TABLE OF CONTENTS
I.
PROCEDURAL HISTORY OF THE CLAIM................................................................. 8
II. THE CLAIM ........................................................................................................................ 9
III. RESOLUTION OF THE MANY SYNONYM REFERENCES.................................... 10
IV. INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................. 10
V. BACKGROUND HISTORY............................................................................................. 12
A. The Kwakwalla Speaking First Nations ........................................................................... 13
B. The Hudson’s Bay Company............................................................................................ 14
C. Fort Rupert........................................................................................................................ 16
D. Early Production of Coal at Fort Rupert........................................................................... 22
E. The 1850 Victoria Treaties ............................................................................................... 26
F. Execution of the 1851 Fort Rupert Treaties...................................................................... 29
G. The History Following the Treaties .................................................................................. 30
VI. IN-PERSON EVIDENCE BY TWO MEMBERS OF THE KWAKIUTL FIRST
NATION....................................................................................................................................... 32
A. Ross Hunt Jr...................................................................................................................... 32
B. Wata: Christine Mary Twance.......................................................................................... 32
VII. HOW SHOULD ‘VILLAGES AND ENCLOSED FIELDS’ BE UNDERSTOOD? ... 33
A. Treaty Interpretation ......................................................................................................... 33
VIII.THE SPECIFIC CLAIMS TRIBUNAL ACT CLAIMS .................................................. 35
IX. POSITIONS OF THE PARTIES ..................................................................................... 36
A. The Claimant’s Position.................................................................................................... 37
B. The Respondent’s Position ............................................................................................... 37
X. RESERVE CREATION.................................................................................................... 38
XI. JUDICIAL RECOGNITION OF THE DOUGLAS TREATIES.................................. 40
XII. DISCUSSION..................................................................................................................... 43
XIII.WAS SUQUASH A VILLAGE SITE BEFORE 1849? — THE ETHNOGRAPHIC
AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE ............................................................................... 47
XIV. WAS SUQUASH AN OCCUPIED SITE DURING KWAKIUTL PRODUCTION OF
COAL?......................................................................................................................................... 50
XV. WAS SUQUASH A VILLAGE SITE DURING THE PRODUCTION OF COAL, 1849–
1850?............................................................................................................................................. 53
XVI. THE END OF FIRST NATIONS PRODUCTION OF COAL AT SUQUASH........... 54
6