COURT OF APPEAL FOR ONTARIO  
CITATION: Wong v. Pretium Resources Inc., 2022 ONCA 549  
DATE: 20220722  
DOCKET: C69140  
van Rensburg and Roberts JJ.A. and Tzimas J. (ad hoc)  
BETWEEN  
David Wong  
Plaintiff (Appellant)  
and  
Pretium Resources Inc., and Robert A. Quartermain  
Defendants (Respondents)  
Proceeding under the Class Proceedings Act, 1992  
Michael Spencer, Andrew Morganti, Albert Pelletier and Charlotte K.B. Harman,  
for the appellant  
H. Michael Rosenberg and Amanda Di Gesù Iarusso, for the respondents  
Heard: November 24 and 25, 2021  
On appeal from the judgment of Justice Edward P. Belobaba of the Superior Court  
of Justice, dated February 2, 2021, reported at 2021 ONSC 54.  
van Rensburg J.A.:  
I.  
OVERVIEW  
[1]  
The appellant is the representative plaintiff in a common law and statutory  
secondary market misrepresentation class action. The respondents are Pretium  
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Resources Inc. (“Pretium”), a mineral exploration company which was and is a  
reporting issuer under the Securities Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. S.5 (the “OSA”), and its  
former CEO, Robert Quartermain. The appellant asserted that the respondents  
failed to publicly disclose concerns about Pretium’s Brucejack mining project in  
northwestern British Columbia (the “Brucejack project”), that had been conveyed  
to Pretium in writing by Strathcona Mineral Services Ltd. (“Strathcona”), a mining  
expert Pretium had retained to perform certain work. Strathcona resigned from the  
Brucejack project in the face of Pretium’s refusal to publicly disclose its concerns.  
When Pretium issued news releases disclosing the resignation, and later, the  
reasons for Strathcona’s resignation, its stock price fell by over half. The  
appellant’s claim alleged common law and statutory (under s. 138.3 of the OSA)  
misrepresentations by omission in Pretium’s continuing disclosure: the failure of  
the respondents to disclose what were alleged to have been material facts in seven  
of its public disclosure documents between July and October, 2013. The appellant  
appeals the summary dismissal of the action by Belobaba J. (the “motion judge”).  
[2]  
In July 2017, on a contested motion, the motion judge, pursuant to s. 138.8  
of the OSA, had granted the appellant leave to proceed with a statutory secondary  
misrepresentation claim, after concluding that there was a reasonable possibility  
that the action would be resolved in favour of the appellant at trial. The action was  
certified as a class proceeding on consent in 2019, and in 2020 the parties brought  
competing summary judgment motions. In dismissing the action, the motion judge  
Page: 3  
concluded that there had been no actionable misrepresentations by the  
respondents when they failed to disclose what is referred to in this litigation as  
“Strathcona’s concerns”, and that in the alternative (with respect to the statutory  
claim), the respondents had conducted a reasonable investigation, pursuant to  
s. 138.4(6) of the OSA. The appellant seeks an order setting aside the dismissal  
of the class proceeding and directing a trial of the issues.  
[3]  
For the reasons that follow, I would dismiss the appeal. First, I disagree with  
the appellant that the motion judge erred in law in his characterization of what  
constituted an actionable “misrepresentation”, and in concluding that Strathcona’s  
concerns were not a material fact that required disclosure because they were  
unsolicited, inexpert, premature, and unreliable”. Nor has the appellant  
established any misapprehension of the evidence or palpable and overriding error  
in the motion judge’s factual findings with respect to the alleged  
misrepresentations. The motion judge’s decision was fact-driven and properly took  
into account the entire context in which the misrepresentations were alleged to  
have been made. Second, and contrary to the appellant’s arguments, the motion  
judge’s decision did not depend on his acceptance of the respondentspost hoc,  
subjective views, or defer to Pretium’s business judgment concerning its disclosure  
obligations. Third, the motion judge did not err in failing to find a misrepresentation  
based on the drop in the price of Pretium’s shares in October 2013. The motion  
judge’s conclusions reveal no reversible error: they reflect the application of the  
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correct legal standard to a set of facts, based on a proper assessment of all of the  
evidence.  
[4]  
I will begin by setting out a brief summary of what transpired, that is sufficient  
to understand the issues on this appeal. To put the appellant’s submissions in their  
proper context, I will provide a somewhat detailed summary of the motion judge’s  
reasons on each of the leave and summary judgment motions. I will then discuss  
the arguments raised on appeal and explain why, in my view, there was no  
reversible error.  
[5]  
My determination that there was no error in the motion judge’s conclusion  
on the misrepresentation issue is sufficient to dispose of the appeal. As such, it is  
unnecessary to address the appellant’s alternative argument: that the motion judge  
erred in giving effect to the reasonable investigation defence, which was, in any  
event, touched on only briefly by the parties on appeal. These reasons should not  
be read as taking any position on the motion judge’s reasonable investigation  
analysis.  
II.  
(1) The Bulk Sample Program  
[6] The respondent Pretium is a mineral exploration company based in British  
THE FACTUAL BACKGROUND  
Columbia. It is a reporting issuer in all Canadian provinces and territories, and a  
registrant with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. At all material times  
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its common shares were listed for trading on the Toronto and New York Stock  
Exchanges. The respondent Robert Quartermain was Pretium’s Chairperson and  
Chief Executive Officer.  
[7]  
During 2011 and 2012, Pretium conducted a mineral exploration program at  
Brucejack that involved surface mapping and exploratory drilling. It hired Snowden  
Mining Industry Consultants (“Snowden”), a well-known mining consultant, to  
review the results and to prepare a mineral resource estimate. After preparing two  
earlier estimates in February and April 2012, Snowden produced the November  
2012 Mineral Resources Update Technical Report (the “Resource Estimate”),  
which was used by another contractor, Tetra Tech Inc., as the basis for a June  
2013 feasibility study (the “Feasibility Study”). The validity of the Feasibility Study  
was thus dependent on the validity of the underlying Resource Estimate, which  
took into account the unique style of mineralization in the Valley of the Kings  
(“VOK”) section of the Brucejack mine. The Feasibility Study concluded that  
Brucejack contained economically recoverable mineral reserves capable of  
supporting a successful bulk-mining operation.  
[8]  
In order to test and verify the accuracy of its Resource Estimate (and by  
extension the Feasibility Study) Snowden recommended that Pretium extract a  
10,000-tonne bulk sample for milling and testing. In November 2012, Pretium  
retained another well-known mining consulting firm, Strathcona, to oversee and  
report on the Bulk Sample Program (the “BSP”).  
Page: 6  
[9]  
There were two components of the BSP: the excavation of a 10,000-tonne  
bulk sample, and a 15,000-meter underground drill program in areas around the  
bulk sample. The original intention was to process the bulk sample in its entirety  
at a custom mill, as this was the most reliable means of determining the mineral  
content. However, in light of the difficulty in finding an available custom mill,  
Pretium agreed with Strathcona’s use of a “sample tower”, in which it would test a  
small fraction of the mined material, and send the balance to a mill in Montana.  
The intention was for Strathcona to compile the results and to provide them to  
Snowden, who would update the Resource Estimate.  
[10] Pretium announced in a May 8, 2013 news release that the BSP and  
associated underground drilling were ready to begin. The news release described  
the work and anticipated reporting as follows:  
Underground Drilling  
Approximately 15,000 meters of underground drilling will  
be completed as part of the Bulk Sample Program. After  
the initial cross-cut along section 426600, the north drill  
drift will be developed, and drilling will be conducted at  
7.5-meter and 15-meter centres along 120 meters of  
strike length, and at 15-meter centres vertically for 60  
meters above and 60 meters below the 1345-meter level  
of the Valley of the Kings. Drilling is planned to  
commence later this month, prior to excavating the bulk  
sample, and will run concurrently with the excavation of  
the bulk sample. Results from drilling will be reported as  
they are received.  
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Bulk Sample Program  
The sample tower and related equipment for the Bulk  
Sample Program in the Valley of Kings has been  
transported over the recently-completed all-weather  
access road into Brucejack camp and is now on site.  
Strathcona Mineral Services Ltd. of Toronto has been  
engaged as the independent Qualified Person to oversee  
and report on the 10,000-tonne bulk sample.  
The 1345-meter level at the 426600 cross-section of the  
Valley of the Kings was selected as the bulk sample  
location based on Strathcona’s requirements that the  
bulk sample be excavated from an area representative of  
the (a) drillhole density that informs the Indicated Mineral  
Resource, (b) average grade of the Indicated Mineral  
Resource and the global resource for Valley of the Kings,  
(c) proportion of low-grade, high-grade and extreme  
grade populations in the overall Indicated Mineral  
Resource and (d) style of stockwork gold mineralization  
characteristic of the Valley of the Kings. Excavation of the  
bulk sample is scheduled to begin in early June, with the  
final report expected later in the year after compilation of  
all bulk sample data. [Emphasis added.]  
[11] In a May 28, 2013 news release, Pretium provided more information about  
the BSP and the anticipated reporting, stating in part:  
Sample Tower and Mineral Processing  
The 10,000-tonne bulk sample will be excavated in  
approximately 100-tonne rounds. Each round will be  
crushed and run through a sample tower currently  
assembled on site. The sample tower has been designed  
and constructed to extract two 30-kilogram  
representative samples from each 100-tonne round  
processed by the sample tower. The representative  
samples extracted by the sample tower will be assayed,  
and the assay results will be reported by Strathcona in  
their report on the Program.  
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The remainder of the 10,000-tonne bulk sample will be  
shipped to a mill for processing. The mill will use a similar  
circuit, gravity and flotation, to extract gold and silver from  
the bulk sample as contemplated in the feasibility study  
for the Brucejack Project currently underway. The bulk  
sample remainder is expected to be milled in the third  
and fourth quarters of this year.  
Bulk Sample Drilling  
Approximately 15,000 meters of underground drilling in  
190 holes will be completed as part of the Program. The  
drilling will define the portions of the two domains of  
mineralization being tested by the Program along 120  
meters of strike length, and vertically for 60 meters above  
and 60 meters below the 1345-meter level of the Valley  
of the Kings. The drilling will be completed on sections  
7.5 meters apart along the 120 meters of strike length.  
Each section will be drilled from the north or south, with  
drill holes at 15-meter centers vertically at the margins of  
the mineralized domains. The supporting infrastructure  
will include an initial cross-cut through the Valley of the  
Kings along section 426600, and the north exploration  
drill drift. The drill program will run concurrently with the  
mining of the bulk sample. …  
Program Reporting  
Assay results from underground drilling will be reported  
as they are received. Strathcona’s report on the Program  
is expected later in the year after compilation of all data.  
The amount of gold and silver produced by the mill will  
be reported following the completion of the milling of the  
bulk sample. [Emphasis added.]  
[12] In June 2013, Pretium received the Feasibility Study, prepared by Tetra  
Tech. On June 11, 2013, it issued a news release stating that the Feasibility Study  
had predicted a mine life of 22 years, producing an estimated 7.1 million ounces  
of gold, and indicating that the mineral reserves resulting from the Feasibility Study  
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were based on the Resource Estimate, and that the results of the 10,000-tonne  
BSP currently underway were expected later in the year.  
(2) Strathcona’s Concerns  
[13] At the heart of the litigation is a disagreement between Pretium and  
Strathcona about the accuracy and reliability of the Resource Estimate, and in turn,  
the predictions in the Feasibility Study, based on Strathcona’s observations during  
its work on the BSP. Over a three-month period from July 23 to October 21, 2013  
(the “Class Period”), Strathcona, based on the assays of the samples processed  
at the sample tower, and before the entire bulk sample had been excavated, milled  
and tested, expressed the view that the Feasibility Study was premised on  
inaccurate and unreliable information, and urged Pretium to make certain  
disclosures. Pretium disagreed, countering that Strathcona’s concerns were  
premature and that the disclosures proposed by Strathcona would be  
inappropriate.  
[14] The record of what transpired during this period is voluminous. It is sufficient  
to set out some of the communications of Strathcona’s concerns and Pretium’s  
responses, and the relevant public disclosure during the Class Period.  
[15] The first relevant event took place on July 11, 2013, when  
Henrik Thalenhorst, the Independent Qualified Person (“QP”) from Strathcona  
overseeing the BSP, sent an email to Ken McNaughton, Pretium’s Chief  
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Exploration Officer. Dr. Thalenhorst expressed disappointment with the BSP  
results to date, and stated that the “feasibility study at least for this part of the  
[mine] is based on unreliable grade interpolation” and that “[t]hese developments  
have profound implications for the project. He cautioned that Pretium “[would]  
have to consider how and when to inform the public on these developments”.  
[16] Mr. McNaughton replied to the email the next day, stating that it was  
“premature to come to conclusions based on the limited number of drill data and  
without reliable sample tower results or processing results”. He noted that there  
needed to be “a complete dataset” before coming to any conclusions, and he  
concluded: “Reacting to incomplete data is not in the best interests of our  
shareholders or the public”.  
[17] Pretium’s first public disclosure following this exchange was a July 23 news  
release, which marks the start of the certified Class Period. (This is the first of  
seven documents alleged to have contained a misrepresentation.) The news  
release reported on additional underground drill results, and the amount of material  
that had been processed through the sample tower. The news release reiterated  
that drilling results would continue to be reported as they are received (indeed,  
Pretium’s disclosure throughout the Class Period reported all assay results from  
the underground drilling that was part of the BSP), and, with respect to the BSP,  
stated that “Strathcona’s report on the [BSP] is expected later in the year after  
compilation of all data”. (A draft of this news release had been provided to  
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Dr. Thalenhorst, who proposed some edits that were incorporated into the final  
version, but did not repeat the concerns raised in his July 11 email.)  
[18] Pretium’s Management Discussion & Analysis (“MD&A”) for the six months  
that ended June 30, 2013 was released on August 1, 2013. (This is the second  
document alleged to have contained a misrepresentation.) It described in some  
detail the BSP and the excavation of the bulk sample. Under the heading “Sample  
Tower and Mineral Processing”, the MD&A stated:  
The 10,000-tonne bulk sample is being excavated in  
approximately 100-tonne rounds. Each round is crushed  
and run through a sample tower on site. The sample  
tower has been designed and constructed to extract two  
30-kilogram representative samples from each 100-  
tonne round processed by the sample tower. The  
representative samples extracted by the sample tower  
will be assayed, and the assay results will be reported by  
Strathcona in their report on the Program.  
We have begun shipping the remainder of the 10,000-  
tonne bulk sample to a mill for processing. The mill will  
use a similar circuit, gravity and flotation, to extract gold  
and silver from the bulk sample as contemplated in the  
feasibility study for the Brucejack Project. The bulk  
sample remainder is expected to be milled in the third  
and fourth quarters of this year. [Emphasis added.]  
[19] I pause here to note that the appellant acknowledged in oral argument that  
at this point, Strathcona’s concerns had not yet “crystallized”, and that this only  
occurred after Strathcona expressed concerns that were not “retracted”, beginning  
with a letter, dated August 14, 2013, from Dr. Thalenhorst to Mr. McNaughton,  
copied to Mr. Quartermain.  
Page: 12  
[20] The August 14 letter stated, in part, that:  
[T]he results of sufficient drill-hole and bulk-sample assay  
data…show that the resource block model developed  
and reported on in the [Resources Estimate], and used  
for the recent [Feasibility Study] is not reliable. The  
resource model greatly over-estimates the gold grade of  
the bulk-sample area which was estimated to be bulk-  
mineable with a gold grade of between 10 and 15 g/t.  
Dr. Thalenhorst continued: Since it is now obvious that the Feasibility Study is  
no longer valid, and since this represents a material change for Pretium, we  
strongly recommend that Pretium make these findings known to the public so that  
investors are no longer relying on the invalid results of the [Feasibility Study] and  
the [Resource Estimate]”.  
[21] The following day, Pretium’s Vice President and Chief Development Officer,  
Joe Ovsenek, replied to the Strathcona letter, stating in part that “[t]he purpose of  
the [BSP], amongst other things, is to assess whether the current resource  
estimate reconciles with the bulk sample. One of the possible outcomes of the  
[BSP] is that the resource estimate does not reconcile with the bulk sample”, and  
that this was “public knowledge”. Mr. Ovsenek reminded Dr. Thalenhorst that the  
parties had agreed that the bulk sampling results would not be disclosed until  
Strathcona had completed its work, and concluded that, accordingly, the disclosure  
that “Strathcona’s report on the Program is expected later in the year after  
compilation of all data” was satisfactory.  
Page: 13  
[22] On August 15 and August 23, 2013, respectively, Pretium issued a news  
release and a material change report, in which it: (i) reported additional  
underground drill results from the BSP, stating that “[a]ssays from the Program  
continue to confirm the projection of high-grade gold mineralized domains, and  
visible gold continues to be encountered” (setting out the assay results in table  
form)1; (ii) provided an update on the progress of the BSP, including that 8,600  
tonnes of material had been excavated to date and that the program was expected  
to conclude in early September; and, (iii) reiterated that Strathcona’s report on the  
BSP was expected later in the year, after compilation of all data, with the amount  
of gold and silver produced by the mill to be reported following the completion of  
the milling of the bulk sample. (These are the third and fourth documents alleged  
to contain misrepresentations.)  
[23] On August 16, Pretium forwarded the August 14 Strathcona letter to Ivor  
Jones at Snowden, the QP overseeing the resource at the Brucejack project.  
Mr. Jones responded, expressing his “serious concerns about the validity of the  
sample tower results with respect to the Brucejack mineralisation”, and his view  
that it was “too early to form any opinion on the meaning of any results of the bulk  
1 As confirmed by the appellant’s counsel in argument on the appeal, there is no issue in this case about  
the reporting of the actual drilling assay results, and their treatment in the disclosures. The focus is on the  
failure to disclose Strathcona’s concerns about the reliability of the Resource Estimate and Feasibility  
Study, which it based on its field observations, the drilling assay results and the interim sample tower results  
produced by the BSP.  
Page: 14  
sample”. He noted that he would be “very concerned about making any  
conclusions with respect to the bulk sample and the validity of the mineral resource  
and subsequent studies”.  
[24] On August 20, there was a presentation to the Pretium board of directors  
about Strathcona’s concerns that included an outline of Snowden’s response. The  
issues of the sample tower representativity, the validity of the Feasibility Study,  
and market disclosure were discussed. The following day, Mr. Ovsenek reported  
to the Board that he met with Dr. Thalenhorst, who was still of the view that the  
sample tower results were representative, that Strathcona’s main concern was  
disclosure, and that they “definitely intended to finish the bulk sample program”.  
[25] On August 22, following a meeting between the parties the previous day,  
Mr. Ovsenek sent a letter to Dr. Thalenhorst for the express purpose of addressing  
the issues raised in Strathcona’s letter and to reinforce Pretium’s “efforts to make  
full and timely disclosure to the investment community”. The letter noted that the  
framework for Pretium’s disclosure of the BSP was consistent: “the results of the  
underground drilling will be disclosed as received throughout the program and the  
results of the sampling of the bulk sample by the sample tower will not be disclosed  
until all data have been compiled and we have received [Strathcona’s] report on  
the [BSP]”. The letter concluded that Pretium had been advised by the QP  
responsible for the VOK resource estimate (Mr. Jones) that it was too early to form  
any opinion on the meaning of any results of the bulk sample, and that Pretium  
Page: 15  
believed that the best approach was “to complete the underground drilling, to  
excavate the bulk sample and to mill the bulk sample material after it has passed  
through the sample tower, with reporting to follow as we have advised the  
investment community”.  
[26] On September 5, Dr. Thalenhorst sent Pretium an “Interim Technical  
Report”, after having visited the mine between August 16 and 20. The stated  
purpose of the report was to reiterate Strathcona’s “strong conviction, now based  
on additional data and deeper geological insight, that the technical and economic  
information about the…project currently in the public domain as a result of the  
June 2013 Feasibility Study…is materially inaccurate”. Dr. Thalenhorst noted that,  
while the bulk sample results were not for all of the material, “they are nonetheless  
significant, relevant and indisputable”. Again, he urged that “Pretium should make  
public, without further delay, this very material change of the gold grade and gold  
content of the VOK deposit as a result of the very obvious conclusions to be drawn  
from the bulk sample program”.  
[27] Three further news releases went out from Pretium on September 9,  
September 23 and October 3, 2013, essentially maintaining the status quo:  
reporting that drilling was underway and continuing to intersect high-grade gold,  
and that Strathcona was undertaking the 10,000-tonne BSP and would provide a  
report, now expected in early 2014, after compilation of all data. The September 9  
news release also included information on the Feasibility Study, indicating that the  
Page: 16  
“updated Mineral Resource estimate for the Valley of the Kings will incorporate all  
2013 underground and surface drilling and will be prepared following receipt of all  
assays of the 2013 drill program”. (All three news releases are alleged to have  
contained misrepresentations.)  
[28] In the interim, Dr. Thalenhorst continued to email Mr. Ovsenek, asserting  
that the assay results for the bulk-sample tonnage continued to disprove the  
current block model, which projected wide zones of mineralization, and advising  
public disclosure, while Mr. Ovsenek responded that the Interim Technical Report  
had been sent to Mr. Jones at Snowden, that any disclosure prior to his response  
would not be appropriate, and that the theme in current market commentary about  
Pretium is to ‘wait-and-see’ if the final results of the bulk sample are reconcilable  
with the resource estimate”.  
[29] On October 7, 2013, Strathcona resigned from its engagement in the BSP,  
with a letter to Pretium management, noting that it “has become apparent that there  
is a substantial difference between what information on the VOK program that  
Pretium believes should be disseminated to public markets, and what emphasis  
there should be on the interpretation of results, as compared with that which  
Strathcona believes to be appropriate”. Strathcona stated that the factor causing it  
the most concern was the content of Pretium’s news releases in July, August and  
September, which contained “erroneous and misleading” statements. Pretium  
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urged Strathcona to await the bulk sample mill data which were expected within a  
few days, but Strathcona refused to reconsider its decision.  
[30] In an October 9 news release, Pretium announced Strathcona’s resignation  
and in a further news release on October 22, Pretium provided a detailed summary  
of the reasons provided by Strathcona for its withdrawal, setting out its own views  
and those of Snowden, responding to the concerns.  
[31] Over these 13 days in October 2013, the Pretium share price dropped from  
$7.01 to $3.45. The appellant represents a class of Pretium shareholders who,  
during the Class Period, purchased Pretium common shares listed on the TSX (or  
on the NYSE, if the shareholder resided in Canada during the Class Period), and  
held some or all of those common shares at the close of trading on October 8,  
2013 or October 21, 2013.  
[32] On December 13, 2013, following the Class Period, Pretium released the  
final processing results from the bulk sample program. The mill results confirmed  
the validity of the Resource Estimate: the 10,302 tonnes of bulk sample yielded  
5,865 ounces of gold, which was about 42% more than had been predicted. Using  
these results, Snowden prepared an updated Resource Estimate, which was in  
turn used to update the Feasibility Study in 2014. The Brucejack mine entered  
commercial production in 2017.  
Page: 18  
III.  
LEAVE AND CERTIFICATION  
[33] The appellant brought a proposed class proceeding for common law and  
statutory secondary market misrepresentation. The action was commenced by  
Statement of Claim issued on October 29, 2013, which was subsequently  
amended, with the final version being the Second Fresh as Amended Statement  
of Claim (the “Claim”).2  
(1) The Leave Decision  
[34] The statutory claim was brought pursuant to Part XXIII.1 of the OSA, which  
provides under s. 138.3 for a claim in respect of a document issued by a  
responsible issuer” (which includes a reporting issuer), where that document  
contains a misrepresentation, by a person who acquired or disposed of the issuer’s  
security between the time the document was released and the time when the  
misrepresentation was publicly corrected. A “misrepresentation” is defined as  
(a) an untrue statement of a material fact, or (b) an omission to state a material  
fact that is required to be stated or that is necessary to make a statement not  
misleading in the light of the circumstances in which it was made. “Material fact  
when used in relation to securities issued or proposed to be issued” is defined as  
2 The appellant’s motion to further amend his Statement of Claim was refused in part by the motion judge  
on July 22, 2020. The appeal record refers only to the Second Fresh as Amended Statement of Claim,  
and not to any subsequent amended pleading.  
Page: 19  
“a fact that would reasonably be expected to have a significant effect on the market  
price or value of the securities”. Section 138.4 provides for a number of defences  
to the statutory claim, including the defence of reasonable investigation.  
[35] Section 138.8 sets out a leave requirement, which requires the court to be  
satisfied that (1) the action is brought in good faith, and (2) there is a reasonable  
possibility that the action will be resolved at trial in favour of the plaintiff.  
[36] The motion judge framed the first issue as whether there was a reasonable  
possibility that the appellant’s claim that Strathcona’s concerns were material and  
should have been disclosed (such that the failure to do so in the various impugned  
documents amounted to a misrepresentation by omission) would succeed at trial.  
The motion judge accepted that Pretium genuinely believed that Strathcona’s  
concerns were based on faulty data which, in Pretium’s judgment, were inherently  
unreliable. He also accepted that Pretium was ultimately proven right: the mill  
results after completion of the BSP were positive and confirmed the validity of the  
Resource Estimate. The issue was, however, whether there were  
misrepresentations by omission by virtue of the failure to disclose material  
information.  
[37] Citing the Supreme Court’s guidance in Sharbern Holding Inc. v. Vancouver  
Airport Centre Ltd., 2011 SCC 23, [2011] 2 S.C.R. 175 (an authority relied on by  
both sides at all stages of these proceedings, including on appeal), the motion  
Page: 20  
judge observed that the materiality standard calls for the disclosure of information  
that a reasonable investor would consider important in making an investment  
decision, and that materiality is determined objectively from the perspective of the  
reasonable investor, and not based on the subjective views of the issuer.  
[38] In determining at the leave stage that Strathcona’s concerns were material,  
the motion judge noted the following:  
Pretium publicly announced the fact that Strathcona was hired to oversee  
and report on the BSP and described Strathcona as a “reputable firm” and  
a “recognized expert.” It continued to “tout Strathcona’s involvement” in  
various press releases, such that Strathcona’s involvement was “obviously  
newsworthy”.  
Pretium confirmed in its MD&A of August 1, 2013 that the sample tower was  
an integral part of the testing procedure.  
Strathcona, a well-known mining consultant (indeed a “recognized expert”  
according to Pretium) genuinely believed in the integrity and reliability of the  
sample tower testing method.  
[39] While the motion judge accepted that Pretium would eventually win the  
debateon the reliability of the sample tower method, he held that, during the  
relevant time period, it could not be said that “the unreliability of the sample tower  
[data] was so obvious and self-evident and Strathcona’s concerns so wrong-  
Page: 21  
headed that Strathcona’s findings and views were not material and that no  
reasonable investor would want to know what Strathcona was saying”: at para. 36.  
He concluded that “by any objective measure, reasonable investors would have  
considered it material that two respected mining consultancies retained by Pretium  
Snowden and Strathcona fundamentally disagreed as to whether there were  
valid mineral resources in the VOK zone of the Brucejack mine, a question that  
went to the very heart of Pretium’s entire business model”: at para. 37.  
[40] The motion judge turned to the second issue: whether there was a  
reasonable possibility that the defendants would not be able to establish one or  
both branches of the reasonable investigation defence. Section 138.4(6) provides  
that a person or company is not liable in a Part XXIII.1 misrepresentation action if  
that person or company proves: (1) that it conducted or caused to be conducted a  
reasonable investigation before the document containing the misrepresentation  
was released; and (2) that at the time of the document’s release, it had “no  
reasonable grounds to believe that the document … contained the  
misrepresentation”.  
[41] The motion judge accepted that Pretium took Strathcona’s concerns  
seriously and discussed them both internally and with Snowden, and that Pretium  
had accordingly conducted a reasonable investigation into the reliability of  
Strathcona’s findings and concerns, thereby satisfying the first branch of  
s. 138.4(6). He concluded, however, that there was a reasonable possibility the  
Page: 22  
respondents would not be able to satisfy the second branch: “that when they  
decided to omit Strathcona’s findings and concerns they had no reasonable  
grounds to believe that this was an omission of a material fact that a reasonable  
investor in all the circumstances already noted would find important”. He held that  
the surrounding circumstances, viewed objectively, favoured disclosure and  
Pretium could easily have satisfied both the disclosure obligations under the OSA  
and its own desire to make clear that Strathcona’s findings were unfounded by  
doing what it did in the October 22 news release. As such, he concluded that there  
was a reasonable possibility that the defendants would not be able to establish the  
second branch of the reasonable investigation defence at trial.  
(2) Certification as a Class Proceeding  
[42] The class proceeding was certified on consent, by order dated January 23,  
2019 (the “Certification Order”). The certified common issues included: (a) Did  
Pretium release core documents on July 23, August 1, August 15, September 9,  
September 23, October 3 or October 9, 2013 that contained misrepresentations as  
pleaded in the Claim”; and (k) If the answer to common issue (a) is yes, are the  
Defendants relieved of liability pursuant to [s. 138.4(6)] of the [OSA], which  
provides a defence of reasonable investigation”.  
[43] According to the Claim, the respondents made misrepresentations in each  
of the impugned documents by omitting Strathcona’s concerns that “the Bulk  
Page: 23  
Sample Program was failing to confirm the validity of the [Resource Estimate],  
including the grade distribution and classification of Mineral Resources contained  
in the [Resource Estimate], and by necessary extension the validity of the  
Feasibility Study.  
[44] The parties exchanged affidavits of documents and conducted examinations  
for discovery.  
IV. THE SUMMARY JUDGMENT MOTIONS  
[45] In 2020, the parties brought cross-motions for summary judgment on the  
certified common issues. The principal focus was on certified common issues  
(a) and (k). The motion judge dismissed the appellant’s action after concluding that  
the appellant had been unable to prove that Pretium’s failure to disclose  
Strathcona’s concerns was an omission of material fact constituting a  
misrepresentation. In the alternative, he was satisfied that the respondents had  
made out the defence of reasonable investigation under s. 138.4(6) of the OSA.  
[46] In arriving at this decision, the motion judge recognized that the result  
appeared contrary to what he had decided in respect of the leave motion, which  
he explained by reference to the different evidentiary records that were before him  
on each occasion, and the different standards the appellant was required to meet:  
proving only a reasonable possibility of success in the leave motion and proving  
the case on a balance of probabilities on summary judgment.  
Page: 24  
(1) The Evidence  
[47] The respondents had filed affidavit evidence from Pretium representatives  
Quartermain, Ovsenek and McNaughton. The motion judge noted that, although  
participant affidavits submitted seven years after the relevant time might be self-  
serving, these affidavits re-stated and expanded on the evidence adduced at the  
leave stage. He emphasized that this evidence was reinforced by the evidence of  
“independent witnesses”: Mr. Jones; Simon Dominy, Snowden’s bulk sampling  
expert; and Herbert Smith, a mining engineer who had peer-reviewed the 2013 and  
2014 Feasibility Studies.  
[48] The motion judge noted that, by contrast, the appellant led substantive  
evidence only from Mohan Srivastava, who was described by the motion judge as  
an “otherwise…well-credentialed mining expert who, by his own admission, had  
no involvement in the relevant events”. The motion judge noted that Mr. Srivastava  
had not spoken with any of the witnesses who participated in the relevant events,  
and that he offered no opinion on whether Strathcona’s concerns were even  
reasonable. Rather, for the most part, he had reviewed an incomplete selection of  
documents prepared by class counsel and he did not review Snowden’s Resource  
Model. Instead, Mr. Srivastava paraphrased Strathcona’s concerns, and  
“explicated” them from his own point of view. The motion judge concluded that  
“much, if not all, of this evidence – if indeed admissible is less than compelling  
and should probably be given little weight”: at para. 18.  
Page: 25  
[49] The motion judge considered important the appellant’s failure to provide  
evidence from Strathcona (including by compelling its representatives as third-  
party witnesses).3 Indeed, the motion judge observed that the appellant’s evidence  
left a lot to be desired” and that “actual evidence from Strathcona’s principals may  
have resulted in a more balanced assessment of its expertise in mineral resource  
estimation or its understanding of the VOK mineralization and appropriate  
measurement techniques”. Instead, the appellant relied almost exclusively on its  
expert, “whose contribution to the issues in play was of minimal value at best”: at  
paras. 19, 84.  
(2) The Motion Judge’s Findings  
[50] The motion judge explained that, while in the original leave motion he had  
concluded that “reasonable investors would have considered it material that two  
respected mining consultancies retained by Pretium…fundamentally disagreed as  
to whether there were valid mineral resources in the VOK zone of the Brucejack  
mine”, the initial characterization of Strathcona and Snowden as two equally skilled  
resource estimate consultants with equal expertise and qualifications, offering  
equally valid opinions, had now been dislodged by the evidence on the motions:  
“Strathcona was simply not as expert or as qualified as Snowden on the key issues  
3
The motion judge also noted that, while the appellant did not provide an affidavit, his examination for  
discovery transcript was filed, and confirmed that he did not rely on, nor was he even aware of, any of the  
impugned documents containing any of the alleged misrepresentations.  
Page: 26  
in play and based its unsolicited and inexpert (contrary) opinions on deeply flawed  
estimation methodology and data”. The motion judge was now satisfied on a  
preponderance of the evidence that Pretium acted properly throughout and was  
right in not disclosing what he characterized as “bad and misleading information”:  
at paras. 13-15.  
[51] The motion judge explained his findings of fact with reference to the  
evidence. First, he found that [g]iven the unique mineralization, the ‘only true test’  
of Snowden’s 2012 Mineral Resource Estimate was the milling of the 10,000-tonne  
bulk sample. He explained that the gold deposit at Brucejack is characterized by  
high-grade veinlets that are not dispersed in any uniform or linear fashion and that  
some 82% of the gold can be found in 1% of the rock. The motion judge described  
how Mr. Jones, who “understood how to best estimate the resource value of this  
unusual mineralization”, had explained how he prepared the Resource Estimate,  
and his recommendation that Pretium excavate and mill a 10,000-tonne sample in  
its entirety to test the estimate’s validity. The motion judge noted that Pretium  
allowed Strathcona to run the excavated bulk sample through a sample tower of  
Strathcona’s design and calibration, “but only on the understanding that the sample  
tower data would be disclosed together with the bulk sample mill results in  
Strathcona’s final report”. He noted that, in its public disclosures, Pretium  
repeatedly made clear that “the amount of gold and silver produced by the mill  
[would] be reported following completion of the milling of the bulk sample”, and that  
Page: 27  
“the representative samples extracted by the sample tower [would] be assayed  
and the assay results [would] be reported by Strathcona in their report on the [Bulk  
Sample] Program”. The motion judge stated the “important point” that “[f]rom the  
outset and throughout the class period…Pretium agreed with Snowden and  
repeatedly conveyed the message to Strathcona that ‘the only true test of the  
resource estimate’ was the actual milling of the entire 10,000-tonne bulk sample”:  
at paras. 26-33.  
[52] The motion judge’s second finding was that Strathcona’s unsolicited and  
inexpert opinions were premature and unreliable. The opinions were unsolicited  
because, while Strathcona was retained to design and oversee the 10,000-tonne  
BSP that Snowden had recommended, it had always been Snowden’s  
responsibility to interpret the BSP results once the entire bulk sample was milled  
and, if necessary, to adjust the Resource Estimate, and no one asked or needed  
Strathcona to opine on the validity of the Resource Estimate. The opinions were  
inexpert because Strathcona’s linear measurement approach assumed subject-  
matter consistency or “stationarity”, exactly the opposite of what was found in the  
uniquely variable Brucejack deposit. In this regard, the motion judge accepted  
Mr. Jones’ evidence that Strathcona’s experience preparing mineral resource  
estimates appeared to be limited to techniques that had been shown to understate  
the high-grade mineralization and underestimated the Brucejack Resource, and  
that Pretium and Snowden agreed that Strathcona did not have the ability and  
Page: 28  
knowledge to appropriately assess the Resource Estimate. Strathcona’s  
inexperience in this regard was acknowledged by Mr. Srivastava under cross-  
examination. Strathcona’s opinions were premature because Pretium had  
repeatedly advised it to wait for the results from the bulk sample before making  
conclusions. Finally, Strathcona’s opinions were also unreliable. Based on the  
evidence, the motion judge agreed with Pretium that Strathcona made two  
overarching errors in concluding that there were “no valid gold mineral resources”  
at Brucejack: Strathcona’s sample tower data were inherently unreliable because  
the sample tower results were not necessarily representative; and, as Mr. Jones  
explained, the simple linear measurement resource estimation technique that  
Strathcona was using was inappropriate for a variable deposit like Brucejack,  
where most of the gold is highly concentrated (the motion judge noted that  
Mr. Srivastava had also agreed with this observation): at paras. 34-52.  
[53] The motion judge’s third finding was that Pretium “acted properly throughout  
in its handling of Strathcona’s so-called concerns”. Pretium was clear in all public  
disclosures that the results of the BSP would not be disclosed until the bulk sample  
had been milled and the final report submitted. Additionally, every time Strathcona  
expressed a concern, Pretium discussed the matter internally and referred it to  
Snowden. The Pretium executives also vetted Strathcona’s concerns with the  
company’s disclosure committee and discussed them fully at two Board meetings.  
Page: 29  
The Board concluded on both occasions that Strathcona’s opinions were incorrect,  
and that it would be misleading to disclose erroneous opinions: at paras. 53-58.  
(3) The Motion Judge’s Conclusion  
[54] In light of his findings, the motion judge’s conclusion was unequivocal: “the  
Pretium defendants were under no obligation to disclose bad and misleading  
information. As such, there was no omission of any material fact”: at para. 59.  
[55] After setting out the definition of “material fact” from the OSA, the motion  
judge observed that “unreliable information is not a material fact”: at para. 61. He  
referred to a passage from Inmet Mining Corp. v. Homestake Canada Inc.,  
2003 BCCA 610, 38 B.L.R. (3d) 248, at para. 105, where the B.C. Court of Appeal  
concluded that, in order to determine the materiality of certain information that was  
not disclosed to the prospective purchaser of a gold mine, it was necessary to  
assess its objective reliability. He also referred to the Nova Scotia Supreme Court  
decision Amirault v. Westminer Canada Ltd. (1993), 120 N.S.R. (2d) 91, at  
para. 581, where preliminary mining results were not required to be disclosed  
where “within a day or week the sample grade may change upward dramatically”.  
[56] The motion judge also referred to para. 65 of Sharbern Holding, where the  
Supreme Court observed that the statutory requirement of disclosing material  
information does not impose an obligation on issuers to “disclose all facts” as this  
Page: 30  
would “overwhelm investors with information and impair, rather than enhance, their  
ability to make decisions”.  
[57] The motion judge concluded by stating that [b]y any objective measure,  
Pretium was not obliged to publicly disclose information that was premature,  
unreliable and ‘dead wrong’ – these were not material facts that would assist a  
reasonable investor in making an informed investment decision”: at para. 67  
(emphasis in the original).  
(4) The Reasonable Investigation Defence  
[58] The motion judge concluded that, if he was wrong in the analysis he had just  
completed, he would find in the alternative, on the evidence before him, that the  
defendants had satisfied both prongs of the “reasonable investigation” defence.  
He noted that the additional evidence adduced on the summary judgment motions,  
in particular the evidence of Mr. Jones and the other independent experts, added  
an important objective dimension to the defendants’ subjective perspective of why  
the Strathcona data were “inherently unreliable”, such that the second branch of  
the reasonable investigation defence had been satisfied. The motion judge agreed  
with, and quoted from, a decision dismissing the claim in parallel U.S. proceedings,  
where, among other things, the court upheld a reasonable investigation defence,  
concluding that Pretium was entitled to take a reasonable period of time that is,  
Page: 31  
until October 22, 2013, when the first mill results were delivered and Pretium  
“disclosed the disagreement”, to investigate Strathcona’s concerns.  
V.  
DISCUSSION  
[59] The appellant submits that the motion judge erred in concluding that  
Pretium’s failure to disclose Strathcona’s concerns was not a misrepresentation by  
the omission of a material fact. In particular, the appellant contends that the motion  
judge applied the correct test for a material fact at the leave stage, but a different,  
and incorrect, test when, on the summary judgment motion, he injected the  
irrelevant consideration of reliability, and relied on post hoc evidence of Pretium’s  
subjective views and its business judgment.4  
[60] After identifying the appropriate standard of review in this appeal, I will  
address the appellant’s arguments.  
(1) Standard of Review  
[61] The appellant contends that the standard of review is correctness.  
Essentially, the appellant advances what he says are legal errors. The  
4
In his factum the appellant also made a procedural argument, that the motion judge should not have  
resolved “complex mining issues substantively disputed” between parties on a summary judgment motion.  
This argument was understandably not pressed in oral argument. Both sides brought mirror motions,  
seeking to have the certified common issues resolved by summary judgment. This court has consistently  
held that a party who has participated in a process below without complaint cannot object to this process  
on appeal: Maurice v. Alles, 2016 ONCA 287, 130 O.R. (3d) 452, at para. 25; Meridian Credit Union Ltd. v.  
Baig, 2016 ONCA 150, 394 D.L.R. (4th) 601, at para. 17, leave to appeal refused, [2016] S.C.C.A. No. 173;  
Harris v. Leikin Group Inc., 2014 ONCA 479, 120 O.R. (3d) 508, at para. 53. Here, the appellant not only  
acquiesced to the summary judgment process he brought his own cross-motion.  
Page: 32  
respondents disagree, asserting that the standard of review is palpable and  
overriding error because what the motion judge had to decide involved questions  
of fact alone or of mixed law and fact.  
[62] Typically, whether a defendant made a misrepresentation by the omission  
of a material fact is a question of mixed fact and law, and subject to a palpable and  
overriding error standard of review: Sharbern Holding, at para. 45; Housen v.  
Nikolaisen, 2002 SCC 33, [2002] 2 S.C.R. 235, at para. 36. To the extent that an  
extricable legal issue is identified, the standard of review is correctness: Mask v.  
Silvercorp Metals Inc., 2016 ONCA 641, 132 O.R. (3d) 161, at paras. 37-38, leave  
to appeal application discontinued, [2016] S.C.C.A. No. 454. The legal test for what  
constitutes a “material fact” under the OSA may constitute a question of law,  
subject to review on a correctness standard. However, absent an error in the legal  
standard, the motion judge’s determination that there was no omission of a  
material fact is subject to deference, and to review on a palpable and overriding  
error standard: A.M. Gold Inc. v. Kaizen Discovery Inc., 2022 BCCA 21, at  
para. 60, leave to appeal requested, [2022] S.C.C.A. No. 89.  
Page: 33  
(2) Whether Strathcona’s Concerns Were a Material Fact Whose  
Omission Constituted a Misrepresentation  
(i)  
The Alleged Misrepresentations  
[63] The point of departure is Part XXIII.1 of the OSA, which provides for civil  
liability for secondary market misrepresentation. Section 138.3 sets out the  
statutory cause of action as follows:  
138.3 (1) Where a responsible issuer…releases a document that  
contains a misrepresentation, a person or company who acquires or  
disposes of the issuer’s security during the period between the time  
when the document was released and the time when the  
misrepresentation contained in the document was publicly corrected  
has, without regard to whether the person or company relied on the  
misrepresentation, a right of action for damages…  
[64] Misrepresentation” as defined in s. 1(1) includes (b) an omission to state a  
material fact that is required to be stated or that is necessary to make a statement  
not misleading in light of the circumstances in which it was made”. A “material fact”,  
in turn, is defined as “a fact that would reasonably be expected to have a significant  
effect on the market price or value of the securities”.  
[65] In the present case it is not alleged that Strathcona’s concerns were a  
material fact that was “required to be stated” (such as a “material change” as  
defined elsewhere in s. 1(1)). Rather, the allegation is that Pretium made a  
misrepresentation by omission of a “material fact that [was]… necessary to make  
a statement not misleading in the light of the circumstances in which it was made”.  
Page: 34  
[66] Certified issue (a) that was before the motion judge was whether Pretium  
released documents on July 23, August 1, August 15, September 9,  
September 23, October 3 or October 9, 2013 that contained misrepresentations as  
pleaded in the Claim. The Claim asserted that the impugned documents contained  
material misrepresentations “as they omitted to state an adverse material fact that  
Strathcona, the Qualified Person responsible for the [BSP], had formed and  
communicated to Pretium its belief that the [BSP] was failing to confirm the validity  
of the [Resource Estimate], including the grade distribution and classification of  
Mineral Resources contained in the [Resource Estimate], and by necessary  
extension the validity of the Feasibility Study”. While this is how the  
misrepresentations are specifically referred to in the Claim, in the proceedings the  
motion judge and the parties (including on appeal) referred to the omitted  
information as “Strathcona’s concerns”.  
[67] There was no question that Strathcona had communicated concerns to  
Pretium in the course of its work on the BSP; the issue before the motion judge  
was whether Strathcona’s concerns were a material fact, where the omission to  
state that fact in Pretium’s public disclosures during the Class Period rendered any  
statement contained therein misleading and, thereby, constituted a  
“misrepresentation” as defined by the OSA.  
Page: 35  
[68] In oral argument, the appellant relied almost exclusively on the Supreme  
Court’s decision in Sharbern Holding as authority for what constitutes a material  
fact in the context of a misrepresentation by omission.  
[69] Because Sharbern Holding occupied a central role in the appellant’s  
submissions, I will begin my analysis by setting out what that case says about the  
legal test for a material fact in the context of securities disclosure, and how  
materiality is to be determined in a particular case. I will then address the  
appellant’s arguments and explain why I have concluded that the motion judge  
applied the correct test and made no palpable and overriding error in his  
conclusion that Strathcona’s concerns were not a material fact that Pretium was  
required to disclose, and for that reason, in his dismissal of the misrepresentation  
claim.  
(ii) Sharbern Holding  
[70] Sharbern Holding is a decision of the Supreme Court that addresses the  
materiality of omitted information in the context of an alleged misrepresentation. At  
issue was information that was not disclosed by Vancouver Airport Centre Ltd.  
(VAC), in its marketing of strata lots in two hotels (a Hilton and a Marriott) it was  
developing on the same property. At trial, VAC was found liable at common law  
and under s. 75 of the Real Estate Act, R.S.B.C. 1996, c. 397, for having made  
material false statements in its disclosure documents when it failed to disclose to  
Page: 36  
prospective purchasers of the Hilton units the more favourable financial  
arrangements it had offered to purchasers of the Marriott units. It was alleged that  
the Disclosure Statement (a document required under the Real Estate Act) for the  
Hilton units made actionable misrepresentations when it stated that VAC had  
entered into agreements with the Marriott that were “similar in form and substance”  
to those governing the Hilton, and that VAC was not aware of any existing or  
potential conflicts of interest that could reasonably be expected to materially affect  
the purchaser’s investment decision.  
[71] The B.C. Court of Appeal allowed VAC’s appeal, concluding that, based on  
VAC’s extensive factual and expert evidence concerning actual and industry  
practice in the management of multiple hotels by a single entity, and the absence  
of evidence to objectively support that a reasonable investor would have been  
concerned about the details of the financial arrangements, the omitted information  
was not material.  
[72] On further appeal, the Supreme Court concluded that the trial judge erred in  
finding that the omitted facts were “inherently” material and in not considering their  
materiality in light of the evidence. In his reasons for a unanimous court, Rothstein  
J. addressed in detail the meaning of materialityin the context of the requirement  
to disclose material facts, including the standard of proof that is required and the  
type of evidence that is relevant.  
Page: 37  
[73] At para. 45, Rothstein J. formulated the test for the materiality of an omitted  
fact as follows:  
An omitted fact is material if there is a substantial  
likelihood that a reasonable shareholder would consider  
it important in deciding how to vote…Put another way,  
there must be a substantial likelihood that the disclosure  
of the omitted fact would have been viewed by the  
reasonable investor as having significantly altered the  
"total mix" of information made available” [citing TSC  
Industries Inc. v. Northway Inc., 426 U.S. 438 (1976), a  
leading U.S. case dealing with proxy solicitations, at  
p. 449].  
[74] He observed that: “materiality” involves the application of a legal standard  
to particular facts; it is a question of mixed law and fact, determined objectively  
from the perspective of a reasonable investor; and, it is a fact-specific inquiry to be  
determined on a case-by-case basis in light of all relevant considerations and from  
the surrounding circumstances forming the total mix of information made available  
to investors: at para. 61.  
[75] Rothstein J. explained that the requirement that the material fact “would”,  
rather than “might”, have been considered important by a reasonable investor  
creates a “standard tending toward probability rather than toward mere possibility”:  
at para. 49. He held that issuers are not under an obligation to “disclose all facts  
that would permit an investor to sort out what was material and what was not”, and  
that doing so would “overwhelm investors with information and impair, rather than  
enhance, their ability to make decisions”: at para. 65.  
Page: 38  
[76] He explained that the materiality of a fact, statement or omission is  
something that must be proven by the party alleging materiality, except in those  
cases where common sense inferences are sufficient. He described the required  
analysis for materiality in the case of an omission as follows, at para. 61:  
A court must first look at the disclosed information and  
the omitted information. A court may also consider  
contextual evidence which helps to explain, interpret, or  
place the omitted information in a broader factual setting,  
provided it is viewed in the context of the disclosed  
information. As well, evidence of concurrent or  
subsequent conduct or events that would shed light on  
potential or actual behaviour of persons in the same or  
similar situations is relevant to the materiality  
assessment. However, the predominant focus must be  
on a contextual consideration of what information was  
disclosed, and what facts or information were omitted  
from the disclosure documents provided by the issuer.  
[Emphasis added.]  
(iii) The Alleged Errors  
[77] The appellant contends that, in deciding the summary judgment motion, the  
motion judge departed from the teachings of Sharbern Holding by injecting a new  
and irrelevant factor of “reliability”. The appellant says that, not only is reliability  
entirely absent from Rothstein J.’s discussion, but that by considering the reliability  
of the information or fact that was withheld, the motion judge ignored the court’s  
exhortation, at para. 51, that, “[g]iven that materiality is determined objectively,  
from the perspective of a reasonable investorthe subjective views of the issuer  
do not come into play when assessing materiality”. The appellant contends that  
Page: 39  
the motion judge improperly relied on Pretium’s subjective views and business  
judgment, in finding Strathcona’s concerns to be unreliable and, therefore, not  
material information that had to be disclosed. The appellant says that the reliability  
of the information should play no role at all: whether or not Pretium agreed with  
Strathcona’s concerns, they needed to be disclosed, so that the market could  
make up its own mind.  
[78] I would not give effect to the appellant’s arguments, which I will address in  
turn.  
(iv) The Motion Judge Applied the Correct Test  
[79] I am not persuaded that the motion judge applied a test that was wrong at  
law when he determined that the Strathcona concerns were not material  
information, in part because they were unreliable. As I will explain, although the  
motion judge did not repeat the principles from Sharbern Holding that he previously  
set out in his leave decision, he undertook an analysis that was consistent with,  
and did not depart from, the framework articulated in that case. Moreover, the  
motion judge properly focused on the relevant factors, including reliability, in  
concluding that Strathcona’s concerns, which were the expression of an opinion,  
did not constitute a material fact that ought to have been disclosed.  
[80] The motion judge was right to begin his analysis by identifying the alleged  
misrepresentations. At para. 21 he set out what the appellant himself had pleaded:  
Page: 40  
that the respondents made misrepresentations in each of the impugned  
documents by omitting Strathcona’s concerns that “the Bulk Sample Program was  
failing to confirm the validity of the [Resource Estimate], including the grade  
distribution and classification of Mineral Resources contained in the [Resource  
Estimate], and by necessary extension the validity of the [Feasibility Study].  
[81] The motion judge identified as the central issue the materiality of the  
information that was not disclosed. He noted that the case was in essence about  
the opinions expressed by Strathcona about the validity of Snowden’s Resource  
Estimate and the related Feasibility Study that the Resource Estimate was  
“unreliable”, “invalid”, “materially inaccurate” and “incorrect”, that immediate public  
disclosure to this effect was required, and ultimately (in its resignation letter) that  
“there [were] no valid gold mineral resources for the VOK zone”, and that all of  
Pretium’s disclosures suggesting the opposite were “erroneous and misleading”:  
at paras. 34 and 35. These were strongly stated opinions, with which Pretium  
disagreed. As I explain below, it was relevant for the motion judge to assess the  
objective reliability of Strathcona’s concerns, for the purpose of determining  
whether they were material facts that would assist a reasonable investor to make  
an informed investment decision.  
[82] The motion judge, as Sharbern Holding instructs, undertook a “fact-specific  
inquiry” in light of all relevant considerations. He assessed the “contextual  
evidence”, examining both the disclosed information and the omitted information.  
Page: 41  
He considered Strathcona’s role, the record of communications and the evidence  
of Snowden (which had not been presented at the leave stage) to conclude that  
Strathcona was expressing opinions prematurely, outside the scope of its retainer  
and based on faulty assumptions. His characterization of Strathcona’s opinions as  
inexpert, unsolicited, premature and unreliable was firmly anchored in the  
evidence. He explained why he accepted the respondents’ evidence respecting  
Strathcona’s concerns, and why he was unpersuaded by the appellant’s evidence.  
(I note that the appellant does not contest the motion judge’s findings of fact, or  
point to any palpable and overriding error, except, as discussed below, to suggest  
that the finding that Strathcona’s concerns were unreliable relied on post hoc  
evidence and Pretium’s subjective views).  
[83] The motion judge considered the omitted information in the context of  
Pretium’s public disclosures see, for example, paras. 30 and 53. He considered  
the public communications about the BSP, noting that the market expected the  
reporting on the BSP and its effect on the Resource Estimate to occur at the  
completion of the program, after the bulk sample had been milled and the final  
report submitted: at para. 53.  
[84] Referring to the definition of misrepresentation in the OSA, the motion judge  
concluded that there was no omission of any material fact because the  
respondents were not obliged to disclose “bad and misleading information”: at  
para. 59.  
Page: 42  
[85] In my view, the motion judge adopted a contextual and fact-specific  
approach to the materiality of Strathcona’s concerns and, in particular, whether  
they were material facts that were required to be disclosed. He conducted a  
detailed review of the evidence on the summary judgment motion, and explained,  
by reference to such evidence, why he concluded that Strathcona’s concerns were  
premature, inexpert and unreliable, and in turn, by reference to the disclosure  
already made, “were not material facts that would assist a reasonable investor in  
making an informed investment decision”. I will now address the appellant’s  
discrete concerns with the motion judge’s analysis.  
a.  
The reliability of Strathcona’s concerns was a relevant consideration  
in the context of this case  
[86] The motion judge concluded that Strathcona’s concerns were not reliable  
because Strathcona made two overarching errors: its sample tower data were  
inherently unreliable because they were based on samples that were not  
necessarily representative; and, the resource estimation technique that Strathcona  
was using (based on the assumption of “stationarity” of the resource) was  
inappropriate for a variable deposit like Brucejack, where most of the gold is highly  
concentrated in narrow veins.  
[87] I do not agree with the appellant’s submission that the motion judge erred in  
considering the reliability of Strathcona’s concerns as part of his materiality  
Page: 43  
analysis. While the reliability of omitted information is not necessarily relevant to  
the question of materiality in all cases, it was relevant here, together with the  
observations that Strathcona’s concerns were premature and expressed outside  
its own lane.  
[88] The appellant is correct that reliability was not identified as a component of  
a “material fact” in Sharbern Holding. In that case, however, the quality or reliability  
of the omitted information was not at issue: there were in fact more favourable  
financial arrangements offered to the Marriott unit purchasers and there was in fact  
a potential or actual conflict of interest. The only question was whether the trial  
judge erred in concluding that these facts were material and that their omission  
from VAC’s Disclosure Statement was, accordingly, a misrepresentation.  
[89] In the present case, by contrast, what was omitted was not (as in Sharbern  
Holding, and many other material fact cases), an undisputed fact. The omitted  
information was the expression of an opinion by Strathcona that the BSP was  
failing to confirm the validity of the Resource Estimate, and by necessary extension  
the validity of the Feasibility Study. While the appellant argues that it was the fact  
of Strathcona having expressed an adverse opinion that was material, it is the  
substance of the opinion that Strathcona was urging Pretium to disclose, and  
indeed that the appellant asserts was a “material adverse fact”. The appellant, at  
para. 35 of his factum, asserts that “the Claim alleges that Strathcona’s concerns  
were material facts that Pretium was required, but omitted to disclose in its public  
Page: 44  
statements at the time”. The opinion was offered in the course of, and before  
completion of, the BSP. It was based on sample tower results and Strathcona’s  
field observations. It was an opinion that was not shared by Pretium or Snowden.  
In determining the materiality of such an opinion to a reasonable investor it was  
relevant to consider, among other things, its objective reliability.5  
[90] The motion judge, in considering the reliability of Strathcona’s concerns,  
referred to Inmet, a decision of the B.C. Court of Appeal that also dealt with the  
materiality of an opinion in the context of disclosure. The action involved an alleged  
breach of contract for the sale of a gold mine. The purchaser asserted that it was  
relieved of liability for its refusal to complete the purchase because of the vendor’s  
breach of a disclosure clause in the contract. Among other things, the court  
considered whether certain information expressing concerns about ore reserves  
and expressions of doubt, speculations and recommendations for further  
investigation of Inmet employees and consultants following a blasthole study was  
individually or cumulatively “material fact information”. The court observed that the  
5 There is case law in Ontario in the secondary market misrepresentation context (see for example Miller v.  
FSD Pharma, Inc., 2020 ONSC 4054) that adopts a “market impact” test for materiality, rather than the  
“reasonable investor” approach in Sharbern Holding and other cases. While the appellant points this out in  
his factum, at para. 49 he states, “[w]hile the subtleties of the two definitions of materiality may be important  
in some situations, that is not the case here”, reiterating his position that “[u]nder either approach,  
Strathcona’s Concerns were material for Pretium’s investors and the market for its securities”. I agree that  
nothing turns in this case on whether one or the other approach is appropriate in all or particular cases, and  
I express no view in that regard. The parties agreed that whether an omission is a material fact is governed  
by the principles in Sharbern Holding and joined issue on whether the motion judge adopted an approach  
on summary judgment that was consistent with the principles outlined in that case.  
Page: 45  
question was not, as the trial judge had opined, whether the information was  
subsequently proven to be true or accurate, but that “the analysis of whether any  
of the undisclosed information was material fact informationhas to include an  
assessment of its objective reliability”: at paras. 104-5.  
[91] Similarly, in the present case, in assessing whether Strathcona’s concerns  
which were also the expression of an opinion constituted a material fact, their  
objective reliability was a relevant consideration. Reliability does not mean that the  
information was proven to be true. Nor does it depend on an issuer’s subjective  
views. Sharbern Holding instructs that materiality is determined objectively, from  
the perspective of a reasonable investor whether there is a substantial likelihood  
that the disclosure of the information would have been viewed by the reasonable  
investor as having significantly altered the total mix of information made available:  
at para. 61. Whether omitted information constitutes a material fact depends in part  
on the nature of the information, and how it would be considered by a reasonable  
investor not in a vacuum, but in the context of the disclosure already made. The  
motion judge was required to consider the omitted information in context.  
[92] This ties into a related argument made by the appellant, that Strathcona’s  
concerns were material because a reasonable investor would have considered this  
information to be important in light of the information that was already public. The  
appellant contends that, as soon as Pretium chose to talk about Strathcona and  
the BSP in its news releases and other disclosure, it was required to disclose  
Page: 46  
Strathcona’s concerns based on its visual observations, the underground drilling  
and the sample tower, so long as the concerns were not retracted. The appellant  
relies on the fact that the BSP was highlighted in the disclosure and that Strathcona  
was a recognized mining expert that was responsible for the program. Even if  
Strathcona’s concerns were not true or accurate, they were from a source that was  
already within the total mix of information. By remaining silent, Pretium  
misrepresented that the BSP was proceeding “business as usual”. In providing  
updates on the BSP without disclosing adverse facts, Pretium’s disclosures were  
misleading.  
[93] I disagree. The problem with this argument is that it takes an unwarranted  
“broad brush” approach to the question of disclosure and material facts, that is  
inconsistent with the fact-specific inquiry mandated by Sharbern Holding. What is  
required is an objective determination considering what was occurring and  
known by the issuer within the context of the total mix of information of what  
would have been important to a reasonable investor, and whether the failure to  
disclose the information would render misleading something already stated in the  
issuer’s disclosure.  
[94] In this case, the disclosure that had already been made about the BSP  
and Strathcona’s role, and their relationship with the Resource Estimate and the  
Feasibility Study – is an essential part of the context. While Strathcona’s  
responsibility for the BSP was addressed in Pretium’s disclosures, none of the  
Page: 47  
disclosures suggested that Strathcona was to analyze and report on testing of the  
bulk sample through the sample tower, that the Resource Estimate would be  
assessed before the milling of the entire bulk sample was completed and  
Strathcona had provided its report, or that Strathcona was expected to opine on  
the Resource Estimate or the Feasibility Study, based on the sample tower results,  
or at all. The motion judge concluded, at para. 53, that “[f]rom the outset, Pretium  
made clear in its public disclosures that the results of the Bulk Sample Program  
would not be disclosed until the bulk sample had been milled and the final report  
submitted”.  
[95] There was also nothing in the information that had been publicly disclosed  
to suggest that the tower sample results were already confirming the Resource  
Estimate or that Strathcona’s work was endorsing it. Indeed, the evidence was that  
the market had adopted a “wait and see” approach. A secondary market  
misrepresentation by omission requires evidence that disclosure already made is  
misleading because of the omission. The appellant was unable to point to anything  
specific in the impugned documents that was misleading as a result of the failure  
to communicate Strathcona’s concerns.6  
6 In his factum the appellant suggests that the impugned disclosures “portrayed that the BSP’s results were  
continuing to affirm the accuracy of the Resource Estimate and Feasibility Study”, however there is nothing  
in the public disclosures to support this statement. The further suggestion that the August 1, 2013 MD&A  
Page: 48  
[96] If the information available to the market suggested otherwise that, for  
example, Strathcona was expected to express its views on the Resource Estimate  
as its work on the BSP progressed then, presumably Strathcona’s concerns  
would have had to have been disclosed. In such circumstances, the failure to  
disclose Strathcona’s concerns would have constituted the omission of material  
information, irrespective of their reliability. However, a negative opinion expressed  
prematurely by a QP who had not yet completed its work, that was based on  
incomplete information outside what it was required to do (and what had been  
represented that it would do), would not have been material to a reasonable  
investor. In fact, it would have been misleading to have disclosed such information.  
The approach suggested by the appellant, that such disclosure should have been  
made so that investors could have decided what to do with the information, was  
squarely rejected by Rothstein J. at para. 65 of Sharbern Holding:  
[The trial judge] said that the conflict of interest must  
be disclosed so that investors can weigh its costs and  
benefits against those of other factors. However, the  
statutory requirement does not impose on issuers an  
obligation to disclose all facts that would permit an  
investor to sort out what was material and what was not.  
This approach would not only result in excessive  
disclosure, regardless of materiality, it would overwhelm  
informed the market that the “BSP will confirm that the resource model is accurately projecting the Mineral  
Resource estimate within the bulk sample area”, takes the statement out of its context, which, together with  
earlier statements, makes it clear that the BSP work that was designed to test two domains of mineralization  
used in the Resource Estimate was for the purpose of confirming the Resource Model projections. Similar  
statements were made before the Class Period, in describing the BSP. None of this was pressed in oral  
argument, where the essence of the alleged misrepresentation was that it was “business as usual”.  
Page: 49  
investors with information and impair, rather than  
enhance, their ability to make decisions.  
[97] Accordingly, in this particular case, the reliability of the information provided  
by Strathcona was relevant in assessing whether Pretium omitted material facts  
from its disclosure that ought to have been disclosed for the benefit of “the  
reasonable investor”. The motion judge made findings of fact that Strathcona’s  
concerns, which were opinions, were based on objectively unreliable information,  
that they were premature, and that they were expressed outside the scope of the  
work Strathcona had been engaged to perform. Disclosure of facts that the motion  
judge found to be objectively unreliable would not have benefitted the “reasonable  
investor” but would have led to the kind of mischief in the market that the disclosure  
obligations under the OSA seek to obviate.  
[98] As such, I would not give effect to the appellant’s submission that the motion  
judge erred in considering the reliability of Strathcona’s concerns as part of his  
analysis.  
b.  
The motion judge did not rely on post hoc evidence or defer to  
Pretium’s subjective views  
[99] The appellant submits that the motion judge’s assessment of materiality  
relied on a post hoc evaluation that accepted Pretium’s subjective opinions and  
business judgment. There is simply no basis for this contention.  
Page: 50  
[100] First, the evidence adduced on the summary judgment motion was not  
post hoc evidence that was created with the benefit of hindsight. Although  
assembled years after the relevant events, the respondents’ evidence included  
emails and letters that showed the discussions about Strathcona’s concerns by the  
relevant actors at Pretium at the time and, importantly, included Snowden’s  
contemporaneous views. The affidavits of Pretium and Snowden representatives  
spoke to the views they had expressed to Strathcona when the events were  
unfolding, which were consistent with what was contained in the contemporaneous  
communications. The evidentiary record showed that, during the Class Period,  
Pretium was actively engaging with Strathcona and raising exactly the same  
concerns as it did on the summary judgment motion, namely that Strathcona had  
always been skeptical of the modelling method used in the Feasibility Study, that  
it prematurely and outside its own lane” expressed an opinion that the Resource  
Estimate over-estimated the gold grade, even with very little data, and that the  
sample tower method was not a representative sample.  
[101] The motion judge’s findings were based on evidence dating from the Class  
Period, and he did not adopt a hindsight assessment of whether Strathcona’s  
concerns were justified or correct.  
[102] Nor did the motion judge simply accept Pretium’s subjective views or  
business judgment. While on the leave motion, the motion judge concluded that  
Pretium’s subjective views were not sufficient to displace the “objective reality that  
Page: 51  
Strathcona, an experienced mining consultant, was telling Pretium that its testing  
was showing almost no gold”, he observed that the initial characterization of the  
two consultants as equally skilled resource estimate consultants with equal  
expertise and qualifications offering equally valid opinions” had been dislodged by  
the evidence on the summary judgment motions: at paras. 12-14. He concluded  
that the additional evidence adduced on the summary judgment motions added  
“an important objective dimension” to Pretium’s view that the Strathcona concerns  
were “inherently unreliable”: at para. 74.  
[103] Contrary to the appellant’s submission, the motion judge did not allow  
Pretium’s business judgment to qualify or undermine its duty of disclosure. In Kerr  
v. Danier Leather Inc., 2007 SCC 44, [2007] 3 S.C.R. 331, the company, after  
making public a prospectus forecast, and between the release of the forecast and  
the offer closing, did not disclose that its fourth quarter numbers were lagging and  
did not match the forecast. Instead, management relied on its belief that by year-  
end the company would achieve or exceed the forecast. When numbers kept  
dropping, the information was disclosed, and stock prices dropped. Binnie J. held  
that “[t]he Business Judgment Rule is a concept well-developed in the context of  
business decisions but should not be used to qualify or undermine the duty of  
disclosure”: at para. 54 (emphasis in original). In this case, Pretium did not base  
its disclosure decision on the belief that further work on the BSP would provide  
favourable results. Instead, its representatives were reasonably of the view –  
Page: 52  
supported by the opinions of the consultant responsible for the Resource Estimate  
that the results from the BSP could only be accurate upon completion of the  
project, which included milling the sample at the Montana mill. This was consistent  
with the contemporaneous evidence of the behaviour of institutional investors. The  
market was adopting a “wait and see” approach. It may have been a “business as  
usual” message, but the failure to disclose Strathcona’s concerns did not render  
any prior statement by Pretium misleading.  
[104] The motion judge considered the materiality of the information that was  
withheld in the circumstances that existed at the time, not with hindsight, and he  
did not defer to Pretium’s business judgment. He considered the evidence of  
contemporaneous communications between Pretium and Snowden, internally at  
Pretium (including to its board of directors) and between Pretium and Strathcona,  
about Strathcona’s concerns, including the substance of Strathcona’s opinions and  
advice and the obligation to make disclosure.  
c.  
What is a material fact does not depend on “reasoning backwards”  
from the alleged public correction  
[105] In a similar argument, the appellant asserts that the fact that Pretium’s share  
price dropped precipitously after the October 9 and 22, 2013 news releases (the  
latter of which he characterizes as a corrective disclosure, or, using the words of  
Page: 53  
the OSA, a public correction), confirms that Strathcona’s concerns must have been  
material.  
[106] In this case it is not admitted that the October 22, 2013 news release  
constituted a public correction in the sense that it corrected information that was  
previously misstated. The respondents assert that what is alleged to have been a  
public correction in fact corrected nothing from the previous disclosures. The  
disclosure was made in order to inform the market that Pretium’s expert  
responsible for the BSP was leaving the project unexpectedly, and it was in this  
context that Strathcona’s concerns and Pretium’s responses were communicated.  
There was no correction of previous information, since Strathcona had remained  
on the project during the Class Period, and had confirmed that it would complete  
the BSP, even after it began expressing concerns. Nor did the October news  
releases validate Strathcona’s concerns.  
[107] Even in cases where it is admitted or obvious that there was a public  
correction, the market response, while relevant to materiality, is not determinative:  
Peters v. SNC-Lavalin Group Inc., 2021 ONSC 5021, at paras. 195, 197. And, as  
Ducharme J. noted in Cornish v. Ontario Securities Commission,  
2013 ONSC 1310, 306 O.A.C. 107 (Div. Ct.), in connection with a material change,  
“if the material change is disclosed by the issuer along with other information, the  
market reaction to the combined disclosure may not be a reliable indicator of the  
market impact of the disclosure of one particular piece of information in isolation”:  
Page: 54  
at para. 59. In this case the appellant led no evidence to tie the decline in Pretium’s  
share price to the disclosure of Strathcona’s concerns.  
[108] Here, as in Peters, it would be “reasoning backwards” from a “precipitous  
decline in the market value of the issuer’s shares” to infer that the omitted  
information was material. As such, the decline in the market at the time of the  
October 2013 news releases says very little, if anything, about the materiality of  
Strathcona’s concerns.  
VI. CONCLUSION  
[109] The motion judge did not err in his analysis. He was correct to consider the  
omitted information’s reliability, in the context of the public disclosures already  
made, when concluding that Pretium had not made misrepresentations by  
omission. The objective unreliability of Strathcona’s concerns, as well as their  
prematurity and the fact that they were expressed by Strathcona outside its own  
lane”, was relevant to whether a reasonable investor would have viewed the  
information as having significantly altered the total mix of information. The motion  
judge did not rely on post hoc evidence or Pretium’s subjective views in his  
analysis. The evidence he accepted consisted of the contemporaneous views of  
Pretium and Snowden, which provided an objective picture of the merits of  
Strathcona’s concerns at the relevant time. And, the drop in share price in October  
2013 after the public announcement of Strathcona’s resignation and the reasons  
Page: 55  
therefor, did not provide evidence of misrepresentations by omission in the earlier  
disclosures.  
[110] Finally, I would observe that the motion judge’s analysis does not run afoul  
of the well-canvassed policy objectives of securities regulation. It is trite that a core  
objective of the continuous disclosure regime is the protection of investors through  
the “full, true and plain disclosure of all material facts”: Pacific Coast Coin  
Exchange of Canada Ltd. v. Ontario (Securities Commission), [1978] 2 S.C.R. 112,  
at p. 126. Continuous disclosure creates “a ‘level playing field’ where all investors  
have access to the same information and all pricing and investment decisions are  
made from the same starting point”: Theratechnologies Inc. v. 121851 Canada  
Inc., 2015 SCC 18, [2015] 2 S.C.R. 106, at para. 25. Continuous disclosure in the  
secondary market is “at the heart of securities regulation and must be scrupulously  
accurate and fair”: Rahimi v. SouthGobi Resources Ltd., 2017 ONCA 719,  
137 O.R. (3d) 241, at para. 80, leave to appeal refused, [2017] S.C.C.A. No. 443.  
None of these policy objectives would have been served by the disclosure of  
Strathcona’s concerns in the factual circumstances of this case.  
[111] The motion judge reasonably concluded that the objectively unreliable and  
erroneous opinion of Strathcona, which was offered prematurely and outside its  
own lane”, was not a material fact that was required to be disclosed in the context  
of the disclosures already made. The motion judge did not reach his conclusion by  
changing the legal test from the leave stage to the summary judgment stage.  
Page: 56  
Rather, the appellant’s evidence, which was sufficient to make out a reasonable  
possibility of success at the leave stage, did not withstand the higher burden of  
proof on the summary judgment motion. The motion judge did not err in finding, on  
a preponderance of the evidence, that there were no omissions of material fact  
and thus no misrepresentations to ground a claim under s. 138.3.  
VII. DISPOSITION  
[112] For these reasons, I would dismiss the appeal and I would award the  
respondents their costs of the appeal in the agreed amount of $50,000, inclusive  
of HST and disbursements.  
Released: July 22, 2022 “K.M.v.R.”  
“K. van Rensburg J.A.”  
“I agree. L.B. Roberts J.A.”  
I agree. E. Ria Tzimas, J. (AD HOC)”  


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