
value. The principal categories of Qualifying Assets that are
relevant to the Trust's activities are:
(A) Securities issued by "eligible portfolio companies" that are
purchased by the Trust from the issuer in a transaction not
involving any public offering (i.e., private placements of
securities). An "eligible portfolio company" (1) must be
organized under the laws of the United States or a state and have
its principal place of business in the United States; (2) may not
be an investment company other than a small business investment
company licensed by the Small Business Administration and wholly-
owned by the Trust and (3) may not have issued any class of
securities that may be used to obtain margin credit from a broker
or dealer in securities. The last requirement essentially
excludes all issuers that have securities listed on an exchange
or quoted on the National Association of Securities Dealers,
Inc.'s national market system, along with other companies
designated by the Federal Reserve Board. Except for temporary
investments of the Trust's available funds, substantially all of
the Trust's investments are expected to be Qualifying Assets
under this provision.
(B) Securities received in exchange for or distributed on or
with respect to securities described in paragraph (A) above, or
on the exercise of options, warrants or rights relating to those
securities.
(C) Cash, cash items, U.S. Government securities or high quality
debt securities maturing not more than one year after the date of
investment.
A business development company must make available
"significant managerial assistance" to the issuers of Qualifying
Assets described in paragraphs (A) and (B) above, which may
include without limitation arrangements by which the business
development company (through its directors, officers or
employees) offers to provide (and, if accepted, provides)
significant guidance and counsel concerning the issuer's
management, operation or business objectives and policies.
A business development company also must be organized under
the laws of the United States or a state, have its principal
place of business in the United States and have as its purpose
the making of investments in Qualifying Assets described in
paragraph (A) above.
(d) Financial Information about Foreign and Domestic Operations
and Export Sales.
The Trust has committed funds to Projects located in Rhode
Island, Maine and California. Although the Managing Shareholder
from time to time considers potential projects located outside
the United States as potential investments for the Trust, the
Trust has not acquired any Project located outside the United
States.
(e) Employees.
The Trust has no employees. The persons described below at
Item 10 - Directors and Executive Officers of the Registrant
serve as executive officers of the Trust and have the duties and
powers usually applicable to similar officers of a Delaware
corporation in carrying out the Trust business.
Item 2. Properties.
Pursuant to the Management Agreement between the Trust and
the Managing Shareholder (described at Item 10(c)), the Managing
Shareholder provides the Trust with office space at the Managing
Shareholder's principal office at The Ridgewood Commons, 947
Linwood Avenue, Ridgewood, New Jersey 07450.
The following table shows the material properties (relating
to Projects) owned or leased by the Trust's subsidiaries or
partnerships or limited liability companies in which the Trust
has an interest.
Approximate
Square
Ownership Ground Approximate Footage of Description
Interests Lease Acreage Project of
Projects Location in Land Expiration of Land (Actual Project
or Projected)
Provi- Providence,
dence Rhode Leased 2020 4 10,000 Landfill
Island gas-fired
generation
facility
Maine Hydro 14 sites
in Maine Owned n/a 24 n/a Hydro-
by joint electric
venture* facilities
Pump Ser- Ventura License n/a n/a nominal Natural-
vices County, gas-fueled
California engines for
irrigation
pumps located
on various
farms
Maine West Enfield Owned n/a less 18,000 Wood waste-
Bio- and Jonesboro, by joint than fired genera-
mass Maine venture 25 tion facility
*Joint venture equally owned by Trust and Ridgewood Power V.
** Joint venture owned by Indeck Maine former members, the Trust
and Ridgewood Power V.
Item 3. Legal Proceedings.
There are no legal proceedings involving the Trust.
Item 4. Submission of Matters to a Vote of Security Holders.
The Trust has not submitted any matters to a vote of its
security holders during the fourth quarter of 1997.
PART II
Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity and Related
Stockholder Matters.
(a) Market Information.
The Trust sold 476.8 Investor Shares of beneficial interest
in the Trust in its private placement offering, which concluded
on September 30, 1996. There is currently no established public
trading market for the Investor Shares and the Trust does not
intend to allow a public trading market to develop. As of the
date of this Form 10-K, all such Investor Shares have been issued
and are outstanding. There are no outstanding options or
warrants to purchase, or securities convertible into, Investor
Shares.
Investor Shares are restricted as to transferability under
the Declaration, as well as under federal and state laws
regulating securities. The Investor Shares have not been and are
not expected to be registered under the Securities Act of 1933,
as amended (the "1933 Act"), or under any other similar law of
any state (except for certain registrations that do not permit
free resale) in reliance upon what the Trust believes to be
exemptions from the registration requirements contained therein.
Because the Investor Shares have not been registered, they are
"restricted securities" as defined in Rule 144 under the 1933
Act.
The Managing Shareholder is considering the possibility of a
combination of the Trust and four other investment programs
sponsored by the Managing Shareholder (Ridgewood Electric Power
Trusts I, II, IV and V) into a publicly traded entity. This
would require the approval of the Investors in the Trust and the
other programs after proxy solicitations complying with
requirements of the Securities and Exchange Commission,
compliance with the "rollup" rules of the Securities and Exchange
Commission and other regulations, and a change in the federal
income tax status of the Trust from a partnership (which is not
subject to tax) to a corporation. The process of considering and
effecting a combination, if the decision is made to do so, will
be very lengthy. There is no assurance that the Managing
Shareholder will recommend a combination, that the Investors of
the Trust or other programs will approve it, that economic
conditions or the business results of the participants will be
favorable for a combination, that the combination will be
effected or that the economic results of a combination, if
effected, will be favorable to the Investors of the Trust or
other programs.
(b) Holders
As of the date of this Form 10-K, there are 943 record
holders of Investor Shares.
(c) Dividends
The Trust made distributions as follows in 1996 and 1997:
Year ended December 31,
1996 1997
Total distributions to Investors $1,659,928 $3,287,256
Distributions per Investor Share 3,481 6,894
Distributions to Managing Shareholder $16,767 $33,205
Distributions are made on a monthly basis. The Trust's
ability to make future distributions to Investors and their
timing will depend on the net cash flow of the Trust and
retention of reasonable reserves as determined by the Trust to
cover its anticipated expenses.
Subject to the other factors described in this Annual Report
on Form 10-K, the Trust's goal is to provide Investors with
annual distributions of net cash flow, as defined in the
Declaration of Trust, of 14% of their Capital Contributions to
the Trust. Occasionally, distributions may include funds derived
from the release of cash from operating or debt service reserves.
For purposes of generally accepted accounting principles, amounts
of distributions in excess of accounting income may be considered
to be capital in nature. Investors should be aware that the
Trust is organized to return net cash flow rather than accounting
income to Investors.
Item 6. Selected Financial Data.
The following data is qualified in its entirety by the
financial statements presented elsewhere in this Annual Report on
Form 10-K.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Supplemental Information As of and for the
Schedule Period from Commencement
Selected Financial of Share Offering
Data As of and for the Years Ended (February 6, 1995)
December 31, through
1997 1996 December 31, 1995
(Restated)*
Total Fund Information:
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Net sales $6,810,911 $4,087,722 $0
Net income (loss) 402,777 72,769 (156,133)
Net assets (shareholders'
equity) 35,023,361 38,746,599 13,502,131
Investments in Project
development limited
partnerships, power
generation equipment
and developmental costs 26,048,431 20,467,908 0
Investment in electric
power sales contract
(net of amortization) 7,391,828 7,947,697 0
Total assets 47,964,823 52,453,335 13,890,163
Long-term obligations 4,848,067 5,440,260 0
Per Share of Trust
Interest:
Revenues 15,059 $9,121 $0
Net income (loss) (845) 153 (963)
Net asset value 73,455 81,264 83,295
Distributions to Investors 6,894 3,517 0
</TABLE>
* Restated on consolidation and equity method accounting
principles. See Item 8 - Financial Statements and Supplementary
Data.
Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial
Condition and Results of Operations.
Introduction
The following discussion and analysis should be read in
conjunction with the Trust's financial statements and the notes
thereto presented below. Dollar amounts in this discussion are
generally rounded to the nearest $1,000, except per share data.
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts
of the Trust and the limited partnerships owning the Providence
and California Pumping Projects. The Trust uses the equity
method of accounting for its investments in the Maine Hydro
Projects and the Indeck Maine Biomass Projects, which are owned
50% by the Trust.
Outlook
The U.S. electricity markets are being restructured and
there is a trend away from regulated electricity systems towards
deregulated, competitive market structures. The States that the
Trust's Projects operate in have passed or are considering new
legislation that would permit utility customers to choose their
electricity supplier in a competitive electricity market. The
Providence and Maine Hydro Projects are "Qualified Facilities" as
defined under the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act of 1978
and currently sell their electric output to utilities under long-
term contracts. The Providence contract expires in 2020 and
eleven of the Maine Hydro contracts expire in 2008 and the
remaining three expire in 2004, 2014 and 2017. During the term
of the contracts, the utilities may or may not attempt to buy out
the contracts prior to expiration. At the end of the contracts,
the Projects will become merchant plants and may be able to sell
the electric output at then current market prices. There can be
no assurance that future market prices will sufficient to allow
the Trust's Projects to operate profitably.
The Providence Project generates electricity from methane
gas produced at the Central Landfill in Johnston, Rhode Island.
Gas reserves are estimated to be in excess of the amount needed
to generate the 12 Megawatt maximum under the Power Contract with
New England Power Company. The price paid for the gas is a
percentage (15% to 18%) of net revenue from power sales.
Accordingly, the Providence Project is not affected by fuel cost
price changes. The quality of the gas may vary from time to
time. Poor quality gas may cause operating problems, down time
and unplanned maintenance at the generating facility.
The Maine Hydro Projects have a limited ability to store
water. Accordingly, the amount of revenue from electricity
generation from these Projects is directly related to river water
flows, which have fluctuated as much as 30% from the average over
the past ten years. It is not possible to accurately predict
revenues from the Maine Hydro Projects.
The Indeck Maine Biomass Projects sold electricity under
short-term contracts during the months of July, August, October,
November and December 1997. The Projects are currently shut down
and will not be operated unless sales arrangements are obtained
which would provide sufficient revenue to cover the Projects
fixed and variable costs. Under current legislation, the
electricity market in the State of Maine will be deregulated on
March 1, 2000. Assuming biomass fuel can be purchased at
reasonable prices in the year 2000 and beyond, the Indeck Maine
Biomass Projects should be among the low cost producers of
electricity in Maine and should be able to operate profitably in
a competitive market environment. In the meantime, the Trust
intends to keep the Projects in an idle mode until market
conditions become more favorable, and the Project operator will
seek short-term contracts to sell energy, installed capacity and
operable capacity.
All Projects currently owned by the Trust produce
electricity from renewable energy sources, such as landfill gas,
hydropower and biomass ("Green Power"). In the State of Maine,
as a condition of licensing, competitive generation providers and
power marketers will have to demonstrate that at least 30% of
their generation portfolio is Green Power sources. Other States
in the New England Power Pool have or are expected to have
similar Green Power licensing requirements, although the
percentage of Green Power generation may differ from State to
State. These Green Power licensing requirements should have a
beneficial affect on the future profitability of the Trust's
Projects.
Industry trends that may affect results of operations in
1998 and beyond are discussed above at Item 1(c)(4) - Business -
Trends in the Electric Utility and Independent Power Industries.
Results of Operations
The year ended December 31, 1997 compared to the year ended
December 31, 1996.
In 1997, the Trust had a net loss of $403,000 as compared to
net income of $73,000 in 1996. The 1997 results include
earnings, net of minority interest, from the Providence Project
of $964,000, equity in net income from the Maine Hydro Projects
of $522,000, equity in the net loss of the Indeck Maine Biomass
Projects of $680,000, and a minor contribution from the
California Pumping Project of $10,000, interest income at the
Trust level of $701,000, less Trust level expenses of $1,920,000.
The Trust-level expenses include management fees, due diligence
costs and general, and administrative and other expenses of
$1,155,000, $669,000 and $96,000, respectively.
The Trust's only investments in the first nine months of
1996 were the Providence Project and the California Pumping
Project and the Trust had significant investment fee expenses
relating to the share offering. Net income for 1996 of $73,000,
includes earnings, net of minority interest, from the Providence
Project of $520,000, equity in net income from the Maine Hydro
Projects of $99,000 a minor contribution to earnings from the
California Pumping Project of $16,000, interest income at the
Trust level of $1,004,000, less Trust-level expenses of
$1,566,000. The Trust-level expenses include investment fees,
management fees and general, and administrative and other
expenses of $628,000, $845,000 and $93,000, respectively.
The year ended December 31, 1996 compared to the period from
February 6, 1995 to December 31, 1995.
During 1995, the Trust had not yet acquired any interests in
Projects and its activities were limited to organizational and
offering efforts and to initial review of potential investments.
The Trust acquired the California Pumping Project at the end
of 1995 and acquired its interest in the Providence Project on
April 16, 1996. The Trust closed on the acquisition of its 50%
in the Maine Hydro Projects on December 23, 1996. Accordingly,
the 1995 results reflected only income earned on interim
investments and Trust level administration expenses, while the
1996 results primarily reflect the results of the Providence
Project for eight and one half months, and insignificant results
from the California Pumping and Maine Hydro Projects.
Total 1996 revenues from the operating Projects were
$4,349,000 and, after subtracting the $2,992,000 cost of sales,
the 1996 gross profit from operations was $1,357,000 (a 31.2%
operating margin). Other operating expenses, primarily
reflecting the costs of administering the Trust and carrying on
its investment program, totaled $1,994,000, as compared with
$454,000 in 1995. The 339.2% increase was caused primarily by
the $888,000 management fee (3% of net asset value) that was
charged for the first time in 1996 and a $323,000 (105.9%)
increase in the investment fee. The increase in the investment
fee was directly proportional to the higher level of sales of
Investor Shares in 1996. There was also a $303,000 (439.1%)
increase in general and administrative expenses, reflecting the
larger size of the Trust, costs of the Providence Project, the
increase in the number of Investors and the costs of the proxy
solicitation and related legal and accounting expenses. As a
result of these factors, the operating loss for 1996 increased by
only $183,000 (40.2%) from 1995 to 1996.
Non-operating income in 1996 (up $701,000, or 235.2% from
1995) was made up of interest income on the Trust's uninvested
funds and a small amount of accrued income from the eight days on
which the Trust owned a 50% interest in the Maine Hydro Projects.
Against this in 1996 was subtracted $395,000 of interest expense
on the debt encumbering the Providence Project.
Distributions from the Providence Project for 1996 were low
(an 11.6% annualized return on investment) but within
expectations. At the time the Project was purchased its
profitability was low and the Trust planned to make major
investments and changes to operations to increase efficiency.
Electric output increased by an average of 33% in the eight and
one half months in which RPMC has operated the Project in 1996.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
As of December 31, 1997, the Trust had raised approximately
$40,507,000 of funds from its offering, net of offering fees and
expenses. The Trust has invested $12,850,000 in the Providence
Project, $7,080,000 in the Maine Hydro Projects, $7,298,000 in
the Indeck Maine Biomass Project, $723,000 in the California
Pumping Project and $455,000 in equipment.
At December 31, 1997, the Trust had $11,086,000 of cash
available for investment in Projects. Cash flow provided by
operation activities in 1997 amounted to $2,656,000.
Distributions to shareholders of the Trust amounted to
$3,320,000.
In 1997, capital expenditures amounted to $3,060,000, most
of which related to the installation of a ninth generator engine
at the Providence Project.
During the fourth quarter of 1997, the Trust and Fleet Bank,
N.A. (the "Bank") entered into a revolving line of credit
agreement, whereby the Bank provides a three year committed line
of credit facility of $1,150,000. Outstanding borrowings bear
interest at the Bank's prime rate or, at the Trust's choice, at
LIBOR plus 2.5%. The credit agreement requires the Trust to
maintain a ratio of total debt to tangible net worth of no more
than 1 to 1 and a minimum debt service coverage ratio of 2 to 1.
The credit facility was obtained in order to allow the Trust to
operate using a minimum amount of cash, maximize the amount
invested in Projects and maximize cash distributions to
shareholders. There were no borrowings under the line of credit
in 1997.
Other than investments of available cash in power generation
Projects, obligations of the Trust are generally limited to
payment of Project operating expenses, payment of a management
fee to the Managing Shareholder, payments for certain accounting
and legal services to third persons and distributions to
shareholders of available operating cash flow generated by the
Trust's investments. The Trust's policy is to distribute as much
cash as is prudent to shareholders. Accordingly, the Trust has
not found it necessary to retain a material amount of working
capital. The amount of working capital retained is further
reduced by the availability of the line of credit facility.
The Trust anticipates that during 1998 its cash flow from
operations, unexpended offering proceeds and line of credit
facility will be adequate to fund its obligations.
Financial instruments
The Trust's investments in financial instruments are short-
term investments of working capital or excess cash. Those short-
term investments are limited by its Declaration of Trust to
investments in United States government and agency securities or
to obligations of banks having at least $5 billion in assets.
Currently the Trust invests only in bank obligations of Fleet
Bank, N.A. Because the Trust invests only in short-term
instruments for cash management, its exposure to interest rate
changes is low.
Year 2000 Remediation
The Managing Shareholder and its affiliates began year 2000
review and planning in early 1997. After initial remediation was
completed, a more intensive review discovered additional issues
and the Managing Shareholder began a formal remediation program
in late 1997. The Managing Shareholder has assessed problems,
has a written plan for remediation and is implementing the plan
on schedule.
The accounting, network and financial packages for the
Ridgewood companies are basically off-the-shelf packages that
will be remediated, where necessary, by obtaining patches or
updated versions. The Managing Shareholder expects that updating
will be complete before the end of 1998 with ample time for
implementation, testing and custom changes to some modifications
made by Ridgewood to those programs.
The marketing and investor relations functions rely on
custom-written software and the Managing Shareholder has hired a
specialist to remedy that software. The year 2000 changes in the
distribution system, which is used to send checks to Investors,
have been completed and are being tested. The effort is on
schedule to complete remediation and testing by December 31, 1998
and the Managing Shareholder believes that all material systems
will be year 2000 compliant by early 1999. Some systems are
being remediated using the "sliding window" technique. Although
this will allow compliance for several years beyond the year
2000, eventually those systems will have to be rewritten again or
replaced.
The Managing Shareholder and its affiliates do not
significantly rely on computer input from suppliers and customers
and thus are not directly affected by other companies' year 2000
compliance. However, if customers' payment systems or suppliers'
systems were adversely affected by year 2000 problems, the Trust
could be affected. Because the Trust and the Managing
Shareholder are extremely small relative to the size of their
material customers and suppliers and are paid or supplied using
the same systems as larger companies, requests for written
assurances of compliance from those customers or suppliers are
not cost-effective.
Although the total cost associated with year 2000 compliance
is not yet determined, the Trust does not believe that the costs
will be material to its financial position or results of
operation.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
Index to Financial Statements
Report of Independent Accountants F-2
Balance Sheets at December 31, 1997 and 1996 F-3
Statement of Operations for Years Ended
December 31, 1997 and 1996 and for Period
from Commencement of Share Offering
(February 6, 1995) through December 31, 1995 F-4
Statement of Changes in Shareholders' Equity for
Years Ended December 31, 1997 and 1996 and for
Period from Commencement of Share Offering
through December 31, 1995 F-5
Statement of Cash Flows for
Years Ended December 31, 1997 and 1996 and for
Period from Commencement of Share Offering
through December 31, 1995 F-6
Notes to Financial Statements F-7 to F-17
Financial Statements for Maine Hydro Projects *
Financial Statements for Maine Biomass Projects*
*To be supplied by amendment.
All schedules are omitted because they are not applicable or
the required information is shown in the financial statements or
notes thereto.
The financial statements are presented in accordance with
generally accepted accounting principles for operating companies,
using consolidation and equity method accounting principles.
This differs from the basis used by the three prior independent
power programs sponsored by the Managing Shareholder, which
present the Trust's investments in Projects on the estimated fair
value method rather than the consolidation and equity accounting
method. The financial statements for 1995 have been restated on
the same basis used for 1996 and 1997. No material changes in
net income or cash flow resulted..
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on
Accounting and Financial Disclosure.
Neither the Trust nor the Managing Shareholder has had an
independent accountant resign or decline to continue providing
services since their respective inceptions and neither has
dismissed an independent accountant during that period. During
that period of time no new independent accountant has been
engaged by the Trust or the Managing Shareholder, and the
Managing Shareholder's current accountants, Price Waterhouse LLP,
have been engaged by the Trust.
PART III
Item 10. Directors and Executive Officers of the Registrant.
(a) General.
As Managing Shareholder of the Trust, Ridgewood Power
Corporation has direct and exclusive discretion in management and
control of the affairs of the Trust (subject to the general
supervision and review of the Independent Trustees and the
Managing Shareholder acting together as the Board of the Trust).
The Managing Shareholder will be entitled to resign as Managing
Shareholder of the Trust only (i) with cause (which cause does
not include the fact or determination that continued service
would be unprofitable to the Managing Shareholder) or (ii)
without cause with the consent of a majority in interest of the
Investors. It may be removed from its capacity as Managing
Shareholder as provided in the Declaration.
Ridgewood Energy Holding Corporation ("Ridgewood Holding"),
a Delaware corporation incorporated in April 1992, is the
Corporate Trustee of the Trust.
(b) Managing Shareholder.
The Managing Shareholder was incorporated in February 1991
as a Delaware corporation for the primary purpose of acting as a
managing shareholder of business trusts and as a managing general
partner of limited partnerships which are organized to
participate in the development, construction and ownership of
Independent Power Projects.
The Managing Shareholder has also organized Ridgewood
Electric Power Trust I ("Ridgewood Power I"), Ridgewood Electric
Power Trust II ("Ridgewood Power II"), Ridgewood Electric Power
Trust III ("Ridgewood Power III"), Ridgewood Electric Power Trust
V ("Ridgewood Power V") and The Ridgewood Power Growth Fund (the
"Growth Fund") as Delaware business trusts to participate in the
independent power industry. The business objectives of these
four trusts are similar to those of the Trust.
The Managing Shareholder is an affiliate of Ridgewood Energy
Corporation ("Ridgewood Energy"), which has organized and
operated 46 limited partnership funds and one business trust over
the last 16 years (of which 25 have terminated) and which had
total capital contributions in excess of $190 million. The
programs operated by Ridgewood Energy have invested in oil and
natural gas drilling and completion and other related activities.
Other affiliates of the Managing Shareholder include Ridgewood
Securities Corporation ("Ridgewood Securities"), an NASD member
which has been the placement agent for the private placement
offerings of the six trusts sponsored by the Managing Shareholder
and the funds sponsored by Ridgewood Energy; Ridgewood Power
Capital Corporation ("Ridgewood Capital"), organized in 1998,
which assists in offerings made by the Managing Shareholder; and
Ridgewood Power VI Corporation ("Power VI Corp."), which is a
managing shareholder of the Growth Fund and RPMC. Each of these
corporations is wholly owned by Robert E. Swanson, who is their
sole director.
Robert E. Swanson has been the President, sole director and
sole stockholder of the Managing Shareholder since its inception
in February 1991. Set forth below is certain information
concerning Mr. Swanson and other executive officers of the
Managing Shareholder.
Robert E. Swanson, age 51, has also served as President of
the Trust since its inception in November 1992 and as President
of RPMC, Ridgewood Power I, Ridgewood Power II, Ridgewood Power
III, Ridgewood Power V and the Growth Fund, since their
respective inceptions. Mr. Swanson has been President and
registered principal of Ridgewood Securities and became the
Chairman of the Board of Ridgewood Capital on its organization in
1998. In addition, he has been President and sole stockholder of
Ridgewood Energy since its inception in October 1982. Prior to
forming Ridgewood Energy in 1982, Mr. Swanson was a tax partner
at the former New York and Los Angeles law firm of Fulop & Hardee
and an officer in the Trust and Investment Division of Morgan
Guaranty Trust Company. His specialty is in personal tax and
financial planning, including income, estate and gift tax. Mr.
Swanson is a member of the New York State and New Jersey bars,
the Association of the Bar of the City of New York and the New
York State Bar Association. He is a graduate of Amherst College
and Fordham University Law School.
Robert L. Gold, age 39, has served as Executive Vice
President of the Managing Shareholder, RPMC, Ridgewood Power I,
the Trust, Ridgewood Power II, Ridgewood Power III, Ridgewood
Power V and the Growth Fund since their respective inceptions,
with primary responsibility for marketing and acquisitions. He
has been President of Ridgewood Power Capital Corporation since
its organization in 1998. He has served as Vice President and
General Counsel of Ridgewood Securities Corporation since he
joined the firm in December 1987. Mr. Gold has also served as
Executive Vice President of Ridgewood Energy since October 1990.
He served as Vice President of Ridgewood Energy from December
1987 through September 1990. For the two years prior to joining
Ridgewood Energy and Ridgewood Securities Corporation, Mr. Gold
was a corporate attorney in the law firm of Cleary, Gottlieb,
Steen & Hamilton in New York City where his experience included
mortgage finance, mergers and acquisitions, public offerings,
tender offers, and other business legal matters. Mr. Gold is a
member of the New York State bar. He is a graduate of Colgate
University and New York University School of Law.
Thomas R. Brown, age 43, joined the Managing Shareholder in
November 1994 as Senior Vice President and holds the same
position with the Trust, RPMC and each of the other trusts
sponsored by the Managing Shareholder. He became Chief Operating
Officer of the Managing Shareholder, RPMC and the Ridgewood Power
I through V trusts in October 1996, and is the Chief Operating
Officer of the Growth Fund. Mr. Brown has over 20 years'
experience in the development and operation of power and
industrial projects. From 1992 until joining the Managing
Shareholder he was employed by Tampella Services, Inc., an
affiliate of Tampella, Inc., one of the world's largest
manufacturers of boilers and related equipment for the power
industry. Mr. Brown was Project Manager for Tampella's Piney
Creek project, a $100 million bituminous waste coal fired
circulating fluidized bed power plant. Between 1990 and 1992 Mr.
Brown was Deputy Project Manager at Inter-Power of Pennsylvania,
where he successfully developed a 106 megawatt coal fired
facility. Between 1982 and 1990 Mr. Brown was employed by
Pennsylvania Electric Company, an integrated utility, as a Senior
Thermal Performance Engineer. Prior to that, Mr. Brown was an
Engineer with Bethlehem Steel Corporation. He has an Bachelor of
Science degree in Mechanical Engineering from Pennsylvania State
University and an MBA in Finance from the University of
Pennsylvania. Mr. Brown satisfied all requirements to earn the
Professional Engineer designation in 1985.
Martin V. Quinn, age 50, assumed the duties of Chief
Financial Officer of the Managing Shareholder, the Trust, the
other four trusts organized by the Managing Shareholder and RPMC
in November 1996 under a consulting arrangement. He became a
full-time officer of the Managing Shareholder and RPMC in April
1997 and is now also Chief Financial Officer of the Growth Fund.
Mr. Quinn has 29 years of experience in financial management
and corporate mergers and acquisitions, gained with major,
publicly-traded companies and an international accounting firm.
He formerly served as Vice President of Finance and Chief
Financial Officer of NORSTAR Energy, an energy services company,
from February 1994 until June 1996. From 1991 to March 1993, Mr.
Quinn was employed by Brown-Forman Corporation, a diversified
consumer products company and distiller, where he was Vice
President-Corporate Development. From 1981 to 1991, Mr. Quinn
held various officer-level positions with NERCO, Inc., a mining
and natural resource company, including Vice President-
Controller and Chief Accounting Officer for his last six years
and Vice President-Corporate Development. Mr. Quinn's
professional qualifications include his certified public
accountant qualification in New York State, membership in the
American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, six years of
experience with the international accounting firm of Price
Waterhouse, and a Bachelor of Science degree in Accounting and
Finance from the University of Scranton (1969).
Mary Lou Olin, age 45, has served as Vice President of the
Managing Shareholder, RPMC, Ridgewood Capital, the Trust,
Ridgewood Power I, Ridgewood Power II, Ridgewood Power III,
Ridgewood Power V and the Growth Fund since their respective
inceptions. She has also served as Vice President of Ridgewood
Energy since October 1984, when she joined the firm. Her primary
areas of responsibility are investor relations, communications
and administration. Prior to her employment at Ridgewood Energy,
Ms. Olin was a Regional Administrator at McGraw-Hill Training
Systems where she was employed for two years. Prior to that, she
was employed by RCA Corporation. Ms. Olin has a Bachelor of Arts
degree from Queens College.
(c) Management Agreement.
The Trust has entered into a Management Agreement with the
Managing Shareholder detailing how the Managing Shareholder will
render management, administrative and investment advisory
services to the Trust. Specifically, the Managing Shareholder
will perform (or arrange for the performance of) the management
and administrative services required for the operation of the
Trust. Among other services, it will administer the accounts and
handle relations with the Investors, provide the Trust with
office space, equipment and facilities and other services
necessary for its operation and conduct the Trust's relations
with custodians, depositories, accountants, attorneys, brokers
and dealers, corporate fiduciaries, insurers, banks and others,
as required. The Managing Shareholder will also be responsible
for making investment and divestment decisions, subject to the
provisions of the Declaration.
The Managing Shareholder will be obligated to pay the
compensation of the personnel and all administrative and service
expenses necessary to perform the foregoing obligations. The
Trust will pay all other expenses of the Trust, including
transaction expenses, valuation costs, expenses of preparing and
printing periodic reports for Investors and the Commission,
postage for Trust mailings, Commission fees, interest, taxes,
legal, accounting and consulting fees, litigation expenses and
other expenses properly payable by the Trust. The Trust will
reimburse the Managing Shareholder for all such Trust expenses
paid by it.
As compensation for the Managing Shareholder's performance
under the Management Agreement, the Trust is obligated to pay the
Managing Shareholder an annual management fee described below at
Item 13 -- Certain Relationships and Related Transactions.
The Board of the Trust (including both initial Independent
Trustees) have approved the initial Management Agreement and its
renewals. Each Investor consented to the terms and conditions of
the initial Management Agreement by subscribing to acquire
Investor Shares in the Trust. The Management Agreement will
remain in effect until January 4, 1999 and year to year
thereafter as long as it is approved at least annually by (i)
either the Board of the Trust or a majority in interest of the
Investors and (ii) a majority of the Independent Trustees. The
agreement is subject to termination at any time on 60 days' prior
notice by the Board, a majority in interest of the Investors or
the Managing Shareholder. The agreement is subject to amendment
by the parties with the approval of (i) either the Board or a
majority in interest of the Investors and (ii) a majority of the
Independent Trustees.
(d) Executive Officers of the Trust.
Pursuant to the Declaration, the Managing Shareholder has
appointed officers of the Trust to act on behalf of the Trust and
sign documents on behalf of the Trust as authorized by the
Managing Shareholder. Mr. Swanson has been named the President
of the Trust and the other executive officers of the Trust are
identical to those of the Managing Shareholder, with the addition
of Joseph A. Heyison, Senior Vice President and General Counsel.
Mr. Heyison, age 43, joined RPMC in January 1996. He was
previously of counsel to the law firm of De Forest & Duer,
concentrating in corporate finance, banking, environmental law
and securities. He is a member of the bars of New Jersey, New
York and Ohio and was graduated from the University of
Pennsylvania Law School in 1979.
The officers have the duties and powers usually applicable
to similar officers of a Delaware business corporation in
carrying out Trust business. Officers act under the supervision
and control of the Managing Shareholder, which is entitled to
remove any officer at any time. Unless otherwise specified by
the Managing Shareholder, the President of the Trust has full
power to act on behalf of the Trust. The Managing Shareholder
expects that most actions taken in the name of the Trust will be
taken by Mr. Swanson and the other principal officers in their
capacities as officers of the Trust under the direction of the
Managing Shareholder rather than as officers of the Managing
Shareholder.
(e) The Trustees.
The 1940 Act requires the Independent Trustees to be
individuals who are not "interested persons" of the Trust as
defined under the 1940 Act (generally, persons who are not
affiliated with the Trust or with affiliates of the Trust). There
must always be at least two Independent Trustees; a larger number
may be specified by the Board from time to time. Each
Independent Trustee has an indefinite term. Vacancies in the
authorized number of Independent Trustees will be filled by vote
of the remaining Board members so long as there is at least one
Independent Trustee; otherwise, the Managing Shareholder must
call a special meeting of Investors to elect Independent
Trustees. Vacancies must be filled within 90 days. An
Independent Trustee may resign effective on the designation of a
successor and may be removed for cause by at least two-thirds of
the remaining Board members or with or without cause by action of
the holders of at least two-thirds of Shares held by Investors.
Under the Declaration, the Independent Trustees are authorized to
act only where their consent is required under the 1940 Act and
to exercise a general power to review and oversee the Managing
Shareholder's other actions. They are under a fiduciary duty
similar to that of corporation directors to act in the Trust's
best interest and are entitled to compel action by the Managing
Shareholder to carry out that duty, if necessary, but ordinarily
they have no duty to manage or direct the management of the Trust
outside their enumerated responsibilities.
The Independent Trustees of the Trust are John C. Belknap
and Dr. Richard D. Propper. Mr. Belknap and Dr. Propper also
serve as independent trustees for Ridgewood Power I and the
Growth Fund. Set forth below is certain information concerning
these individuals, who are not otherwise affiliated with the
Trust, the Managing Shareholder or their directors, officers or
agents.
John C. Belknap, age 49, has been chief financial officer of
three national retail chains and their parent companies. Since
July 1997, he has been Executive Vice President and Chief
Financial Officer of Richfood Holdings, Inc., a Virginia-based
food manufacturer. From December 1995 to June 1997 Mr. Belknap
was Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of
OfficeMax, Inc., a national chain of office supply stores. From
February 1994 to February 1995, Mr. Belknap was Executive Vice
President and Chief Financial Officer of Zale Corporation, a
1,200 store jewelry retail chain. From January 1990 to January
1994 and from February 1995 to December 1995, Mr. Belknap was an
independent financial consultant. From January 1989 through May
1993 he aso served as a director of and consultant to Finlay
Enterprises, Inc., an operator of leased fine jewelry departments
in major department stores nationwide. Prior to 1989, Mr.
Belknap served as Chief Financial Officer of Seligman & Latz, Kay
Corporation and its subsidiary, Kay Jewelers, Inc.
From January 1990 until February 1994, Mr. Belknap consulted
in a variety of strategic corporate transactions, including
mergers and acquisitions, divestitures and refinancing. One such
transaction involved the recapitalization and change of control
of Finlay in May 1993. From 1979 to 1985, Mr. Belknap served as
Chief Financial Officer of Kay Corporation ("Kay"), the parent of
Kay Jewelers, Inc. ("KJI"), a national chain of jewelry stores
and leased jewelry departments in major department stores. He
served as Chief Financial Officer of KJI from 1974 to 1979 and as
its Assistant Controller from 1973 to 1974. Between 1970 and
1973, Mr. Belknap was a senior auditor at Arthur Young & Company
(now Ernst & Young), a national accounting firm. Mr. Belknap
earned BA and MBA degrees from Cornell University.
Dr. Richard D. Propper, age 47, graduated from McGill
University in 1969 and received his medical degree from Stanford
University in 1972. He completed his internship and residency in
Pediatrics in 1974, and then attended Harvard University for post
doctoral training in hematology/oncology. Upon the completion of
such training, he joined the staff of the Harvard Medical School
where he served as an assistant professor until 1983. In 1983,
Dr. Propper left academic medicine to found Montgomery Medical
Ventures, one of the largest medical technology venture capital
firms in the United States. He served as managing general
partner of Montgomery Medical Ventures until 1993.
Dr. Propper is currently a consultant to a variety of
companies for medical matters, including international
opportunities in medicine. In June 1996 Dr. Propper agreed to an
order of the Commission that required him to make filings under
Sections 13(d) and (g) and 16 of the 1934 Act and that imposed a
civil penalty of $15,000. In entering into that agreement, Dr.
Propper did not admit or deny any of the alleged failures to file
recited in that order.
The Corporate Trustee of the Trust is Ridgewood Holding.
Legal title to Trust property is now and in the future will be in
the name of the Trust, if possible, or Ridgewood Holding as
trustee. Ridgewood Holding is also a trustee of Ridgewood Power
I, Ridgewood Power II, Ridgewood Power III and of an oil and gas
business trust sponsored by Ridgewood and is expected to be a
trustee of other similar entities that may be organized by the
Managing Shareholder and Ridgewood Energy. The President, sole
director and sole stockholder of Ridgewood Holding is Robert E.
Swanson; its other executive officers are identical to those of
the Managing Shareholder. The principal office of Ridgewood
Holding is at 1105 North Market Street, Suite 1300, Wilmington,
Delaware 19899.
The Trustees are not liable to persons other than
Shareholders for the obligations of the Trust.
The Trust has relied and will continue to rely on the
Managing Shareholder and engineering, legal, investment banking
and other professional consultants (as needed) and to monitor and
report to the Trust concerning the operations of Projects in
which it invests, to review proposals for additional development
or financing, and to represent the Trust's interests. The Trust
will rely on such persons to review proposals to sell its
interests in Projects in the future.
(f) Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance
All individuals subject to the requirements of Section 16(a)
have complied with those reporting requirements during 1997.
(g) RPMC.
As discussed above at Item 1 - Business, RPMC assumed day-
to-day management responsibility for the Providence Project.
Like the Managing Shareholder, RPMC is wholly owned by Robert E.
Swanson. It entered into an "Operation Agreement" with the
Trust's subsidiary that owns the Project under which RPMC, under
the supervision of the Managing Shareholder, will provide the
management, purchasing, engineering, planning and administrative
services for the Providence Project. RPMC will charge the Trust
at its cost for these services and for the Trust's allocable
amount of certain overhead items. RPMC shares space and
facilities with the Managing Shareholder and its affiliates. To
the extent that common expenses can be reasonably allocated to
RPMC, the Managing Shareholder may, but is not required to,
charge RPMC at cost for the allocated amounts and such allocated
amounts will be borne by the Trust and other programs. Common
expenses that are not so allocated will be borne by the Managing
Shareholder.
Initially, the Managing Shareholder does not anticipate
charging RPMC for the full amount of rent, utility supplies and
office expenses allocable to RPMC. As a result, both initially
and on an ongoing basis the Managing Shareholder believes that
RPMC's charges for its services to the Trust are likely to be
materially less than its economic costs and the costs of engaging
comparable third persons as managers. RPMC will not receive any
compensation in excess of its costs.
Allocations of costs will be made either on the basis of
identifiable direct costs, time records or in proportion to each
program's investments in Projects managed by RPMC; and
allocations will be made in a manner consistent with generally
accepted accounting principles.
RPMC will not provide any services related to the
administration of the Trust, such as investment, accounting, tax,
investor communication or regulatory services, nor will it
participate in identifying, acquiring or disposing of Projects.
RPMC will not have the power to act in the Trust's name or to
bind the Trust, which will be exercised by the Managing
Shareholder or the Trust's officers.
The Operation Agreement does not have a fixed term and is
terminable by RPMC, by the Managing Shareholder or by vote of a
majority in interest of Investors, on 60 days' prior notice. The
Operation Agreement may be amended by agreement of the Managing
Shareholder and RPMC; however, no amendment that materially
increases the obligations of the Trust or that materially
decreases the obligations of RPMC shall become effective until
at least 45 days after notice of the amendment, together with the
text thereof, has been given to all Investors.
The executive officers of RPMC are Mr. Swanson (President),
Mr. Gold (Executive Vice President), Mr. Brown (Senior Vice
President and Chief Operating Officer), Mr. Quinn (Senior Vice
President and Chief Financial Officer), Ms. Olin (Vice President)
and Mr. Heyison, (Senior Vice President and General Counsel).
Douglas V. Liebschner, Vice President - Operations, is a key
employee.
Douglas V. Liebschner, age 50, joined RPMC in June 1996 as
Vice President of Operations. He has over 27 years of experience
in the operation and maintenance of power plants. From 1992
until joining RPMC, he was employed by Tampella Services, Inc.,
an affiliate of Tampella, Inc., one of the world's largest
manufacturers of boilers and related equipment for the power
industry. Mr. Liebschner was Operations Supervisor for
Tampella's Piney Creek project, a $100 million bituminous waste
coal fired circulating fluidized bed ("CFB") power plant. Between
1989 and 1992, he supervised operations of a waste to energy
plant in Poughkeepsie, N.Y. and an anthracite-waste-coal-burning
CFB in Frackville, Pa. From 1969 to 1989, Mr. Liebschner served
in the U.S. Navy, retiring with the rank of Lieutenant Commander.
While in the Navy, he served mainly in billets dealing with the
operation, maintenance and repair of ship propulsion plants,
twice serving as Chief Engineer on board U.S. Navy combatant
ships. He has a Bachelor of Science degree from the U.S. Naval
Academy, Annapolis, Md.
Item 11. Executive Compensation.
Through 1995, the executive officers of the Trust and the
Managing Shareholder were compensated by Ridgewood Energy. The
Trust was not charged for their compensation; the Managing
Shareholder remitted a portion of the fees paid to it by the
Trust to reimburse Ridgewood Energy for employment costs incurred
on Ridgewood Power's business. In 1996 and future years, the
Managing Shareholder compensates its officers without additional
payments by the Trust and will be reimbursed by Ridgewood Energy
for costs related to Ridgewood Energy's business. The Trust will
reimburse RPMC at cost for services provided by RPMC's employees;
no such reimbursement per employee exceeded $60,000 in 1996 or
1997 Information as to the fees payable to the Managing
Shareholder and certain affiliates is contained at Item 13 -
Certain Relationships and Related Transactions.
As compensation for services rendered to the Trust, pursuant
to the Declaration, each Independent Trustee is entitled to be
paid by the Trust the sum of $5,000 annually and to be reimbursed
for all reasonable out-of-pocket expenses relating to attendance
at Board meetings or otherwise performing his duties to the
Trust. Accordingly in January 1995 and following years the Trust
paid each Independent Trustee $5,000 for his services. The Board
of the Trust is entitled to review the compensation payable to
the Independent Trustees annually and increase or decrease it as
the Board sees reasonable. The Trust is not entitled to pay the
Independent Trustees compensation for consulting services
rendered to the Trust outside the scope of their duties to the
Trust without prior Board approval.
Ridgewood Holding, the Corporate Trustee of the Trust, is
not entitled to compensation for serving in such capacity, but is
entitled to be reimbursed for Trust expenses incurred by it which
are properly reimbursable under the Declaration.
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and
Management.
The Managing Shareholder purchased for cash one full
Investor Share. By virtue of its purchase of Investor Shares, the
Managing Shareholder is entitled to the same ratable interest in
the Trust as all other purchasers of Investor Shares. No other
Trustees or executive officers of the Trust acquired Investor
Shares in the Trust's offering. No person beneficially owns 5%
or more of the Investor Shares.
The Managing Shareholder was issued one Management Share in
the Trust representing the beneficial interests and management
rights of the Managing Shareholder in its capacity as the
Managing Shareholder (excluding its interest in the Trust
attributable to Investor Shares it acquired in the offering).
The management rights of the Managing Shareholder are described
in further detail above at Item 1 - Business and below in Item
10. Directors and Executive Officers of the Registrant. Its
beneficial interest in cash distributions of the Trust and its
allocable share of the Trust's net profits and net losses and
other items attributable to the Management Share are described in
further detail below at Item 13 -- Certain Relationships and
Related Transactions.
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions.
The Declaration provides that cash flow of the Trust, less
reasonable reserves which the Trust deems necessary to cover
anticipated Trust expenses, is to be distributed to the Investors
and the Managing Shareholder (collectively, the "Shareholders"),
from time to time as the Trust deems appropriate. Prior to
Payout (the point at which Investors have received cumulative
distributions equal to the amount of their capital
contributions), each year all distributions from the Trust, other
than distributions of the revenues from dispositions of Trust
Property, are to be allocated 99% to the Investors and 1% to the
Managing Shareholder until Investors have been distributed during
the year an amount equal to 14% of their total capital
contributions (a "14% Priority Distribution"), and thereafter all
remaining distributions from the Trust during the year, other
than distributions of the revenues from dispositions of Trust
Property, are to be allocated 80% to Investors and 20% to the
Managing Shareholder. Revenues from dispositions of Trust
Property are to be distributed 99% to Investors and 1% to the
Managing Shareholder until Payout. In all cases, after Payout,
Investors are to be allocated 80% of all distributions and the
Managing Shareholder 20%.
For any fiscal period, the Trust's net profits, if any,
other than those derived from dispositions of Trust Property, are
allocated 99% to the Investors and 1% to the Managing Shareholder
until the profits so allocated offset (1) the aggregate 14%
Priority Distribution to all Investors and (2) any net losses
from prior periods that had been allocated to the Shareholders.
Any remaining net profits, other than those derived from
dispositions of Trust Property, are allocated 80% to the
Investors and 20% to the Managing Shareholder. If the Trust
realizes net losses for the period, the losses are allocated 80%
to the Investors and 20% to the Managing Shareholder until the
losses so allocated offset any net profits from prior periods
allocated to the Shareholders. Any remaining net losses are
allocated 99% to the Investors and 1% to the Managing
Shareholder. Revenues from dispositions of Trust Property are
allocated in the same manner as distributions from such
dispositions. Amounts allocated to the Investors are apportioned
among them in proportion to their capital contributions.
On liquidation of the Trust, the remaining assets of the
Trust after discharge of its obligations, including any loans
owed by the Trust to the Shareholders, will be distributed,
first, 99% to the Investors and the remaining 1% to the Managing
Shareholder, until Payout, and any remainder will be distributed
to the Shareholders in proportion to their capital accounts.
The Trust did not make any distributions in 1995 to the
Managing Shareholder (which is a member of the Board of the
Trust) or any other person and made distributions in 1996 as
stated at Item 5 - Market for Registrant's Common Equity and
Related Stockholder Matters. The Trust paid fees to the Managing
Shareholder and its affiliates as follows:
Fee Paid to 1997 1996 1995
Management fee Managing
Shareholder $1,154,758 $888,209 $0
Cost reimbursements* RPMC 3,995,249 337,228 0
Investment fee Managing
Shareholder 0 627,561 304,697
Placement agent fee Ridgewood
and sales commis- Securities
sions Corporation 0 315,493 172,674
Organizational, Managing
distribution and Shareholder
offering fee 0 1,892,959 954,342
* These include all payroll, parts, routine maintenance and
other expenses (except for royalties for landfill gas but
including an allocation of RPMC overhead) of the Providence
Project.
The investment fee equaled 2% of the proceeds of the
offering of Investor Shares and was payable for the Managing
Shareholder's services in investigating and evaluating investment
opportunities and effecting investment transactions. The
placement agent fee (1% of the offering proceeds) and sales
commissions were also paid from proceeds of the offering, as was
the organizational, distribution and offering fee (5% of offering
proceeds) for legal, accounting, consulting, filing, printing,
distribution, selling, closing and organization costs of the
offering.
The management fee, payable monthly under the Management
Agreement at the annual rate of 3% of the Trust's net asset
value, began on the date the first Project was acquired and
compensates the Managing Shareholder for certain management,
administrative and advisory services for the Trust. In addition
to the foregoing, the Trust reimbursed the Managing Shareholder
at cost for expenses and fees of unaffiliated persons engaged by
the Managing Shareholder for Trust business and for payroll and
other costs of operation of the Providence and California Pumping
Projects. Beginning in 1996, these reimbursements were paid to
RPMC. The reimbursements to RPMC, which do not exceed its actual
costs and allocable overhead, are described at Item 10(g) -
Directors and Executive Officers of the Registrant -- RPMC.
Other information in response to this item is reported in
response to Item 11. Executive Compensation, which information
is incorporated by reference into this Item 13.
PART IV
Item 14. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules, and Reports on
Form 8-K.
(a) Financial Statements.
See the Index to Financial Statements in Item 8 hereof.
(b) Reports on Form 8-K.
No Form 8-K was filed with the Commission by the Registrant
during the quarter ending December 31, 1997.
(c) Exhibits
3A. Certificate of Trust of the Registrant is incorporated
by reference to Exhibit 3A of Registrant's Registration Statement
filed with the Commission onFebruary 15, 1994.
3B. Declaration of Trust of the Registrant is incorporated
by reference to Exhibit 3B of Registrant's Registration Statement
filed with the Commission on February 19, 1994.
3C. Amendment No. 1 to Declaration of Trust is incorporated
by reference to Exhibit 3C of Registrant's Annual Report on Form
10-K for the year ended December 31, 1996.
10A. Asset Acquisition Agreement by and among Northeast
Landfill Power Joint Venture, Northeast Landfill Power Company,
Johnson Natural Power Corporation and Ridgewood Providence Power
Partners, L.P. , is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2 of the
Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission
on May 2, 1996.
10B. Agreement of Merger, dated as of July 1, 1996, by and
among Consolidated Hydro Maine, Inc., CHI Universal, Inc.,
Consolidated Hydro, Inc., Ridgewood Maine Power Partners, L.P.
and Ridgewood Maine Hydro Corporation. Incorporated by reference
to Exhibit 2.1 of the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K
filed with the Commission on January 8, 1997.
10C. Letter, dated November 15, 1996, amending Agreement of
Merger. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.2 of Amendment
No. 1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with
the Commission on January 9, 1997
10D. Letter, dated December 3, 1996, amending Agreement of
Merger. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.3 of the
Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission
on January 8, 1997.
10E. Operation, Maintenance and Administration Agreement,
dated November __, 1996, by and among Ridgewood Maine Hydro
Partners, L.P., CHI Operations, Inc. and Consolidated Hydro, Inc.
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10 of the Registrant's
Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on January
8, 1997.
10F. Management Agreement, dated as of __________, 1996,
between the Registrant and Ridgewood Power Corporation.
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10F of the Registrant's
Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 1996.
10G. Operation Agreement, dated as of April 16, 1996, among
the Registrant, Ridgewood Providence Corporation and Ridgewood
Power Management Corporation. Incorporated by reference to
Exhibit 10G of the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K for
the year ended December 31, 1996
10H. Agreement to Purchase Membership Interests, dated
as of June 11, 1997, by and between Ridgewood Maine, L.L.C.
and Indeck Maine Energy, L.L.C. Incorporated by reference to
Exhibit 2.A. of Amendment No. 1 to Registrant's Current Report on
Form 8-K dated July 1, 1997.
10I. Amended and Restated Operating Agreement of
Indeck Maine Energy, L.L.C., dated as of June 11, 1997.
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.B. of Amendment No. 1 to
Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K dated July 1, 1997.
The Registrant agrees to furnish supplementally a copy of any
omitted exhibit or schedule to agreements filed as exhibits to
the Commission upon request.
21. Subsidiaries of the Registrant Page 78
24. Powers of Attorney Page 79
27. Financial Data Schedule Page 81
99. Listing of Statutory Provisions that the Trust Agrees
to Comply with. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99 of the
Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended
December 31, 1996.
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the
Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused
this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned,
thereunto duly authorized.
Signature Title Date
RIDGEWOOD ELECTRIC POWER TRUST IV (Registrant)
By:/s/ Robert E. Swanson President and Chief April 15, 1998
Robert E. Swanson Executive Officer
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange
Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following
persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on
the dates indicated.
By:/s/ Robert E. Swanson President and Chief April 15, 1998
Robert E. Swanson Executive Officer
By:/s/ Martin V. Quinn Senior Vice President and
Martin V. Quinn Chief Financial Officer April 15, 1998
By:/s/ Kathleen P. McSherry Controller April 15, 1998
Kathleen P. McSherry
RIDGEWOOD POWER CORPORATION Managing Shareholder April 15, 1998
By:/s/ Robert E. Swanson President
Robert E. Swanson
/s/ Robert E. Swanson * Independent Trustee April 15, 1998
John C. Belknap
/s/ Robert E. Swanson * Independent Trustee April 15, 1998
Richard D. Propper
As attorney-in-fact for Independent Trustee
<PAGE>
Ridgewood Electric Power Trust IV
Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 1997, 1996 and 1995
-F1-
<PAGE>
Price Waterhouse LLP 1177 Avenue of the Americas Telephone 212 596 7000
New York, NY 10036 Facsimile 212 596 8910
[Letterhead of Price Waterhouse LLP]
Report of Independent Accountants
April 2, 1998
To the Shareholders and Trustees of
Ridgewood Electric Power Trust IV
In our opinion, the accompanying consolidated balance sheets and the related
consolidated statements of operations, changes in shareholders' equity and of
cash flows present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of
Ridgewood Electric Power Trust IV at December 31, 1997 and 1996, and the
results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the two years in
the period ended December 31, 1997 and the period February 6, 1995
(commencement of share offering) through December 31, 1995, in conformity with
generally accepted accounting principles. These financial statements are the
responsibility of the Trust's management; our responsibility is to express an
opinion on these financial statements based on our audits. We conducted our
audits of these statements in accordance with generally accepted auditing
standards which require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain
reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of
material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence
supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing
the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management,
and evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that
our audits provide a reasonable basis for the opinion expressed above.
As discussed in Notes 1 and 2, effective on October 2, 1996, the shareholders
of the Trust consented to end its election to be treated as a Business
Development Corporation under the Investment Company Act of 1940. As a
result, generally accepted accounting principles for investment companies no
longer applied to the Trust and the Trust adopted generally accepted
accounting principles applicable to operating companies. The financial
statements of the Trust have been restated to reflect the application of
generally accepted accounting principles for operating companies for the
period from February 6, 1995 (commencement of share offering) to October 2,
1996.
/s/ Price Waterhouse LLP
-F2-
<PAGE>
Ridgewood Electric Power Trust IV
Consolidated Balance Sheet
December 31,
1997 1996
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents $ 11,086,281 $ 22,685,829
Maintenance reserve fund --- 394,070
Accounts receivable, trade 559,764 1,065,181
Other receivables 97,453 109,999
Due from affiliates 164,536 ---
Other assets 383,810 528,345
Total current assets 12,291,844 24,783,424
Investments:
Investment in Maine Hydro Projects 6,694,826 6,913,421
Investment in Maine Biomass Projects 6,617,862 ---
Electric power equipment held for resale 455,182 455,182
Deferred due diligence costs 27,159 245,828
Plant and equipment 14,949,735 11,889,451
Less- Accumulated depreciation (1,068,812) (357,109)
Electric power sales contract 8,338,040 8,338,040
Less- Accumulated amortization (946,212) (390,343)
Debt reserve fund 605,199 575,441
Total assets $ 47,964,823 $ 52,453,335
Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity:
Current maturities of long-term debt $ 592,193 $ 538,191
Accounts payable and accrued expenses 384,533 747,960
Due to affiliates 658,253 92,057
Total current liabilities 1,634,979 1,378,208
Long-term debt, less current portion 4,848,067 5,440,260
Minority interest in the Providence
Project 6,458,416 6,888,268
Commitments and contingencies
Shareholders' Equity:
Shareholders' equity
(476.8 shares issued
and outstanding) 35,078,194 38,764,199
Managing shareholder's
accumulated deficit (54,833) (17,600)
Total shareholders' equity 35,023,361 38,746,599
Total liabilities and
shareholders' equity $ 47,964,823 $ 52,453,335
See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.
-F3-
<PAGE>
Ridgewood Electric Power Trust IV
Consolidated Statement of Operations
Commencement
of Share Offering
(February 6, 1995)
Year Ended Year Ended through
December 31, December 31, December 31,
1997 1996 1995
Restated
Net sales $ 6,810,911 $ 4,087,722 $ ---
Sublease income 369,000 261,375 ---
Total revenue 7,179,911 4,349,047 ---
Cost of sales,
including depreciation
and amortization of
$1,267,572 and
$747,452 in 1997
and 1996 4,879,962 2,991,835 ---
Gross profit 2,299,949 1,357,262 ---
General and
administrative expenses 505,116 372,415 68,752
Management fee 1,154,758 888,209 ---
Investment fee --- 627,561 304,697
Project due diligence
costs 668,554 63,052 50,000
Other expenses 32,255 43,160 31,089
Total other
operating expenses 2,360,683 1,994,397 454,538
Loss from operations (60,734) (637,135) (454,538)
Other income (expense):
Interest income 926,641 1,294,037 298,405
Interest expense (572,660) (394,665) ---
Loss from Maine
Biomass projects (680,109) --- ---
Income from Maine
Hydro projects 521,710 99,224 ---
Other income, net 195,582 998,596 298,405
Income (loss) before
minority interest 134,848 361,461 (156,133)
Minority interest
in the earnings of
the Providence Project (537,625) (288,692) ---
Net income (loss) (402,777) $ 72,769 $ (156,133)
See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.
-F4-
<PAGE>
Ridgewood Electric Power Trust IV
Consolidated Statement Of Changes in Shareholders' Equity
For the Years Ended December 31, 1997 and 1996 and the Period
February 6, 1995 (inception) to December 31, 1995
Managing
Shareholders Shareholder Total
Initial capital
contributions, net
(162.1 shares) $13,658,264 $ --- $13,658,264
Net loss for the period (154,572) (1,561) (156,133)
Shareholders' equity,
December 31, 1995
(162.1 shares) 13,503,692 (1,561) 13,502,131
Capital contributions,
net (314.7 shares) 26,848,394 --- 26,848,394
Cash distributions (1,659,928) (16,767) (1,676,695)
Net income for the year 72,041 728 72,769
Shareholders' equity
December 31, 1996
(476.8 shares) $38,764,199 $ (17,600) $38,746,599
Cash distributions (3,287,256) (33,205) (3,320,461)
Net loss for the year (398,749) (4,028) (402,777)
Shareholders' equity,
December 31, 1997
(476.8 shares) $35,078,194 $ (54,833) $35,023,361
See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.
-F5-
<PAGE>
Ridgewood Electric Power Trust IV
Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows
Commencement
of Share Offering
(February 6, 1995)
Year Ended Year Ended through
December 31, December 31, December 31,
1997 1996 1995
Cash flows from
operating activities:
Net income (loss) $ (402,777) $ 72,769 $ (156,133)
Adjustments to reconcile
net income (loss) to net
cash provided by (used
in) operating activities:
Depreciation and
amortization 1,267,572 747,452 ---
Amortization of prepaid
and accrued royalties-
net --- 777,886 ---
Minority interest in
earnings of the
Providence Project 537,625 288,692 ---
Income of unconsolidated
Maine Hydro Projects (521,710) (99,224) ---
Loss from unconsolidated
Maine Biomass Projects 680,109 --- ---
Changes in assets and
liabilities, net of effects
of Providence Project
investment:
Decrease (increase) in
maintenance reserve fund 394,070 (14,164) ---
Decrease (increase) in
accounts receivable, trade 505,417 (418,433) ---
Decrease (increase) in
other receivables 12,546 (50,535) (59,464)
Decrease in customer
escrow fund --- 1,119,115 ---
(Decrease) increase in
accounts payable and
accrued expenses (363,426) 450,418 34,413
Increase (decrease) in
due to/from affiliates,
net 401,660 (261,562) ---
Other- net 144,535 76,628 ---
Total adjustments 3,058,398 2,616,273 (25,051)
Net cash provided by (used
in) operating activities 2,655,621 2,689,042 (181,184)
Cash flows from investing
activities:
Investment in the
Providence Project,
net of cash
acquired --- (8,287,184) ---
Investment in Maine
Hydro Projects (265,953) (6,814,197) ---
Investment in Maine
Biomass Project (7,297,971) --- ---
Distributions from
Maine Hydro Projects 1,006,257 --- ---
Capital expenditures (3,060,284) (1,928,332) ---
Deferred due diligence
costs 218,669 (222,393) (23,435)
Purchase of electric
generating equipment --- --- (455,182)
Net cash used in
investing activities (9,399,282) (17,252,106) (478,617)
Cash flows from
financing activities:
Proceeds from
shareholders'
contributions --- 31,495,223 16,017,470
Selling commissions
and offering costs
paid --- (4,646,829) (2,359,206)
Cash distributions
to shareholders (3,320,461) (1,676,695) ---
Payments to reduce
long-term debt (538,191) (331,953) ---
Increase in debt
reserve fund (29,758) (58,677) ---
Distributions to
minority interest (967,477) (530,639) ---
Net cash (used in)
provided by
financing
activities (4,855,887) 24,250,430 13,658,264
Net (decrease) increase
in cash and cash
equivalents (11,599,548) 9,687,366 12,998,463
Cash and cash
equivalents,
beginning of period 22,685,829 12,998,463 ---
Cash and cash
equivalents,
end of period $11,086,281 $ 22,685,829 $ 12,998,463
See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.
-F6-
<PAGE>
Ridgewood Electric Power Trust IV
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
1. Organization and Purpose
Nature of Business
Ridgewood Electric Power Trust IV (the "Trust") was formed as a Delaware
business trust in September 1994 by Ridgewood Energy Holding Corporation
acting as the Corporate Trustee. The managing shareholder of the Trust is
Ridgewood Power Corporation. The Trust began offering shares on February 6,
1995 and discontinued its offering of shares in March 1996.
The Trust has been organized to invest in independent power generation
facilities and in the development of these facilities. These independent power
generation facilities will include cogeneration facilities, which produce both
electricity and heat energy and other power plants that use various fuel
sources (except nuclear). The power plants will sell electricity and, in some
cases, heat energy to utilities and industrial users under long-term
contracts.
Business Development Company Election
The Trust initially made an election to be treated as a Business
Development Company ("BDC") under the Investment Company Act of 1940 ("the
1940 Act"). On January 24, 1995, the Trust notified the Securities Exchange
Commission of such election and registered its shares under the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934 ("the 1934 Act"). On March 24, 1995, the election and
registration became effective.
On September 9, 1996, through a proxy solicitation the Trust requested
investor consent to end the BDC status. As of October 2, 1996, more than 50%
of the investors shares consented to the elimination of the BDC status.
Accordingly, the Trust is no longer an investment company under the 1940 Act.
2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Accounting changes
As a BDC under the 1940 Act, the Trust utilized generally accepted
accounting principles for investment companies. As a result of the
elimination of the BDC status, the Trust now utilizes generally accepted
accounting principles for operating companies. In accordance with the
generally accepted accounting principles for BDCs, investments in power
generation projects were stated at fair value in previously issued financial
statements. As a result of the elimination of the BDC status, consolidation
and equity method accounting principles now apply to the accounting for
investments. Accordingly, the financial data for the period from February 6,
1995 to December 31, 1995 has been restated to reflect the use of
consolidation and equity method accounting principles. Because the Trust did
not invest in projects until 1996, the restatement had no impact on net income
or stockholders' equity.
Principles of consolidation and accounting for investment in power generation
projects
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Trust
and affiliates owned more than 50%. All material intercompany transactions
have been eliminated.
-F7-
<PAGE>
Ridgewood Electric Power Trust IV
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
The Trust uses the equity method of accounting for its investments in
affiliates which are 50% owned because the Trust has the ability to exercise
significant influence over the operating and financial policies of the
affiliate but does not control the affiliate. The Trust's share of the
earnings of the affiliates is included in the consolidated results of
operations.
Use of estimates
The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with
generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates
and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities,
and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the
financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during
the reporting period. Actual results could differ from the estimates.
Cash and cash equivalents
The Trust considers all highly liquid investments with maturities when
purchased of three months or less as cash and cash equivalents.
Plant and equipment
Plant and equipment, consisting principally of electrical generating
equipment, is stated at cost. Renewals and betterments that increase the
useful lives of the assets are capitalized. Repair and maintenance
expenditures that increase the efficiency of the assets are expensed as
incurred. The Trust periodically assesses the recoverability of plant and
equipment, and other long-term assets, based on their estimated future cash
flows.
Depreciation is recorded using the straight-line method over the useful
lives of the assets, which is 10 to 20 years. During 1997 and 1996, the Trust
recorded depreciation expense of $711,703 and $357,109, respectively.
Intangible asset
A portion of the purchase price of the Providence Project was assigned to
the Electric Power Sales Contract and is being amortized over the life of the
asset (15 years) on a straight-line basis. During 1997 and 1996, the Trust
recorded amortization expense of $555,869 and $390,343, respectively.
Electric power equipment held for resale
The Trust owns certain used electric power equipment that is stated at
cost, which approximates estimated net realizable value.
Revenue recognition
Power generation revenue is recognized based on power delivered at rates
stipulated in the power sales contract. Interest and dividend income is
recorded when earned.
-F8-
<PAGE>
Ridgewood Electric Power Trust IV
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
In come taxes
No provision is made for income taxes in the accompanying financial
statements as the income or losses of the Trust are passed through and
included in the tax returns of the individual shareholders of the Trust.
Offering costs
Costs associated with offering Trust shares (selling commissions,
distribution and offering costs) are reflected as a reduction of the
shareholders' capital contributions.
Due diligence costs relating to potential power projects
Costs relating to the due diligence performed on potential power project
investments are initially deferred, until such time as the Trust determines
whether or not it will make an investment in the project. Costs relating to
completed projects are capitalized and costs relating to rejected projects are
expensed at the time of rejection.
3. Investments
The Trust has the following investments in power generation projects and
electric power equipment:
Nature of Ownership December 31,
Project Name Ownership Interest 1997 1996
Consolidated:
Providence Project Partnerships 64.3% $11,632,385 $12,411,572
California Pumping
Project Direct
Ownership 100.0% 648,176 687,733
Electric Power
Equipment Direct
Ownership 100.0% 455,182 455,182
Equity method:
Maine Hydro
Projects Partnerships 50.0% $6,694,826 $6,913,421
Maine Biomass
Projects Limited
Liability
Companies 50.0% 6,617,862 ---
Providence Project
In 1996, Ridgewood Providence Power Partners, L.P. was formed as a
Delaware limited partnership ("Providence Power"). The Trust invested
$12,721,500 and owns a 64.3% limited partnership interest in Providence Power.
-F9-
<PAGE>
Ridgewood Electric Power Trust IV
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
In addition, Ridgewood Providence Power Corporation, was formed as a Delaware
corporation ("RPPCorp."). The Trust invested $128,500 and owns 64.3% of the
outstanding common stock of RPPCorp., which is the sole general partner of
Providence Power.
On April 16, 1996, Providence Power purchased substantially all of the
net assets of Northeastern Landfill Power Joint Venture. The assets acquired
include a 12.3 megawatt capacity electrical generating station, located at the
Central Landfill in Johnston, Rhode Island (the "Providence Project"). In
1997, the capacity was increased to 13.8 megawatts. The Providence Project
includes nine reciprocating electric generator engines, which are fueled by
methane gas produced and collected from the landfill. The electricity
generated is sold to New England Power Corporation under a long-term contract.
The purchase price was $15,533,021 in cash, including transaction costs and
repayment of $3,000,000 of principal on the senior secured non-recourse notes
payable. In addition, Providence Power assumed the obligation to repay the
remaining principal outstanding of $6,310,404 on the senior secured non-
recourse notes payable.
Through ownership in RPPCorp. and Providence Power, the Trust owns 64.3%
of the Providence Project. The remaining 35.7% is owned by Ridgewood Electric
Power Trust III ("Trust III"). Ridgewood Power Corporation is the managing
partner of the Trust and Trust III.
The acquisition of the Providence Project was accounted for as a purchase
as of April 16, 1996, and the results of operations of the Providence Project
have been included in the Trust's Consolidated Financial Statements since that
date. The purchase price was allocated to the net assets acquired, based on
their respective fair values. Of the purchase price, $8,338,040 was allocated
to the Electric Power Sales Contract and is being amortized over 15 years.
The following unaudited pro forma information has been prepared assuming
the Providence Project was acquired as of the beginning of the periods
presented. The pro forma information is presented for information purposes
only and is not necessarily indicative of what would have occurred if the
formation and acquisition had been made as of those dates. In addition, the
pro forma information is not intended to be a projection of future results and
does not reflect capital equipment additions and changes in operating
management which have been made at the Providence Project subsequent to the
acquisition.
Pro Forma Information
(Unaudited)
1996 1995
Net sales $5,511,642 $4,146,000
Income from operations 1,032,806 712,975
Net income (loss) 88,558 (28,696)
California Pumping Project
On December 31, 1995, the Trust acquired a package of natural gas fueled
diesel engines which drive deep irrigation well pumps in Ventura County,
California from an affiliated trust. The engines' shaft horsepower-hours are
-F10-
<PAGE>
Ridgewood Electric Power Trust IV
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
sold to the operator at a discount from the equivalent kilowatt hours of
electricity. The Trust receives a distribution of $0.02 per equivalent
kilowatt up to 3,000 running hours per year and $0.01 per equivalent kilowatt
for each additional running hour per year. The operator pays for fuel,
maintenance, repair and replacement. The initial acquisition included 11
engines with a rated capacity of 1.2 megawatts. The purchase price of
$353,619 was paid in 1996. During 1996, the Trust acquired an additional 9
engines with a rated capacity of 1.2 megawatts at a purchase price of
$344,111. At December 31, 1997 and 1996, the Trusts total investment in the
California Pumping Project was $697,730.
Electric Power Equipment Held for Resale
The Trust purchased, from an affiliated entity, various used electric
power generation equipment to be held for resale or, in the event a buyer is
not found, for use in potential power generation projects. The equipment is
held in storage. At December 31, 1997 and 1996, the cost of such equipment
was $455,182.
Maine Hydro Projects
On September 5, 1996, Ridgewood Maine Hydro Partners, L.P. was formed as
a Delaware limited partnership ("Ridgewood Hydro L.P."). The Trust made
investments totaling $6,748,256 and owns a 50% limited partnership interest in
Ridgewood Hydro L.P. In addition, Ridgewood Maine Hydro Corporation, was
formed as a Delaware corporation ("RMHCorp."). The Trust invested $65,941 and
owns 50% of the outstanding common stock of RMHCorp., which is the sole
general partner of Ridgewood Hydro L.P.
On December 23, 1996, in a merger transaction, Ridgewood Hydro L.P.
acquired 14 hydroelectric projects, located in Maine (the "Maine Hydro
Projects"), from a subsidiary of Consolidated Hydro, Inc. The assets acquired
include a total of 11.3 megawatts of electrical generating capacity. The
electricity generated is sold to Central Maine Power Company and Bangor Hydro
Company under long-term contracts. The purchase price was $13,628,395 cash,
including transaction costs. In addition, Ridgewood Hydro L.P. assumed a
long-term lease obligation of $1,004,679. The Trust's 50% share of the cash
consideration paid was $6,814,198. The remaining 50% was paid by Ridgewood
Electric Power Trust V ("Trust V"). Ridgewood Power Corporation is the
managing partner of the Trust and Trust V.
The Trust's 50% investment in the Maine Hydro Projects is accounted for
under the equity method of accounting. The Trust's equity in the earnings of
the Maine Hydro Projects has been included in the Consolidated Financial
Statements since December 23, 1996.
The Maine Hydro Projects are operated by a subsidiary of Consolidated
Hydro, Inc., under an Operation, Maintenance and Administrative Agreement.
The annual operator's fee is $307,500, adjusted for inflation, plus an annual
incentive fee equal to 50% of the net cash flow in excess of a target amount.
The Maine Hydro Projects recorded $429,430 and $3,070 of expense under this
arrangement during the periods ended December 31, 1997 and 1996, respectively.
The agreement has a five year term and can be renewed for two additional five
year terms by mutual consent.
F11-
<PAGE>
Ridgewood Electric Power Trust IV
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
Summarized financial information for the Maine Hydro Prjects are as
follows:
Balance Sheet Information
December 31, 1997 December 31, 1996
Current assets $ 1,757,908 $ 2,115,375
Electric power sales contract 12,225,765 13,286,920
Other non-current assets 634,952 800,000
Total assets $ 14,618,625 $ 16,202,295
Current liabilities $ 291,911 $ 1,370,774
Non-current liabilities 937,062 1,004,679
Partners' equity 13,389,652 13,826,842
Total liabilities and equity $ 14,618,625 $ 16,202,295
Statement of Operations Information
For the Period
September 5, 1996
For The Year Ended (date of inception)
December 31, 1997 To December 31, 1996
Revenue $4,113,065 $192,152
Operating expenses 2,952,589 50,340
Net income 1,043,420 198,447
Maine Biomass Projects
On July 1, 1997, through a subsidiary, the Trust purchased a preferred
membership interest in Indeck Maine Energy, L.L.C. ("Maine Biomass Projects"),
which owns two electric power generating stations fueled by waste wood. The
aggregate purchase price was $7,297,971 and includes transaction costs of
$297,971. Each project has 24.5 megawatts of electrical generating capacity.
The Penobscot project is located in West Enfield, Maine and the Eastport
project is located in Jonesboro, Maine. The Maine Biomass Projects had a
power sales contract with the New England Power Pool, which expired on August
31, 1997. The facilities were shut down in September 1997 and were
reactivated in November 1997 to sell capacity and energy to Bangor Hydro-
Electric Company, a local utility ("BHC") on a month-to-month basis. The
facilities were again shut down in January 1998. The cost of maintaining the
idled facilities in good condition is approximately $100,000 per month.
The preferred membership interest entitles the Trust to receive an 18%
cumulative annual return on its $7,000,000 capital contribution to the Maine
Biomass Projects from the operating net cash flow from the projects. Trust V
also purchased an identical preferred membership interest in the Maine Biomass
Projects. After payments in full to the preferred membership interests, up to
$2,500,000 of any remaining cash flow during the year is paid to the other the
Maine Biomass Projects members. Any remaining operating net cash flow is
payable 25% to the Trust and Trust V and 75% to the other the Maine Biomass
Projects members.
-F12-
<PAGE>
Ridgewood Electric Power Trust IV
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
The Trust's investment in the Maine Biomass Projects is accounted for
under the equity method of accounting. The Trust's equity in the loss of the
Maine Biomass Projects for the period July 1, 1997 to December 31, 1997 was
$680,109.
The Penobscot and Eastport projects are operated by Indeck Operations,
Inc., an affiliate of the other members of Indeck Maine under a management
agreement. The annual operator's fee is $300,000, of which $200,000 is
payable contingent upon the Trusts receiving their cumulative annual return.
The management agreement has a form of one year and automatically continues
for successive one year terms unless canceled by either the Maine Biomass
Projects or Indeck Operations, Inc. The Trusts can also cancel the contract
effective December 31, 1998 if certain preferred membership interest payments
have not been made.
Summarized financial information for the Maine Biomass Projects is as
follows:
Balance Sheet Information at December 31, 1997
Current assets $ 861,677 Current liabilities $ 912,683
Non-current assets 3,524,356 Members' equity 3,473,350
Total assets $ 4,386,033 Total liabilities and
equity $4,386,033
Statement of Operations Information for the Period July 1, 1997 (date of
acquisition) to December 31, 1997
Revenue $ 2,991,793
Operating expenses 4,276,373
Depreciation & Amortization 100,085
Net loss $ (1,384,665)
4. Long-term Debt
Following is a summary of long-term debt at December 31, 1997:
Senior secured non-recourse notes payable $5,440,260
Less - Current maturity (592,193)
Total long-term debt $4,848,067
The senior secured non-recourse notes are due in monthly installments of
$90,738 including interest at 9.6%. Final payment is due on October 15, 2004.
The notes also provide for additional interest equal to 5% of the annual net
cash flow of the Providence Project, as defined. No additional interest was
due for the year ended December 31, 1997 or for the eight and one half months
ending December 31, 1996. The notes are secured by a leasehold mortgage on
Providence Power's landfill lease agreements and substantially all of the
assets of Providence Power. In addition to the required monthly payments,
mandatory prepayments may be required if certain events occur. The loan
agreement also provides for a cash funded debt service reserve and maintenance
reserve. At December 31, 1997 and 1996, the cash balance in these reserve
accounts was $605,199 and $575,441, respectively. Additions and reductions to
-F13-
<PAGE>
Ridgewood Electric Power Trust IV
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
these reserve accounts are defined in the loan agreement. As of January 31,
1997, Providence Power's obligations to maintain a cash balance in the
maintenance reserve account terminated and the cash balance in the reserve
account was released to Providence Power. The loan agreement contains various
covenants, including the maintenance of a specified debt service ratio.
Scheduled repayments of long-term debt principal for the next five years
are as follows:
Year Ended
December 31, Repayment
1998 $592,193
1999 651,613
2000 716,995
2001 788,937
2002 868,098
During the fourth quarter of 1997, the Trust and its principal bank
executed a revolving line of credit agreement, whereby the bank will provide a
three year committed line of credit facility of $1,150,000. At December 31,
1997, there were no borrowings outstanding under the credit facility.
Outstanding borrowing bear interest at the bank's prime rate or, at the
Trust's choice, at LIBOR plus 2.5%. The credit agreement will require the
Trust to maintain a ratio of total debt to tangible net worth of no more than
1 to 1 and a minimum debt service coverage ratio of 2 to 1.
5. Fair Value of Financial Instruments
At December 31, 1997, the carrying value of the Trust's cash, accounts
receivable, debt service reserve fund and accounts payable approximates their
fair value. The fair value of the long-term debt, calculated using current
rates for loans with similar maturities, also approximates its carrying value.
6. Electric Power Sales Contracts
Providence Power is committed to sell all of the electricity it produces
to New England Power Company ("NEP") for prices as specified in the Power
Purchase Agreement. The prices are adjusted annually for changes in the
Consumer Price Index, as defined. The NEP agreement expires in the year 2020
and can be terminated by either party under certain conditions in 2010. At
the time of the acquisition of the Providence Project, Providence Power was
required under the NEP agreement to maintain in an escrow account cash to
secure payment to NEP in the event of default. At April 16, 1996, the
required escrow balance amounted to $1,065,989. In October 1996, the required
escrow balance decreased to zero and the cash held in escrow was released to
Providence Power. For the year ended December 31, 1997 and the eight and one
half months ended December 31, 1996, sales revenue under the NEP Power
Purchase Agreement amounted to $6,458,648 and $3,946,077, respectively.
The Maine Hydro Projects qualify as small power production facilities
under the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act ("PURPA"). PURPA requires
that each electric utility company, operating at the location of a small power
production facility, as defined, purchase the electricity generated by such
facility at a specified or negotiated price. The Maine Hydro Projects sell
-F14-
<PAGE>
Ridgewood Electric Power Trust IV
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
substantially all of their electrical output to two public utility companies,
Central Maine Power Company ("CMP") and Bangor Hydro-Electric Company ("BHC"),
under long-term power purchase agreements. Eleven of the twelve power
purchase agreements with CMP expire in December 2008 and are renewable for an
additional five year period. The twelfth power purchase agreement with CMP
expires in December 2007 with CMP having the option to extend the contract for
three more five-year periods. The two power purchase agreements with BHC
expire in December 2014 and February 2017.
7. Landfill Lease and Sublease
Providence Power leases the Central Landfill, located in Johnston, Rhode
Island from Rhode Island Solid Waste Management Corporation ("RISWMC"). The
lease expires in 2020 and can be extended for an additional 10 years. This
operating lease requires Providence Power to pay a royalty equal to 15% of net
revenues, as defined, for the first 15 years of the lease. For subsequent
years, the royalty is 15% of net revenues for each month in which the average
daily kilowatt hour production is less than 180,000 and 18% of net revenues
for each month in which the average daily kilowatt hour production exceeds
180,000. At the time of the acquisition of the Providence Project, Providence
Power made a royalty prepayment to RISWMC of $925,000. For the year ended
December 31, 1997 and the eight and one half months ended December 31, 1996,
royalty expense relating to the RISWMC lease amounted to $951,767 and
$588,456, respectively.
Providence Power subleases the Central Landfill to Central Gas Limited
Partnership ("Gasco"). Gasco operates and maintains the landfill gas
collection system and supplies landfill gas to the Providence Project. The
sublease agreement is effective through December 31, 2010 and provides for the
following:
1. Sublease Income - Gasco is to pay Providence Power an annual amount
equal to the product of $30,000 times the assumed output capacity of each
engine generator set in megawatts installed and operating by the joint
venture. Income recorded under the sublease amounted to $369,000 and $261,375
for the year ended December 31, 1997 and eight and one half months ended
December 31, 1996, respectively.
2. Fuel Expense - Providence Power agreed to purchase all the landfill
gas produced by Gasco and pay on a monthly basis $.01183 per kilowatt hour for
the first 4,000,000 kilowatt hours, $.005 per kilowatt hour for kilowatt hours
in excess of 4,000,000 and $.05 per million BTU's of excess landfill gas. The
price is adjusted annually for changes in the Consumer Price Index, as
defined. Purchases from Gasco for the year ended December 31, 1997 and the
eight and one half months ended December 31, 1996, amounted to $863,536 and
$555,447, respectively.
8. Transactions With Managing Shareholder and Affiliates
The Trust pays to the managing shareholder a distribution and offering
fee up to 6% of each capital contribution made to the Trust. This fee is
intended to cover legal, accounting, consulting, filing, printing,
distribution, selling and closing costs for the offering of the Trust. For
-F15-
<PAGE>
Ridgewood Electric Power Trust IV
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
the period ended December 31, 1996 and 1995, the Trust paid fees for these
services to the managing shareholder of $1,892,959 and $954,342, respectively.
These fees were recorded as a reduction in the shareholders' capital
contribution.
The Trust also pays to the managing shareholder an investment fee up to
2% of each capital contribution made to the Trust. The fee is payable to the
managing shareholder for its services in investigating and evaluating
investment opportunities and effecting transactions for investing the capital
of the Trust. For the periods ended December 31, 1996 and 1995, the Trust paid
investment fees to the managing shareholder of $627,561 and $304,697,
respectively.
The Trust entered into a management agreement with the managing
shareholder under which the managing shareholder renders certain management,
administrative and advisory services and provides office space and other
facilities to the Trust. As compensation to the managing shareholder, the
Trust pays the managing shareholder an annual management fee equal to 3% of
the net asset value of the Trust payable monthly upon the closing of the
Trust. For the year ended December 31, 1997 and 1996, the Trust paid an
annual management fees to the managing shareholder of $1,154,758 and $888,209,
respectively.
Under the Declaration of Trust, the managing shareholder is entitled to
receive each year 1% of all distributions made by the Trust (other than those
derived from the disposition of Trust property) until the shareholders have
been distributed each year an amount equal to 14% of their equity
contribution. Thereafter, the managing shareholder is entitled to receive 20%
of the distributions for the remainder of the year. The managing shareholder
is entitled to receive 1% of the proceeds from dispositions of Trust
properties until the shareholders have received cumulative distributions equal
to their original investment ("Payout"). After Payout, the managing
shareholder is entitled to receive 20% of all remaining distributions of the
Trust.
Where permitted, in the event the managing shareholder or an affiliate
performs brokering services in respect of an investment acquisition or
disposition opportunity for the Trust, the managing shareholder or such
affiliate may charge the Trust a brokerage fee. Such fee may not exceed 2% of
the gross proceeds of any such acquisition or disposition. No such fees have
been paid through December 31, 1997.
The managing shareholder purchased one share of the Trust for $83,000 in
1995. Through December 31, 1997, commissions and placement fees of $172,674
were earned by Ridgewood Securities Corporation, an affiliate of the managing
shareholder.
Under an Operating Agreement with the Trust, Ridgewood Power Management
Corporation ("Ridgewood Management"), an entity related to the managing
shareholder through common ownership, provides management, purchasing,
engineering, planning and administrative services to the Trust's power
generation projects. Ridgewood Management charges the projects at its cost
for these services and for the allocable amount of certain overhead items.
Allocations of costs are on the basis of identifiable direct costs, time
records or in proportion to amount invested in projects managed by Ridgewood
-F16-
<PAGE>
Ridgewood Electric Power Trust IV
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
Management. During the year ended December 31, 1997 and the eight and one
half months ended December 31, 1996, Ridgewood Management charged Providence
Power $467,881 and $337,228, respectively. During the periods ended December
31, 1997 and 1996, Ridgewood Management did not charge any amounts to the
Maine Hydro projects or the Maine Biomass projects.
-F17-
Exhibit 21 - Subsidiaries of the Registrant
Subsidiary corporations serving as general partners or managers
of limited liability entities are listed with those entities.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Name of Subsidiary Type of entity Jurisdiction of
organization
<S>
<C>
<C>
Ridgewood/Providence Power Partners, L.P. limited partnership Delaware
Ridgewood/Providence Corporation corporation Delaware
Ridgewood/Maine Hydro Partners, L.P. limited partnership Delaware*
Ridgewood Maine Hydro Corporation corporation Delaware*
Ridgewood Pump Services Partners IV, L.P. limited partnership Delaware
Ridgewood Pump Services IV Corporation corporation Delaware
Ridgewood Maine, L.L.C. limited liability co. Delaware*
*50% owned by Registrant and 50% owned by Ridgewood Power V.
</TABLE>
EXHIBIT 24 -- POWERS OF ATTORNEY
POWER OF ATTORNEY
KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that the undersigned,
John Belknap, appoints Robert E. Swanson and Martin V. Quinn, and
each of them, as his true and lawful attorneys-in-fact with full
power to act and do all things necessary, advisable or
appropriate, in their discretion, to execute on his behalf as an
Independent Trustee of Ridgewood Electric Power Trust I and of
Ridgewood Electric Power Trust IV, the Annual Reports on Form 10-
K for the year ended December 31, 1997 for each of the above-
named trusts, and all amendments or documents relating thereto.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned has executed this Power
of Attorney this 30th day of March, 1998, at Fort Lauderdale,
Florida.
/s/John Belknap
John Belknap
<PAGE>
POWER OF ATTORNEY
KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that the undersigned,
Richard Propper, M.D., appoints Robert E. Swanson and Martin V.
Quinn, and each of them, as his true and lawful attorneys-in-fact
with full power to act and do all things necessary, advisable or
appropriate, in their discretion, to execute on his behalf as an
Independent Trustee of Ridgewood Electric Power Trust I and of
Ridgewood Electric Power Trust IV, the Annual Reports on Form 10-
K for the year ended December 31, 1997 for each of the above-
named trusts, and all amendments or documents relating thereto.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned has executed this Power
of Attorney this 30th day of March, 1998, at Fort Lauderdale,
Florida.
/s/Richard Propper, M.D.
Richard Propper, M.D.
<TABLE> <S> <C>
<ARTICLE> 5
<LEGEND>This schedule contains summary financial information
extracted from the Registrant's audited interim financial
statements for the year ended December 31, 1997 and is qualified
in its entirety by reference to those financial statements.
</LEGEND>
<CIK> 0000930364
<NAME> RIDGEWOOD ELECTRIC POWER TRUST IV
<S> <C>
<PERIOD-TYPE> YEAR
<FISCAL-YEAR-END> DEC-31-1997
<PERIOD-END> DEC-31-1997
<CASH> 11,086,281
<SECURITIES> 13,312,688<F1>
<RECEIVABLES> 657,217
<ALLOWANCES> 0
<INVENTORY> 0
<CURRENT-ASSETS> 12,291,844<F2>
<PP&E> 14,949,735
<DEPRECIATION> (1,068,812)
<TOTAL-ASSETS> 47,964,823
<CURRENT-LIABILITIES> 1,634,979<F3>
<BONDS> 4,848,067
0
0
<COMMON> 0
<OTHER-SE> 35,023,361<F4>
<TOTAL-LIABILITY-AND-EQUITY> 47,964,823
<SALES> 6,810,911
<TOTAL-REVENUES> 7,179,911
<CGS> 4,879,962
<TOTAL-COSTS> 4,879,962
<OTHER-EXPENSES> 2,898,308<F5>
<LOSS-PROVISION> 0
<INTEREST-EXPENSE> 572,660
<INCOME-PRETAX> (402,777)
<INCOME-TAX> 0
<INCOME-CONTINUING> (402,777)
<DISCONTINUED> 0
<EXTRAORDINARY> 0
<CHANGES> 0
<NET-INCOME> (402,777)
<EPS-PRIMARY> (845)
<EPS-DILUTED> (845)
<FN>
<F1>Investment in power project partnership and limited liability
company accounted for on equity basis.
<F2>Includes $164,536 due from affiliates.
<F3>Includes $658,253 due to affiliates.
<F4>Represents Investor Shares of beneficial interest in Trust
with capital accounts of $35,078,194 less managing shareholder's
accumulated deficit of $54,833.
<F5>Includes minority interest in earnings of project.
</FN>
</TABLE>