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SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K
X ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE
SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended June 30, 1997
OR
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE
SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from to
Commission file number 1-12830
BioTime, Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
California 94-3127919
(State or other jurisdiction of (I.R.S. Employer
incorporation or organization) Identification No.)
935 Pardee Street, Berkeley, California 94710
(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)
Registrant's telephone number, including area code (510) 845-9535
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b)
of the Act:
Common Shares, no par value
(Title of Class)
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports
required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of
1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the
registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such
filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes X No
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to
Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained,
to the best of registrant's knowledge, in definitive proxy or information
statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any
amendment to this Form 10-K. [ X ]
The approximate aggregate market value of voting stock held by nonaffiliates of
the registrant was $105,070,000 as of September 22, 1997.
3,266,193
(Number of Common Shares outstanding as of September 22, 1997)
Documents Incorporated by Reference
None
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PART I
Item 1. Description of Business
Overview
BioTime, Inc. is a development stage company engaged in the research
and development of aqueous based synthetic solutions that can be used as blood
plasma volume expanders, blood substitutes during hypothermic (low temperature)
surgery, and organ preservation solutions. These products are intended for
several important medical applications, including: the emergency treatment of
blood loss due to traumatic injury or during surgery; cardio-pulmonary bypass
surgery; the replacement of very large volumes of a patient's blood during
cardiac surgery and neurosurgery that involve lowering the patient's body
temperature to hypothermic levels; the preservation of body organs and tissues
awaiting transplant; cancer treatment; and other biomedical applications.
Because the Company's solutions are synthetic, rather than human blood
by-products, use of the solutions would not pose the risk of transmitting AIDS,
hepatitis or other blood borne infectious diseases, and would not have to be
matched to a patient's blood type.
The Company's first three blood replacement products are Hextend,(R)
PentaLyte,(R) and HetaCoolTM which are composed of a hydroxyethyl starch,
electrolytes, sugar and a buffer. The Company believes that a solution that
sustains the patient's fluid volume and physiological balance, thereby
maintaining tissue and organ function, can reduce or eliminate the need for
supplemental whole blood and blood products such as blood plasma, blood proteins
and albumin. Based upon the results of its laboratory research, the Company has
determined that in many emergency care and surgical applications, it is not
necessary for the solution to include special oxygen carrying molecules to
replace red blood cells. Therefore, the Company has devoted its efforts to the
development of formulations that do not rely upon the use of recombinant DNA or
other complex technologies to synthesize and assimilate into solution costly and
potentially toxic oxygen carrying molecules such as hemoglobin and
perfluorocarbons.
Phase III clinical trials of Hextend began during late October 1996,
and were conducted at Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC and The Mount
Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY. The trials were designed to test whether
Hextend can be used to replace substantial amounts of blood volume lost during
major elective surgeries such as gastrointestinal, orthopedic, urological, and
gynecological procedures, without hypovolemia resulting and without the use of
albumin. The trials were designed as double blind, two center studies containing
128 patients. Surgical procedures have been completed on all but two patients,
and a 28 day follow up period has been completed for most. After surgical
procedures on all patients in the trial have been completed and the 28 day
follow up period has expired, the Company will compile and analyze clinical data
for the purpose of preparing a new drug application (NDA).
A clinical study of the pharmacokinetics of Hextend has been conducted
at the Middlesex Hospital in London, England. That study involved twenty-one
patients and was conducted to test the rate at which Hextend is metabolized by
the patient and to examine some of their physiological, biochemical and
hematological functions. All surgical procedures have been
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successfully completed and the data is presently undergoing analysis. Additional
clinical studies of Hextend are being designed for the European market.
The Company has licensed to Abbott Laboratories the right to
manufacture and market Hextend in the United States and Canada. Abbott
Laboratories may also acquire a license to manufacture and market other BioTime
products in those countries. See "Licensing."
To reduce the capital costs and delays inherent in acquiring or
establishing a pharmaceutical manufacturing facility and establishing a
marketing organization, the Company intends to license to pharmaceutical
companies the right to manufacture and market the Company's products in other
countries. Alternatively, the products could be produced for the Company by a
pharmaceutical company and supplied to independent overseas distributors. Such
arrangements are being discussed with a number of pharmaceutical manufacturers
and distributors, but if contracts cannot be made on acceptable terms, the
Company would be required to obtain additional capital to construct or acquire
its own manufacturing facilities and establish its own marketing organization
for overseas markets. There is no assurance that the Company would be able to
raise sufficient capital for those purposes.
The Company was incorporated under the laws of the State of California
on November 30, 1990. The Company's principal office is located at 935 Pardee
Street, Berkeley, California 94710. Its telephone number at such office is (510)
845-9535.
Hextend(R) and PentaLyte(R) are registered trademarks, and HetaCoolTM
and HetaFreezeTM are trademarks, of BioTime, Inc.
Glossary
Certain terms used in this report are defined below.
Albumin A principal protein in plasma involved in regulating the
osmotic pressure of blood. Prepared by fractionating plasma,
it can be used to treat the loss of blood volume due to
blood loss or shock Blood Plasma
Volume Expander Any fluid, crystalloid or colloid, which can be used to
treat the loss of blood volume and treat or prevent
hypovolemia due to hemorrhage
Colloid Suspensions of finely divided particles in water or a
crystalloid solution which, because the particles do not
readily disappear from the bloodstream, can be used as a
plasma volume expander with effects lasting from hours to
days
Crystalloid Solutions containing electrolytes such as sodium,
potassium, calcium, chloride and in some cases small
molecules such as glucose or lactic acid, in water that can
be used as a plasma volume expander, but the volume
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expansion is transient since such solutions rapidly
disappear from the bloodstream
FDA The United States Food and Drug Administration
Hematocrit The percentage of total blood volume occupied by the red
blood cells
HetaCool BioTime's proprietary hetastarch-based synthetic
solution specially formulated to allow the complete
replacement of blood volume during low temperature surgery,
and to serve as a multi-organ preservation solution
HetaFreeze BioTime's proprietary hetastarch-based freeze-protective
solution, designed for storage of organs and tissues in a
frozen or partially frozen state
Hextend BioTime's proprietary hetastarch-based synthetic blood
plasma volume expander, designed especially to treat
hypovolemia in surgery and trauma care where patients
experience a large amount of blood loss
Hypovolemia Loss of blood volume
IND An Investigational New Drug application submitted to the
FDA for review prior to the commencement of clinical
trials to test the safety and efficacy of a new drug
NDA A New Drug Application submitted to the FDA to
evaluate the safety and efficacy of the product and to
request approval to market the new drug after
conclusion of clinical trials
PentaLyte BioTime's proprietary pentastarch-based synthetic blood
plasma volume expander, designed especially for use when a
faster elimination of the starch component is desired and
acceptable
Transfusion Trigger The hematocrit at which a physician treating a
a patient suffering blood loss would transfuse red cells or
whole blood, rather than fluids lacking the ability to
transport large amounts of oxygen to the body's tissues
The Market for Plasma Volume Expanders, Blood Substitutes
and Organ Preservation Solutions
The transfusion of human blood or blood products is presently the
traditional and only commercially available means for treating patients
suffering from severe blood loss requiring the
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replacement of more than half of their blood volume. The transfusion market in
the United States consists of two principal segments. The acute blood loss
segment, which comprises approximately two-thirds of the transfusion market,
includes transfusions required in connection with trauma, surgery and unexpected
blood loss. The chronic blood loss segment represents approximately one-third
of the transfusion market and includes transfusions in connection with general
medical applications and chronic anemias. Approximately 14 million units of
blood were transfused in the United States in 1992, of which approximately 8.5
million units were administered to patients suffering the effects of acute blood
loss. Patient charges for the units of blood used in the United States in 1992
for the treatment of acute blood loss were approximately $2.5 billion.
The use of whole blood or human blood products presents a number of
medical risks and logistical problems that could be reduced or eliminated if a
safe and effective synthetic plasma volume expander or blood substitute was
available. Transfused blood can only be used in recipients having a blood type
compatible with that of the donor. Delays in treatment resulting from the
necessity of blood typing prior to transfusion, together with the limited shelf
life of blood and the limited availability of certain blood types, impose
constraints on the rapid availability of compatible blood for transfusion.
Accident victims, wounded soldiers and persons with rare blood types may die
while awaiting compatible blood. In addition, clerical error continues to result
in transfusion related deaths. The problem of blood type compatibility and
availability could be eliminated by the use of a universally compatible
synthetic blood plasma volume expander. A synthetic product with a long shelf
life that could be stored at room temperature would also resolve problems of
perishability of whole blood products.
The past decade has seen an increase in the incidence of blood-borne
infectious diseases, such as AIDS and hepatitis B, C, D, E, and F which has
heightened the awareness of both health professionals and patients to the
inherent risk from blood transfusions. Although new tests have been developed,
such tests have not entirely eliminated the risk of infectious blood-borne
disease transmission. In addition, despite improved testing standards, human
error still results in the release of contaminated units of blood. Furthermore,
some infectious diseases are known to contaminate the blood supply but cannot be
avoided because no reliable or cost effective diagnostic tests exist. New
infectious agents can suddenly appear in the blood supply, and it can take years
to develop a reliable test for such agents. Several years elapsed between the
appearance of AIDS and the development of a reliable test, and numerous patients
contracted AIDS from transfusions during that time. A synthetic blood plasma
volume expander or blood substitute not derived from human blood products that
could replace one-half or more of the blood volume would be advantageous because
it could be used without exposing the patient to the risk of infection by a
blood-borne disease.
The current blood supply is dependent upon volunteer donors.
Increasingly stringent donor-screening criteria have caused the donor pool, and
therefore the potential supply of blood, to contract. As a consequence, the cost
and intricacy of collecting, testing and storing blood has greatly increased in
recent years, and many blood banks have experienced inventory shortages. An
improved synthetic blood plasma volume expander that can be manufactured at an
economical price would help alleviate the blood shortage problems that arise
from dependence upon donated blood.
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Organ transplant surgery is a growing field. Approximately 5,000 donors
donate organs, and approximately an additional 5,000 donors donate skin, bone
and other tissues in the United States each year. As more surgeons have gained
the necessary expertise and surgical methods have been refined, the number of
transplant procedures has increased, as has the percentage of successful
transplants. Organ transplant surgeons and their patients face two major
obstacles, namely the shortage of available organs from donors, and the limited
amount of time that a transplantable organ can be kept viable between the time
it is harvested from the donor and the time it is transplanted into the
recipient.
The scarcity of transplantable organs makes them too precious to lose
and increases the importance of effective preservation technology and products.
Current organ removal and preservation technology generally requires multiple
preservation solutions to remove and preserve effectively different groups of
organs, and limits preservation times of those organs for transplant use.
BioTime is seeking to address this problem by developing a more effective organ
preservation solution that will permit surgeons to harvest all transplantable
organs from a single donor. The Company believes that preserving the viability
of all transplantable organs and tissues simultaneously, at low temperatures,
would extend by several hours the time span in which the organs can be preserved
prior to transplant.
The Products
Products for Surgery, Plasma Replacement and Emergency Care
The Company is developing Hextend, PentaLyte, HetaCool and other
synthetic plasma expander solutions to treat acute blood loss that occurs during
many kinds of surgery, particularly cardiac, orthopedic and gastro-intestinal
operations. The solutions could also be used by emergency room physicians or by
paramedics while the patient is being transported to the hospital to treat acute
blood loss in trauma victims.
Severe blood loss during surgery or from trauma injuries caused by
blunt or penetrating force can cause fatal shock. Whole blood or packed red
cells generally cannot be administered to a patient until the patient's blood
serum has been typed and sufficient units of compatible blood or red cells can
be located. The use of human blood products also poses the risk of exposing the
patient to blood borne diseases such as AIDS and hepatitis. Because the
Company's solutions are synthetic, they could be used without matching the
patient's blood type and would not pose the risk of transmitting blood borne
infectious diseases.
While some fluid needs can be temporarily met by various colloid and
crystalloid products, the use of those solutions can contribute to patient
morbidity, including conditions such as hypovolemia, acidosis and other
biochemical imbalances. The solutions being developed by the Company are
intended to be more complete synthetic plasma volume expanders that can replace
one-half or more of a patient's blood
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volume and can provide more of the components necessary to prevent physiological
shock during emergency care and surgical procedures.
Hextend, PentaLyte, and HetaCool contain constituents that may prevent
or reduce the physiological imbalances that can impair or inhibit blood clotting
and cardiac function in acute blood loss patients. BioTime has a cooperative
research program with physicians and scientists in the Department of Surgery at
the Metropolitan Hospital Center and the Department of Anesthesiology at Mt.
Sinai Medical Center, both in New York City, to test the potential usefulness of
Hextend and PentaLyte as surgical and trauma care products. In a series of
laboratory animal experiments, researchers at both centers have shown the
ability of Hextend and PentaLyte to replace blood lost due to severe bleeding.
Results from certain of these tests indicate that Hextend and PentaLyte may
prove more effective at maintaining blood calcium levels than the leading
domestically available plasma extender when used to replace large volumes of
blood. Calcium can be a significant factor in regulating blood clotting and
cardiac function. Results from other in vitro tests of Hextend indicate that
Hextend does not alter the activity of a number of specific blood clotting
factors, other than by simple hemodilution. Preliminary observations during the
currently blinded clinical trials, and previous results of animal experiments,
have led the Company to believe that it is likely that Hextend will prove to be
safe for use in clinical medicine.
Hextend, PentaLyte and HetaCool are similar formulations, except that
Hextend and HetaCool use a high molecular weight hydroxyethyl starch
(hetastarch) whereas PentaLyte uses a low molecular weight hydroxyethyl starch
(pentastarch). The hetastarch is retained in the blood longer than the
pentastarch, which may make Hextend and HetaCool the products of choice when a
larger volume of plasma expander or blood substitute for low temperature surgery
is needed or where the patient's ability to restore his own blood proteins after
surgery is compromised. PentaLyte, with pentastarch, would be eliminated from
the blood faster than Hextend and HetaCool and might be used when less plasma
expander is needed or where the patient is more capable of quickly restoring
lost blood proteins. By testing and bringing both Hextend and PentaLyte to the
market, BioTime can increase its market share by providing the medical community
with solutions to match patients' needs.
BioTime has not attempted to synthesize potentially toxic and costly
oxygen carrying molecules such as hemoglobin because the loss of fluid volume
and physiological balance may contribute as much to shock as the loss of the
oxygen carrying component of the blood. Surgical and trauma patients are
routinely given supplemental oxygen and retain a substantial portion of their
own red blood cells. Whole blood or packed red blood cells are generally not
transfused during surgery or in trauma care until several liters of plasma or
plasma volume expanders have been administered and the patient's hematocrit has
fallen to the transfusion trigger. Therefore, the lack of oxygen carrying
molecules in the Company's solutions should not pose a significant
contraindication to use.
Experiments by BioTime scientists have demonstrated that laboratory
animals are able to
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survive at normal temperatures and without supplemental oxygen when more than
two-thirds of their circulating blood volume is replaced by Hextend and or
PentaLyte. When animals are placed in an oxygen rich environment, they are able
to survive at normal temperatures when even more of their circulating blood
volume is replaced by Hextend.
Hextend is BioTime's proprietary hetastarch-based synthetic blood
plasma volume expander, designed especially to treat hypovolemia in surgery and
trauma care where patients experience a large amount of blood loss.
Hextend has been designed and formulated to replace large volumes of
blood loss, to maintain normal blood electrolytes and blood sugar and to prevent
acidosis. The colloid and crystalloid plasma expanders presently on the market
do not contain all the physiologically balanced components used in Hextend.
Albumin produced from human plasma is also currently used as a plasma expander,
but it is scarce and expensive. In contrast, Hextend is synthetic and can be
manufactured in large volumes.
A recent analysis of surgeries performed each year in the United States
indicates that approximately 2.5 million patients lose sufficient blood to
require transfusion of at least one unit of blood. Until blood loss becomes so
severe that a transfusion is required, blood volume loss is treated with plasma
expanders. BioTime's goal in developing Hextend is to produce a product that may
be used to replace larger volumes of blood loss than other starch-based plasma
volume expanders, thereby reducing the use of less effective crystalloids and
the number of units of blood or blood products that must be used during surgery.
BioTime also plans to test the use of Hextend as cardio-pulmonary
bypass circuit priming solution. In order to perform heart surgery, the
patient's heart must be stopped and mechanical apparatus is used to oxygenate
and circulate the blood. The cardio-pulmonary bypass apparatus requires a blood
compatible fluid such as Hextend to commence and maintain the process of
diverting the patient's blood from the heart and lungs to the mechanical
oxygenator and pump.
BioTime believes that Hextend will maintain blood pressure and
physiological balance better than the solutions presently used as bypass priming
solutions. Approximately 2 liters of Hextend would be used for each bypass
operation. Based upon the number of coronary bypass operations performed, the
potential market for Hextend as a bypass circuit priming solution in the United
States would be about 800,000 liters annually.
Another potential indication for Hextend that BioTime plans to evaluate
in clinical trials is its use as a replacement for plasma volume in therapeutic
plasma exchange (TPE). In TPE, plasma is removed from the circulation, to be
replaced typically by normal plasma or inert solutions of electrolytes or
albumin. Theoretically, the patient's blood contains a pathogenic substance that
can be reduced by the TPE procedure to levels that will favorably affect the
course of the illness. These TPE procedures involve the use of large volumes of
plasma or plasma volume substitutes. Diseases commonly treated using this
procedure include Myasthenia Gravis and Guillain-Barre syndrome.
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PentaLyte is BioTime's proprietary pentastarch-based synthetic plasma
expander, designed especially for use when a faster elimination of the starch
component is desired and acceptable. Of the approximately 10,000,000 surgeries
that occur within U.S. hospitals each year, about 25% require blood
transfusions. A substantial portion of the remaining surgeries, while not
requiring transfusions, do cause blood loss. In addition, many patients are
treated for injuries that result in significant bleeding. Although Hextend can
be used in these cases, some physicians appear to prefer a solution which could
be metabolized faster and excreted earlier when the longer term protection
provided by Hextend is not required. PentaLyte combines the physiologically
balanced Hextend formulation with pentastarch, a medical starch currently
available in the U.S., that has a lower molecular weight and degree of
substitution than the hetastarch used in Hextend.
Products for Hypothermic Surgery
Approximately 400,000 coronary bypass and other open heart surgeries
are performed in the United States annually, and approximately 18,000 aneurysm
surgeries and 4,000 arterio-venous malformation surgeries were performed in the
United States during 1989. Those procedures often require the use of
cardio-pulmonary bypass equipment to do the work of the heart and lungs during
the surgery. During open heart surgery and surgical procedures for the treatment
of certain cardiovascular conditions such as large aneurysms, cardiovascular
abnormalities and damaged blood vessels in the brain, surgeons must temporarily
interrupt the flow of blood through the body. Interruption of blood flow can be
maintained only for short periods of time at normal body temperatures because
many critical organs, particularly the brain, are quickly damaged by the
resultant loss of oxygen. As a result, certain surgical procedures are performed
at low temperatures because lower body temperature helps to minimize the chance
of damage to the patient's organs by reducing the patient's metabolic rate,
thereby decreasing the patient's needs during surgery for oxygen and nutrients
which normally flow through the blood.
Current technology limits the degree to which surgeons can lower a
patient's temperature and the amount of time the patient can be maintained at a
low body temperature because blood, even when diluted, cannot be circulated
through the body at near-freezing temperatures. As a result, surgeons face
severe time constraints in performing surgical procedures requiring blood flow
interruption, and those time limitations prevent surgeons from correcting
certain cardiovascular abnormalities.
HetaCool is a modified formulation of Hextend. HetaCool is specifically
designed for use at low temperatures. Surgeons are already using a variety of
other solutions to carry out certain limited procedures involving shorter term
(up to nearly one hour) arrest of brain and heart function at temperatures
between 15 and 20o C. However, BioTime is not aware of any fluid currently used
in medical practice or any medically-approved protocol allowing operations which
can completely replace all of a patient's blood at temperatures close to the ice
point. The Company believes that very low temperature bloodless surgical
techniques could be developed for open heart and minimally invasive closed chest
cardiovascular surgeries, and removal of tumors from the brain, head, neck,
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heart, and other areas.
The Company is in the process of preparing an IND application to
conduct clinical trials using HetaCool as a solution to replace all of a
patient's circulating blood volume during profound hypothermic (carried out at
near-freezing temperatures) surgical procedures, such as repair of the aortic
arch, during which heart and brain activity could be arrested for longer periods
and with greater safety than is now possible. HetaCool would be introduced into
the patient's body during the cooling process. Once the patient's body
temperature is nearly ice cold, and heart and brain function are temporarily
arrested, the surgeon would perform the operation. During the surgery, HetaCool
may be circulated throughout the body in place of blood, or the circulation may
be arrested for a period of time if an interruption of fluid circulation is
required. Upon completion of the surgery, the patient would be slowly warmed and
blood would be transfused.
Cardiac surgeons are working to develop procedures to repair damaged
coronary arteries and heart valves using optically guided instruments that can
be inserted into the heart through blood vessels or small incisions, without the
need to open the patient's chest cavity. BioTime believes that HetaCool may be
useful in these minimally invasive closed chest cardiac procedures because the
solution is transparent and if it were used to completely replace blood at low
temperatures it would permit surgeons to use their optically guided instruments
inside the heart or blood vessels without having their view obstructed by blood.
The use of BioTime's solutions may also allow better control over stopping and
starting the heart, as well as extending the time period of such surgeries.
BioTime intends to conduct a series of laboratory studies using animal subjects
to test the utility of Hextend as a low temperature blood substitute in such
procedures.
HetaCool has been used to completely replace the blood volume of
hamsters, dogs and baboons at temperatures approaching freezing. Many of these
animal subjects survived long term after hypothermic blood substitution with
HetaCool. In these laboratory tests, the animals' blood was replaced by HetaCool
and they were chilled for one to more than four hours with deep body
temperatures between 1oC and 10oC.
Organ Transplant Products
Background. Organ transplant surgery is a growing field. Approximately
5,000 donors donate organs, and approximately an additional 5,000 donors donate
skin, bone and other tissues in the United States each year. As more surgeons
have gained the necessary expertise and surgical methods have been refined, the
number of transplant procedures has increased, as has the percentage of
successful transplants.
A significant problem that arises frequently in the field of organ
transplant surgery is the inability to recover more than a few viable organs
from a donor. Currently, surgeons use different preservation solutions for
different organs or different groups of organs. As a result, a separate
procedure using a different preservation solution is required to preserve and
remove each organ, or
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system of related organs. The removal of one organ can impair the viability of
other organs. Available technology does not permit surgeons to keep the
remaining organs viable within the donor's body for a significant time after the
first organ is removed.
Another problem in the field of organ transplant surgery is the timely
matching and delivery of compatible organs from donors to recipients. Currently,
an organ available for transplant is flushed with an ice cold solution during
the removal process to deactivate the organ and preserve its tissues, and then
the organ is transported on ice to the donee. The ice cold solutions currently
used, together with transportation on ice, keep the organ healthy for only a
short period of time. For example, the storage time for hearts is limited to
approximately six hours. Because of the short time span available for removal
and transplant of an organ, potential organ donees may not receive the needed
organs.
Using HetaCool for Multi-Organ Preservation. The Company is seeking to
develop HetaCool for use as a single solution that can simultaneously preserve
all of a single donor's organs. When used as an organ preservation solution,
HetaCool would be perfused into the donor's body while the body is chilled,
thereby eliminating an undesirable condition called "warm ischemia," caused when
an organ is warm while its blood supply is interrupted. The use of HetaCool in
conjunction with the chilling of the body should help to slow down the process
of organ deterioration by a number of hours so that a surgeon can remove all
organs for donation and transplant. The Company's current estimates are that
each such preservation procedure could require as much as 50 liters of HetaCool.
The Company believes that the ability to replace an animal's blood with
the Company's solution, to maintain the animal at near freezing temperatures for
several hours, and then revive the animal, would demonstrate that the solution
could be used for multi-organ preservation. Company scientists have revived
animals after more than six hours of cold blood-substitution, and have observed
heart function in animals maintained cold and blood-substituted for more than
eight hours. An objective of the Company's research and development program is
to extend the time span in which animal subjects can be maintained in a cold,
blood-substituted state before revival or removal of organs for transplant
purposes. Organ transplant procedures using animal subjects could then be
conducted to test the effectiveness of Hextend as an organ preservative.
Long-term Tissue and Organ Banking
The development of marketable products and technologies for the
preservation of tissues and vital organs for weeks and months is a long-range
goal of the Company's research and development plan. To permit such long-term
organ banking the Company is attempting to develop products and technologies
that can protect tissues and organs from the damage that occurs when human
tissues are subjected to subfreezing temperatures.
HetaFreeze is one of a family of BioTime's freeze-protective solutions
which may ultimately
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allow the extension of time during which organs and tissues can be stored for
future transplant or surgical grafting. In laboratory experiments, BioTime's
proprietary freeze-protective compounds have already been used to preserve skin
when used as a whole animal perfusate. Silver dollar size full thickness shaved
skin samples have been removed after saturation with HetaFreeze solution, frozen
at liquid nitrogen temperatures and stored for periods ranging from days to
weeks. The grafts were then warmed and sewn onto the backs of host animals. Many
of these grafts survived.
In other laboratory experiments, BioTime scientists have shown that
animals can be revived to consciousness after partial freezing with their blood
replaced by HetaFreeze. While this technology has not developed to an extent
that allows long term survival of the laboratory subjects, and their organs, a
better understanding of the effects of partial freezing could allow for extended
preservation times for vital organs, skin and blood vessels.
Other Potential Uses of BioTime Solutions
Isolated regional perfusion of anti-cancer drugs has been used to treat
melanoma of the limbs, and inoperable tumors of the liver. The Company believes
that employing such a procedure while the patient is kept in ice-cold
blood-substitution may allow high doses of toxic anti-cancer drugs to be
directed at disseminated, inoperable tumors within vital organs. Keeping the
rest of the patient in a cold, blood substituted state may reduce or eliminate
the circulation of the toxic drugs to healthy tissues.
BioTime considers such surgical techniques to be a longer range goal of
its research and development program for hypothermic surgery products. Use of
this complex technology in the practice of oncology can occur only after
ice-cold blood-substitution has advanced to an appropriate level of safety and
effectiveness.
Research and Development Strategy
From inception through June 30, 1997, the Company has spent $6,909,353
on research and development. The greatest portion of BioTime's research and
development efforts have been devoted to the development of Hextend, PentaLyte
and HetaCool for conventional surgery, emergency care, low temperature surgery,
and multi-organ preservation. A lesser portion of the Company's research and
development efforts have been devoted to developing solutions and protocols for
storing organs and tissues at subfreezing temperatures. In the future the
Company may explore other applications of its products and technologies,
including cancer chemotherapy. As the first products achieve market entry, more
effort will be expended to bring the next tier of products to maturity.
One major focus of the Company's research and development effort has
been on products and technology to extend the time animals can be kept cold and
blood-substituted, and then revived without physical impairment. An integral
part of that effort has been the development of techniques
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and procedures or "protocols" for use of the Company's products. A substantial
amount of data has been accumulated through animal tests, including the proper
surgical techniques, drugs and anesthetics, the temperatures and pressures at
which blood and blood substitutes should be removed, restored and circulated,
solution volume, the temperature range, and times, for maintaining circulatory
arrest, and the rate at which the subject should be rewarmed.
Experiments intended to test the efficacy of the Company's blood
substitute solutions and protocols for surgical applications involve replacing
the animal's blood with low temperature blood substitute solution, maintaining
the animal in a cold blood-substituted state for a period of time, and then
attempting to revive the animal. Experiments for multi-organ preservation
involve the maintenance of the animal subjects at cold temperatures for longer
periods of time than would be required for many surgical applications, followed
by transplant procedures to test the viability of one or more of the subject's
vital organs.
The Company is conducting experiments at hospital and medical school
research facilities. These collaborative research programs are testing solutions
and protocols developed in the Company's laboratories and, in some cases,
comparing the efficacy of the Company's blood substitute solutions with
commercially available FDA approved products manufactured by other companies.
The Company intends to continue to foster relations with research hospitals and
medical schools for the purpose of conducting collaborative research projects
because it believes that such projects will introduce the Company's potential
products to members of the medical profession and provide the Company with
objective product evaluations from independent research physicians and surgeons.
Licensing
On April 23, 1997, the Company and Abbott Laboratories ("Abbott")
entered into an Exclusive License Agreement (the "License Agreement") under
which the Company has granted to Abbott an exclusive license to manufacture and
sell Hextend in the United States and Canada for all therapeutic uses other than
those involving hypothermic surgery where the patient's body temperature is
lower than 12(degree)C ("Hypothermic Use"), or replacement of substantially all
of a patient's circulating blood volume ("Total Body Washout"). The Company has
retained all rights to manufacture, sell or license Hextend and other products
in all other countries.
Under the License Agreement, Abbott has agreed to pay the Company up to
$40,000,000 in license fees and to provide assistance to the Company in
connection with the Company's Phase III clinical trials of Hextend. $1,400,000
of the license fees has been paid to date, and an additional $1,100,000 will
become payable in installments upon the achievement of specific milestones
pertaining to the filing and approval of a new drug application for Hextend, and
the commencement of sales of the product. Up to $37,500,000 of additional
license fees will be payable based upon annual net sales of Hextend, at the rate
of 10% of annual net sales if annual net sales exceed $30,000,000 or 5% if
annual net sales are between $15,000,0000 and $30,000,000. Abbott's
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obligation to pay licensing fees on sales of Hextend will expire on the earlier
of January 1, 2007 or, on a country by country basis, when all patents
protecting Hextend in the applicable country expire or any third party obtains
certain regulatory approvals to market a generic equivalent product in that
country.
In addition to the license fees, Abbott will pay the Company a royalty
on annual net sales of Hextend. The royalty rate will be 5% plus an additional
.22% for each $1,000,000 of annual net sales, up to a maximum royalty rate of
36%. Abbott's obligation to pay royalties on sales of Hextend will expire in the
United States or Canada when all patents protecting Hextend in the applicable
country expire and any third party obtains certain regulatory approvals to
market a generic equivalent product in that country.
Abbott has agreed that the Company may convert Abbott's exclusive
license to a non-exclusive license or may terminate the license outright if
certain minimum sales and royalty payments are not met. In order to terminate
the license outright, the Company would pay a termination fee in an amount
ranging from the milestone payments made by Abbott to an amount equal to three
times prior year net sales, depending upon when termination occurs. Abbott's
exclusive license also may terminate, without the payment of termination fees by
the Company, if Abbott fails to market Hextend. Abbott has agreed to manufacture
Hextend for sale by the Company in the event that Abbott's exclusive license is
terminated in either case.
Abbott may also acquire additional licenses to manufacture and sell the
Company's other plasma expander products in the United States and Canada. If
Abbott exercises its right to acquire a license to sell such products for uses
other than Hypothermic Surgery or Total Body Washout, in addition to paying
royalties, Abbott will be obligated to pay a license fee based upon the
Company's direct and indirect research, development and other costs allocable to
the new product. If Abbott desires to acquire a license to sell any of the
Company's products for use in Hypothermic Surgery or Total Body Washout, the
license fees and other terms of the license will be subject to negotiation
between the parties. For the purpose of determining the applicable royalty
rates, net sales of any such new products licensed by Abbott will be aggregated
with sales of Hextend. If Abbott does not exercise its right to acquire a new
product license, the Company may manufacture and sell the product itself or may
license others to do so.
The foregoing description of the License Agreement is a summary only
and is qualified in all respects by reference to the full text of the License
Agreement.
The Company is also discussing prospective licensing arrangements with
other pharmaceutical companies, some of which have the capacity to produce the
company's products, as well as market them, for various over-seas markets. In
licensing arrangements that include marketing rights, the participating
pharmaceutical company would be entitled to retain a large portion of the
revenues from sales to end users and would pay the Company a royalty on net
sales. There is no assurance that any such additional arrangements can be made.
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Manufacturing
Facilities Required
The Company has sufficient equipment, space and personnel needed to
synthesize the quantities of its products used in its research activity, but the
Company does not have facilities to manufacture the solution in commercial
quantities, or under "good manufacturing practice" required by the FDA. Any
products that are used in clinical trials for FDA approval, or that are approved
by the FDA for marketing, will have to be manufactured according to "good
manufacturing practices" at a facility that has passed FDA inspection. In
addition, any products that are approved by the FDA will have to be manufactured
in commercial quantities, and with sufficient stability to withstand the
distribution process, and in compliance with such federal and state regulatory
requirements as may be applicable. The active ingredients and component parts of
the products must be either USP or themselves manufactured according to "good
manufacturing practices".
Abbott is providing Hextend manufactured under good manufacturing
practices for use in the Company's clinical trials, and Abbott has the
facilities to manufacture Hextend and other Company products in commercial
quantities. If Abbott chooses not to obtain a license to manufacture and market
another BioTime product, or to manufacture it under contract for BioTime, the
Company will need to enter into licensing or product manufacturing arrangements
with another established pharmaceutical company, or else the Company will have
to acquire its own manufacturing facility.
Acquiring a manufacturing facility would involve significant
expenditure of time and money for design and construction of the facility,
purchasing equipment, hiring and training a production staff, purchasing raw
material and attaining an efficient level of production. Although the Company
has not determined the cost of constructing production facilities that meet FDA
requirements, it expects that the cost would be substantial, and that the
Company would need to raise additional capital in the future for that purpose.
There can be no assurance that the Company will be able to obtain the capital
required for the acquisition of production facilities. To avoid the incurrence
of those expenses and delays, the Company is seeking contract and licensing
arrangements with established pharmaceutical companies for the production of the
Company's products, but there can be no assurance that satisfactory arrangements
will be made.
Raw Materials
Although most ingredients in the products being developed by the
Company are readily obtainable from multiple sources, the Company knows of only
a few manufacturers of the hydroxyethyl starches that serve as the active
ingredient in Hextend, PentaLyte and HetaCool. Abbott presently has a source of
supply of the hetastarch used in Hextend and has agreed to maintain a supply
sufficient to meet market demand for Hextend in the United States and Canada.
McGaw, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of B. Braun Melsungen AG, a private
German company selling intravenous solutions and other medical products around
the world, has produced Hextend for BioTime's clinical trials and can produce
the pentastarch used in PentaLyte. In order to manufacture its products for
overseas markets, or products not presently licensed to Abbott for the United
States and Canadian markets, the Company or a licensee would have to secure a
supply or production agreement with Abbott, McGaw, Inc. or one of the other
known hydroxyethyl starch manufacturers, but if
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such an agreement could not be obtained, the Company or a licensee would have to
acquire a manufacturing facility and the technology to produce the hydroxyethyl
starch according to good manufacturing practices. The possibility of producing
hydroxyethyl starches through a co-operative effort with a small, independent
starch manufacturer has also been considered. The Company would have to raise
additional capital to participate in the development and acquisition of the
necessary production technology and facilities.
If arrangements cannot be made for a source of supply of hydroxyethyl
starch, the Company would have to reformulate its solutions to use one or more
other starches that are more readily available. In order to reformulate its
products, the Company would have to perform new laboratory testing to determine
whether the alternative starches could be used in a safe and effective synthetic
plasma volume expander, low temperature blood substitute or organ preservation
solution. If needed, such testing would be costly to conduct and would delay the
Company's product development program, and there is no certainty that any such
testing would demonstrate that an alternative ingredient, even if chemically
similar to the one currently used, would be as safe or effective.
Marketing
The Company's proposed products and services are intended for sale to
hospitals, medical centers and scientists engaged in the practice of specific
areas of medicine or medical research, including transplantation, neurosurgery,
cardiovascular surgery, anesthesiology, oncology, emergency room and trauma
care, critical care, and biomedical research. The Company intends to license its
products to pharmaceutical companies that have their own, well established
marketing and sales organizations. A license to market Hextend in the United
States and Canada has been granted to Abbott, and the Company is discussing
product licensing arrangements with a number of companies for over-seas markets.
Although such arrangements could permit the Company to receive revenues from the
sale of its products expeditiously and with lower costs, the Company would have
to share those revenues with the participating pharmaceutical companies. There
can be no assurance that any additional pharmaceutical companies will be willing
to enter into marketing arrangements on terms acceptable to the Company.
If the Company does not enter into licensing or other arrangements for
the sale of a product in a particular market, the Company would have to
establish its own marketing organization. Due to the complexity of the
technologies being developed by the Company, prospective end-users will have to
be trained in the proper use of products that the Company may develop.
In order to market any new products it may develop, the Company also
plans to publish studies in scientific journals, and to present studies and the
results of its work at meetings of medical and scientific professional
organizations. The Company also will continue to seek opportunities to conduct
research in collaboration with well-known institutions and to demonstrate its
work at scientific conventions.
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Government Regulation
The FDA will regulate the Company's proposed products as drugs,
biologicals, or medical devices, depending upon such factors as the use to which
the product will be put, the chemical composition and the interaction of the
product on the human body. Products that are intended to be introduced into the
body, such as blood substitute solutions for low temperature surgery and plasma
expanders, will be regulated as drugs but will also be reviewed by the FDA staff
responsible for evaluating biologicals.
The Company's human drug products will be subject to rigorous FDA
review and approval procedures. After testing in animals, an Investigational New
Drug (IND) application must be filed with the FDA to obtain authorization for
human testing. Extensive clinical testing, which is generally done in three
phases, must then be undertaken at a hospital or medical center to demonstrate
optimal use, safety and efficacy of each product in humans. Each clinical study
is conducted under the auspices of an independent Institutional Review Board
("IRB"). The IRB will consider, among other things, ethical factors, the safety
of human subjects and the possible liability of the institution. The time and
expense required to perform this clinical testing can far exceed the time and
expense of the research and development initially required to create the
product. No action can be taken to market any therapeutic product in the United
States until an appropriate New Drug Application ("NDA") has been approved by
the FDA. Even after initial FDA approval has been obtained, further studies may
be required to provide additional data on safety or to gain approval for the use
of a product as a treatment for clinical indications other than those initially
targeted. In addition, use of these products during testing and after marketing
could reveal side effects that could delay, impede or prevent FDA marketing
approval, resulting in a FDA-ordered product recall, or in FDA-imposed
limitations on permissible uses.
The FDA also regulates the manufacturing process of pharmaceutical
products and requires that a portion of the clinical trials for new products be
conducted using products produced in compliance with "good manufacturing
practices." See "Manufacturing."
Sales of pharmaceutical products outside the United States are subject
to foreign regulatory requirements that vary widely from country to country.
Even if FDA approval has been obtained, approval of a product by comparable
regulatory authorities of foreign countries must be obtained prior to the
commencement of marketing the product in those countries. The time required to
obtain such approval may be longer or shorter than that required for FDA
approval.
Patents and Trade Secrets
On April 18, 1995, the Company was granted a United States Patent which
protects methods for using BioTime's proprietary solutions, including the use of
Hextend and PentaLyte to replace blood. Claims include the use of the solutions
at normal and hypothermic (below normal) body temperatures as plasma expanders,
and for increasing circulation of a hypovolemic (acute blood loss)
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patient. Additional patents were granted in 1996 and 1997 for other related
company products. During February 1997, the United States Patent and Trademark
Office informed the Company of the allowance of additional claims regarding the
composition of Hextend and PentaLyte, and the Company expects that additional
patents covering those claims will be issued. Additional patent applications
have been filed in the United States and certain other countries for Hextend and
other solutions. The Company also holds a United States Patent on its
microcannula.
There is no assurance that any additional patents will be issued, or
that any patents now held or later obtained by the Company will not be
successfully challenged by third parties and declared invalid or infringing of
third party claims. Further, the enforcement of patent rights often requires the
prosecution of litigation against third party infringers, and such litigation
can be costly to pursue.
While the Company believes that the protection of patents and licenses
is important to its business, the Company also will rely on trade secrets,
know-how and continuing technological advancement to maintain its competitive
position. The Company has entered into intellectual property, invention and
non-disclosure agreements with its employees and it is the Company's practice to
enter into confidentiality agreements with its consultants. There can be no
assurance, however, that these measures will prevent the unauthorized disclosure
or use of the Company's trade secrets and know-how or that others may not
independently develop similar trade secrets and know-how or obtain access to the
Company's trade secrets, know-how or proprietary technology. If, in the future,
the techniques for use of the Company's products become widely known through
academic instruction or publication, patent protection would become more
important as a means of protecting the Company's market share for its products.
Licensed Products and Technology
The Company has obtained from Cryomedical Sciences, Inc. ("CMSI") a
royalty-free, non-exclusive license to make, have made, use and sell certain
experimental hypothermic blood substitute solutions for cryonics, cancer and
AIDS research and treatment. The licensed solutions were developed by three of
BioTime's scientists while they were employed by CMSI before BioTime was
founded. The license granted by CMSI will terminate if Paul Segall, Harold
Waitz, Hal Sternberg, Judith Segall, Lawrence Cohen, Donna Cohen, Victoria
Bellport, Alan Gelband, Trans Time, Inc. (a corporation in which certain
officers and directors of BioTime own an interest) and Ronald Barkin in the
aggregate do not own at least 33-1/3% of the Company's Common Shares which are
not sold to the public or otherwise owned by public shareholders (the "Insiders'
Shares"). As of June 30, 1997, such persons owned an aggregate of 487,430
shares, representing 97% of the Insiders' Shares. The license is not assignable
or transferable.
The technology and solutions licensed from CMSI were used by the
Company's scientists in its initial experiments. However, the Company has
developed its own patented blood substitute
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and organ preservation solutions, and is no longer using CMSI's solutions in its
research and development program and does not intend to pursue the commercial
exploitation of those licensed solutions.
Competition
If successfully developed, the Company's solutions will compete with
the plasma volume expanders and organ preservation solutions presently
manufactured by established pharmaceutical companies, and with human blood
products. For example, DuPont Pharmaceuticals presently markets Hespan, an
artificial plasma volume expander, and Viaspan, a solution for use in the
preservation of kidneys, livers and pancreases for surgical transplant. Abbott
manufactures and sells a generic equivalent of Hespan. Other blood plasma
replacement products are being developed, and clinical trials have either begun
or are expected to begin in the near future for some of these products,
including Pentaspan (a solution used for the collection of red blood cells from
patients) and a genetically engineered human albumin. To compete with new and
existing plasma expanders, the Company is developing products that contain
constituents that may prevent or reduce the physiological imbalances that can
affect the patient's tissue and organ function. To compete with existing organ
preservation solutions, the Company is seeking to develop a solution that can be
used to preserve all organs simultaneously and for long periods of time.
CMSI, which was founded by four of the Company's executive officers and
directors, is attempting to develop blood substitution and cold protecting
solutions for low temperature surgery, for organ preservation and for the
treatment of trauma victims. Somatogen, Inc. and Baxter International are
developing synthetic hemoglobin blood substitutes that may also have application
in bloodless surgery, in treatment of trauma victims, and in organ preservation.
A number of other companies are known to be developing artificial hemoglobin and
other synthetic red blood cell substitutes and technologies that may compete
with some of the products and technologies that the Company is developing. In
general, red cell substitutes are more expensive to produce and potentially more
toxic than Hextend and PentaLyte. BioTime's products have been developed for use
prior to the transfusion trigger, when red blood cells are needed. Some of these
competing companies have substantially larger research facilities and technical
staffs and greater financial and marketing resources than BioTime.
A generic plasma expander intended to compete with Hespan has recently
been introduced in the United States market. As a result, competition in the
plasma expander market has intensified and wholesale prices have declined.
Competition in the areas of business targeted by the Company is likely to
intensify as new products and technologies reach the market. Superior new
products are likely to sell for higher prices and generate higher profit margins
once acceptance by the medical community is achieved. Those companies that are
successful in introducing new products and technologies to the market first may
gain significant economic advantages over their competitors in the establishment
of a customer base and track record for the performance of their products and
technologies. Such companies will also benefit from revenues from sales which
could be used to
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strengthen their research and development, production, and marketing resources.
All companies engaged in the medical products industry face the risk of
obsolescence of their products and technologies as more advanced or cost
effective products and technologies are developed by their competitors. As the
industry matures, companies will compete based upon the performance and cost
effectiveness of their products.
Employees
As of June 30, 1997, the Company employed 13 persons on a full-time
basis and 2 persons on a part-time basis. Three of the full-time employees hold
Ph.D. or Masters Degrees in one or more fields of science.
Risk Factors
Statements contained in this report that are not historical facts may
constitute forward-looking statements that are subject to risks and
uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those
discussed. Some of the factors that could affect the Company's operations are:
Development Stage Company
The Company is in the development stage, and, to date, has been
principally engaged in research and development activities. The Company has not
generated a significant amount of operating revenue. As a result of the
developmental nature of its business, the Company can be expected to sustain
additional operating losses. There can be no assurance that the Company will
generate sufficient revenues from the sale or licensing of its products and
technologies to be profitable.
Uncertainty as to Human Application of Products
Clinical trials of Hextend in human patients have not yet been
completed, and the Company's other experimental products and technologies have
not been applied in human medicine and have only been used in laboratory studies
on animals. There can be no assurance that the Company's products will prove to
be safe and efficacious in the human medical applications for which they were
developed. However, based on observations during the Phase III clinical trials,
the Company believes that Hextend will prove to be safe for use in clinical
medicine.
Uncertainty of Future Sales
The Company's ability to generate substantial operating revenue depends
upon its success in developing and marketing its products. Due to the high
degree of risk associated with the application of new technologies and products
in the field of human medicine, the acceptance of the
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Company's products and technologies by the medical profession may take time to
develop. There can be no assurance that any products that receive FDA or foreign
regulatory approval will be successfully marketed or that the Company will
receive sufficient revenues from product sales to meet its operating expenses.
FDA and Other Regulatory Approvals Required
Preclinical and clinical trials and manufacturing and marketing of
BioTime's medical products will be subject to the rigorous testing and approval
processes of the FDA and corresponding foreign regulatory authorities. The
regulatory process, which includes preclinical, clinical and post-clinical
testing of each product to establish its safety and efficacy, can take several
years to complete and requires the expenditure of substantial time and funds.
Data obtained from preclinical and clinical activities are susceptible to
varying interpretations which could delay, limit or prevent FDA regulatory
approval. In addition, delays or rejections may be encountered as a result of
changes in FDA policy during the period of product development and FDA
regulatory review of each submitted new product application. Similar delays may
also be encountered in foreign countries. There can be no assurance that, even
after substantial expenditures of time and money, regulatory approval will be
obtained for any products developed by the Company. Moreover, even if regulatory
approval of a product is granted, such approval may entail limitations on the
indicated uses for which the product may be marketed. After regulatory approval
is obtained, the approved product, the manufacturer and the manufacturing
facilities are subject to continual review and periodic inspections, and a later
discovery of previously unknown problems with a product, manufacturer or
facility may result in restrictions on such product or manufacturer, including
withdrawal of the product from the market. Failure to comply with the applicable
regulatory requirements can, among other things, result in fines, suspensions of
regulatory approvals, product recalls, operating restrictions and criminal
prosecution. Additional government regulation may be established which could
prevent or delay regulatory approval of the Company's products.
Additional Financing May Be Required
Additional financing may be required for continued research and product
development, additional clinical trials of new products, and production and
marketing of Hextend and any other Company products that may be approved by FDA
or foreign regulatory authorities. The time frame in which the Company may
generate internally the funds necessary to carry on its planned operations
depends upon its success in developing products and obtaining FDA and other
regulatory approvals. It often takes many months for the FDA to complete its
review of an NDA after clinical trials are complete and it can take several
months for a pharmaceutical company to introduce a new drug to the market.
Therefore, the Company may need to raise capital from time to time to meet its
operating expenses until such time as it is able to generate sufficient revenues
from product sales or royalties. There can be no assurance that the Company will
be able to raise additional funds on favorable terms or at all, or that such
funds, if raised, will be sufficient to permit the Company to develop and market
its products. Unless the Company is able to raise additional funds when needed,
it is likely that it will be unable to continue its planned activities,
notwithstanding the progress of
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its research and development projects.
Uncertainty as to Results of Research and Development of New Products
The Company's business involves the attempt to develop new medical
products and technologies. Such experimentation is inherently costly, time
consuming and uncertain as to its results. If the Company is successful in
developing a new technology or product, refinement of the new technology or
product and definition of the practical applications and limitations of the
technology or product may take years and require the expenditure of large sums
of money. From the date of the Company's inception through June 30, 1997, the
Company spent $6,909,353 on research and development, and the Company expects to
continue to incur substantial research and development expenses.
Absence of Manufacturing and Marketing Capabilities
The Company presently does not have adequate facilities or resources to
manufacture its products in commercial quantities or in compliance with FDA
standards. Accordingly, the Company plans to enter into arrangements with
pharmaceutical companies for the production and marketing of the Company's
products. Abbott has obtained an exclusive license from the Company to
manufacture and market Hextend in the United States and Canada, but there can be
no assurance that the Company will be successful in licensing other products in
the United States, Canada or other countries. If licensing or manufacturing
arrangements cannot be made on acceptable terms, the Company would be required
to construct or acquire its own manufacturing facilities and to establish its
own marketing organization, which would entail significant expenditures of time
and money.
Competition
There are other companies and academic institutions that are seeking,
or may seek, to develop products that may be competitive with the Company's
proposed products. Many of these competitors have substantially greater
financial, technical, research, clinical, production and marketing resources
than the Company. The Company's competitors may succeed in developing products
that are safer or more effective than those of the Company or that obtain FDA
approval in less time than the Company's products. Developments by others could
render the Company's products and technologies obsolete or noncompetitive.
Uncertainty of Patent Protection
The Company has obtained patents in the United States and South Africa,
and has filed patent applications in certain foreign countries, for certain
products, including Hextend and PentaLyte. No assurance can be given that any
foreign patents will be issued to the Company, or that, if issued, those patents
and the Company's United States patents will provide the Company with meaningful
patent protection, or that others will not successfully challenge the validity
or enforceability of any
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patent issued to the Company. The costs required to uphold the validity and
prevent infringement of any patent issued to the Company could be substantial,
and the Company might not have the resources available to defend its patent
rights.
Uncertainty of Health Care Reimbursement and Reform
The Company's ability to successfully commercialize its products may
depend in part on the extent to which reimbursement for the cost of such
products and related treatment will be available from government health
administration authorities, private health coverage insurers and other
organizations. Significant uncertainty exists as to the pricing, availability of
distribution channels and reimbursement status of newly approved health care
products and there can be no assurance that adequate third party coverage will
be available to enable the Company to maintain price levels sufficient for
realization of an appropriate return on its investment in product development.
In certain foreign markets, pricing or profitability of health care products is
subject to government control. In the United States, there have been a number of
federal and state proposals to implement similar government controls, and new
proposals are likely to be made in the future.
Potential Disputes Over Ownership of Technology
Because certain officers and directors of the Company were employees of
CMSI prior to founding the Company, it is possible that CMSI might claim an
ownership interest in products and technologies developed by the Company based
upon the scope of research conducted by such persons while they were employed by
CMSI, or based upon the terms of certain agreements between such scientists and
CMSI with respect to the ownership of technology and products. To date, no such
claims have been asserted against the Company by CMSI. CMSI holds patents with
respect to certain low temperature blood substitute solutions. No assurance can
be given that CMSI will not claim that the Company's products infringe upon
CMSI's patents. The Company has obtained a non-exclusive license to use certain
experimental low temperature blood substitute solutions developed by CMSI. The
license is not assignable or transferable and is subject to termination under
certain circumstances, including a sale of control of the Company. However, the
Company is no longer using, and does not intend to pursue the commercialization
of, the CMSI solutions.
Dependence Upon Key Personnel
The Company depends to a considerable degree on the continued services
of Dr. Paul Segall, Dr. Hal Sternberg and Dr. Harold Waitz. Although the Company
maintains key man life insurance in the amount of $1,000,000 on the life of Dr.
Segall, the loss of the services of any of these individuals could have a
material adverse effect on the Company. In addition, the success of the Company
will depend, among other factors, upon successful recruitment and retention of
additional highly skilled and experienced management and technical personnel.
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No Dividends
The Company has not paid any dividends on its Common Shares. For the
foreseeable future it is anticipated that earnings, if any, which may be
generated from the Company's proposed operations will be used to finance the
growth of the Company and that cash dividends will not be paid to holders of
Common Shares.
Possible Volatility of Market for Common Shares
The Common Shares are traded in the Nasdaq SmallCap Market ("Nasdaq")
and on the Boston Stock Exchange. The market price of the Common Shares, like
that of the common stock of many biotechnology companies, has been highly
volatile. The price of such securities may rise rapidly in response to certain
events, such as the commencement of clinical trials of an experimental new drug,
even though the outcome of those trials and the likelihood of ultimate FDA
approval remains uncertain. Similarly, prices of such securities may fall
rapidly if unfavorable results are encountered in clinical trials or if FDA
approval is not obtained or is delayed. In the event that the Company achieves
earnings from the sale of products, securities analysts may begin predicting
quarterly earnings. The failure of the Company's earnings to meet analysts'
expectations could result in a significant rapid decline in the market price of
the Company's Common Shares. In addition, the stock market has experienced and
continues to experience extreme price and volume fluctuations which have
affected the market price of the equity securities of many biotechnology
companies and which have often been unrelated to the operating performance of
these companies. Such broad market fluctuations, as well as general economic and
political conditions, may adversely affect the market price of the Common
Shares.
Requirements for Continued Listing of Securities on Nasdaq
The Company's Common Shares are traded on Nasdaq and on the Boston
Stock Exchange. Both Nasdaq and the Boston Stock Exchange have adopted rules
that establish criteria for initial and continued listing of securities. Under
the Nasdaq rules for continued listing, a company must maintain net tangible
assets of at least $2,000,000, or a market capitalization of at least
$35,000,000, or to have earned net income of at least $500,000 during two of the
last three years. Although the Company had more than $6,500,000 of net tangible
assets and a market capitalization in excess of $103,000,000 at June 30, 1997,
there is no assurance that future losses from operations will not cause the
Company's total assets, net worth, net tangible assets, or market capitalization
to decline below the current or proposed criteria in the future. If the Common
Shares are delisted by Nasdaq, trading in the Common Shares would thereafter be
conducted on the Boston Stock Exchange and in the over-the-counter market on an
electronic bulletin board established for securities that do not meet the Nasdaq
listing requirements. The Common Shares could also be delisted on the Boston
Stock Exchange if the Company fails to maintain $1,000,000 in total assets and
$500,000 in shareholders' equity. If the Common Shares
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were delisted from Nasdaq, they would be subject to the so-called penny stock
rule that imposes restrictive sales practice requirements on broker-dealers who
sell such securities. Consequently, delisting, if it occurred, could affect the
ability of shareholders to sell their Common Shares in the secondary market.
Item 2. Facilities.
The Company presently occupies an approximately 5,200 square foot
office and laboratory facility in Berkeley, California under a lease that will
expire on May 31, 1999. The current rent is $5,300 per month, plus the cost of
utilities. This facility serves as the Company's principal executive office and
laboratory for small animal experiments.
The Company uses, on a fee per use basis, facilities for surgical
research on animals at an unaffiliated privately run research center located in
Winters, California. Contracting for the use of research facilities has enabled
the Company to initiate its research projects without the substantial capital
cost, overhead costs and delay associated with the acquisition and maintenance
of a modern animal surgical research facility.
Item 3. Legal Proceedings.
The Company is not presently involved in any material litigation or
proceedings, and to the Company's knowledge no such litigation or proceedings
are contemplated.
25
<PAGE>
Item 4. Submission of Matters to a Vote of Security Holders.
The 1996 Annual Meeting of Shareholders of BioTime, Inc. was held May
23, 1997. The Board of Directors of the Company presently consists of seven
members, who are elected to hold office for a one year term until the 1997
Annual Meeting of Shareholders. The following table shows the directors who were
elected and the number of votes each director received.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Director Votes For Votes Withheld
- ---------------- --------------------- ----------------------
<S> <C> <C>
Ronald S. Barkin 3,018,459 4,923
Victoria Bellport 3,019,459 3,923
Jeffrey B. Nickel 3,018,091 5,291
Judith Segall 3,019,039 4,343
Paul Segall 3,019,459 3,923
Hal Sternberg 3,019,459 3,923
Harold Waitz 3,019,459 3,923
</TABLE>
The second proposal brought before the shareholders was the vote to
amend the Company's 1992 Employee Stock Option Plan by increasing the number of
shares available under the Plan. The results of the voting were as follows:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
For Against Abstained Not Voted
- ------------ ---------------- ---------------- ----------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
1,318,882 39,129 6,571 1,658,800
</TABLE>
The third proposal brought before the shareholders was the vote to
amend the Company's Articles of Incorporation to increase the number of
authorized common shares to 25,000,000. The results of the voting were as
follows:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
For Against Abstained
- ------------ ---------------- ----------------
<S> <C> <C>
2,939,849 70,424 13,109
</TABLE>
The fourth proposal brought before the shareholders was the vote to
ratify the appointment of
26
<PAGE>
Deloitte & Touche LLP as the independent accountants of the Company for the
fiscal year ending June 30, 1997. The results of the voting were as follows:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
For Against Abstained
- --------------- ---------------- ----------------
<S> <C> <C>
3,018,520 250 4,612
</TABLE>
27
<PAGE>
Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity and Related Stockholder Matters.
The Company's Common Shares are traded in the over-the-counter market
on the Nasdaq SmallCap Market under the symbol BTIM, and on the Boston Stock
Exchange under the symbol BTM. The closing price of the Company's Common Shares
on the Nasdaq SmallCap Market on September 22, 1997 was $45 1/8.
The following table sets forth the range of high and low bid prices for
the Common Shares for the fiscal years ended June 30, 1996 and 1997, based on
transaction data as reported on the Nasdaq SmallCap Market.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Quarter Ended High Low
- ------------- ---- ---
<S> <C> <C>
September 30, 1995 $5 3/8 $1 1/4
December 31, 1995 4 3/8 2 3/8
March 31, 1996 10 1/8 2 5/8
June 30, 1996 22 1/4 8 1/4
September 30, 1996 23 14
December 31, 1996 28 141/2
March 31, 1997 40 1/4 24 1/4
June 30, 1997 37 22 3/4
</TABLE>
As of September 5, 1997, there were 153 shareholders of record of the
Common Shares based upon information from the Registrar and Transfer Agent.
The Company has paid no dividends on its Common Shares since its
inception and does not plan to pay dividends on its Common Shares in the
foreseeable future.
28
<PAGE>
Item 6. Selected Financial Data.
The selected financial data as of June 30, 1997 and 1996 and for three years
ended June 30, 1997 and the period from inception (November 30, 1990) to June
30, 1997 presented below have been derived from the financial statements of the
Company which have been audited by Deloitte & Touche LLP, independent auditors,
as stated in their report appearing elsewhere herein (which expresses an
unqualified opinion and includes an explanatory paragraph related to the
development stage of the Company's operations). The selected financial data
should be read in conjunction with the Company's financial statements and notes
thereto and "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and
Results of Operations" included elsewhere.
Statement of Operations Data:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Period from Inception
(November 30, 1990)
June 30, to June 30, 1997
-------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------
1997 1996 1995
--------------- -------------- --------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C>
REVENUE:
Licensing Fee $ 62,500 $ 62,500
--------------- -------------- -------------- ------------------
EXPENSES:
Research and development $ (2,136,325) $ (1,142,168) $ (1,791,698) $ (6,909,353)
General and administrative (1,209,546) (954,049) (808,432) (5,230,321)
--------------- -------------- -------------- ------------------
Total expenses (3,345,871) (2,096,217) (2,600,130) (12,139,674)
--------------- -------------- -------------- ------------------
INTEREST AND OTHER INCOME:
Interest 183,781 127,212 218,416 862,479
Other 5,380 3,770 3,967 56,014
--------------- -------------- -------------- ------------------
Total Interest and Other
Income 189,161 130,882 222,383 918,493
--------------- -------------- -------------- ------------------
Net loss $ (3,094,210) $ (1,965,335) $ (2,377,747) $ (11,158,681)
=============== ============== ============== =================
Net loss per share $ (1.05 ) $ (.75) $ (.90) $ ( 5.31)
=============== ============== ============== =================
Shares used in calculating
per share data 2,959,008 2,609,244 2,633,464 2,100,969
=============== ============== ============== =================
</TABLE>
<TABLE>
Balance Sheet Data:
<CAPTION>
June 30,
--------------------------------------------------------
1997 1996 1995
--------------- -------------- --------------
<S> <C> <C> <C>
Cash, cash equivalents and
short term investments $ 7,811,634 $ 2,443,121 $ 3,440,896
Working Capital 6,846,575 2,727,986 3,180,200
Total assets 8,297,774 2,968,474 3,610,330
Shareholders' equity 6,536,106 2,839,245 3,231,603
</TABLE>
29
<PAGE>
Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and
Results of Operations.
Overview
Since inception, the Company has been engaged primarily in research and
product development activities. The Company has not yet generated significant
operating revenues, and as of June 30, 1997 the Company had incurred a
cumulative net loss of $11,158,681.
Most of the Company's research and development efforts have been
devoted to the development of the Company's first three blood volume replacement
products: Hextend, PentaLyte, and HetaCool. The Company is presently completing
a Phase III clinical trial of Hextend in human patients. The clinical trial was
designed to test whether Hextend can be used to treat hypovolemia (loss of blood
volume) by adequately maintaining blood pressure and volume during high blood
loss surgery. These clinical trials began in October 1996 and are being
conducted at the Duke University Medical Center in Durham, North Carolina and at
Mt. Sinai School of Medicine in New York, New York. The trials have proceeded in
accordance with the Company's expectations. If the clinical trials are
successful, the Company will prepare a New Drug Application for FDA approval to
manufacture and market Hextend.
In July 1997, the Company began clinical trials of Hextend using human
volunteers at Middlesex Hospital in London, England. The results of those trials
are being analyzed and will be used in the design of multinational trials aimed
at expanding indications for the use of Hextend and obtaining regulatory
approval.
Additional studies are being designed for new products under
development and to assess the safety and efficacy of Hextend in other surgical
applications. In order to commence clinical trials of new products and certain
new therapeutic uses of Hextend, it will be necessary for the Company to prepare
and file with the FDA an Investigational New Drug Application ("IND") or an
amendment to expand the present IND for Hextend. The cost of preparing those IND
filings and conducting those clinical trials is not presently determinable, but
could be substantial. It may be necessary for the Company to obtain additional
financing in order to complete any clinical trials that may begin for its new
products or for new uses of Hextend.
On April 23, 1997, BioTime and Abbott Laboratories entered into a
License Agreement under which BioTime has granted to Abbott an exclusive license
to manufacture and sell Hextend in the United States and Canada for all
therapeutic uses other than those involving hypothermic surgery, or the
replacement of substantially all of a patient's circulating blood volume.
BioTime has retained all rights to manufacture, sell or license Hextend and
other products in all other countries.
Under the License Agreement, Abbott has agreed to pay BioTime up to
$40,000,000 in license fees based upon product sales and the achievement of
certain milestones, and to provide assistance to BioTime in connection with the
Company's Phase III clinical trials of Hextend. In addition to the license fees,
Abbott will pay BioTime a royalty on annual net sales of Hextend. The
30
<PAGE>
royalty rate will be 5% plus an additional .22% for each $1,000,000 of annual
net sales, up to a maximum royalty rate of 36%. Abbott's obligation to pay
royalties on sales of Hextend will expire in the United States or Canada when
all patents protecting Hextend in the applicable country expire and any third
party obtains certain regulatory approvals to market a generic equivalent
product in that country. Abbott has also agreed to manufacture Hextend for sale
by BioTime in the event that Abbott's exclusive license is terminated prior to
expiration.
Discussions are continuing between the Company and a number of overseas
and multinational companies for licenses to manufacture and market the Company's
products in Europe, Asia, Latin America and other parts of the world.
The Company plans to continue to provide funding for its laboratory
testing programs at selected universities, medical schools and hospitals for the
purpose of developing additional uses of Hextend, PentaLyte, HetaCool, and other
new products, but the amount of research that will be conducted at those
institutions will depend upon the Company's financial status.
Because the Company's research and development expenses, clinical trial
expenses, and production and marketing expenses will be charged against earnings
for financial reporting purposes, management expects that losses from operations
will continue to be incurred for the foreseeable future.
Results of Operations
Years Ended June 30, 1997 and June 30, 1996
From inception (November 30, 1990) through June 30, 1997, the Company
generated $980,993 of revenue, comprised of $62,500 in license fee income, and
$918,493 in interest and other income. For the year ended June 30, 1997, the
Company generated $251,661 of revenues, including $62,500 from the signing of
the License Agreement with Abbott, and $189,161 in interest and other income.
The Company deferred recognition of $1,337,500 of revenue received for signing
the License Agreement and achieving a license fee milestone pertaining to the
allowance of certain patent claims pending (See Note 3 to the accompanying
financial statements). For the year ended June 30, 1996, the Company generated
total revenues of $130,882, comprised of interest and other income. The increase
in interest and other income is attributable to the increase in cash and cash
equivalents from the subscription rights offering, completed February 5, 1997.
Limited marketing of the Company's laboratory research equipment, through
advertisements in trade publications and sales to distributors, has resulted in
sales of a small number of microcannulas. Although the Company may continue to
market its laboratory research equipment, and to promote its ability to perform
research services, the Company's ability to generate substantial operating
revenue depends upon its success in developing and marketing or licensing its
plasma volume expanders and organ preservation solutions and technology for
medical use.
From inception (November 30, 1990) through June 30, 1997, the Company
incurred
31
<PAGE>
$6,909,353 of research and development expenses, including salaries, supplies
and other expense items. Research and development expenses increased to
$2,136,325 for the year ended June 30, 1997, from $1,142,168 for the year ended
June 30, 1996. The increase in research and development expenses is attributable
to ongoing Phase III human clinical trials, initiation of a clinical trial at
Middlesex Hospital in London, England, and an accrual for bonuses granted after
June 30, 1997. It is expected that research and development expenses will
increase as the Company continues clinical testing of Hextend and commences
clinical studies of other products.
From inception (November 30, 1990) through June 30, 1997, the Company
incurred $5,230,321 of general and administrative expenses. General and
administrative expenses increased to $1,209,546 for the year ended June 30,
1997, from $954,049 for the year ended June 30, 1996. This increase is
attributable to an amortization expense associated with agreements the Company
entered into with certain financial advisors and consultants in exchange for
warrants to purchase the Company's stock, an increase in the general operations
of the Company, an increase in personnel, and bonus awards.
Years Ended June 30, 1996 and June 30, 1995
For the year ended June 30, 1996, the Company generated $130,882 of
revenues from interest and other income. For the year ended June 30, 1995, the
Company generated total revenues of $222,383, comprised of interest and other
income. The decrease in interest and other income is attributable to the
decrease in cash and cash equivalents from 1995 to 1996.
Research and development expenses decreased to $1,142,168 for the year
ended June 30, 1996, from $1,791,698 for the year ended June 30, 1995. The
decrease in research and development expenses is attributable to a decrease in
the number and scope of research collaborations the Company is sponsoring, since
there has been a shift in the focus of the Company from research to clinical
studies.
General and administrative expenses increased to $954,049 for the year
ended June 30, 1996, from $808,432 for the year ended June 30, 1995. This
increase is primarily attributable to an amortized expense of $143,000
associated with a two year agreement the Company entered into with a financial
advisor in exchange for warrants to purchase the Company's stock. Otherwise,
general and administrative expenses decreased, due to a general concentration of
resources and personnel on development and testing of the Company's products.
Taxes
At June 30, 1997, the Company had a cumulative net operating loss
carryforward of approximately $ 11,500,000 for federal income tax purposes.
32
<PAGE>
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Since inception, the Company has primarily financed its operations
through the sale of equity securities and licensing fees, and at June 30, 1997,
the Company had cash and cash equivalents of over $7,800,000. On February 4,
1997, the Company completed a subscription rights offering, raising $5,491,583
through the sale of 283,109 common shares. In addition, from December 26, 1996
through February 10, 1997, the Company received $772,271 through the exercise of
certain underwriters' warrants. Management believes that additional funds may be
required for the successful completion of the Company's product development
activities. The Company plans to obtain financing for its future operations
through additional sales of equity or debt securities, and through the licensing
of its products to pharmaceutical companies.
Under its License Agreement with Abbott, the Company has received
$1,400,000 of license fees for signing the agreement and achieving a milestone
pertaining to the allowance of certain patent claims pending. An additional
$1,100,000 of license fees under the License Agreement will become payable in
installments upon the achievement of specific milestones pertaining to the
filing and approval of a New Drug Application for Hextend and the commencement
of sales of the product. Up to $37,500,000 of additional license fees will be
payable based upon annual net sales of Hextend at the rate of 10% of annual net
sales if annual net sales exceed $30,000,000 or 5% if annual net sales are
between $15,000,0000 and $30,000,000. Abbott's obligation to pay licensing fees
on sales of Hextend will expire on the earlier of January 1, 2007 or, on a
country by country basis, when all patents protecting Hextend in the applicable
country expire or any third party obtains certain regulatory approvals to market
a generic equivalent product in that country. In addition to license fees, the
Company will receive royalties upon the sale of Hextend.
License fees and royalties will also be sought from Abbott or other
pharmaceutical companies for United States and Canadian licenses of new products
and uses of Hextend that are not covered by Abbott's license, and for licenses
to manufacture and market the Company's products abroad.
The future availability and terms of equity and debt financings, and
the amount of license fees and royalties that may be earned through the
licensing and sale of the Company's products cannot be predicted. The
unavailability or inadequacy of financing or revenues to meet future capital
needs could force the Company to modify, curtail, delay or suspend some or all
aspects of its planned operations.
Statements contained in this report that are not historical facts may
constitute forward-looking statements that are subject to risks and
uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those
discussed. See "Risk Factors" elsewhere in this report.
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.
Not Applicable - The disclosures are not required for the current fiscal year.
33
<PAGE>
ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Pages
-----
Independent Auditors' Report 35
Balance Sheets 36
Statements of Operations 37
Statements of Shareholders' Equity 38-39
Statements of Cash Flows 40-41
Notes to Financial Statements 42-50
34
<PAGE>
INDEPENDENT AUDITORS' REPORT
To the Board of Directors and Shareholders
BioTime, Inc.:
We have audited the accompanying balance sheets of BioTime, Inc. (a development
stage company) as of June 30, 1997 and 1996, and the related statements of
operations, shareholders' equity and cash flows for the period from November 30,
1990 (inception) to June 30, 1997, and for each of the three years in the period
ended June 30, 1997. These financial statements are the responsibility of the
Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these
financial statements based on our audits.
We conducted our audits in accordance with generally accepted auditing
standards. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain
reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material
misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting
the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes
assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by
management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation.
We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, such financial statements present fairly, in all material
respects, the financial position of BioTime, Inc. as of June 30, 1997 and 1996,
and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the period from
November 30, 1990 (inception) to June 30, 1997, and for each of the three years
in the period ended June 30, 1997 in conformity with generally accepted
accounting principles.
The Company is in the development stage as of June 30, 1997. As discussed in
Note 1 to the financial statements, successful completion of the Company's
product development program and ultimately the attainment of profitable
operations is dependent upon future events, including maintaining adequate
financing to fulfill its development activities, obtaining regulatory approval
for products ultimately developed, and achieving a level of sales adequate to
support the Company's cost structure.
DELOITTE & TOUCHE LLP
San Francisco, California
August 25, 1997
35
<PAGE>
BIOTIME, INC.
(A Development Stage Company)
<TABLE>
BALANCE SHEETS
<CAPTION>
ASSETS June 30,
------------------------------
1997 1996
---- ----
<S> <C> <C>
CURRENT ASSETS
Cash and cash equivalents $ 7,811,634 $ 2,443,121
Research and development supplies on hand 100,000 200,000
Prepaid expenses and other current assets 259,109 214,094
------------- -------------
Total current assets 8,170,743 2,857,215
EQUIPMENT, Net of accumulated depreciation of $139,241 and $98,218 92,609 101,559
DEPOSITS AND OTHER ASSETS 34,422 9,700
------------- -------------
TOTAL ASSETS $ 8,297,774 $ 2,968,474
============= =============
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
CURRENT LIABILITIES
Accounts payable $ 249,168 $ 129,229
Accrued compensation 175,000
Deferred revenue - current portion 900,000
------------- -------------
Total current liabilities 1,324,168 129,229
DEFERRED REVENUE 437,500
------------- -------------
Total liabilities 1,761,668 129,229
------------- -------------
COMMITMENTS (Note 5)
SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY:
Preferred Shares, no par value, undesignated as to Series, authorized 1,000,000
shares; none outstanding (Note 4)
Common Shares, no par value, authorized 25,000,000 shares; issued
and outstanding 3,203,193 and 2,756,521 shares (Note 4 ) 17,625,646 10,834,575
Contributed Capital 93,972 93,972
Deficit accumulated during development stage (11,183,512) (8,089,302)
------------- -------------
Total shareholders' equity 6,536,106 2,839,245
------------- -------------
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY $ 8,297,774 $ 2,968,474
============= =============
<FN>
See notes to financial statements.
</FN>
</TABLE>
36
<PAGE>
BIOTIME, INC.
(A Development Stage Company)
<TABLE>
STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
<CAPTION>
Year Ended June 30, Period from Inception
------------------------------------------------- (November 30, 1990)
1997 1996 1995 to June 30, 1997
-------------- -------------- -------------- ----------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
REVENUE:
License fee $ 62,500 $ 62,500
-------------- -------------- -------------- --------------------
EXPENSES:
Research and development (2,136,325) $ (1,142,168) $ (1,791,698) (6,909,353)
General and administrative (1,209,546) (954,049) (808,432) (5,230,321)
-------------- -------------- -------------- --------------------
Total expenses (3,345,871) (2,096,217) (2,600,130) (12,139,674)
-------------- -------------- -------------- --------------------
INTEREST AND OTHER INCOME:
Interest 183,781 127,212 218,416 862,479
Other 5,380 3,670 3,967 56,014
-------------- -------------- -------------- --------------------
Total interest and other income 189,161 130,882 222,383 918,493
-------------- -------------- -------------- --------------------
NET LOSS $ (3,094,210) $ (1,965,335) $ (2,377,747) $ (11,158,681)
-------------- -------------- -------------- --------------------
NET LOSS PER SHARE $ (1.05) $ (.75) $ (.90) $ (5.31)
============== ============== ============== ====================
SHARES USED IN
PER SHARE COMPUTATION 2,959,008 2,609,244 2,633,464 2,100,969
============== ============== ============== ====================
<FN>
See notes to financial statements.
</FN>
</TABLE>
37
<PAGE>
BIOTIME, INC.
(A Development Stage Company)
<TABLE>
STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
<CAPTION>
Series A Convertible Deficit
Preferred Shares Common Shares Accumulated
--------------------- ---------------------- During
Number of Number Contributed Development
Shares Amount of Shares Amount Capital Stage
--------- --------- --------- ---------- ----------- ---------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
BALANCE, November 30, 1990
(date of inception) -- -- -- -- -- --
NOVEMBER 1990
Common shares issued for cash 437,587 $ 263
DECEMBER 1990:
Common shares issued for
stock of a separate entity at fair value 350,070 137,400
Contributed equipment at appraised
value $ 16,425
Contributed cash 77,547
MAY 1991:
Common shares issued for cash
less offering costs 33,725 54,463
Common shares issued for stock
of a separate entity at fair value 33,340 60,000
JULY 1991:
Common shares issued for
services performed 10,000 18,000
AUGUST-DECEMBER 1991
Preferred shares issued for
cash less offering costs of $125,700 120,000 $474,300
MARCH 1992:
Common shares issued for
cash less offering costs of $1,015,873 724,500 4,780,127
Preferred shares converted
into common shares (120,000) (474,300) 120,000 474,300
Dividends declared and paid
on preferred shares $(24,831)
MARCH 1994:
Common shares issued for cash less
offering costs of $865,826 935,200 3,927,074
NET LOSS SINCE INCEPTION (3,721,389)
--------- --------- --------- ---------- --------- ------------
BALANCE AT JUNE 30, 1994 -- $ -- 2,644,422 $ 9,451,627 $ 93,972 $ (3,746,220)
<FN>
See notes to condensed financial statements. (Continued)
</FN>
</TABLE>
38
<PAGE>
BIOTIME, INC.
(A Development Stage Company)
<TABLE>
STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
<CAPTION>
Series A Convertible Deficit
Preferred Shares Common Shares Accumulated
-------------------- ----------------------- During
Number of Number of Contributed Development
Shares Amount Shares Amount Capital Stage
--------- --------- ----------- --------- ---------- ---------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
BALANCE AT JUNE 30, 1994 -- $ -- 2,644,422 $ 9,451,627 $ 93,972 $ (3,746,220)
Common shares repurchased
with cash (84,600) (190,029)
NET LOSS $ (2,377,747)
--------- --------- --------- ---------- -------- --------------
BALANCE AT JUNE 30, 1995 -- $ -- 2,559,822 9,261,598 $ 93,972 (6,123,967)
Common shares issued for
cash (exercise of options and warrants) 165,507 1,162,370
Common shares issued for cash
(lapse of recision) 37,392 67,300
Common shares repurchased
with cash (6,200) (12,693)
Common shares warrants and options
granted for services 356,000
NET LOSS (1,965,335)
--------- --------- --------- --------- -------- -------------
BALANCE AT JUNE 30, 1996 -- $ -- 2,756,521 10,834,575 93,972 (8,089,302)
Common shares issued for cash less
offering costs of $170,597 283,109 5,491,583
Common shares issued for cash
(exercise of options and warrants) 163,563 1,194,488
Common shares warrants and options
granted for service 105,000
NET LOSS (3,094,210)
--------- --------- --------- --------- -------- --------------
BALANCE AT JUNE 30, 1997 -- $ -- 3,203,193 $17,625,646 $ 93,972 $ (11,183,512)
========= ========= ========== ========== ========= ==============
<FN>
See Notes to condensed financial statements. (Concluded)
</FN>
</TABLE>
39
<PAGE>
BIOTIME, INC.
(A Development Stage Company)
<TABLE>
STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
<CAPTION>
Year Ended June 30,
------------------------------------------------------- Period from Inception
(November 30, 1990)
1997 1996 1995 to June 30, 1997
---------------- --------------- --------------- -------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C>
OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
Net loss $ (3,094,210) $ (1,965,335) $ (2,377,747) $ (11,158,681)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net
cash used in operating activities:
Deferred revenue (62,500) (62,500)
Depreciation 41,023 35,886 32,051 139,241
Cost of services - options and warrants 240,821 167,932 438,956
Supply reserves 100,000 100,000
Changes in operating assets and
liabilities:
Research and development supplies on hand (200,000) (200,000)
Prepaid expenses and other current
assets (180,837) 24,705 53,543 (206,862)
Deposits and other assets (24,722) (5,400) (34,422)
Accounts payable 119,939 (182,198) 267,326 249,168
Accrued compensation 175,000 175,000
Deferred revenue 1,400,000 1,400,000
-------------- ------------ --------------- --------------
Net cash used in operating activities (1,285,486) (2,119,010) (2,030,227) (9,160,100)
-------------- ------------ --------------- --------------
INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
Sale of investments 197,400
Purchase of short-term investments (3,000,000) (9,946,203)
Redemption of short-term investments 8,000,000 9,934,000
Purchase of equipment and furniture (32,072) (28,442) (59,624) (215,425)
-------------- ------------ --------------- -------------
Net cash provided by (used in) investing
activities (32,072) (28,442) 4,940,376 (30,228)
-------------- ------------ --------------- -------------
FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Issuance of preferred shares for cash 600,000
Preferred shares placement costs (125,700)
Issuance of common shares for cash 5,662,180 16,373,106
Common shares placement costs (170,597) (2,052,296)
Net proceeds from exercise of common share options
and warrants 1,194,488 1,162,370 2,356,858
Contributed capital - cash 77,547
Dividends paid on preferred shares (24,831)
Repurchase of common shares (12,693) (188,299) (202,722)
-------------- ------------ --------------- -------------
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities 6,686,071 1,149,677 (188,299) 17,001,962
-------------- ------------ --------------- -------------
INCREASE (DECREASE) IN CASH AND CASH
EQUIVALENTS 5,368,513 (997,775) 2,721,850 7,811,634
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS:
At beginning of period 2,443,121 3,440,896 719,046 --
-------------- ------------ --------------- -------------
At end of period $ 7,811,634 $ ,443,121 $ 3,440,896 $ 7,811,634
============== ============ =============== =============
<FN>
See notes to financial statements. (Continued)
</FN>
</TABLE>
40
<PAGE>
BIOTIME, INC.
(A Development Stage Company)
<TABLE>
STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
<CAPTION>
Year Ended June 30, Period from Inception
----------------------------------------------------- (November 30, 1990)
1997 1996 1995 to June 30, 1997
---------------- --------------- ------------- ---------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C>
NONCASH FINANCING AND
INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
Receipt of contributed equipment $ 16,425
Issuance of common shares
in exchange for shares of common
stock of Cryomedical
Sciences, Inc. in a stock-for-stock
transaction $ 197,400
Granting of options and warrants for $ 105,000 $ 356,000 $ 479,000
services
<FN>
See notes to financial statements. (Concluded)
</FN>
</TABLE>
41
<PAGE>
BIOTIME, INC.
(A Development Stage Company)
NOTES TO CONDENSED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1. GENERAL AND DEVELOPMENT STAGE ENTERPRISE
General - BioTime, Inc. (the Company) was organized November 30, 1990 as a
California corporation. The Company is a biomedical organization, currently
in the development stage, which is engaged in the research and development
of synthetic plasma expanders, blood volume substitute solutions, and organ
preservation solutions, for use in surgery, trauma care, organ transplant
procedures, and other areas of medicine.
Certain Significant Risks and Uncertainties - The preparation of financial
statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles
requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the
reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent
assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the
reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Such
management estimates include certain accruals. Actual results could differ
from those estimates.
The Company's operations are subject to a number of factors that can affect
its operating results and financial condition. Such factors include, but
are not limited to the following: the results of clinical trials of the
Company's products; the Company's ability to obtain United States Food and
Drug Administration and foreign regulatory approval to market its products;
competition from products manufactured and sold or being developed by other
companies; the price of and demand for any Company products that are
ultimately sold; the Company's ability to obtain additional financing and
the terms of any such financing that may be obtained; the Company's ability
to negotiate favorable licensing or other manufacturing and marketing
agreements for its products; the availability of ingredients used in the
Company's products; and the availability of reimbursement for the cost of
the Company's products (and related treatment) from government health
administration authorities, private health coverage insurers and other
organizations.
Development Stage Enterprise - Since inception, the Company has been
engaged in research and development activities in connection with the
development of synthetic plasma expanders, blood volume substitute
solutions and organ preservation products. The Company has not had any
significant operating revenues and has incurred operating losses of
$11,158,681 from inception to June 30, 1997. The successful completion of
the Company's product development program and, ultimately, achieving
profitable operations is dependent upon future events including maintaining
adequate capital to finance its future development activities, obtaining
regulatory approvals for the products it develops and achieving a level of
sales adequate to support the Company's cost structure.
42
<PAGE>
2. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Equipment is stated at cost or, in the case of donated equipment, at fair
market value. Equipment is being depreciated using the straight-line method
over a period of sixty to seventy four months.
Patent costs associated with obtaining patents on products being developed
are expensed as research and development expenses when incurred. These
costs totaled $95,362 for the year ended June 30, 1997, $95,598 for the
year ended June 30, 1996, $83,430 for the year ended June 30, 1995, and
cumulatively, $371,979 for the period from inception (November 30, 1990) to
June 30, 1997.
Research and development supplies on hand are comprised of a quantity of
the Company's Hextend solution for use in human clinical trials, and are
stated at lower of cost or net realizable value.
Research and development costs, consisting principally of salaries, payroll
taxes, research and laboratory fees, hospital and consultant fees related
to the clinical trials, are expensed as incurred.
Stock-based Compensation - The Company accounts for stock-based awards to
employees using the intrinsic value method in accordance with APB No. 25,
Accounting for Stock Issued to Employees.
Net Loss Per Share is based on the weighted average number of common shares
outstanding during the periods presented. For all periods presented, all
unexercised warrants and options are considered to be antidilutive and were
not included in the computation.
Recently issued accounting standards - During February 1997, the Financial
Accounting Standards Board issued Statement of Financial Accounting
Standards No. 128, "Earnings per Share" (SFAS 128). The Company is required
to adopt SFAS 128 in the second quarter of fiscal 1998 and will restate at
that time earnings per share (EPS) data for prior periods to conform with
SFAS 128. Earlier application is not permitted.
SFAS 128 replaces current EPS reporting requirements and requires a dual
presentation of basic and diluted EPS. Basic EPS excludes dilution and is
computed by dividing net income available to common shareholders by the
weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period.
Diluted EPS reflects the potential dilution that could occur if securities
or other contracts to issue common shares were exercised or converted to
common shares.
If SFAS 128 had been in effect during the current and prior periods, basic
EPS and diluted EPS would not have been significantly different than
primary EPS and fully diluted EPS currently reported for the period. Fully
diluted EPS, as with diluted EPS, is not reported for the current and prior
periods due to its antidilutive affect on EPS.
43
<PAGE>
During June 1997, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued
Statements of Financial Accounting Standards No. 130, "Reporting
Comprehensive Income," which requires that an enterprise report the change
in its net assets from nonowner sources by major components and as a single
total. The Board also issued Statements of Financial Accounting Standards
No. 131, "Disclosures about Segments of an Enterprise and Related
Information," which establishes annual and interim reporting standards for
an enterprise's operating segments and related disclosures about its
products, services, geographic areas, and major customers. Adoption of
these statements will not impact the Company's consolidated financial
position, results of operations or cash flows, and any effect will be
limited to the form and content of its disclosures. Both statements are
effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 1997, with earlier
application permitted.
Reclassification - Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to
conform to the fiscal 1997 presentation. The changes do not have a material
effect on the financial statements.
3. LICENSE AGREEMENT
In April 1997, BioTime and Abbott Laboratories ("Abbott") entered into an
Exclusive License Agreement (the "License Agreement") under which BioTime
has granted to Abbott an exclusive license to manufacture and sell
BioTime's proprietary blood plasma volume expander solution Hextend in the
United States and Canada for certain therapeutic uses.
Under the License Agreement, Abbott has agreed to pay the Company up to
$40,000,000 in license fees; of which $1,000,000 due upon signing of the
License Agreement (the "signing payment"), and $400,000 due upon the
achievement of a patent claims milestone (the "patent payment") were
received prior to June 30, 1997; an additional $1,100,000 will become
payable in installments upon the achievement of specific milestones (the
milestone payments) pertaining to the filing and approval of a New Drug
Application for Hextend and the commencement of sales of the product. Up to
$37,500,000 of additional license fees will be payable based upon annual
net sales of Hextend at the rate of 10% of annual net sales if annual net
sales exceed $30,000,000 or 5% if annual net sales are between $15,000,0000
and $30,000,000. Abbott's obligation to pay license fees on sales of
Hextend will expire on the earlier of January 1, 2007 or, on a country by
country basis, when all patents protecting Hextend in the applicable
country expire or any third party obtains certain regulatory approvals to
market a generic equivalent product in that country.
In addition to the license fees, Abbott will pay the Company a royalty on
annual net sales of Hextend. The royalty rate will be 5% plus an additional
.22% for each $1,000,000 of annual net sales, up to a maximum royalty rate
of 36%. Abbott's obligation to pay royalties on sales of Hextend will
expire in the United States or Canada when all patents protecting Hextend
in the applicable country expire and any third party obtains certain
regulatory approvals to market a generic equivalent product in that
country.
44
<PAGE>
Abbott has agreed that the Company may convert Abbott's exclusive license
to a non-exclusive license or may terminate the license outright if certain
minimum sales and royalty payments are not met. In order to terminate the
license outright, BioTime would pay a termination fee in an amount ranging
from the milestone payments made by Abbott to an amount equal to three
times prior year net sales, depending upon when termination occurs.
Abbott's exclusive license also may terminate, without the payment of
termination fees by the Company, if Abbott fails to market Hextend.
Management believes that the probability of payments of any termination fee
by the Company is remote.
As of June 30, 1997, the Company received $1,400,000 from Abbott under the
License Agreement, and has deferred recognition of $1,337,500. The Company
will recognize the signing payment over the estimated development period
(two years) and the patent payment when the related patent has been issued.
Further milestone payments will be recognized as achieved. Additional
license fees and royalty payments will be recognized as the related sales
are made and reported as earned to the Company by Abbott.
4. SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
On February 5, 1997, the Company completed a subscription rights offering
raising $5,662,180 (less offering costs of $170,597), through the sale of
283,109 common shares.
In September 1996, the Company entered into an agreement with an individual
to act as an advisor to the Company. In exchange for services, as defined,
to be rendered by the advisor through September 1999, the Company issued
warrants, with five year terms, to purchase 40,000 common shares at a price
of $18.75 per share. Warrants for 25,000 common shares vested and became
exercisable and transferable when issued; warrants for the remaining 15,000
common shares vest ratably through September 1997 and become exercisable
and transferable as vesting occurs. The estimated value of the services to
be performed is $60,000 and that amount has been capitalized and is being
amortized over the three year term of the agreement.
During September 1995, the Company entered into an agreement with a firm to
act as its financial advisor. In exchange for financial consulting services
associated in part with a plan to secure additional capital, the Company
issued to the financial advisor warrants to purchase 100,000 common shares
at a price of $6 per share, and the Company agreed to issue additional
warrants to purchase up to an additional 200,000 common shares at a price
equal to the greater of (a) 150% of the average market price of the common
shares during the three months prior to grant or (b) $6 per share. The
additional warrants were issued in equal quarterly installments over a two
year period, beginning October 15, 1995. The Company had the right to
terminate the financial advisory agreement on 30 days notice, in which case
the next warrant issuance would be accelerated to the date on which notice
of termination is given, but no additional warrants would be issued.
Through June 30, 1997, the advisor had received warrants to purchase
275,000 common shares; 150,000 of which are exercisable at a price of $6
per share, 25,000 of which are
45
<PAGE>
exercisable at a price of $7.32 per share, 25,000 of which are exercisable
at a price of $30.04 per share, 25,000 of which are exercisable at $29.33
per share, 25,000 of which are exercisable at $32.65 per share, and 25,000
of which are exercisable at $49.01 per share. As of July 15, 1997, the
advisor received warrants to purchase an additional 25,000 shares at a
price of $42.79 per share. The total value of these 300,000 warrants at the
agreement date, estimated to be $300,000, was capitalized in fiscal 1996
and is being amortized over the two year term of the agreement.
In June 1994, the Board of Directors authorized management to repurchase up
to 200,000 of the Company's common shares at market price at the time of
purchase. As of June 30, 1997, 90,800 shares have been repurchased and
retired. No shares have been repurchased since August 28, 1995.
5. STOCK OPTION PLAN
The Board of Directors of the Company adopted the 1992 Stock Option Plan
(the "Plan") in September 1992, which was approved by the shareholders at
the 1992 Annual Meeting of Shareholders on December 1, 1992. Under the
Plan, as amended, the Company has reserved 600,000 common shares for
issuance under options granted to eligible persons. No options may be
granted under the Plan more than ten years after the date the Plan was
adopted by the Board of Directors, and no options granted under the Plan
may be exercised after the expiration of ten years from the date of grant.
Under the Plan, options to purchase common shares may be granted to
employees, directors and certain consultants at prices not less than the
fair market value at date of grant for incentive stock options and not less
than 85% of fair market value for nonstatutory stock options. These options
expire five to ten years from the date of grant and may be fully
exercisable immediately, or may be exercisable according to a schedule or
conditions specified by the Board of Directors or the Option Committee. At
June 30, 1997, 217,000 shares were available for future grants under the
Option Plan.
Option activity under the Plan is as follows:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Weighted
Number of Average Exercise
Shares Price
---------------------- -----------------------
<S> <C> <C>
Outstanding, July 1, 1994 (172,000 exercisable at a
weighted average price of $7.65) 213,000 $6.82
Granted 12,000 3.35
Exercised -- --
---------------------- -----------------------
</TABLE>
46
<PAGE>
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Weighted
Number of Average Exercise
Shares Price
---------------------- -----------------------
<S> <C> <C>
Outstanding, July 1, 1995 (184,000 exercisable at a
weighted average price of $7.36) 225,000 $ 6.64
Granted (weighted average fair value of $2.21 per
share, on 2,000 employee options) 62,000 3.22
Exercised 57,000 5.42
Canceled -- --
---------------------- -----------------------
Outstanding, June 30, 1996 (179,000 exercisable at a
weighted average price of $6.77) 230,000 6.02
Granted (weighted average fair value of $20.48 per
share, on 41,000 employee options) 96,000 21.72
Exercised 46,000 7.12
Canceled -- --
---------------------- -----------------------
Outstanding, June 30, 1997 (226,000 exercisable at a
weighted average price of $12.65) 280,000 $ 11.35
---------------------- -----------------------
</TABLE>
Additional information regarding options outstanding as of June 30, 1997 is as
follows:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Options Outstanding Options Exercisable
------------------------------ ------------------------------------
Weighted Avg.
Remaining
Range of Number Contractual Life Weighted Avg. Number Weighted Avg.
Exercise Prices Outstanding (yrs) Exercise Price Exercisable Exercise Price
- ----------------- ----------------- ------------------ ------------------ --------------- ------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
$1.99-3.38 109,000 4.75 $3.26 60,000 $4.13
9.22-18.81 136,000 2.09 12.78 163,000 12.78
31.00 35,000 4.75 31.00 30,000 31.00
---------------- ---------------
280,000 226,000
</TABLE>
As discussed in Note 1, the Company continues to account for its employee
stock-based awards using the intrinsic value method in accordance with
Accounting Principles Board No. 25, Accounting for Stock Issued to
Employees and its related interpretations. Accordingly, no compensation
expense has been recognized in the financial statements for employee stock
47
<PAGE>
arrangements. Options to purchase 110,000 shares were outstanding to
employees at June 30, 1997. Options granted to non-employees have been
recognized in the financial statements at the estimated fair value of the
services or benefit provided. Options to purchase 170,000 shares were
outstanding to non-employees at June 30, 1997.
Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 123, Accounting for
Stock-Based Compensation, (SFAS 123) requires the disclosure of pro forma
net income and earnings per share had the Company adopted the fair value
method as of the beginning of fiscal 1995. Under SFAS 123, the fair value
of stock-based awards to employees is calculated through the use of option
pricing models, even though such models were developed to estimate the fair
value of freely tradable, fully transferable options without vesting
restrictions, which significantly differ from the Company's stock option
awards. These models also require subjective assumptions, including future
stock price volatility and expected time to exercise, which greatly affect
the calculated values. The Company's calculations were made using the
Black-Scholes option pricing model with the following weighted average
assumptions: expected life, 24-60 months following vesting; stock
volatility, 95% in 1997 and 92% in 1996; risk free interest rates, 5.96% in
1997 and 5.75% in 1996; and no dividends during the expected term. The
Company's calculations are based on a multiple option valuation approach
and forfeitures are recognized as they occur. If the computed fair values
of the 1996 and 1997 awards had been amortized to expense over the vesting
period of the awards, pro forma net loss would have been $1,969,755 ($0.75
per share) in 1996 and $3,983,890 ($1.33 per share) in 1997. However, the
impact of outstanding non-vested stock options granted prior to 1996 has
been excluded from the pro forma calculation; accordingly, the 1996 and
1997 pro forma adjustments are not indicative of future period pro forma
adjustments, when the calculation will apply to all applicable stock
options.
6. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
The Company has employment agreements with six officers/shareholders for
five-year terms, five of which expire in June 2001 and one which expires in
April 2002, and all provide for base salaries with annual increases. The
agreements provide for severance payments equal to the greater of (a) 2.99
times the average annual compensation for the preceding five years and (b)
the balance of the base salary for the unexpired portion of the term of the
employment agreement. These officers/shareholders have signed intellectual
property agreements with the Company as a condition of their employment.
In December 1990, the Company was granted a fully paid, royalty-free
worldwide irrevocable nonexclusive license to make, have made, use and sell
CMSI's hypothermic blood substitute solution that exists in CMSI's patent
application. The license granted by CMSI will terminate if certain
officers/shareholders in the aggregate do not own at least 33 1/3% of the
interest in the Company not sold to the public or otherwise owned by public
shareholders. At June 30, 1997 the license is still in effect.
48
<PAGE>
In June 1993, the Company entered into a two-year lease agreement for its
principal office and research facilities. Rent expense totaled $59,376,
$58,188, and $53,388 for each of the three years ended June 30, 1997, 1996
and 1995, respectively; and cumulatively, $226,702 for the period from
inception to June 30, 1997. During March 1997, the Company exercised an
option to renew the lease for an additional 24 month period. Rent during
the option period will be $5,300 per month for the first twelve months,
then $5,500 per month for the last twelve months, plus the cost of
utilities.
The Company has agreements with three hospitals regarding the Company's
clinical trials. As of June 30, 1997, the total obligation of the Company
to the hospitals providing services under these agreements is $346,962.
7. INCOME TAXES
The primary components of the net deferred tax asset as of June 30 are:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
1997 1996
-------------------- --------------------
<S> <C> <C>
Deferred Tax Asset:
NOL Carryforwards $4,221,000 $3,078,000
Deferred Tax Liability:
Other, net (171,000) (103,000)
-------------------- --------------------
Total 4,050,000 2,975,000
Valuation allowance (4,050,000) (2,975,000)
-------------------- --------------------
Net deferred tax asset -0- -0-
==================== ====================
</TABLE>
No tax benefit has been recorded through June 30, 1997 because of the net
operating losses incurred and full valuation allowance provided. A
valuation allowance is provided when it is more likely than not that some
portion of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. The Company
established a 100% valuation allowance at June 30, 1997 and 1996 due to the
uncertainty of realizing future tax benefits from its net operating loss
carryforwards and other deferred tax assets.
As of June 30, 1997, the Company has net operating loss carryforwards of
approximately $11,500,000 for federal and $5,800,000 for state tax
purposes, which expire during fiscal years 2011 and 2001, respectively.
49
<PAGE>
Internal Revenue Code Section 382 places a limitation (the "Section 382
Limitation") on the amount of taxable income which can be offset by net
operating loss ("NOL") carryforwards after a change in control (generally
greater than 50% change in ownership) of a loss corporation. California has
similar rules. Generally, after a control change, a loss corporation cannot
deduct NOL carryforwards in excess of the Section 382 Limitation. Due to
these "change in ownership" provisions, utilization of the NOL and tax
credit carryforwards may be subject to an annual limitation regarding their
utilization against taxable income in future periods.
8. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
During the years ended June 30, 1995, 1996, and 1997, $81,043, $19,940 and
$126,754 in fees for consulting services was paid to a member of the Board
of Directors.
9. QUARTERLY RESULTS (UNAUDITED)
Summarized results of operations for each quarter of fiscal 1997 and 1996
are as follows:
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
First Second Third Fourth Total
1997 Quarter Quarter Quarter Quarter Year
---- ------- ------- ------- ------- ----
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Revenue $62,500 $62,500
Net loss $718,356 $754,487 $520,282 $1,101,085 $3,094,210
Net loss per share $ .26 $ .27 $ .17 $ .37 $ 1.05
1996
----
Net loss $377,407 $463,395 $413,230 $711,303 $1,965,335
Net loss per share $ .13 $ .18 $ .16 $ .27 $ .75
</TABLE>
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and
Financial Disclosure
Not applicable.
50
<PAGE>
PART III
Item 10. Directors and Executive Officers of the Registrant.
Directors and Executive Officers
The names and ages of the directors and executive officers of the
Company are as follows:
Paul Segall, Ph.D., 54, is the Chairman, President and Chief Executive
Officer and has served as a director of the Company since 1990. He was a
research scientist for Cryomedical Sciences, Inc. ("CMSI") and a member of its
Board of Directors from 1987 to December 1990, serving as Director of Research
and Vice President of Research for CMSI, from April 1988 until 1989. Dr. Segall
received a Ph.D. in Physiology from the University of California at Berkeley in
1977.
Victoria Bellport, 32, is the Chief Financial Officer and Vice
President and has been a director of the Company since 1990. Ms. Bellport
received a B.A. in Biochemistry from the University of California at Berkeley in
1988.
Hal Sternberg, Ph.D., 44, is the Vice President of Research and has
been a director of the Company since 1990. He was a research scientist for CMSI
from 1987 to December 1990, serving as Vice President of Biochemistry for CMSI
from November 1987 to 1989. Dr. Sternberg was a visiting scientist and research
Associate at the University of California at Berkeley from 1985-1988, where he
supervised a team of researchers studying Alzheimer's Disease. Dr. Sternberg
received his Ph.D. from the University of Maryland in Biochemistry in 1982.
Harold Waitz, Ph.D., 55, is the Vice President of Engineering and has
been a director of the Company since 1990. He was a research scientist for CMSI
from 1987 to December 1990, serving as Vice President of Technology for CMSI
from November 1987 to 1989. From 1986-1988, Dr. Waitz served as Vice President
of Research at the Winters Institute, a non-profit biomedical research
institution, at which Dr. Waitz studied arteriosclerosis in primates. He
received his Ph.D. in Biophysics and Medical Physics from the University of
California at Berkeley in 1983.
Ronald S. Barkin, 51, is the Executive Vice President and has been a
director of the Company since 1990. Mr. Barkin practiced civil and corporate law
for more than 25 years before becoming an executive officer of the Company
during April 1997.
Judith Segall, 44, is the Vice President of Technology and Secretary,
and has been a director of the Company from 1990 through 1994, and from 1995
through the present date. She performed services on a contract basis as a
biochemist for CMSI during 1989, until the formation of BioTime. Ms. Segall
received a B.S. in Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics from the University of
California at Berkeley in 1989.
51
<PAGE>
Jeffrey B. Nickel, Ph.D., 53, joined the Board of Directors of the
Company during March 1997. Dr. Nickel is the President of Nickel Consulting
through which he has served as a consultant to companies in the pharmaceutical
and biotechnology industries since 1990. Prior to starting his consulting
business, Dr. Nickel served in a number of management positions for Syntex
Corporation and Merck & Company. Dr. Nickel received his Ph.D. in Organic
Chemistry from Rutgers University in 1970.
Executive Officers
Paul Segall, Ronald S. Barkin, Victoria Bellport, Hal Sternberg, Harold
Waitz and Judith Segall are the only executive officers of BioTime.
There are no family relationships among the directors or officers of
the Company, except that Paul Segall and Judith Segall are husband and wife.
Directors' Meetings, Compensation and Committees of the Board
The Board of Directors does not have a standing Compensation Committee,
or Nominating Committee. The Company does not have a standing Audit Committee,
but plans to form one. Nominees to the Board of Directors are selected by the
entire Board.
The Board of Directors has a Stock Option Committee that administers
the Company's 1992 Stock Option Plan and makes grants of options to key
employees, consultants, scientific advisory board members and independent
contractors of the Company, but not to officers or directors of the Company. The
members of the Stock Option Committee are Paul Segall, Ronald S. Barkin, and
Victoria Bellport. The Stock Option Committee was formed during September 1992.
During the fiscal year ended June 30, 1997, the Board of Directors met
six times. No director attended fewer than 75% of the meetings of the Board or
any committee on which they served.
Directors of the Company who are not employees receive an annual fee of
$20,000. Directors of the Company and members of committees of the Board of
Directors who are employees of the Company are not compensated for serving as
directors or attending meetings of the Board or committees of the Board.
Directors are entitled to reimbursements for their out-of-pocket expenses
incurred in attending meetings of the Board or committees of the Board.
Directors who are employees of the Company are also entitled to receive
compensation in such capacity.
Executive Compensation
The Company has entered into five-year employment agreements (the
"Employment Agreements") with Paul Segall, the President and Chief Executive
Officer; Victoria Bellport, the Chief Financial Officer; Judith Segall, Vice
President of Technology and Corporate Secretary; Hal
52
<PAGE>
Sternberg, Vice President of Research; and Harold Waitz, Vice President of
Engineering. The Employment Agreements will expire on December 31, 2000 but may
terminate prior to the end of the term if the employee (1) dies, (2) leaves the
Company, (3) becomes disabled for a period of 90 days in any 150 day period, or
(4) is discharged by the Board of Directors for failure to carry out the
reasonable policies of the Board, persistent absenteeism, or a material breach
of a covenant. Under the Employment Agreement, the executive officers are
presently receiving an annual salary of $92,000, and will receive a one-time
cash bonus of $25,000 if the Company receives at least $1,000,000 of equity
financing from a pharmaceutical company. Each executive officer will be entitled
to seek a modification of his or her Employment Agreement before the expiration
of the five year term if the market value of the Company's outstanding capital
stock exceeds $75,000,000.
In the event of the executive officer's death during the term of his or
her Employment Agreement, the Company will pay his or her estate his or her
salary for a period of six month or until December 31, 2000, whichever first
occurs. In the event that the executive officer's employment terminates,
voluntarily or involuntarily, after a change in control of the Company through
an acquisition of voting stock, an acquisition of the Company's assets, or a
merger or consolidation of the Company with another corporation or entity, the
executive officers will be entitled to severance compensation equal to the
greater of (a) 2.99 times his or her average annual compensation for the
preceding five years and (b) the balance of his or her base salary for the
unexpired portion of the term of his Employment Agreement.
Each executive officer has also executed an Intellectual Property
Agreement which provides that the Company is the owner of all inventions
developed by the executive officer during the course of his or her employment.
The following table summarizes certain information concerning the
compensation paid to the Company's five most highly compensated executive
officers during the last three fiscal years.
<TABLE>
SUMMARY COMPENSATION TABLE
<CAPTION>
Annual Compensation Long-Term Compensation
------------------- ----------------------
Name and Principal Position Year Salary($) Bonus Stock Options (Shares)
- --------------------------- ---- --------- ----- ----------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Paul Segall 1997 $90,583 __ __
Chief Executive Officer 1996 $76,041 __ __
1995 $67,500 __ __
Hal Sternberg 1997 $90,583 $25,000 __
Vice President of Research 1996 $76,041 __ __
1995 $67,500 __ __
Harold Waitz 1997 $90,583 $50,000 __
Vice President of Engineering 1996 $76,041 __ __
1995 $67,500 __ __
</TABLE>
53
<PAGE>
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Annual Compensation Long-Term Compensation
------------------- ----------------------
Name and Principal Position Year Salary($) Bonus Stock Options (Shares)
- --------------------------- ---- --------- ----- ----------------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Victoria Bellport
Vice President and 1997 $90,583 $25,000 __
Chief Financial Officer 1996 $76,041 __ __
1995 $67,500 __ __
Judith Segall 1997 $90,583 $25,000 __
Vice President and Corporate Secretary 1996 $76,041 __ __
1995 $67,500 __ __
</TABLE>
Stock Options
The following table provides information with respect to the Company's
five most highly compensated executive officers, concerning the exercise of
options during the last fiscal year and unexercised options held as of June 30,
1997.
<TABLE>
Aggregated Options Exercised in Last Fiscal Year,
and Fiscal Year-End Option Values
<CAPTION>
Number of
Shares Number of Value of Unexercised
Acquired Value Unexercised Options at In-the-Money Options at
on Realized June 30, 1997 June 30, 1997(1)
-------------------------------- -----------------------
Name Exercise ($) Exercisable Unexercisable Exercisable Unexercisable
- ---- ---------- ----- ----------- ------------- ----------- -------------
<S> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C> <C>
Paul Segall 0 -- 21,000 0 $679,980 0
Hal Sternberg 0 -- 21,000 0 679,980 0
Harold Waitz 0 -- 21,000 0 679,980 0
Victoria Bellport 0 -- 0 0 0 0
Judith Segall 0 -- 0 0 0 0
<FN>
(1) Based on the average of the high and low bid prices of a Common Share
($32.38) as reported on the Nasdaq Small Cap Market System on such date.
</FN>
</TABLE>
54
<PAGE>
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management.
The following table sets forth information as of September 25, 1997
concerning beneficial ownership of Common Shares by each shareholder known by
the Company to be the beneficial owner of 5% or more of the Company's Common
Shares, and the Company's executive officers and directors. Information
concerning certain beneficial owners of more than 5% of the Common Shares is
based upon information disclosed by such owners in their reports on Schedule
13D.
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Number of Percent of
Shares Total
--------- ----------
<S> <C> <C>
Alfred D. Kingsley (1) 412,750 11.6%
Gary K. Duberstein
Greenbelt Corp.
Greenway Partners, L.P.
Greenhouse Partners, L.P.
277 Park Avenue, 27th Floor
New York, New York 10017
WisdomTree Associates, L.P. (2) 261,850 8.0
WisdomTree Capital Management, Inc.
1633 Broadway, 38th Floor
New York, New York 10019
WisdomTree Offshore, Ltd. (2)
Zephyr House, 5th Floor
P.O. Box 1561
Mary Street
Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands
British West Indies
Paul and Judith Segall (3) 236,638 7.2
Harold D. Waitz 167,069 5.1
Hal Sternberg 158,379 4.8
Victoria Bellport 65,389 2.0
Ronald S. Barkin (4) 63,337 2.0
Jeffrey B. Nickel __ __
All officers and directors
as a group (7 persons)(4) 690,812 21.1%
- ---------------------------
</TABLE>
55
<PAGE>
(1) Includes 300,000 Common Shares issuable upon the exercise of certain
warrants owned beneficially by Greenbelt Corp. Mr. Kingsley and Mr.
Duberstein may be deemed to beneficially own the warrant shares that
Greenbelt Corp. beneficially owns. Includes 27,500 Common Shares owned
by Greenway Partners, L.P. Greenhouse Partners, L.P. is the general
partner of Greenway Partners, L.P. and Mr. Kingsley and Mr. Duberstein
are the general partners of Greenhouse Partners, L.P. Greenhouse
Partners, L.P., Mr. Kingsley and Mr. Duberstein may be deemed to
beneficially own the Common Shares that Greenway Partners, L.P.
beneficially owns. Includes 81,950 Common Shares owned solely by Mr.
Kingsley, as to which Mr. Duberstein disclaims beneficial ownership.
Includes 3,300 Common Shares owned solely by Mr. Duberstein, as to
which Mr. Kingsley disclaims beneficial ownership.
(2) Includes 217,350 Common Shares owned by WisdomTree Associates, L.P. and
44,500 Common Shares owned by WisdomTree Offshore, Ltd. WisdomTree
Capital Management, Inc. is the general partner of WisdomTree
Associates, L.P. and is the investment manager of WisdomTree Offshore,
Ltd.
(3) Includes 172,459 shares held of record by Paul Segall and 64,179 shares
held of record by Judith Segall.
(4) Includes 45,000 Common Shares issuable upon the exercise of certain
options.
COMPLIANCE WITH SECTION 16(a) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
Section 16(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the
"Exchange Act"), requires the Company's directors and executive officers and
persons who own more than ten percent (10%) of a registered class of the
Company's equity securities to file with the Securities and Exchange Commission
(the "SEC") initial reports of ownership and reports of changes in ownership of
Common Shares and other equity securities of the Company. Officers, directors
and greater than ten percent beneficial owners are required by SEC regulation to
furnish the Company with copies of all reports they file under Section 16(a).
To the Company's knowledge, based solely on its review of the copies of
such reports furnished to the Company and written representations that no other
reports were required, all Section 16(a) filing requirements applicable to its
officers, directors and greater than ten percent beneficial owners were complied
with during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1997.
56
<PAGE>
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions.
During the twelve months ended June 30, 1997, $87,254 in fees for legal
and consulting services was paid to Ronald S. Barkin, Executive Vice President
and a member of the Board of Directors. Such fees were paid prior to April 1,
1997, when Mr. Barkin became a salaried employee. During the twelve months ended
June 30, 1997, $39,500 in fees for consulting services was paid to Jeffrey B.
Nickel, a member of the Board of Directors.
During September 1995, the Company entered into an agreement for
financial advisory services with Greenbelt Corp., a corporation controlled by
Alfred D. Kingsley and Gary K. Duberstein. Under this agreement the Company
issued to the financial advisor warrants to purchase 100,000 common shares at a
price of $6 per share, and the Company agreed to issue additional warrants to
purchase up to an additional 200,000 common shares at a price equal to the
greater of (a) 150% of the average market price of the common shares during the
three months prior to issuance and (b) $6 per share. The additional warrants
were issued in equal quarterly installments over a two year period, beginning
October 15, 1995. The Company may terminate the financial advisory agreement on
30 days notice. The exercise price and number of common shares for which the
warrants may be exercised are subject to adjustment to prevent dilution in the
event of a stock split, combination, stock dividend, reclassification of shares,
sale of assets, merger or similar transaction. As of June 30, 1997, the total
number of warrants to purchase common shares issued was 275,000. The warrants
are exercisable at the following prices: 150,000 at $6 per share; 25,000 at
$7.32 per share; 25,000 at $30.04 per share; 25,000 at $29.33 per share; 25,000
at $32.65 per share; and 25,000 at $49.01 per share. As of July 15, 1997,
warrants to purchase an additional 25,000 shares were issued and are exercisable
at a price of $42.79 per share.
Under the agreement, upon the request of Greenbelt Corp., the Company
will file a registration statement to register the warrants and underlying
Common Shares for sale under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Act")
and applicable state securities or "Blue Sky" laws. The Company will bear the
expenses of registration, other than any underwriting discounts that may be
incurred by Greenbelt Corp. in connection with a sale of the warrants or common
shares. The Company shall not be obligated to file more than two such
registration statements, other than registration statements on Form S-3.
Greenbelt Corp. also is entitled to include warrants and common shares in any
registration statement filed by the Company to register other securities for
sale under the Act.
The Company has agreed to reimburse Greenbelt Corp. for all reasonable
out-of-pocket expenses incurred in connection with its engagement as financial
advisor, and to indemnify Greenbelt Corp. and the officers, affiliates,
employees, agents, assignees, and controlling person of Greenbelt Corp. from any
liabilities arising out of or in connection with actions taken on behalf of the
Company under the agreement.
57
<PAGE>
PART IV
Item 14. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules and Reports on Form 8-K
(a-1) Financial Statements.
The following financial statements of BioTime, Inc. are filed in the Form 10-K:
Page
----
Independent Auditors' Report 35
Balance Sheet at June 30, 1997 and 1996 36
Statements of Operations for each of the three
years in the period ending June
30, 1997, and for the period from
November 30, 1990 (inception) to June 30, 1997 37
Statements of Shareholders' Equity for the period
from November 30, 1990 (inception) to June 30, 1997 38-39
Statements of Cash Flows for each of the three years
in the period ending June 30, 1997, and for the period
from November 30, 1990 (inception) to June 30, 1997 40-41
Notes to Financial Statements 42-50
58
<PAGE>
(a-3) Exhibits.
Exhibit
Numbers Description
3.1 Articles of Incorporation as Amended.**
3.3 By-Laws, As Amended.#
4.1 Specimen of Common Share Certificate.+
10.1 Lease Agreement dated July 1, 1994 between the Registrant and Robert
and Norah Brower, relating to principal executive offices of the
Registrant.*
10.2 Employment Agreement dated June 1, 1996 between the Company and Paul
Segall.++
10.3 Employment Agreement dated June 1, 1996 between the Company and Hal
Sternberg.++
10.4 Employment Agreement dated June 1, 1996 between the Company and Harold
Waitz.++
10.5 Employment Agreement dated June 1, 1996 between the Company and Judith
Segall.++
10.6 Employment Agreement dated June 1, 1996 between the Company and
Victoria Bellport.++
10.7 Intellectual Property Agreement between the Company and Paul Segall.+
10.8 Intellectual Property Agreement between the Company and Hal
Sternberg.+
10.9 Intellectual Property Agreement between the Company and Harold Waitz.+
10.10 Intellectual Property Agreement between the Company and Judith
Segall.+
10.11 Intellectual Property Agreement between the Company and Victoria
Bellport.+
10.12 Agreement between CMSI and BioTime Officers Releasing Employment
Agreements, Selling Shares, and Transferring Non-Exclusive License.+
10.13 Agreement for Trans Time, Inc. to Exchange CMSI Common Stock for
BioTime, Inc. Common Shares.+
10.14 1992 Stock Option Plan, as amended.^
10.15 Employment Agreement dated April 1, 1997 between the Company and
Ronald S. Barkin.^
10.16 Intellectual Property Agreement between the Company and Ronald S.
Barkin.^
59
<PAGE>
23.1 Consent of Deloitte & Touche LLP**
+ Incorporated by reference to Registration Statement on Form S-1, File Number
33-44549 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 18, 1991,
and Amendment No. 1 and Amendment No. 2 thereto filed with the Securities and
Exchange Commission on February 6, 1992 and March 7, 1992, respectively.
# Incorporated by reference to Registration Statement on Form S-1, File Number
33-48717 and Post-Effective Amendment No. 1 thereto filed with the Securities
and Exchange Commission on June 22, 1992, and August 27, 1992, respectively.
* Incorporated by reference to the Company's Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended
June 30, 1994.
++ Incorporated by reference to the Company's Form 10-K for the fiscal year
ended June 30, 1996.
^ Incorporated by reference to the Company's Form 10-Q for the quarter ended
March 31, 1997.
** Filed herewith.
60
<PAGE>
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report on Form 10-K to
be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized on the
25th day of September 1997.
BIOTIME, INC.
/s/: Paul E. Segall
By:______________________________
Paul E. Segall, Ph.D.
President and Chief Executive
Officer (Principal executive officer)
<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
Signature Title Date
- -------------------- --------------------- ----------------
<S> <C> <C>
/s/: Paul E. Segall
- ---------------------
Paul E. Segall, Ph.D. President, Chief Executive Officer and September 25, 1997
Director (Principal Executive Officer)
/s/: Ronald S. Barkin
- ---------------------
Ronald S. Barkin Executive Vice President and Director September 25, 1997
/s/: Harold D. Waitz
- ---------------------
Harold D. Waitz, Ph.D. Vice President and Director September 25, 1997
/s/:Hal Sternberg
- ----------------------
Hal Sternberg, Ph.D. Vice President and Director September 25, 1997
/s/:Victoria Bellport
- ----------------------
Victoria Bellport Chief Financial Officer and September 25, 1997
Director (Principal Financial and
Accounting Officer)
/s/:Judith Segall
- ----------------------
Judith Segall Vice President, Corporate Secretary September 25, 1997
and Director
- ----------------------
Jeffrey B. Nickel Director September 25, 1997
</TABLE>
61
AMENDED ARTICLES OF INCORPORATION
OF
BIOTIME, INC.
Paul Segall and Judith Segall certify that:
1. They are the President and the Secretary, respectively, of BioTime,
Inc., a California Corporation.
2. The Articles of Incorporation of this corporation are amended to
read in full as follows:
"ONE: The name of this corporation is BioTime, Inc.
TWO: The purpose of the corporation is to engage in any lawful
act or activity for which a corporation may be organized under the
General Corporation Law of California other than the banking business,
the trust company business, or the practice of a profession permitted
to be incorporated by the California Corporations Code.
THREE: The corporation is authorized to issue two classes of
shares, which shall be designated "Common Shares" and "Preferred
Shares". The number of Common Shares which the corporation is
authorized to issue is 5,000,000 and the number of Preferred Shares
which the corporation is authorized to issue is 1,000,000. The
Preferred Shares may be issued in one or more series as the board of
directors may by resolution determine. The board of directors is
authorized to fix the number of shares of any series of Preferred
Shares and to determine or alter the rights, preferences, privileges,
and restrictions granted to or imposed on the shares of Preferred
Shares as a class, or upon any wholly unissued series of any Preferred
Shares. The board of directors may, by resolution, increase or decrease
(but not below the number of shares of such series then outstanding)
the number of shares of any series of Preferred Shares subsequent to
the issue of shares of that series. Upon the amendment of this article
to read as herein set forth, each outstanding share of common stock is
converted into or reconstituted as 0.1667 Common Share.
FOUR: The liability of the directors of the corporation for
monetary damages shall be eliminated to the fullest extent permissible
under California law. The corporation is authorized to indemnify
"agents", as such term is defined in Section 317 of the California
Corporations Code, to the fullest extent permissible under California
law."
3. The foregoing amendment of articles of incorporation has been duly
approved by the board of directors.
4. The foregoing amendment of articles of incorporation has been duly
approved by the required vote of shareholders in accordance with Section 902 of
the Corporations Code. The total number of outstanding shares of the corporation
is 3,203,193. The number of shares voting in favor of the amendment equaled or
exceeded the vote required. The percentage vote required was more than 50%.
1
<PAGE>
We further declare under penalty of perjury under the laws of the State of
California that the matters set forth in this amendment are true and correct of
our own knowledge.
Date: July 15, 1991
/s/: Paul Segall
-----------------------
Paul Segall, President
/s/: Judith Segall
------------------------
Judith Segall, Secretary
2
<PAGE>
CERTIFICATE OF AMENDMENT
OF
ARTICLES OF INCORPORATION
Paul E. Segall and Judith Segall certify that:
They are the President and Secretary, respectively, of BioTime, Inc., a
California corporation.
The sentence of Article THREE of the Articles of Incorporation that now
reads "The number of Common Shares which the Corporation is authorized to issue
is 5,000,000 and the number of Preferred Shares which the Corporation is
authorized to issue is 1,000,000" is amended to read as follows:
"The number of Common Shares which the Corporation is authorized to
issue is 25,000,000 and the number of Preferred Shares which the
Corporation is authorized to issue is 1,000,000."
The foregoing amendment of Articles of Incorporation has been duly approved
by the board of directors.
The foregoing amendment of Articles of Incorporation has been duly approved
by the required vote of shareholders in accordance with section 902 of the
Corporations Code. The total number of outstanding Common Shares of the
corporation is 3,203,193. There are no Preferred Shares outstanding. The number
of Common Shares voting in favor of the amendment equaled or exceeded the vote
required. The percentage vote required was more than 50%.
We further declare under penalty of perjury under the laws of the State of
California that the matters set forth in this certificate are true and correct
of our own knowledge.
Executed at Berkeley, California on June 20, 1997.
/s/: Paul E. Segall
------------------------------------
Paul E. Segall, President
/s/: Judith Segall
------------------------------------
Judith Segall, Secretary
3
EXHIBIT 23.1
INDEPENDENT AUDITORS' CONSENT
We consent to the incorporation by reference in Registration Statement Nos.
33-56766, 33-88968 and 333-30603 of BioTime, Inc. on Form S-8 of our report
dated August 25, 1997 (which expresses an unqualified opinion and includes an
explanatory paragraph related to the development stage of the Company's
operations), appearing in the Annual Report on Form 10-K of BioTime, Inc. for
the year ended June 30, 1997.
We also consent to the reference to us under the heading "Selected Financial
Data" in such Form 10- K.
San Francisco, California
September 23, 1997
1
<TABLE> <S> <C>
<ARTICLE> 5
<S> <C>
<PERIOD-TYPE> 12-MOS
<FISCAL-YEAR-END> JUN-30-1997
<PERIOD-START> JUL-01-1996
<PERIOD-END> JUN-30-1997
<CASH> 7,811,634
<SECURITIES> 0
<RECEIVABLES> 0
<ALLOWANCES> 0
<INVENTORY> 0
<CURRENT-ASSETS> 8,170,743
<PP&E> 92,609
<DEPRECIATION> 139,241
<TOTAL-ASSETS> 8,297,774
<CURRENT-LIABILITIES> 1,324,168
<BONDS> 0
0
0
<COMMON> 17,625,646
<OTHER-SE> 0
<TOTAL-LIABILITY-AND-EQUITY> 8,297,774
<SALES> 0
<TOTAL-REVENUES> 62,500
<CGS> 0
<TOTAL-COSTS> 0
<OTHER-EXPENSES> (3,345,871)
<LOSS-PROVISION> 0
<INTEREST-EXPENSE> 0
<INCOME-PRETAX> (3,094,210)
<INCOME-TAX> 0
<INCOME-CONTINUING> 0
<DISCONTINUED> 0
<EXTRAORDINARY> 0
<CHANGES> 0
<NET-INCOME> (3,094,210)
<EPS-PRIMARY> (1.05)
<EPS-DILUTED> 0
</TABLE>
